text:
Johnny Crawford
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For the Canadian ice hockey player and coach, see Johnny Crawford (ice hockey).
Johnny Crawford
Johnny Crawford in The Rifleman (1961)
Born
John Ernest Crawford
(1946-03-26) March 26, 1946 (age 72)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actor, singer, musician, band leader
Years active
1954–96
Spouse(s)
Charlotte Crawford (1995–present) (separated)
Relatives
Robert L. Crawford, Jr. (brother)
Website
Johnny Crawford fansite
Johnny Crawford and Chuck Connors in The Rifleman (1960)
John Ernest Crawford (born March 26, 1946) is an American character actor, singer, and musician. At age 12, Crawford rose to fame for playing Mark McCain, the son of Lucas McCain (played by Chuck Connors), in the popular ABC Western series, The Rifleman, which originally aired from 1958 to 1963. Crawford first performed before a national audience as a Mouseketeer.
Contents
[hide]
1 Family life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Singles
5 References
6 External links
Family life[edit]
Crawford was born in Los Angeles, the son of Betty (née Megerlin) and Robert Lawrence Crawford, Sr. His maternal grandparents were Belgian; his maternal grandfather was violinist Alfred Eugene Megerlin.[1][2][3] In 1959, Johnny, his older brother Robert L. Crawford, Jr., a co-star of NBC's Laramie series, and their father Robert, Sr., were all nominated for Emmy Awards (the brothers for acting and their father for film editing).[4]
Career[edit]
One of The Walt Disney Company's original Mouseketeers, in 1955, Crawford has acted on stage, in films, and on television.
Disney started out with 24 original Mouseketeers. However, at the end of the first season, the studio reduced the number to 12, and Crawford was released from his contract. His first important break as an actor followed with the title role in a Lux Video Theatre production of "Little Boy Lost", a live NBC broadcast on March 15, 1956. He also appeared in the popular Western series The Lone Ranger, in 1956, in one of the few color episodes of that series.[5] Following that performance, the young actor worked steadily with many seasoned actors and directors. Freelancing for 2 1/2 years, he accumulated almost 60 television credits, including featured roles in three episodes of NBC's The Loretta Young Show and an appearance as Manuel in, "I Am an American", an episode of the syndicated crime drama Sheriff of Cochise. By the spring of 1958, he had also performed 14 demanding roles in live teleplays for NBC's Matinee Theatre,[6] appeared on CBS's sitcom, Mr. Adams and Eve, in the Wagon Train episode "The Sally Potter Story" (in which Martin Milner also appeared) and on the syndicated series, Crossroads, Sheriff of Cochise, and Whirlybirds, and made three pilots of TV series. The third pilot, which was made as an episode of Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theater, was picked up by ABC and the first season of The Rifleman began filming in July 1958.
Crawford was nominated for an Emmy Award as Best Supporting Actor,[7] at age 13, for his role as Mark McCain, the son of Lucas McCain, played by Chuck Connors, in the American Broadcasting Company's series[8] produced by Four Star Television, The Rifleman, which originally aired from 1958 to 1963. Throughout The Rifleman's five seasons, a remarkable on-screen chemistry existed between Connors and Crawford in the depiction of their father-son relationship. They were still close friends when Connors died on November 10, 1992, and Crawford gave a eulogy at Connors' memorial service.
During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Crawford had wide popularity with American teenagers and a recording career that generated four Billboard Top 40 hits, including the single, "Cindy's Birthday", which peaked at number 8, in 1962. His other hits included "Rumors" (number 12, 1962), "Your Nose is Gonna Grow" (number 14, 1962), and "Proud" (number 29, 1963).[9]
Crawford played Jeff, Wilbur's neighbor in Mr. Ed - Season 6, Episode 2 (1965) - who was more interested in pop music than his algebra.[10]
Late in 1961, Crawford appeared as Victor in the episode "A Very Bright Boy" of the ABC sitcom, The Donna Reed Show.[11] His brother Robert had also been a guest star on The Donna Reed Show. Once in 1964 and once in 1965, Crawford appeared on the NBC education drama Mr. Novak playing JoJo Rizzo.[12]
Among his films, Crawford played an American Indian in the unique adventure film, Indian Paint (1965).[13] He played a character involved with a disturbed young girl played by Kim Darby in The Restless Ones (1965); and played a character shot by John Wayne's character in El Dorado (1967).[14] He played a young deputy Billy Norris, in The Big Valley episode "The Other Face Of Justice" in 1969.[15]
While enlisted in the United States Army for two years, Crawford worked on training films[16] as a production coordinator, assistant director, script supervisor, and occasional actor. His rank was sergeant at the time of his honorable discharge in December 1967.
In 1968, Crawford played a soldier wanted for murder in "By the Numbers", an episode of the popular TV series Hawaii Five-O.[17]
The Resurrection of Broncho Billy was a USC student film Crawford agreed to do as a favor to his close friend, producer John Longenecker. It won the 1970 Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Subject.
The Naked Ape was a partially animated 1973 feature film starring Crawford and Victoria Principal, produced by Hugh Hefner.[18]
In 1976, Johnny Crawford co-starred as Ben Shelby in the tenth episode of season three of Little House on the Prairie, "The Hunters".[19]
In 1985, Crawford appeared as Noah Paisley, sheriff's deputy, in an episode of Murder, She Wrote.[20]
Since 1992, Crawford has led a California-based vintage dance orchestra which performs at special events. His band has been sponsored by the Playboy Jazz Festival,[21] and the orchestra has been the choice for 15 consecutive annual Art Directors Guild Awards shows at the Beverly Hilton, in Beverly Hills.[22] A remastered version of the orchestra's highly rated [23] first album, Sweepin' the Clouds Away, was released on August 21, 2012, on the CD Baby (distributor) label.[24] The formal name of the band was JCO (Johnny Crawford Orchestra). The JCO logo appeared on Crawford's drums when the band played in Las Vegas.
