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Grey's Anatomy (season 14)
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Grey's Anatomy (season 14)
Promotional poster
Starring
Ellen Pompeo
Justin Chambers
Chandra Wilson
James Pickens, Jr.
Kevin McKidd
Jessica Capshaw
Sarah Drew
Jesse Williams
Caterina Scorsone
Camilla Luddington
Kelly McCreary
Jason George
Martin Henderson
Giacomo Gianniotti
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
8
Release
Original network
ABC
Original release
September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28) – present
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 13
List of Grey's Anatomy episodes
The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special two-hour premiere.[1] The season will consist of 24 episodes,[2][3] with the season's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes.
This season is the first not to feature Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards since her introduction in the ninth season, following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season.[4] The season also marked the last appearance for Martin Henderson as a series regular.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plots
2 Cast
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Recurring cast
2.3 Guest cast
2.4 Casting
3 Production
3.1 Development
4 Episodes
5 Reception
5.1 Live + SD ratings
5.2 Live + 7 Day (DVR) ratings
6 References
Plots[edit]
The season follows the story of surgical residents, fellows, and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen. It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital, located in Seattle, Washington.
The season picks up right where it left off after the fire in the previous season finale. Grey-Sloan takes on a new, improved appearance after it is repaired of the damages from the fire. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) finds herself in another love triangle with Nathan Riggs (Martin Henderson) and his long-lost fiancée, Megan Hunt (Abigail Spencer), though she encourages Riggs to resume his relationship with Megan over her. Meredith performs a ground-breaking surgery on Megan, landing her a Harper Avery Award. Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams) and Maggie Pierce (Kelly McCreary) fiddle with the idea of a relationship after Jackson and April Kepner (Sarah Drew) decide to live apart.
Teddy Altman (Kim Raver) returns to Seattle to assist with Megan's reappearance and notices the tension in Owen and Amelia's relationship. With the help of DeLuca's sister, visiting doctor Carina DeLuca (Stefania Spampinato), Amelia Shepherd (Caterina Scorsone) discovers she has a brain tumor that has been impairing her judgment for the last 10 years. After it is removed by her former professor Tom Koracick (Greg Germann), Amelia and Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) decide to end their marriage. Meanwhile, after Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) reveals to Jo Wilson (Camilla Luddington) that he tracked down her husband, Alex and Jo reconcile their relationship, with Jo declaring that she will divorce Paul (Matthew Morrison).
A new class of interns is introduced, one of which has a history with Andrew DeLuca (Giacomo Gianniotti). Ben Warren (Jason George) joins to Fire Academy but has trouble telling his wife, Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson). Harper Avery (Chelcie Ross) threatens to pull funding from Grey-Sloan and fires Bailey as Chief, but he soon after passes away, reinstating Bailey in the position. After Eliza Minnick (Marika Domińczyk) is fired from Grey-Sloan, she ghosts Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw), who subsequently begins dating Carina. Their relationship is short-lived, however, as Arizona inadvertently ends it while preparing for Sofia to return home from New York. Carina begins a sexual relationship with the newly single Owen.
Cast[edit]
Main articles: List of Grey's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey's Anatomy characters
Main cast[edit]
Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey
Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev
Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey
James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber
Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt
Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins
Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner
Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery
Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd
Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson
Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce
Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren
Martin Henderson as Dr. Nathan Riggs (episodes 1–5)
Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca
Recurring cast[edit]
Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery
Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman[6]
Abigail Spencer as Dr. Megan Hunt[7]
Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick[8]
Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler[9]
Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca[10]
Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt[11]
Jeanine Mason as Dr. Sam Bello[11]
Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker[11]
Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy[11]
Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm[11]
Sophia Taylor Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri[11]
Guest cast[edit]
Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt
Bill Smitrovich as Dr. Walter Carr
Chelcie Ross as Dr. Harper Avery
Kate Burton as Dr. Ellis Grey
Casting[edit]
Series regular Jerrika Hinton does not appear for the first time since her introduction at the start of the 9th season, after it was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball's new HBO drama series Here, Now.[4] Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot Toast, but ABC passed on the project.[12] Renewing her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season, Jessica Capshaw will return for the 14th season.[13] On June 20, 2017, it was announced that Kim Raver is set to reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest arc.[6] In August 2017, it was announced that Abigail Spencer would replace Bridget Regan as Megan Hunt for a multi-episode arc this season.[7] After recurring in the previous season as the controversial character, Eliza Minnick, it was announced in August 2017 that Marika Dominczyk would not return to the show. On September 13, 2017, another special guest star was announced in Greg Germann (Ally McBeal); though details of his role were not disclosed, it was revealed that his character's name would be Tom Koracick and he'd been seen in the episode "Go Big or Go Home."[8] His character turned out to be Amelia's neurosurgery mentor and he re-appeared in the subsequent episode entitled "Ain't That a Kick in the Head."
