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White Cliffs of Dover
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This article is about the geographical feature. For other uses, see White Cliffs of Dover (disambiguation) and Cliffs of Dover (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 51°08′N 1°22′E / 51.14°N 1.37°E / 51.14; 1.37
The White Cliffs of Dover
The White Cliffs of Dover are cliffs that form part of the English coastline facing the Strait of Dover and France. The cliffs are part of the North Downs formation. The cliff face, which reaches up to 350 feet (110 m), owes its striking appearance to its composition of chalk accented by streaks of black flint. The cliffs stretch along the coastline for eight miles (13 km), spreading east and west from the town of Dover in the county of Kent, an ancient and still important English port.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Location and history
2 Geology
3 Ecology
4 Attractions
4.1 Dover castle
4.2 Samphire Hoe Country Park
4.3 Dover Museum
4.4 South Foreland Lighthouse
5 In song and literature
6 See also
7 Gallery
8 References
9 External links
Location and history[edit]
Strait of Dover
The location and extent of the White Cliffs of Dover.
The cliffs are located along the coastline of England between approximately 51°06′N 1°14′E / 51.100°N 1.233°E / 51.100; 1.233 and 51°12′N 1°24′E / 51.200°N 1.400°E / 51.200; 1.400.It marks the point where Great Britain most closely approaches continental Europe and on a clear day the cliffs are easily visible from the French coast. The chalk cliffs of the Alabaster Coast of Normandy, France, are part of the same geological system as Dover's cliffs.
The cliffs have great symbolic value in Britain because they face towards continental Europe across the narrowest part of the English Channel, where invasions have historically threatened and against which the cliffs form a symbolic guard. The National Trust calls the cliffs "an icon of Britain", with "the white chalk face a symbol of home and war time defence."[2] Because crossing at Dover was the primary route to the continent before the advent of air travel, the white line of cliffs also formed the first or last sight of Britain for travellers. In World War II, thousands of allied troops on the little ships in the Dunkirk evacuation saw the welcoming sight of the cliffs.[3] During the summer of 1940, reporters gathered at Shakespeare Cliff to watch aerial dogfights between German and British aircraft during the Battle of Britain.[4]l
The White Cliffs are at one end of the Kent Downs designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.[5] In 1999 a sustainable National Trust visitor centre was built in the area. The Gateway building was designed by van Heyningen and Haward Architects and houses a restaurant, an information centre on the work of the National Trust, and details of local archaeology, history and landscape.[6]
Geology[edit]
The white cliffs of Dover seen across the channel from Cap Gris Nez, France. The layers of flint embedded in the chalk match on both sides, showing that in prehistoric times a land connection existed between England and France
Around seventy million years ago Great Britain and much of Europe was submerged under a great sea. The sea bottom was made of a white mud formed from fragments of coccoliths, the skeletons of tiny algae which floated in the surface waters of the sea and then sank to the bottom during the Cretaceous period and together with the remains of bottom-living creatures, formed muddy sediments. It is thought that the sediments were deposited very slowly, probably only half a millimetre a year, equivalent to about 180 coccoliths piled one on top of another. Still, up to 500 metres of sediments were deposited in some areas.[7] Through the weight of overlying sediments, the deposits eventually became consolidated into chalk.[8]
Cliffs, showing multiple layers of flint
Later earth movements related to the formation of the Alps raised these former sea-floor deposits above sea level and until the end of the last glacial period the British Isles were part of continental Europe, linked by the unbroken Weald-Artois Anticline, a ridge that acted as a natural dam holding back a large freshwater pro-glacial lake, now submerged under the North Sea. The two land masses remained connected until between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago when at least two catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods breached the anticline destroying the ridge that connected Britain to Europe, although a land connection across the southern North Sea would have existed intermittently at later times when periods of glaciation resulted in lowering of sea levels.[9] At the end of the last glacial period around 10,000 years ago, rising sea levels finally severed the last land connection.[10]
Evidence of erosion along the cliff top
The above photo of the face of the cliffs shows horizontal bands of dark-coloured flint in the chalk deposits of the cliffs. The flint is composed of the remains of sea sponges and siliceous planktonic micro-organisms which hardened into the microscopic quartz crystals which constitute flint. The quartz silica also filled cavities left by dead marine creatures which are now found as flint fossils, especially the internal moulds of Micraster echinoids. Several different ocean floor species such as brachiopods, bivalves, crinoids, sponges and others, as well as shark teeth can also be found in the chalk deposits.[11]
In some areas layers of a soft, grey chalk known as a hardground complex can be seen. Hardgrounds are thought to reflect disruptions in the steady accumulation of sediment during which times sedimentation ceased and/or the loose surface sediments were stripped away by currents or slumping, exposing the older hardened chalk sediment. A single hardground may have been exhumed 16 or more times before the sediments were compacted and hardened (lithified) to form chalk.[12]
The cliff face continues to weather at an average rate of 1 centimetre (0.4 in) per year, although occasionally large pieces will fall. This occurred in 2001, when a large chunk of the edge, as large as a football pitch, fell into the Channel.[13] A further large section collapsed into the Channel on 15 March 2012.[14] Visitors are, therefore, urged to remain well away from the cliff edge.
Ecology[edit]
Exmoor ponies in their native habitat
The chalk grassland environment on the land surface above the cliffs provides an excellent environment for many species of wild flowers, butterflies and birds and has been designated a Special Area of Conservation and a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Rangers and volunteers work to clear invasive plants that threaten to invade the native flora. A grazing programme involving Exmoor ponies has been established to help to clear out the faster-growing invasive plants, allowing smaller, less robust native plants to survive. [15] These hardy ponies have been managed by organisations such as the National Trust, Natural England, and County Wildlife Trusts to maintain vegetation on nature reserves. [16]
Horseshoe Vetch, the sole food for the Adonis blue butterfly
Chalk Hill Blue, male
Chalk Hill Blue, female
Among the wildflowers on the cliffs there is a surprising variety of orchids, the most nationally rare being the Early Spider Orchid with yellow-green to brownish green petals and a flower that looks like the body of a large spider. Similar in appearance but from a different family is the Oxtongue Broomrape with yellow, white, or blue snapdragon-like flowers. The cliffs are home to 90 percent of the UKs population of Oxtongue broomrape, an unusual plant in that it lives on the roots of a host plant. Viper's-bugloss, a showy plant in vivid shades of blue and purple with red stamens, also grows along the cliffs.[17] In King Lear Shakespeare mentions an edible plant, rock samphire, that grows on the cliffs and was once collected by gatherers hanging down on ropes: Half-way down Hangs one that gathers samphire; dreadful trade! (Act IV, Scene VI). This refers to the dangers involved in collecting rock samphire on sea cliffs.