Personal life[edit]
In the early seventies Crawford dated Debra Tate, sister of the late actress Sharon Tate.
Crawford reconnected with his high school sweetheart, Charlotte Samco, in 1990, and they married in 1995.[25]
Crawford had a key role in the early career of entertainer Victoria Jackson, of Saturday Night Live fame. After the two appeared together in a summer stock production of Meet Me in St. Louis, he presented her with a one-way ticket to California and encouraged her to pursue a Hollywood career. This led Jackson to early appearances on the Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, before she was cast as a regular on SNL.[26]
Singles[edit]
Year
Single (A-side, B-side)
Both sides from same album except where indicated
Chart positions
Album
US
1961 "Daydreams"
b/w "So Goes The Story" (Non-album track) 70 The Captivating Johnny Crawford
"Your Love Is Growing Cold"
b/w "Treasure" –
1962 "Patti Ann"
b/w "Donna" 43
"Cindy's Birthday"
b/w "Something Special" 8 A Young Man's Fancy
"Your Nose Is Gonna Grow"
b/w "Mr. Blue" 14
"Rumors"A
b/w "No One Really Loves A Clown" 12 Rumors
1963 "Proud"
b/w "Lonesome Town" (from Rumors) 29 His Greatest Hits
"Cry on My Shoulder"
b/w "When I Fall in Love" (from His Greatest Hits Vol. #2) 126 Rumors
"What Happened To Janie"
b/w "Petite Chanson" (from Rumors) – His Greatest Hits Vol. #2
"Cindy's Gonna Cry"
b/w "Debbie" (from A Young Man's Fancy) 72
1964 "Judy Loves Me"
b/w "Living in the Past" (from Rumors) 95
"Sandy"
b/w "Ol' Shorty" (Non-album track) 108
1965 "(Once Upon A Time) The Girl Next Door"
b/w "Sittin' and A Watchin'" (from A Young Man's Fancy) –
"Am I Too Young"
b/w "Janie Please Believe Me" (from Rumors) - Non-album tracks
1967 "Angelica"
b/w "Everybody Has Their Day" -
1968 "Everyone Should Own A Dream"
b/w "Good Guys Finish Last" -
AAlso peaked at #2 in Billboard Adult Contemporary charts.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Western Stars Ride into Portsmouth". Portsmouth Daily Times. Portsmouth, Ohio. June 4, 1997. p. A4. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Crawford ... 'the Son of Rifleman'". TV Week Magazine. The Evening Independent. St. Petersburg, Florida. May 24, 1959. p. 7. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Answers: Johnny Crawford A Mixture". The Evening Independent. St. Petersburg, Florida. November 20, 1963. p. A9. Retrieved January 25, 2014. His mother is from Belgium.
Jump up ^ 1959 Emmys
Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0635465/
Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0047756/
Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com/bios/johnny-crawford
Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com/bios/johnny-crawford
Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/music/johnny-crawford
Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0649784/
Jump up ^ ""A Very Bright Boy" on The Donna Reed Show, December 21, 1961". Internet Movie Data Base. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0056774/fullcredits
Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/movies/indian-paint/102068/
Jump up ^ http://www.amc.com/talk/2013/03/the-rifleman-interview-johnny-crawford
Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0524415/
Jump up ^ http://www.celebhost.net/johnnycrawford/restless.html
Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0598019/
Jump up ^ "Johnny Crawford: The Naked Ape". Mary Anderson. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0633095/
Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0653447/fullcredits
Jump up ^ http://concerts.theurbanmusicscene.com/2010/04/playboy-jazz-festival-free-concert-in-beverly-hills-may-2nd-2010-3/
Jump up ^ http://qctimes.com/entertainment/music/right-on-target/article_3e3369ed-673f-511c-b79d-bd79401ff6e8.html
Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Sweepin-Clouds-Remastered-Crawford-Orchestra/product-reviews/B0076OK9E0/ref=cm_cr_dp_d_acr_sr?ie=UTF8&reviewerType=all_reviews
Jump up ^ "Sweepin' the Clouds Away", cduniverse.com; accessed April 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Crawford". Scott Stander. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Angry Woman – Victoria Jackson on "Tonight Show" b/w". Youtube. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
Biography portal
California portal
Los Angeles portal
Film portal
Television portal
Music portal
United States Army portal
External links[edit]
Johnny Crawford on The Rifleman
Broncho Billy short film
Johnny Crawford's MySpace site
Johnny Crawford on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNE: XX4832002
BNF: cb11219552n (data)
GND: 142142425
ISNI: 0000 0001 1526 4402
LCCN: no91003539
MusicBrainz: bf40b9eb-068a-4bdd-be46-ec0b5bd7a177
SNAC: w6sk5xbc
SUDOC: 079205798
VIAF: 63364407
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Crawford&oldid=839074645"
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Incubator (culture)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A Bacteriological incubator
Interior of a CO2 incubator used in cell culture
In biology, an incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other conditions such as the carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen content of the atmosphere inside. Incubators are essential for a lot of experimental work in cell biology, microbiology and molecular biology and are used to culture both bacterial as well as eukaryotic cells.
Louis Pasteur used the small opening underneath his staircase as an incubator. Incubators are also used in the poultry industry to act as a substitute for hens. This often results in higher hatch rates due to the ability to control both temperature and humidity. Various brands of incubators are commercially available to breeders.
The simplest incubators are insulated boxes with an adjustable heater, typically going up to 60 to 65 °C (140 to 150 °F), though some can go slightly higher (generally to no more than 100 °C). The most commonly used temperature both for bacteria such as the frequently used E. coli as well as for mammalian cells is approximately 37 °C, as these organisms grow well under such conditions. For other organisms used in biological experiments, such as the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a growth temperature of 30 °C is optimal.
More elaborate incubators can also include the ability to lower the temperature (via refrigeration), or the ability to control humidity or CO2 levels. This is important in the cultivation of mammalian cells, where the relative humidity is typically >80% to prevent evaporation and a slightly acidic pH is achieved by maintaining a CO2 level of 5%.
