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Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii
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Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii
Part of the Hawaiian Rebellions (1887–95)

The USS Boston's landing force on duty at the Arlington Hotel, Honolulu, at the time of the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, January 1893. Lieutenant Lucien Young, USN, commanded the detachment, and is presumably the officer at right.[1]
Date
January 17, 1893
Location
Honolulu, Hawaii
Result
Hawaiian League / United States victory
Surrender of the Kingdom of Hawaii
Queen Liliuokalani relinquishes power
Provisional Government, later renamed to Republic, established
Hawaii organized into a territory, then a state of the United States
50th, and most recent, territory granted Statehood (in August 21, 1959)
Belligerents
Committee of Safety
United States Hawaii
Commanders and leaders
Lorrin A. Thurston
John L. Stevens
Queen Liliʻuokalani
Samuel Nowlein
Charles B. Wilson
Strength
Honolulu Rifles
1,500 Militiamen
United States
1 cruiser, USS Boston
162 US Navy and USMC
496 troops[2]
(several) Volunteers
85–110 Police
322–337 Royal Guard
50–65 at Palace
272 at Barracks[3]
8–14 artillery pieces
1 Gatling gun
Casualties and losses
None 1 wounded
[show]
v
t
e
Hawaiian Revolutions
Bloodless Revolution
Dominis
Wilcox Rebellion
Sandbag
Overthrow
Leper War
Black Week
Counter-Revolution
The overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii began on January 17, 1893, with a coup d'état against Queen Liliuokalani on the island of Oahu by foreign residents residing in Honolulu, mostly United States citizens, and subjects of the Kingdom of Hawaii.[4] They prevailed upon American minister John L. Stevens to call in the U.S. Marines to protect American interests, an action that effectively buttressed the rebellion. The revolutionaries established the Republic of Hawaii, but their ultimate goal was the annexation of the islands to the United States, which finally occurred in 1898.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Sugar reciprocity
1.2 Rebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution
1.3 Wilcox Rebellion of 1888
1.4 Liliʻuokalani attempts to re-write Constitution
2 Overthrow
2.1 United States involvement
3 Aftermath
4 Response
4.1 United States
4.2 International
4.3 Hawaiian counter-revolution
5 Republic, American annexation, statehood
6 See also
7 References
Background[edit]
The Kamehameha Dynasty was the reigning monarchy of the Kingdom of Hawaii, beginning with its founding by Kamehameha I in 1795, until the death of Kamehameha V in 1872 and Lunalilo in 1874.[5][6] On July 6, 1846, U.S. Secretary of State John C. Calhoun, on behalf of President Tyler, afforded formal recognition of Hawaiian independence under the reign of Kamehameha III.[7] As a result of the recognition of Hawaiian independence, the Hawaiian Kingdom entered into treaties with the major nations of the world[8] and established over ninety legations and consulates in multiple seaports and cities.[9] The kingdom would continue for another 21 years until its overthrow in 1893 with the fall of the House of Kalākaua.[10]
Sugar reciprocity[edit]
Main articles: Ford Island, Reciprocity Treaty of 1875, and Great Mahele
Sugar had been a major export from Hawaii since Captain James Cook's arrival in 1778.[11] The first permanent plantation in the islands was on Kauai in 1835. William Hooper leased 980 acres of land from Kamehameha III and began growing sugar cane. Within thirty years there would be plantations on four of the main islands. Sugar had completely altered Hawaii's economy.[12]
American influence in Hawaiian government began with American-born plantation owners demanding a say in Kingdom politics. This was driven by missionary religion and the economics of the sugar industry. Pressure from these foreign born politicians was being felt by the King and chiefs with demands of land tenure. After the 1843 takeover by the British, Kamehameha III relented to the foreign advisors to private land demands with the Great Māhele, distributing the lands as pushed on heavily by the missionaries, including Gerrit P. Judd.[13] During the 1850s, the U.S. import tariff on sugar from Hawaii was much higher than the import tariffs Hawaiians were charging the U.S., and Kamehameha III sought reciprocity.[14] The monarch wished to lower the tariffs being paid out to the U.S. while still maintaining the Kingdom's sovereignty and making Hawaiian sugar competitive with other foreign markets. In 1854 Kamehameha III proposed a policy of reciprocity between the countries but the proposal died in the U.S. Senate.[15]
Charles Reed Bishop, Minister of Foreign Affairs (Hawaii)
As early as 1873, a United States military commission recommended attempting to obtain Ford Island in exchange for the tax-free importation of sugar to the U.S.[16] Major General John Schofield, U.S. commander of the military division of the Pacific, and Brevet Brigadier General Burton S. Alexander arrived in Hawaii to ascertain its defensive capabilities. American control of Hawaii was considered vital for the defense of the west coast of the United States, and they were especially interested in Pu'uloa, Pearl Harbor.[17] The sale of one of Hawaii's harbors was proposed by Charles Reed Bishop, a foreigner who had married into the Kamehameha family, had risen in the government to be Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs, and owned a country home near Pu'uloa. He showed the two U.S. officers around the lochs, although his wife, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, privately disapproved of selling Hawaiian lands. As monarch, William Charles Lunalilo, was content to let Bishop run almost all business affairs but the ceding of lands would become unpopular with the native Hawaiians. Many islanders thought that all the islands, rather than just Pearl Harbor, might be lost and opposed any cession of land. By November 1873, Lunalilo canceled negotiations and returned to drinking, against his doctor's advice; his health declined swiftly, and he died on February 3, 1874.[17]
Lunalilo left no heirs. The legislature was empowered by the constitution to elect the monarch in these instances[18] and chose David Kalākaua as the next monarch.[19] The new ruler was pressured by the U.S. government to surrender Pearl Harbor to the Navy.[19] Kalākaua was concerned that this would lead to annexation by the U.S. and to the contravention of the traditions of the Hawaiian people, who believed that the land ('Āina) was fertile, sacred, and not for sale to anyone.[19] In 1874 through 1875, Kalākaua traveled to the United States for a state visit to Washington DC to help gain support for a new treaty.[20][21] Congress agreed to the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 for seven years in exchange for Ford Island.[22][23] After the treaty, sugar production expanded from 12,000 acres of farm land to 125,000 acres in 1891.[24] At the end of the seven-year reciprocity agreement, the United States showed little interest in renewal.[22]
Rebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution[edit]
Main articles: Hawaiian rebellions (1887–95) and 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii
On January 20, 1887, the United States began leasing Pearl Harbor.[25] Shortly afterwards, a group of mostly non-Hawaiians calling themselves the Hawaiian Patriotic League began the Rebellion of 1887.[26] They drafted their own constitution on July 6, 1887.[27] The new constitution was written by Lorrin Thurston, the Hawaiian Minister of the Interior who used the Hawaiian militia as threat against Kalākaua.[25] Kalākaua was forced under threat of assassination[28] to dismiss his cabinet ministers and sign a new constitution which greatly lessened his power.[19] It would become known as the "Bayonet Constitution" due to the force used.[25]
Lorrin Thurston, Minister of the Interior (Hawaii)
