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Rick and Morty (season 3)
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Rick and Morty (season 3)
Promotional poster
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
10
Release
Original network
Adult Swim
Original release
April 1 (2017-04-01)[a] – October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 2
List of Rick and Morty episodes
The third season of the animated television series Rick and Morty originally aired in the United States on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim. It premiered with "The Rickshank Rickdemption", which aired unannounced on April 1, 2017 as part of Adult Swim's annual April Fools' prank.[1] The remaining episodes began airing weekly four months later, on July 30, 2017. The season concluded on October 1, 2017 and consisted of ten episodes.
The season has received positive reviews, with critics highlighting its focus on character development. Beth and Jerry are given the opportunity to realize how much they need each other, Morty and Summer seek more control over their lives and Rick remains unable to change his self-destructive behavior.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast and characters
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Guest cast
1.3 Other cast members
2 Episodes
3 Production
4 Reception
5 Notes
6 References
Cast and characters[edit]
See also: List of Rick and Morty characters
The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters.
Main cast[edit]
Justin Roiland as Rick Sanchez and Morty Smith, the two main characters of the show; Rick is an eccentric mad scientist and Morty is his kind but easily distressed grandson.[2]
Chris Parnell as Jerry Smith, Rick's son-in-law and Morty's father; a simple-minded and insecure person, who disapproves of Rick's influence over his family.[2]
Spencer Grammer as Summer Smith, Rick's granddaughter and Morty's sister; a conventional teenager who worries about improving her status among her peers.[2]
Sarah Chalke as Beth Smith, Rick's daughter and Morty's mother; a generally level-headed person, who is dissatisfied with her marriage.[2]
Guest cast[edit]
Nathan Fillion as Cornvelious Daniel, a galactic federation agent.[3]
Tony Hale as Eli, Summer's neighbor in a post-apocalyptic version of Earth.[4]
Joel McHale as Hemorrhage, the leader of the post-apocalyptic scavenger group Death Stalkers.[4]
Susan Sarandon as Dr. Wong, a family therapist.[5]
Danny Trejo as Jaguar, a human held prisoner by foreign government agents.[5]
Peter Serafinowicz as a foreign government agency director.[5]
Christian Slater as Vance Maximus Renegade Star Soldier, the leader of the superhero group The Vindicators.[6]
Gillian Jacobs as Supernova, a member of The Vindicators.[6]
Logic (Bobby Hall) as himself, a performer at a party.[6]
Lance Reddick as Alan Rails, a member of The Vindicators.[6]
Thomas Middleditch as King Tommy, a childhood friend of Beth.[7]
Keith David as President of the United States.[8]
Other cast members[edit]
Other cast members of the season, who each have voiced one or more characters, include: Dan Harmon, Brandon Johnson, Tom Kenny, Maurice LaMarche, Nolan North, Cassie Steele, Kari Wahlgren, Laura Bailey, John DiMaggio, Ryan Ridley, Scott Chernoff, Dan Benson, Clancy Brown, Echo Kellum, Melique Berger, William Holmes, Tara Strong, Jeff B. Davis, Jonas Briedis, Phil Hendrie, Rob Paulsen, Alex Jayne Go, Jennifer Hale and Mariana Wise.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Rick and Morty episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
22
1 "The Rickshank Rickdemption" Juan Meza-León Mike McMahan April 1, 2017 (2017-04-01) 0.68[9][b]
Rick is interrogated via a mind-computer link, inside a galactic federal prison. Summer and Morty attempt to rescue him, but they are captured by SEAL Team Ricks, who take them to the Citadel of Ricks and decide to assassinate Rick. Back at the prison, Rick tricks both the federal agents and his aspiring assassins by switching bodies with them. He then teleports the entire Citadel into the federal prison, prompting a massive battle. Amid the confusion, Rick rescues Morty and Summer and uses the Galactic Federation's mainframe to make its currency worthless. The Federation falls into chaos and collapses as a result, with the aliens leaving Earth. Rick, Morty, and Summer return home, where Jerry gives Beth an ultimatum to choose between him and Rick. Beth chooses Rick and they decide to get a divorce. After the new status quo is established, Rick reveals to Morty that his ulterior motive was to become his de facto male influence. This escalates into a nonsensical angry rant, centered around Rick's desire to find more of the discontinued McDonald's Szechuan sauce, a promotional product for the 1998 film Mulan.
Post-credit scene: Tammy observes Bird Person's resurrection as a cyborg dubbed "Phoenix Person".
23
2 "Rickmancing the Stone" Dominic Polcino Jane Becker July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30) 2.86[10]
Rick takes Morty and Summer to a Mad Max-esque version of Earth, where they are chased by a group of scavengers, known as Death Stalkers. Rick notices that the group is carrying a valuable rock of Isotope 322, so he and the kids join them in hope of stealing it. Summer falls in love with the Death Stalkers' leader, while Morty is given the strength of a giant arm, which takes him in search of its previous owner's killer. Rick leaves and replaces the kids with androids to fool Beth. When he returns, he helps the Death Stalkers use the Isotope to power a more advanced civilization. Summer doesn't like how the change softens the Death Stalkers, and she decides to follow Rick and Morty back home. Before leaving, Rick steals the Isotope. The experience helps the kids overcome their parents' divorce. Summer reconciles with Jerry, and Morty realizes he must live his own life.
