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To Love Somebody (song)
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"To Love Somebody"
Single by Bee Gees
from the album Bee Gees' 1st
B-side
"Close Another Door"
Released
June 1967
Format
7", 45rpm
Recorded
April 1967
Length
3:02
Label
Polydor (United Kingdom)
Atco (United States)
Spin (Australia)
Songwriter(s)
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb
Producer(s)
Robert Stigwood, Ossie Byrne
Bee Gees UK singles chronology
"New York Mining Disaster 1941"
(1967) "To Love Somebody"
(1967) "Massachusetts"
(1967)
"New York Mining Disaster 1941"
(1967) "To Love Somebody"
(1967) "Massachusetts"
(1967)
Bee Gees US singles chronology
"New York Mining Disaster 1941"
(1967) New York Mining Disaster 19411967 "To Love Somebody"
(1967) To Love Somebody1967 "Holiday"
(1967) Holiday1967
Alternative cover
Japanese cover for "To Love Somebody"
"To Love Somebody" is a song written by Barry and Robin Gibb. Produced by Robert Stigwood, it was the second single released by the Bee Gees from their international debut album, Bee Gees 1st, in 1967.[1] The single reached No.17 in the United States and No.41 in the United Kingdom. The song's B-side was "Close Another Door".[2] The single was reissued in 1980 on RSO Records with "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" as its flipside. The song ranked at number 94 on NME magazine's "100 Best Tracks of the Sixties".[3] It was a minor hit in the UK and France. It reached the top 20 in the US. It reached the top 10 in Canada.
In a 2017 interview with Piers Morgan's Life Stories, Barry was asked "of all the songs that you've ever written, which song would you choose?" Barry said that "To Love Somebody" was the song that he'd choose as it has "a clear, emotional message".[4]
The song has been recorded by many other artists, including Nina Simone, Janis Joplin, Roberta Flack, Jimmy Somerville, Michael Bolton, Billy Corgan, Rod Stewart and Michael Bublé.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins and lyrics
2 Personnel
3 Charts
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Cover versions
4.1 Michael Bolton version
4.1.1 Weekly charts
4.1.2 Year-end charts
4.2 Michael Bublé version
5 Movie appearances
6 References
7 External links
Origins and lyrics[edit]
"To Love Somebody"
"To Love Somebody" is a soul ballad recorded by the Bee Gees.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
At the request of Robert Stigwood, the band's manager, Barry and Robin Gibb wrote "To Love Somebody", a soulful ballad in the style of Sam & Dave or The Rascals, for Otis Redding.[5] Redding came to see Barry at the Plaza in New York City one night. Robin claimed that "[Otis Redding] said he loved our material and would Barry write him a song".[6]
The Bee Gees recorded "To Love Somebody" at IBC Studios, London in March 1967 and released it as a single in mid-July 1967 in the US. Redding died in an aeroplane crash later that year, before having a chance to record the song. The song was recorded around April 1967 with "Gilbert Green" and "End of My Song" at the IBC Studios in London, England.[7]
Robin said, "Everyone told us what a great record they thought it was, Other groups all raved about it but for some reason people in Britain just did not seem to like it". Barry said "I think the reason it didn't do well here was because it's a soul number, Americans loved it, but it just wasn't right for this country".[8]
Barry Gibb explained in a June 2001 interview with Mojo magazine:
It was for Robert. I say that unabashedly. He asked me to write a song for him, personally. It was written in New York and played to Otis but, personally, it was for Robert. He meant a great deal to me. I don't think it was a homosexual affection but a tremendous admiration for this man's abilities and gifts.[9]
The simple title refrain of the chorus, "You don't know what it's like, Baby, you don't know what it's like, To love somebody...the way I love you" has the effect of being at once heartbreaking and triumphant, a self-pitying put-down to an unrequited love. "There's... a certain kind of light that never shone on me... You ain't got to be so blind, I'm a man, can't you see what I am?, I live and breathe for you, But what good does that do, If I ain't got you?".[10]
Personnel[edit]
Barry Gibb – lead vocal, guitar
Robin Gibb – harmony vocal
Maurice Gibb – bass guitar
Vince Melouney – guitar
Colin Petersen – drums
Bill Shepherd – orchestral arrangement
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1967)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[11] 6
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[12] 8
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[12] 9
France (SNEP)[12] 65
Germany (Media Control Charts)[13] 19
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[14] 9
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[15] 41
US Billboard Hot 100[16] 17
US Cash Box[12] 24
US Record World[12] 18
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1967)
Position
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[14] 20
Cover versions[edit]
One of the most famous Gibb compositions, "To Love Somebody" has been covered by many artists. Some of the most notable versions include:
1968: Gary Puckett & The Union Gap included the song on their debut album Woman, Woman (album)
1968: The Sweet Inspirations recorded the song, which reached #30 on the R&B charts.
1968: Eric Burdon and The Animals released a cover of this song on their album Love Is (The Animals album)
1969: James Carr released this song as a single and reached #44 on the R&B Charts.
1969: Nina Simone covered "To Love Somebody" released on her album To Love Somebody (album), which reached #5 in UK and became her second British hit single after "Ain't Got No-I Got Life".
1969: Janis Joplin covered "To Love Somebody" released on her album titled I Got Dem Ol' Kozmic Blues Again Mama! She performed the song on the Dick Cavitt show and also at Woodstock.
1969: Busty Brown: covered "To Love Somebody" produced by Lee Perry
1969: Roberta Flack covered "To Love Somebody" released on her album titled Quiet Fire.
1974: Kathi McDonald covered "To Love Somebody" on the album Insane Asylum.
1976: Gram Parsons and The Flying Burrito Brothers covered "To Love Somebody" on the album Close Up the Honky Tonks.
1977: Narvel Felts released the song, reaching #22 on the Hot Country Singles chart.
1988: Bonnie Tyler released her version on her album Hide Your Heart
1989: Billy "Crash" Craddock from Back on Track; peaked at number 91 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada[17]
1990: Jimmy Somerville released his UK top 5 version.
1992: Michael Bolton released it as a single as well as including it on the album Timeless: The Classics and his version reached #11 on the US Hot 100 Chart.[18]
1996: The English alternative rock band Gallon Drunk covered To Love Somebody on their album In the Long Still Night.
2001: Blue Rodeo covered this song for their ninth studio album Greatest Hits.
2005: Billy Corgan covered this song for his first solo studio album TheFutureEmbrace.
2013: Michael Bublé covered this song for his eighth studio album To Be Loved, the album's fifth single.
2013: Natalia Przybysz covered the song on her album Kozmic Blues: Tribute to Janis Joplin.
2015: Lindi Ortega covered the song on her album Faded Gloryville.
2016: Dexys covered this song on their fifth album, Let The Record Show: Dexys Do Irish And Country Soul. Karl Blau released his version on his album Introducing Karl Blau
2017: Performed by Keith Urban at the Bee Gees Grammy Salute.
