text:
Germ layer
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See also: Germ cell
A germ layer is a primary layer of cells that form during embryogenesis.[1] The three germ layers in vertebrates are particularly pronounced; however, all eumetazoans, (animals more complex than the sponge) produce two or three primary germ layers. Animals with radial symmetry, like cnidarians, produce two germ layers (the ectoderm and endoderm) making them diploblastic. Animals with bilateral symmetry produce a third layer (the mesoderm), between these two layers. making them triploblastic. Germ layers eventually give rise to all of an animal’s tissues and organs through the process of organogenesis.
Contents
[hide]
1 Germ layers
1.1 Development
1.2 Endoderm
1.3 Mesoderm
1.4 Ectoderm
1.5 Neural crest
2 See also
3 References
Germ layers[edit]
Gastrulation of a diploblast: The formation of germ layers from a (1) blastula to a (2) gastrula. Some of the ectoderm cells (orange) move inward forming the endoderm (red).
Micrograph of a teratoma, a tumour that characteristically has tissue from all three germ layers. The image shows tissue derived from the mesoderm (immature cartilage - left-upper corner of image), endoderm (gastrointestinal glands - center-bottom of image) and ectoderm (epidermis - right of image). H&E stain.
Caspar Friedrich Wolff observed organization of the early embryo in leaf-like layers. In 1817, Heinz Christian Pander discovered three primordial germ layers while studying chick embryos. Between 1850 and 1855, Robert Remak had further refined the germ cell layer concept, and introduced into English were the terms "mesoderm" by Huxley in 1871 and "ectoderm" and "endoderm" by Lankester in 1873.
Among animals, sponges show the simplest organization, having a single germ layer. Although they have differentiated cells (e.g. collar cells), they lack true tissue coordination. Diploblastic animals, Cnidaria and Ctenophora, show an increase in complexity, having two germ layers, the endoderm and ectoderm. Diploblastic animals are organized into recognisable tissues. All higher animals (from flatworms to humans) are triploblastic, possessing a mesoderm in addition to the germ layers found in Diploblasts. Triploblastic animals develop recognizable organs.
Development[edit]
Fertilization leads to the formation of a zygote. During the next stage, cleavage, mitotic cell divisions transform the zygote into a hollow ball of cells, a blastula. This early embryonic form undergoes gastrulation, forming a gastrula with either two or three layers (the germ layers). In all vertebrates, these progenitor cells differentiate into all adult tissues and organs.[2]
In the human embryo, after about three days, the zygote forms a solid mass of cells by mitotic division, called a morula. This then changes to a blastocyst, consisting of an outer layer called a trophoblast, and an inner cell mass called the embryoblast. Filled with uterine fluid, the blastocyst breaks out of the zona pellucida and undergoes implantation. The inner cell mass initially has two layers: the hypoblast and epiblast. At the end of the second week, a primitive streak appears. The epiblast in this region moves towards the primitive streak, dives down into it, and forms a new layer, called the endoderm, pushing the hypoblast out of the way (this goes on to form the amnion.) The epiblast keeps moving and forms a second layer, the mesoderm. The top layer is now called the ectoderm.[3]
Endoderm[edit]
The endoderm produces tissue within the lungs, thyroid, and pancreas.
Main article: Endoderm
The endoderm is one of the germ layers formed during animal embryogenesis. Cells migrating inward along the archenteron form the inner layer of the gastrula, which develops into the endoderm.
The endoderm consists at first of flattened cells, which subsequently become columnar. It forms the epithelial lining of the whole of the digestive tract except part of the mouth and pharynx and the terminal part of the rectum (which are lined by involutions of the ectoderm). It also forms the lining cells of all the glands which open into the digestive tract, including those of the liver and pancreas; the epithelium of the auditory tube and tympanic cavity; the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli of the lungs; the bladder and part of the urethra; and the follicle lining of the thyroid gland and thymus.
The endoderm forms: the stomach, the colon, the liver, the pancreas, the bladder, the epithelial parts of trachea, the lungs, the pharynx, the thyroid, the parathyroid, and the intestines.
Mesoderm[edit]
The mesoderm aids in the production of cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, tissues within the kidneys, and red blood cells.