Contents
[hide]
1 The History of the Laboratory Incubator
1.1 The Earliest Incubators
1.2 Incubators in the 16th and 17th Century
1.3 Incubators in the 19th Century
1.4 Incubators in the 20th Century
1.5 Incubators Today
2 See also
3 References
The History of the Laboratory Incubator[edit]
Perhaps one of the most important pieces of equipment in the laboratory, the incubator has provided a foundation for countless medical advances and experimental work in cellular and molecular biology. From aiding in hatching chicken eggs to enabling scientists to understand and develop vaccines for deadly viruses, the laboratory incubator has seen numerous applications over the thousands of years it has been in use.
Today's incubators are made up of a nonporous chamber plus equipment that regulates the temperature, humidity and ventilation within that chamber. While many technological advances have occurred since the primitive incubators used in ancient Egypt and China, the main purpose of the incubator has remained unchanged: to create a stable, controlled environment conducive to research, study, and cultivation.
The Earliest Incubators[edit]
The earliest incubators were found thousands of years ago in ancient Egypt and China, where they were used to keep chicken eggs warm. Use of incubators revolutionized food production, as it allowed chicks to hatch from eggs without requiring that a hen sit on them, thus freeing the hens to lay more eggs in a shorter period of time. Both early Egyptian and Chinese incubators were essentially large rooms that were heated by fires, where attendants turned the eggs at regular intervals to ensure even heat distribution.
Incubators in the 16th and 17th Century[edit]
The incubator received an update in the 16th century when Jean Baptiste Porta drew on ancient Egyptian design to create a more modern egg incubator. While he eventually had to discontinue his work due to the Spanish Inquisition, Rene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur took up the challenge in the middle of the 17th century. Reaumur warmed his incubator with a wood stove and monitored its temperature using the Reaumur thermometer, another of his inventions.
Incubators in the 19th Century[edit]
In the 19th century, researchers finally began to recognize that the use of incubators could contribute to medical advancements. They began to experiment to find the ideal environment for maintaining cell culture stocks. These early incubators were simply made up of bell jars that contained a single lit candle. Cultures were placed near the flame on the underside of the jar's lid, and the entire jar was placed in a dry, heated oven.
In the late 19th century, doctors realized another practical use for incubators: keeping premature or weak infants alive. The first infant incubator, used at a women's hospital in Paris, was heated by kerosene lamps. Fifty years later, Julius H. Hess, an American physician often considered to be the father of neonatology, designed an electric infant incubator that closely resembles the infant incubators in use today.
Incubators in the 20th Century[edit]
The next innovation in incubator technology came in the 1960s, when the CO2 incubator was introduced to the market. Demand came when doctors realized that they could use CO2 incubators to identify and study pathogens found in patients' bodily fluids. To do this, a sample was harvested and placed onto a sterile dish and into the incubator. The air in the incubator was kept at 37 degrees Celsius, the same temperature as the human body, and the incubator maintained the atmospheric carbon dioxide and nitrogen levels necessary to promote cell growth.
At this time, incubators also began to be used in genetic engineering. Scientists could create biologically essential proteins, such as insulin, with the use of incubators. Genetic modification could now take place on a molecular level, helping to improve the nutritional content and resistance to pestilence and disease of fruits and vegetables.
In 1984, SHEL LAB introduced a general-purpose incubator. The incubator had the ability to provide superior temperature uniformity with a warm air-jacket design.
The EchoTherm incubator came to market in the 1990s. It was in demand for its compact design and its ability to chill as well as heat.
Incubators Today[edit]
Ninety percent of an experiment's life is spent in passive equipment, such as the CO2 incubator, making this piece of equipment one of the most important in a laboratory. While incubator technology has been fine-tuned over the last two decades, there had been no technological advancements until Hardin Scientific's T3-I7 model. Incorporating customizable, upgradable features, both a humidified and a dry decontamination cycle, and simple repair and maintenance solutions, this laboratory cell culture incubator provides unparalleled value and a user-friendly experience. From helping to avoid risk in the event of a power outage[1] to providing researchers with an efficient, high quality and cost-effective[2] piece of equipment, the T3-I7 is revolutionizing the way laboratories conduct experiments. Scientists now have the freedom to customize the incubator to suit their experiments as well as to meet regulatory requirements.

See also[edit]
Biology portal
Egyptian egg oven
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "T3-I7 Reduces Risk in Power Outage". Hardin Scientific. 2017-06-29. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
Jump up ^ "Why Do Your Drugs Cost So Much? | Hardin Scientific". Hardin Scientific. 2017-09-03. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
[show]
v
t
e
Laboratory equipment
[show]
General
Heaters
Dryers
Alcohol burner
Bunsen burner
Desiccator
Heating mantle
Hot plate
Lab oven
Kiln
Meker-Fisher burner
Striker
Teclu burner
Water bath
Vacuum dry box
Mixers
Shakers
Chemostat
Homogenizer
Liquid whistle
Magnetic stirrer
Mortar and pestle
Shaker
Sonicator
Static mixer
Stirring rod
Vortex mixer
Wash bottle
Stands
Clamps
Holders
Beaker clamp
Clamp holder
Tripod
Burette clamp
Extension clamp
Flask clamp
Funnel support
Iron ring
Pinch clamp
Retort stand
Screw clamp
Test tube holder
Test tube rack
Wire gauze
Lab drying rack
Containers
Storage
Agar plate
Cryogenic storage dewar
Incubator
Laminar flow cabinet
Microtiter plate
Petri dish
Picotiter plate
Refrigerator
Weighing boat
Weighing dish
Other items
Aspirator
Autoclave
Balance brush
Cork borer
Crucible
Filter paper
File
Forceps
Centrifuge
Microscope
Pipeclay triangle
Spectrophotometer
Splint
Stopper
Scoopula
Spatula
Test tube brush
Wire brush
Inoculation needle
Inoculation loop
[show]
Glassware
Apparatus
Dean-Stark
Soxhlet extractor
Kipp's
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Boston round
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Liebig
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Test
Thiele
Thistle
Other items
Beaker
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[show]
Analytical chemistry
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Liquid Chromatograph (LC)
Mass spectrometer (MS)
pH indicator
pH meter
Microscopy
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Thermochemistry
Calorimeter
differential scanning
Melting point apparatus
Thermometer
Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA)
Other items
Analytical balance
Colony counter
Spiral plater
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument
Plate reader
[show]
Electronics
Ammeter
Current source
Function generator
Galvanostat
Multimeter
Network analyzer
Oscilloscope
Pulse generator
Potentiostat
Spectrum analyzer
Time-domain reflectometer
Voltage source
Voltmeter
[show]
Safety
Personal protective
equipment (PPE)
Lab coat
Face shield
Respirator
Rubber apron
Safety shower
Eye and hand
Acid-resistant gloves
Eyewash station
Glove box
Medical gloves
Nitrile gloves
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Executive Office of the President of the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses of "Office of the President", see Office of the President (disambiguation).