Michael Bolton version[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1993)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[19] 11
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1993)
Position
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[20] 24
Michael Bublé version[edit]
Chart (2013–14)
Peak
position
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100) [21]
13
Movie appearances[edit]
"To Love Somebody" has been used in several movies including I Love You Phillip Morris, Y Tu Mamá También, Melody, The Wrong Man, My Entire Life and 50/50. Also this song has been used in a trailer for Joy (2015).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Show 49 - The British are Coming! The British are Coming!: With an emphasis on Donovan, the Bee Gees, and the Who. [Part 6] : UNT Digital Library
Jump up ^ Discogs.com. "Bee Gees - To Love Somebody (original issue)".
Jump up ^ "100 Best Songs of the 1960s". NME. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Piers Morgan's Life Stories: Barry Gibb YouTube - Interview
Jump up ^ Melinda Bilyeu, Hector Cook, Andrew Môn Hughes (2004). The Bee Gees: Tales of the Brothers Gibb Omnibus Press, ISBN 978-1-84449-057-8, p. 134.
Jump up ^ David N. Meyer. "The Bee Gees: The Biography". Retrieved 5 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Joseph Brennan. "Gibb Songs: 1967".
Jump up ^ Hughes, Andrew. Bee Gees: Tales Of The Brothers Gibb. ISBN 9780857120045. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Songfacts.com. "To Love Somebody - Bee Gees".
Jump up ^ Janovitz, Bill. "Bee Gees - To Love Somebody". Allmusic. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Songs Written by the Gibb Family on the International Charts" (PDF). brothersgibb.org. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Songs Written by the Gibb Family on the International Charts - part 1" (PDF). brothersgibb.org. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bee Gees - To Love Somebody". officialcharts.de. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bee Gees - To Love Somebody". Dutch Charts. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bee Gees - Chart history". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bee Gees - Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "RPM Country Tracks". RPM. 3 March 1990. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1993". Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1993". Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1993". RPM. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"I Will Be Here for You" by Michael W. Smith Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one single (Michael Bolton version)
14–21 November 1992 Succeeded by
"I Will Always Love You" by Whitney Houston
[show]
v
t
e
Bee Gees
Barry Gibb
Robin Gibb
Maurice Gibb
Colin Petersen
Vince Melouney
Alan Kendall
Dennis Bryon
Blue Weaver
Studio albums
The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs
Spicks and Specks
Bee Gees' 1st
Horizontal
Idea
Odessa
Cucumber Castle
2 Years On
Trafalgar
To Whom It May Concern
Life in a Tin Can
Mr. Natural
Main Course
Children of the World
Spirits Having Flown
Living Eyes
E.S.P.
One
High Civilization
Size Isn't Everything
Still Waters
This Is Where I Came In
Extended plays
The Bee Gees
New York Mining Disaster 1941
Soundtracks
Melody
Saturday Night Fever
Live albums
Here at Last... Bee Gees... Live
One Night Only
Compilation albums
Turn Around, Look at Us
Rare, Precious and Beautiful
Rare, Precious and Beautiful, Volume 2
Best of Bee Gees
Inception/Nostalgia
Best of Bee Gees, Volume 2
Bee Gees Gold
Bee Gees Greatest
Tales from the Brothers Gibb
The Very Best of the Bee Gees
Their Greatest Hits: The Record
Number Ones
Love Songs
The Ultimate Bee Gees
Mythology
Timeless: The All-Time Greatest Hits
Videography
Idea
Cucumber Castle
The Bee Gees Special
One for All Tour
One Night Only
The Ultimate Bee Gees
In Our Own Time
Tours
The Bee Gees' concerts in 1967 and 1968
2 Years On Tour
Trafalgar Tour
Mr. Natural Tour
Main Course Tour
Children of the World Tour
Spirits Having Flown Tour
One for All World Tour
High Civilization World Tour
One Night Only World Tour
Articles
Discography
List of songs recorded
List of unreleased material
A Kick in the Head Is Worth Eight in the Pants
The Barry Gibb Talk Show
IBC Studios
Hither Green rail crash
Bands
The Rattlesnakes
Humpy Bong
The Fut
The Bloomfields
Tin Tin
The Groove
Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
Toe Fat
Amen Corner
One World Project
People
Hugh Gibb
Andy Gibb
Steve Gibb
Spencer Gibb
Robert Stigwood
Arif Mardin
Ossie Byrne
Steve Kipner
Albhy Galuten
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Bee Gees singles discography
1960s
1963
"The Battle of the Blue and the Grey" / "The Three Kisses of Love"
"Timber!" / "Take Hold of That Star"
1964
"Peace of Mind" / "Don't Say Goodbye"
"Claustrophobia" / "Could It Be"
"Turn Around, Look at Me" / "(Theme From) The Travels of Jamie McPheeters"
1965
"Every Day I Have to Cry" / "You Wouldn't Know"
"Wine and Women" / "Follow the Wind"
"I Was A Lover, A Leader of Men" / "And the Children Laughing"
1966
"I Want Home" / "Cherry Red"
"Monday's Rain" / "All of My Life"
"Spicks and Specks" / "I Am the World"
1967
"Born a Man" / "Big Chance"
"New York Mining Disaster 1941" / "I Can't See Nobody"
"To Love Somebody" / "Close Another Door"
"Holiday" / "Every Christian Lion Hearted Man Will Show You"
"Massachusetts" / "Barker of the UFO"
"World" / "Sir Geoffrey Saved the World"
1968
"Words" / "Sinking Ships"
"Jumbo" / "The Singer Sang His Song"
"I've Gotta Get a Message to You" / "Kitty Can"
"I Started a Joke" / "Kilburn Towers"
1969
"First of May" / "Lamplight"
"Tomorrow Tomorrow" / "Sun in My Morning"
"Don't Forget to Remember" / "The Lord"
1970s
1970
"If Only I Had My Mind on Something Else" / "Sweetheart" (US)
"I.O.I.O." / "Sweetheart"
"Lonely Days" / "Man for All Seasons"
1971
"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" / "Country Woman"
"Don't Wanna Live Inside Myself" / "Walking Back to Waterloo"
1972
"My World" / "On Time"
"Run to Me" / "Road to Alaska"
"Alive" / Paper Mache, Cabbages and Kings"
1973
"Saw a New Morning" / "My Life Has Been a Song"
"Wouldn't I Be Someone" / "Elisa"
1974
"Mr. Natural" / "It Doesn't Matter Much to Me"
"Throw a Penny" / "I Can't Let You Go"
"Charade" / "Heavy Breathing"
1975
"Jive Talkin'" / "Wind of Change"
"Nights on Broadway" / "Edge of the Universe"
1976
"Fanny (Be Tender with My Love)" / "Country Lanes"
"You Should Be Dancing" / "Subway"
"Love So Right" / "You Stepped Into My Life"
1977
"Boogie Child" / "Lovers"
"Edge of the Universe (live)" / "Words (live)"
"How Deep Is Your Love" / "Can't Keep a Good Man Down" (live)