Main article: Mesoderm
The mesoderm germ layer forms in the embryos of triploblastic animals. During gastrulation, some of the cells migrating inward contribute to the mesoderm, an additional layer between the endoderm and the ectoderm.[citation needed] The formation of a mesoderm leads to the development of a coelom. Organs formed inside a coelom can freely move, grow, and develop independently of the body wall while fluid cushions and protects them from shocks.[citation needed]
The mesoderm has several components which develop into tissues: intermediate mesoderm, paraxial mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm, and chorda-mesoderm. The chorda-mesoderm develops into the notochord. The intermediate mesoderm develops into kidneys and gonads. The paraxial mesoderm develops into cartilage, skeletal muscle, and dermis. The lateral plate mesoderm develops into the circulatory system (including the heart and spleen), the wall of the gut, and wall of the human body.[4]
Through cell signaling cascades and interactions with the ectodermal and endodermal cells, the mesodermal cells begin the process of differentiation.[5]
The mesoderm forms: muscle (smooth and striated), bone, cartilage, connective tissue, adipose tissue, circulatory system, lymphatic system, dermis, genitourinary system, serous membranes, and notochord.
Ectoderm[edit]
The ectoderm produces tissues within the epidermis, aids in the formation of neurons within the brain, and constructs melanocytes.
Main article: Ectoderm
The ectoderm generates the outer layer of the embryo, and it forms from the embryo's epiblast.[6] The ectoderm develops into the surface ectoderm, neural crest, and the neural tube.[7]
The surface ectoderm develops into: epidermis, hair, nails, lens of the eye, sebaceous glands, cornea, tooth enamel, the epithelium of the mouth and nose.
The neural crest of the ectoderm develops into: peripheral nervous system, adrenal medulla, melanocytes, facial cartilage, dentin of teeth.
The neural tube of the ectoderm develops into: brain, spinal cord, posterior pituitary, motor neurons, retina.
Note: The anterior pituitary develops from the ectodermal tissue of Rathke's pouch.
Neural crest[edit]
Because of its great importance, the neural crest is sometimes considered a fourth germ layer.[8] It is, however, derived from the ectoderm.
See also[edit]
Histogenesis
Neurulation
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Scott F (2003). "The Epidermis and the Origin of Cutaneous Structures". Developmental Biology. Sinauer Associates.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Scott F (2000). "Comparative Embryology". Developmental Biology. Sinauer Associates.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Scott F (2000). "Early Mammalian Development". Developmental Biology. Sinauer Associates.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Scott F (2003). "Paraxial and Intermediate Mesoderm". Developmental Biology. Sinauer Associates.
Jump up ^ Brand, Thomas (1 June 2003). "Heart development: molecular insights into cardiac specification and early morphogenesis". Developmental Biology. 258 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00112-X.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Scott F (2003). "Early Mammalian Development". Developmental Biology. Sinauer Associates.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Scott F (2003). "The Central Nervous System and The Epidermis". Developmental Biology. Sinauer Associates.
Jump up ^ Hall BK (2000). "The neural crest as a fourth germ layer and vertebrates as quadroblastic not triploblastic". Evolution & Development. 2: 3–5. doi:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00032.x. PMID 11256415.
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Human embryogenesis in the first three weeks
Week 1
Fertilization
Oocyte activation
Zygote
Cleavage
Blastomere
Morula
Blastocoele
Blastocyst
Blastula
Inner cell mass
Trophoblast
Week 2
(Bilaminar)
Hypoblast
Epiblast
Week 3
(Trilaminar)
Germ layers
Archenteron/Primitive streak
Primitive pit
Primitive knot/Blastopore
Primitive groove
Gastrula
Gastrulation
Regional specification
Embryonic disc
Ectoderm
Surface ectoderm
Neuroectoderm
Somatopleuric mesenchyme
Neurulation
Neural crest
Endoderm
Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme
Mesoderm
Axial mesoderm
Paraxial
Somite
Somitomere
Intermediate
Lateral plate
Intraembryonic coelom
Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme
Somatopleuric mesenchyme
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text:
European countries by percent of population aged 0-14
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Contents
[hide]
1 Map
2 Table
3 See also
3.1 Plotted maps
4 References
5 External links
Map[edit]
The map data are for the year 2014 from the World Bank.[1] Numbers are in percentage.
23
15
15
17
17
13
15
18
14
18
16
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18
13
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15
21
21
14
14
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27
14
18
Table[edit]
The table data are for the year 2014 from the World Bank.[2] Numbers are in percentage.
