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English Gothic architecture
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Westminster Hall and its hammerbeam roof, pictured in the early 19th century.
English Gothic is an architectural style originating in France, before then flourishing in England from about 1180 until about 1520.
As with the Gothic architecture of other parts of Europe, English Gothic is defined by its pointed arches, vaulted roofs, buttresses, large windows, and spires. The Gothic style was introduced from France, where the various elements had first been used together within a single building at the choir of the Basilique Saint-Denis north of Paris, built by the Abbot Suger and dedicated on 11 June 1144.[1] The earliest large-scale applications of Gothic architecture in England are at Canterbury Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. Many features of Gothic architecture had evolved naturally from Romanesque architecture (often known in England as Norman architecture). This evolution can be seen most particularly at the Norman Durham Cathedral, which has the earliest pointed ribbed high vault known.
English Gothic was to develop along lines that sometimes paralleled and sometimes diverged from those of continental Europe. Historians traditionally divide English Gothic into a number of different periods, which may be further subdivided to accurately define different styles. Gothic architecture continued to flourish in England for a hundred years after the precepts of Renaissance architecture were formalised in Florence in the early 15th century. The Gothic style gave way to the Renaissance in the later 16th and 17th centuries, but was revived in the late 18th century as an academic style and had great popularity as Gothic Revival architecture throughout the 19th century.
Many of the largest and finest works of English architecture, notably the medieval cathedrals of England, are largely built in the Gothic style. So also are castles, palaces, great houses, universities, and many smaller unpretentious secular buildings, including almshouses and trade halls. Another important group of Gothic buildings in England are the parish churches, which, like the medieval cathedrals, are often of earlier, Norman foundation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Terms
2 Early English Gothic
2.1 Characteristics
2.2 Other notable examples
3 Decorated Gothic
3.1 Elements of the style
3.2 Notable examples
4 Perpendicular Gothic
4.1 Features
4.2 Notable examples
5 See also
6 References and sources
7 External links
Terms[edit]
The designation of styles in English Gothic architecture follow conventional labels given them by the antiquary Thomas Rickman, who coined the terms in his Attempt to Discriminate the Style of Architecture in England (1812–15). Historians sometimes refer to the styles as "periods", e.g. "Perpendicular period" in much the same way as an historical era may be referred to as the "Tudor period". The various styles are seen at their most fully developed in the cathedrals, abbey churches and collegiate buildings. It is, however, a distinctive characteristic of the cathedrals of England that all but one of them, Salisbury Cathedral, show great stylistic diversity and have building dates that typically range over 400 years.
Early English (c. 1180–1275)
Decorated (c. 1275–1380)
Perpendicular (c. 1380–1520)
Early English Gothic [edit]
The entirety of Salisbury Cathedral (excluding the tower and spire) is in the Early English style. Lancet windows are used throughout, there is less embellishment than is found in Romanesque buildings, and less detailed tracery than would be used in later buildings.
The Early English Period of English Gothic lasted from the late 12th century until midway through the 13th century, according to most modern scholars, such as Nikolaus Pevsner. According to the originator of the term in 1817, Thomas Rickman, the period ran from 1189 to 1307; Rickman based his defining dates on the reigns of certain English monarchs.
In the late 12th century, the Early English Gothic style superseded the Romanesque or Norman style (as it is better known in England, through its association with the Norman Conquest). During the late 13th century, it developed into the Decorated Gothic style, which lasted until the mid-14th century. With all of these early architectural styles, there is a gradual overlap between the periods. As fashions changed, new elements were often used alongside older ones, especially in large buildings such as churches and cathedrals, which were constructed (and added to) over long periods of time. It is customary, therefore, to recognise a transitional phase between the Romanesque and Early English periods from the middle of the 12th century.
Although usually known as Early English, this new Gothic style had originated in the area around Paris before spreading to England. There it was first known as "the French style". It was first used in the choir or "quire" of the abbey church of St Denis, dedicated in June 1144. Even before that, some features had been included in Durham Cathedral, showing a combination of Romanesque and proto-Gothic styles.
By 1175, with the completion of the Choir at Canterbury Cathedral by William of Sens, the style was firmly established in England.
Characteristics[edit]
The most significant and characteristic development of the Early English period was the pointed arch known as the lancet. Pointed arches were used almost universally, not only in arches of wide span such as those of the nave arcade, but also for doorways and lancet windows.