"Stayin' Alive" / "If I Can't Have You"
1978
"Night Fever" / "Down the Road (live)"
"Too Much Heaven" / "Rest Your Love on Me"
1979
"Tragedy" / "Until"
"Love You Inside Out" / "I'm Satisfied"
1980s
1981
"He's a Liar"
"Living Eyes" / "I Still Love You"
1983
"The Woman in You" / "Stayin' Alive"
"Someone Belonging to Someone" / "I Love You Too Much" (instrumental)
1987
"You Win Again" / "Backtafunk"
"E.S.P." / "Overnight"
1989
"Ordinary Lives" / "Wing and a Prayer"
"One" / "Flesh and Blood"
1990s
1990
"Bodyguard" / "Will You Ever Let Me"
1991
"Secret Love" / "Party with No Name"
"When He's Gone" / "True Confessions"
"The Only Love" / "You Win Again" (live)
"Happy Ever After" / "Evolution"
1993
"Paying the Price of Love" / "My Destiny"
"For Whom the Bell Tolls" / "Decadance"
1994
"How to Fall in Love, Part 1" / "Fallen Angel"
"Kiss of Life" / "855-7019"
1997
"Alone" / "Rings Around the Moon"
"I Could Not Love You More" / "Love Never Dies" (EUR)
"Still Waters (Run Deep)" / "Love Never Dies"
2000s
2001
"This Is Where I Came In" / "Just in Case"
Other countries
1968
"And the Sun Will Shine" / "Really and Sincerely" (France)
1970
"Let There Be Love" / "Really and Sincerely" (Netherlands)
1971
"When the Swallows Fly" / "Give Your Best" (Netherlands)
"Morning of my Life" / "To Love Somebody"
1972
"Israel" / "Dearest" (Netherlands)
"Sea of Smiling Faces" / "Please Don't Turn Out the Lights"
1977
"Children of the World" / "Boogie Child" (Australia}
1988
"Crazy for Your Love" / "You Win Again (Remix)"
"Angela" / "You Win Again (Remix)" (Germany, Netherlands)
[show]
v
t
e
Jimmy Somerville
Discography
Studio albums
Read My Lips
Dare to Love
Manage the Damage
Home Again
Compilations
The Singles Collection 1984/1990
The Very Best of Jimmy Somerville, Bronski Beat and The Communards
For a Friend: The Best of Bronski Beat, The Communards & Jimmy Somerville
Singles
"Suspicious Minds"
"Comment te dire adieu"
"You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)"
"Read My Lips (Enough Is Enough)"
"To Love Somebody"
"Smalltown Boy ('91 Remix)"
"Gimme Shelter"
"Heartbeat"
"Hurt So Good"
"By Your Side"
"The Number One Song in Heaven"
"Why? (Almighty Mix)"
"Can't Take My Eyes Off You"
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough"
Other songs
"Love to Love You Baby"
"Johnny Remember Me"
"Lover Man"
"Do They Know It's Christmas?"
"From This Moment On"
"Someday We'll Be Together"
"But Not Tonight"
"I Was Born This Way"
"Tell Me Why"
Related articles
Bronski Beat
The Communards
Category
Book
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_Love_Somebody_(song)&oldid=822277283"
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text:
Distal radioulnar articulation
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Distal radioulnar articulation
Ligaments of wrist. Anterior view.
Vertical section through the articulations at the wrist, showing the synovial cavities
Details
Identifiers
Latin
Articulatio radioulnaris distalis
TA
A03.5.10.001
FMA
35290
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The distal radioulnar articulation (inferior radioulnar joint) is a joint between the two bones in the forearm; the radius and ulna. It is one of two joints between the radius and ulna, the other being the proximal radioulnar articulation. The distal radioulnar articulation is the one of the two closest to the wrist and hand.
The distal radioulnar articulation pivot-joint formed between the head of ulna and the ulnar notch on the lower extremity of radius.
Contents
[hide]
1 Ligaments
2 Function
3 Injuries
3.1 Estaminet Classification
4 Additional images
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Ligaments[edit]
The articular surfaces are connected together by the following ligaments:
Palmar radioulnar ligament
Dorsal radioulnar ligament
Articular disk (triangular fibrocartilage)
Function[edit]
The function of the radioulnar joint is to lift and maneuver weight load from the distal radioulnar joint to be distributed across the forearm’s radius and ulna as a load-bearing joint.[1] Supination of the radioulnar joint can move from 0 degrees neutral to approximately 80-90 degrees where Pronation of the Radioulnar Joint can move from 0 degrees neutral to approximately 70-90 degrees.[2] Supination (palms facing up) vs. pronation (palms facing down). Muscles that contribute to function are all supinator (Biceps Brachii, Brachioradialis, and Supinator) and pronator muscles (Brachioradialis, Pronator Quadratus, and Pronator Teres).
Injuries[edit]
Injuries to the distal radioulnar articulation often result from falls onto an outstretched hand. Injury can occur with concurrent fracture of the distal radius, the ulna, or can be isolated. A classification system has been proposed by Estaminet and colleagues.[3]
Estaminet Classification[edit]
Estaminet classified injuries of the distal radioulnar articulation into four categories with two subclasses: purely ligamentous (subclass A) and those with associated boney injury (subclass B).
Estaminet I - Attenuation on MRI only
Estaminet II - Volar distal radioulnar ligament is involved. Unstable in supination. Fixation should be in pronation.
Estaminet III - Dorsal distal radioulnar ligament is involved. Unstable in pronation. Fixation should be in supination.
Estaminet IV - Both ligaments are involved. Unstable in both supination and pronation. Fixation is in neutral.
Additional images[edit]
Distal ends of radius and ulna along with the bones of the wrist and hand
Transverse section across distal ends of radius and ulna.
See also[edit]
Proximal radioulnar articulation
References[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 325 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Jump up ^ Lees, V. (2013). Functional anatomy of the distal radioulnar joint in health and disease. Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 95(3), 163–170. doi:10.1308/003588413X13511609957452
Jump up ^ Thomas, B. P., & Sreekanth, R. (2012). Distal radioulnar joint injuries. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics, 46(5), 493–504. doi:10.4103/0019-5413.101031
Jump up ^ Estaminet et al. Estaminet-Klassifikation von distal radioulnar Aussprache-Trauma. 20. Jahresversammlung der europäischen Orthopädischen Forschungsgesellschaft (EORS 2012), am 26–28 September, Amsterdam, Die Niederlande
External links[edit]
elbow/elbowbones/bones5[dead link] at the Dartmouth Medical School's Department of Anatomy
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Comparison of rugby league and rugby union
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A comparison of rugby league and rugby union is possible because of the games' similarities and shared origins.