Country
2014
Albania 23
Austria 15
Belarus 15
Belgium 17
Bulgaria 13
Croatia 15
Cyprus 18
Czech Republic 14
Denmark 18
Estonia 15
Finland 17
France 18
Germany 13
Greece 15
Hungary 15
Iceland 21
Ireland 21
Italy 14
Latvia 14
Liechtenstein
Lithuania 15
Luxembourg 18
Macedonia 17
Malta 16
Montenegro 19
Netherlands 18
Norway 19
Poland 15
Portugal 15
Romania 15
Russia 15
Serbia 17
Slovenia 14
Spain 15
Sweden 17
Switzerland 15
Turkey 27
Ukraine 14
United Kingdom 18
See also[edit]
Plotted maps[edit]
European countries by electricity consumption per person
European countries by employment in agriculture (% of employed)
European countries by fossil fuel use (% of total energy)
European countries by health expense per person
European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure
European countries by percentage of urban population
European countries by percentage of women in national parliaments
List of sovereign states in Europe by life expectancy
List of sovereign states in Europe by number of Internet users
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Population ages 0-14 (% of total)". The World Bank. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Population ages 0-14 (% of total)". The World Bank. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
External links[edit]
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text:
The Land Before Time (franchise)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Land Before Time
Created by
Judy Freudberg
Tony Geiss
Owner
Universal Pictures
Films and television
Film(s)
The Land Before Time (1988)
The Great Valley Adventure (1994)
The Time of the Great Giving (1995)
Journey Through the Mists (1996)
The Mysterious Island (1997)
The Secret of Saurus Rock (1998)
The Stone of Cold Fire (2000)
The Big Freeze (2001)
Journey to Big Water (2002)
The Great Longneck Migration (2003)
Invasion of the Tinysauruses (2005)
The Great Day of the Flyers (2006)
The Wisdom of Friends (2007)
Journey of the Brave (2016)
Animated series
The Land Before Time (2007–2008)
Games
Video game(s)
See list of The Land Before Time video games
The Land Before Time, is an American franchise of animated adventure films by Universal Pictures centered on dinosaurs. The series began in 1988 with the eponymous The Land Before Time, directed and produced by Don Bluth and executive produced by George Lucas and Steven Spielberg. It was followed by a total of thirteen direct-to-video musical sequels, TV series, video games, soundtracks and related merchandising. Neither the sequels nor the series involve the participation of Bluth, Lucas, or Spielberg. All 14 films were released in a Complete Collection DVD set on June 14, 2016.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 List of titles
2.1 Films
2.2 Albums
2.3 Television series
2.4 Games
3 Cast
3.1 Principal characters
3.2 Recurring characters
4 References
Plot[edit]
The films follow a friendship of a group of young dinosaurs by the names of Littlefoot (Apatosaurus), Cera (Triceratops), Petrie (Pteranodon), Ducky (Saurolophus), and Spike (Stegosaurus). After finding The Great Valley, they raise a carnivorous baby who they name Chomper, survive a drought, a cold snap, encounter aliens, and witness a solar eclipse. Throughout all films, they embark upon adventures, learning lessons about life and friendship along the way.
List of titles[edit]
Films[edit]
The following is a list of the fourteen films in The Land Before Time series.
#
Title
Release Date
Director(s)
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Editor(s)
Composer(s)
1 The Land Before Time November 18, 1988 Don Bluth Screenplay:
Stu Krieger
Story:
Judy Freudberg
Tony Geiss Don Bluth
Gary Goldman
John Pomeroy
Executive producers:
Steven Spielberg
George Lucas
Co-executive producers:
Frank Marshall
Kathleen Kennedy
Associate producer:
Deborah Jelin Newmyer John K. Carr
Dan Molina James Horner
2 The Great Valley Adventure December 13, 1994 Roy Allen Smith Screenplay:
John Loy
John Ludin
Dev Ross
Characters:
Judy Freudberg
Tony Geiss Roy Allen Smith
Co-producer:
Zahra Dowlatabadi
Animation producer:
Nelson Shin Jay Bixsen Michael Tavera
3 The Time of the Great Giving December 12, 1995 Screenplay:
Dev Ross
Characters:
Judy Freudberg
Tony Geiss Roy Allen Smith
Zahra Dowlatabadi
Animation producer:
Nelson Shin
4 Journey Through the Mists December 10, 1996 Roy Allen Smith
Co-producer:
Zahra Dowlatabadi
Animation producer:
Nelson Shin Warren Taylor
5 The Mysterious Island December 9, 1997 Charles Grosvenor Screenplay:
John Loy
54 Characters:
Judy Freudberg
Tony Geiss Charles Grosvenor
Associate producer:
Rocky Solotoff Jay Bixsen
6 The Secret of Saurus Rock December 1, 1998 Screenplay:
Libby Hinson
John Loy
Characters:
Judy Freudberg
Tony Geiss Charles Grosvenor
Associate producer:
Melinda Rediger
Rocky Solotoff
7 The Stone of Cold Fire December 5, 2000 Len Uhley Charles Grosvenor
Associate producer:
Daniel J. Wiley Danik Thomas
8 The Big Freeze December 4, 2001 John Loy
9 Journey to Big Water December 10, 2002 Dev Ross
Characters:
Judy Freudberg
Tony Geiss Jay Bixsen
10 The Great Longneck Migration December 2, 2003 John Loy
Characters:
Judy Freudberg
Tony Geiss Charles Grosvenor
Executive producer:
James Wang
Associate producer:
Daniel J. Wiley
11 Invasion of the Tinysauruses January 11, 2005 John Loy Charles Grosvenor
Associate producer:
Daniel J. Wiley
12 The Great Day of the Flyers December 6, 2006 John Loy
Characters:
Judy Freudberg
Tony Geiss Michael Tavera
Kyle Kenneth Batter
13 The Wisdom of Friends November 27, 2007 Jamie Mitchell
Supervising director:
Charles Grosvenor John Loy Daniel J. Wiley Michael Tavera
14 Journey of the Brave February 2, 2016 Davis Doi Elana Lesser
Cliff Ruby Lisa Melbye
Deidre Brenner Luke Guidici
Albums[edit]
The Land Before Time (1990) Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
The Land Before Time: Sing-Along Songs (1997) Songs from The Land Before Time, II, III & IV
The Land Before Time: More Sing-Along Songs (1999) Songs from The Land Before Time V & VI and An American Tail III & IV
Television series[edit]
Main article: The Land Before Time (TV series)
A television series based on the films began airing on YTV in Canada on January 5, 2007. It consisted of one season of 26 episodes, and officially premiered on Cartoon Network in the United States on March 5, 2007, after the DVD release of The Land Before Time XII: The Great Day of the Flyers.[2] The TV series takes place after the events of The Land Before Time XIII: The Wisdom of Friends. It has since been collected and released on 6 DVDs, each containing 4 episodes, in the United States and the UK.
Games[edit]
Main article: List of The Land Before Time video games
The series has spawned 14 spin-off games, eight for PC, one for the Game Boy Color, two for the Game Boy Advance and three for the original PlayStation. The PC games are usually educational games aimed for preschool and kindergarten. Games for the Game Boy Color and Advance include The Land Before Time and The Land Before Time: Into the Mysterious Beyond, in which the original six characters must search for Chomper. Games for the PlayStation include The Land Before Time: Big Water Adventure, a spin-off of Journey to Big Water, The Land Before Time: Great Valley Racing Adventure and The Land Before Time: Return to the Great Valley.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of The Land Before Time characters
Principal characters[edit]
Characters
Films
Television series
The Land Before Time
II
The Great Valley Adventure
III
The Time of the Great Giving
IV
Journey Through the Mists
V
The Mysterious Island
VI
The Secret of Saurus Rock
VII
The Stone of Cold Fire
VIII
The Big Freeze
IX
Journey to Big Water
X
The Great Longneck Migration
XI
Invasion of the Tinysauruses
XII
The Great Day of the Flyers
XIII
The Wisdom of Friends
Journey of the Brave
The Land Before Time
1988
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
2000
2001
2002
2003
2005
2006
2007
2016
2007–2008
Littlefoot
Gabriel Damon Scott McAfee Brandon LaCroix
Thomas Dekker
(singing voice) Thomas Dekker Alec Medlock Aaron Spann Nick Price Cody Arens and Logan Riley Arens