Romanesque builders generally used round arches, although they had very occasionally employed slightly pointed ones, notably at Durham Cathedral, where they are used for structural purposes in the Nave aisles. Compared with the rounded Romanesque style, the pointed arch of the Early English Gothic looks more refined; more importantly, it is more efficient at distributing the weight of the stonework above it, making it possible to span higher and wider gaps using narrower columns. It also allows for much greater variation in proportions, whereas the strength of round arches depends on semicircular form.
Through the use of the pointed arch, architects could design less massive walls and provide larger window openings that were grouped more closely together, so they could achieve a more open, airy and graceful building. The high walls and vaulted stone roofs were often supported by flying buttresses: half arches which transmit the outward thrust of the superstructure to supports or buttresses, often visible on the exterior of the building. The barrel vaults and groin vaults characteristic of Romanesque building were replaced by rib vaults, which made possible a wider range of proportions between height, width and length.
The arched windows are usually narrow by comparison to their height and are without tracery. For this reason Early English Gothic is sometimes known as the Lancet style. Although arches of equilateral proportion are most often employed, lancet arches of very acute proportions are frequently found and are highly characteristic of the style. A notable example of steeply pointed lancets being used structurally is the apsidal arcade of Westminster Abbey. The Lancet openings of windows and decorative arcading are often grouped in twos or threes. This characteristic is seen throughout Salisbury Cathedral, where groups of two lancet windows line the nave and groups of three line the clerestory. At York Minster the north transept has a cluster of five lancet windows known as the Five Sisters; each is 50 feet tall and still retains ancient glass.
Instead of being massive, solid pillars, the columns were often composed of clusters of slender, detached shafts (often made of dark, polished Purbeck "marble") surrounding a central pillar, or pier, to which they are attached by circular moulded shaft-rings. Characteristic of Early Gothic in England is the great depth given to the hollows of the mouldings with alternating fillets and rolls, by the decoration of the hollows with the dog-tooth ornament and by the circular abaci of the capitals.
The arches of decorative wall arcades and galleries are sometimes cusped. Circles with trefoils, quatrefoils, etc., are introduced into the tracery of galleries and large rose windows in the transept or nave, as at Lincoln Cathedral (1220). The conventional foliage decorating the capitals is of great beauty and variety, and extends to spandrels, roof bosses, etc. In the spandrels of the arches of the nave, transept or choir arcades, diaper work is occasionally found, as in the transept of Westminster Abbey, which is one of the best examples of the period.
At its purest the style was simple and austere, emphasising the height of the building, as if aspiring heavenward.
Other notable examples[edit]
Early English architecture is typical of many Cistercian abbeys (both in Britain and France), such as Whitby Abbey and Rievaulx Abbey in Yorkshire. Salisbury Cathedral is a superb example of the style; because it was built over a relatively short period (the main body between 1220 and 1258), it is relatively unmixed with other styles (except for its façade and famous tower and spire, which date from the 14th century). Other good examples are the Galilee porch at Ely Cathedral; the nave and transept of Wells Cathedral (1225–40); the west front of Peterborough Cathedral; and Beverley Minster and the south transept at York. The style has also been used in academic buildings, such as the old library of Merton College, Oxford, which constitutes a portion of the so-called "Mob Quad."
Decorated Gothic[edit]
The west front of York Minster is a fine example of Decorated architecture, in particular the elaborate tracery on the main window. This period saw detailed carving reach its peak, with elaborately carved windows and capitals, often with floral patterns.
The Decorated Period in architecture (also known as the Decorated Gothic, or simply "Decorated") is a name given specifically to a division of English Gothic architecture. Traditionally, this period is broken into two periods: the "Geometric" style (1250–90) and the "Curvilinear" style (1290–1350).
Elements of the style[edit]
Decorated architecture is characterised by its window tracery. Elaborate windows are subdivided by closely spaced parallel mullions (vertical bars of stone), usually up to the level at which the arched top of the window begins. The mullions then branch out and cross, intersecting to fill the top part of the window with a mesh of elaborate patterns called tracery, typically including trefoils and quatrefoils. The style was geometrical at first and flowing in the later period, owing to the omission of the circles in the window tracery. This flowing or flamboyant tracery was introduced in the first quarter of the 14th century and lasted about fifty years. This evolution of decorated tracery is often used to subdivide the period into an earlier "Geometric" and later "Curvilinear" period.