Initially, following the 1895 split in rugby football, rugby league and rugby union differed in administration only. Soon, however, the rules of rugby league were modified, resulting in two distinctly different forms of rugby. After 100 years, in 1995 rugby union joined rugby league and most other forms of football as an openly professional sport.[1]
The inherent similarities between rugby league and rugby union have at times led to the possibility of a merger of the two variants[2] and experimental hybrid games have been played that use a mix of the two sports' rules.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Naming
3 Gameplay
3.1 Similarities between the two codes
3.2 Possession
3.3 Tackling
3.4 Scoring
3.5 Laws
4 Pitch
5 Players
6 Cross-code games
7 Demographics
8 Finance and scale
9 International competitions
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
History[edit]
Further information: History of rugby league and History of rugby union
Rugby union was originally referred to as rugby football. During the early development of rugby football different schools used different rules, on many occasions agreeing upon them shortly before commencement of the game.[4] In 1871, English clubs met to form the Rugby Football Union (RFU). Rugby football spread to Australia and New Zealand, with games being played in the early to mid nineteenth century.[5]
In 1892, charges of professionalism were laid against Yorkshire clubs after they compensated players for missing work. A proposal to pay players up to six shillings when they missed work because of match commitments was voted down by the RFU. On 27 August 1895, prominent Lancashire clubs declared that they would support their Yorkshire colleagues in their proposal to form a professional organization and the Northern Rugby Football Union, usually called the Northern Union (NU), was formed.[6] The rugby union authorities issued sanctions against clubs, players and officials involved in the offshoot group, including amateurs who played with or against Northern Union sides. After the schism the separate codes were named "rugby union" for the RFU code and "rugby league" for the NU code.[7]
In 1906, All Black George William Smith joined with Albert Henry Baskerville to form a team of professional rugby players. George Smith cabled a friend in Sydney and three professional matches were arranged between a NSW rugby team before continuing onto the UK. This game was played under the rugby union laws and it was not until the team, nicknamed the All Golds, arrived in Leeds that they learnt the new Northern Union laws. Meanwhile, in Sydney a meeting was organised to look at forming a professional rugby competition in Australia. The meeting resolved that a "New South Wales Rugby Football League" (NSWRFL) should be formed, to play the Northern Union rules. The first season of the NSWRFL competition was played in 1908, and has continued to be played every year since.
During rugby league's 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain, the Northern Rugby Football Union tried to arrange a match in Paris, but opposition from the Rugby Football Union-aligned French Rugby Federation made it impossible.[8] In France rugby league split from rugby union in the 1930s. In 1948 the French instigated the formation of the International Rugby League Board as the world governing body for rugby league. France, New Zealand, Britain and Australia (who joined a few months later) were the founding countries. The International Rugby Football Board (IRFB) had formed prior to the schism in 1886 and remained the international governing body for rugby union, although it originally only consisted of England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland. Australia, New Zealand and South Africa joined the IRFB in 1948, France in 1978 and Argentina, Canada, Italy and Japan in 1991.
On 26 August 1995 the IRFB, now known as the International Rugby Board, declared rugby union an "open" game and thus removed all restrictions on payments or benefits to those connected with the game.[9] According to The New York Times at the time, "Thirteen-man rugby league has shown itself to be a faster, more open game of better athletes than the other code. Rugby union is trying to negotiate its own escape from amateurism, with some officials admitting that the game is too slow, the laws too convoluted to attract a larger TV following".[10]
Naming[edit]
See also: Football (word)
Although both rugby codes are forms of football, in many places, it could cause confusion as "football" is understood to mean Association football, Gridiron football, Gaelic football or Australian rules football depending on the country (or indeed region of the country). In much of the rugby union-playing world, the sport of rugby league is infrequently played and rugby union is commonly known simply as "rugby"; in countries where both codes are played, there is a need to distinguish between the codes of rugby.
In the United Kingdom, rugby union or rugby league fans rarely refer to their sport as "football" as in most cases this would refer to association football. Across the United Kingdom, rugby union is usually referred to simply as 'rugby' but in the North of England, the word 'rugby' could refer to either sport,[11][12] but usually means "rugby league". The nickname "rugger", which developed in England's elite schools, almost always refers to rugby union.[citation needed]
In Australia and New Zealand, rugby league is usually known as "league" or "football" with the latter term potentially confusing as Australian rules football and Association football could also be called football. Rugby union is often simply referred to as "rugby" without the ambiguity that this term carries in the UK.
In France, rugby union is called rugby à quinze (rugby with 15) or simply "rugby" whilst rugby league is known as rugby à treize (rugby with 13) or jeu à treize (game with 13) or treize (13).[13][14]
Gameplay[edit]
Further information: Rugby league gameplay and Rugby union gameplay
Since the 1895 schism, changes have taken place to the laws of both rugby union and rugby league football so that now they are distinct sports.[15] The laws of rugby league football have been gradually changed with the aim of creating a faster,[16] more spectator-friendly sport.[17] Player numbers were reduced to thirteen a side, creating more space for attacking play, and rucks and mauls were replaced with a play-the-ball restart.[18] Changes to the laws of rugby union have been less extreme, although there have been adjustments in scoring as the game became more try-oriented rather than focusing on goals.[19] In 2009 major law changes were implemented with the aim of making union simpler and more open.[20] Rugby league historian Tony Collins has written that since turning professional in the mid 1990s, rugby union has increasingly borrowed techniques and tactics from rugby league.[21][22]
Rugby union has more laws than rugby league[23][24] and it has been described as being a more complex game.[25][26] Rugby league in turn has been described as a simpler game that is easier for spectators to understand.[27] Mat Rogers, an Australian dual-code rugby international player, has said "Rugby [union] is very complicated and rugby league is much more simple in comparison". England's Chris Ashton, also a dual international, has said that union has "more of a tactical side, more that can happen in a game". Ireland's Tom Court has said "Rugby Union is a complex game with certain closed skills like scrummaging and line-out lifting and rugby league requires a higher level of fitness to compete at the highest level".[28]
Similarities between the two codes[edit]
The two forms of rugby share the same basic rules of the game and use a similar-shaped ovoid ball. The aim is to score more points through tries, conversions, penalty goals and drop goals than the opposition within the 80 minutes of play.
Goals are scored when the ball is kicked between the two posts and over the cross-bar, either during open play or as the result of a penalty. A try is scored when the ball is touched down on or beyond the defending team's goal-line. The try-scoring side is given the chance to score two additional points by kicking a conversion similar to a penalty goal attempt in a whichever point along a line which is perpendicular to the place where the try had been scored.
The ball can be taken forward in three ways—by kicking, by a player running with it or as the result of a set-piece. The ball can be passed from hand to hand between teammates in a backward or sideways direction; it may not be passed forwards although it can be kicked forwards. Dropping the ball in a forwards direction results in a scrum, a set-piece that restarts the game, except on the sixth tackle in league where the game restarts with a handover to the opposition.
Only the player holding the ball may be tackled. A rugby tackle is an attempt to bring the ball carrier to the ground or to stop his forward progress. Play restarts with the ball being transferred to another player.
The playing positions are divided into "backs"—generally faster and more mobile who score most of the points and the larger, stronger "forwards" who are involved in the more physical aspects of rugby and generally do more tackling.
Possession[edit]
A big difference in gameplay between the two games is that rugby league has shed from its laws several opportunities for possession to be contested that rugby union has retained: contesting the ball after the tackle, on the ground in rucks and through mauls.[29] When the ball goes into touch, possession in rugby union is contested through a line-out, while in rugby league a scrum restarts play. The lesser focus on contesting possession means there are fewer stoppages of play in rugby league,[30] with the ball typically in play for 50 out of the 80 minutes compared to around 35 for professional rugby union.[31] As the ball is in play more and there are fewer players (13 compared to 15) to cover the field it has been implied that rugby league is the more physically demanding sport.[32][33]
In union the attacking team can hold onto and use the ball for as long as they are able, while the opposition's aim is to take possession of the ball from them. In league each team can be tackled six times before handing over possession; moreover, the action stops after each successful tackle (i.e., the ball is not contested after a tackle). After being tackled five times, the attacking team will usually kick the ball either in an attacking kick or for territory. As the ball can only be contested during a one on one tackle in league there is less scope for a turnover to occur than in rugby union.[34] A study commissioned by the IRB found that between the years 2002 and 2004 possession was retained by the attacking team in 13 out of 14 tackles in rugby union.[34] Collins has argued that the six tackle rule in rugby league offers a more even distribution of possession despite fewer opportunities to contest it.[34] In both games the attacking team loses possession if they drop or pass the ball forward, which results in a scrum being awarded to the defending team.