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Executive Office of the President of the United States
Seal of the Executive Office of the President
Flag of the Executive Office of the President
Agency overview
Formed
July 1, 1939; 78 years ago (1939-07-01)
Headquarters
White House
Employees
Approximately 4,000
Annual budget
$300-400 million
Agency executive
John F. Kelly, White House Chief of Staff
Parent agency
United States federal government
Website
Executive Office of the President
The Executive Office of the President of the United States (EOPOTUS or EOP) consists of the immediate staff and aides of the President of the United States and multiple levels of support staff reporting to the President. With the increase in technological and global advancement, the size of the White House staff has increased to include an array of policy experts to effectively address various fields of the modern day.
The Executive Office is overseen by the White House Chief of Staff.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Organization
2.1 White House Offices
3 Budget history
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
In 1939, during Franklin D. Roosevelt's second term in office, the foundations of the modern White House staff were created. Based on the recommendations of a presidentially commissioned panel of political science and public administration experts that was known as the Brownlow Committee, Roosevelt was able to get Congress to approve the Reorganization Act of 1939. The Act led to Reorganization Plan No. 1,[2] which created the EOP,[3] which reported directly to the president. The EOP encompassed two subunits at its outset: the White House Office (WHO) and the Bureau of the Budget, the predecessor to today's Office of Management and Budget, which had been created in 1921 and originally located in the Treasury Department. It absorbed most of the functions of the National Emergency Council.[4] Initially, the new staff system appeared more ambitious on paper than in practice; the increase in the size of the staff was quite modest at the start. But it laid the groundwork for the large and organizationally complex White House staff that would emerge during the presidencies of Roosevelt's successors.[5]
The Eisenhower Executive Office Building at night.
Roosevelt's efforts are also notable in contrast to those of his predecessors in office. During the nineteenth century, presidents had few staff resources. Thomas Jefferson had one messenger and one secretary at his disposal, both of whose salaries were paid by the president personally. It was not until 1857 that Congress appropriated money ($2,500) for the hiring of one clerk. By Ulysses S. Grant's presidency (1869–1877), the staff had grown to three. By 1900, the White House staff included one "secretary to the president" (then the title of the president's chief aide), two assistant secretaries, two executive clerks, a stenographer, and seven other office personnel. Under Warren G. Harding, the size of the staff expanded to thirty-one, although most were clerical positions. During Herbert Hoover's presidency, two additional secretaries to the president were added by Congress, one of whom Hoover designated as his Press Secretary. From 1933 to 1939, even as he greatly expanded the scope of the federal government's policies and powers in response to the Great Depression, Roosevelt muddled through: his "brains trust" of top advisers were often appointed to vacant positions in agencies and departments, whence they drew their salaries since the White House lacked statutory or budgetary authority to create new staff positions.
Today, the staff is much bigger. Estimates indicate some 3,000 to 4,000 persons serve in EOP staff positions with policy-making responsibilities, with a budget of $300 to $400 million (George W. Bush's budget request for Fiscal Year 2005 was for $341 million in support of 1,850 personnel).[6]
Organization[edit]
Senior staff within the Executive Office of the President have the title Assistant to the President, second-level staff have the title Deputy Assistant to the President, and third-level staff have the title Special Assistant to the President.
The core White House staff appointments, and most EOP officials generally, are not required to be confirmed by the U.S. Senate, although there are a handful of exceptions (e.g., the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the Chair and members of the Council of Economic Advisers, and the United States Trade Representative).
The information in the following table is current as of April 4, 2018. Only principal executives are listed; for subordinate officers, see individual office pages.
Agency
Principal executive
Incumbent
White House Office White House Chief of Staff John F. Kelly
National Security Council Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs H. R. McMaster
Council of Economic Advisers Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers Kevin Hassett
Council on Environmental Quality Managing Director of the Council on Environmental Quality Vacant
Executive Residence Staff and Operations White House Chief Usher Timothy Harleth[7]
Office of Administration Director of the Office of Administration Marcia Lee Kelly
Office of Management and Budget Director of the Office of Management and Budget Mick Mulvaney
Office of National Drug Control Policy Director of National Drug Control Policy James W. Carroll (Acting)
Office of Science and Technology Policy Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy Vacant
Office of the United States Trade Representative United States Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer
Office of the Vice President of the United States Chief of Staff to The Vice President Nick Ayers
White House Offices[edit]
Note: The White House Office (including its various offices listed below) is a sub-unit of the Executive Office of the President (EOP). The various agencies of the EOP are listed above.
