text:
Under the Tuscan Sun (film)
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Under the Tuscan Sun
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Audrey Wells
Produced by
Tom Sternberg
Audrey Wells
Screenplay by
Audrey Wells
Based on
Under the Tuscan Sun
by Frances Mayes
Starring
Diane Lane
Sandra Oh
Lindsay Duncan
Music by
Christophe Beck
Cinematography
Geoffrey Simpson
Edited by
Arthur Coburn
Andrew Marcus
Todd E Miller
Production
company
Touchstone Pictures
Distributed by
Buena Vista Pictures
Release date
September 26, 2003 (2003-09-26) (USA)
Running time
113 minutes
Country
United States
Italy
Language
English
Budget
$18 million[1]
Box office
$58.9 million[1]
Under the Tuscan Sun is a 2003 American romantic comedy drama film written, produced, and directed by Audrey Wells and starring Diane Lane. Based on Frances Mayes' 1996 memoir Under the Tuscan Sun, the film is about a recently divorced writer who buys a villa in Tuscany on a whim, hoping it will lead to a change in her life.[2] The film was nominated for the Art Directors Guild Excellence in Production Design Award, and for her performance in the film, Diane Lane received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Performance by an Actress.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming locations
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Frances Mayes (Diane Lane) is a San Francisco writer whose seemingly perfect life takes an unexpected turn when she learns that her husband has been cheating on her. The divorce—and the loss of her house to her ex-husband and his much-younger, pregnant new partner—leaves her depressed and unable to write. Her best friend Patti (Sandra Oh), a lesbian who is expecting a child, is beginning to think Frances might never recover. She urges Frances to take an Italian vacation to Tuscany using the ticket she purchased before she became pregnant. At first Frances refuses, but after another depressing day in her gloomy apartment, she decides that it's a good idea to get away for a while.
In Tuscany, her tour group stops in the small town of Cortona. After wandering through the charming streets, she notices a posting for a villa for sale in Cortona. She rejoins her tour group on the bus, and just outside town, the bus stops to allow a flock of sheep to cross the road. While they wait, Frances realizes that they've stopped directly in front of the very villa that she had seen for sale—something she believes is a sign. She asks the driver to stop and she gets off the bus. Through a series of serendipitous events, she becomes the owner of a lovely yet dilapidated villa in beautiful Tuscany.
Frances begins her new life with the help of a variety of interesting characters and unusual but gentle souls. She hires a crew of Polish immigrants to renovate the house. Over time, Frances also befriends her Italian neighbors and develops relationships with her Polish workers, the realtor who sold her the villa, and Katherine (Lindsay Duncan), an eccentric aging British actress who evokes the mystery and beauty of an Italian film star. Later, she is visited by the now very pregnant Patti, whose partner Grace has left her.
Frances meets and has a brief romantic affair with Marcello (Raoul Bova), but their relationship does not last. She is about to give up on happiness when one of her Polish workers, a teenager named Pawel (Pawel Szajda), and a neighbor's young daughter come to her for help. Her father does not approve of him, due to his being Polish and not having a family, yet they are very much in love and want to get married. Frances persuades the girl's family to support their love, by proclaiming that she is Pawel's family, and the young lovers are soon married at the villa. During the wedding celebration, Frances meets an American writer who is traveling in Tuscany, and their attraction for each other points to a romantic future.
Cast[edit]
Diane Lane as Frances Mayes
Sandra Oh as Patti
Lindsay Duncan as Katherine
Raoul Bova as Marcello
Vincent Riotta as Martini
Mario Monicelli as Old man with flowers
Roberto Nobile as Placido
Anita Zagaria as Fiorella
Evelina Gori as Nona Cardinale
Kate Walsh as Grace
Pawel Szajda as Pawel
David Sutcliffe as Ed
Giulia Steigerwalt as Chiara
Valentine Pelka as Jerzy
Sasa Vulicevic as Zbignew
Massimo Sarchielli as Nino
Claudia Gerini as Signora Raguzzi
Laura Pestellini as Contessa
Don McManus as Nasty Man
Matt Salinger as Colleague
Elden Henson as Author
Jack Kehler as Apartment Manager
Kristoffer Ryan Winters as David Tour Guide
Nuccio Siano as Gianni
Malva Guicheney as Gianni's Daughter[4]
Production[edit]
Filming locations[edit]
Banca CR Firenze, Florence, Tuscany, Italy (interiors, bank scene)
Cinecittà Studios, Cinecittà, Rome, Lazio, Italy (bookstore, Patti & Grace's San Francisco apartment)
Cortona, Arezzo, Tuscany, Italy
Florence, Tuscany, Italy
Montepulciano, Siena, Tuscany, Italy (leaving Cortona, wedding)
Positano, Salerno, Campania, Italy
Rome, Lazio, Italy
San Francisco, California, USA
Montepulciano, Tuscany, Italy (flag-waving show)[5]
Teatro Signorelli, Cortona, Arezzo, Tuscany, Italy (interiors)[6]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Under the Tuscan Sun opened well in the United States, grossing $9,751,425 on 1,226 screens, opening at No. 2 in the U.S. box office in the weekend of September 28, 2003. This was more than half of its estimated $18 million budget. The film was a box office success, earning $43,610,723 domestically and a further $15,268,000 internationally, totaling $58,878,723 worldwide.[1]
Critical response[edit]
The film received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 61% out of 147 professional critics gave the film a positive review, with a rating average of 6.2/10 and the critical consensus stating: "Though formulaic and superficial, Under the Tuscan Sun is redeemed by Lane's vibrant performance."[7]
Diane Lane's performance was highly praised and she was nominated for a Best Actress Golden Globe Award.
See also[edit]
Under the Tuscan Sun, the memoir on which the movie is based
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Under the Tuscan Sun". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Under the Tuscan Sun". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Awards for Under the Tuscan Sun". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Full cast and crew for Under the Tuscan Sun". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Locations for Under the Tuscan Sun". Movieloci.com.
Jump up ^ "Locations for Under the Tuscan Sun". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Under the Tuscan Sun. Rotten Tomatoes. Flixter. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Under the Tuscan Sun (film)
Under the Tuscan Sun: The Unofficial Movie Site
Under the Tuscan Sun on IMDb
Under the Tuscan Sun at AllMovie
Under the Tuscan Sun at Rotten Tomatoes
Under the Tuscan Sun at Box Office Mojo
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Under_the_Tuscan_Sun_(film)&oldid=802460095"
Categories:
2003 films
English-language films
2000s drama films
2000s romantic comedy films
2000s LGBT-related films
LGBT-related comedy films
LGBT-related drama films
American romantic comedy films
American films
Film scores by Christophe Beck
Films based on American novels
Films set in Italy
Films set in Tuscany
Films shot in Tuscany
Touchstone Pictures films
Screenplays by Audrey Wells
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Amateur radio operator
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
An amateur radio operator
An amateur radio operator is someone who uses equipment at an amateur radio station to engage in two-way personal communications with other amateur operators on radio frequencies assigned to the amateur radio service. Amateur radio operators have been granted an amateur radio license by a governmental regulatory authority after passing an examination on applicable regulations, electronics, radio theory, and radio operation. As a component of their license, amateur radio operators are assigned a call sign that they use to identify themselves during communication. There are about three million amateur radio operators worldwide.[1]
Amateur radio operators are also known as radio amateurs or hams. The term "ham" as a nickname for amateur radio operators originated in a pejorative usage (like "ham actor") by operators in commercial and professional radio communities, and dates to wired telegraphy.[2] The word was subsequently adopted by amateur radio operators.
