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The Mysterious Cities of Gold
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For the French-Belgian sequential sequels, see The Mysterious Cities of Gold (2012 TV series).
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The Mysterious Cities of Gold
Cover of Region 2 English DVD release, released in March 2008
太陽の子エステバン
(Taiyō no ko Esuteban)
Genre
Historical, fantasy, adventure
Anime television series
Directed by
Bernard Deyriès, Hisayuki Toriumi
Produced by
Atsumi Yajima (NHK)
Written by
Jean Chalopin, Mitsuru Kaneko, Mitsuru Majima, Sôji Yoshikawa
Music by
Shuki Levy, Haim Saban, Ryuji Sasai
Studio
Studio Pierrot
DIC Audiovisuel
Licensed by
Fabulous Films
Original network
NHK
English network
AU
ABC, SBS
IE
Network 2
NZ
TV One, TV2
UK
BBC, The Children's Channel
US
Nickelodeon
ZA
SABC 1
Original run
June 22, 1982 (1982-06-22) – March 22, 1983 (1983-03-22)
Episodes
39 (List of episodes)
Anime and Manga portal
The Mysterious Cities of Gold, originally released in Japan as Esteban, Child of the Sun (Japanese: 太陽の子エステバン, Hepburn: Taiyō no Ko Esuteban) and in France as Les Mystérieuses Cités d'or, is a French-Japanese animated series co-produced by DIC Entertainment and Studio Pierrot. Set in 1532, the series follows the adventures of a young Spanish boy named Esteban who joins a voyage to the New World in search of the lost Seven Cities of Gold and his father.[1]
The series was originally broadcast in Japan and the French version, edited to have different characterization and music, was subsequently redubbed and distributed in many different countries throughout the world. It is currently licensed for English language home video release in the United Kingdom, Australia, and North America by Fabulous Films.
Contents
[hide]
1 Opening narration
2 Plot
3 Characters
4 Production
5 Media
5.1 Anime
5.1.1 Broadcast
5.1.2 DVD and digital releases
5.1.3 Sequels
5.2 Soundtrack releases
5.2.1 Score by Nobuyoshi Koshibe and Katsuo Ohno
5.2.2 Score by Haim Saban and Shuki Levy
5.3 Computer games
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Opening narration[edit]
It is the 16th century. From all over Europe, great ships sail west to conquer the New World, the Americas. The men, eager to seek their fortune, to find new adventures in new lands. They long to cross uncharted seas and discover unknown countries, to find secret gold on a mountain trail high in the Andes. They dream of following the path of the setting sun that leads to El Dorado and the Mysterious Cities of Gold.
Plot[edit]
In 1532 a Spanish orphan named Esteban joins Mendoza, a navigator, and his associates Sancho and Pedro, in their search for one of the Seven Cities of Gold in the New World, hoping to find his father. They are joined on their quest by Zia, an Incan girl (who was kidnapped by Gomez, Gaspard, Perez and Mendoza), and Tao, the last descendant of the sunken empire of Mu (Hiva in the English dub).
The series is a mix of ancient South American history, archaeology, and science fiction. The travellers encounter the Maya, Inca, and Olmecs during their journey. They discover many lost technological wonders of the Mu Empire, including a solar powered ship (the Solaris) and The Golden Condor, a huge solar-powered ornithopter (mechanical bird), capable of traveling considerable distances under the sun's power alone. They are constantly pursued by antagonists Gomez and Gaspard, who are also in search of the Cities of Gold.
The Seven Cities of Gold were built by the Emperor of Hiva over fear of a global war which would destroy all civilization. Such a war did break out, destroying the Empires of Mu and Atlantis when they used the "Weapons of the Sun".[2] The Seven Cities of Gold hold copies of books in their "Universal Libraries" as well as powerful artifacts, including the "Great Legacy", a portable fusion reactor. Other elements of this technology turn up in unexpected places, like the Solaris in Tao's home island, Esteban and Zia's medallions as keys to the Cities, or Tao's jar as an important piece of the Great Legacy.
Reminiscences of this ancient story are present in Inca legends written on golden quipu, which only Zia can read. This triggers an obsessive quest for the Cities of Gold on the part of the Spaniards Mendoza, Gomez, Gaspard and Francisco Pizarro.
Esteban seeks his long-lost father and is tied to Mendoza, who rescued Esteban from a sinking ship when he was a baby. Esteban seems to have a magical ability to make the Sun appear, which proves to be an invaluable asset throughout the series. Zia also seeks her father, from whom she was taken when she was seven and brought to Spain as a gift to the princess. She has a medallion just like the one Esteban carries.
Tao seeks signs of his ancestors. He possesses an encyclopedia about their lost technology and a mysterious jar which according to the legend, only the high Priest of the City of Gold can open and proves to be the Great Legacy's cooling or control rod system. Mendoza, Sancho and Pedro are motivated by their search for gold, though Mendoza appears to be genuinely fond of the three children.
The Olmecs are the descendants of survivors of the global war who hid under their mountain. Only their elite were able to survive, suspended in cryogenic hibernation. The Olmecs do not appear to be human - or if they were once Human, it is implied that they have horribly mutated from the fallout of the nuclear war that destroyed their ancestors. They are short, thin and have pointed ears and enlarged frontal bones. They are highly intelligent but devious and selfish.