The abundance of wildflowers provides a home for around 30 different species of butterflies. A rare butterfly, the Adonis blue, can be seen in spring and again in the fall. Males have vibrant blue wings which are lined with a white margin, whereas the females are a rich chocolate brown. This species needs the plant Horseshoe Vetch and a certain kind of red ant to survive. It overwinters as a green and yellow-striped caterpillar, a coloring which camouflages it while it feeds on vetch. When it is ready to pupate, it searches for ants to 'milk' its sugary secretions. In April-May and July-August the caterpillar forms into a chrysalis in a small crevice and it is then buried by the ants in chambers connected to their nest. The ants then care for it for around three weeks, protecting it from predators until it is ready to emerge as a butterfly.[18] Similar in appearance but more abundant is the Chalk Hill Blue. It is a specialist to chalk grassland and can be seen in July and August.[19][20] Threatened species include the Silver Spotted Skipper and Straw Belle Moth. The well known Red Admiral can be seen from February through November. The Marbled white, black and white with a white wing border, can be seen from June to August.
Peregrine off White Cliffs, Dover
The cliffs are popular for many migratory birds, being the first landing point for species flying inland from the English Channel. After a 120 year absence, in 2009 it was reported that ravens had returned to the cliffs. Similar in appearance but smaller, the jackdaw is abundant. The rarest of birds that live along the cliff is the peregrine falcon. They can reach a hunting dive of 200mph, the fastest animal in the world. In recent decline and endangered, the skylark also makes its home on the cliffs.[21] The cliffs are also home to the fulmar which resemble gulls and colonies of black-legged kittiwake a species of gulls. Although the well known wartime song "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover" mentions bluebirds flying over the cliffs of Dover, bluebirds are an American species that do not make their home in Europe. However, bluebird is an old country name for swallows and house martins which do make an annual migration to the continent, with many crossing the channel at least twice a year and spending the summer in the vicinity of Dover.
Attractions[edit]
White Cliffs below Dover Castle
Samphire Hoe
Dover castle[edit]
Dover Castle is a medieval castle founded in the 11th century and has been described as the "Key to England" due to its defensive significance throughout history.[22][23] It is the largest castle in England.[24]
Samphire Hoe Country Park[edit]
Samphire Hoe Country Park is a nature reserve situated on a new piece of land created by the earth excavated during the construction of the Channel Tunnel. It covers a 30-hectare site at the foot Shakespeare Cliff, between Dover and Folkestone. There is an education shelter with a classroom and exhibition area. Staff and volunteers are available to answer questions and provide information about the wildlife in the reserve. The building's design incorporates eco-construction criteria.
Dover Museum[edit]
Dover Museum was founded in 1836. Shelled from France in 1942 during the Second World War, the Museum lost much of its collections, including nearly all of its natural history collections. Much of the surviving material was left neglected in caves and other stores until 1946. In 1948 a 'temporary' museum was opened and in 1991 a new museum building of three stories (built behind the Museum's original Victorian facade) was opened. In 1999, a new gallery on the Museum's second floor centred on the Dover Bronze Age Boat was opened.[25]
South Foreland Lighthouse[edit]
South Foreland lighthouse
South Foreland Lighthouse is a Victorian era lighthouse on the South Foreland in St. Margaret's Bay, which was once used to warn ships approaching the nearby Goodwin Sands. Goodwin Sands is a 10-mile (16 km) long sandbank at the southern end of the North Sea lying 6 miles (10 km) off the Deal coast. The area consists of a layer of approximately 25 m (82 ft) depth of fine sand resting on a chalk platform belonging to the same geological feature that incorporates the White Cliffs of Dover. More than 2,000 ships are believed to have been wrecked upon the Goodwin Sands because they lie close to the major shipping lanes through the Straits of Dover. It went out of service in 1988 and is currently owned by the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty.
In song and literature[edit]
Vera Lynn, known as "The Forces Sweetheart" for her 1942 wartime classic "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover", celebrated her 100th birthday in 2017. That year she led a campaign for donations to buy 700,000 sqm of land atop Dover's cliffs when it was feared that they may be sold to developers. The campaign met its target after only three weeks. The National Trust, which owns the surrounding areas, plans to return the land to a natural state of chalk grassland and preserve existing military structures from World War II.[26]
In 1867, English poet Matthew Arnold wrote the poem Dover Beach eptimising the beauty of the Kent coast.
The sea is calm tonight,
The tide is full, the moon lies fair
Upon the straits:- on the French coast, the light
Gleams, and is gone: the cliffs of England stand,
Glimmering and vast, out in the tranquil bay.[27]
The most famous reference in English literature to the White Cliffs is in Shakespeare's King Lear, Act IV, Scene I. Edgar persuades the blinded Earl of Gloucester that he is at the edge of a cliff in Dover. Gloucester says "There is cliff, whose high and bending head looks fearfully in the confined deep: Bring me to the very brim of it." Edgar fools the Gloucester into thinking he is at the cliff edge and describes the scene: "Here's the place! - stand still - how fearful/ And dizzy 'tis, to cast one's eye so low [...] half way down/Hangs one that gathers samphire: dreadful trade!/Methinks he seems no bigger than his head."[28]
Samphire is a wild edible plant that grew on the cliffs and was gathered by hanging from ropes over the cliff's edge at that time. "Shakespeare Cliff" was named after the reference.