The Church of St Peter and St Paul in Coleshill, Warwickshire is an example of what Decorated Gothic Churches look like in England
Interiors of this period often feature tall columns of more slender and elegant form than in previous periods. Vaulting became more elaborate, with the use of increasing number of ribs, initially for structural and then aesthetic reasons. Arches are generally equilateral, and the mouldings bolder than in the Early English Period, with less depth in the hollows and with the fillet (a narrow flat band) largely used. The ballflower and a four-leaved flower motif take the place of the earlier dog-tooth. The foliage in the capitals is less conventional than in Early English and more flowing, and the diaper patterns in walls are more varied.
Notable examples[edit]
Examples of the Decorated style can be found in many British churches and cathedrals. Principal examples are those of the east ends of Lincoln Cathedral and of Carlisle Cathedral and the west fronts of York Minster and Lichfield Cathedral. Much of Exeter Cathedral is built in this style, as is the crossing of Ely Cathedral, (including the famous octagonal lantern, built between 1322 and 1328 to replace the fallen central tower), three west bays of the choir and the Lady Chapel. In Scotland, Melrose Abbey was a noteworthy example, though much of it is now in ruins.
Perpendicular Gothic[edit]
The interior of Gloucester Cathedral conveys an impression of a "cage" of stone and glass, typical of Perpendicular architecture. Elaborate Decorated style tracery is no longer in evidence, and the lines on both walls and windows have become sharper and less flamboyant.
Finely decorated two-storey Perpendicular south porch of 1480 at Northleach, Gloucestershire.
Canterbury Cathedral nave
The Perpendicular Gothic period (or simply Perpendicular) is the third historical division of English Gothic architecture, and is so-called because it is characterised by an emphasis on vertical lines. An alternative name, the Rectilinear, was suggested by Edmund Sharpe,[2] and is preferred by some as more accurate,[3] but has never gained widespread use.
The Perpendicular style began to emerge c. 1350. Harvey (1978) puts the earliest example of a fully formed Perpendicular style at the chapter house of Old St Paul's Cathedral, built by William Ramsey in 1332.[4] It developed from the Decorated style of the late 13th century and early 14th century, and lasted into the mid-16th century. It began under the royal architects William Ramsey and John Sponlee, and fully developed in the prolific works of Henry Yevele and William Wynford.[4]
In the later examples of the Decorated Period the omission of the circles in the tracery of windows had led to the employment of curves of double curvature which developed on the continent into Flamboyant tracery: the introduction of the perpendicular lines was a reaction in the contrary direction. The style can first be observed in the choir of Gloucester cathedral (1335) but its development is often assigned to the period after the Black Death which killed about a third of England's population in 18 months between June 1348 and December 1349 and returned in 1361–62 to kill another fifth. This had a great effect on the arts and culture, which took a decidedly morbid and pessimistic direction. It has been argued that Perpendicular architecture reveals a populace affected by overwhelming shock and grief, focusing on death and despair, and no longer able to justify previous flamboyance or jubilation present in the Decorated style. The style was said to be affected by the labour shortages caused by the plague as architects designed less elaborately to cope. However, the popularity of the development evidenced by the huge number of churches which include the style and the long period durng which it flourished indicate a more complicated story. The style lasted until the very eve of the Reformation and fine examples incorporating its most developed features were being built at that late date. (The term 'Perpendicular' however can be attributed to the nineteenth century architect and ecclesiologist, Thomas Rickman.)
Features[edit]
This perpendicular linearity is particularly obvious in the design of windows, which became very large, sometimes of immense size, with slimmer stone mullions than in earlier periods, allowing greater scope for stained glass craftsmen. The mullions of the windows are carried vertically up into the arch moulding of the windows, and the upper portion is subdivided by additional mullions (supermullions) and transoms, forming rectangular compartments, known as panel tracery. Buttresses and wall surfaces are likewise divided up into vertical panels. The technological development and artistic elaboration of the vault reached its pinnacle, producing intricate multipartite lierne vaults and culminating in the fan vault.