Led by their king, Menator, the Olmecs seek an artifact called the "Great Legacy" in order to power their cryogenic systems, as well as samples of healthy cells from the children in order to combat their mutations and their sterility. Their technology is generally inferior to that of the modern age, and they use weapons such as spears and swords. They maintain some elements of their advanced technological heritage, such as the stasis and medical technology used to keep the elite of the Olmecs in suspended animation until an opportunity arises when they can be revived, powered by what appears to be a geothermal power system.
This power system is destroyed in an escape by the children and Mendoza, starting a frantic search by the Olmecs for the fusion reactor core (the Great Treasure) hidden in the City of Gold. They also have a single flying machine that appears to use very similar technology to that of the Golden Condor. It is armed with some kind of particle beam or focused heat weapon of great power.
Eventually the Olmecs succeed, at great cost, in taking control of the Great Legacy. It begins to melt down without the moderation provided by Tao's jar. The resulting earthquakes and volcanism destroy the City of Gold. A world-threatening meltdown is avoided by the personal sacrifice of Esteban's father who, acting as the High Priest of the Cities is presumed to be dead after replacing the jar. At the end of the series Mendoza, Sancho, and Pedro, having salvaged some gold before the City's destruction, return to Spain - while Esteban and his friends set out across the Pacific on the golden condor in search of the remaining Cities.
Characters[edit]
Main article: List of The Mysterious Cities of Gold characters
The main cast of the series dubbed into American English includes:
Esteban (voiced by Shiraz Adam) – An orphan who was rescued at sea as a baby ten years ago by the Spanish navigator Mendoza. He wears one of the two sun medallions.[3] He dreams of adventure and is extremely impulsive. Esteban has a fear of heights which is exacerbated by the people of Barcelona who believe that he is the "Child of the Sun" and hoist him up high at the port to call out the sun to aid the departing ships. He joins the Spaniards in their search for one of The Seven Cities of Gold in the New World, hoping to find his father.[4]
Zia (voiced by Janice Chaikelson) – The daughter of an Inca high priest. She was kidnapped from Peru five years ago, when she was seven, by the Spanish invaders and given as a present to the Queen of Spain for her daughter, Princess Margarita. She met Esteban when she was kidnapped by Mendoza for Governor Pizarro who wanted her to read the golden quipu. Zia wears a sun medallion like Esteban's, with an interlocking sun and moon disc.
Tao (voiced by Adrian Knight) – The last living descendant of the sunken empire of Mu (Hiva in the English dub). He lived alone on the Galápagos Islands following the death of his father. Initially he is evasive of the others' company when they wash up on his island, but when the ship Solaris was revealed he joined them on their journey.
Mendoza (voiced by Howard Ryshpan) – A Spaniard, navigator for the Spanish fleet. He rescued a young Esteban from a shipwreck during one of his voyages. An experienced sailor, proficient navigator and master swordsman, Mendoza places himself in the role of a leader. It is not always clear, however, where his loyalties lie and he is often at odds with the other characters. He is accompanied by fellow sailors Sancho and Pedro. Mendoza has spent many years searching for information about the cities of gold, following his theft of a piece of Esteban's medallion when he rescued the latter as an infant. His full name is revealed to be Juan Carlos Mendoza in season 03 of Cities of Gold.
Sancho and Pedro are comical sailors who, motivated by their greed for gold, join Mendoza and the children on their search for The Mysterious Cities of Gold. They get into a lot of scrapes, and make several attempts to escape from Mendoza's watchful eye, once they realize how tiring the quest is.
Production[edit]
The story was written by Jean Chalopin and Bernard Deyriès, and is very loosely based on the novel The King's Fifth by Scott O'Dell. The series chief director was Hisayuki Toriumi.[5] The producers were Max Saldinger and Atsumi Yajima (NHK).[5] The musical score was composed by Haim Saban and Shuki Levy in the Western version (Nobuyoshi Koshibe in the Japanese version[5]). Shingo Araki was involved with the series as an animator and some episodes were directed by Toyoo Ashida and Mizuho Nishikubo.
Originally Koshibe's score was to be used for the Western version as well. However Bernard Deyriès recalled his reaction to the proposed music he heard from Ulysses 31 in that he felt that the score was rather understated as he was expecting a more adventurous feel, something akin to films like Indiana Jones. At that point Haim Saban and Shuki Levy had met Bernard Deyriès, and became involved with the soundtracks of Ulysses 31 and Mysterious Cities of Gold.
The theme song to the Western version was performed by Noam Kaniel, an associate of Shuki Levy.
Media[edit]
Anime[edit]
Broadcast[edit]
Main article: List of The Mysterious Cities of Gold episodes
The series originally aired in Japan on NHK (the national public broadcaster) and premiered on June 29, 1982, running weekly for 39 episodes until its conclusion on March 22, 1983.[6][a]
The French version first aired on Antenne 2 [7][8] from September 1983 to July 1984. All non-Japanese versions of the series originate from the French version.