The White Cliffs have long been a landmark for sailors. It is noted as such in the sea shanty Spanish Ladies:[29]
"The first land we sighted was called the Dodman,
Next Rame Head off Plymouth, off Portsmouth the Wight;
We sailed by Beachy, by Fairlight and Dover,
And then we bore up for the South Foreland light."
On a Piece of Chalk was a lecture by Thomas Henry Huxley presented to the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1868 and published later that year.[30] The piece reconstructs the geological history of Great Britain from a simple piece of chalk and demonstrates science as "organized common sense".[31]
See also[edit]
Albion, a name for Britain possibly derived from the colour of the cliffs
Beachy Head
Seven Sisters, Sussex
Shakespeare Cliff Halt railway station
South Downs
Møns Klint
Kap Arkona
Seaford Head Nature Reserve
Gallery[edit]
Shakespeare Cliff, Dover ~ 1905
Lighthouse in Dover
White Cliffs of Dover footpath
Folkestone and Dover from the International Space Station. Note the White Cliffs, and the tracks of ferries.
Landslide near Dover Harbour
Vintage photo taken by Walter Mittelholzer, Swiss photographer and aviator ~ 1894 - 1937
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "White cliffs of Dover to be bought by National Trust". BBC. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "The White Cliffs of Dover". The National Trust. 1 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Wijs-Reed, Jocelyn (2012). I've Walked My Own Talk. Partridge Publishing. p. 212.
Jump up ^ Sperber, A. M. (1998). Murrow, His Life and Times. Fordham University Press. p. 161. ISBN 0-8232-1881-3.
Jump up ^ Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, The White Cliffs Countryside Partnership, retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Susan Dawson, Visitor Centre, White Cliffs of Dover van Heyningen & Haward Architects, Architects' Journal, 27 May 1999 (subscription required).
Jump up ^ "White Cliffs of Dover Discover The White Cliffs". The Dover Museum.
Jump up ^ The Royal Institution (December 5, 2012). "Helen Czerski - Coccolithophores and Calcium". YouTube. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Professor Bryony Coles. "The Doggerland project". University of Exeter. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Harris, C.S. "Chalk facts". Geology Shop.
Jump up ^ Shepard, Roy. "Discovering Fossils - Introducing the Paleontology of Great Britiani". Discovering Fossils. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Shepard, Roy. "Discovering Fossils - Introducing the Paleontology of Great Britiani". Discovering Fossils. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Beard, Matthew (1 February 2001). "White cliffs of Dover go crashing into the Channel". The Independent. Retrieved 2010-04-18.
Jump up ^ "BBC News - White Cliffs of Dover suffer large collapse". BBC News. 15 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "National Trust at The White Cliffs of Dover". Kent Life. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Map of UK Conservation Grazing Schemes". Grazing Animals Project. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
• "Wildlife Conservation of Local Downland and Heathland". Sussex Pony Grazing and Conservation Trust. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
• "Grazing Exmoor ponies to protect County Durham flowers". BBC News. 8 March 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Cliff Top Wildlife". The National Trust. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Butterfly Conservation. Adonis Blue https://butterfly-conservation.org/679-1313/adonis-blue.html. Retrieved November 10, 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Brereton, Tom M.; Warren, Martin S.; Roy, David B.; Stewart, Katherine (2007-07-20). "The changing status of the Chalkhill Blue butterfly Polyommatus coridon in the UK: the impacts of conservation policies and environmental factors". Journal of Insect Conservation. 12 (6): 629–638. doi:10.1007/s10841-007-9099-0. ISSN 1366-638X.
Jump up ^ "Cliff Top Wildlife". The National Trust. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cliff Top Wildlife". The National Trust. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kerr, Nigel (1984). A Guide to Norman Sites in Britain. Granada. p. 44. ISBN 0-586-08445-2.
Jump up ^ Broughton, Bradford B. (1988). Dictionary of Medieval Knighthood and Chivalry. Greenwood Press. p. 102. ISBN 0-313-25347-1.
Jump up ^ Cathcart King, David J. (1983). Catellarium Anglicanum: An Index and Bibliography of the Castles in England, Wales and the Islands. Volume I: Anglesey–Montgomery. Kraus International Publications. p. 230.
Jump up ^ Press Releases Archived July 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Dame Vera Lynn white cliffs of Dover campaign hits £1m". BBC News. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ "White Cliffs of Dover Discover The White Cliffs". The Dover Museum.
Jump up ^ "White Cliffs of Dover Discover The White Cliffs". The Dover Museum.
Jump up ^ Palmer, Roy (1986). The Oxford Book of Sea Songs. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-214159-7.
Jump up ^ Wolfle, Dael (12 May 1967). "Huxley's Classic of Explanation". Science. 156 (3776): 815–816. JSTOR 1722013.
Jump up ^ Krulwich, Robert. "Thinking Too Much About Chalk". NPR. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to White Cliffs of Dover.
Dover Museum information on the cliffs
White Cliffs of Dover website
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Poker probability
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In poker, the probability of each type of 5-card hand can be computed by calculating the proportion of hands of that type among all possible hands.
Contents
1 History
2 Frequency of 5-card poker hands
3 Frequency of 7-card poker hands
4 Frequency of 5-card lowball poker hands
5 Frequency of 7-card lowball poker hands
6 See also
7 Notes
8 External links
History[edit]
Probability and gambling have been an idea since long before the invention of poker. The development of probability theory in the late 1400s was attributed to gambling; when playing a game with high stakes, players wanted to know what the chance of winning would be. In 1494, Fra Luca Paccioli released his work Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni e proportionalita which was the first written text on probability. Motivated by Paccioli’s work, Girolamo Cardano (1501-1576) made further developments in probability theory. His work from 1550, titled Liber de Ludo Aleae, discussed the concepts of probability and how they were directly related to gambling. However, his work did not receive any immediate recognition since it was not published until after his death. Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) also contributed to probability theory. His friend, Chevalier de Méré, was an avid gambler with the goal to become wealthy from it. De Méré tried a new mathematical approach to a gambling game but did not get the desired results. Determined to know why his strategy was unsuccessful, he consulted with Pascal. Pascal’s work on this problem began an important correspondence between him and fellow mathematician Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665). Communicating through letters, the two continued to exchange their ideas and thoughts. These interactions led to the conception of basic probability theory. To this day, many gamblers still rely on the basic concepts of probability theory in order to make informed decisions while gambling.[1] [2]
Frequency of 5-card poker hands[edit]
A Venn diagram depicting poker hands and their odds from a typical American 9/6 Jacks or Better machine
The following chart enumerates the (absolute) frequency of each hand, given all combinations of 5 cards randomly drawn from a full deck of 52 without replacement. Wild cards are not considered. In this chart:
Distinct hands is the number of different ways to draw the hand, not counting different suits.