Contents
1 Demographics
1.1 Gender
1.2 Age
2 Silent Key
3 Gallery
4 References
Demographics[edit]
Country
Number of amateur
radio operators
% population
Year of
Report
Source
United States 801,424 0.248 2016 [3]
Japan 435,581 0.343 2015 [4]
Thailand 176,278 0.275 2006 [5]
Germany 75,262 0.092 2007 [6]
Canada 69,183 0.201 2011 [3]
Republic of China 68,692 0.296 1999 [5]
Spain 58,700 0.127 1999 [5]
United Kingdom 58,426 0.094 2000 [5]
South Korea 42,632 0.082 2012 [7]
Russia 38,000 0.026 1993 [5]
Brazil 32,053 0.016 1997 [5]
Italy 30,000 0.049 1993 [5]
Indonesia 27,815 0.011 1997 [5]
France 14,160 0.02 2013 [5]
Ukraine 17,265 0.037 2000 [5]
Argentina 16,889 0.042 1999 [5]
Poland 16,000 0.041 2000 [5]
Australia 15,328 0.067 2000 [5]
India 15,679 0.001 2000 [5]
Malaysia 10,509 0.0004 2016 [5]
Denmark 8,668 0.156 2012 [8]
Slovenia 6,500 0.317 2000 [5]
South Africa 6,000 0.012 1994 [5]
Austria 5,967 0.068 2016 [9]
Norway 5,302 0.106 2000 [5]
Finland 5,000 0.090 2016 [10]
Romania 3,527 0.018 2017 [11]
Few governments maintain detailed demographic statistics of their amateur radio operator populations, aside from recording the total number of licensed operators. The majority of amateur radio operators worldwide reside in Japan, the United States, Thailand, South Korea, and the nations of Europe. The top five countries by percentage of the population are Japan, Slovenia, Taiwan, South Korea and Thailand. Only the governments of Yemen and North Korea currently prohibit their citizens from becoming amateur radio operators. In some countries, acquiring an amateur radio license is difficult because of the bureaucratic processes or fees that place access to a license out of reach for most citizens. Most nations permit foreign nationals to earn an amateur radio license, but very few amateur radio operators are licensed in multiple countries.
Gender[edit]
In the vast majority of countries, the population of amateur radio operators is predominantly male. In China, 12% of amateur radio operators are women,[12] while approximately 15% of amateur radio operators in the United States are women.[13] The Young Ladies Radio League is an international organization of female amateur radio operators.
A male amateur radio operator can be referred to as an OM, an abbreviation used in Morse code telegraphy for "old man", regardless of the operator's age. A female amateur radio operator can be referred to as a YL, from the abbreviation used for "young lady", regardless of the operator's age. XYL was once used by amateur radio operators to refer to an unlicensed woman, usually the wife of a male amateur radio operator; today, the term has come to mean any female spouse of an amateur radio operator, licensed or not. Sometimes the wife of a ham operator is called a YF (wife). Although these codes are derived from English language abbreviations, their use is common among amateur radio operators worldwide. Incidentally, the most common language heard in the HF amateur bands (the bands below 30 MHz that support worldwide communications) is English.
Age[edit]
In most countries there is no minimum age requirement to earn an amateur radio license and become an amateur radio operator. Although the number of amateur radio operators in many countries increases from year to year[citation needed], the average age of amateur radio operators is quite high. In some countries, the average age is over 80 years old[citation needed], with most amateur radio operators earning their license in their 40s or 50s.[citation needed]
Some national radio societies have responded to this by developing programs specifically to encourage youth participation in amateur radio, such as the American Radio Relay League's Amateur Radio Education and Technology Program.[14] The World Wide Young Contesters organization promotes youth involvement, particularly amongst Europeans, in competitive radio contesting. A strong tie also exists between the amateur radio community and the Scouting movement to introduce radio technology to youth. WOSM's annual Jamboree On The Air is Scouting's largest activity, with a half million Scouts and Guides speaking with each other using amateur radio each October.[15]
Silent Key[edit]
When referring to a person, the phrase Silent Key and its abbreviation SK indicates an amateur radio operator who is deceased.[16] The procedural signal "SK" (or "VA") has historically been used in Morse code as the last signal sent from a station before ending operation,[17] usually just before shutting off the transmitter. Since this was the last signal received by other operators, the code was adopted to refer to any amateur radio operator who is deceased, regardless of whether they were known to have used telegraphy in their communications.
Gallery[edit]
An operator running high-speed telegraphy (HST)
An operator working HF
Amateur Radio station equipped for reception of VLF signals.
Shack of F6BLK in September 2008
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Silver, H Ward (23 April 2004). Ham Radio for Dummies. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7645-5987-7. OCLC 55092631.
Jump up ^ Hall, L. C. (January 1902). "Telegraph Talk and Talkers". McClure's Magazine. Vol. 18 no. 3. p. 230-231.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hamdata Callsign Server". Hamdata.com. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "JARL News. Amateur radio stations. 2015". Retrieved 18 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Status Summary of Radio Amateurs & Amateur Stations of the World". International Amateur Radio Union (IARU.org). Archived from the original on 28 June 2007. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
Jump up ^ Bundesnetzagentur, cited by "Licencestatistic for DL". DARC.de. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2008.
Jump up ^ "Triennial Report from KARL". iaru-r3.org. Retrieved 2012-11-04.
Jump up ^ IT & Telestyrelsen Frekvensregister "IT & Telestyrelsen - Frekvensregister". Retrieved 11 January 2012. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Rufzeichenliste österreichischer Amateurfunkstellen" (PDF). Retrieved 4 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mitä radioamatööritoiminta on?". SRAL.fi. Retrieved 6 March 2016. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "ANCOM Callbook Radioamatori". ancom.org.ro. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Chinese Radio Sports Association (2004). "The Current Status of Amateur Radio in the Mainland of China". Proceedings of the International Amateur Radio Union's Region 3 Twelfth Regional Conference. Document No. 04/XII/057. Archived from the original on 6 March 2006. Retrieved 2 June 2006.