Doorways are frequently enclosed within a square head over the arch mouldings, the spandrels being filled with quatrefoils or tracery. Pointed arches were still used throughout the period, but ogee and four-centred Tudor arches were also introduced.
Inside the church the triforium disappears, or its place is filled with panelling, and greater importance is given to the clerestory windows, which are often the finest features in the churches of this period. The mouldings are flatter than those of the earlier periods, and one of the chief characteristics is the introduction of large elliptical hollows.
Some of the finest features of this period are the magnificent timber roofs; hammerbeam roofs, such as those of Westminster Hall (1395), Christ Church, Oxford, and Crosby Hall, appeared for the first time. In areas of Southern England using flint architecture, elaborate flushwork decoration in flint and ashlar was used, especially in the wool churches of East Anglia.
Notable examples[edit]
Some of the earliest examples of the Perpendicular Period, dating from 1335, are found at Gloucester Cathedral, where the masons of the cathedral seemed to be far in advance of those in other towns; the fan-vaulting in the cloisters is particularly fine. Perpendicular additions and repairs can be found in smaller churches and chapels throughout England, of a common level of technical ability which lack the decoration of earlier stonemasonry at their sites, so can be used for school field trips seeking evidence of the social effects of the plagues.
One of the few examples of Perpendicular Gothic during the Gothic Revival is the Palace of Westminster
Among other buildings and their noted elements are:
nave, western transepts and crossing tower of Canterbury Cathedral (1378–1411),
late 15th-century tower, New College, Oxford (1380–86, Henry Yevele);
Beauchamp Chapel, Warwick (1381–91);
Quire and tower of York Minster (1389–1407);
remodelling of the nave and aisles of Winchester Cathedral (1399–1419);
transept and tower of Merton College, Oxford (1424–50);
Manchester Cathedral (1422);
Divinity School, Oxford (1427–83);
King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1446–1515) [1]
Eton College Chapel, Eton (1448–1482) [2]
central tower of Gloucester Cathedral (1454–57);
central tower of Magdalen College, Oxford (1475–80);
choir of Sherborne Abbey (1475–c. 1580)
Collegiate Church Of The Holy Trinity, Tattershall, Lincolnshire. (c. 1490 – 1500) [3]
Charterhouse School, Surrey, main buildings and chapel
Notable later examples include Bath Abbey (c. 1501 – c. 1537, although heavily restored in the 1860s), Henry VII's Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey (1503–1519), and the towers at St Giles' Church, Wrexham, and St Mary Magdalene, Taunton (1503–1508).
The Perpendicular style was less often used in the Gothic Revival than the Decorated style, but major examples include the rebuilt Palace of Westminster (i.e. the Houses of Parliament), Bristol University's Wills Memorial Building (1915–25), and St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney.

See also[edit]
Anglicanism portal
Gothic architecture
Romanesque architecture
Tudor architecture
Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England
Cathedral architecture of Western Europe
Stained glass
Poor Man's Bible
Gothic Survival
References and sources[edit]
References
Jump up ^ Honour, H. and J. Fleming, (2009) A World History of Art. 7th edn. London: Laurence King Publishing, p. 376. ISBN 9781856695848
Jump up ^ Sharpe, Edmund (1871). The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated.
Jump up ^ Frankl, Paul (2000). Gothic Architecture. Yale: Yale University Press. p. 193.
^ Jump up to: a b Harvey, John (1978). The Perpendicular Style. Batsford.
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Decorated Period". Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 915.