In union possession can also be contested at line-outs (played after the ball has gone into touch) and scrums. In the same study it was found that the team with the ball at a scrum regained possession 90 percent of the time, while the team with the ball at a lineout regained possession 80 percent of the time.[34] League does not have a lineout, but does utilise a scrum to restart play. It is uncommon for modern rugby league scrums to be contested, with the side awarded the scrum almost always gaining possession.[35] Possession can also be contested following kicks to restart play from the halfway, 22 metre in both games (and from the goal line in league). Generally league restarts are likely to go for distance unless possession is needed quickly (usually if a team is behind with very little time left to play).[36] Union restarts are more likely to be short to allow players to contest possession in the air.[37]
Possession may change the same ways in both games:
When the ball is kicked to the opposing team, this can be done at any time but it is normal to punt on the last tackle in rugby league.
Following an unsuccessful kick at goal. If the kick at goal misses and goes dead, play is restarted with a drop out (at the 22 metre line in union and 20 metres in league).
When an opposing player intercepts a pass.
When the player in possession drops the ball and it is recovered by an opposition player.
If a player knocks the ball forward or throws a forward pass the other team is awarded a scrum. In somes cases, the referee may allow play to continue by the team picking up a dropped ball under the advantage rule.
If a player commits an illegal play the opposing team is awarded a penalty and will receive the ball.
Possession may change in rugby league in a number of unique ways:
In rugby league if the ball goes out of play, the opposition are awarded a scrum. If this is from a kick going into touch on the full this is called ball back and the scrum is formed where contact with the ball was made. Otherwise, under recent rule changes, the scrum is formed 20 metres from the point of touch. Penalties and 40/20 kicks are exceptions to this rule.
If a one-on-one tackle is attempted, the tackler can legally strip the ball from the attacking player as long as the referee has not called "held" or the attacking player has fallen to the ground to indicate a completed tackle.
an automatic handover takes place when the team in possession runs out of tackles, or a knock on happens on the sixth tackle.
Possession may change in rugby union in a number of unique ways
In rugby union if the ball goes out of play the opposition may be awarded a line-out. The opposition are awarded a line out if the team in possession kicks the ball out of play and they have not been awarded a penalty before the kick.
In rugby union the attacking team may lose possession in a scrum, line out, maul, ruck or tackle.
Tackling[edit]
See also: Tackle (football move)
In both games tackling is permitted to either bring down the player in possession of the ball or prevent him from making forward progress. Tackling or interfering with a player who is not in possession of the ball is not permitted. Tripping with the leg is not allowed in either code. However, in rugby league, if a tackling player has both hands on the ball carrier, he is allowed to use his legs to bring him to ground.
In rugby league, a tackle is deemed to be complete when the elbow of the arm holding the ball touches the ground, or the player is held in an upright tackle. The ball cannot be further advanced and a play-the-ball or handover must take place. In rugby union, a tackle is deemed to be complete when the player in possession is held on the ground; that player must play the ball (either releasing it, passing it, or if over the try line grounding the ball) immediately. In rugby league a play the ball takes place after each tackle. In rugby union, play does not stop when a player is forced to the ground in a tackle, as the tackled player must immediately play the ball, and the tackler must roll away, which will generally mean a ruck will form.
The laws of rugby league specifically outlaw the so-called "voluntary tackle": players are not allowed to go to ground unless they are effectively tackled by an opponent, though in practice this rule is rarely applied. There was no equivalent law in rugby union, in the past going to ground with the ball and protecting it was practised, but in the modern game deliberately falling on the ground to gain an advantage is outlawed by Law 14: "The game is to be played by players who are on their feet. A player must not make the ball unplayable by falling down." A player who falls to ground with the ball or on it must immediately release or pass the ball, or get up with it.
Scoring[edit]
Union and league have the same ways of scoring, but there are significant differences in the points awarded, and a few minor differences in the laws governing the scoring of tries.
The try is the main way of scoring in both codes; there are some subtle differences between the two codes, but the most obvious difference is that a try is worth 5 points in rugby union and 4 points in rugby league. In both games, a conversion following a try is worth 2 points. A player tackled just short of the try-line in rugby union can legitimately reach across it and place the ball down for a try. This is not allowed in rugby league unless the momentum of the player continues to take him over the line in one continuous movement. If the tackle is complete, such a move would constitute a "double movement" and the try would be disallowed.
A drop goal is worth 3 points in union and 1 in league. A penalty goal is worth 3 points in union and 2 points in league.
Laws[edit]
Use of a penalty box (or "sin bin") was introduced by rugby league in 1980.[38] Rugby union had been experimenting with the same concept since 1979,[39] although it was not formally sanctioned until 2001.[40]
Video referee technology was first used for rugby league in 1996[41] and for rugby union in 2001.[40]
In rugby league the ball may be thrown or knocked out of play deliberately, while in union those are penalty offences. Kicking the ball out of play is legal in both codes.
When taking free or penalty kicks with a "tap and go" option, rugby league permits a stylised kick with the ball being tapped against the foot or lower leg while union requires the ball to leave the hands of the kicker. This difference in emphasis on a relatively trivial phase of play can be seen as indicative of the core differences between the games. In league, the kick is stylised as its purpose is to restart the game and to move to the run and tackle main play as quickly as possible. In union, where every phase of play has some element of competition, the trivial need to release the ball at any kick can result in a fumble that may give the opposition a chance to either contest possession or, if "knocked-on", will cause them to be awarded a scrum.
Pitch[edit]
Further information: Rugby league playing field
A rugby league pitch
A rugby union pitch
A rugby league pitch is between 112 and 122 metres long by 68 m wide. The distance between try-lines is always 100 metres. There are lines going across the field which mark every ten metres. An in-goal area extends six to eleven metres beyond each goal line. At the goal line is a set of goal posts in the shape of the letter 'H', used for other forms of point scoring: drop goal, penalty and conversion.
A rugby union pitch is a maximum of 144 metres long by 70 m wide. The length from try line to try line is always 100 metres: the only varying distances on a rugby union field are the width of the playing field, and the distance from try line to the dead-ball line. Lines are painted at the dead-ball line, try line, 22-metre line, 10-metre line (broken line) and halfway. Lines are also located 5 metres away from the try line and touch line and 15 metres away from the touch line. At the goal line is a set of goal posts in the shape of the letter 'H', used for other forms of point scoring: drop goal, penalty and conversion.