Post-credit scene: As Jerry receives his unemployment check, a growling wolf appears and bullies him into handing it over. The wolf eats the check and regurgitates it, thus further ruining Jerry's new life.
24
3 "Pickle Rick" Anthony Chun Jessica Gao August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06) 2.31[11]
Rick turns himself into a pickle to get out of attending school-ordered family therapy, but Beth takes Rick's serum which would revert the transformation. Left alone, Rick eventually rolls down into an open sewer drain, where he manages to manipulate the nervous systems of dead roaches and rats to build himself a mobile exoskeleton, with added weapons such as razors and drills. He unwittingly escapes into a foreign government agency. The guards try to kill Rick, under orders from the agency director, but Rick kills them all. In the process, Rick battles and ultimately befriends a prisoner named Jaguar. Rick changes his mind and decides to attend the therapy session, arriving towards the end. Dr. Wong gives her diagnosis, observing that Rick crafts relationships that punish emotions and vulnerability. On their way home, Rick apologizes to Beth for deceiving her and uses the serum to turn human again. Morty and Summer wish to continue seeing Dr. Wong, but Rick and Beth ignore them.
Post-credit scene: Jaguar saves Rick and Morty from being killed in an elaborate piano death machine by a villain named "Concerto".
25
4 "Vindicators 3: The Return of Worldender" Bryan Newton Sarah Carbiener & Erica Rosbe August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13) 2.66[12]
At Morty's insistence, Rick agrees to join the Vindicators, a group of intergalactic superheroes, to fight their arch-nemesis, Worldender. Rick cannot hide his disdain for the superheroes, while Morty is thrilled. The next morning, the Vindicators enter Worldender's base, only to find that, the previous night, Rick had killed him and set up a variety of puzzles that the Vindicators must solve to survive while he was blackout drunk. They start arguing and kill one another, while Morty solves all the puzzles, as he knows what Rick had in mind when he put them up. After all puzzles are solved, the only ones left alive are Rick, Morty and Supernova, a member of the Vindicators. Supernova tries to kill Rick and Morty, but before she can do so, the three of them are transported to a party that Rick also set up while blackout drunk, where she gets away.
Post-credit scene: Gearhead tries to use a Vindicators vest to pick up some young girls, but when an alien terrorist attack strikes, he runs away eventually tripping and falling, breaking into pieces.
26
5 "The Whirly Dirly Conspiracy" Juan Meza-León Ryan Ridley August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20) 2.29[13]
To bolster Jerry's self-esteem, Rick takes him on an adventure at Morty's request. They visit an otherworldly resort within an immortality field so Jerry won't be harmed while away. Jerry encounters Risotto Groupon, an alien who blames Rick for his kingdom being usurped. Risotto enlists Jerry in a plot to kill Rick, but Jerry backs out after Rick apologizes for ruining his marriage. Meanwhile, Summer deals with self-esteem issues as well. Her boyfriend, Ethan, leaves her for a larger-breasted girlfriend, and Summer attempts to enlarge her own breasts using one of Rick's devices. Her aim is off, and she grows to freakish proportions. Morty wants to call Rick for assistance, but Beth refuses. Arrogantly trying to prove her own self-worth, Beth repeatedly fails to fix the problem and is tricked into releasing three tiny technical support workers that were trapped inside the machine. Once Morty figures out how the machine works, he restores Summer's size and spitefully uses it to deform Ethan in an act of vengeance.
Post-credit scene: The three tiny workers are enjoying their retirement next to a river. As an extremely deformed Ethan walks by, one of them is snatched by an eagle.
27
6 "Rest and Ricklaxation" Anthony Chun Tom Kauffman August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27) 2.47[14]
After a six-day outer space adventure that leaves them on the verge of psychological collapse, Rick and Morty decide to spend some time at an alien spa. There, they use a machine that extracts a person's negative personality traits. However, without Rick and Morty knowing, those traits are transposed into toxic physical counterparts, characterized by Rick's arrogance and Morty's self-loathing. On the other hand, the true Rick becomes more considerate, and Morty's confidence soars, which allows him to start dating girls. Toxic Rick uses a moonlight tower to remake the whole Earth in his own image, but the true Rick reverts the situation by merging back with him. Morty avoids merging back with his toxic counterpart and goes on to live a life as a stockbroker in New York City. Rick tracks him down with the help of Jessica, Morty's classmate, and restores order by re-injecting the negative personality traits into him.
Post-credit scene: A tour of the same moonlight tower releases Stacy, one of the girls Morty dated in the episode, who had been inadvertently trapped inside the toxin machine.