On October 26, 2017, it was announced that Martin Henderson's appearance in the fifth episode of the season would be his last.[14]
On October 9, 2017, the new group of interns to join the cast as of the fourth episode,"Ain't That a Kick in the Head," was announced to include Jeanine Mason (So You Think You Can Dance) as Sam, Alex Blue Davis as Casey, Rushi Kota as Vik, Jaicy Elliot as Taryn, Sophia Taylor Ali as Dahlia, and Jake Borelli as Levi.[11]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Grey's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season by ABC on February 10, 2017.[3] It will premiere on September 28, 2017, with a two-hour premiere.[1] Ellen Pompeo announced that she will be directing several episodes in the 14th season.[15] On April 28, 2017, veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she will return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season.[16]
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Grey's Anatomy episodes
The number in the "No. overall" column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the "No. in season" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. "U.S. viewers in millions" refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live.
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
294
1 "Break Down the House" Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28) 8.07[17]
In a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan "major uplift," Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan, Owen’s sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas. With Megan’s reappearance, Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom, which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia. With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit, Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person. After being “ghosted” by Eliza, Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her. When DeLuca comes home, he finds his sister half-naked on his couch with Arizona.
295
2 "Get Off on the Pain" Kevin McKidd Krista Vernoff September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28) 8.07[17]
Carina, DeLuca’s sister, asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital; Bailey obliges due to society's double standard. Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan’s wounds; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith’s intentions of being Megan’s surgeon. Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex, after it’s revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns. Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia, who seems to be avoiding him and his family. Even without the support of Jackson, Amelia fights to remove a patient’s mastoid tumor. She later takes part in Carina's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain.
296
3 "Go Big or Go Home" Chandra Wilson Meg Marinis October 5, 2017 (2017-10-05) 8.06[18]
Amelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins, Dr. Tom Koracik to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor. Much to her chagrin, Dr Koracik brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment hasn’t been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she’s closest. Bailey is confronted by Harper Avery about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation; when Bailey stands up to him, Avery fires her. In the end of the episode Avery passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief. Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor. Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist, who winds up as a patient, to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan. Jo asks Alex to move back home.
297
4 "Ain't That a Kick in the Head?" Geary McLeod Marlana Hope October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12) 8.08[19]
Amelia has her brain tumor removed, but in the days following, she experiences some complications, such as speaking only French, and memory loss. Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine, which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Avery his inheritance from Harper’s passing, a quarter billion dollars. Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate. Using her research to justify his entry into the country, Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan’s adopted son to America. Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her illness. Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home. Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her.
298
5 "Danger Zone" Cecilie Mosli Jalysa Conway October 26, 2017 (2017-10-26) 7.67[20]
As Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she’ll start her new life with Nathan and her son, Farouk, they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah, Iraq. During their time overseas, Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that wasn’t initially intended for her. Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean. Despite the good news of the engagement, Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat, which is later revealed to her as Owen’s own doing. Distraught over her brother's betrayal, she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops, leading to her disappearance. While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen, he bonds with Farouk, who is having trouble acclimating to the free world. He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith, as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy.
299
6 "Come On Down to My Boat, Baby" Lisa Leone Kiley Donovan November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02) 7.38[21]
As the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal, JSA, Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure, made possible by Jo’s persuasion, to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis. The men of Grey Sloan take a “sick day” and hang out on a Jackson’s newly purchased boat, whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder. Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home. Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence, recruiting the help of Dr. Koracik and seeking the encouragement of Richard. While Arizona and April repair a woman’s injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina, Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting. At the surgeon-intern mixer, Meredith learns that she's been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award; however, the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient. Jackson gives half his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition. Jo learns she's in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge. DeLuca recognizes one of the new interns from his past, while Owen and Carina are caught kissing.
300
7 "Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story" Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09) 8.13[22]
When a roller coaster car derails off its tracks, Meredith’s plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold. Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital: Drs. Cristina Yang, George O’Malley, and Izzie Stevens. Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR, after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair. As Arizona performs surgery on Liza, Izzie’s look-a-like, she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia’s return to Seattle. Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is, to which Alex says he knows how she is…a happily married surgeon with three children. As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston, Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek. Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department, due to Bailey’s fear that he has commitment issues. Unable to fly out to Boston, in an OR—in front of her friends and colleagues—Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award.