Despite the two different pitch sizes since the removal restrictions on professionalism by the RFU in 1995, it has been possible for clubs to share facilities, including pitches. A notable example is Leeds Rhinos and Leeds Carnegie, both part of the Leeds Rugby group, who share Headingley Stadium.
Players[edit]
Further information: Rugby league positions and Rugby union positions
See also: List of dual-code rugby internationals
A maximum of 15 players can play rugby union at any one time whereas rugby league permits 13 players. In both games, the positions are divided into "backs" and "forwards".
Rugby league position names (shirt numbers)
Rugby union position names (shirt numbers)
Forwards
front row forwards / props (8 & 10) loose head prop (1) and tight head prop (3)
hooker (9) hooker (2)
2nd row forwards (11 & 12) locks / second rows (4 & 5)
- blindside flanker (6) and openside flanker (7)
lock / loose forward (13) number-eight (8)
Backs
half-back / scrum-half (7) half-back / scrum-half (9)
five-eighth / stand-off (6) five-eighth / fly-half (10)
left centre (4) and right centre (3) inside centre / 2nd five (12) and outside centre (13)
left wing (5) and right wing (2) left wing (11) and right wing (14)
fullback (1) fullback (15)
Many of the positions have similar names but in practice are very different. The position known as 'flanker' is not in rugby league; however the second row in rugby league are loose like the flankers in rugby union while the lock / loose forward in rugby league is similar to the number 8 in rugby union. In the backs, rugby league centres are split into left and right centre rather than inside and outside centres.
The reduction in the importance of the scrum and the removal of the line-out from rugby league, has meant it is a faster free flowing game. Very different skill sets and body types needed for the different positions has become more obvious as union players specialise more.[42] For instance, props and hookers in rugby union tend to be among the physically strongest and heaviest players with high levels of scrummaging and mauling skills, but traditionally with limited speed and ball-handling skills. In rugby league, props are physically big, straight running forwards whose job it is to set the platform and get the go forward while still possessing agility and good ball handling skills. Locks in union tend to be very tall and high jumpers, as this helps at line-outs; while as this is not a necessity for league; the two second rowers and the loose forward / lock are mobile with speed across the park who can off-load on attack and contain and enforce on defence. They are similar to the loose forward trio of flankers and number eight in rugby union. Depending on their speed and ball playing skills, lock forwards in rugby league can generally play as both a forward and as an extra five-eight.
Scrum-half is a specialized position in rugby union and similar to the hooker in league: the number 9 initiates most moves by his or her team and must be an excellent passer of the ball in rugby union as with league. In rugby league any player can act from dummy half, however, in the professional modern game it is a specialised job for the hooker to instigate and direct the forward platform. He must also be able to probe with a running and varied kicking game from dummy half while still possessing strong and effective tackling.
The similarity between the two games has meant that players can switch between the two codes. League initially recruited big name players from union, like Herbert "Dally" Messenger in 1907,[43] and the RFU responded by banning any player that played rugby league for life.[44] A push into converting union players to rugby league, such as All Blacks John Gallagher, Frano Botica, Matthew Ridge and Va'aiga Tuigamala, occurred during the late 1980s and into the 1990s.[45] When rugby union became professional league players were allowed to play for rugby union teams, leading to a reversal in cross-code switching. Gallagher, Botica and Tuigamala returned to union, while leading league players such as Jason Robinson, Wendell Sailor, Mat Rogers, Lote Tuqiri, Henry Paul and Iestyn Harris, took up rugby union contracts.[45] Sailor, Rogers, Tuqiri, Paul and Harris subsequently switched back to rugby league. Players who achieve play international rugby in both codes are known as dual-code internationals.
Cross-code games[edit]
In 1909, when the new "Northern Union" code was still in its infancy, a match between the Kangaroos and the Wallabies was played before a crowd of around 20,000, with the rugby league side winning, 29–26.[46] With the wartime Emergency League suspended, Leeds Rugby League reverted to rugby union during World War I to play a one-off challenge game against the Royal Navy Depot from Plymouth in 1917. This was precursor to the following Christmas when two Challenge games were organised between the two sides but this time with one of each code. The Navy won the union game, 9–3, on Christmas Eve but proved equally adept at league recording a 24–3 win on 28 December. During World War II, the RFU relaxed its restrictions on rugby league players playing rugby union. In 1943, a Northern Command army rugby league side defeated a Northern Command union side, 18–11, at Headingley under rugby union laws. The following year a Combined Services rugby league side beat a Combined Services union side, 15–10, at Bradford again at rugby union. These were the only league v union matches played until 1996.[47]
Bronson Harrison of the Western Suburbs Magpies playing in a 2015 hybrid rugby match
With both sports becoming professional matches between union and league teams have been played. In May 1996, Bath Rugby and Wigan RLFC, who were then England's top union and league sides respectively, made history by playing against each other at both codes of rugby. Wigan won, 82–6, in the first match, played under league rules, and lost the second, 44–19, under union rules. Since then other games have been played between union and league teams using the laws of one of the codes, or in some cases using a different set of laws for each half.
Since the two match series in 1996, there has only been one similar endeavour to bring together union and league. In January 2003, St Helens rugby league took on Sale rugby union in a single game played at Knowsley Road, intended to have one half under league rules and the other under union rules. Unlike Bath, who were to all intents and purposes still the amateur side they had been, Sale had the benefit of almost a decade of professionalism to improve both strength and fitness that was necessary for them to adapt to the constant tackling required in rugby league. Sale prevailed against St Helens in front of a fierce St Helens home crowd at Knowsley Road, winning the match 41–39.[48]
Demographics[edit]
Traditionally, the two rugbys have been seen as divided along class lines, with union associated more with the middle class, and league with the working class.[49] One of the main reasons for the split was union's enforcement of the amateur principle, meaning that working class players could not afford to take time off work to play the sport.[50]
In England, rugby union is widely regarded as an "establishment" sport, played mostly by members of the upper and middle classes. For example, many students at public schools play rugby union.[51] In contrast, rugby league has traditionally been seen as a working class pursuit.
In Wales, rugby union is associated with small village teams which consisted of coal miners and other industrial workers playing on their days off.[52]
In Australia, the two codes were also strongly divided down class lines.[53] Support for both codes is concentrated in New South Wales, Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory. The same perceived class barrier as exists between the two games in England also occurs in these states, fostered by rugby union's prominence and support at schools.[54]
In New Zealand, rugby league is still considered to be a lower class game by many, or a game for "westies" referring to lower class western suburbs of Auckland and more recently the poorer southern Auckland where the game is popular. It is also popular on the West Coast of New Zealand.[citation needed]
In France, rugby union is widely played and has a strong tradition in the Basque, Occitan, and Catalan areas[citation needed] along the border regions between Spain and France. It rivals the popularity of Association Football. Rugby league has historically been played in much the same region.[citation needed]
Finance and scale[edit]
In the UK, the "two codes" of rugby are very different in scale and turnover. The turnover of the RFL was reported as £19m in 2014.[55] For comparison, the turnover of the Rugby Football Union in 2014 was £150m.[56] The number of rugby union players in England is 1.99 million which includes 131,000 senior male players.[57] The number of players participating in any capacity in Rugby League in England (including wheelchair users) is about 100,000.[58]
Australia in 2013, rugby league had 1,430,367 participants in the sport (including school clinics), and 167,533 registered players.[59] The Australian Rugby League Commission reported a gross revenue of $185,668,873 and a gross profit of $4,675,845 in the 2012 financial year.[60] Rugby Union in 2012 had 323,115 participants, including 50,000 registered juniors.[61] The ARU in 2012 had gross revenues of $96.6M, but had a net deficit of $8.3M. A significant portion of Rugby Union's revenue is derived from the national team touring overseas and visiting tours, while Rugby League's is largely generated by its strong domestic league.