The Bayonet Constitution allowed the monarch to appoint cabinet ministers, but had stripped him of the power to dismiss them without approval from the Legislature.[27]:152 Eligibility to vote for the House of Nobles was also altered, stipulating that both candidates and voters were now required to own property valuing at least three thousand dollars, or have an annual income of no less than six hundred dollars.[29] This resulted in disenfranchising two thirds of the native Hawaiians as well as other ethnic groups who had previously held the right to vote but were no longer able to meet the new voting requirements.[30] This new constitution benefited the white, foreign plantation owners.[31] With the legislature now responsible for naturalizing citizens, Americans and Europeans could retain their home country citizenship and vote as citizens of the kingdom.[32] Along with voting privileges, Americans could now run for office and still retain their American citizenship, something not afforded in any other nation of the world[33] and even allowed Americans to vote without becoming naturalized.[34] Asian immigrants were completely shut out and were no longer able to acquire citizenship or vote at all.[35]
Wilcox Rebellion of 1888[edit]
ʻIolani Barracks, 2007
The Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 was a plot to overthrow King David Kalākaua, king of Hawaii, and replace him with his sister in a coup d'état in response to increased political tension between the legislature and the king after the 1887 constitution. Kalākaua's sister, Princess Liliʻuokalani and his wife, Queen Kapiolani, returned from Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee immediately after news reached them in Great Britain.[36]
Kalākaua's distant cousin, a native Hawaiian officer and veteran of the Italian military, Robert William Wilcox returned to Hawaii at about the same time as Liliʻuokalani[37] in October 1887 when the funding for his study program stopped when the new constitution was signed. Wilcox, Charles B. Wilson, Princess Liliʻuokalani, and Sam Nowlein plotted to overthrow King Kalākaua to replace him with his sister, Liliʻuokalani. They had 300 Hawaiian conspirators hidden in ʻIolani Barracks and an alliance with the Royal Guard, but the plot was accidentally discovered in January 1888, less than 48 hours before the revolt would have been initiated.[38] No one was prosecuted but Wilcox was exiled. So on February 11, 1888, Wilcox left Hawaii for San Francisco, intending to return to Italy with his wife.
Princess Liliʻuokalani was offered the throne several times by the Missionary Party who had forced the Bayonet Constitution on her brother, but she believed she would become a powerless figurehead like her brother and rejected the offers outright.[39]
Liliʻuokalani attempts to re-write Constitution[edit]
Main article: Proposed 1893 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii
In November 1889, Kalākaua traveled to San Francisco for his health, staying at the Palace Hotel. He died there on January 20, 1890.[40] His sister Liliʻuokalani assumed the throne in the middle of an economic crisis. The McKinley Act had crippled the Hawaiian sugar industry by removing the duties on sugar imports from other countries into the US, eliminating the previous Hawaiian advantage gained via the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875.[41] Many Hawaii businesses and citizens felt pressure from the loss of revenue; in response Liliʻuokalani proposed a lottery system to raise money for her government. Also proposed was a controversial opium licensing bill.[42] Her ministers, and closest friends, were all opposed to this plan; they unsuccessfully tried to dissuade her from pursuing these initiatives, both of which came to be used against her in the brewing constitutional crisis.[43]
Liliʻuokalani's chief desire was to restore power to the monarch by abrogating the 1887 Bayonet Constitution and promulgating a new one, an idea that seems to have been broadly supported by the Hawaiian population.[44] The 1893 Constitution would have increased suffrage by reducing some property requirements, and eliminated the voting privileges extended to European and American residents. It would have disfranchised many resident European and American businessmen who were not citizens of Hawaii. The Queen toured several of the islands on horseback, talking to the people about her ideas and receiving overwhelming support, including a lengthy petition in support of a new constitution. However, when the Queen informed her cabinet of her plans, they withheld their support due to an understanding of what her opponents' likely response to these plans would be.[45]
Though there were threats to Hawaii's sovereignty throughout the Kingdom's history, it was not until the signing of the Bayonet Constitution in 1887 that this threat began to be realized. The precipitating event[46] leading to the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 17, 1893, was the attempt by Queen Liliʻuokalani to promulgate a new constitution that would have strengthened the power of the monarch relative to the legislature, where Euro-American business elites held disproportionate power. The stated goals of the conspirators, who were non-native Hawaiian Kingdom subjects (five American nationals, one English national, and one German national)[47] were to depose the queen, overthrow the monarchy, and seek Hawaii's annexation to the United States.[48][49]
Overthrow[edit]
Queen Liliʻuokalani
The overthrow itself was started by newspaper publisher Lorrin Thurston, a Hawaiian subject and former Minister of the Interior who was the grandson of American missionaries,[50] and formally led by the Chairman of the Committee of Safety, Henry E. Cooper, an American lawyer. They derived their support primarily from the American and European business class residing in Hawaii and other supporters of the Reform Party of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Most of the leaders of the Committee of Safety that deposed the queen were American and European citizens who were also Kingdom subjects.[51][52][53] They included legislators, government officers, and a Supreme Court Justice of the Hawaiian Kingdom.[54]
On January 16, the Marshal of the Kingdom, Charles B. Wilson was tipped off by detectives to the imminent planned overthrow. Wilson requested warrants to arrest the 13-member council of the Committee of Safety, and put the Kingdom under martial law. Because the members had strong political ties with United States Government Minister John L. Stevens, the requests were repeatedly denied by Attorney General Arthur P. Peterson and the Queen’s cabinet, fearing if approved, the arrests would escalate the situation. After a failed negotiation with Thurston,[55] Wilson began to collect his men for the confrontation. Wilson and Captain of the Royal Household Guard, Samuel Nowlein, had rallied a force of 496 men who were kept at hand to protect the Queen.[2]
The events began on January 17, 1893, when John Good, a revolutionist, shot Leialoha, a native policeman who was trying to stop a wagon carrying weapons to the Honolulu Rifles, the paramilitary wing of the Committee of Safety led by Lorrin Thurston.[56] The Committee of Safety feared the shooting would bring government forces to rout out the conspirators and stop the overthrow before it could begin. The Committee of Safety initiated the overthrow by organizing the Honolulu Rifles, consisting of approximately 1,500 armed local (non-native) men, under their leadership, intending to depose Queen Liliʻuokalani. The Rifles garrisoned Ali'iolani Hale across the street from ʻIolani Palace and waited for the Queen's response.[49]
As these events were unfolding, the Committee of Safety expressed concern for the safety and property of American residents in Honolulu.[57]
On January 17, 1893, the Chairman of the Committee of Safety, Henry E. Cooper, addressed a crowd assembled in front of ʻIolani Palace (the official royal residence) and read aloud a proclamation that formally deposed Queen Liliʻuokalani, abolished the Hawaiian monarchy, and established a Provisional Government of Hawaii under President Sanford B. Dole.