Jump up ^ Harker, Kenneth E (15 March 2005). "A Study of Amateur Radio Gender Demographics". ARRL.org. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "The ARRL Amateur Radio Education & Technology Program". ARRL.org. Archived from the original on 25 June 2007. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "All about JOTA". Scout.org. September 2006. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Reporting a Silent Key". Amateur Radio Relay League. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "CW Operating Aids". AC6V. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
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In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida
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This article is about the song. For the album, see In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (album). For the video, see In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (video).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida"
Cover of the 1968 German single
Single by Iron Butterfly
from the album In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida
B-side
"Iron Butterfly Theme"
Released
June 14, 1968 (1968-06-14)
Format
7-inch
Recorded
May 27, 1968
Ultrasonic Studios, Hempstead, Long Island, New York
Genre
Acid rock[1]
psychedelic rock[2]
hard rock[3]
heavy metal[4]
Length
17:05 (album version)
2:52 (single version)
Label
Atco
Songwriter(s)
Doug Ingle
Producer(s)
Jim Hilton
Iron Butterfly singles chronology
"Possession"
(1968) "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida"
(1968) "Soul Experience"
(1969)
"Possession"
(1968) "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida"
(1968) "Soul Experience"
(1969)
Audio sample
file
help
"In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" (mistransliteration: "In the Garden of Eden") is a song recorded by Iron Butterfly and written by bandmember Doug Ingle, released on their 1968 album In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida.
At slightly over 17 minutes, it occupies the entire second side of the In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida album. The lyrics are simple, and heard only at the beginning and the end. The track was recorded at Ultrasonic Studios in Hempstead, Long Island, New York.
In 2009, it was named the 24th-greatest hard rock song of all time by VH1.[5] It is also often regarded as an influence on heavy metal music and one of the firsts of the genre.[6][7]
Contents
1 Background
2 Edited versions
2.1 Live version
3 Track listing
4 Boney M. version
4.1 Releases
5 Other versions
6 References
Background[edit]
Though it was not recorded until their second album, "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" was written during Iron Butterfly's early days. According to drummer Ron Bushy, organist/vocalist Doug Ingle wrote the song one evening while drinking an entire gallon of Red Mountain wine. When the inebriated Ingle then played the song for Bushy, who wrote down the lyrics for him, he was slurring his words so badly that what was supposed to be "in the Garden of Eden" was interpreted by Bushy as "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida".[8] Catalogs.com confirmed that the song "was supposed to have been titled 'In The Garden of Eden', but the singer was slurring his words when he told Ron Bushy, the drummer, the title, and the garbled name stuck."[9]
Even though nearly all of Iron Butterfly's songs were quite structured, the idea of turning the minute-and-a-half long ballad into an extended jam emerged very early; Jeff Beck claims that when he saw Iron Butterfly perform at the Galaxy Club in April 1967, half a year before the band recorded their first album, their entire second set consisted of a 35-minute long version of "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida".[8]
Edited versions[edit]
"In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" was released as a 45 rpm single in the US and other territories. The 17-minute original version was edited down to 2:53. This version contains the intro, two complete verses, the repeat of the main theme very near the end, a short break, and the closing segment. All of the solos are edited out. The single reached #30 on the U.S. Billboard chart.
In the Netherlands (and perhaps other territories, too), a different, longer 4-minute, 14-second edit was released first on a 45 with catalogue number 2019 021 and later on an EP with catalogue number 2091 213. This edit features only one verse, a large portion of the drum solo, the final verse, and the closing segment.
Another edit, supplied to some radio stations, runs at 5:04. It includes the first verse, about 20 seconds each of the pipe organ and guitar solos, part of the drum solo segueing into the drum/bass solo, the final verse, and the closing of the song.[citation needed]
A European compilation album on the EVA label (EMI, Virgin, BMG, Ariola) entitled Pop Classics 2, features a 10:26 edit of "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida". The original soundtrack CD of the movie Manhunter features an 8:20 edit of the song. In these edits, mostly the guitar solos were edited out.
Live version[edit]
A live version over 19 minutes long was released as part of their 1969 live album, simply titled Live. This version lengthens the drum solo by roughly four minutes and the pipe organ solo by about one minute. It also omits the bass and drum solo jam (heard from 13:04–15:19 on the studio recording).
When Doug Ingle wrote the song, he had not intended for it to run 17 minutes long. However, Ingle said that he "knew there would be slots for solos". During live renditions, Erik Brann's (guitar) and Ron Bushy's (drum) solos varied from performance to performance, while Ingle's pipe organ solo remained the same.
Track listing[edit]
Atco Records 7-inch single
No.
Title
Length
1. "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" (single edit) 2:52
2. "Iron Butterfly Theme" (instrumental) 3:24
Atlantic Records 7-inch single
No.
Title
Length
1. "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" (single edit) 2:52
2. "Soul Experience" 2:50
1969 French single
No.
Title
Length
1. "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" (vocal part) 4:50
2. "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" (instrumental featuring drums and organ) 5:12
1971 French single
No.
Title
Length
1. "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" (part 1) 3:30
2. "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" (part 2) 3:58
German single
No.
Title
Length
1. "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" (edit) 3:10
2. "Easy Rider" 3:06
Boney M. version[edit]
"Children of Paradise" /
"Gadda-Da-Vida"
Single by Boney M.
Released
September 1980
Format
7-inch single, 12-inch single
Recorded
1980
Genre
Euro disco, pop
Label
Hansa (FRG)
Songwriter(s)
Doug Ingle
Producer(s)
Frank Farian
Boney M. singles chronology
"I See a Boat on the River / My Friend Jack"
(1980) "Children of Paradise" / "Gadda-Da-Vida"
(1980) "Felicidad (Margherita)"
(1980)
"I See a Boat on the River / My Friend Jack"
(1980) "Children of Paradise" / "Gadda-Da-Vida"
(1980) "Felicidad (Margherita)"
(1980)
"Children of Paradise" / "Gadda-Da-Vida" is a 1980 single by disco band Boney M. Intended to be the first single off the group's fifth album Boonoonoonoos (scheduled for a November 1980 release), the single was ultimately never included because the album release was delayed for one year. "Children of Paradise" peaked at number 11 in the German charts, whereas it became the group's lowest-placing single in the UK at number 66. Boney M. used the double A-side format in this period, typically with the A1 being the song intended for radio and A2 being more squarely aimed at discos. The sides usually were switched on the accompanying 12" single.
"Gadda-Da-Vida" became a controversial Boney M. record since none of the original members sang on it. Because of a fall-out between producer Frank Farian and the group, he had session singers La Mama (Cathy Bartney, Patricia Shockley, and Madeleine Davis) sing the female vocals while he did the deep male vocals, as usual. The group only promoted it once on TV. Two different single edits were done of the full 9-minute version that appeared on the 12-inch single. "Gadda-Da-Vida" was the A-side in Japan. Only the French release correctly stated the song title as "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida".