The number of rugby union players in New Zealand is estimated to be 129,000, with 35,721[59] playing rugby league.
Rugby union generally has a broader reach around the world. For example, it is a popular sport in a number of countries such as South Africa and Argentina.
International competitions[edit]
The oldest international rugby union competition is the Six Nations Championship, starting in 1883 with games played between England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland. France joined in 1910 and Italy in 2000. In 1996 the Southern Hemisphere teams of South Africa, Australia and New Zealand started their own annual international competition known as the Tri Nations; it adopted its current name of The Rugby Championship when Argentina joined in 2012.
Rugby union had previously been a medal sport at four Olympic games, in Paris (1900), London (1908), Antwerp (1920) and Paris (1924), and will return to the Olympics in 2016 and 2020[62] in the sevens form. Rugby union sevens is a core event at both the Commonwealth Games and the Asian Games.
The major annual international competition in rugby league is the Four Nations, first played in 1999. It originally involved Britain, Australia and New Zealand before expanding to include a fourth invited nation in 2009. Rugby league introduced its World Cup in 1954 and it has been held intermittently since, in various formats. Rugby union's first World Cup was held in 1987 and it is contested every four years.
See also[edit]
Comparison of American football and rugby league
Comparison of American football and rugby union
Comparison of Canadian football and rugby league
Comparison of Canadian football and rugby union
Comparison of Gaelic football and rugby union
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Jones, Chris (9 October 2000). "It's all a code merger mystery". London Evening Standard. UK: ES London Limited. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Growden, Greg (12 May 2011). "Hybrid rugby union-league experiment". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Marshall 1951, pp. 13–14
Jump up ^ History of the ARU Archived 24 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
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Jump up ^ Tony Collins (2006). "Schism 1893–1895". Rugby's great split: class, culture and the origins of rugby league football (2nd ed.). Routlage. pp. 87–120. ISBN 0-415-39616-6.
Jump up ^ Collins, Tony (2006). Rugby League in Twentieth Century Britain: A social and cultural History. UK: Taylor & Francis. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-0-415-39614-1. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "History of the RFU". RFU. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
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Jump up ^ "Tributes to super-fit Glossop rugby ace Alex Kaiser found dead in his van". Manchester Evening News. 9 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Janine Yaqoob (13 April 2012). "St Helens bar has licence suspended after rugby player allegedly assaulted". Liverpool Echo.
Jump up ^ Règles du rugby à XV par francerugby.fr
Jump up ^ Régles du Rugby à XIII, codification empruntée au site de la Ligue régionale de Midi-Pyrénées
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Garth (18 June 2007). "Black and White and Grey". Archived from the original on 25 July 2010.
Jump up ^ newzealandnow.govt.nz. "Sports". Life in New Zealand. New Zealand Government. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Cunneen, Chris (2001). The best ever Australian Sports Writing. Australia: Black Inc. p. 314. ISBN 1-86395-266-7. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Rule changes". Interviews. The Rugby League Oral History Project. 2007. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Scoring through the ages rugbyfootballhistory.com". Retrieved 24 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "IRB Guide to Experimental Law Variations". 4 August 2008. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Tony Collins (2006). Rugby's Great Split: Class, Culture and the Origins of Rugby League Football. UK: Taylor & Francis. pp. xii. ISBN 978-0-415-39616-5.
Jump up ^ Collins, Tony (2009). A Social History of English Rugby Union. UK: Taylor & Francis. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-415-47660-7.
Jump up ^ "Laws of the Game: Rugby Union 2007." International Rugby Board, Dublin, 2007. Online version retrieved 22 October 2007.
Jump up ^ The ARL Laws of the Game, 2007. Archived 29 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine. The Australian Rugby Football League. Online version retrieved 22 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Peter Fitzsimons (19 May 2007). "What they said". Sydney Morning Herald.
Jump up ^ Spiro Zavos (09/06/2009). "Sonny could be something under a canny Kiwi coach". Sydney Morning Herald. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ Howell, Andy (7 May 2007). "R League: Sport can flourish in Wales". Western Mail. Media Wales Ltd. Retrieved 21 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Damian Flint (11.14.11). "LEAGUE v UNION goes to Court!". Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ Telfer, Jim (5 May 2010). "It’s Le Crunch for Magners League". STV. Archived from the original on 25 July 2010. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
Jump up ^ George Caplan; Mark Adams (2007). BTEC National: Sport. Heinemann. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-435-46514-8.
Jump up ^ Cleary, Mick (5 October 2000). "Talking Rugby: No code like the old code". telegraph.co.uk. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Breivik, Simon L.; British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences (2007). Sport And Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: The British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences Guide. Taylor & Francis. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-415-36141-5.
Jump up ^ Thomsen, Ian (10 January 1998). "Football Players Are Awfully Tough, but Enough for Rugby?". New York Times. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Collins, Tony (6 May 2010). "Mythbusters: The 'Contest for Possession'". Rugby Reloaded. Archived from the original on 25 July 2010. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Christopher Boy (29 March 2011). "Rugby league greats of different eras say rugby league scrum is a showpiece of the modern gam". Fox Sports.
Jump up ^ "Five of the best: grand final controversies". Sydney Morning Herald. 1 October 2004.
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Jump up ^ Gatt, Ray (30 March 1981). "Ella stars and bears out Big Jack's faith". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Scots against sin bin". The Glasgow Herald. 24 March 1979. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Cleary, Mick (4 April 2001). "World Cup play-offs abandoned". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Reuter (8 October 1996). "Aussie rebels to follow Euro lead". New Straits Times. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "League V Union goes to court". Retrieved 15 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Dally Messenger reinstated to NSWRU record books - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
Jump up ^ The Amateur Era Archived 13 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Irish Rugby : News Archive : Rugby Codes Are Closer Than Ever
Jump up ^ "Kangaroos v. Wallabies". West Coast Times. New Zealand. 6 September 1909. p. 4. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
Jump up ^ The History Of Rugby League
Jump up ^ "Sale spring cross-code shock". BBC News. 2003-01-27. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
Jump up ^ Bowden, David (4 September 2009). "Tackling rugby union’s superiority complex". Spiked. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/working-class-formed-a-league-of-their-own/story-e6frexni-1111118120858
Jump up ^ Phillips, Buchler. Appendices to the Minutes of Evidence to Select Committee on Culture, Media and Sport
Jump up ^ Sommerville, D. (1997). The Encyclopedia of Rugby Union. Aurum Press, UK. ISBN 1-85410-481-0.
Jump up ^ Tony Collins (2006). Rugby's great split: class, culture and the origins of rugby. p. 180.