Office of the Chief of Staff
Office of the National Security Advisor
Domestic Policy Council
National Economic Council
Office of American Innovation
Office of Cabinet Affairs
Office of Communications
Office of Information Technology
Office of Digital Strategy
Office of the First Lady
Office of Intergovernmental Affairs
Office of Legislative Affairs
Office of Management and Administration
Office of Political Affairs
Office of Presidential Personnel
Office of Public Liaison
Office of Scheduling and Advance
Office of the Staff Secretary
Oval Office Operations
White House Counsel
[show]
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Executive Office of the President – Trump Administration
Office Name Term Office Name Term
Chief of Staff John F. Kelly 2017– National Security Advisor John Bolton 2018–
Deputy Chief of Staff Joe Hagin 2017– Deputy National Security Advisor Maj. Gen. Ricky L. Waddell 2017–
Chris Liddell 2018– Tom Bossert (Homeland Security) 2017–
Nadia Schadlow (Strategy) 2018–
NSC Exec. Secretary/Chief of Staff Keith Kellogg 2017–
Counselor to the President Kellyanne Conway (Sr. Counselor) 2017– Director of Strategic Comms. Mercedes Schlapp 2018–
Johnny DeStefano 2018–
Senior Advisers Stephen Miller (Policy)
Jared Kushner (Strategic Planning)
Ivanka Trump 2017–
2017–
2017– Deputy Comm. Director Jessica Ditto 2017–
Media Affairs Director Helen Aguirre Ferré 2017–
Policy Advisers Andrew Bremberg (Domestic Policy) 2017– Social Media Director Dan Scavino 2018–
Marc Short (Legislative Affairs) 2017–
Peter Navarro (Trade) 2017–
Larry Kudlow (Economic) 2018– Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders 2017–
White House Counsel Don McGahn 2017– Deputy Press Secretary Raj Shah (Principal) 2017–
Lindsay Walters 2017–
Hogan Gidley 2017–
Special Counsel Ty Cobb 2017– Press Assistant Caroline Sunshine 2018–
Legal Adviser Jay Sekulow 2017– Deputy Director of Nominations Mary Elizabeth Taylor 2017–
Office of Intergovernmental Affairs Director Justin R. Clark 2017–
Public Liaison Assistant Andrew Giuliani 2017–
Staff Secretary Derek Lyons 2018-
Cabinet Secretary Bill McGinley 2017– Political Director Bill Stepien 2017–
Social Secretary Anna Cristina Niceta Lloyd 2017– Campaign Manager Brad Parscale 2018–
Campaign Adviser/Online Producer Lara Trump 2017–
Campaign Adviser John McEntee 2017–
Personal Secretary to the President Madeleine Westerhout 2017– Chief of Staff to the First Lady Lindsay Reynolds 2017–
Special Assistant to the President for Intragovernmental and Technology Initiatives Reed Cordish 2017–
Presidential Personnel Director John DeStefano 2017– Special Representative for International Negotiations Jason Greenblatt 2017–
Budget history[edit]
Year
Budget
2017 $709 million[8]
2016 $692 million[9]
2015 $676 million[10]
2014 $624 million[11]
2013 $650 million[12]
2012 $640 million[13]
2011 $708 million[14]
2010 $772 million[15]
2009 $728 million[16]
2008 $682 million[17]
2007 $need cite million[18]
2006 $need cite million[19]
2005 $need cite million[20]
2004 need cite million[21]
2003 $386 million[22]
2002 $451 million[23]
2001 $246 million[24]
2000 $283 million[25]
1999 $417 million[26]
1998 $237 million[27]
1997 $221 million[28]
1996 $202 million[29]
1995 $215 million[30]
1994 $231 million[31]
1993 $194 million[32]
See also[edit]
Title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations
Title 5 of the Code of Federal Regulations
White House Records Office
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hartnett, Cass (November 6, 2017). "Library Guides: United States Federal Government Resources: The Executive Office of the President". guides.lib.uw.edu. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
Jump up ^ Roosevelt, Franklin D. (April 25, 1939). "Message to Congress on the Reorganization Act". John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters. The American Presidency Project. Santa Barbara: University of California. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Mosher, Frederick C. (1975). American Public Administration: Past, Present, Future (2nd ed.). Birmingham: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-4829-8.
Jump up ^ Roosevelt, Franklin D. (May 9, 1939). "Message to Congress on Plan II to Implement the Reorganization Act". John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters. The American Presidency Project. Santa Barbara: University of California. Retrieved May 6, 2011. The plan provides for the abolition of the National Emergency Council and the transfer to the Executive Office of the President of all its functions with the exception of the film and radio activities which go to the Office of Education.
Jump up ^ Relyea, Harold C. (March 17, 2008). "The Executive Office of the President: An Historical Overview" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ Burke, John P. "Administration of the White House". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on November 17, 2010. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ Bennett, Kate (June 23, 2017). "Trump family hires familiar face as chief usher". CNN.