301
8 "Out of Nowhere" Kevin McKidd William Harper November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16) 7.52[23]
As the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons, Jo begins her reign as chief resident. Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial, as all of the patients’ records get held hostage for $20 million. Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented, Bailey realizes it’s due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson’s inheritance. Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed, they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the “Stone Age.” One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence, causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere. Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her husband, Paul, on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient.
302
9 "Four Seasons in One Day" Bill D'Elia Andy Reaser January 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)[24] TBD
303
10 "Personal Jesus"[25] Kevin Sullivan Zoanne Clack January 25, 2018 (2018-01-25) TBD
Reception[edit]
Live + SD ratings[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Episode
Air date
Time slot (EST)
Rating/Share (18–49)
Viewers (m)
18–49 Rank
Viewership rank
Drama rank
294 1 "Break Down the House" September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28) Thursday
8:00 p.m.
2.3/8[17]
8.07[17]
12[26]
24[26]
3[26]
295 2 "Get Off on the Pain" September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28) Thursday
9:00 p.m.
2.3/8[17]
8.07[17]
12[26]
24[26]
3[26]
296 3 "Go Big or Go Home" October 5, 2017 (2017-10-05) Thursdays
8:00 p.m.
2.1/8[18]
8.06[18]
11[27]
21[27]
3[27]
297 4 "Ain't That a Kick in the Head?" October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)
2.1/8[19]
8.08[19]
10[28]
17[28]
2[28]
298 5 "Danger Zone" October 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)
1.8/7[20]
7.67[20]
14[29]
22[29]
3[29]
299 6 "Come On Down to My Boat, Baby" November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)
1.8/7[21]
7.38[21]
13[30]
21[30]
3[30]
300 7 “Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story” November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)
1.9/7[22]
8.13[22]
11[31]
19[30]
2[30]
301 8 “Out of Nowhere” November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)
1.8/7[23]
7.52[23]
13[32]
21[32]
4[32]
Live + 7 Day (DVR) ratings[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Episode
Air date
Time slot (EST)
18–49 increase
Viewers
(millions) increase
Total 18-49
Total viewers
(millions)
Ref
294 1 "Break Down the House" September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28) Thursday
8:00 p.m.
1.6
3.91
3.9
11.99
[33]
295 2 "Get Off on the Pain" September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28) Thursday
9:00 p.m.
1.6
3.91
3.9
11.99
[33]
296 3 "Go Big or Go Home" October 5, 2017 (2017-10-05) Thursdays
8:00 p.m.
1.6
3.83
3.7
11.89
[34]
297 4 "Ain't That a Kick in the Head?" October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)
1.4
3.51
3.5
11.59
[35]
298 5 "Danger Zone" October 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)
1.5
3.54
3.3
11.22
[36]
299 6 "Come On Down to My Boat, Baby" November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)
1.4
3.45
3.2
10.84
[37]
300 7 “Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story” November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)
1.5
3.53
3.4
11.67
[38]
301 8 “Out of Nowhere” November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)
1.5
3.54
3.3
11.07
[39]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Mitovich, Matt Webb (July 24, 2017). "ABC Fall Premiere Dates: XL Grey's Return, Scandal's Swan Song and More". TVLine. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "TV shows renewed for 2017–18 and beyond". TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017-02-13. Retrieved 2017-02-14.
^ Jump up to: a b "Grey's Anatomy TV show on ABC: season 14 renewal". canceled TV shows – TV Series Finale. 2017-02-10. Retrieved 2017-02-14.