The series first aired in English in the United States on the Nickelodeon cable network from June 30, 1986 to June 29, 1990;.[9]in the United Kingdom, twice on Children's BBC in 1986/87[10] and 1989 and on The Children's Channel in 1994/1995;[11] in Ireland on Network 2 in 1988/1989; and in Australia, on the public broadcaster ABC from the late 1980s to the early 1990s.[12]
The series also aired in Turkey on TRT;[13] in Germany on DFF and later ORB, MDR and Your Family Entertainment;[14] in Italy on Rai 2;[15]. in Sweden on TV3;[16] in Spain; in Bulgaria; in Israel; in Hungary; in Portugal; in New Zealand; in The Netherlands; in Russia; and in several Arab nations.
Beginning 2015, the English version was repeated in Australia on SBS channel NITV and later SBS Two.
The English version was also available via streaming for a limited time on Hulu and Netflix.
In 2017, the French version was repeated on Unis (TV channel) in Canada.[17]
DVD and digital releases[edit]
The Mysterious Cities of Gold was released on both VHS and DVD in France, Belgium, Japan, Portugal, Canada (in French) and Germany.[18] On September 15, 2007 Fabulous Films announced that it had acquired the licence to release the series in Region 2 (Europe), Region 1, and Region 4 . All 39 episodes of the series were released in the United Kingdom on June 23, 2008 as a six DVD set with the picture and sound restored. The DVD was released in Australia in August 2008. It was released in North America on April 7, 2009.[19] The show is also available to purchase and stream via digital retailers.
Sequels[edit]
Main articles: The Mysterious Cities of Gold (2012 TV series) and The Mysterious Cities of Gold (2016 TV series)
Three new seasons of 26 episodes each are in production, picking up the storyline where the 1982 series left off. Unlike the original series, this sequel is produced entirely in France; as a co-joint venture between the French television channel TF1, the Belgian channel La Trois, the French animation company Blue Spirit and Jean Chalopin's company Movie-Plus Group.[20] The first of the new seasons sees the series move to China. The design of the characters are more or less the same, although some subtle changes have been made to their physical appearances. Jean Chalopin and Bernard Deyries act as creative consultants on the new series, with Chalopin concentrating particularly on the scripts (which are written by Hadrian Soulez-Lariviere from Chalopin's own draft for the sequel) and Deyries focusing particularly on the graphical aspects. New background music is composed by the original theme song's singer Noam Kaniel.[21]
A 45-minute special, consisting of the first two episodes of the new series, was released on December 9, 2012 on TF1. The series started its regular airing during the first half of 2013. Like the 1982 series, each episode has a summary of the previous episode, a teaser to the next and a small documentary at the end.[22] The voices for the English-language version were recorded in Paris under the direction of voice director, Matthew Géczy.[citation needed] The sequel received a premiere on the Kix (UK and Ireland) channel in the United Kingdom on November 9, 2013 before a daily airing due to start on November 11, 2013.
In 2016, the third season of the show started production.[23]
Soundtrack releases[edit]
Score by Nobuyoshi Koshibe and Katsuo Ohno[edit]
1982, Starchild Records, Taiyou no Ko Esteban BGM Collection Vol.1. LP containing 17 tracks from the Japanese score.
1983, Starchild Records, Taiyou no Ko Esteban BGM Collection Vol.2. LP containing a further 13 tracks from the Japanese score.
1983, Starchild Records, Ougon no Condor/Sorezore no Utopia . EP containing two tracks from the Japanese score.
1983, Starchild Records, Boukenshatachi/Itsuka Dokoka de Anata ni Atta. EP containing two tracks from the Japanese score.
Score by Haim Saban and Shuki Levy[edit]
1983, Saban Records, Les Mysterieuses Cités D'Or . 7" of the title music with Zia's theme as the b side.
1983, Saban Records, Les Mystérieuses Cités D'Or (Bande Originale De La Série Télévisée). LP containing 16 unedited tracks.
1998, RYM Musique, Les Mystérieuses Cités D'Or. CD reissue of the LP with two bonus tracks from the series Inspector Gadget.
1998, Animusik, Les Mystérieuses Cités D'Or (Bande Originale Du Dessin Animé). CD/VCD reissue of the LP with 13 bonus tracks in mono, sourced from video tape as the original masters are in a decrepit state. The VCD section contains several video clips.
2002, Loga-Rythme, Les Mystérieuses Cités D'Or (La Bande Originale Du Dessin Animé Réorchestrée). 2 CD reconstruction of the full soundtrack by Boub (Yannick Rault).
2002, Airplay Records, Zia. CD single containing 4 remixes of the title music.
2007, Fabulous Films, The Mysterious Cities of Gold - Original Soundtrack album. 12 track album with just over 14 minutes of music restored from video, with sound effects removed, by Chris Watson. This CD was made available as a limited edition extra with the English DVD release in certain territories.
2012, XIII Bis Records, Les Mystérieuses Cités D'Or. CD reissue containing 15 tracks from the original LP plus the American version of the title theme as a bonus track.
2013, XIII Bis Records, Les Mystérieuses Cités D'Or - New Edition. CD reissue containing 15 tracks from the original LP plus the American version of the title theme and the "Hand Remix" of the title theme as bonus tracks.
2017, Wagram Music, Les mystérieuses cités d'or (Bande originale de la série télévisée). 30 track digital reissue containing all 16 tracks from the original LP, the 13 bonus tracks from the 1998 Animusik release and the English version of the title theme.