28
7 "The Ricklantis Mixup"[c] Dominic Polcino Dan Guterman & Ryan Ridley September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10) 2.38[15]
As Rick and Morty adventure to Atlantis, the episode shifts focus towards the Citadel, a secret society populated by numerous versions of Ricks and Mortys. There, a group of Mortys journey to a portal to have their wishes granted, a rookie cop Rick starts working with an experienced Morty cop to take down drug dealers and a worker Rick revolts at a wafer factory, where the key ingredient is extracted from a Rick hooked up to a machine to re-experience his best memories. Meanwhile, an election is held for the new president of the Citadel. Despite being the underdog, the Morty Party candidate manages to secure the presidency. When his campaign manager receives information that the new president is in fact Evil Morty from the first-season episode "Close Rick-counters of the Rick Kind", he attempts to assassinate him but he fails. Evil Morty orders the execution of a shadow council of Ricks and anybody else he considers a potential threat to his rule.
Post-credit scene: Rick and Morty return home from Atlantis, satisfied with their trip. Morty wonders what happened at the Citadel, but Rick tells him it will likely have no effect on their lives.
29
8 "Morty's Mind Blowers" Bryan Newton Mike McMahan, James Siciliano, Ryan Ridley,
Dan Guterman, Justin Roiland & Dan Harmon September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17) 2.51[16]
After Morty requests to have a traumatic memory deleted, Rick reveals a room where he has been storing a number of memories he has removed from Morty's mind. However, as it turns out, besides the memories that Morty didn't want to keep from their adventures, the room also contains memories in which Rick was made to look foolish, so he had them forcibly removed from Morty. This revelation prompts a fight, during which Rick and Morty have their memories accidentally erased. Morty scours the memories to replace the ones he lost, but he is displeased with the truth he finds, and convinces Rick to both kill themselves. Summer enters the room moments before they commit suicide. At this point, it is revealed that Rick has a contingency plan should this happen. Summer, following written instructions, tranquilizes Rick and Morty, restores their memories and drags them to the living room. Rick and Morty wake up on the couch, believing that they slept through an entire "Interdimensional Cable" episode.
Post-credit scene: Jerry discovers a box labeled "Jerry's Mind Blowers", which contains a memory of him being accidentally responsible for the death of an alien.
30
9 "The ABC's of Beth" Juan Meza-León Mike McMahan September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24) 2.49[17]
Rick and Beth enter Froopyland, a fantasy world created by Rick for young Beth. Their goal is to recover Tommy, Beth's childhood friend who's been trapped in Froopyland, and prevent the execution of his father, who is being falsely accused of eating him. Tommy, who has survived all these years by resorting to bestiality, incest and cannibalism, refuses to return to the real world. Rick and Beth manage to save his father's life by creating a clone of Tommy. Back at home, Beth is presented with the option of having a replacement clone of her created, so that she will be free to travel the world. Meanwhile, Jerry dates an alien hunter named Kiara, to Morty and Summer's dismay. When he decides to get out of the relationship, Kiara is enraged and tries to kill the kids, whom she holds responsible. The situation is resolved following the revelation that Kiara was using Jerry to get over her previous boyfriend, much like Jerry was doing with her.
Post-credit scene: Jerry's answering machine plays messages warning him that Kiara's boyfriend is coming to kill him, and Rick saying that he has killed Kiara's boyfriend, but also had sex with her.
31
10 "The Rickchurian Mortydate" Anthony Chun Dan Harmon October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01) 2.60[18]
The President calls on Rick and Morty to defeat a monster in the tunnels underneath the White House, which they do with little effort. Annoyed that he constantly calls on them without any gratitude, they go back home, with the President quickly finding out. The resulting argument leads to a battle of egos that culminates in a fight in the White House between Rick and the President's security. Meanwhile, fearing she might be a clone made by Rick, Beth reunites with Jerry to figure out the truth. Shortly after, the entire family gets together to hide from Rick, but he tracks them down. Rick eventually submits to Jerry once again being a family-member. Rick ends his conflict with the President by pretending to be Fly Fishing Rick, a Rick from a different reality, and calling a truce. The episode ends with the family happy to be together again, except for Rick who is disappointed by this outcome.
Post-credit scene: Mr. Poopybutthole returns to apologize for not appearing in Season 3, but he has gotten married and has a wife and son. He ends the scene by saying that it will be a long wait until Season 4.