Jump up ^ "FY 2017 Omnibus Summary – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations" (PDF). House Appropriations Committee. May 1, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2016 Financial Services Bill". House Appropriations Committee. May 24, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2015 Financial Services Bill". House Appropriations Committee. July 16, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2014 Financial Services Bill". House Appropriations Committee. July 17, 2013. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2013 Financial Services Bill". House Appropriations Committee. June 5, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2012 Financial Services Bill". House Appropriations Committee. June 15, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Financial Services and General Government (FSGG): FY2011 Appropriations". Congressional Research Service. July 11, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Financial Services and General Government (FSGG): FY2010 Appropriations" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. February 4, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Financial Services and General Government (FSGG): FY2009 Appropriations" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. May 12, 2009. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Financial Services and General Government (FSGG): FY2008 Appropriations". Congressional Research Service. December 20, 2007. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Historical Tables, Table 4.1—OUTLAYS BY AGENCY: 1962–2022". OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET. January 20, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Historical Tables, Table 4.1—OUTLAYS BY AGENCY: 1962–2022". OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET. January 20, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Historical Tables, Table 4.1—OUTLAYS BY AGENCY: 1962–2022". OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET. January 20, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Historical Tables, Table 4.1—OUTLAYS BY AGENCY: 1962–2022". OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET. January 20, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Historical Tables, Table 4.1—OUTLAYS BY AGENCY: 1962–2022". OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET. January 20, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Historical Tables, Table 4.1—OUTLAYS BY AGENCY: 1962–2022". OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET. January 20, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Historical Tables, Table 4.1—OUTLAYS BY AGENCY: 1962–2022". OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET. January 20, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Historical Tables, Table 4.1—OUTLAYS BY AGENCY: 1962–2022". OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET. January 20, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Historical Tables, Table 4.1—OUTLAYS BY AGENCY: 1962–2022". OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET. January 20, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Historical Tables, Table 4.1—OUTLAYS BY AGENCY: 1962–2022". OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET. January 20, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Historical Tables, Table 4.1—OUTLAYS BY AGENCY: 1962–2022". OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET. January 20, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Historical Tables, Table 4.1—OUTLAYS BY AGENCY: 1962–2022". OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET. January 20, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Historical Tables, Table 4.1—OUTLAYS BY AGENCY: 1962–2022". OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET. January 20, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Historical Tables, Table 4.1—OUTLAYS BY AGENCY: 1962–2022". OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET. January 20, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Historical Tables, Table 4.1—OUTLAYS BY AGENCY: 1962–2022". OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET. January 20, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
External links[edit]
Executive Office of the President
The Debate Over Selected Presidential Assistants and Advisors: Appointment, Accountability, and Congressional Oversight Congressional Research Service
Proposed and finalized federal regulations from the Executive Office of the President of the United States
Works by Executive Office of the President of the United States at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Executive Office of the President of the United States at Internet Archive
[show]
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Executive Office of the United States President
Executive Office of the President
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Office of the White House Counsel
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[show]
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White House Complex
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The Braxtons
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The Braxtons
Origin
Severn, Maryland, United States
Genres
R&B
soul
pop
urban contemporary gospel
Years active
1989 (1989)–1998 (1998)
2010 (2010)–present
Labels
Arista (1989–1990)
LaFace
Atlantic
Def Jam (2015–present)
Website
www.braxtonfamilychristmas.com
Members
Toni Braxton
Traci Braxton
Towanda Braxton
Trina Braxton
Tamar Braxton
The Braxtons are an American musical quintet consisting of singer Toni Braxton and her sisters, Traci Braxton, Towanda Braxton, Trina Braxton, and Tamar Braxton. Despite being commercially unsuccessful, the group's first single, "Good Life", led to oldest sister Toni Braxton's solo career.[1] All five members reunited in 2011 to star in the WE tv reality television series Braxton Family Values alongside their mother, Evelyn Braxton.
In October 2015, the group including Toni, Tamar, Traci, Trina and Towanda, released new material entitled Braxton Family Christmas with five members. The album was released on October 30.[2][3]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Background and early beginnings
1.2 1989–1991: Good Life and lineup change
1.3 1992–95: The Braxton 4 and Traci's Pregnancy
1.4 1996–97: So Many Ways
1.5 1998–2010: Disbandment
1.6 2011–present: Braxton Family Values and new album Braxton Family Christmas
2 Members
3 Discography
3.1 Studio albums
3.2 Singles
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Background and early beginnings[edit]
The Braxtons' parents are Rev. Michael Braxton Sr. (born June 26, 1947) and Evelyn Braxton (born January 14, 1948). Toni Michelle Braxton was born on October 7, 1967. Michael Conrad Braxton Jr., the only son, was born on November 17, 1968, then Traci Renee Braxton was born on April 2, 1971. Towanda Chloe Braxton was born on September 18, 1973. The Braxtons' fifth child, Trina Evette Braxton, was born on December 3, 1974. The youngest sibling, Tamar Estine Braxton, was born on March 17, 1977. They are originally from Severn, Maryland.[4]
The sisters began to harmonize together when a then 5 year-old Tamar demanded, "Somebody get me some toilet paper!" Each sister and brother Michael soon after went in the bathroom and began singing the "Toilet Paper Song." The Braxtons credit this incident as their first song-writing experience and the first time that they harmonized as a group.[5] Growing up, they sang in the choir at several churches and toured the East Coast with their religious parents singing at various events.[6]
1989–1991: Good Life and lineup change[edit]
Toni, Traci, Towanda, Trina, and Tamar Braxton signed their first record deal with Arista Records in 1989. In 1990, they released their first single, "Good Life". It would be their only single as a fivesome. "Good Life" was not a hit, peaking at No. 79 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart. At the time of the single's release, the members' age differences created a problem with marketing. Subsequently, The Braxtons were dropped from Arista Records.
In 1991, during a showcase with Antonio "L.A." Reid and Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, who were in the process of forming LaFace Records, Toni Braxton, minus her four sisters, was chosen and signed as the label's first female solo artist. At the time, the remaining members were told that LaFace was not looking for another girl group since it had just signed TLC.[7][8]
1992–95: The Braxton 4 and Traci's Pregnancy[edit]
After Toni's departure from the group in 1991, the remaining Braxtons members became backup singers for Toni's first U.S. tour, music videos, and promotional appearances. Traci, Towanda, Trina, and Tamar were featured in the music video for Toni Braxton's third single, "Seven Whole Days,” from her debut album.
In 1993, LaFace Records A&R Vice President, Bryant Reid, signed The Braxtons to LaFace. However, the group never released an album or single for the record label. When Reid moved on to work for Atlantic Records, he convinced executives at LaFace to allow him take the group to Atlantic also.[8][9]
It was reported in Vibe magazine that in 1995 Traci Braxton had left the group to pursue a career as a youth counselor.[10] However, it was not confirmed until 2004 when Towanda Braxton appeared in season 2 of the reality show Starting Over, that Traci was not allowed to sign with Atlantic because of her pregnancy at the time.