Computer games[edit]
Two games have been produced by Ynnis Interactive. The first, The Mysterious Cities of Gold: Flight of the Condor, was released in 2013 only for iOS users on Apple devices.[24] The second was titled The Mysterious Cities of Gold: Secret Paths and was made in 2013 for PC after a successful Kickstarter campaign.[25] The game was released in 2014 for iOS, Wii U and Nintendo 3DS.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Agency for Cultural Affairs gives the final air date of June, 7, 1983 but does not give broadcast dates for each individual episode. If each episode was broadcast one week apart without any skips, the final air date works out to March 22, 1983
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Mysterious Cities of Gold : DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video". Dvdtalk.com. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
Jump up ^ "Hiva (Mu) war against Atlantis - The Mysterious Cities of Gold". YouTube. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
Jump up ^ "Buried Treasure - Mysterious Cities of Gold". Retrieved 11 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Mysterious Cities Of Gold DVD review". Retrieved 11 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c エステバン(スタッフ＆キャスト) (in Japanese). Studio Pierrot. Archived from the original on 2011-08-05. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
Jump up ^ "太陽の子エステバン". Media Arts Database (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Le XVIème siècle, citesdor.com website (French). Retrieved on November 20, 2007.
Jump up ^ Première diffusion des Cités d'Or, Linternaute Histoire. Retrieved on November 20, 2007.
Jump up ^ Erickson, Hal (19995). Television cartoon shows: an illustrated encyclopedia. McFarland. p. 352. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ The Journal Nos. 43572 to 43820, September 1, 1986 to June 22, 1987.
Jump up ^ The Journal Nos. 44378 to 44528, April 5, 1989 to September 28, 1989.
Jump up ^ "Mysterious Cities of Gold 6 DVD Set". abc.net.au. Archived from the original on August 5, 2008. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
Jump up ^ Esteban www.realfiesta.com website (Turkish). Retrieved on June 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ Die geheimnisvollen Städte des Goldes, wunschliste.de website (German). Retrieved on June 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ Cfr. www.tanadelletigri.info/articoli/est/trama.htm.
Jump up ^ Daniel Hofverberg. "De gåtfulla guldstäderna" (in Swedish). Dubbningshemsidan. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Les mystérieuses cités d'or - Émissions - Unis TV". Retrieved 11 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Les Mystérieuses cités d'or – 6 Pack (French Version)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
Jump up ^ Mysterious Cities of Gold - Fabulous Films Allies with Arts Alliance, Announces 2 "Mysterious" Sets, Plans "Monster Squad" and Others, TVShowsonDVD.com, January 13, 2009
Jump up ^ "News on the Sequel to the Series". En.lescitesdor.com. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
Jump up ^ "Mystérieuses Cités d'or (les) (série 2012) - Animebase". Animeland. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
Jump up ^ "Les Mystérieuses Cités d'Or / The Mysterious Cities of Gold - Trailer (2012)". YouTube. 2012-06-06. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
Jump up ^ "More Mysterious Cities of Gold in Production". Retrieved 11 February 2017.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Mysterious Cities of Gold - The Video Game! by Ynnis Interactive". kickstarter.com.
External links[edit]
France portal
Anime and manga portal
Animation portal
Television portal
Official website (in Japanese)
Official website
Real precolombians cities in the show (in French)
The Mysterious Cities of Gold (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
Taiyô No Ko Eseban at the Big Cartoon DataBase
Unofficial French The Mysterious Cities of Gold website (in French) and (in English)
The Mysterious Cities of Gold on IMDb
Animerica review
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Put Your Hand in the Hand
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"Put Your Hand in the Hand"
Single by Ocean
from the album Put Your Hand in the Hand
B-side
"Tear Down the Fences"
Released
March 1971
Recorded
1970
Genre
Pop, gospel
Length
2:52 – Single Edit
3:53 – Album Cut
Label
Kama Sutra
Songwriter(s)
Gene MacLellan
Producer(s)
Greg Brown, Ocean
Ocean singles chronology
"Put Your Hand in the Hand"
(1971) "Deep Enough for Me"
(1970)
"Put Your Hand in the Hand"
(1970) "Deep Enough for Me"
(1970)
"Put Your Hand in the Hand" is a gospel pop song composed by Gene MacLellan and first recorded by Canadian singer Anne Murray from her third studio album Honey, Wheat and Laughter.
It became a hit single for the Canadian band Ocean, released as the title track to their debut album. The single peaked at No. 2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and went on to become 22nd best-seller of 1971. The song also reached number four on the Adult Contemporary chart.[1] The single version omitted the instrumental, that occurs between the second chorus and the second verse, as well as the repeat of the chorus and the final instrumentalist chorus, that ends without the fade.
After MacLellan's suicide in 1995, his friend and fellow Atlantic Canadian musician Ron Hynes wrote the song "Godspeed" as a tribute, the lyrics for which reference the title of this song.[2]
Contents
1 Track listing
2 Cover versions
3 Later uses
4 References
Track listing[edit]
7" single
A1 "Put Your Hand in the Hand" – 2:52
A2 "Tear Down the Fences" – 2:53
Cover versions[edit]
The song was also covered in the 1970s by a number of other performers, including Elvis Presley (who also covered MacLellan's "Snowbird"), Randy Stonehill, Frankie Laine, Donny Hathaway, Joan Baez, Dutch group Himalaya, the Les Humphries Singers and a German-language version ("Ich fand eine Hand") [I Found a Hand] by Cindy & Bert.