Production[edit]
On August 12, 2015, Adult Swim announced that the series had been renewed for a third season.[19] Roiland reportedly began writing on November 2, 2015.[20] Mike McMahan announced that the first episode was recorded on February 18, 2016.[21] On February 5, 2017, Dan Harmon, answering questions regarding the delayed release, announced on his podcast, Harmontown, that the show was in the animation process, after a long period of writing.[22] On June 24, 2017, Harmon wrote a series of posts on Twitter, explaining that the writing process took that long to complete because of his perfectionism.[23] As a result, the third season of the show consisted of only ten episodes instead of fourteen, as was initially intended.[24]
Reception[edit]
The season currently holds a 98% approval rating from review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes based on 12 reviews, with an average rating of 8.77 out of 10 and an audience score average of 4.7 out of 5.[25] Jesse Schedeen of IGN described the third season of the show as darker and more unpredictable than the first two, and praised its high-concept storytelling and character development. Schedeen gave the season an 8.8 out of 10 rating, saying that it "didn't quite reach the heights of Season 2, but it is the series' most consistently entertaining and ambitious season yet."[26] Julia Alexander of Polygon highlights the philosophical conflict between nihilist realism and life in ignorant bliss as the season's main theme, and notes that "after an introspective season built on the importance of self-realization and reflection, Rick and Morty’s third year ended on a total reset", with Beth and the kids seeking comfort through escapism and ignoring the realities of their lives.[27]
The McDonald's Szechuan sauce reference in the season premiere brought huge online attention for the discontinued promotional product.[28] Internet memes spread rapidly on Reddit and Twitter,[29] more than 40,000 people signed a petition at Change.org, asking for the return of the sauce,[30] while an eBay auction resulted in a 20-year-old packet of this teriyaki sauce being sold for $14,700.[31] On October 7, 2017, McDonald's served limited quantities of Szechuan sauce, with the company calling it "the year’s most talked-about dipping sauce."[32]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The third season of Rick and Morty premiered unannounced on April 1, 2017. The remaining episodes began airing weekly four months later, on July 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Rickshank Rickdemption" premiered unannounced and re-ran for four hours straight with improving ratings. This is the viewership of only the first broadcast of the episode.
Jump up ^ An alternate title used for this episode is "Tales from the Citadel".
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Matar, Joe (April 3, 2017). "Rick and Morty Season 3 Air Date Released, Episode Currently Streaming on Adult Swim". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on April 2, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Framke, Caroline (August 6, 2017). "In season 3, Rick and Morty is still one of TV's most inventive shows". Vox. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Virtue, Graeme (April 3, 2017). "Rick and Morty: how the world's most ingenious animation punk'd its fans". The Guardian. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Greene, Steve (July 30, 2017). "'Rick and Morty' Review: Summer Takes Center Stage in a 'Mad Max: Fury Road' Therapy Session". IndieWire. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Starkey, Adam (July 19, 2017). "Rick And Morty: Susan Sarandon, Danny Trejo and more set to star in season 3". Metro. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Greene, Steve (August 14, 2017). "'Rick and Morty' Review: 'Guardians of the Galaxy' Gets a Deadly Twist in 'Vindicators 3: The Return of Worldender'". IndieWire. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Greene, Steve (September 25, 2017). "'Rick and Morty' Review: 'The ABCs of Beth' is a Touching Father-Daughter Adventure Drenched in Plenty of Alien Blood". IndieWire. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (October 2, 2017). "Rick and Morty Wage War With the President in Season 3 Finale". TVLine. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 4, 2017). "Saturday cable ratings: Surprise 'Rick & Morty' premiere gets solid numbers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 1, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Rick & Morty' returns strong, more highs for 'Insecure' and 'Ballers'". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 8, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Sharknado 5' lacks bite, 'Game of Thrones' hits total-viewer high". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 15, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Game of Thrones' scores another series high". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 22, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Survivor's Remorse' premiere steady, 'Game of Thrones' down a little". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 29, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: VMAs hit all-time low opposite 'Game of Thrones' finale". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 13, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'The Deuce' starts off on par with 'The Night Of'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 19, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Outlander' and 'The Deuce' steady with second episodes". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 26, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Outlander' hits total-viewer high, 'Fear the Walking Dead' ticks up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 3, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Curb Your Enthusiasm' returns, 'Outlander' ticks up again". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Denise Petski (August 12, 2015). "'Rick And Morty' Renewed For Season 3 By Adult Swim". Deadline. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kazem Sedighzadeh (November 15, 2015). "'Rick and Morty' Co-Creator Justin Roiland Starts Writing Work for Season 3 of TV Series!". Master Herald. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mike McMahan [@MikeMcMahanTM] (February 18, 2016). "We're recording episode #301 today" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Rick and Morty Creators Give Season 3 Update: They're Drawing It". The Interrobang. February 7, 2017. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cabin, Chris (June 24, 2017). "'Rick and Morty' Season 3: Dan Harmon Explains Delay". Collider. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kettley, Sebastian (2017-08-16). "Rick and Morty season 3: How many episodes does the new season have?". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
Jump up ^ "Rick and Morty: Season 3". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on April 5, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Schedeen, Jesse (November 5, 2017). "Rick and Morty: Season 3 Review". IGN. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Alexander, Julia (October 2, 2017). "Rick and Morty season 3 finale review: hitting the reset button". Polygon. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nolfi, Joey (April 2, 2017). "'Rick and Morty' premiere ignites McDonald's Szechuan sauce craze". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hathaway, Jay (April 5, 2017). "'Rick and Morty' just made a defunct McDonald's dipping sauce the hottest thing online". The Daily Dot. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Menta, Anna (October 9, 2017). "Why are 'Rick and Morty' fans so angry about a McNuggets sauce?". Newsweek. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lisi, Brian (April 19, 2017). "McDonald's Szechuan sauce sells for nearly $15K on eBay". NY Daily News. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Alexander, Julia (October 1, 2017). "Rick and Morty fans, McDonald's is bringing back Szechuan sauce". Polygon. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
[hide]
v
t
e
Rick and Morty
Characters
Rick Sanchez
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"Lawnmower Dog"
"Meeseeks and Destroy"
"Rick Potion #9"
"Rixty Minutes"
Season 2
"A Rickle in Time"
"The Ricks Must Be Crazy"
"The Wedding Squanchers"
Season 3
"The Rickshank Rickdemption"
"Pickle Rick"
Video games
Pocket Mortys
Rick and Morty: Virtual Rick-ality
Related
"Mathlete's Feat" (The Simpsons episode)
"Terryfold"
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Calcium in biology
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Calcium ions (Ca2+) play a vital role in the physiology and biochemistry of organisms and the cell. They play an important role in signal transduction pathways,[1][2] where they act as a second messenger, in neurotransmitter release from neurons, in contraction of all muscle cell types, and in fertilization. Many enzymes require calcium ions as a cofactor, those of the blood-clotting cascade being notable examples. Extracellular calcium is also important for maintaining the potential difference across excitable cell membranes, as well as proper bone formation.