Releases[edit]
7-inch singles
"Children of Paradise" (Farian, Reyam, Jay) – 4:40 / "Gadda-Da-Vida" (Ingle) – 5:18 (Hansa 102 400-100, Germany)
"Children of Paradise" (Final mix) – 4:28 / "Gadda-Da-Vida" (Final mix) – 5:05 (Hansa 102 400-100, Germany)
12-inch single
"Gadda-Da-Vida" (Long version) – 8:56 / "Children of Paradise" (12" mix) – 5:18 (Hansa 600 280-100, Germany)
Other versions[edit]
Michael Viner's Incredible Bongo Band covered the song in 1973. Samples from this version are used in the Nas songs "Thief's Theme" and "Hip Hop Is Dead".
The power metal band Blind Guardian released a remastered version of "Gada-Da-Vida" as a single. The Thrash metal band Slayer recorded a short and fast version of this song for the movie soundtrack of Less Than Zero.
The composer and percussionist David Van Tieghem released a version and two remixes in 1986.[10]
Portions of the song are featured in an episode of The Simpsons, "Bart Sells His Soul", in which Bart Simpson tricks Reverend Lovejoy's church into singing the song as an opening hymn by handing out sheet music titled "In the Garden of Eden" by "I. Ron Butterfly". Lovejoy describes the hymn as "sound[ing] like rock and/or roll".[11]
Mojo Nixon and Skid Roper recorded the song on their album Frenzy.
Nash the Slash recorded an 8:55 version of the song on his 2008 album In-a-Gadda-Da-Nash.
Avant-garde group The Residents included this song in a medley of other '60s pop covers on their 1976 album The Third Reich 'n Roll.
New Jersey psychedelic band 6 Feet Under recorded a version in the late '60s.[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ray Broadus Browne; Pat Browne (2001). The Guide to United States Popular Culture. Popular Press. p. 431. ISBN 978-0-87972-821-2.
Jump up ^ Robert Dimery (5 December 2011). 1001 Songs: You Must Hear Before You Die. Octopus. p. 1076. ISBN 978-1-84403-717-9.
Jump up ^ The Avant-garde and American Postmodernity. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-61703-490-9.
Jump up ^ William Phillips; Brian Cogan (20 March 2009). Encyclopedia of Heavy Metal Music. ABC-CLIO. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-313-34801-3.
Jump up ^ "Vh1 Top 100 Hard Rock Songs". Spreadit.org. Archived from the original on February 12, 2009. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ (Alfred Publishing Staff), Various (2007). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Rock Guitar Songs. Alfred Publishing. ISBN 978-0739046289.
Jump up ^ Phillips, William (2008). Encyclopedia of Heavy Metal Music. Greenwood Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0313348006.
^ Jump up to: a b Thompson, Dave (2014). Iron Butterfly: Live at the Galaxy 1967 (Liner notes). Purple Pyramid Records.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Drum Solos of All Time". Catalogs.com. October 24, 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Discography' at vantieghem.com". Retrieved Apr 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Randolph, Laurel (August 17, 2016). "Cooking The Simpsons: Million Dollar Birthday Fries". Paste Magazine. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'6 Feet Under' at Psychedelicized.com". Retrieved May 17, 2017.
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Bruce Morse
Lee Dorman
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Philip Taylor Kramer
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Studio albums
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In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida
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Compilation albums
Evolution: The Best of Iron Butterfly
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Live albums
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Fillmore East 1968
Singles
"Don't Look Down on Me"
"Possession"
"Unconscious Power"
"In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida"
"Soul Experience"
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"Easy Rider"
"New Day"
"Silly Sally"
"Shady Lady"
"Pearly Gates"
"High on a Mountain Top"
"Beyond the Milky Way"
"I'm Right I'm Wrong"
Videos
In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida
Rock 'N' Roll Greats In Concert!
show
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Boney M. singles
Discography
1970s
"Baby Do You Wanna Bump"
"Daddy Cool"
"Sunny"
"Ma Baker"
"Belfast"
"Rivers of Babylon"
"Brown Girl in the Ring"
"Rasputin"
"Mary's Boy Child – Oh My Lord"
"Painter Man"
"Hooray! Hooray! It's a Holi-Holiday"
"El Lute"/"Gotta Go Home"
"I'm Born Again"/"Bahama Mama"
1980s
"I See a Boat on the River"/"My Friend Jack"
"Children of Paradise"/"Gadda-Da-Vida"
"Felicidad (Margherita)"
"Malaika"/"Consuela Biaz"
"We Kill the World"/"Boonoonoonoos"
"The Little Drummer Boy"
"6 Years of Boney M. Hits"
"The Carnival Is Over"/"Going Back West"
"Zion's Daughter"
"Jambo – Hakuna Matata (No Problems)"
"Somewhere in the World"
"Kalimba de Luna"
"Happy Song"
"My Chérie Amour"
"Young, Free and Single"
"Daddy Cool (Anniversary Recording '86)"
"Bang Bang Lulu"
"Rivers of Babylon (Remix)"/"Mary's Boy Child – Oh My Lord" (Remix)"
"Megamix"
"The Summer Mega Mix"
"Malaika (Lambada Remix)"
"Everybody Wants to Dance Like Josephine Baker"
1990s
"Stories"
"Christmas Mega Mix"
"Mega Mix"
"Brown Girl in the Ring (Remix '93)"
"Ma Baker (Remix '93)"
"Papa Chico"
"Somebody Scream – Ma Baker"
"Daddy Cool '99"
"Hooray! Hooray! (Caribbean Night Fever)"
2000s
"Sunny (Remix) 2000"
"Daddy Cool 2001"
"Sunny (Mousse T. Remix)"
"Felicidad America (Obama-Obama)"
Book
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Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the monument in the United States. For similar monuments, see Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.
North side view
The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier or the Tomb of the Unknowns is a monument dedicated to U.S. service members who have died without their remains being identified. Having no officially designated name, it is located in Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia, United States of America. The World War I "Unknown" is a recipient of the Medal of Honor, the Victoria Cross, and several other foreign nations' highest service awards. The U.S. Unknowns who were interred are also recipients of the Medal of Honor, presented by U.S. Presidents who presided over their funerals.[1][2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Tomb of 1921
2 Tomb of 1931
3 The Unknown of World War I
4 The Unknowns of World War II and Korea
5 The Unknown of Vietnam
5.1 Identification of the Unknown
5.2 Redesignation of the crypt
6 Tomb guards
6.1 Weapons
6.2 Walking the mat
6.3 Changing of the Guard
6.4 Dedication
7 Damage and repair to the Tomb Monument
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Tomb of 1921[edit]
Tomb as of November 11, 1922. The Tomb of 1931 would occupy this same location.