Anthony Skillman
(singing voice) Felix Avitia Cody Arens
Anthony Skillman
(singing voice)
Cera
Candace Hutson Anndi McAfee
Ducky
Judith Barsi Heather Hogan Aria Noelle Curzon
Petrie
Will Ryan Jeff Bennett
Spike
N/A Rob Paulsen Jeff Bennett Rob Paulsen
Grandpa Longneck
Bill Erwin Kenneth Mars Character is mute Barry Bostwick Kenneth Mars
Grandma Longneck
Character is mute Linda Gary Miriam Flynn Character is mute Miriam Flynn
Cera's Father
Burke Byrnes John Ingle George Ball John Ingle
Chomper
Rob Paulsen Cannon Young Issac Brown Max Burkholder
Ruby
Meghan Strange
Recurring characters[edit]
Characters
Films
Television series
The Land Before Time
II
The Great Valley Adventure
III
The Time of the Great Giving
IV
Journey Through the Mists
V
The Mysterious Island
VI
The Secret of Saurus Rock
VII
The Stone of Cold Fire
VIII
The Big Freeze
IX
Journey to Big Water
X
The Great Longneck Migration
XI
Invasion of the Tinysauruses
XII
The Great Day of the Flyers
XIII
The Wisdom of Friends
Journey of the Brave
The Land Before Time
1988
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
2000
2001
2002
2003
2005
2006
2007
2016
2007–2008
Bron
Kiefer Sutherland Scott Whyte Cam
Clarke
Petrie's Mother
N/A Tress MacNeille Tress MacNeille Tress MacNeille Tress MacNeille Character is mute Anndi McAfee Tress MacNeille
Tria
Camryn Manheim Jessica Gee
Ducky's Mother
N/A Tress MacNeille Tress MacNeille Tress MacNeille Tress MacNeille Meghan Strange Tress MacNeille
Tricia
Nika Futterman Nika Futterman
Ali
Juliana Hansen
Shorty
Brandon Michael DePaul Elizabeth Daily
Old One
Carol Bruce Jessica Walter
Tippy
Jeremy Suarez Cree Summer
Tippy's Mother
Susan Krebs Susan Krebs
Hyp
Whitby Herford Mikey Kelley
Nod
Scott Menville Scott Menville
Mutt
Jeff Bennett Jeff Bennett
Kosh
Rob Paulsen Jeff Bennett Rob Paulsen Pete Sepenuk
Jeff Bennett
Doc
Kris Kristofferson Jeff Bennett
Mo
Rob Paulsen Rob Paulsen
Guido
Rob Paulson
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Grosvenor, Charles; Bluth, Don; Smith, Roy Allen; Mitchell, Jamie; Doi, Davis (June 14, 2016), The Land Before Time: The Complete Collection, Universal Studios Home Entertainment, retrieved October 4, 2016
Jump up ^ The Land Before Time, 2007-03-05, retrieved 2016-07-26
[hide]
v
t
e
The Land Before Time
Film series
The Land Before Time (1988)
The Great Valley Adventure (1994)
The Time of the Great Giving (1995)
Journey Through the Mists (1996)
The Mysterious Island (1997)
The Secret of Saurus Rock (1998)
The Stone of Cold Fire (2000)
The Big Freeze (2001)
Journey to Big Water (2002)
The Great Longneck Migration (2003)
Invasion of the Tinysauruses (2005)
The Great Day of the Flyers (2006)
The Wisdom of Friends (2007)
Journey of the Brave (2016)
Related
TV series (episodes)
Characters
Video games
"If We Hold on Together"
Book
Category
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text:
My Big Fat Greek Wedding
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
My Big Fat Greek Wedding
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Joel Zwick
Produced by
Gary Goetzman
Tom Hanks
Rita Wilson
Written by
Nia Vardalos
Starring
Nia Vardalos
John Corbett
Lainie Kazan
Michael Constantine
Andrea Martin
Joey Fatone
Music by
Alexander Janko
Chris Wilson
Cinematography
Jeffrey Jur
Edited by
Mia Goldman
Production
company
Gold Circle Films
HBO Films
MPH Entertainment
Playtone
Distributed by
IFC Films
Release date
April 19, 2002 (2002-04-19) (United States)
August 16, 2002 (2002-08-16) (Canada)
Running time
95 minutes[1]
Country
Canada
United States
Language
English
Budget
$5 million[2]
Box office
$368.7 million[2]
My Big Fat Greek Wedding is a 2002 romantic comedy film directed by Joel Zwick and written by Nia Vardalos, who also stars in the film as Fotoula "Toula" Portokalos, a middle class Greek American woman who falls in love with non-Greek upper middle class White Anglo-Saxon Protestant Ian Miller. The film received generally positive reviews from critics and, at the 75th Academy Awards, it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.