Frequency is the number of ways to draw the hand, including the same card values in different suits.
The Probability of drawing a given hand is calculated by dividing the number of ways of drawing the hand (Frequency) by the total number of 5-card hands (the sample space; ( 52 5 ) = 2 , 598 , 960 {\displaystyle \,{\begin{matrix}{52 \choose 5}=2,598,960\end{matrix}}} ). For example, there are 4 different ways to draw a royal flush (one for each suit), so the probability is 4/2,598,960, or one in 649,740. One would then expect to draw this hand about once in every 649,740 draws, that's nearly 0.000154% of the time.
Cumulative probability refers to the probability of drawing a hand as good as or better than the specified one. For example, the probability of drawing three of a kind is approximately 2.11%, while the probability of drawing a hand at least as good as three of a kind is about 2.87%. The cumulative probability is determined by adding one hand's probability with the probabilities of all hands above it.
The Odds are defined as the ratio of the number of ways not to draw the hand, to the number of ways to draw it. For instance, with a royal flush, there are 4 ways to draw one, and 2,598,956 ways to draw something else (2,598,960 - 4), so the odds against drawing a royal flush are 2,598,956 : 4, or 649,739 : 1. The formula for establishing the odds can also be stated as (1/p) - 1 : 1, where p is the aforementioned probability.
The values given for Probability, Cumulative probability, and Odds are rounded off for simplicity; the Distinct hands and Frequency values are exact.
The nCr function on most scientific calculators can be used to calculate hand frequencies; entering nCr with 52 and 5, for example, yields ( 52 5 ) = 2 , 598 , 960 {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{52 \choose 5}=2,598,960\end{matrix}}} as above.
Hand
Distinct hands
Frequency
Probability
Cumulative probability
Odds
Mathematical expression of absolute frequency
Royal flush
1 4 0.000154% 0.000154% 649,740 : 1 ( 4 1 ) {\displaystyle {4 \choose 1}}
Straight flush (excluding royal flush)
9 36 0.00139% 0.0015% 72,192 : 1 ( 10 1 ) ( 4 1 ) − ( 4 1 ) {\displaystyle {10 \choose 1}{4 \choose 1}-{4 \choose 1}}
Four of a kind
156 624 0.0240% 0.0256% 4,165 : 1 ( 13 1 ) ( 12 1 ) ( 4 1 ) {\displaystyle {13 \choose 1}{12 \choose 1}{4 \choose 1}}
Full house
156 3,744 0.1441% 0.17% 693 : 1 ( 13 1 ) ( 4 3 ) ( 12 1 ) ( 4 2 ) {\displaystyle {13 \choose 1}{4 \choose 3}{12 \choose 1}{4 \choose 2}}
Flush (excluding royal flush and straight flush)
1,277 5,108 0.1965% 0.367% 508 : 1 ( 13 5 ) ( 4 1 ) − ( 10 1 ) ( 4 1 ) {\displaystyle {13 \choose 5}{4 \choose 1}-{10 \choose 1}{4 \choose 1}}
Straight (excluding royal flush and straight flush)
10 10,200 0.3925% 0.76% 254 : 1 ( 10 1 ) ( 4 1 ) 5 − ( 10 1 ) ( 4 1 ) {\displaystyle {10 \choose 1}{4 \choose 1}^{5}-{10 \choose 1}{4 \choose 1}}
Three of a kind
858 54,912 2.1128% 2.87% 46.3 : 1 ( 13 1 ) ( 4 3 ) ( 12 2 ) ( 4 1 ) 2 {\displaystyle {13 \choose 1}{4 \choose 3}{12 \choose 2}{4 \choose 1}^{2}}
Two pair
858 123,552 4.7539% 7.62% 20.0 : 1 ( 13 2 ) ( 4 2 ) 2 ( 11 1 ) ( 4 1 ) {\displaystyle {13 \choose 2}{4 \choose 2}^{2}{11 \choose 1}{4 \choose 1}}
One pair
2,860 1,098,240 42.2569% 49.9% 1.37 : 1 ( 13 1 ) ( 4 2 ) ( 12 3 ) ( 4 1 ) 3 {\displaystyle {13 \choose 1}{4 \choose 2}{12 \choose 3}{4 \choose 1}^{3}}
No pair / High card
1,277 1,302,540 50.1177% 100% 0.995 : 1 [ ( 13 5 ) − 10 ] [ ( 4 1 ) 5 − 4 ] {\displaystyle \left[{13 \choose 5}-10\right]\left[{4 \choose 1}^{5}-4\right]}
Total
7,462
2,598,960
100%
---
0 : 1
( 52 5 ) {\displaystyle {52 \choose 5}}
The royal flush is a case of the straight flush. It can be formed 4 ways (one for each suit), giving it a probability of 0.000154% and odds of 649,739 : 1.
When ace-low straights and ace-low straight flushes are not counted, the probabilities of each are reduced: straights and straight flushes each become 9/10 as common as they otherwise would be. The 4 missed straight flushes become flushes and the 1,020 missed straights become no pair.
Note that since suits have no relative value in poker, two hands can be considered identical if one hand can be transformed into the other by swapping suits. For example, the hand 3♣ 7♣ 8♣ Q♠ A♠ is identical to 3♦ 7♦ 8♦ Q♥ A♥ because replacing all of the clubs in the first hand with diamonds and all of the spades with hearts produces the second hand. So eliminating identical hands that ignore relative suit values, there are only 134,459 distinct hands.