Bing Crosby recorded the song for his 1972 album Bing 'n' Basie.
Evangelist Garner Ted Armstrong covered the song in a January 1976 episode of Hee Haw. Country singers Sandy Posey, Lynn Anderson and Loretta Lynn, and The Oak Ridge Boys also recorded the song.
South African singer Ray Dylan recorded a cover on his album Goeie Ou Country - Op Aanvraag.[3]
Later uses[edit]
In a 1991 episode of the sitcom Family Matters titled "Choir Trouble", the cast was singing the song in their church as part of their Gospel Fest.
The song was used in the 2013 film Prisoners.
The song was used in a 2017 episode of "Last Man Standing" titled “Take me to church”
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 178.
Jump up ^ "Godspeed (Ron Hynes) tabs, videos". Wtv-zone.com. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-06-06. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
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No. 1 singles
"Snowbird"
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"Nobody Loves Me Like You Do" (with Dave Loggins)
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Other songs
"Thirsty Boots"
"Put Your Hand in the Hand"
"Night Owl"
"Robbie's Song for Jesus"
"Everything's Been Changed"
"Send a Little Love My Way"
"Just One Look"
"Day Tripper"
"Uproar"
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"The Call"
"Golden Oldie"
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"That's Not the Way (It's S'posed to Be)"
"I Don't Think I'm Ready for You"
"Who's Leaving Who"
"Are You Still in Love with Me"
"Anyone Can Do the Heartbreak"
"Perfect Strangers"
"If I Ever Fall in Love Again" (with Kenny Rogers)
"Feed This Fire"
"Bluebird"
"I Can See Arkansas"
"Make Love to Me"
"The Wayward Wind"
"Born to Be with You"
"Over You"
"That's What My Love Is For"
"That's the Way It Goes"
"What a Wonderful World"
Related articles
Discography
Capitol Records
"Tears Are Not Enough"
Book:Anne Murray

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Knocking on wood
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Knock on wood" redirects here. For other uses, see Knock on Wood (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Look up knock on wood or touch wood in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Knocking on wood in the Oval Office
Knocking on wood - in Britain and Australia the phrase is touch wood - is an apotropaic tradition of literally touching, tapping, or knocking on wood, or merely stating that one is doing or intend to do so, in order to avoid "tempting fate" after making a favourable observation, a boast, or declaration concerning one's own death or other unfavorable situation beyond one's control.
The origin of the custom may be in German folklore, wherein supernatural beings are thought to live in trees, and can be invoked for protection.[1][2]
Similar traditions in other cultures[edit]
In Indonesia, when someone is saying bad things, the one that hears it would knock on wood (or anything) and knock their forehead saying "amit-amit".
In Malaysia, when someone is saying bad things, the one that hears it would knock on wood (or anything) and knock their forehead saying "choi"or "tak cun tak cun"
In Italy, "tocca ferro" (touch iron) is used, especially after seeing an undertaker or something related to death.[unreliable source?][3]
In Iran, "Bezanam be Tachte بزنم به تخته" (knock on wood), when one says something good about something or somebody, he/she will knock on the wood, saying "bezan-am be takhteh, cheshm nakhoreh" ([I] am knocking on the wood, to prevent -it, he, or she- from being jinxed). Evil eye, and being jinxed is a common phobia and superstitious belief in Iranian culture. Iranians traditionally believe knocking on the wood wards off evil spirits.
In Egypt, "Emsek El Khashab إمسك الخشب" (Hold the wood), people say it when mention good luck that you have had in the past or when you mention hopes you have for the future. The expression is usually used in the hope that a good thing will continue to occur after it has been acknowledged. And to prevent envy.
In old English folklore, "knocking on wood" also referred to when people spoke of secrets – they went into the isolated woods to talk privately and "knocked" on the trees when they were talking to hide their communication from evil spirits who would be unable to hear when they knocked.[citation needed] Another version holds that the act of knocking was to perk up the spirits to make them work in the requester's favor.[4] Yet another version holds that a sect of Monks who wore large wooden crosses around their necks would tap or "knock" on them to ward away evil.
In Romania, there is also a superstition that one can avoid bad things aforementioned by literally knocking on wood ("a bate în lemn"). Wood tables are exempted. One of the possible reasons could be that there is a monastery practice to call people to pray by playing / knocking the simantron.[5]
In Bulgaria the superstition of "knock on wood" (чукам на дърво) is reserved for protection against the evil, and is not typically used for attracting good luck. Usually people engage in the practice in reaction to bad news, actual or merely imagined. In most cases the nearest wooden object is used (in some areas, however, tables are exempt); if there are no such objects within immediate reach, a common tongue-in-cheek practice is to knock on one's head. Knocking on wood is often followed by lightly pulling one's earlobe with the same hand. Common phrases to accompany the ritual are "God guard us" (Бог да ни пази) and "May the Devil not hear" (Да не чуе Дяволът).