On March 4, 1921, the United States Congress approved the burial of an unidentified American serviceman from World War I in the plaza of the new Memorial Amphitheater. On November 11, 1921, the unknown soldier brought back from France was interred below a three-level marble tomb. The bottom two levels are six marble sections each and the top at least nine blocks with a rectangular opening in the center of each level through which the unknown remains were placed through the tomb and into the ground below. A stone, rather than marble, slab covers the rectangular opening.[4][5][6]
Tomb of 1931[edit]
Since 1921 the intent was to place a superstructure on top of the Tomb, but it was not until July 3, 1926, that Congress authorized the completion of the Tomb and the expenditure of $50,000 (with a completed cost of $48,000). A design competition was held and won by architect Lorimer Rich[nb 1] and sculptor Thomas Hudson Jones. An appropriation from Congress for the work was secured and on December 21, 1929, a contract for completion of the Tomb itself was entered into. The Tomb would consist of seven pieces of marble in four levels (cap, die, base and sub-base) of which the die is the largest block with the sculpting on all four sides.[4][7]
Quarrying the Yule marble (3.9 miles south of Marble, Colorado by the Vermont Marble Company) was a one-year process beginning in 1930. The cap was quarried on the first attempt but the base required three tries. The large middle block also required three tries. In late January 1931, the 56 ton middle block was lifted out of the quarry. The quarrying involved 75 men. When the block was separated from the mountain inside the quarry it weighed 124 tons. A wire saw was then brought into the quarry to cut the block down to 56 tons.
On February 3, the block reached the marble mill site (in the town of Marble) after a four-day trip from the quarry. Here it was crated, then shipped to Vermont on February 8. The block was sawn to final size in West Rutland, Vermont, and fabricated by craftsmen in Proctor, Vermont, before it was shipped by train to Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia.[8] By September, all 7 blocks were on the grounds of the Tomb site, at Arlington.
Assembly began in September 1931. An imperfection was found in the base, requiring three more quarryings. By the end of December 1931, the assembly was completed. Finishing work followed with the carvings on the die block by the Piccirilli Brothers under the direction of the sculptor Thomas Jones.[4][9] (The brothers also carved the Lincoln statue for the Lincoln Memorial). The Tomb was completed without formal ceremony on April 9, 1932.[10]
The Tomb[nb 2] was placed at the head of the grave of the World War I Unknown. West of this grave are the crypts of Unknowns from World War II (south) and Korea (north). Between the two lies a crypt that once contained an Unknown from Vietnam (middle). His remains were positively identified in 1998 through DNA testing as First Lieutenant Michael Blassie, United States Air Force and were removed. Those three graves are marked with white marble slabs flush with the plaza.
The Tomb has a flat-faced form and is relieved at the corners and along the sides by neo-classical pilasters set into the surface with objects and inscription carved into the sides. The 1931 symbolism[9] of the objects on the north, south and east sides changed over time.[4][7]
North and South panel with 3 wreaths on each side represent (in 1931) "a world of memories" but later the six major battles engaged in by American forces in France: Ardennes, Belleau Wood, Château-Thierry, Meusse-Argonne, Oisiu-Eiseu, and Somme. Each wreath has 38 leaves and 12 berries.
East panel that faces Washington, DC, are three Greek figures representing Peace, Victory, and "American Manhood" – but later "Valor" instead of "American Manhood"
Western panel is inscribed with (centered on the panel):
HERE RESTS IN
HONORED GLORY
AN AMERICAN
SOLDIER
KNOWN BUT TO GOD
Tomb Dimensions[nb 3] as of 2004[11] (xxx)* 1931 die block dimension coming out of the quarry.[8]
Level
Length
Width
Height
Cubic Feet
Tons
Cap 12'-5.4" 6'-6.7" 1'-3.3" 100.69 8.56
Die 12'-3.0" (14'-0")* 6'-6.4" (7'-4.8")* 5'-2.1" (6"-0")* 385.43 (621.6)* 32.76 (52.84)*
Base 13'-10.0" 7'-11.9" 1'-11.1" 198.64 16.88
Sub-Base 14'-10.4" 9'-0.2" 1'-10.9" 255.81 21.74
The Unknown of World War I[edit]
The World War I Unknown arriving at the Washington Navy Yard, 1921 (colorized)
On Memorial Day, 1921, four unknown servicemen were exhumed from four World War I American cemeteries in France. U.S. Army Sgt. Edward F. Younger, who was wounded in combat, highly decorated for valor and received the Distinguished Service Cross in "The Great War" selected the Unknown of World War I from four identical caskets at the city hall in Châlons-en-Champagne, France, on October 24, 1921.[6] Younger selected the World War I Unknown by placing a spray of white roses on one of the caskets. He chose the third casket from the left. The chosen Unknown was transported to the United States aboard the USS Olympia. Those remaining were interred in the Meuse Argonne Cemetery, France.[6]
The World War I Unknown lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda from his arrival in the United States until Armistice Day, 1921. On November 11, 1921, President Warren G. Harding officiated at the interment ceremonies at the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery. During the ceremony, the World War I Unknown was awarded the Victoria Cross by Admiral of the Fleet Lord Beatty, on behalf of King George V of the United Kingdom.[12] (The United Kingdom Victoria Cross was placed with the soldier. Earlier, on March 4, 1921, the British Unknown Warrior was conferred the U.S. Medal of Honor by General of the Armies John Pershing.) In 1928, the Unknown Soldier was presented the Silver Buffalo Award for distinguished service to America's youth by the Boy Scouts of America.[13]
The Unknowns of World War II and Korea[edit]
The Korean War Unknown joins the two candidates from World War II aboard the USS Canberra
On August 3, 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a bill to select and pay the tribute to the Unknowns of World War II and the Korean War.[14] The selection ceremonies and the interment of these Unknowns took place in 1958. The World War II Unknown was selected from remains exhumed from cemeteries in Europe, Africa, Hawaii, and the Philippines.[15]
Two Unknowns from World War II, one from the European Theater and one from the Pacific Theater, were placed in identical caskets and taken aboard the USS Canberra, a guided-missile cruiser resting off the Virginia Capes. Navy Hospital Corpsman 1st Class William R. Charette, then the U.S. Navy's only active-duty Medal of Honor recipient who was an enlisted man, selected the World War II Unknown. The remaining casket received a solemn burial at sea.[15]
Four unknown Americans who died in the Korean War were disinterred from the National Cemetery of the Pacific in Hawaii. Army Master Sergeant Ned Lyle made the final selection.[15]
Both caskets arrived in Washington on May 28, 1958, where they lay in the Capitol Rotunda until the morning of May 30, when they were carried on caissons to Arlington National Cemetery. President Eisenhower awarded each the Medal of Honor, and the Unknowns of World War II and the Korean War were interred in the plaza beside their World War I comrade.[15]
The Unknown of Vietnam[edit]
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The designation of the Vietnam Unknown proved to be difficult – with improvements in DNA testing it is possible, though unlikely, that the recovered remains for every unknown soldier killed in the Vietnam War will be identified.