External links[edit]
Britain Express: Decorated Gothic architecture
Britain Express – Architectural Guide
Britain Express – Architectural Guide
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Lake Shannon
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Lake Shannon
Lake Shannon looking downstream during the floods of 2003, with the Lower Baker Dam in the distance
Location
North of Concrete, Skagit County, Washington, US
Coordinates
48°32′51″N 121°44′28″W / 48.54750°N 121.74111°W / 48.54750; -121.74111Coordinates: 48°32′51″N 121°44′28″W / 48.54750°N 121.74111°W / 48.54750; -121.74111
Type
Reservoir
Primary inflows
Baker River, Thunder Creek, Sulphur Creek, other small tributaries
Primary outflows
Baker River
Catchment area
270 square miles (700 km2)
Basin countries
United States
Built
April 1, 1924 (1924-04-01)
First flooded
September 1, 1925 (1925-09-01)
Max. length
7.5 miles (12.1 km)
Max. width
1 mile (1.6 km)
Surface area
2,190 acres (8.9 km2)
Average depth
70 feet (21 m)
Max. depth
280 feet (85 m)
Water volume
161,470 acre feet (199,170,000 m3)[1]
Surface elevation
436 feet (133 m) at full pool
Frozen
In winter
Islands
1, unnamed, near north end
Settlements
Concrete
Lake Shannon is a long, narrow reservoir on the Baker River in Skagit County, Washington in the United States.[2] Formed in the 1920s by the construction of an arch dam just above the town of Concrete, the lake is approximately 7.5 miles (12 km) long and averages 0.6 miles (1 km) wide when full. Located just outside the western boundary of North Cascades National Park in the Mount Baker National Forest, Lake Shannon serves as the lower reservoir for Puget Sound Energy's Baker River Hydroelectric Project.
Before the creation of Lake Shannon, the area was used primarily for fur trapping, logging, and concrete making. The construction of Lower Baker Dam blocked salmon migration in the Baker River. An artificial fish passage system was begun in the 1950s and completed in 1959 after the construction of Upper Baker Dam, located upstream of Lake Shannon. The lake has abundant landlocked kokanee salmon, the by-product of salmon spawning in lake tributaries. Fishing, boating and water skiing are popular recreational activities on the lake.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Dams and facilities
3 History
4 Natural history
5 Recreation
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Description[edit]
The Baker River flows southeast and south for about 30 miles (50 km) to meet the Skagit River at Concrete. Less than 1 mile (1.6 km) above its mouth, a 285-foot-high (87 m) arch dam, the Lower Baker Dam, straddles an extremely tight and narrow gorge to form Lake Shannon, a 2,190-acre (8.9 km2)[3] lake.
The lake occupies a cleft in the Baker River Valley between a prominent river terrace to the west and a less obvious one on the east. While the west slope directly above the lake is dissected with many canyons, the east slope is smaller and smoother. The lake is surrounded by prominent forested mountains, but the surrounding terrain is not as steep and rugged as the upper watershed.[4]
The reservoir is widest in the lower half and especially in a stretch about 3 miles (5 km) upstream of the dam. Near the middle, the lake narrows dramatically as it squeezes between the west shore and a narrow promontory that juts out into the valley. The upper half of the lake is very narrow, and the far upper end protrudes into the Mount Baker National Forest. Just above the north end of the lake, the Upper Baker Dam blocks the Baker River once again to form an expanded Baker Lake.[5]
The dominant geographical feature in the area is Mount Baker, which rises 10,781 feet (3,286 m) a few miles to the northwest of Lake Shannon. Mount Shuksan, a slightly smaller peak, rises 9,127 feet (2,782 m) further to the north-northeast. Aside from the Baker River, some major streams that feed the lake are Thunder Creek (which meets the lake near the promontory that nearly severs it in half) and Sulphur Creek, which flows directly into the lake during high water.[5]
The Baker River Road runs in a northerly direction along the east side of Lake Shannon into North Cascades National Park, while the North Cascades Highway crosses the Baker River just below Lake Shannon. Although most of the inflow to Lake Shannon is from releases from Upper Baker Dam, it also receives inflow from 82 square miles (210 km2) of adjacent watershed.[3]
Dams and facilities[edit]
Lower Baker Dam from the river below
The Lower Baker Dam (48°32′51″N 121°44′28″W / 48.54750°N 121.74111°W / 48.54750; -121.74111 (Lower Baker Dam)) was constructed in 1925 as the first of two dams that generate power for the Baker River Hydroelectric Project, owned by Puget Sound Energy. It is a thick-arch dam 285 feet (87 m) high and 550 feet (170 m) in length. The spillways are over the crest, consisting of about twenty-four openings. A penstock diverts water from the lake to a powerhouse on the left bank of the river, which generates 79 MW of power, and returns the water to the river just downstream of the dam. This results in a stretch of river that is nearly dry most of the time.[6] The full pool elevation of the lake is 438 feet (134 m), while the minimum lake level for power generation is 370 feet (110 m) and dead pool elevation is 355 feet (108 m).[3] The lake holds 161,470 acre feet (199,170,000 m3)[1] of water at full pool.[7]