In Croatia and Serbia there is also the habit of knocking on wood when saying something positive or affirmative about someone or something and not wanting that to change. Frequently the movement of knocking on nearby wood is followed by "Da pokucam u drvo" (да куцнем у дрво) (I will knock on wood), or sometimes by "Da ne ureknem" (да не урекнем) (I don't want to jinx it).[6]
In Poland, as well as in Russia, there is a habit of knocking on (unpainted) wood (which may be preceded by saying odpukać w niemalowane drewno or simply odpukać, literally meaning to knock on unpainted wood) when saying something negative - to prevent it from happening - or, more rarely, something positive - in order not to "spoil it". In Czech Republic, this is often accompanied for stronger effect by knocking on one's teeth, a piece of building stone, or metal, reasoning that these (as opposed to wood) survive even fire.
In Turkey, when someone hears about a bad experience someone else had, he/she may gently pull one earlobe, and knock on a wood twice, which means "God save me from that thing."
In the United States in the eighteenth century, men used to knock on the wood stock of their muzzle-loading rifles to settle the black powder charge, ensuring the weapon would fire cleanly.
In Spain "tocar madera" (literally: to touch wood) is something that you say when you want your luck or a good situation to continue. Ha ido bien toda la semana y, toco madera, seguirá bien el fin de semana. (It's been fine all week and, touch wood, it'll stay fine for the weekend).
In Latin America, it is also tradition to physically knock a wooden object. A variant requires that the object does not have legs ("tocar madera sin patas"), which rules out chairs, tables and beds.[7]
In Brazil, "bater na madeira" (hit the wood) is something actually done physically, three knocks are required after giving an example of a bad thing eventually happening. No verbalization is required, just the three knocks on the closest piece or object of wood. In the absence of wood, someone can say "bate na madeira", to prevent the bad thing to happen. People do not actually believe knocking three times a piece of wood will really protect them, but it is a social habit and it is polite to do so to demonstrate that ones doesn't want that bad thing they are talking about to actually happen.
In Greece the saying "χτύπα ξύλο" (literally: Knock wood) is said when hearing someone say something negative in order to prevent it from happening.
In Lebanon the saying "دقّ عالخشب" (literally: Knock on the wood) is said when hearing someone say something negative in order to prevent it from happening. It is also largely observed when saying something positive or affirmative about someone or something and not wanting that to change.
In Israel the saying "בלי עין הרע" (literally: without the evil eye) is said when someone mentions good things happening to themself or someone else, or even when mentioning a valuable things they own. This expression is a superstition that is used in the hope that a good thing will continue to occur even after it's mentioned, and as a way to prevent Envy (Hasad "حسد") also known as the Evil Eye (Ain Hara'a "عين"), as they believe that Envy can harm other people.
See also[edit]
Crossed fingers
Evil eye
Jinx
Alomancy, related to throwing salt over the left shoulder
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Reference.com: Origin of Knock on Wood. The origin of knocking on wood for this purpose is believed by some to be from early pagan mythology. Wood gods, or dryads, lived in trees, and people would go to them for blessings and to prevent bad luck.
Jump up ^ Touch Wood for Luck: The History & Superstition of 'Touch Wood'. One explanation states that the tradition derived from the Pagans who thought that trees were the homes of fairies, spirits, dryads and many other mystical creatures. In these instances, people might knock or touch wood to request good luck, or to distract spirits with evil intentions. When in need of a favour or some good luck, one politely mentioned this wish to a tree and then touched the bark, representing the first "knock." The second "knock" was to say "thank you." The knocking was also supposed to prevent evil spirits from hearing your speech and as such stop them from interfering. Alternatively, some traditions have it that by knocking upon wood, you would awaken and release the benevolent wood fairies that dwelt there.
Jump up ^ "Superstitions in Italy". Lifeinitaly.com. 2007-01-20. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
Jump up ^ Firestone, Allie. "Knock on Wood: Superstitions and Their Origins". Divine Caroline. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zS4ZOQAnpzI
Jump up ^ http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/spektar/zivot-i-stil/Da-kucnem-u-drvo.lt.html
Jump up ^ Supersticiones arraigadas - Selecciones
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List of current Indian chief ministers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Indian states according to party of their chief minister
Bharatiya Janata Party
Indian National Congress
Other parties
Governor's rule
In the Republic of India, a chief minister is the head of government of each of twenty-nine states and two union territories (Delhi and Puducherry). According to the Constitution of India, at the state-level, the governor is de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the state legislative assembly, the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given he has the assembly's confidence, the chief minister's term is usually for a maximum of five years; there are no limits to the number of terms he/she can serve.[1]
Since June 2018, the office of Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir has been vacant; Governor's rule is in force there. Of the thirty incumbents, two are women—Mamata Banerjee in West Bengal and Vasundhara Raje in Rajasthan. Serving since December 1994 (for 23 years, 259 days), Sikkim's Pawan Kumar Chamling has the longest incumbency. Amarinder Singh (b. 1942) of Punjab is the oldest chief minister while Arunachal Pradesh's Pema Khandu (b. 1979) is the youngest.[2] Fifteen incumbents belong to the Bharatiya Janata Party and three to the Indian National Congress; no other party has more than one chief minister in office.