1996–97: So Many Ways[edit]
In June 1996, Tamar, Trina, and Towanda returned with a new album entitled So Many Ways, which shared the same title as its lead single. Released on August 13, 1996, the album peaked at No. 26 on the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts.[11] It became their first and only LP. Atlantic Records A&R VP, Bryant Reid, served as the album's executive producer. At the time of its release, Reid told Billboard Magazine, "I had a vision for them then that was about young sophistication with sex appeal." So Many Ways included production from Jermaine Dupri and Daryl Simmons along with Christopher "Tricky" Stewart and Sean "Sep" Hall. The album also included a cover of Diana Ross's hit "The Boss" and Klymaxx's song "I'd Still Say Yes".[9]
The Braxtons released a music video in order to promote "So Many Ways". It was directed by Cameron Casey and featured upcoming actor Mekhi Phifer.[12] The trio also performed a remixed version of "So Many Ways" with rapper Jay-Z on September 9, 1996 at the Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards.[13] The single was also used as the opening track for the soundtrack to the comedy film High School High.[14] "So Many Ways" went on to peak at No. 83 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1996, No. 22 on the Billboard R&B Charts and number 32 on the UK Singles Chart in January 1997.[15]
The album's second single, "Only Love", was released on January 25, 1997 and peaked at number 52 on the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart. A music video for this song was also released.[11] A Masters At Work remix version of The Braxtons third single The Boss" reached number 1 on Billboard Dance/Club Play Chart in early 1997.[11] "Slow Flow" was the final single released from So Many Ways. It peaked at No. 26 on the UK Charts in July 1997, becoming their highest charting single in the UK.[16]
The Braxtons also served as the opening act for Toni Braxton on the European Leg of her Secrets Tour in 1997.
1998–2010: Disbandment[edit]
The Braxtons decided to part ways as a group after lead singer Tamar Braxton left to pursue a solo career with DreamWorks Records in 1999.[17] However, the members continued to sing and act in various other projects.
Trina appeared in the 2004 Tyler Perry play Meet the Browns as Tracy Stevens. She was also part of the play Rise, written by Salt from Salt-n-Pepa and Christopher "Play" Martin from the rap group Kid 'n Play and starred in an off-Broadway production of Dreamgirls as Deena Jones. In 2004, Trina Braxton appeared in "The Walk" with Eva Pigford and Vanessa Bell. Additionally, she co-starred in two independent films, including Jail Party, and was host for the unbroadcast Urban Idol for UPN. She also made a cameo in Tyler Perry's I Can Do Bad All By Myself as a member of a band performing with singer Mary J. Blige's character. Trina and Tamar performed as background singers and dancers for the entire duration of Toni's Libra Tour in 2006. They also performed in Toni Braxton: Revealed at the Flamingo Hotel and Casino until R&B singer Sparkle replaced Tamar in 2006 and fellow former Braxtons member Towanda Braxton replaced them.[18] In 2009, Trina joined the wedding band "Simply Irresistible" as a lead vocalist.[19] In 2012, Trina left the band to pursue a solo music career, releasing her debut solo single "Party Or Go Home" in March 2012.
Towanda Braxton appeared in season 2 of the reality show Starting Over. She performed and recorded a solo song, "Here I Am", for the show and conducted a radio interview on the Wendy Williams Experience about her time on Starting Over. Towanda is also a member of Zeta Phi Beta sorority and pledged at Bowie State University in 1995.[20] In September 2005, People magazine's website reported that Towanda was pregnant.[21]
Tamar Braxton released her debut solo album Tamar in 2000. She also made a cameo in the music video for "He Wasn't Man Enough". She appeared for a short time as Sasha in the stage play version of Madea Goes to Jail in 2005 alongside Tyler Perry and Cassi Davis. Tamar co-wrote several songs and sang background vocals for several of Toni's albums including Snowflakes, More Than a Woman, Libra, and Pulse.[22] In 2012, Tamar released the single "Love and War", followed by two albums in 2013: a studio album entitled Love and War, followed by a Christmas album entitled Winter Loversland.
In 2010, The Braxtons, including Traci Braxton, appeared in sister Toni Braxton's music video for her dance single "Make My Heart".[23]
2011–present: Braxton Family Values and new album Braxton Family Christmas[edit]
In January 2011, WE tv confirmed that it had signed Toni Braxton and her sisters, Traci, Towanda, Trina, and Tamar for a reality series, entitled Braxton Family Values, to be marketed as one of the network's flagship shows.[24] The show looks at the relationship between Toni, her mom, and her sisters along with the interpersonal relationships of each family member. After only four episodes, the series had renewed for a second season. There would be 13 more one-hour episodes of Braxton Family Values on WE tv in 2012, up from 10 during the debut season — which was later upped to a 26 episode second season, including the Reunion Show.[25]
As of the second season finale of Braxton Family Values, it is still unclear whether or not the EP that The Braxtons were working on will be released. During the show's reunion, Toni Braxton stated that she thought The Braxtons should "feature on [her] record" instead of her completely rejoining the group for a full EP.[26]
The Braxtons posed for the June 2011 VIBE magazine summer swimwear issue. They also presented the "Best Gospel Artist" award to Mary Mary at the 2011 BET Awards.[27]
In July 2014, a sneak peek of the fourth season of "Braxton Family Values" was uploaded via YouTube on WE tv's user account of the Braxton sisters discussing on doing a gospel record together.[28] In the same time, Toni, Tamar and Trina guest starred on their sister Traci's music video "Last Call".[29]
In October 2015, the group including Toni, Tamar, Traci, Trina and Towanda, released an album titled Braxton Family Christmas as five members. The album was released on October 30 and pre-order on October 16th.[2][3] Braxton Family Christmas debuted at number 27 on the US Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Albums,[30] number 10 on the US R&B Chart and number 12 on US Top Holiday Albums on November 21, 2015.[31][32] The album charted at number 1 on the US Heatseekers Albums on December 12, 2015.[33]
Members[edit]
Member
'89
'90
'91
'92
'93
'94
'95
'96
'97
'98
'10
'11
'12
'15
'16
Tamar Braxton (Soprano)
(1989–1998, 2010–2012, 2015–present)
Trina Braxton (Mezzo-Soprano)
(1989–1998, 2010–2012, 2015–present)
Towanda Braxton (Contralto)
(1989–1998, 2010–2012, 2015–present)
Traci Braxton (Mezzo-Soprano)
(1989–1995, 2010–2012, 2015–present)
Toni Braxton (Contralto)
(1989–1991, 2015–present)
Discography[edit]
Studio albums[edit]
Title
Album details
Peak chart positions
Certifications
Sales
US
US R&B
US Heat
CAN
NL
[34]
NZ
[35]
UK
So Many Ways
Released: August 13, 1996
Label: Atlantic
Formats: CD, Cassette
113 26 2 — 48 17 — —
Braxton Family Christmas
Released: October 30, 2015
Label: Def Jam[36]
Formats: CD, digital download
144 19 1 — — — — — 21,000[37]
"—" denotes a title that did not chart, or was not released in that territory.