Below the Lower Baker Dam, another structure — the "fish passage structure" — exists as the river flows through the town of Concrete. This concrete weir is the first stage in a fish elevator and flume that carries anadromous fish upstream to Baker Lake, where they are released into the water and allowed to swim upstream to the Baker River's remaining spawning grounds.[8]
History[edit]
Further information: Skagit River
Prior to the construction of the Baker River project, Lake Shannon did not exist and Baker Lake was a smaller lake formed by a glacial moraine. Anadromous fish would migrate up the Baker in numbers of up to 20,000 each spring. In the 19th century, the Baker River area was primarily used for the timber industry. Large deposits of lime around the mouth of the Baker River were taken advantage of by a cement plant built in present-day Concrete.[9]
Map of the Skagit River drainage basin showing Lake Shannon on the Baker River (near center)
On April 1, 1924,[10] the Lower Baker Dam was official begun by the Stone & Webster Company, in a site known as Eden Canyon. At first, 150 men worked on the project, which grew to a workforce of 900 by the next year.[11] In early 1925, the Lower Baker Dam was completed to a height of 230 feet (70 m) by a construction crew of 1,300, and in November of that year, the reservoir first filled to capacity.[3] (The dam was later raised 55 feet (17 m) to its present height.) The filling of the reservoir inundated the first railroad bridge across the river, the Baker River Bridge, a 190-foot (58 m)-high wooden trestle.[12] The first power generated at the dam was on November 19, 1925.[13]
The construction of the dam and the forming of the reservoir had serious impacts on the salmon of the Baker River — the dam left only 1 mile (1.6 km) of river accessible to returning salmon. Before the dam was built, in many years, over twenty thousand salmon would return to the river to spawn. Afterwards, the returning population rarely would top 3,000 fish, and decreased even more in the 1980s, culminating in a record low of 99 fish in 1985.[14] A structure was constructed across the lower Baker River below Lake Shannon, and this was originally used to capture returning anadromous fish and in conjunction with a few other facilities, carried fish up into Lake Shannon until 1959, when the system was extended to place the fish in Baker Lake instead.[15]
On July 9, 1959, Upper Baker Dam was completed and the inflow to Lake Shannon became regulated for the first time. A major landslide in 1965 crushed the Lower Baker powerhouse and its two turbines, Units 1 and 2. Units 3 and 4 were constructed near the same spot, and the original, 990-foot (300 m)-long penstock was lengthened by 420 feet (130 m), to 1,410 feet (430 m), to reach the new powerhouse.[16] This new structure was built with a sloped roof to minimize potential damage. In 1991, a water diversion project, the Koma Kulshan Project, diverted about 120 cubic feet per second (3.4 m3/s) from two west-bank Lake Shannon tributaries to Baker Lake.[3]
Natural history[edit]
Further information: Natural history of the Baker River
One of the most abundant fishes in Lake Shannon is kokanee salmon, but this population is said to differ from true kokanee. True kokanees are established in freshwater, but the kokanees of Lake Shannon may be the by-product of sockeye salmon and coho salmon that spawned in tributaries of the lake — including Sulphur Creek and Thunder Creek — either via natural spawining gravels or artificially constructed ones. Some of the fry escaped the conduits that carry outmigrating young salmon into the lower Baker and the Skagit, establishing a population of kokanee.[17] There is also a population of bull trout present in the lake.[18]
The Lake Shannon area is dominated by Douglas fir and other coniferous and deciduous woodlands.[4]
Recreation[edit]
Lake Shannon is about 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Concrete and 35 miles (56 km) east of Mount Vernon. The lake itself is mostly accessed by following the Baker River Road, which actually leads upstream along the valley to the boundary of North Cascades National Park. Parts of Lake Shannon are within the Mount Baker National Forest, which also contains all of Baker Lake. Swimming, boating and water-skiing are available on the lake, and kokanee salmon is abundant. However, the only access to the Lake Shannon boat launch area involves passing through privately owned land.[19] The lake is open for fishing from the last Saturday of April until the 31st of October in most years.[18] There are plans to extend the current hiking trail system surrounding the two reservoirs by 8 miles (13 km)[20][21] and other general improvements within the hydroelectric project area.[22]
See also[edit]
Washington portal
[show]Map all coordinates using OSM
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Place data as RDF