United States involvement[edit]
John L. Stevens, an American diplomat, conspired to overthrow the Kingdom of Hawaii
USS Boston
The overthrow efforts were supported by United States Government Minister John L. Stevens with an invasion of U.S. Marines, who came ashore at the request of the conspirators.[58] Advised about supposed threats to non-combatant American lives and property[59] by the Committee of Safety, Stevens obliged their request and summoned a company of uniformed U.S. Marines from the USS Boston and 162 sailors to land on the Kingdom under orders of neutrality and take up positions at the U.S. Legation, Consulate, and Arion Hall on the afternoon of January 16, 1893.[60]
The overthrow left the queen imprisoned in ʻIolani Palace under house arrest. The American sailors and Marines did not enter the Palace grounds or take over any buildings, and never fired a shot, but their presence served effectively in intimidating royalist defenders. Historian William Russ states, "the injunction to prevent fighting of any kind made it impossible for the monarchy to protect itself."[61] Due to the Queen's desire "to avoid any collision of armed forces, and perhaps the loss of life" for her subjects and after some deliberation, at the urging of advisers and friends, the Queen ordered her forces to surrender. The Honolulu Rifles took over government buildings, disarmed the Royal Guard, and declared a provisional government.[49]
According to the Queen's Book, her friend and minister J. S. Walker "came and told me that he had come on a painful duty, that the opposition party had requested that I should abdicate." After consulting with her ministers, including Walker, the Queen concluded that "since the troops of the United States had been landed to support the revolutionists, by the order of the American minister, it would be impossible for us to make any resistance".[62]:387 Despite repeated claims that the overthrow was "bloodless", the Queen's Book notes that Liliʻuokalani received "friends [who] expressed their sympathy in person; amongst these Mrs. J. S. Walker, who had lost her husband by the treatment he received from the hands of the insurgents. He was one of many who from persecution had succumbed to death."[62]:296
Immediate annexation was prevented by the speech given by President Grover Cleveland to Congress at this time, in which he stated that:
... the military demonstration upon the soil of Honolulu was of itself an act of war; unless made either with the consent of the government of Hawaii or for the bona fide purpose of protecting the imperiled lives and property of citizens of the United States. But there is no pretense of any such consent on the part of the government of the queen ... the existing government, instead of requesting the presence of an armed force, protested against it. There is as little basis for the pretense that forces were landed for the security of American life and property. If so, they would have been stationed in the vicinity of such property and so as to protect it, instead of at a distance and so as to command the Hawaiian Government Building and palace ... When these armed men were landed, the city of Honolulu was in its customary orderly and peaceful condition ...[63]
The Republic of Hawaii was nonetheless declared in 1894 by the same parties which had established the provisional government. Among them were Lorrin A. Thurston, a drafter of the Bayonet Constitution, and Sanford Dole who appointed himself President of the forcibly instated Republic on July 4, 1894.
Aftermath[edit]
See also: Opposition to the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii
December 19, 1898 letter
A provisional government was set up with the strong support of the Honolulu Rifles, a militia group who had defended the system of government promulgated by the Bayonet Constitution against the Wilcox rebellion of 1889.[49]
The Queen's statement yielding authority, on January 17, 1893, protested the overthrow:
I Liliʻuokalani, by the Grace of God and under the Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Queen, do hereby solemnly protest against any and all acts done against myself and the Constitutional Government of the Hawaiian Kingdom by certain persons claiming to have established a Provisional Government of and for this Kingdom.
That I yield to the superior force of the United States of America whose Minister Plenipotentiary, His Excellency John L. Stevens, has caused United States troops to be landed at Honolulu and declared that he would support the Provisional Government.
Now to avoid any collision of armed forces, and perhaps the loss of life, I do this under protest and impelled by said force yield my authority until such time as the Government of the United States shall, upon facts being presented to it, undo the action of its representatives and reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the Constitutional Sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands.[64]
On December 19, 1898 the queen would amend the declaration with the "Memorial of Queen Liliuokalani in relation to the Crown lands of Hawaii", further protesting the overthrow and loss of property.[65]
Response[edit]
United States[edit]
Newly inaugurated President Grover Cleveland called for an investigation into the overthrow. This investigation was conducted by former Congressman James Henderson Blount. Blount concluded in his report on July 17, 1893, "United States diplomatic and military representatives had abused their authority and were responsible for the change in government."[66] Minister Stevens was recalled, and the military commander of forces in Hawaiʻi was forced to resign his commission.[citation needed] President Cleveland stated, "Substantial wrong has thus been done which a due regard for our national character as well as the rights of the injured people requires we should endeavor to repair the monarchy." Cleveland further stated in his 1893 State of the Union Address that, "Upon the facts developed it seemed to me the only honorable course for our Government to pursue was to undo the wrong that had been done by those representing us and to restore as far as practicable the status existing at the time of our forcible intervention."[63] The matter was referred by Cleveland to Congress on December 18, 1893, after the Queen refused to accept amnesty for the traitors as a condition of reinstatement. Hawaii President Sanford Dole was presented a demand for reinstatement by Minister Willis, who had not realized Cleveland had already sent the matter to Congress—Dole flatly refused Cleveland's demands to reinstate the Queen.[citation needed]
The Senate Foreign Relations Committee, chaired by Senator John Tyler Morgan (D-Alabama) and composed mostly of senators in favor of annexation, initiated their own investigation to discredit Blount's earlier report, using pro-annexationist affidavits from Hawaii, and testimony provided to the U.S. Senate in Washington, D.C. Not surprisingly, the Morgan Report contradicted the Blount Report, and exonerated Minister Stevens and the U.S. military troops finding them "not guilty" of involvement in the overthrow. Cleveland became stalled with his earlier efforts to restore the queen, and adopted a position of recognition of the so-called Provisional Government and the Republic of Hawaii which followed.[67][68]
The Native Hawaiian Study Commission of the United States Congress in its 1983 final report found no historical, legal, or moral obligation for the U.S. government to provide reparations, assistance, or group rights to Native Hawaiians.[69]
In 1993, the 100th anniversary of the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, Congress passed a resolution, which President Bill Clinton signed into law, offering an apology to Native Hawaiians on behalf of the United States for its involvement in the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. This law is known as the Apology Resolution.