Calcium levels in mammals are tightly regulated,[1][2] with bone acting as the major mineral storage site. Calcium ions, Ca2+, are released from bone into the bloodstream under controlled conditions. Calcium is transported through the bloodstream as dissolved ions or bound to proteins such as serum albumin. Parathyroid hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland regulates the resorption of Ca2+ from bone, reabsorption in the kidney back into circulation, and increases in the activation of vitamin D3 to Calcitriol. Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D3, promotes absorption of calcium from the intestines and the mobilization of calcium ions from bone matrix. Calcitonin secreted from the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland also affects calcium levels by opposing parathyroid hormone; however, its physiological significance in humans is dubious.
Calcium storages are intracellular organelles, that constantly accumulate Ca2+ ions and release them during certain cellular events. Intracellular Ca2+ storages include mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum.[3] Characteristic concentrations of calcium in model organisms are: in E. coli 3mM (bound), 100nM (free), in budding yeast 2mM (bound), in mammalian cell 10-100nM (free) and in blood plasma 2mM.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Animals
1.1 Vertebrates
1.1.1 Effects
1.1.2 Adaptation
1.1.3 Negative effects and pathology
1.2 Invertebrates
2 Plants
2.1 Stomata closing
2.2 Cellular division
2.3 Structural roles
2.4 Cell signaling
3 Humans
3.1 Dietary recommendations
3.2 Food sources
3.3 Measurement in blood
3.3.1 Corrected calcium
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Animals[edit]
Vertebrates[edit]
Main article: Calcium metabolism
In vertebrates, calcium ions, like many other ions, are of such vital importance to many physiological processes that its concentration is maintained within specific limits to ensure adequate homeostasis. This is evidenced by human plasma calcium, which is one of the most closely regulated physiological variables in the human body. Normal plasma levels vary between 1 and 2% over any given time. Approximately half of all ionized calcium circulates in its unbound form, with the other half being complexed with plasma proteins such as albumin, as well as anions including bicarbonate, citrate, phosphate, and sulfate.[5]
Calcium regulation in the human body.[6]
Different tissues contain calcium in different concentrations. For instance, Ca2+ (mostly calcium phosphate and some calcium sulfate) is the most important (and specific) element of bone and calcified cartilage. In humans, the total body content of calcium is present mostly in the form of bone mineral (roughly 99%). In this state, it is largely unavailable for exchange/bioavailability. The way to overcome this is through the process of bone resorption, in which calcium is liberated into the bloodstream through the action of bone osteoclasts. The remainder of calcium is present within the extracellular and intracellular fluids.
Within a typical cell, the intracellular concentration of ionized calcium is roughly 100 nM, but is subject to increases of 10– to 100-fold during various cellular functions. The intracellular calcium level is kept relatively low with respect to the extracellular fluid, by an approximate magnitude of 12,000-fold. This gradient is maintained through various plasma membrane calcium pumps that utilize ATP for energy, as well as a sizable storage within intracellular compartments. In electrically excitable cells, such as skeletal and cardiac muscles and neurons, membrane depolarization leads to a Ca2+ transient with cytosolic Ca2+ concentration reaching 400 nM and above. Mitochondria are capable of sequestering and storing some of that Ca2+. It has been estimated that mitochondrial matrix free calcium concentration rises to the tens of micromolar levels in situ during neuronal activity.[7]
Effects[edit]
The effects of calcium on human cells are specific, meaning that different types of cells respond in different ways. However, in certain circumstances, its action may be more general. Ca2+ ions are one of the most widespread second messengers used in signal transduction. They make their entrance into the cytoplasm either from outside the cell through the cell membrane via calcium channels (such as Calcium-binding proteins or voltage-gated calcium channels), or from some internal calcium storages such as the endoplasmic reticulum[3] and mitochondria. Levels of intracellular calcium are regulated by transport proteins that remove it from the cell. For example, the sodium-calcium exchanger uses energy from the electrochemical gradient of sodium by coupling the influx of sodium into cell (and down its concentration gradient) with the transport of calcium out of the cell. In addition, the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) obtains energy to pump calcium out of the cell by hydrolysing adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In neurons, voltage-dependent, calcium-selective ion channels are important for synaptic transmission through the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft by vesicle fusion of synaptic vesicles.