List of lakes of Washington
Skagit River Hydroelectric Project
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b http://wa.water.usgs.gov/realtime/adr/2000/data/12193000.2000.sw.pdf
Jump up ^ "Lake Shannon". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. 10 September 1979. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Baker River Project — Initial Consultation Document, Existing Conditions, Chapter 3-3" (PDF). Puget Sound Energy. March 2002. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "Baker River Project — Initial Consultation Document, Existing Conditions, Chapter 3-11 (Aesthetic Conditions)" (PDF). Puget Sound Energy. March 2002. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
^ Jump up to: a b USGS Topo Maps for United States (Map). Cartography by United States Geological Survey. ACME Mapper. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
Jump up ^ "Baker River Hydroelectric Project" (PDF). Puget Sound Energy. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
Jump up ^ "Lower Baker Dam/Lake Shannon" (PDF). Skagit River History Website. 14 June 2006. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
Jump up ^ "PSE's New Baker River $50 Million Fish Passage System Generating Success in First Few Weeks of Operation". redOrbit. 19 May 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
Jump up ^ "Baker River Project — Initial Consultation Document, Existing Conditions, Chapter 3-1" (PDF). Puget Sound Energy. March 2002. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
Jump up ^ "Great New Baker Plant Completed in Record Time" (PDF). The Concrete Herald. November 26, 1925. Retrieved 2009-09-02.
Jump up ^ Kunzler, Larry (22 May 2005). "Historical Record of Dam Building and their Impacts on Floods of the Skagit River - 1924 through 1968". Skagit River History Website. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
Jump up ^ "Photos of logging and cement trains and trestles in old Concrete, Washington". Skagit River Journal. The Stump Ranch. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
Jump up ^ "First Power from Baker River Plant Turned Out Today" (PDF). The Concrete Herald. November 19, 1925. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
Jump up ^ Pryne, Eric (6 September 1994). "Baker River Salmon Pass While Other Fish Runs Fail — Imperiled Sockeye Return to Spawn in Record Numbers". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
Jump up ^ "Puget Sound Energy’s Fish-Enhancement Efforts Contribute to Record Half-Million Baker River Juvenile Salmon Heading to Sea". EarthTimes. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 2009-09-04.
Jump up ^ Fisk, Paul S.; Guardia, Roberto; Porter, Wayne. "Lower Baker Tunnel Investigation and Repairs" (PDF). NDT Corporation. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
Jump up ^ "Baker River Sockeye". Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Archived from the original on August 5, 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "Washington Fishing Prospects". Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Archived from the original on September 9, 2007. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
Jump up ^ Koenings, Jeffrey (March 4, 2005). "Director's report to the Fish and Wildlife Commission". Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. wdfw.wa.gov. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved 2009-09-04.
Jump up ^ "Baker River, Washington: 2004 Settlement Agreement Signed for 2 Dams" (pdf). U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-09-02.
Jump up ^ "Puget Sound Energy says the new license would require spending $360 million over 30 years". Foundation for Water and Energy Education. Retrieved 2009-09-04.
Jump up ^ "PSE Awarded New 50-Year License for Baker Hydropower Facility: Years of Collaborative Negotiation Led to Comprehensive Relicensing Agreement for Low-Cost Power, Improved Flood Control, Fish Protection and Public Recreation". BusinessWire. October 20, 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
External links[edit]
Skagit River History Photo Gallery
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Shannon&oldid=784938344"
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Josh Dallas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Josh Dallas
Dallas at San Diego Comic-Con International on July 26, 2014
Born
Joshua Paul Dallas
(1978-12-18) December 18, 1978 (age 38)[1]
Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.
Occupation
Actor
Years active
2006–present
Spouse(s)
Lara Pulver (m. 2007; div. 2011)
Ginnifer Goodwin (m. 2014)
Children
2
Joshua Paul Dallas[2] (born December 18, 1978)[1] is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Prince Charming/David Nolan in the ABC television series Once Upon a Time and Fandral in the Marvel Comics film adaptation Thor.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
2 Personal life
3 Filmography
4 References
5 External links
Career[edit]
After graduation at Mountview, Dallas joined the Royal Shakespeare Company, and then took parts with the Royal National Theatre, English National Opera, the New Shakespeare Company and The Young Vic.