The Vietnam Unknown service member was originally designated by Medal of Honor recipient U.S. Marine Corps Sgt. Maj. Allan Jay Kellogg, Jr., during a ceremony at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, May 17, 1984.
Each branch of the Armed Services took part in the transportation to honor the unknown. The Marines from Marine Barracks Hawaii consisted of an Honor Guard of 9 enlisted men and Lt. Denis Muller. The designated Vietnam Unknown was transported aboard the USS Brewton, where the Marines stood guard over the casket during the voyage to Naval Air Station Alameda, California. At Travis, the debarkation ceremony turned the remains over to the USAF on May 24. The next day, the remains of were flown from Travis Air Force Base, California, arriving at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland. Once there the remains were turned over to the US Army, where the remains were taken to Fort McNair for placement upon the horse-drawn wagon which later carried the Unknown to the Capital Rotunda for display before interment. While on display for public viewing, all branches of the US Armed Forces stood in honor, guarding the casket of the Unknown for 2 weeks.
The Tomb guards stood at death watch for the entire day as thousands of people braved the dreary weather to pay their respects.
The presidential wreath was brought forward toward President Reagan during the interment ceremony for the Unknown Serviceman of the Vietnam Era at the Tomb of the Unknowns on May 28, 1984.
Many Vietnam veterans and President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan visited the Vietnam Unknown in the U.S. Capitol. An Army caisson carried the Vietnam Unknown from the Capitol to the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery on Memorial Day, May 28, 1984.
President Reagan presided over the funeral, and presented the Medal of Honor to the Vietnam Unknown, and also acted as next of kin by accepting the interment flag at the end of the ceremony. The interment flags of all Unknowns at the Tomb of the Unknowns are on view in the Memorial Display Room.
Identification of the Unknown[edit]
In 1994, Ted Sampley, a POW/MIA activist, determined that the remains of the Vietnam Unknown were likely those of Air Force 1st Lt. Michael Joseph Blassie, who was shot down near An Lộc, Vietnam, in 1972. Sampley published an article in his newsletter and contacted Blassie's family, who attempted to pursue the case with the Air Force's casualty office without result. In January 1998 CBS News broadcast a report based on Sampley's investigation which brought political pressure to support the identification of the remains.[16] The body was exhumed on May 14, 1998. Based on mitochondrial DNA testing, Department of Defense scientists confirmed the remains were those of Blassie. The identification was announced on June 30, 1998, and on July 10, Blassie's remains arrived home to his family in St. Louis, Missouri; he was reinterred at Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery on July 11.[17][nb 4]
Redesignation of the crypt[edit]
The slab over the crypt that once held the remains of the Vietnam Unknown has since been replaced. The original inscription of "Vietnam" and the dates of the conflict has been changed to "Honoring and Keeping Faith with America's Missing Servicemen" as a reminder of the commitment of the Armed Forces to the fullest possible accounting of missing service members.
Tomb guards[edit]
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge
The tomb guards are soldiers of the United States Army. The first military guards were troopers from the 3rd Cavalry, "Brave Rifles", who were posted nearby on Fort Myer. Since April 6, 1948, (known then as "Army Day"), when the regiment was reactivated, it has been guarded by soldiers from 3rd Infantry Regiment, "The Old Guard". The Old Guard is also posted to Fort Myer, Virginia, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery. It is considered one of the highest honors to serve as a Sentinel at the Tomb of the Unknowns. Fewer than 20 percent of all volunteers are accepted for training and of those only a fraction pass training to become full-fledged Tomb Guards. This attrition rate has made the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge the second least-awarded qualification badge of the United States military (the first being the Astronaut Badge).[18]
The soldier "walking the mat" does not wear rank insignia, so as not to outrank the Unknowns, whatever their ranks may have been. Non-commissioned officers (usually the Relief Commander and Assistant Relief Commanders), do wear insignia of their rank when changing the guard only. They have a separate uniform (without rank) that is worn when they actually guard the Unknowns or are "posted."
The duties of the sentinels are not purely ceremonial. The sentinels will confront people who cross the barriers at the tomb or who they perceive to be disrespectful or excessively loud.
Weapons[edit]
Over the years there have been several different types of weapons used by the tomb guards. The changes in weapons reflect the changes in the Army, including M1903 Springfield rifle, M1 Garand and M14 rifles, M1911 and M9 pistols. Tomb guards currently carry M14 rifles, which are unloaded and affixed to ceremonial rifle stocks. These rifles are cleaned daily and kept ready for use at all times.[19]
Walking the mat[edit]
There is a meticulous routine that the guard follows when watching over the graves.[20] The tomb guard:
Marches 21 steps south down the black mat laid across the Tomb.
Turns and faces east, toward the Tomb, for 21 seconds.
Turns and faces north, changes weapon to outside shoulder, and waits 21 seconds.
Marches 21 steps down the mat.
Turns and faces east for 21 seconds.
Turns and faces south, changes weapon to outside shoulder, and waits 21 seconds.
Repeats the routine until the soldier is relieved of duty at the Changing of the Guard.
After each turn, the guard executes a sharp "shoulder-arms" movement to place the weapon on the shoulder closest to the visitors to signify that the guard stands between the Tomb and any possible threat.
Out of respect for the interred, the sentinels command silence at the tombs. If the guard walking the mat must vocally confront a disturbance from spectators, or a threat, the routine is interrupted, and remains so until the disturbance is under control. The sentinel will exit the mat, place the weapon in port arms position, and confront the disturbance. Once under control, the sentinel then walks on the pavement to the other side of the mat, turns to shoulder arms, and continues the routine.
Twenty-one was chosen because it symbolizes the highest military honor that can be bestowed—the 21-gun salute.
The mat is usually replaced twice per year: before Memorial Day and before Veterans Day. This is required because of the wear on the rubber mat by the special shoes worn by tomb guards. The sentinels have metal plates built into the soles and inner parts of their shoes to allow for a more rugged sole and to give the signature click of the heel during maneuvers. The sentinels wear sunglasses because of the bright reflection from the marble surrounding the Tomb and the Memorial Amphitheater.
On the ground not covered by the mat, a rust pattern in the tile can be seen that corresponds to the precise steps taken during the changing of the guard. The metal from the guards' boots causes the brown rust markings on the stone. On the mat itself, footprints caused by standing guard are also visible.