Calcium's function in muscle contraction was found as early as 1882 by Ringer. Subsequent investigations were to reveal its role as a messenger about a century later. Because its action is interconnected with cAMP, they are called synarchic messengers. Calcium can bind to several different calcium-modulated proteins such as troponin-C (the first one to be identified) and calmodulin, proteins that are necessary for promoting contraction in muscle.
In the endothelial cells which line the inside of blood vessels, Ca2+ ions can regulate several signaling pathways which cause the smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels to relax.[citation needed] Some of these Ca2+-activated pathways include the stimulation of eNOS to produce nitric oxide, as well as the stimulation of Kca channels to efflux K+ and cause hyperpolarization of the cell membrane. Both nitric oxide and hyperpolarization cause the smooth muscle to relax in order to regulate the amount of tone in blood vessels.[8] However, dysfunction within these Ca2+-activated pathways can lead to an increase in tone caused by unregulated smooth muscle contraction. This type of dysfunction can be seen in cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and diabetes.[9]
Adaptation[edit]
Ca2+ ion flow regulate several secondary messenger systems in Neural adaptation for visual, auditory, and the olfactory system. It may often be bound to calmodulin such as in the olfactory system to either enhance or repress cation channels.[10] Other times the calcium level change can actually release guanylyl cyclase from inhibition, like in the photoreception system [11] Ca2+ ion can also determine the speed of adaptation in a neural system depending on the receptors and proteins that have varied affinity for detecting levels of calcium to open or close channels at high concentration and low concentration of calcium in the cell at that time.[12]
Cell type
Effect
endothelial cells ↑vasodilation
secretory cells (mostly) ↑secretion (vesicle fusion)
juxtaglomerular cell ↓secretion[13]
Parathyroid chief cells ↓secretion[13]
Neurons transmission (vesicle fusion), Neural Adaptation
T cells Activation in response to antigen presentation to the T cell receptor[14]
myocytes
contraction
Activation of protein kinase C
Various Activation of protein kinase C
Further reading: Function of protein kinase C
Reference ranges for blood tests, showing calcium levels in purple at right.
Negative effects and pathology[edit]
Substantial decreases in extracellular Ca2+ ion concentrations may result in a condition known as hypocalcemic tetany, which is marked by spontaneous motor neuron discharge. In addition, severe hypocalcaemia will begin to affect aspects of blood coagulation and signal transduction.
Ca2+ ions can damage cells if they enter in excessive numbers (for example, in the case of excitotoxicity, or over-excitation of neural circuits, which can occur in neurodegenerative diseases, or after insults such as brain trauma or stroke). Excessive entry of calcium into a cell may damage it or even cause it to undergo apoptosis, or death by necrosis. Calcium also acts as one of the primary regulators of osmotic stress (Osmotic shock). Chronically elevated plasma calcium (hypercalcemia) is associated with cardiac arrhythmias and decreased neuromuscular excitability. One cause of hypercalcemia is a condition known as hyperparathyroidism.
Invertebrates[edit]
Some invertebrates use calcium compounds for building their exoskeleton (shells and carapaces) or endoskeleton (echinoderm plates and poriferan calcareous spicules).
Plants[edit]
Stomata closing[edit]
When ABA signals the guard cells, free Ca2+ ions enter the cytosol from both outside the cell and internal stores, reversing the concentration gradient so the K+ ions begin exiting the cell. The loss of solutes makes the cell flaccid and closes the stomatal pores.
Cellular division[edit]
Calcium is a necessary ion in the formation of the mitotic spindle. Without the mitotic spindle, cellular division cannot occur. Although young leaves have a higher need for calcium, older leaves contain higher amounts of calcium because calcium is relatively immobile through the plant. It is not transported through the phloem because it can bind with other nutrient ions and precipitate out of liquid solutions.
Structural roles[edit]
Ca2+ ions are an essential component of plant cell walls and cell membranes, and are used as cations to balance organic anions in the plant vacuole.[15] The Ca2+ concentration of the vacuole may reach millimolar levels. The most striking use of Ca2+ ions as a structural element in algae occurs in the marine coccolithophores, which use Ca2+ to form the calcium carbonate plates, with which they are covered.
Calcium is needed to form the pectin in the middle lamella of newly formed cells.
Calcium is needed to stabilize the permeability of cell membranes. Without calcium, the cell walls are unable to stabilize and hold their contents. This is particularly important in developing fruits. Without calcium, the cell walls are weak and unable to hold the contents of the fruit.
Some plants accumulate Ca in their tissues, thus making them more firm. Calcium is stored as Ca-oxalate crystals in plastids.