International[edit]
Every government with a diplomatic presence in Hawaii, except for the United Kingdom, recognized the Provisional Government within 48 hours of the overthrow via their consulates. Countries recognizing the new Provisional Government included Chile, Austria-Hungary, Mexico, Russia, the Netherlands, Imperial Germany, Sweden, Spain, Imperial Japan,[70] Italy, Portugal, Denmark, Belgium, China, Peru, and France.[71] When the Republic of Hawaii was declared on July 4, 1894, immediate de facto recognition was given by every nation with diplomatic relations with Hawaii, except for Britain, whose response came in November 1894.[72]
Hawaiian counter-revolution[edit]
Main article: 1895 Wilcox rebellion
A four-day uprising between January 6 and 9, 1895, began with an attempted coup d'état to restore the monarchy, and included battles between Royalists and the republican rebels. Later, after a weapons cache was found on the palace grounds after the attempted rebellion in 1895, Queen Liliʻuokalani was placed under arrest, tried by a military tribunal of the Republic of Hawaiʻi, convicted of misprision of treason and imprisoned in her own home. On January 24, Liliʻuokalani abdicated, formally ending the Hawaiian monarchy.[73]
Republic, American annexation, statehood[edit]
Main articles: Provisional Government of Hawaii, Republic of Hawaii, and Territory of Hawaii
The Kūʻē Petitions. Several pro-royalist groups submitted petitions against annexation in 1897. In 1900 those groups disbanded and formed the Hawaiian Independent Party, under the leadership of Robert Wilcox, the first congressional representative from the Territory of Hawaii
The Committee of Safety declared Sanford Dole to be President of the new Provisional Government of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi on January 17, 1893, removing only the Queen, her cabinet, and her marshal from office.[74]:581–587 On July 4, 1894, the Republic of Hawaiʻi was proclaimed. Dole was president of both governments. As a republic, it was the intention of the government to campaign for annexation with the United States of America. The rationale behind annexation included a strong economic component—Hawaiian goods and services exported to the mainland would not be subject to American tariffs, and would benefit from domestic bounties, if Hawaii was part of the United States.[74]:649–650
In 1897, William McKinley succeeded Cleveland as president. A year later he signed the Newlands Resolution, which provided for the annexation of Hawaii on July 7, 1898. The formal ceremony marking the annexation was held at Iolani Palace on August 12, 1898. Almost no Native Hawaiians attended, and those few who were on the streets wore royalist ilima blossoms in their hats or hair, and, on their breasts Hawaiian flags with the motto: Kuu Hae Aloha ("my beloved flag").[75] Most of the 40,000 Native Hawaiians, including Liliʻuokalani and the royal family, shuttered themselves in their homes, protesting what they considered an illegal transaction. "When the news of Annexation came it was bitterer than death to me", Liliʻuokalani's niece, Princess Kaʻiulani, told the San Francisco Chronicle. "It was bad enough to lose the throne, but infinitely worse to have the flag go down."[76] The Hawaiian flag was lowered for the last time while the Royal Hawaiian Band played the Hawaiian national anthem, Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī.
The Hawaiian Islands, together with the distant Palmyra Island and Stewart Islands, became the Territory of Hawaii, a United States territory, with a new government established on February 22, 1900. Sanford Dole was appointed as the first governor.[77] ʻIolani Palace served as the capitol of the Hawaiian government until 1969.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Democratic Revolution of 1954
Hawaii – historical novel by James Michener has fictionalized account of the Overthrow in Chapter IV "From the Starving Village"
Hawaiian sovereignty movement
Kalākaua Dynasty
Paulet Affair
Unfamiliar Fishes by Sarah Vowell
Unification of Hawaii
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Jump up ^ Florencia Mallon (December 30, 2011). Decolonizing Native Histories: Collaboration, Knowledge, and Language in the Americas. Duke University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-8223-5152-8.
Jump up ^ Liliuokalani (1898). Hawaii's Story. Tothrop, Lee & Shepard Co. p. 174.
Jump up ^ Liliuokalani (1898). Hawaii's Story. Tothrop, Lee & Shepard Co. p. 195.
Jump up ^ Foreign Relations of the United States 1894: Affairs in Hawaii. Government Printing Office. 1895. p. 670.
Jump up ^ Liliuokalani (1898). Hawaii's Story. Tothrop, Lee & Shepard Co. p. 186.
Jump up ^ Richard Harned (February 11, 2009). The Palace Hotel. Arcadia Publishing. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-4396-3655-8.
Jump up ^ Paul R. Spickard; Joanne L. Rondilla; Debbie Hippolite Wright (January 1, 2002). Pacific Diaspora: Island Peoples in the United States and Across the Pacific. University of Hawaii Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-8248-2619-2.
Jump up ^ Eric Tyrone Lowery Love (2004). Race Over Empire: Racism and U.S. Imperialism, 1865-1900. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 107–. ISBN 978-0-8078-5565-2.
Jump up ^ United States. Department of State (1895). Foreign Relations of the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 496.
Jump up ^ Russ, The Hawaiian Revolution, p. 67: "She ... defended her act[ions] by showing that, out of a possible 9,500 native voters in 1892, 6,500 asked for a new Constitution."
Jump up ^ Daws, Shoal of Time, p271: The Queen's new cabinet "had been in office less than a week, and whatever they thought about the need for a new constitution... they knew enough about the temper of the queen's opponents to realize that they would endure the chance to challenge her, and no minister of the crown could look forward... to that confrontation."
Jump up ^ Kuykendall, Ralph (1967). The Hawaiian Kingdom, Volume 3. University of Hawaii Press. p. 582. ISBN 0-87022-433-6.
Jump up ^ Library, University of Hawaii at Manoa Hamilton. "Annexation of Hawaii - University of Hawaii at Manoa Library". libweb.hawaii.edu.
Jump up ^ Kuykendall, Ralph (1967). The Hawaiian Kingdom, Volume 3. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 533 and 587–88. ISBN 0-87022-433-6. From Kuykendall, p. 587-588: "W.D. Alexander (History of Later Years of the Hawaiian Monarchy and the Revolution of 1893, p. 37) gives the following as the wording of Thurston's motion [to launch the coup]: 'That preliminary steps be taken at once to form and declare a Provisional Government with a view to annexation to the United States.' Thurston later wrote that his motion was 'substantially as follows: "I move that it is the sense of this meeting that the solution of the present situation is annexation to the United States."'(Memoirs, p. 250) Lt. Lucien Young (The Boston at Hawaii, p. 175) gives the following version of the motion: 'Resolved, That it is the sense of this committee that in view of the present unsatisfactory state of affairs, the proper course to pursue is to abolish the monarchy and apply for annexation to the United States.'"
^ Jump up to: a b c d Russ, William Adam (1992). The Hawaiian Revolution (1893–94). Associated University Presses. p. 90. ISBN 0-945636-53-9.
Jump up ^ Roark, James L.; Johnson, Michael P.; Cohen, Patricia Cline; Stage, Sarah; Hartmann, Susan M. (January 9, 2012). The American Promise, Combined Volume: A History of the United States. Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 660. ISBN 978-0-312-66312-4.
Jump up ^ Vernon M. Briggs (January 1, 2003). Mass Immigration and the National Interest: Policy Directions for the New Century. M.E. Sharpe. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-7656-0934-2.