Changing of the Guard[edit]
Changing of the Guard, 2005.
While Arlington National Cemetery is open, during the day in summer months from April 1 to September 30, the guard is changed every half hour. During the winter months, from October 1 to March 31, the guard is changed every hour. After the cemetery closes to the public (7 p.m. to 8 a.m. April through September, and 5 p.m. to 8 a.m. October through March), the guard is changed every 2 hours. The ceremony can be witnessed by the public whenever Arlington National Cemetery is open.[21][22]
The guard change is very symbolic, but also conducted in accordance with Army regulations. The relief commander or assistant relief commander, along with the oncoming guard, are both required for a guard change to take place. The relief commander orders the guard being relieved to "pass on your orders" to the oncoming guard. The guard being relieved will say to the oncoming guard, "Post and orders remain as directed." The oncoming guard's response is always, "Orders acknowledged." During changes when the public is witnessing the ceremony, the commander will inform the public that the ceremony is about to take place and that those in attendance should remain "silent and standing" throughout the entire event.
Dedication[edit]
A civilian guard was first posted at the Tomb on November 17, 1925, to prevent, among other things, families from picnicking on the flat marble slab with views of the city. A military guard was first posted on March 25, 1926. The first 24-hour guard was posted on midnight, July 2, 1937. The Tomb of the Unknowns has been guarded continuously, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, since that time.[23] Inclement weather,[24][25] terrorist attacks,[26] et cetera, do not cause the watch to cease.[27]
Since 1948, the tomb guards, a special platoon within the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) work on a team rotation of 24 hours on, 24 hours off, for five days, taking the following four days off. A guard takes an average of six hours to prepare his uniform – heavy wool, regardless of the time of year – for the next day's work. In addition to preparing the uniform, guards also conduct physical training, tomb guard training, participate in field exercises, cut their hair before the next work day, and at times are involved in regimental functions as well. Tomb guards are required to memorize 35 pages of information about Arlington National Cemetery and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, including the locations of nearly 300 graves and who is buried in each one.[21]
A special Army decoration, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge is authorized for wear after passing a detailed test of 100 questions (from a pool of more than 300), a uniform test with two gigs (errors) or fewer (measured to the 1/64"), and a test on the guard changing sequence. After serving honorably for a period of nine months, and having passed the sequence of tests, a tomb guard is permanently awarded the Badge. Since the first award on February 7, 1958, fewer than 650 soldiers have completed training and been awarded this badge, including four women. A small number of tomb guard Identification Badges have also been retroactively awarded to soldiers who served as Guards before 1959. Those numbers make the Badge the second rarest award currently issued in the United States Army; only the Army Astronaut Badge is rarer.[nb 5]
The badge was designed in 1956 and first issued to members of the Honor Guard at the Tomb of the Unknowns on February 7, 1958. The badge was first issued only as a temporary wear item, meaning the soldiers could only wear the badge during their tenure as members of the honor guard. Upon leaving the duty, the badge was returned and reissued to incoming soldiers. In 1963, a regulation was enacted that allowed the badge to be worn as a permanent part of the military uniform, even after the soldier's completion of duty at the Tomb of the Unknowns.
Damage and repair to the Tomb Monument[edit]
The crack can be seen underneath the words "An American" and above the word "Soldier."
Cracking and weathering are causing concerns for the long-term preservation of the Tomb Monument. A November 1963 report first recorded horizontal cracking of the monument's marble die block. Though this was the first time that the damage was documented, the report made it clear that the cracks had become visible some time before that date.[28]
In 1963–1964, there were two cracks—referred to as "primary" and "secondary"—extending approximately 34 feet around the die block. By 1974, they had extended to 40 feet. They grew another 4.6 feet over the next 15 years. Inspection has determined that the cracks have increased horizontally since 1990. Analysis also indicates that the cracks are not surficial but extend partially through the block and will eventually extend all the way through.[28]
The 1990 report documented deterioration of the marble's surface. As much as 2.85 mm of the marble surface has been lost through weathering. The study projected that before 2010, the Tomb Monument will have been weathered enough to have a negative effect on the experience of the visitors and concludes the only solutions are to enclose or replace the monument.[28]
Several options have been considered to deal with the damage. Officials at Arlington National Cemetery determined that proper repair can return the Tomb Monument to an acceptable appearance. However, because the cracks will continue to lengthen and widen, continuous grouting, regrouting, touch-up, monitoring, and maintenance would be required. Therefore, a report commissioned by Arlington National Cemetery and published in June 2006 confirmed the Cemetery's conclusion that "replacement of the three pieces of the Tomb Monument is the preferred alternative". A final decision was scheduled to be made on September 30, 2007.[28]
The National Trust for Historic Preservation objects to the plan to replace the authentic Tomb Monument. The Trust expressed concern that Arlington National Cemetery seeks to replace the existing monument with marble from the original quarry, which experts agree is likely eventually to crack.[29]
The Trust has observed that the Cemetery's own 1990 report recommended that the monument be repaired and that the Cemetery, in fact, commissioned Oehrlein Architects to repair the stone. In 2007, Mary Oehrlein informed Congressional staff members that: "The existing monument can easily be repaired, as was done 17 years ago, using conventional conservation methods to re-grout the cracks. Once repaired, the fault lines would be virtually invisible from the public viewing areas."[30][31]
On September 26, 2007, U.S. Senator Daniel Akaka announced that an amendment crafted together with Senator Jim Webb will be added to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (H.R. 1585) that would require a report on the plans of the Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to replace the monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns. The secretaries would be required to advise Congress on the current efforts to maintain and preserve the monument. Additionally, they would have to provide an assessment on the feasibility and advisability of repairing rather than replacing the Tomb Monument. Finally, if the secretaries choose replacement, they would have to report those plans and detail how they intend to dispose of the current monument. Once the report is provided, the secretaries are prevented from taking action to replace the monument for at least 180 days. The Akaka-Webb amendment was included in the bill by unanimous consent of the Senate.[32] An amendment to the Fiscal Year 2008 Defense Authorization Bill authorized a review of the monument's condition. The bill also authorized repair, but not replacement, of the monument.[33] Final passage of the National Defense Authorization Act for 2008 (H.R. 4986) was signed by President Bush on January 28, 2008.
October 21, 2011: Completed repair of the cracks in the Tomb.
In 2003 John Haines, a retired car dealer, offered to donate a large slab of marble to the Arlington National Cemetery to replace the existing marble. Haines paid $31,000 for the marble slab.[34] The marble was not removed from the quarry, however, because imperfections were found and the block was rejected.