Returning to the United States and based in Hollywood, he was cast in 2011 as Fandral in Thor after Irish actor Stuart Townsend withdrew from the role days before filming was to begin.[3] As he was a virtual unknown actor when cast, there was some speculation that Dallas was selected because there simply was not enough time to find a bigger name replacement.[4] To prepare for the role, Dallas viewed Errol Flynn as an inspiration (Stan Lee, in 1965, created the character based on Flynn), and watched many of his films. He commented, "I tried to bring out that little bit of Flynn-ness in it. Flynn had a lot of that boyish charm and Fandral's got all that in him."[5]
In 2011, he began starring on the ABC series Once Upon a Time as Prince Charming.[6] Dallas did not reprise his role in the sequel to Thor due to his commitments in Once Upon a Time. Zachary Levi replaced him in the film.[7]
Personal life[edit]
Dallas was born in Louisville, Kentucky.[2] He met English actress Lara Pulver in 2003 while working at the Theatre Royal, Windsor. They married in 2007, and were divorced in 2011.[8]
Dallas subsequently began dating his Once Upon a Time co-star Ginnifer Goodwin in fall 2011.[9] Dallas and Goodwin became engaged in October 2013,[10] and married on April 12, 2014 in California.[11] Together, Dallas and his wife have two sons: one born in 2014, the other born in 2016.[12][13]
Filmography[edit]
Film roles
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2008 80 Minutes Floyd
2009 Boxer, TheThe Boxer Ben
Descent Part 2, TheThe Descent Part 2 Greg
Ghost Machine Bragg Voice role
2011 Thor Fandral
2012 Red Tails Ryan Fling
2016 Zootopia Frantic Pig Voice role
Sidekick James / Captain Strong Short film
Television roles
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2006 Ultimate Force Weaver Episode: "The Dividing Line"
2008 Doctor Who Node 2 Episode: "Silence in the Library"
2009 Last Days of Lehman Brothers, TheThe Last Days of Lehman Brothers Ace Television film
2010 Money Spunk Davies 2 episodes
Hawaii Five-0 Ben Bass Episode: "Ko'olauloa"
2011 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Kip Woodman Episode: "Targets of Obsession"
Five Henry Television film
2011–2017 Once Upon a Time Prince Charming / David Nolan / Prince James Main role (Seasons 1-6)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Lisa (March 3, 2015). "Tinkerbell And The Legend Of The Neverbeast - Ginnifer Goodwin Interview". My Thoughts, Ideas, and Ramblings. Retrieved May 2, 2016. I mean like my husband he is 36 and was crying through the premiere.
^ Jump up to: a b "Joshua Dallas". AllMovie / Rovi via The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Vejvoda, Jim (January 10, 2011). "Thor Finds a New Fandral". IGN. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Wigler, Josh (January 11, 2011). "Stuart Townsend Leaves 'Thor,' Joshua Dallas Will Play Fandral". MTV. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Weiland, Jonah (December 10, 2010). "On The Set of "Thor": Stevenson & Dallas". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Wightman, Catriona (March 10, 2011). "Three more stars join 'Once Upon A Time'". Digital Spy. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "'Thor 2' Eyes 'Chuck' Star Zachary Levi (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. June 8, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jones, Alice (April 20, 2013). "The naked truth about Lara Pulver". The Independent. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Zach. "Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas make red carpet debut as a couple". usmagazine.com. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Julie (October 11, 2013). "Ginnifer Goodwin Engaged to Josh Dallas". People. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Michaud, Sarah (April 13, 2014). "Ginnifer Goodwin Marries Josh Dallas". People. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Julie (May 30, 2014). "Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas Are Parents of Baby Boy". People. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Once Upon a Time's Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas Welcome Baby No. 2". ENews. June 8, 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Josh Dallas.
Josh Dallas on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 103239058
LCCN: no2011027760
ISNI: 0000 0001 1496 4562
GND: 140560882
BNF: cb161650625 (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josh_Dallas&oldid=798458042"
Categories:
1978 births
21st-century American male actors
Alumni of the Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts
American expatriate male actors in the United Kingdom
American male film actors
American male television actors
Living people
Male actors from Louisville, Kentucky
Royal Shakespeare Company members
Hidden categories:
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