Jump up ^ Vernon M. Briggs (2001). Immigration and American Unionism. Cornell University Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-8014-8710-2.
Jump up ^ Tom Ginsburg; Rosalind Dixon (January 1, 2011). Comparative Constitutional Law. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-85793-121-4.
Jump up ^ Andrade, Jr., Ernest (1996). Unconquerable Rebel: Robert W. Wilcox and Hawaiian Politics, 1880–1903. University Press of Colorado. p. 130. ISBN 0-87081-417-6.
Jump up ^ Twombly, Alexander (1900). Hawaii and its people. Silver, Burdett and company. p. 333.
Jump up ^ "An Officer Shot – He Suspected There Was Ammunition on the Wagon". The Daily Bulletin. V (626). Honolulu: J. W. Robertson. January 17, 1893. p. 3. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ The Morgan Report, p808–809, "At the request of many citizens, whose wives and families were helpless and in terror of an expected uprising of the mob, which would burn and destroy, a request was made and signed by all of the committee, addressed to Minister Stevens, that troops might be landed to protect houses and private property.
Jump up ^ Jack Utter (2001). American Indians: Answers to Today's Questions. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 414. ISBN 978-0-8061-3309-6.
Jump up ^ Kinzer, S. (2006) America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq. p. 30. [Minister Stevens] "certainly overstepped his authority when he brought troops ashore, especially since he knew that the 'general alarm and terror' of which the Committee of Safety had complained was a fiction."
Jump up ^ Burr, Lawrence (December 20, 2011). US Cruisers 1883–1904: The birth of the steel navy. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 9781846038587. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Russ, William Adam (1992). The Hawaiian Revolution (1893–94). Associated University Presses. p. 350. ISBN 0-945636-43-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Liliuokalani (1898). Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen, Liliuokalani. Lee and Shepard. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Grover Cleveland's Sixth State of the Union Address. Wikisource.
Jump up ^ "Liliuokalani, 1893 to Sanford B. Dole". University of Hawaii. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Memorial of Queen Liliuokalani in relation to the Crown lands of Hawaii, 12/19/1898". National Archives. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pub.L. 103–150
Jump up ^ The Blount Report, p1342, "In reply to the direct question from Mr. Parker as to whether this was the final decision of the Senate, I said that in my opinion it was final."
Jump up ^ Grover Cleveland's 2nd Annual Message, December 3, 1894 – "Since communicating the voluminous correspondence in regard to Hawaii and the action taken by the Senate and House of Representatives on certain questions submitted to the judgment and wider discretion of Congress the organization of a government in place of the provisional arrangement which followed the deposition of the Queen has been announced, with evidence of its effective operation. The recognition usual in such cases has been accorded the new Government."
Jump up ^ Native Hawaiian Study Commission: See Conclusions and Recommendations p.27 and also Existing Law, Native Hawaiians, and Compensation, pgs 333–339 and pgs 341–345. Wiki.grassrootinstitute.org. Retrieved on July 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ During the overthrow, the Japanese Imperial Navy gunboat Naniwa was docked at Pearl Harbor. The gunboat's commander, Heihachiro Togo, who later commanded the Japanese battleship fleet at Tsushima, refused to accede to the Provisional Government's demands that he strike the colors of the Kingdom, but later lowered the colors on order of the Japanese Government. Along with every other international legations in Honolulu, the Japanese Consulate-General, Suburo Fujii, quickly recognized the Provisional Government as the "de facto" legitimate successor to the monarchy.
Jump up ^ The Morgan Report, p 1103-1111. Morganreport.org (February 11, 2006). Retrieved on 2011-07-06.
Jump up ^ Andrade, Ernest (1996). The Unconquerable Rebel. The University Press of Colorado. p. 147. ISBN 0-87081-417-6. The provisional government, with all its faults, had major difficulties in obtaining recognition, especially from Cleveland, and it was not considered likely that the republic would have any foreign problems. Recognition albeit de facto came about even more quickly than it had in 1893, for at least there was no question of a overthrow having taken place or of the government's control of the domestic situation.
Jump up ^ "Abdication of Queen Liliuokalani: Safety at the Price of a Kingdom, of Little Moment Now for the Cause of the Royalists is a Lost Cause". The Morning Call. San Francisco. February 7, 1895. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Ralph Simpson Kuykendall (1967). Hawaiian Kingdom 1874-1893, the Kalakaua Dynasty. 3. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-433-1.
Jump up ^ Robert W. Brockway. Hawaii "Hawai'i: America's Ally" Check |url= value (help). The Spanish American War Centennial web site. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ Michael Tighe (August 9, 1998). "Hawaii's Own: A look at a century of annexation". Associated Press. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ Pub.L. 56–339
[show]
Overthrows in Hawaii
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Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 2005 film adaptation, see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film). For the book, see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Mel Stuart
Produced by
Stan Margulies
David L. Wolper
Screenplay by
Roald Dahl
Based on
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
by Roald Dahl
Starring
Gene Wilder
Jack Albertson
Peter Ostrum
Roy Kinnear
Julie Dawn Cole
Leonard Stone
Denise Nickerson
Dodo Denney
Paris Themmen
Music by
Leslie Bricusse
Anthony Newley
Walter Scharf
Cinematography
Arthur Ibbetson
Edited by
David Saxon
Production
company
Wolper Pictures, Ltd
The Quaker Oats Company
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures[a]
Release date
June 30, 1971 (1971-06-30) (United States)
Running time
99 minutes[1]
Country
United States[2]
Language
English
Budget
$3 million[3]
Box office
$4 million[3]
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is a 1971 American musical fantasy film directed by Mel Stuart, and starring Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka. It is an adaptation of the 1964 novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl. Dahl was credited with writing the film's screenplay; however, David Seltzer, who went uncredited in the film, was brought in to re-work Dahl's screenplay against his wishes, making major changes to the ending and adding musical numbers. These changes and other decisions made by the director led Dahl to disown the film.[4][5]
The film tells the story of Charlie Bucket (Peter Ostrum) as he receives a Golden Ticket and visits Willy Wonka's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world. Filming took place in Munich in 1970, and the film was released by Paramount Pictures on June 30, 1971. With a budget of just $3 million, the film received generally positive reviews and earned $4 million by the end of its original run. Paramount distributed the film until 1977, and beginning in the 1980s, Warner Bros. assumed control of the rights for home entertainment purposes. The film then made an additional $21 million during its re-release by Warner Bros. under its Family Entertainment banner in 1996. The film became highly popular in part through repeated television airings and home entertainment sales.[6] In 1972, the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score, and Wilder was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy, but lost both to Fiddler on the Roof. The film also introduced the song "The Candy Man", which went on to become a popular hit when recorded by Sammy Davis Jr. In 2014, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Main cast
2.1 Oompa Loompas
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Promotion
4 Reception
4.1 Dahl's reaction
5 Television
6 Adaptation
7 Home media
8 Music
9 Soundtrack
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
Plot[edit]
In an unnamed town, children visit a candy shop. Charlie Bucket, a poor paperboy, stares through the window as the shop owner sings "The Candy Man". Walking home, he passes Willy Wonka's chocolate factory. A mysterious tinker recites the first lines of William Allingham's poem "The Fairies", and tells Charlie, "Nobody ever goes in, and nobody ever comes out." Charlie rushes home to his widowed mother and bedridden grandparents. After telling Grandpa Joe about the tinker, Joe reveals that Wonka locked the factory because other candy makers, including rival Arthur Slugworth, sent in spies to steal his recipes. Wonka disappeared, but after three years resumed selling candy; the origin of Wonka's labor force is unknown.