Jump up ^ Collins, T. (2005). "Australian Nationalism and Working-Class Britishness: The Case of Rugby League Football." History Compass, Vol. 3, No. 1.
Jump up ^ RFL Annual report for 2014
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^ Jump up to: a b NRL Rugby League 2013
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Further reading[edit]
David Campese, Peter Jenkins, Mal Meninga, Peter Frilingos (1994). My game, your game. Ironbark Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-330-35616-9. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
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Conjugated protein
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Conjugated protein - hemoglobin: 4 subunits are in different colours
Heme — prosthetic group of hemoglobin
A conjugated protein is a protein that functions in interaction with other (non-polypeptide) chemical groups attached by covalent bonding or weak interactions.
Many proteins contain only amino acids and no other chemical groups, and they are called simple proteins. However, other kind of proteins yield, on hydrolysis, some other chemical component in addition to amino acids and they are called conjugated proteins. The non-amino part of a conjugated protein is usually called its prosthetic group. Most prosthetic groups are formed from vitamins. Conjugated proteins are classified on the basis of the chemical nature of their prosthetic groups.
Some examples of conjugated proteins are lipoproteins, glycoproteins, phosphoproteins, hemoproteins, flavoproteins, metalloproteins, phytochromes, cytochromes, opsins and chromoproteins.
Hemoglobin contains the prosthetic group known as heme. Each heme group contains an iron ion (Fe2+) which forms a co-ordinate bond with an oxygen molecule (O2), allowing hemoglobin to transport oxygen through the bloodstream. As each of the four protein subunits of hemoglobin possesses its own prosthetic heme group, each hemoglobin can transport four molecules of oxygen.
Glycoproteins are generally the largest and most abundant group of conjugated proteins. They range from glycoproteins in cell surface membranes that constitute the glycocalyx, to important antibodies produced by leukocytes.
's Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). New York, New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
This protein-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Wolff
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Wolff (disambiguation).
Wolff is a surname, mostly of German origin. It may have derived from the name of the animal with this name, see Wolf.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of people surnamed Wolff
1.1 A–F
1.2 G–M
1.3 N–Z
List of people surnamed Wolff[edit]
A–F[edit]
Albert Wolff (disambiguation), several people
Alex Wolff, American actor
Alexander Wolff, American writer
Alexander Wolff (soldier), (1788–1863), British officer who served under the Duke of Wellington
Betje Wolff (1738–1804), Dutch writer
Bernard Wolff (1811–1879), German media mogul
Beverly Wolff (1928–2005), American mezzo-soprano
Bobby Wolff (born 1932), American bridge player
Carl Gustaf Wolff, a prominent Finnish shipowner and businessman
Caspar Friedrich Wolff (1734–1794), founder of embryology
Christian Wolff (disambiguation), several people
Christoph Wolff (born 1940), German-born musicologist
Ed Wolff (actor) (1907–1966), American actor
Edward Wolff (born 1946), American economist
Enrique Wolff (born 1949), Argentine football player
Ernst Victor Wolff (1886–1961), German-born classical pianist and harpsichordist
Francis Wolff, photographer and the founder of Blue Note Records
Francis Wolff (philosopher) (born 1950), French philosopher, see List of French philosophers
Frank Wolff (disambiguation), several people
Franklin Merrell-Wolff (1887–1985), an American mystical philosopher
Freddie Wolff (1910–1988), British sprinter
G–M[edit]
Geoffrey Wolff (born 1937), American writer
Gerald W. Wolff (born 1939), American historian
Hans Walter Wolff (born 1911), German biblical scholar
Hellmuth Wolff (disambiguation), several people
Heinz Wolff (1928–2017), German-British scientist and television and radio presenter
Henry Drummond Wolff (1830–1908), English diplomat
J. Scott Wolff (1878–1958), American politician from Missouri
Johann Friedrich Wolff (1778–1806), German botanist
Jonathan Wolff (disambiguation), several people
Josh Wolff (born 1977), American soccer player
Joseph Wolff (1795–1862), Jewish Christian missionary from Germany
Joseph C. Wolff (1849–1896), New York politician
Julius Wolff (disambiguation), several people
Kurt Wolff (disambiguation), several people
Louis Wolff (1898–1972), American cardiologist
Karin Wolff (1959), German politician
Karl Wolff (1900–1984), high-ranking member of the Schutzstaffel
Karl Felix Wolff (1879–1966), self-taught folklorist of the South Tyrol
Maritta Wolff (1918–2002) American novelist
Michael Wolff (disambiguation), several people
Milton Wolff (1915–2008), commander of the Lincoln Battalion
N–Z[edit]
Nat Wolff (born 1994), American actor
Nelson Wolff (born 1940), American politician
Patrick Wolff (born 1968), American chess player
Peter Wolff (disambiguation), several people
Richard Wolff (disambiguation), several people
Rikard Wolff (1958–2017), Swedish actor
Robert Wolff (disambiguation), several people
Roger Wolff (1911–1994), American baseball player
S. Drummond Wolff (1916–2004), English organist, mainly active in America
Salomon (Sam) de Wolff (1878–1960), Dutch economist and politician
Sam Wolff (born 1991), American baseball player
Stefan Wolff, German political scientist and professor living in the UK
Sula Wolff (1924–2009), prominent British child psychiatrist
Susie Wolff (born 1982), British racing driver
Thomas Wolff (1954–2000), American mathematician
Tobias Barrington Wolff (born 1970), American professor of law
Tobias Wolff (born 1945), American writer
Toto Wolff (born 1972), Austrian racing driver and investor
Virginia Wolff (1882–1941), English writer
Werner Wolff (disambiguation), several people
Surname list
This page lists people with the surname Wolff. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
[hide]
v
t
e
Family names derived from the word "wolf"
Germanic
North Germanic: Lyall, Varg, Warg
Ulfsson
West Germanic: De Wolf, De Wolfe, Volf , Wolf, Wolfe, Wolff, Wolfs, Woolf, Woolfe, Wulf, Wulff
Wolfowitz, Wolfsohn, Wolfson
Romance
Latin: Lupus
French: Leleu, Leloup, Loup, Louvel, Lowell
Iberian: Lobo, Lopes, López
Italian: Lovato, Lupo
Romanian: Lupescu, Lupu, Lupul
Slavic
East Slavic: Biryuk, Volchek, Volchenkov, Volchkov, Volk, Volkov, Vovk
South Slavic: Vučević, Vučić, Vučko, Vučković, Vujić, Vukasović, Vukčević, Vukić, Vukićević, Vuković, Vuksanović
West Slavic: Vlček, Vlk, Wilczek, Wilczyński, Wilk
Other
Baltic: Vilkas, Vilks
Basque: Ochoa, Otxoa
Celtic: Channing, Phelan, Whalan, Whalen, Whelan, Felan, Folan
Finnish: Susi
Greek: Lykoudis
Hebrew: Ze'evi
Hungarian: Farkas
Japanese: Okami
Manchu: Niohuru
Turkish: Kurt, Kurtoğlu
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolff&oldid=822044689"
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This page was last edited on 24 January 2018, at 02:17.
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