Calcium coordination plays an important role in defining the structure and function of proteins. An example a protein with calcium coordination is von Willebrand factor (vWF) which has an essential role in blood clot formation process. It is discovered -using single molecule optical tweezers measurement – that calcium-bound vWF acts as a shear force sensor in the blood. Shear force leads to unfolding of the A2 domain of vWF whose refolding rate is dramatically enhanced in the presence of calcium.[16]
Cell signaling[edit]
Ca2+ ions are usually kept at nanomolar levels in the cytosol of plant cells, and act in a number of signal transduction pathways as second messengers.
Humans[edit]
Age-adjusted daily calcium recommendations (from U.S. Institute of Medicine RDAs)[17]
Age
Calcium (mg/day)
1-3 years 700
4-8 years 1000
9-18 years 1300
19-50 years 1000
>51 years 1000
Pregnancy 1000
Lactation 1000
Dietary recommendations[edit]
The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) established Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for calcium in 1997 and updated those values in 2011.[17] See table. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) uses the term Population Reference Intake (PRIs) instead of RDAs and sets slightly different numbers: ages 4-10 800 mg, ages 11-17 1150 mg, ages 18-24 1000 mg, and >25 years 950 mg.[18]
Because of concerns of long-term adverse side effects such as calcification of arteries and kidney stones, the IOM and EFSA both set Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) for the combination of dietary and supplemental calcium. From the IOM, people ages 9-18 years are not supposed to exceed 3,000 mg/day; for ages 19-50 not to exceed 2,500 mg/day; for ages 51 and older, not to exceed 2,000 mg/day.[19] The EFSA set UL at 2,500 mg/day for adults but decided the information for children and adolescents was not sufficient to determine ULs.[20]
For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For calcium labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 1000 mg, but as of May 27, 2016 it was revised to 1300 mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA.[21] A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake. Food and supplement companies have until July 28, 2018 to comply with the change.
Food sources[edit]
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) web site has a very complete searchable table of calcium content (in milligrams) in foods, per common measures such as per 100 grams or per a normal serving (https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/).
Calcium amount in foods, per 100 grams:
parmesan (cheese) = 1140 mg
milk powder = 909 mg
goat hard cheese = 895 mg
Cheddar cheese = 720 mg
tahini paste = 427 mg
molasses = 273 mg
almonds = 234 mg
goat milk = 134 mg
sesame seeds (unhulled) = 125 mg
nonfat cow milk = 122 mg
plain whole-milk yogurt = 121 mg
hazelnuts = 114 mg
ricotta (skimmed milk cheese) = 90 mg
brown sugar = 85 mg
lentils = 79 mg
wheat germs = 72 mg
pigeon peas = 62.7 mg
chickpeas = 53.1
eggs, boiled = 50 mg
flour = 41 mg
orange = 40 mg
human milk = 33 mg
rice, white, long-grain, parboiled, enriched, cooked = 19 mg
trout = 19 mg
beef = 12 mg
cod = 11 mg
Measurement in blood[edit]
The amount of calcium in blood (more specifically, in blood plasma) can be measured as total calcium, which includes both protein-bound and free calcium. In contrast, ionized calcium is a measure of free calcium. An abnormally high level of calcium in plasma is termed hypercalcemia and an abnormally low level is termed hypocalcemia, with "abnormal" generally referring to levels outside the reference range.
Reference ranges for blood tests for calcium
Target Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Ionized calcium 1.03,[22] 1.10[23] 1.23,[22] 1.30[23] mmol/L
4.1,[24] 4.4[24] 4.9,[24] 5.2[24] mg/dL
Total calcium 2.1,[25][26] 2.2[23] 2.5,[23][26] 2.6,[26] 2.8[25] mmol/L
8.4,[25] 8.5[27] 10.2,[25] 10.5[27] mg/dL
The main methods to measure serum calcium are:[28]
O-Cresolphalein Complexone Method; A disadvantage of this method is that the volatile nature of the 2-Amino-2-Methyl-1-Propanol used in this method makes it necessary to calibrate the method every few hours in a clinical laboratory setup.
Arsenazo III Method; This method is more robust, but the arsenic in the reagent is a health hazard.
The total amount of Ca2+ present in a tissue may be measured using Atomic absorption spectroscopy, in which the tissue is vaporized and combusted. To measure Ca2+ concentration or spatial distribution within the cell cytoplasm in vivo, a range of fluorescent reporters may be used. These include cell permeable, calcium-binding fluorescent dyes such as Fura-2 or genetically engineered variant of green fluorescent protein (GFP) named Cameleon.
Corrected calcium[edit]
As access to an ionized calcium is not always available a corrected calcium may be used instead. To calculate a corrected calcium in mmo/l one takes the total calcium in mmol/L and adds it to ((40 minus the serum albumin in g/L) multiplied by 0.2).[29]
See also[edit]
Bone seeker
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Brini, Marisa; Ottolini, Denis; Calì, Tito; Carafoli, Ernesto (2013). "Chapter 4. Calcium in Health and Disease". In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel. Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 13. Springer. pp. 81–137. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_4.