A sleeper hit, the film became the highest-grossing romantic comedy of all time,[3] and grossed $241.4 million in North America, despite never reaching number one at the box office during its release. It was the highest-grossing film to accomplish this feat for 14 years until the animated film Sing grossed $268 million in 2016.[4]
The film spawned a franchise, which inspired the short-lived 2003 TV series My Big Fat Greek Life and a film sequel titled My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2, was released on March 25, 2016.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Box office performance
4.2 Critical reception
4.3 Accolades
4.4 10th-anniversary edition
5 Lawsuit
6 Legacy
6.1 Television series
6.2 Sequel
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Being 30-years-old and single, Fotoula "Toula" Portokalos is her family's anomaly. The daughter of staunchly proud Greek immigrants, she was raised to follow her cultural tradition of marriage and motherhood. Her golden-child sister Athena met her family's expectations by marrying young to another Greek and becoming, in Toula's words, "a Greek baby-breeding machine". Toula still lives with her parents and works at Dancing Zorba's, her family's restaurant in Chicago. Toula longs for her own life away from the restaurant and her intrusive family. Frumpy and cynical, she fears her life will never change. One day at the restaurant, Toula notices a handsome young customer-- Ian Miller, a school teacher. She tries to speak to him, only to embarrass herself with her social awkwardness. Ian is bewildered by her behavior, and Toula figures she's lost her chance to get to know him.
Toula's idea for independence is taking computer classes at a community college. When Toula approaches her father Gus about the classes, he forbids it, thinking she wants to leave her family. He insists she's "smart enough for a girl" and it is too dangerous for her to be out in the city alone. After some crafty persuasion by his wife, Maria, Gus reluctantly permits Toula to attend classes. As her classes progress, Toula gains self-confidence. She trades her thick glasses for contact lenses and her baggy, drab clothes for flattering, colorful outfits. She updates her hairdo and learns to apply makeup. With her new computer skills and polished image, Toula asks her mother and her Aunt Voula to convince Gus that Toula should work at Voula's travel agency instead of the restaurant.
Toula thrives in her new job, and one day she sees Ian walking by the travel agency. He notices Toula, not recognizing that she is the same woman who tried to talk to him at Dancing Zorba's. Despite Toula's lingering shyness, they introduce themselves and begin dating. When Ian realizes Toula was the woman at the restaurant, Toula is sure Ian will lose interest. Instead, he loves her even more for who she is, and they become a couple.
Because Ian is not Greek, Toula keeps the relationship secret from her family, but her parents find out when a family friend sees them kissing in a parking lot. As she feared, Gus is angry because Ian is not an ethnic Greek-- referring to Ian as a "Xeno"-- and both Gus and Maria tell Toula to end the relationship. Toula insists she loves Ian. Her parents try to dissuade her by bringing various Greek bachelors home to meet her, all to no avail.
When Ian proposes to Toula, she happily accepts, but Gus is upset that Ian did not ask him for permission to date Toula, let alone marry her. Ian tries to adapt to the family's Greek customs and mannerisms. Ian and Toula cannot marry in the Greek Orthodox Church unless Ian coverts, and Toula is already worried the wedding will be a fiasco. She suggests to Ian that they elope instead. He refuses, saying it's important to her family to marry in their religion, then he will be baptized Greek Orthodox. Ian's willingness to do this encourages Gus and Maria to gradually accept Ian into the family.
As Toula feared, her numerous well-meaning female relatives take over much of the wedding plans, while the men keep testing Ian. Her cousin Nikki selects tacky bridesmaids dresses without Toula's permission; her brother Nick semi-jokingly threatens Ian that he'll kill him if he ever hurts Toula. Other cousins trick Ian into saying inappropriate things in Greek. When Toula invites Ian's quiet, reserved parents to meet her parents at their home, she insists that it be a simple dinner with just the six of them. Toula and Ian arrive to find all of Toula's extended family at the dinner, where they dance and drink for hours. Ian's parents are unaware of Greek culture and are shocked by the family's rambunctiousness.
On the wedding day, Toula is nervous and surrounded by relatives, but the traditional Greek wedding goes perfectly. At the reception, Gus gives a speech accepting Ian and his parents as family. He then presents the newlyweds with a deed to a house. Both Ian and Toula are deeply touched by Gus's generosity. Following the reception, Toula and Ian leave for a honeymoon in Greece, both appreciating the craziness of their Greek family.
An epilogue shows the couple's life six years later. Toula got pregnant "a minute later" after their honeymoon with their daughter Paris. As Ian and Toula are walking Paris from their house to Greek school, Paris asks why she has to go to Greek school. Toula replies that she had to go to Greek school as a child, so Paris will too. But she assures her that when the time comes, she can marry whomever she wants. As they walk, it is revealed that their home is next door to Toula's parents.