The number of distinct poker hands is even smaller. For example, 3♣ 7♣ 8♣ Q♠ A♠ and 3♦ 7♣ 8♦ Q♥ A♥ are not identical hands when just ignoring suit assignments because one hand has three suits, while the other hand has only two—that difference could affect the relative value of each hand when there are more cards to come. However, even though the hands are not identical from that perspective, they still form equivalent poker hands because each hand is an A-Q-8-7-3 high card hand. There are 7,462 distinct poker hands.
Frequency of 7-card poker hands[edit]
In some popular variations of poker such as Texas Hold 'Em, a player uses the best five-card poker hand out of seven cards. The frequencies are calculated in a manner similar to that shown for 5-card hands, except additional complications arise due to the extra two cards in the 7-card poker hand. The total number of distinct 7-card hands is ( 52 7 ) = 133 , 784 , 560 {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{52 \choose 7}=133,784,560\end{matrix}}} . It is notable that the probability of a no-pair hand is less than the probability of a one-pair or two-pair hand.
The Ace-high straight flush or royal flush is slightly more frequent (4324) than the lower straight flushes (4140 each) because the remaining two cards can have any value; a King-high straight flush, for example, cannot have the Ace of its suit in the hand (as that would make it ace-high instead).
Hand
Frequency
Probability
Cumulative
Odds
Royal flush 4,324 0.0032% 0.0032% 30,939 : 1
Straight flush (excl. royal flush) 37,260 0.0279% 0.0311% 3,589.6 : 1
Four of a kind 224,848 0.168% 0.199% 594 : 1
Full house 3,473,184 2.60% 2.80% 37.5 : 1
Flush 4,047,644 3.03% 5.82% 32.1 : 1
Straight 6,180,020 4.62% 10.4% 20.6 : 1
Three of a kind 6,461,620 4.83% 15.3% 19.7 : 1
Two pair 31,433,400 23.5% 38.8% 3.26 : 1
One pair 58,627,800 43.8% 82.6% 1.28 : 1
No pair 23,294,460 17.4% 100% 4.74 : 1
Total 133,784,560 100% 100% 0 : 1
(The frequencies given are exact; the probabilities and odds are approximate.)
Since suits have no relative value in poker, two hands can be considered identical if one hand can be transformed into the other by swapping suits. Eliminating identical hands that ignore relative suit values leaves 6,009,159 distinct 7-card hands.
The number of distinct 5-card poker hands that are possible from 7 cards is 4,824. Perhaps surprisingly, this is fewer than the number of 5-card poker hands from 5 cards because some 5-card hands are impossible with 7 cards (e.g. 7-high).
Frequency of 5-card lowball poker hands[edit]
See also: Lowball (poker)
Some variants of poker, called lowball, use a low hand to determine the winning hand. In most variants of lowball, the ace is counted as the lowest card and straights and flushes don't count against a low hand, so the lowest hand is the five-high hand A-2-3-4-5, also called a wheel. The probability is calculated based on ( 52 5 ) = 2 , 598 , 960 {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{52 \choose 5}=2,598,960\end{matrix}}} , the total number of 5-card combinations. (The frequencies given are exact; the probabilities and odds are approximate.)
Hand
Distinct hands
Frequency
Probability
Cumulative
Odds
5-high 1 1,024 0.0394% 0.0394% 2,537.05 : 1
6-high 5 5,120 0.197% 0.236% 506.61 : 1
7-high 15 15,360 0.591% 0.827% 168.20 : 1
8-high 35 35,840 1.38% 2.21% 71.52 : 1
9-high 70 71,680 2.76% 4.96% 35.26 : 1
10-high 126 129,024 4.96% 9.93% 19.14 : 1
Jack-high 210 215,040 8.27% 18.2% 11.09 : 1
Queen-high 330 337,920 13.0% 31.2% 6.69 : 1
King-high 495 506,880 19.5% 50.7% 4.13 : 1
Total 1,287 1,317,888 50.7% 50.7% 0.97 : 1
As can be seen from the table, just over half the time a player gets a hand that has no pairs, three- or four-of-a-kinds. (50.7%)
If aces are not low, simply rotate the hand descriptions so that 6-high replaces 5-high for the best hand and ace-high replaces king-high as the worst hand.
Frequency of 7-card lowball poker hands[edit]
See also: Lowball (poker)
In some variants of poker a player uses the best five-card low hand selected from seven cards. In most variants of lowball, the ace is counted as the lowest card and straights and flushes don't count against a low hand, so the lowest hand is the five-high hand A-2-3-4-5, also called a wheel. The probability is calculated based on ( 52 7 ) = 133 , 784 , 560 {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{52 \choose 7}=133,784,560\end{matrix}}} , the total number of 7-card combinations.
The table does not extend to include five-card hands with at least one pair. Its "Total" represents 95.4% of the time that a player can select a 5-card low hand without any pair.
Hand
Frequency
Probability
Cumulative
Odds
5-high 781,824 0.584% 0.584% 170.12 : 1
6-high 3,151,360 2.36% 2.94% 41.45 : 1
7-high 7,426,560 5.55% 8.49% 17.01 : 1
8-high 13,171,200 9.85% 18.3% 9.16 : 1
9-high 19,174,400 14.3% 32.7% 5.98 : 1
10-high 23,675,904 17.7% 50.4% 4.65 : 1
Jack-high 24,837,120 18.6% 68.9% 4.39 : 1
Queen-high 21,457,920 16.0% 85.0% 5.23 : 1
King-high 13,939,200 10.4% 95.4% 8.60 : 1
Total 127,615,488 95.4% 95.4% 0.05 : 1
(The frequencies given are exact; the probabilities and odds are approximate.)
If aces are not low, simply rotate the hand descriptions so that 6-high replaces 5-high for the best hand and ace-high replaces king-high as the worst hand.