Singles[edit]
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Certifications
Album
US
US R&B
US Dance
CAN
NL
[34]
NZ
[35]
UK
"Good Life"
1990 — 79 — — — — — Non-album singles
"Family"
— — — — — — —
"So Many Ways"
1996 83[38] 22[39] — — — 17[40] 32[41] So Many Ways
"Only Love"
1997 — 52 — — — 3 —
"The Boss"
— — 1[42] — 24 10 31[43]
"Slow Flow"
— — — — 49[44] 38[45] 26[46]
"Every Day Is Christmas"
2015 — — — — — — — Braxton Family Christmas
"—" denotes a title that did not chart, or was not released in that territory.
See also[edit]
List of Number 1 Dance Hits (United States)
List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fanning, Michael. "Family Values." Kontrol. April 1, 2011: 65-69. Print.
^ Jump up to: a b "Braxton Family Christmas". Braxton Sisters to Release Christmas Album. Essence. Retrieved October 11, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Braxtons – Braxton Family Christmas". Braxton Family Christmas. Target. Retrieved October 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Braxton Family Values – Cast". Wetv.com. 2012-07-20. Archived from the original on 2015-07-05. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Breaking, World, US & Local News – nydailynews.com – NY Daily News". Articles.nydailynews.com. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
Jump up ^ Leading Women: Toni Braxton. Perf. Braxton, Toni. Viacom International, Inc.: 2009, Film.
Jump up ^ "Toni Braxton: From the heart". Bluesandsoul.com. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Toni Braxton: The Sunday Conversation – latimes". Articles.latimes.com. 2011-05-22. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
^ Jump up to: a b Reynolds, J.R. "'So Many' Braxtons on Atlantic Label Downplays Link To Famous Sister." Billboard Magazine. July 6, 1996: 18-19. Print.
Jump up ^ Davis, Joyce E. "The Braxtons: And then there were three." Vibe Magazine. September 1, 1996: 92. Print.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Braxtons – Chart history". Billboard.com. 1996-10-05. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, J.R. "So Many Ways." Billboard Magazine. September 14, 1996: 30. Print.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived July 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Ira Newborn, Various Artists: High School High: The Soundtrack: Music". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
Jump up ^ "BRAXTONS | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company". Theofficialcharts.com. Archived from the original on 2013-02-04. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
Jump up ^ "BRAXTONS | Artist". Official Charts. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ DeCurtis, Anthony. "Tamar 'Ridiculous'." Vibe Magazine. December 1, 1999: 250. Print.
Jump up ^ "Now Casting — Trina B. Resume". Trinab.nowcasting.com. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Simply Irresistible". Simplyirresistibleband.com. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Braxton, Towanda. ThaBiz.com. Interview by Dorrie Williams-Wheeler. January 1, 2005. Print. June 14, 2011. Dorrie Williams-Wheeler
Jump up ^ "Pregnant celeb spotting: Towanda Braxton – Moms & Babies – Celebrity Babies and Kids – Moms & Babies – People.com". Celebritybabies.people.com. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
Jump up ^ [2] Archived June 2, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Toni Braxton Make My Heart official video on Youtube
Jump up ^ [3] Archived January 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Rhett, Starr. ""Braxton Family Values" Renewed For Second Season | News". BET. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Braxton Family Values – WE Tells All: Braxton Season Finale – WE tv". Wetv.com. 2011-06-14. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Kittrina. "The Braxton's Get Summer Sexy | News". BET. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Braxton Family Values: Season 4 Preview Clip". YouTube. 2014-07-01. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Traci braxton music video Last Call". tracibraxton.com.
Jump up ^ "The Braxtons – Chart history". Billboard.com. 1996-10-05. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
Jump up ^ "The Braxtons – Chart history". Billboard.com. 1996-10-05. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
Jump up ^ "The Braxtons – Chart history". Billboard.com. 1996-10-05. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
Jump up ^ "The Braxtons – Chart History". The Braxtons. Billboard. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b [4][dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b [5][dead link]
Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/braxton-family-christmas/id1047979047
Jump up ^ "Billboard 200 Chart Moves: Foo Fighters Earn Sixth Million-Selling Album, The Braxtons, Braxton Family Christmas – No. 144". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100 October 5, 1996". Billboard. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Braxtons Billboard Chart R&B Songs". Billboard. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand Charts November 24, 1996". The Official New Zealand Music Chart. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "UK Singles Archive Chart 01.02.1997". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hot Dance Club Songs, Billboard.com, issue date February 1, 1997". Billboard. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "UK Singles Chart Archive 29.03.1997". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "THE BRAXTONS – SLOW FLOW Dutch Charts". Dutch Charts. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand Charts October 12, 1997". The Official New Zealand Music Chart. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "UK Singles Chart Archive 19.07.1997". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
External links[edit]
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Trina Braxton official web site
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WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb14262163z (data)
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