The next day, Wonka announces that he hid five "Golden Tickets" in chocolate Wonka Bars. Finders of the tickets will receive a factory tour and a lifetime supply of chocolate. The first four tickets are found by the gluttonous Augustus Gloop, the spoiled Veruca Salt, the gum-chewing Violet Beauregarde, and the television-obsessed Mike Teavee. As each winner is announced on TV, a man whispers to them. Charlie opens two Wonka Bars but finds no Golden Ticket. The newspapers announce the fifth ticket was found by a millionaire in Paraguay causing Charlie to lose hope. The next day, Charlie finds money in a sewer and uses it to buy a Scrumdiddlyumptious bar. With the change, he buys another Wonka Bar for Joe. Walking home, as Charlie hears people reading the newspapers; revealing that the Paraguayan millionaire's ticket is a fake, he opens the Wonka Bar and finds the fifth golden ticket. While rushing home, he is confronted by the same man seen whispering to the other winners, who introduces himself as Slugworth and offers a reward for a sample of Wonka's latest creation, the Everlasting Gobstopper.
Charlie returns home with the Golden Ticket and chooses Grandpa Joe as his chaperone and they sing "I've Got A Golden Ticket". The next day, Wonka greets the ticket winners and leads them inside where each signs a contract before the tour. The factory includes a river of chocolate, edible mushrooms, lickable wallpaper, and other sweets and inventions. As the visitors sample these, Wonka sings "Pure Imagination". The visitors see Wonka's workers, small men known as Oompa-Loompas, who sing their song whenever a ticket holder disobeys Wonka. Augustus falls into the chocolate river and is sucked up a pipe to the Fudge Room. In the Inventing Room, everyone receives an Everlasting Gobstopper. Violet becomes a large blueberry after chewing an experimental gum containing a three-course meal, despite Wonka's warnings. The group reaches the Fizzy Lifting Drinks Room, where Charlie and Grandpa Joe ignore Wonka's warning and sample the drinks. They float and have a near-fatal encounter with an exhaust fan before burping back to the ground. In the Chocolate Eggs Room, Veruca demands a golden goose for herself before falling into a garbage chute leading to the furnace, with her father falling in trying to rescue her. The group tests out Wonka's Wonkavision, only to have Mike teleport himself and become only a few inches tall.
Only Charlie and Grandpa Joe remain, but Wonka dismisses them without the promised chocolate. When Grandpa Joe asks him why, Wonka angrily explains that they violated the contract by stealing Fizzy Lifting Drinks and will receive nothing. An angered Grandpa Joe suggests to Charlie that he should give Slugworth the Gobstopper in revenge, but Charlie returns the candy back to Wonka. With this selfless act, Wonka declares Charlie as the winner. He reveals that Slugworth is actually "Mr. Wilkinson", an employee of his, and the offer to buy the Gobstopper was a morality test which only Charlie passed. The trio enter the "Wonkavator", a multi-directional glass elevator that flies out of the factory. Soaring over the city, Wonka reveals that his actual prize is the factory; Wonka created the contest to find a worthy heir enough, and so Charlie and his family can immediately move in. Wonka then reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly received everything he ever wanted. Charlie asks, "What happened?" to which Wonka replies, "He lived happily ever after."

Main cast[edit]
The main cast.
Back row (left to right): Michael Bollner, Ursula Reit, Gene Wilder
Front row (left to right): Leonard Stone, Denise Nickerson, Roy Kinnear, Julie Dawn Cole, Dodo Denny, Paris Themmen, Peter Ostrum, Jack Albertson
Main article: List of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory characters
Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka
Jack Albertson as Grandpa Joe
Peter Ostrum as Charlie Bucket
Roy Kinnear as Henry Salt
Julie Dawn Cole as Veruca Salt
Leonard Stone as Sam Beauregarde
Denise Nickerson as Violet Beauregarde
Dodo Denney as Mrs. Teevee
Paris Themmen as Mike Teevee
Ursula Reit as Mrs. Gloop
Michael Bollner as Augustus Gloop
Diana Sowle as Mrs. Bucket
Aubrey Woods as Bill, the Candy Shop owner
David Battley as Mr. Turkentine
Günter Meisner as Arthur Slugworth/Mr. Wilkinson
Peter Capell as The Tinker
Werner Heyking as Mr. Jopeck
Peter Stuart as Winkelmann
Oompa Loompas[edit]
Rusty Goffe
Rudy Borgstaller
George Claydon
Malcolm Dixon
Ismed Hassan
Norman McGlen
Angelo Muscat
Pepe Poupee
Marcus Powell
Albert Wilkinson
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
The idea for adapting the book into a film came about when director Mel Stuart's ten-year-old daughter read the book and asked her father to make a film out of it, with "Uncle Dave" (producer David L. Wolper) producing it. Stuart showed the book to Wolper, who happened to be in the midst of talks with the Quaker Oats Company regarding a vehicle to introduce a new candy bar from its Chicago-based Breaker Confections subsidiary (since renamed the Willy Wonka Candy Company and sold to Nestlé). Wolper persuaded the company, which had no previous experience in the film industry, to buy the rights to the book and finance the picture for the purpose of promoting a new Quaker Oats Wonka Bar.[7]
It was agreed that the film would be a children's musical, and that Dahl himself would write the screenplay.[7] However, the title was changed to Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory.
Screenwriter David Seltzer conceived a gimmick exclusively for the film that had Wonka quoting numerous literary sources, such as Arthur O'Shaughnessy's Ode, Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest, Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. Seltzer also worked Slugworth (only mentioned as a rival candy maker in the book) into the plot as an actual character (only to be revealed to be Wilkinson, one of Wonka's agents, at the end of the film).[7]
Casting[edit]
All six members of Monty Python: Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Eric Idle, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones and Michael Palin, expressed interest in playing Wonka, but at the time they were deemed not big enough names for an international audience. Three of the members, Cleese, Idle and Palin, were later seriously considered for the same role in Tim Burton's version.[8][9]
Before Wilder was officially cast for the role, producers considered Fred Astaire, Joel Grey, Ron Moody and Jon Pertwee.[9][10] Spike Milligan was Roald Dahl's original choice to play Willy Wonka.[9] Peter Sellers even begged Dahl for the role.[11]
When Wilder was cast for the role, he accepted it on one condition:
When I make my first entrance, I'd like to come out of the door carrying a cane and then walk toward the crowd with a limp. After the crowd sees Willy Wonka is a cripple, they all whisper to themselves and then become deathly quiet. As I walk toward them, my cane sinks into one of the cobblestones I'm walking on and stands straight up, by itself; but I keep on walking, until I realize that I no longer have my cane. I start to fall forward, and just before I hit the ground, I do a beautiful forward somersault and bounce back up, to great applause.