See also[edit]
Sports and games portal
Probability
Odds
Sample space
Event (probability theory)
Binomial coefficient
Combination
Permutation
Combinatorial game theory
Game complexity
Set theory
Gaming mathematics
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Probability Theory". Science Clarified. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Brief History of Probability". teacher link. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
External links[edit]
Brian Alspach's mathematics and poker page
MathWorld: Poker
Poker probabilities including conditional calculations
Numerous poker probability tables
5, 6, and 7 card poker probabilities
Poker Odds for Dummies
The 7,462 and 4,824 equivalence classes
Preflop, After Flop and Chance of Making Hand Odds
Odds and Outs probability table
Poker probability calculator 5, 6 and 7 cards
Visual odds calculator
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Hyper (2016 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hyper
Directed by
Santosh Srinivas
Produced by
Ram Achanta
Gopichand Achanta
Anil Sunkara
Written by
Abburi Ravi (dialogues)
Screenplay by
Santosh Srinivas
Story by
Santosh Srinivas
Abbur Ravi
Starring
Ram Pothineni
Raashi Khanna
Sathyaraj
Music by
Songs:
Ghibran
Background Score:
Mani Sharma
Cinematography
Sameer Reddy
Edited by
Gautham Raju
Production
company
14 Reels Entertainment
Release date
30 September 2016 (2016-09-30)
Country
India
Language
Telugu
Box office
₹15crore (3 days)
Hyper is a 2016 Indian Telugu romantic comedy-action film directed by Santosh Srinivas and produced under 14 Reels Entertainment banner . The film features Ram Pothineni and Raashi Khanna in the lead roles along with Sathyaraj, Naresh, Rao Ramesh, Thulasi Shivamani and Kasinadhuni Viswanath in the key supporting roles. The songs featured in the film are composed by Ghibran while the background score is composed by Mani Sharma.[1] The film was released worldwide on 30 September 2016. It is dubbed into Hindi as Son of Satyamurthy 2
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Soundtrack
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Surya (Ram) is a carefree youth who lives with his father Narayana Murthy (Sathyaraj). He loves his father and is very protective about him. This obsession often lands him in trouble. A political don (Rao Ramesh) troubles Narayana Murthy to get his signature for a file. Murthy objects for this signature and lands in deep trouble. The rest of the film deals with how Surya encounters the minister and solves his father's problem.
Cast[edit]
Ram Pothineni as Surya / Suri
Raashi Khanna as Bhanumathi
Sathyaraj as Narayana Murthy
Naresh as Narayana Murthy's friend
Rao Ramesh as Minister Rajappa
Thulasi Shivamani as Suri's mother
Prabhas Sreenu as Gaja's Henchman
Murali Sharma as Gaja bhai
Fish Venkat as Gaja's Henchmen
Kasi Viswanath as the Chief Minister
Jaya Prakash Reddy as Party President
G. V. Sudhakar Naidu
Soundtrack[edit]
Hyper
Film score by M. Ghibran
Released
8 September 2016 (2016-09-08)
Recorded
2016
Genre
Soundtrack
Label
Lahari Music
Producer
M. Ghibran
M. Ghibran chronology
Chennai2Singapore
(2016)Chennai2Singapore2016 Hyper
(2016) Adhe Kangal
(2017)Adhe Kangal2017
Music for the songs is composed by M. Ghibran and released on Lahari Music company.[2] Mani Sharma composed the background score of the film.[3]
No.
Title
Lyrics
Singer(s)
Length
1. "Come Back Come Back" Srimani Anudeep, Yazin Nizar
2. "Ompula Dhaniya" Bhaskarabhatla Dhanunjay, Simha, Lipsika
3. "Baby Doll" Ramajogayya Sastry Anurag Kulkarni, Sahithi Chaganti
4. "Naalo Nenena" Srimani Sameera Bharadwaj
5. "Hypare Hypare" Bhaskarabhatla Dhanunjay, Geetha Madhuri, Lipsika
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Composer-Mani-Sharma-joins-Hyper/articleshow/54623889.cms
Jump up ^ "Hyper Soundtrack list". Songs PK.
Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Composer-Mani-Sharma-joins-Hyper/articleshow/54623889.cms
External links[edit]
Santosh Srinivas Exclusive Interview About Hyper
Hyper on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyper_(2016_film)&oldid=827270582"
Categories:
2016 films
Telugu-language films
2010s Telugu-language films
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Indian action drama films
Films scored by Mohamaad Ghibran
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text:
God Bless the U.S.A.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"God Bless the U.S.A."
Single by Lee Greenwood
from the album You've Got a Good Love Comin'
B-side
"This Old Bed"
Released
May 21, 1984 (1984-05-21)
Format
Audio cassette (original release)
CD single (re-release)
Recorded
November 1983
Nashville, Tennessee
Genre
Patriotic, country
Length
3:09 (album & single versions)
5:30 (video version)
Label
MCA Nashville
Songwriter(s)
Lee Greenwood[1]
Producer(s)
Jerry Crutchfield
Lee Greenwood singles chronology
"Going, Going, Gone"
(1983) "God Bless the U.S.A."
(1984) "Fool's Gold"
(1984)
"Going, Going, Gone"
(1983) "God Bless the U.S.A."
(1984) "Fool's Gold"
(1984)
Alternative cover
2001 re-release cover
Not to be confused with God Bless America.
"God Bless the U.S.A." is an American patriotic song written and recorded by country music artist Lee Greenwood, and is considered to be his signature song. The first album it appears on is 1984's You've Got a Good Love Comin'. It reached No. 7 on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart when originally released in the spring of 1984, and was played at the 1984 Republican National Convention with President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan in attendance, but the song gained greater prominence during the Gulf War in 1990 and 1991, as a way of boosting morale.