^ Jump up to: a b Brini, Marisa; Call, Tito; Ottolini, Denis; Carafoli, Ernesto (2013). "Chapter 5 Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis and Signaling". In Banci, Lucia (Ed.). Metallomics and the Cell. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 12. Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-5560-4. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_5. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link) electronic-book ISBN 978-94-007-5561-1 ISSN 1559-0836 electronic-ISSN 1868-0402
^ Jump up to: a b Wilson, C.H.; Ali, E.S.; Scrimgeour, N.; Martin, A.M.; Hua, J.; Tallis, G.A.; Rychkov, G.Y.; Barritt, G.J. (2015). "Steatosis inhibits liver cell store-operated Ca(2)(+) entry and reduces ER Ca(2)(+) through a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism". Biochem J. 466 (2): 379–390. PMID 25422863. doi:10.1042/bj20140881.
Jump up ^ Milo, Ron; Philips, Rob. "Cell Biology by the Numbers: What are the concentrations of different ions in cells?". book.bionumbers.org. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Brini, Marisa; Ottolini, Denis; Calì, Tito; Carafoli, Ernesto (2013). "Chapter 4. Calcium in Health and Disease". In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel. Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 13. Springer. pp. 81–138. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_4.
Jump up ^ Boron, Walter F.; Boulpaep, Emile L (2003). "The Parathyroid Glands and Vitamin D". Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1094. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.
Jump up ^ Ivannikov, M.; et al. (2013). "Mitochondrial Free Ca2+ Levels and Their Effects on Energy Metabolism in Drosophila Motor Nerve Terminals". Biophys. J. 104 (11): 2353–2361. PMC 3672877  . PMID 23746507. doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2013.03.064.
Jump up ^ Christopher J Garland, C Robin Hiley, Kim A Dora. EDHF: spreading the influence of the endothelium. British Journal of Pharmacology. 164:3, 839-852. (2011).
Jump up ^ Hua Cai, David G. Harrison. Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases: The Role of Oxidant Stress. Circulation Research. 87, 840-844. (2000).
Jump up ^ Dougherty, D. P.; Wright, G. A.; Yew, A. C. (2005). "Computational model of the cAMP-mediated sensory response and calcium-dependent adaptation in vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (30): 10415–20. PMC 1180786  . PMID 16027364. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504099102.
Jump up ^ Pugh Jr, E. N.; Lamb, T. D. (1990). "Cyclic GMP and calcium: The internal messengers of excitation and adaptation in vertebrate photoreceptors". Vision research. 30 (12): 1923–48. PMID 1962979.
Jump up ^ Gillespie, P. G.; Cyr, J. L. (2004). "Myosin-1c, the hair cell's adaptation motor". Annual Review of Physiology. 66: 521–45. PMID 14977412. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.112842.
^ Jump up to: a b Boron, Walter F.; Boulpaep, Emile L (2003). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 867. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.
Jump up ^ Levinson, Warren (2008). Review of medical microbiology and immunology. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 414. ISBN 0-07-149620-3.
Jump up ^ White, Philip J.; Martin R. Broadley (2003). "Calcium in Plants". Annals of Botany. 92 (4): 487–511. PMID 12933363. doi:10.1093/aob/mcg164.
Jump up ^ Jakobi AJ, Mashaghi A, Tans SJ, Huizinga EG. Calcium modulates force sensing by the von Willebrand factor A2 domain. Nature Commun. 2011 Jul 12;2:385. [1]
^ Jump up to: a b Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D, Chapter 5 Dietary Reference Intakes pages 345-402. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press. 2011. ISBN 0-309-16394-3.
Jump up ^ "Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies" (PDF). 2017.
Jump up ^ Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D, Chapter 6 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels pages 403-456. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press. 2011. ISBN 0-309-16394-3.
Jump up ^ Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals (PDF), European Food Safety Authority, 2006
Jump up ^ "Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. FR page 33982." (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b Larsson L, Ohman S (November 1978). "Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism". Clin. Chem. 24 (11): 1962–5. PMID 709830.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Reference range list from Uppsala University Hospital ("Laborationslista"). Artnr 40284 Sj74a. Issued on April 22, 2008
^ Jump up to: a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 40.08 g•mol−1
^ Jump up to: a b c d Last page of Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2007). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1). McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-07-149868-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c Derived from mass values using molar mass of 40.08 g•mol−1
^ Jump up to: a b Blood Test Results – Normal Ranges Bloodbook.Com
Jump up ^ Clin Chem. 1992 Jun;38(6):904-8. Single stable reagent (Arsenazo III) for optically robust measurement of calcium in serum and plasma. Leary NO, Pembroke A, Duggan PF.
Jump up ^ Minisola, S; Pepe, J; Piemonte, S; Cipriani, C (2 June 2015). "The diagnosis and management of hypercalcaemia.". BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 350: h2723. PMID 26037642. doi:10.1136/bmj.h2723.
External links[edit]
USDA national nutritional database, Calcium content of selected foods
Calcium and vitamin D.
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See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
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