Current Indian chief ministers[edit]
Colour key for parties
Aam Aadmi Party
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
All India Trinamool Congress
Bharatiya Janata Party
Biju Janata Dal
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Indian National Congress
Janata Dal (Secular)
Janata Dal (United)
Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party
National People's Party
Sikkim Democratic Front
Telangana Rashtra Samithi
Telugu Desam Party
N/A (Governor's rule)
State
(past chief ministers)
Name[3]
Portrait
Took office
(tenure length)
Party[a]
Ref
Andhra Pradesh
(list) N. Chandrababu Naidu 8 June 2014
(7003154200000000000♠4 years, 81 days) Telugu Desam Party [4]
Arunachal Pradesh
(list) Pema Khandu 17 July 2016
(7002772000000000000♠2 years, 42 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [5][6]
Assam
(list) Sarbananda Sonowal 24 May 2016
(7002826000000000000♠2 years, 96 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [7]
Bihar
(list) Nitish Kumar 22 February 2015
(7003128300000000000♠3 years, 187 days) Janata Dal (United) [8]
Chhattisgarh
(list) Raman Singh 7 December 2003
(7003537800000000000♠14 years, 264 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [9]
Delhi[b]
(list) Arvind Kejriwal 14 February 2015
(7003129100000000000♠3 years, 195 days) Aam Aadmi Party [10]
Goa
(list) Manohar Parrikar 14 March 2017
(7002532000000000000♠1 year, 167 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [11]
Gujarat
(list) Vijay Rupani 7 August 2016
(7002751000000000000♠2 years, 21 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [12]
Haryana
(list) Manohar Lal Khattar 26 October 2014
(7003140200000000000♠3 years, 306 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [13]
Himachal Pradesh
(list) Jai Ram Thakur 27 December 2017
(7002244000000000000♠244 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [14]
Jammu and Kashmir
(list) Vacant[c]
(Governor's rule) 20 June 2018
(7001690000000000000♠69 days) N/A [16]
Jharkhand
(list) Raghubar Das 28 December 2014
(7003133900000000000♠3 years, 243 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [17]
Karnataka
(list) H. D. Kumaraswamy 23 May 2018
(7001970000000000000♠97 days) Janata Dal (Secular) [18]
Kerala
(list) Pinarayi Vijayan 25 May 2016
(7002825000000000000♠2 years, 95 days) Communist Party of India (Marxist) [19]
Madhya Pradesh
(list) Shivraj Singh Chouhan 29 November 2005
(7003465500000000000♠12 years, 272 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [20]
Maharashtra
(list) Devendra Fadnavis 31 October 2014
(7003139700000000000♠3 years, 301 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [21]
Manipur
(list) N. Biren Singh 15 March 2017
(7002531000000000000♠1 year, 166 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [22]
Meghalaya
(list) Conrad Sangma 6 March 2018
(7002175000000000000♠175 days) National People's Party [23]
Mizoram
(list) Lal Thanhawla 7 December 2008
(7003355100000000000♠9 years, 264 days) Indian National Congress [24]
Nagaland
(list) Neiphiu Rio 8 March 2018
(7002173000000000000♠173 days) Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party [25]
Odisha
(list) Naveen Patnaik 5 March 2000
(7003675000000000000♠18 years, 176 days) Biju Janata Dal [26]
Puducherry[b]
(list) V. Narayanasamy 6 June 2016
(7002813000000000000♠2 years, 83 days) Indian National Congress [27]
Punjab
(list) Amarinder Singh 16 March 2017
(7002530000000000000♠1 year, 165 days) Indian National Congress [28]
Rajasthan
(list) Vasundhara Raje 13 December 2013
(7003171900000000000♠4 years, 258 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [29]
Sikkim
(list) Pawan Kumar Chamling 12 December 1994
(7003866000000000000♠23 years, 259 days) Sikkim Democratic Front [30]
Tamil Nadu
(list) Edappadi K. Palaniswami 16 February 2017
(7002558000000000000♠1 year, 193 days) All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam [31]
Telangana
(list) K. Chandrashekhar Rao 2 June 2014
(7003154800000000000♠4 years, 87 days) Telangana Rashtra Samithi [32]
Tripura
(list) Biplab Kumar Deb 9 March 2018
(172 Days) Bharatiya Janata Party [33]
Uttar Pradesh
(list) Yogi Adityanath 19 March 2017
(7002527000000000000♠1 year, 162 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [34]
Uttarakhand
(list) Trivendra Singh Rawat 18 March 2017
(7002528000000000000♠1 year, 163 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [35]
West Bengal
(list) Mamata Banerjee 20 May 2011
(7003265700000000000♠7 years, 100 days) All India Trinamool Congress [36]
Jump up ^ This column names only the chief minister's party. The ministry he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; those are not listed here.
^ Jump up to: a b Although Delhi and Puducherry each have an elected legislature and a council of ministers (headed by the chief minister), they are officially union territories.
Jump up ^ Similar to President's rule, Governor's rule is imposed as per Section 92 of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir.[15]
See also[edit]
List of current Indian governors
List of current Indian opposition leaders
List of female Indian chief ministers
List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party
List of chief ministers from the Communist Party of India (Marxist)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu. Introduction to the Constitution of India. 1960. 20th edition, 2011 reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9.