—  Gene Wilder[12]
The reason why Wilder wanted this in the film was that "from that time on, no one will know if I'm lying or telling the truth."[12]
Jean Stapleton turned down the role of Mrs. Teevee.[13][14] Jim Backus was considered for the role of Sam Beauregarde.[15] Sammy Davis, Jr. wanted to play Bill, the candy store owner, but Stuart did not like the idea because he felt that the presence of a big star in the candy store scene would break the reality.[8] Nevertheless, Davis' recording of the film's opening musical number, "The Candy Man," would top the Billboard magazine record charts in 1972, despite the fact that Davis initially hated the song. Anthony Newley also wanted to play Bill, but Stuart also objected to this for the same reason.[15]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography commenced on April 30, 1970, and ended on November 19, 1970. The primary shooting location was Munich, Bavaria, West Germany, because it was significantly cheaper than filming in the United States and the setting was conducive to Wonka's factory; Stuart also liked the ambiguity and unfamiliarity of the location. External shots of the factory were filmed at the gasworks of Stadtwerke München (Emmy-Noether-Straße 10); the entrance and side buildings still exist. The exterior of Charlie Bucket's house, which was only a set constructed for the film, was filmed at Quellenstraße in Munich, Bavaria. Charlie's school was filmed at Katholisches Pfarramt St. Sylvester, Biedersteiner Straße 1 in Munich. Bill's Candy Shop was filmed at Lilienstraße, Munich. The closing sequence when the Wonkavator is flying above the factory is footage of Nördlingen in Bavaria.
Munich Gasworks as it appears today (building on the left)
Munich Gasworks as it appears today
Nördlingen, the town seen from above at the end of the film
Production designer Harper Goff centered the factory on the massive Chocolate Room. According to Paris Themmen, who played Mike Teevee, "The river was made of water with food coloring. At one point, they poured some cocoa powder into it to try to thicken it but it didn't really work. When asked this question, Michael Böllner, who played Augustus Gloop, answers, 'It vas dirty, stinking vater.'"[16]
When interviewed for the 30th anniversary special edition, Gene Wilder stated that he enjoyed working with most of the child actors, but said that he and the crew had some problems with Paris Themmen, claiming that he was "a handful".[17]
Promotion[edit]
Before its release, the film received advance publicity though TV commercials offering a "Willy Wonka candy factory kit" for sending $1.00 and two seals from boxes of Quaker cereals such as King Vitaman, Life and any of the Cap'n Crunch brands.[18]
Reception[edit]
Willy Wonka was released on June 30, 1971. The film was not a big success, being the fifty-third highest-grossing film of the year in the U.S., earning just over $2.1 million on its opening weekend.[19] It received positive reviews from critics such as Roger Ebert, who compared it to The Wizard of Oz. Ebert said, "All of this is preface to a simple statement: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory is probably the best film of its sort since The Wizard of Oz. It is everything that family movies usually claim to be, but aren't: Delightful, funny, scary, exciting, and, most of all, a genuine work of imagination. “Willy Wonka” is such a surely and wonderfully spun fantasy that it works on all kinds of minds, and it is fascinating because, like all classic fantasy, it is fascinated with itself."[20]
By the mid-1980s, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory had experienced a spike in popularity thanks in large part to repeated television broadcasts and home video sales. Following a 25th anniversary theatrical re-release in 1996, it was released on DVD the next year, allowing it to reach a new generation of viewers. The film was released as a remastered special edition on DVD and VHS in 2001 to commemorate the film's 30th anniversary. In 2003, Entertainment Weekly ranked it 25th in the "Top 50 Cult Movies" of all time.
As of 2017[update], the film holds a 90% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7.7/10 based on 42 reviews. The site's critical consensus states: "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is strange yet comforting, full of narrative detours that don't always work but express the film's uniqueness".[21]
Willy Wonka was ranked No. 74 on Bravo's 100 Scariest Movie Moments[22] for the "scary tunnel" scene.
Dahl's reaction[edit]
Dahl disowned the film, the script of which was partially rewritten by David Seltzer after Dahl failed to meet deadlines. Dahl said he was "disappointed" because "he thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie", as well as the casting of Gene Wilder instead of Spike Milligan.[23] Dahl was also "infuriated" by the deviations in the plot Seltzer devised in his draft of the screenplay, including the conversion of Slugworth, a minor character in the book, into a spy (so that the movie could have a villain) and the "fizzy lifting drinks" scene along with music other than the original Oompa Loompa compositions (including "Pure Imagination" and "The Candy Man"), and the ending dialogue for the movie.[24] In 1996, Dahl's second wife Felicity commented on her husband's objections towards the film saying "they always want to change a book's storyline. What makes Hollywood think children want the endings changed for a film, when they accept it in a book?"[23]
Television[edit]
The film made its television debut on November 23, 1975 on NBC. There was some controversy with the showing as the Oakland Raiders vs Washington Redskins (26-23) football game went into overtime, and the first 40 minutes of the movie were cut.[25] The film placed 19th in the TV Ratings for the week ending Nov 23, beating out The Streets of San Francisco and Little House on the Prairie.[26] The next TV showing of the film was on May 2, 1976,[27] where it placed 46th in the ratings.[28] Some TV listings indicate the showing was part of the World of Disney time slot.
Adaptation[edit]
Main article: Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory
In 2017, an adaptation of the film with Tom and Jerry was released. Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory stars JP Karliak as Willy Wonka and is dedicated to Gene Wilder, who died under a year before the release.
Home media[edit]
The film was first released on DVD in 1997/1999 in a "25th anniversary edition"[29] as a double sided disc containing a widescreen and "standard" version. The "standard" version is an open matte print, where the mattes used to make the image widescreen are removed, revealing information originally intended to be hidden from viewers.[30] VHS copies were also available, but only containing the "standard" version.
A special edition DVD was released, celebrating the film's 30th anniversary, on August 28, 2001, but in fullscreen only. Due to the lack of a letterboxed release, fan petitioning eventually led Warner Home Video to issue a widescreen version on November 13, 2001. It was also released on VHS, with only one of the special features (a making-of feature). Several original cast members reunited to film documentary footage for this special edition DVD release. The two editions featured restored sound, and better picture quality. In addition to the documentary, the DVD included a trailer, a gallery, and audio commentary by the cast.