Cast[edit]
Nia Vardalos as Fotoula "Toula" Portokalos-Miller
John Corbett as Ian Miller
Lainie Kazan as Maria Portokalos
Michael Constantine as Costas "Gus" Portokalos
Andrea Martin as Aunt Voula
Louis Mandylor as Nick Portokalos
Gia Carides as Cousin Nikki
Gerry Mendicino as Uncle Taki
Joey Fatone as Cousin Angelo
Bess Meisler as Yiayia (Grandma)
Stavroula Logothettis as Athena Portokalos
Ian Gomez as Mike, Ian's best man; he is Vardalos' real-life husband
Bruce Gray as Rodney Miller
Fiona Reid as Harriet Miller
Jayne Eastwood as Mrs. White
Arielle Sugarman as Paris Miller
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
My Big Fat Greek Wedding started as a one-woman play written by and starring Vardalos, performed for six weeks at the Hudson Backstage Theatre in Los Angeles in the summer of 1997.[5] Vardalos later jokingly stated that she only wrote the play "to get a better agent."[6] [7]The play was based on Vardalos's own family in Winnipeg in Canada and on her experience marrying a non-Greek man (actor Ian Gomez).[6] The play was popular, and was sold out for much of its run, in part due to Vardalos's marketing it across Greek Orthodox churches in the area.[8] A number of Hollywood executives and celebrities saw it, including actress Rita Wilson, who is herself of Greek origin;[8] Wilson convinced her husband, actor Tom Hanks, to see it as well.
Vardalos began meeting various executives about making a film version of the play and began writing a screenplay as well. However, the meetings proved fruitless because the executives insisted on making changes that they felt would make the film more marketable, which Vardalos objected to: these included changing the plot, getting a known actress in the lead role (Marisa Tomei was one name mentioned),[8] and changing the family's ethnicity to Hispanic.[6] Two months after the play's initial run ended, Hanks's production company, Playtone, contacted Vardalos about producing a film based on her vision for it; they also agreed to remount the play in early 1998, this time at LA's Globe Theatre.[5] Hanks later said that casting Vardalos in the lead role "brings a huge amount of integrity to the piece, because it's Nia's version of her own life and her own experience. I think that shows through on the screen and people recognize it."[6]
In 2000, while in Toronto doing pre-production for the film, Vardalos and Playtone producer Gary Goetzman overheard actor John Corbett (who was in town shooting the film Serendipity) at a bar, telling a friend of his about having read the script for My Big Fat Greek Wedding, and being upset that he couldn't make the auditions. Vardalos and Goetzman approached Corbett and offered him the part of Ian Miller on the spot, which he accepted.[6]
Filming[edit]
Parts of the film were shot in Greektown, Toronto
Despite being based on life in the Greek community of Winnipeg, the film was set in Chicago and shot in both Toronto and Chicago. Toronto's Ryerson University and Greektown neighborhood feature prominently in the film. The home used to depict Gus and Maria Portokalos' residence (as well as the home bought next door at the end of the film for Toula and Ian) is located on Glenwood Crescent just off O'Connor Drive in East York. The real home representing the Portokalos' residence actually has most of the external ornamentation that was shown in the film. Also, some minor parts of the movie were shot in Jarvis High School in Toronto.
Release[edit]
After a February 2002 premiere, it was initially released in the United States via a limited release on April 19, 2002 before receiving a wider release worldwide over the summer, including a wide release in the United States on August 2.
Box office performance[edit]
My Big Fat Greek Wedding became a sleeper hit and grew steadily from its limited release. Despite never hitting the number one spot and being an independent film with a $5 million budget, it ultimately grossed over $368.7 million worldwide, becoming one of the top romantic films of the 21st century according to Echo Bridge Entertainment.[9] It was the fifth highest-grossing film of 2002 in the United States and Canada,[10] with USD$241,438,208, and the highest-grossing romantic comedy in history.[3] Domestically, it also held the record for the highest-grossing film never having been number one on the weekly North American box office charts,[11] until the release of the 2016 animated film, Sing, 14 years later. The film is among the most profitable of all time, with a 6150% return on a (inflation adjusted) cost of $6 million to produce.[12]
Critical reception[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating 76% based on 121 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Though it sometimes feels like a television sitcom, My Big Fat Greek Wedding is good-hearted, lovable, and delightfully eccentric, with a sharp script and lead performance from Nia Vardalos."[13] On Metacritic, which assigns a rating out to reviews, the film has an average score of 62 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[14]
Accolades[edit]
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
Nominated Romantic Comedy Film[15]
10th-anniversary edition[edit]
In 2012, a 10th anniversary edition of the film was released via DVD and Blu-ray. The edition contains a digital copy of the film and features deleted scenes as well as a 30-minute retrospective with Vardalos and Corbett.