The popularity of the song rose sharply after the September 11 attacks and during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and the song was re-released as a single, re-entering the country music charts at No. 16 and peaking at No. 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart in 2001.[2] The song was also re-recorded in 2003 and released as "God Bless the U.S.A. 2003". Greenwood also wrote a Canadian version of this song called "God Bless You Canada".[3] The song has sold over a million copies in the United States by July 2015.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and writing
2 Content
3 Music video
4 Chart history
5 Certifications
6 Other notable versions
6.1 Jump5 version
6.2 Dolly Parton version
6.3 American Idol finalists' version
6.4 Beyoncé version
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Background and writing[edit]
Greenwood wrote God Bless the U.S.A. in response to his feelings about the shooting down of Korean Air Lines Flight 007.[5] He said that he "wanted to write it my whole life. When I got to that point, we were doing 300 days a year on the road, and we were on our fourth or fifth album on MCA. I called my producer, and I said I have a need to do this. I've always wanted to write a song about America, and I said we just need to be more united."[6] As for writing the song itself, Greenwood wrote that it more or less "wrote itself", and that the lyrics flowed naturally from the music as a reflection of his pride to be American.[5]
The reason behind the cities chosen in the song Greenwood says, "I'm from California, and I don't know anybody from Virginia or New York, so when I wrote it—and my producer and I had talked about it—[we] talked about the four cities I wanted to mention, the four corners of the United States. It could have been Seattle or Miami but we chose New York City and Los Angeles, and he suggested Detroit and Houston because they both were economically part of the basis of our economy—Motortown and the oil industry, so I just poetically wrote that in the bridge."[6]
Content[edit]
In the song, an unnamed man sings about how, if he were to lose everything he had and had to start again from scratch, he would do it in the U.S.A. because he is guaranteed his freedom in America. He remembers how other Americans in history had died to secure this freedom, and declares that if he is ever called upon to defend the U.S.A. today, he will gladly stand up and fight because he loves the country.[7]
Music video[edit]
A music video was released for this song in 1984, depicting Greenwood as a farmer who loses the family farm. The video was produced and edited by L.A. Johnson and directed by Gary Burden. A second video was released in 1991, also on VHS, and was directed by Edd Griles. A third music video was also released after the September 11, 2001 attacks.
Chart history[edit]
"God Bless the U.S.A." debuted on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart for the week of May 26, 1984.
Chart (1984)
Peak
position
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[8] 7
Chart (2001)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[9] 16
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[8] 16
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[10] 12
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[11]
Platinum 1,192,000[12]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Other notable versions[edit]
Jump5 version[edit]
Pop group Jump5 covered the song for the September 11 attacks in October 2001, altering some of the lyrics: "And I had to start again with just my children and my wife" became "And I had to start again with just my family by my side", and "I thank my lucky stars" became "I thank my God above" to reflect the group's Christian values.
Dolly Parton version[edit]
Dolly Parton recorded the song for her 2003 patriotic album, For God and Country.
American Idol finalists' version[edit]
In 2003, the song was performed by the American Idol season two finalists and released as a single, with part of the proceeds going to the American Red Cross. It raised $155,000 for the charity.[13] A word was changed in the released single at the request of one of the finalists who performed the song, Josh Gracin who was also a Marine. The "men" in the line "and I won’t forget the men who died" was replaced with "ones" because Gracin felt that both men and women have died, and the word was therefore changed to reflect that fact.[14] It reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100,[14] and it was certified gold by the RIAA the same year.[15]
Beyoncé version[edit]
American singer Beyoncé
Again, following the death of bin Laden, R&B singer Beyoncé re-released her 2008 cover of the song, the proceeds of which will go to charity.[16] Knowles performed the song on Piers Morgan Tonight on May 5, 2011.[17][18] After the performance, her version was released as a single to the iTunes Store.[19][20] In a statement Knowles said, "I cannot think about anything more appropriate to do to help these families... Almost 10 years [after 9/11], it is still so painful for all Americans, especially those who lost loved ones. We were all affected by the tragedies of 9/11 and continue to keep the families who lost loved ones close to our hearts..."[21] Dan Martin of The Guardian felt that the cover was "in contrast" to Knowles' last intervention in national affairs, the Let's Move! Flash Workout fitness initiative.[17] Ronald Mitchell of Newsday commented that "It does our hearts good to see Beyonce work her magic for the greater good."[22] Knowles later also performed the song for the concert she had on July 4, 2011 along with "Best Thing I Never Had" (2011). Nick Neyland of Prefix Magazine commented that "Beyonce is a natural fit for occasions like this, and she doesn't even break a sweat as she hits the high notes despite the soaring temperatures and humidity in the city. That's the mark of a true pro."[23] In Beyoncé's version, the end of the second verse is sung "And it's time to make a change", as well as changing, "If I had to start again with just my children and my wife" to "family by my side."[24]
See also[edit]
"God Bless America", song written by Irving Berlin
Ronald Reagan in music
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stephanie Pendergrass (March 13, 2013). "Lee Greenwood Reflects on "God Bless the U.S.A."". CMT.
Jump up ^ http://www.song-database.com/years.php?yr=2001&peakstart=16&peakend=20
Jump up ^ "American song gets new twist". Austin American-Statesman. Austin, TX. April 21, 1989. p. A18. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke (July 13, 2015). "The Top 30 Digital Country Singles: July 13, 2015". Roughstock.
^ Jump up to: a b Campbell, Ramsey (May 23, 1993). "Lake Woman Co-Authors Story Behind "God Bless the U.S.A."". Retrieved July 14, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Gallagher, Pat (May 28, 2010). "Lee Greenwood 'God Bless the U.S.A.' Story behind the lyrics". The Boot. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "God Bless The U.S.A. Lyrics".
^ Jump up to: a b "Lee Greenwood Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Lee Greenwood Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Lee Greenwood Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Lee Greenwood – God Bless the U.S.A." Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved March 31, 2016. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Bjorke, Matt (July 18, 2017). "Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Chart: July 17, 2017". Roughstock.