Jump up ^ "Meet Pema Khandu: India’s youngest Chief Minister". The Hindu. 17 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Chief Ministers. India.gov.in. Retrieved on 3 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Naidu takes oath as Andhra Pradesh CM". The Hindu. 8 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pema Khandu sworn in as Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh". The Hindu. 17 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "BJP forms govt in Arunachal Pradesh". The Hindu. 31 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sarbananda Sonowal sworn in as first BJP CM of Assam". The Hindu. 24 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Kumar, Arun (27 July 2017). "Grand Alliance to NDA: Nitish Kumar changes partner, continues as Bihar CM". Hindustan Times. Patna. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Aarti Dhar. "Raman Singh takes oath". The Hindu. 8 December 2003.
Jump up ^ Smriti Kak Ramachandran, Shubhomoy Sikdar. "Kejriwal promises to make Delhi graft-free in 5 years". The Hindu. 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Nistula Hebbar, Prakash Kamat. "Parrikar takes oath in Goa as SC declines Cong. plea". The Hindu. 14 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Mahesh Langa. "Vijay Rupani sworn in; Gujarat Cabinet bears Shah’s stamp". The Hindu. 7 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Sarabjit Pandher. "Khattar sworn in". The Hindu. 26 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jai Ram Thakur sworn in as Himachal Chief Minister". The Indian Express. 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Bharti Jain. "Governor's rule imposed in Jammu & Kashmir". The Times of India. 9 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Governor’s rule imposed in Jammu and Kashmir". The Hindu. 20 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Amarnath Tewary. "Raghuvar Das assumes office as CM". The Hindu. 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Kumaraswamy sworn in; floor test tomorrow". The Hindu. 23 May 2018.
Jump up ^ C. Gouridasan Nair. "Pinarayi takes charge as Kerala Chief Minister". The Hindu. 25 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Shivraj Chauhan sworn in Chief Minister". The Hindu. 30 November 2005.
Jump up ^ Priyanka Kakodkar. "Uddhav attends Fadnavis swearing-in". The Hindu. 31 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Isha Gupta. "BJP leader Biren Singh sworn in as Manipur Chief Minister". India Today. 15 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Shiv Sahay Singh. "Conrad Sangma sworn-in as Meghalaya CM". The Hindu. 6 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Lal Thanhawla sworn in as Mizoram chief minister". The Times of India. 11 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Rahul Karmakar. "Neiphiu Rio takes charge as Nagaland Chief Minister again". The Hindu. 8 March 2018.
Jump up ^ N. Ramdas. "Naveen Govt. installed". The Hindu. 6 March 2000.
Jump up ^ "Puducherry: V Narayanasamy sworn in as Chief Minister". The Indian Express. 6 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Amarinder Singh sworn in as Punjab CM". The Hindu. 17 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vasundhara swearing-in, a show of strength". The Hindu. 13 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pawan Chamling to be longest serving Chief Minister". The Hindu. 17 May 2014.
Jump up ^ T. Ramakrishnan. "Edappadi Palaniswami sworn in as Tamil Nadu Chief Minister". The Hindu. 17 February 2017.
Jump up ^ K. Srinivas Reddy. "KCR sworn in; heads cabinet of 11 ministers". The Hindu. 2 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Rahul Karmakar. "Biplab Kumar Deb sworn in as Tripura CM". The Hindu. 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Yogi Adityanath takes oath as Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister". The Hindu. 19 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Kavita Upadhyay. "Trivendra Singh Rawat takes oath as Uttarakhand Chief Minister". The Hindu. 18 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mamata, 37 Ministers sworn in". The Hindu. 21 May 2011.
hide
v
t
e
Lists of chief ministers of Indian states (and current incumbents)
Andhra Pradesh
N. Chandrababu Naidu
Arunachal Pradesh
Pema Khandu
Assam
Sarbananda Sonowal
Bihar
Nitish Kumar
Chhattisgarh
Raman Singh
Delhi
Arvind Kejriwal
Goa
Manohar Parrikar
Gujarat
Vijay Rupani
Haryana
Manohar Lal Khattar
Himachal Pradesh
Jai Ram Thakur
Jammu and Kashmir
Vacant
Jharkhand
Raghubar Das
Karnataka
H. D. Kumaraswamy
Kerala
Pinarayi Vijayan
Madhya Pradesh
Shivraj Singh Chouhan
Maharashtra
Devendra Fadnavis
Manipur
N. Biren Singh
Meghalaya
Conrad Sangma
Mizoram
Lal Thanhawla
Nagaland
Neiphiu Rio
Odisha
Naveen Patnaik
Puducherry
V. Narayanasamy
Punjab
Amarinder Singh
Rajasthan
Vasundhara Raje
Sikkim
Pawan Kumar Chamling
Tamil Nadu
Edappadi K. Palaniswami
Telangana
K. Chandrashekhar Rao
Tripura
Biplab Kumar Deb
Uttar Pradesh
Yogi Adityanath
Uttarakhand
Trivendra Singh Rawat
West Bengal
Mamata Banerjee
Women chief ministers
From the Bharatiya Janata Party
From the Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_current_Indian_chief_ministers&oldid=856902589"
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