Lawsuit[edit]
The cast (with the exception of Vardalos, who had a separate deal), as well as Hanks' production company, Playtone, later sued the studio for their part of the profits, charging that Gold Circle Films was engaging in so-called "Hollywood accounting" practices.[16]
Legacy[edit]
Television series[edit]
Main article: My Big Fat Greek Life
The film inspired the brief 2003 TV series My Big Fat Greek Life, with most of the major characters played by the same actors, with the exception of Steven Eckholdt replacing Corbett as the husband. Corbett had already signed on to the TV series Lucky. He was scheduled to appear as the best friend of his replacement's character, but the show was cancelled before he appeared. The show received poor reviews from critics noting the random character entrances and serious plot "adjustments" that did not match the film.
The seven episodes from the series are available on DVD from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, whose TV studio division produced the show.
Sequel[edit]
Main article: My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2
In a 2009 interview for her film My Life in Ruins, asked about a possible sequel for My Big Fat Greek Wedding, Vardalos stated that she had an idea for a sequel and had started writing it, hinting that, like Ruins, the film would be set in Greece.[17]
Asked about a sequel again in a November 2012 interview, she stated:
“ Well, actually, yes. And it's only now that I've really become open to the idea. Over the years, I've heard from everybody about what the sequel should be. People next to me at Starbucks would say, 'Hey, let me tell you my idea,' and I'd be like, 'Hey, I'm just trying to get a cup of coffee.' I never thought much about it. But then when John (Corbett) and I recently sat down to do that interview (for the 10th anniversary edition), we laughed so hard through the whole thing. It made me think that it's time. He said, "Come on, write something, will you?" And I now think I will. We have such an easy chemistry together. And we have chemistry because we never 'did it.' That's the surefire way to kill chemistry in a scene. You have to make sure your actors don't 'do it' off-screen. If they don't 'do it,' then they'll have chemistry on camera.[18] ”
On May 27, 2014, various news and media outlets reported that a sequel was in the works. Nia Vardalos later confirmed this via Twitter, and she also has written a script for the film.[19] The first trailer for My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 was aired on NBC's The Today Show on November 11, 2015 and it was released on March 25, 2016,[20] to generally negative reviews from critics and modest box office success.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "MY BIG FAT GREEK WEDDING (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. July 17, 2002. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "TV Review - My Big Fat Greek Life". Entertainment Weekly. 2003-04-07. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
Jump up ^ "Top Grossing Movies that never hit #1". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
^ Jump up to: a b My Big Fat Greek Wedding Headed for L.A.'s Globe Jan. 15 -- and Film, Willard Manus, Playbill, January 15, 1998
^ Jump up to: a b c d e My Big Fat Greek Wedding: About the Production, Hollywood Jesus, 2002
Jump up ^ "Rick Siegel". Wikipedia. 2017-04-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nia Vardalos interview, Robin Rea, Screenmancer.com
Jump up ^ "My Life in Ruins" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 10, 2011. Echo Bridge Entertainment. Retrieved on May 12, 2008
Jump up ^ "2002 Yearly Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo". Retrieved August 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top Grossing Movies that never hit #1". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
Jump up ^ Staff (September 15, 2010). "The 15 Most Profitable Movies of All Time". CNBC. Retrieved September 15, 2010. The rankings cited in this article have been disputed as some movies were not included.
Jump up ^ "My Big Fat Greek Wedding Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
Jump up ^ "My Big Fat Greek Wedding reviews at Metacritic.com". Metacritic. CBS. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees" (PDF). Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved 2016-08-19. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Munoz, Lorenza (August 8, 2007). "Hanks sues over profit on 'Greek Wedding'". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "Is a 'Big Fat Greek Wedding' Sequel in the Works?". Retrieved August 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Editor, Shelley Emling Senior; Post, The Huffington (November 12, 2012). "'My Big Fat Greek Wedding' Star Talks Chemistry, Motherhood And Plans For A Sequel". Retrieved August 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'My Big Fat Greek Wedding' gets big fat sequel". Retrieved August 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Universal reveals March 2016 release for 'My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2'". Retrieved August 25, 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: My Big Fat Greek Wedding
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