Jump up ^ Sale Of 'American Idol' Finalist CDs Raises $185,000
^ Jump up to: a b Fred Bronson (March 5, 2013). "Top 100 'American Idol' Hits of All Time". Billboard. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "American digital certifications – American Idol finalist – God Bless the U.S.A." Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select ', then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Beyonce Knowles – Beyonce Releasing Patriotic Charity Single". Contactmusic.com. May 5, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, Dan (May 6, 2011). "Beyonce debuts charity single God Bless the U.S.A." The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Perpetua, Matthew (May 5, 2011). "Beyoncé to Debut Song on 'Piers Morgan Tonight'". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lipshutz, Jason (May 6, 2011). "Beyonce Releases 'God Bless the U.S.A.' for Charity: Listen". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "God Bless the U.S.A. -Single by Beyoncé". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Archived from the original on May 9, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Vena, Jocelyn (May 6, 2011). "Beyonce Releases 'God Bless The U.S.A.' For Charity". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Ronald (May 6, 2011). "Follow Friday: Celebs to follow on Twitter this week". Newsday. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Neyland, Nick (July 5, 2011). "Beyonce: "The Best Thing I Never Had" And "God Bless The U.S.A." (Live At Macy's 4th Of July Fireworks) (Video)". Prefix Magazine. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Beyonce – God Bless The U.S.A. Lyrics". Elyricsworld.com. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
Further reading[edit]
Collins, Ace. Songs Sung, Red, White, and Blue: The Stories Behind America's Best-Loved Patriotic Songs. HarperResource, 2003. ISBN 0060513047
Ferguson, James (December 6, 2005). Aradhana Sharma, ed. The Anthropology of the State: A Reader (Paperback). Blackwell Readers in Anthropology. Akhil Gupta (first ed.). Wiley. p. 424. ISBN 1-4051-1468-1.
External links[edit]
Allmusic Entry
hide
v
t
e
Lee Greenwood
Studio albums
Inside Out
Somebody's Gonna Love You
You've Got a Good Love Comin'
Meant for Each Other
Streamline
Love Will Find Its Way to You
If There's Any Justice
This Is My Country
Notable singles
"It Turns Me Inside Out"
"Ring on Her Finger, Time on Her Hands"
"She's Lying"
"Ain't No Trick (It Takes Magic)"
"I.O.U."
"Somebody's Gonna Love You"
"Going, Going, Gone"
"Fool's Gold"
"God Bless the U.S.A."
"You've Got a Good Love Comin'"
"Dixie Road"
"I Don't Mind the Thorns (If You're the Rose)"
"Don't Underestimate My Love for You"
"Hearts Aren't Made to Break (They're Made to Love)"
"Didn't We"
"Mornin' Ride"
"Someone"
"If There's Any Justice"
"Touch and Go Crazy"
"I Still Believe"
"You Can't Fall in Love When You're Cryin'"
"I'll Be Lovin' You"
"I Go Crazy"
"Holdin' a Good Hand"
"We've Got It Made"
"Hopelessly Yours" (with Suzy Bogguss)
Collaboration singles
"To Me" (with Barbara Mandrell)
"It Should Have Been Love by Now" (with Barbara Mandrell)
Related articles
Discography
"A Love Song"
Book:Lee Greenwood
hide
v
t
e
Beyoncé songs
Discography
Dangerously in Love
"Crazy in Love"
"Naughty Girl"
"Baby Boy"
"Me, Myself and I"
"The Closer I Get to You"
"Dangerously in Love 2"
"Daddy"
Live at Wembley
"What's It Gonna Be"
"Wishing on a Star"
B'Day
"Déjà Vu"
"Get Me Bodied"
"Suga Mama"
"Upgrade U"
"Ring the Alarm"
"Kitty Kat"
"Freakum Dress"
"Green Light"
"Irreplaceable"
"Resentment"
"Check on It"
"Beautiful Liar/Bello Embustero"
"Welcome to Hollywood"
"Flaws and All"
"Still in Love (Kissing You)"
"Listen"
"Amor Gitano"
I Am... Sasha Fierce
"If I Were a Boy"
"Halo"
"Broken-Hearted Girl"
"Ave Maria"
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)"
"Radio"
"Diva"
"Sweet Dreams"
"Video Phone"
"Ego"
"Honesty"
"Why Don't You Love Me"
"Poison"
4
"1+1"
"I Care"
"I Miss You"
"Best Thing I Never Had"
"Party"
"Rather Die Young"
"Start Over"
"Love On Top"
"Countdown"
"End of Time"
"I Was Here"
"Run the World (Girls)"
"Lay Up Under Me"
"Schoolin' Life"
"Dance for You"
Beyoncé
"Pretty Hurts"
"Haunted"
"Drunk in Love"
"Blow"
"No Angel"
"Partition"
"Jealous"
"Rocket"
"Mine"
"XO"
"Flawless"
"Superpower"
"Heaven"
"7/11"
"Ring Off"
Lemonade
"Pray You Catch Me"
"Hold Up"
"Don't Hurt Yourself"
"Sorry"
"6 Inch"
"Daddy Lessons"
"Love Drought"
"Sandcastles"
"Forward"
"Freedom"
"All Night"
"Formation"
Everything Is Love
"Apeshit"
As featured artist
"'03 Bonnie & Clyde"
"Feeling Myself"
"Fighting Temptation"
"Hollywood"
"Hymn for the Weekend"
"I Got That"
"Just Stand Up!"
"Lift Off"
"Love a Woman"
"Love in This Club Part II"
"Mi Gente"
"Part II (On the Run)"
"Put It in a Love Song"
"Runnin' (Lose It All)"
"Say Yes"
"See Me Now"
"Shining"
"Telephone"
"Top Off"
"Until the End of Time"
"Walk on Water"
"What More Can I Give"
Other songs
"A Woman Like Me"
"All I Could Do Was Cry"
"At Last"
"Back to Black"
"Crazy in Love (Remix)"
"Die with You"
"Fever"
"God Bless the USA"
"I'd Rather Go Blind"
"In da Club (Sexy Lil Thug)"
"One Night Only"
"Perfect Duet"
"Summertime"
"Work It Out"
Book
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God_Bless_the_U.S.A.&oldid=841796688"
Categories:
1984 singles
2001 singles
Beyoncé songs
American patriotic songs
Kristy Lee Cook songs
Lee Greenwood songs
MCA Nashville Records singles
Songs written by Lee Greenwood
Song recordings produced by Jerry Crutchfield
Songs about the United States
1983 songs
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This page was last edited on 18 May 2018, at 03:29.
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