In June 2009 Arlington National Cemetery and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers announced that the monument was to be repaired, not replaced.[35] In 2010, the cracks were filled but the repairs lasted only a few months.[36] As of June 2011, the cemetery was struggling to repair the cracks in the monument, one of which measured 28.4 feet (8.7 m) long, with another at 16.2 feet (4.9 m).[37] In September 2011, the cracks were filled again[36] and on October 21, 2011, inspection by the Corps of Engineers and other experts pronounced the repairs a success.[38]
See also[edit]
Civil War Unknowns Monument
Tomb of the Unknown Confederate Soldier
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier – for a list of similar memorials in other countries
Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier
World War I memorials
Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
The Unknown Warrior – London, UK
The Unknown Soldier – Paris, France
Military rites
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Syracuse University Archives has an extensive collection of Lorimer Rich (1914 Syracuse graduate) papers pertaining to his architect design work of the Tomb, including 44 numbered drawings of the Tomb. http://archives.syr.edu/collections/alumni/rich_box.html Archived February 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Many sources reference the 1931 Tomb as a sarcophagus, but it is not: in a sarcophagus, the remains are placed in a hollowed-out portion of the stone; the marble in the Tomb was not hollowed out and the remains are underneath the Tomb.
Jump up ^ 1931 body block tonnage calculated in 2004 is different (by 5.9%) from the other source amount of 56 tons and can not be explained with certainty. Sub-base cubic footage and tons was calculated from the source dimensions because cubic feet and tons were not included in the source data table. Per cubic foot, the marble weighs 170 pounds.
Jump up ^ The identification took place after Blassie's family lobbied the Pentagon to perform the DNA testing. His remains (6 partial bones) had originally been recovered several months after his aircraft had been shot down and were not sufficient to allow for positive identification at the time. CNN.com "Home at last for a fallen hero". June 11, 1998. Also see: U.S. National Library of Medicine – Visible Proofs, "Michael Blassie unknown no more", May 23, 2006
Jump up ^ The Tomb Guard Identification Badge is the only badge awarded by the United States Army that can be revoked after a soldier has left the military. The Regimental Commander of the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment has the authority to revoke a badge from any Guard (past or present) for any act that would bring discredit upon the Tomb of the Unknowns. "Army Regulation 600-8-22 – "Military Awards" (11 December 2006); para. 8-40f" (PDF). Department of the Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Arlington National Cemetery: The Tomb of the Unknowns". Arlingtoncemetery.mil. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Congressional Medal of Honor Recipients - World War I Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (archived from the original on October 22, 2006).
Jump up ^ World War I Unknown Soldier, Arlington National Cemetery website.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Quartermaster Review September – October 1963". United States Army. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Configuration of 1921 Tomb". Library of Congress. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Unknown Soldier of World War I". The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921-1969. United States Army. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "History of the Tomb". Society of the Honor Guard Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Archived from the original on November 16, 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Marble, Colorado: City of Stone"; by Duane Vandenbusche and Rex Myers; Golden Bell Press; Denver, Colorado; 6th printing February 1996
^ Jump up to: a b "The Vermont Marble Museum". Vermont Marble Company. April 1931. Archived from the original on December 27, 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dedication photo". Syracuse University Archives. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Digital Scan of the Tomb, 2004". Direct Dimensions Inc, Owing Mills, Maryland. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Victoria Cross". The British Army 212 (Yorkshire) Field Hospital (volunteers) website. Archived from the original on December 29, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Silver Buffalo Award Winners 1929-1926". Boy Scouts of America National Council. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Pub.L. 79–429; Pub.L. 84–975
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Quartermaster Review (January–February 1964)". United States Army. Archived from the original on October 20, 2011. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Robert M. Poole (2009). On hallowed ground: the story of Arlington National Cemetery. Walker & Company. pp. 301–302. ISBN 0-8027-1548-6.
Jump up ^ Memorial day tribute: holiday holds special meaning for Blassie family - LaVonne Johnson, Citizen Airman. June 2003.
Jump up ^ McVeigh, Alex (February 11, 2009). "First Tomb Badge recipient laid to rest". The Official Home Page Of The United States Army.
Jump up ^ "Who Are The Tomb Guards". tombguard.org. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Changing of the Guard". Arlington, Virginia: Arlington National Cemetery. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Frequently Asked Questions". Society of the Honor Guard – Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Visiting Arlington National Cemetery". Retrieved September 23, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier FAQ". Society of the Honor Guard Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Still Vigilant at the Tomb of the Unknowns Despite Irene - ABC News
Jump up ^ PHOTO: Despite Sandy, Soldiers Stand Guard At Tomb Of The Unknown Soldier : The Two-Way : NPR
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091014110013/http://www.tombguard.org/Nov01_Jan02.pdf
Jump up ^ The Sentinel, "Post and Orders Remain as Directed" (PDF). August 2002 – September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Arlington National Cemetery Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Repair or Replacement Project (draft)" (PDF). June 1, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 27, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Take Action for Historic Preservation". Nationaltrust.org. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Crack Mars Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, ABC News May 28, 2006.
Jump up ^ John Paul Woodley, Jr., Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works); William F. Tuerk, Under Secretary for Memorial Affairs, Department of Veterans Affairs (2008). "Report on Alternative Measures To Address Cracks in the Monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia". Congressional Record. Retrieved February 25, 2012. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Akaka-Webb Amendment to Halt Replacement of the Monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns is Approved by Senate". September 26, 2007. Archived from the original on January 12, 2008. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ Ruane, Michael E., "Bid to Replace Tomb Monument Stalls", Washington Post, January 30, 2008, p. A03.
Jump up ^ Nancy Lofholm, Marble for Unknowns tomb just sits, Denver Post, August 18, 2008.
Jump up ^ McMichael, William (June 26, 2009). "Tomb of Unknowns to be repaired, not replaced". Army Times. Army Times Publishing Company. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b video by Army Corps of Engineers, Norfolk District
Jump up ^ Davenport, Christian, "Repairs On Persistent Cracks At Tomb Of Unknowns Delayed", Washington Post, June 9, 2011, p. B1.
Jump up ^ Army Corps of Engineers photos and text
Further reading[edit]
The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921-1969, CHAPTER I, The Unknown Soldier of World War I, State Funeral, 23 October–11 November 1921 by B. C. Mossman and M. W. Stark. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, 1991. CMH Pub 90-1.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tomb of the Unknowns.
Official U.S. Army Tomb Guard and Tomb of the Unknowns website
Arlington Cemetery official site
Arlington Historical Society
Arlington Convention and Visitors Service official website
Snopes's article on the Tomb of the Unknowns
Society of the Honor Guard - Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
Video of the Changing of the Guard at the Tomb of the Unknowns, by Dover Lodge #489
video of a changing of the guard
The short film Interment Ceremony Of The Vietnam Unknown (1985) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
Historic film footage of November 11, 1921 interment ceremony for the World War I Unknown Soldier at the tomb of 1921
The Unknowns - 2016 Documentary film
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