In 2007, Warner Home Video released the film on HD DVD with all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD.[31] The film was released on Blu-ray on October 20, 2009.[32] It includes all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD and 2007 HD-DVD as well as a 38-page book.
In 2011, a new deluxe-40th-anniversary edition Blu-ray/DVD set was released on November 1, consisting of the film on Blu-ray Disc and DVD as well as a bonus features disc. The set also included a variety of rarities such as a Wonka Bar-designed tin, four scented pencils, a scented eraser, a book detailing the making of the film, original production papers and a Golden Ticket to win a trip to Los Angeles. The set is now out of print.[33]
Music[edit]
The Academy Award-nominated original score and songs were composed by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley, and musical direction was by Walter Scharf. The soundtrack was first released by Paramount Records in 1971. On October 8, 1996, Hip-O Records (in conjunction with MCA Records, which by then owned the Paramount catalog), released the soundtrack on CD as a "25th Anniversary Edition".
The music and songs, in order of appearance, are:
"Main Title" – Instrumental medley of "(I've Got A) Golden Ticket" and "Pure Imagination"
"The Candy Man" – Aubrey Woods
"Cheer Up, Charlie" – Diana Lee (dubbing over Diana Sowle)
"(I've Got A) Golden Ticket" – Jack Albertson and Peter Ostrum
"Pure Imagination" – Gene Wilder
"Oompa Loompa (Augustus)" – The Oompa Loompas
"The Wondrous Boat Ride"/"The Rowing Song" – Gene Wilder
"Oompa Loompa (Violet)" – The Oompa Loompas
"I Want It Now!" – Julie Dawn Cole
"Oompa Loompa (Veruca)" – The Oompa Loompas
"Ach, so fromm" (alternately titled "M'appari", from Martha) – Gene Wilder
"Oompa Loompa (Mike)" – The Oompa Loompas
"End Credits" – "Pure Imagination"
Soundtrack[edit]
The track listing for the soundtrack's as follows:
"Main Title" ("Golden Ticket"/"Pure Imagination")
"The Candy Man"
"Charlie's Paper Run"
"Cheer Up Charlie"
"Lucky Charlie"
"(I've Got A) Golden Ticket"
"Pure Imagination"
"Oompa Loompa"
"The Wondrous Boat Ride"
"Everlasting Gobstoppers/Oompa Loompa"
"The Bubble Machine"
"I Want It Now/Oompa Loompa"
"Wonkamobile, Wonkavision/Oompa Loompa"
"Wonkavator/End Title" ("Pure Imagination")
See also[edit]
Film portal
1970s portal
List of American films of 1971
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Because Paramount Pictures decided not to renew distribution rights, the film rights were transferred to Warner Bros. in 1977, when Wolper Pictures, Ltd. was bought by the company and Quaker Oats sold its share of the film
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (U)". British Board of Film Classification. August 20, 1971. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)".
^ Jump up to: a b "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971) - Financial Information". The-numbers.com. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Why Roald Dahl Hated The Willy Wonka And The Chocolate Factory Film". yahoo. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Liz Buckingham, trustee for the Roald Dahl Museum, quoted in Tom Bishop: "Willy Wonka's Everlasting Film Plot", BBC News, July 2005
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c J.M. Kenny (Writer, Director, Producer) (2001). Pure Imagination: The Story of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (DVD). USA: Warner Home Video. Retrieved December 2, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Paur, Joey. "25 Fun Facts About Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory". Retrieved July 8, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Honeybone, Nigel (April 25, 2012). "Film Review: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (1971)". Retrieved July 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Segal, David (March 28, 2005). "Gene Wilder: It Hurts to Laugh". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Evans, Bradford (January 31, 2013). "The Lost Roles of Peter Sellers". Splitsider. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Perkins, Will. "Gene Wilder's Willy Wonka Demands Revealed". Yahoo.com. Yahoo. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jean Stapleton Dies: Top 10 Facts You Need to Know". Heavy.com. June 1, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Chandler, Ed (June 3, 2013). "Five Things You Should Know About Jean Stapleton". Retrieved July 13, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (1971): Notes". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "ParisThemmenAMA comments on I am Paris Themmen. I played Mike Teevee in the original Willy Wonka. AMA!". Reddit.com. September 2, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Stuart, Mel; Young, Josh (November 1, 2001). Pure Imagination: The Making of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312287771.
Jump up ^ robatsea2009 (December 19, 2011). "Willy Wonka Candy Factory 1971 TV commercial" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory: Box Office Data, DVD and Blu-ray Sales, Movie News, Cast and Crew Information". The-numbers.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (January 1, 1971). "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes
Jump up ^ "Bravo's 'The 100 Scariest Movie Moments'". Archived from the original on August 1, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Bishop, Tom (July 11, 2005). "Willy Wonka's Everlasting Film Plot". BBC News. Retrieved January 29, 2014. He thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie," said Liz Attenborough, trustee of the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Buckinghamshire. "For him the book was about Charlie.
Jump up ^ Pure Imagination: The Story of "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory". Two Dog Productions Inc. 2001.
Jump up ^ "Raiders, NBC 0–2 in N.Y.; First Heidi, Now Willy Wonka". Los Angeles Times. November 24, 1975. p. C2.
Jump up ^ "4 Movies Shake Up Week's Nielsen List". Los Angeles Times. November 26, 1975. p. 15.
Jump up ^ "TV Guide Listings". Los Angeles Times. May 2, 1976. p. 10.
Jump up ^ Williams, Ken (May 11, 1976). "Among Other Things". Journal-News. Hamilton, OH. p. 7.
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)". Dvdmg.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory: 30th Anniversary Edition (1971)". Dvdmg.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (HD DVD) - IGN". Dvd.ign.com. June 6, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "News: Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory (US-BD)". DVDActive.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Cook, Tommy (November 1, 2011). "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory 40th Anniversary Box Set Blu-ray Review". Collider.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory.
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory on IMDb
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at the TCM Movie Database
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes
The AFI Catalog of Feature Films..Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory
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Mean Dog Blues (1978)
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[show]
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Danny, the Champion of the World (1975)
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George's Marvellous Medicine (1981)
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The Great Automatic Grammatizator (1998)
Skin and Other Stories (2000)
Roald Dahl: Collected Stories (2006)
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The Mildenhall Treasure (1946)
Boy: Tales of Childhood (1984)
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Memories with Food at Gipsy House (1991)
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36 Hours (1965)
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)
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Four Rooms (1995)
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Matilda (1996)
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You Only Live Twice (1967)
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Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)
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Roald Dahl bibliography
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Roald Dahl's Book of Ghost Stories (1983)
List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes
Related
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Roald Dahl Children's Gallery
Patricia Neal (wife)
Tessa Dahl (daughter)
Ophelia Dahl (daughter)
Lucy Dahl (daughter)
Sophie Dahl (granddaughter)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory&oldid=804727484"
Categories:
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