^ Jump up to: a b Ausiello, Michael (January 31, 2017). "Grey's Anatomy: [Spoiler] Poised to Exit". TV Line. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grey's Anatomy Martin Henderson exit Riggs". EW. Retrieved October 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (June 20, 2017). "'Grey's Anatomy': Kim Raver To Make A Return In Season 14". Deadline. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Petski, Denise (4 August 2017). "'Grey's Anatomy': Abigail Spencer Set To Recur In Recasting". Retrieved 29 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Nilles, Billy (September 13, 2017). "Grey's Anatomy Season 14 Admits Greg Germann for Guest-Star Role". E!. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Matthew Morrison will return to Grey's Anatomy in 14th season". Retrieved 29 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grey's Anatomy Adds a Controversial New Doctor for Season 14". 8 August 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Nilles, Billy (October 9, 2017). "Meet Grey's Anatomy's New Season 14 Interns". E!. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Ryan (March 16, 2016). "Grey's Anatomy's Jerrika Hinton Nabs Lead in Shondaland Comedy Pilot". TVLine. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (June 28, 2015). "Grey's Anatomy: Jessica Capshaw Signs Major Contract Extension — Find Out How Long Arizona's Sticking Around". TVLine. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/10/26/greys-anatomy-martin-henderson-exit-riggs/
Jump up ^ Nilles, Billy (March 30, 2017). "Why Ellen Pompeo Couldn't Say No to Directing Grey's Anatomy". E! Online. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Vernoff, Krista (April 28, 2017). "Friday afternoon seems as good a time as any to announce this tidbit: I'm returning to #GreysAnatomy for Season 14! #NeverSayNever". Twitter. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Porter, Rick (September 29, 2017). "'Will & Grace,' 'Superstore,' 'Good Place,' 'Gotham' adjust up; 'How to Get Away' adjusts down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Porter, Rick (October 6, 2017). "'Grey's Anatomy' and NFL adjust up: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Porter, Rick (October 13, 2017). "'Will & Grace,' 'Grey's Anatomy,' 'Gotham' and NFL adjust up: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Porter, Rick (October 27, 2017). "NFL adjusts up, scripted shows all unchanged: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Porter, Rick (November 3, 2017). "'Will & Grace' adjusts up, 'Sheldon' and other CBS shows adjust down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Porter, Rick (November 10, 2017). "'Big Bang Theory' and 'Thursday Night Football' adjust up: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Porter, Rick (November 17, 2017). "'Supernatural' and NFL adjust up, 'Young Sheldon' adjusts down: Thursday final ratings". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grey's Anatomy, Scandal & How to Get Away With Murder - ABC Announces TGIT Return Dates". SpoilerTV. November 16, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Shows A-Z - grey's anatomy on abc". The Futon Critic. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Porter, Rick (October 3, 2017). "'Big Bang Theory,' 'Sunday Night Football' score in week 1 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Porter, Rick (October 10, 2017). "NFL times 2 dominates the week 2 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Porter, Rick (October 17, 2017). "NFL, 'Big Bang Theory' and 'NCIS' lead week 3's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Porter, Rick (October 31, 2017). "World Series makes FOX No. 1 in week 5's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Porter, Rick (November 7, 2017). "World Series, 'Big Bang Theory' lead week 6 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 14, 2017). "NFL and 'This Is Us' carry NBC to victory in week 7 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Porter, Rick (November 21, 2017). "NFL carries NBC to victory again: Week 8 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 13, 2017). "'This Is Us' and 'The Good Doctor' score big in premiere week broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 18, 2017). "'The Orville,' 'Once Upon a Time,' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 25, 2017). "'The Good Doctor' is the most-watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 9, 2017). "'Grey's Anatomy' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 17, 2017). "'This Is Us' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 27, 2017). "'This Is Us' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 5, 2017). "'Jane the Virgin,' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
[show]
v
t
e
Grey's Anatomy episodes
Season 1
"A Hard Day's Night"
"If Tomorrow Never Comes"
Season 2
"Into You Like a Train"
"It's the End of the World"
"As We Know It"
"Losing My Religion"
Season 3
"Time Has Come Today"
"I Am a Tree"
"Great Expectations"
"Wishin' and Hopin'"
"Didn't We Almost Have It All?"
Season 4
"A Change Is Gonna Come"
Season 5
"What a Difference a Day Makes"
"Stand By Me"
"Elevator Love Letter"
"Now or Never"
Season 6
"Good Mourning"
"Goodbye"
"I Always Feel Like Somebody's Watchin' Me"
"Tainted Obligation"
"Invasion"
"I Saw What I Saw"
"Give Peace a Chance"
"Invest in Love"
"I Like You So Much Better When You're Naked"
"Death and All His Friends"
Season 7
"Song Beneath the Song"
Season 8
"Flight"
Season 9
"Going, Going, Gone"
"Beautiful Doom"
"Perfect Storm"
Season 10
"Fear (of the Unknown)"
Season 11
"I Must Have Lost it on the Wind"
"Puzzle With a Piece Missing"
"Got to Be Real"
"Only Mama Knows"
"Bend & Break"
"Don't Let's Start"
"One Flight Down"
"How to Save a Life"
"She's Leaving Home"
"Time Stops"
"You're My Home"
Season 12
"Sledgehammer"
"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner"
"Something Against You"
"Things We Lost in the Fire"
"The Sound of Silence"
"Family Affair"
Season 13
"True Colors"
Season 14
"Danger Zone"
[show]
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e
Grey's Anatomy
Episodes
Season 1
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4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Characters
(cast members)
Meredith Grey
Cristina Yang
Izzie Stevens
Alex Karev
George O'Malley
Miranda Bailey
Richard Webber
Derek Shepherd
Preston Burke
Addison Montgomery
Mark Sloan
Callie Torres
Lexie Grey
Erica Hahn
Owen Hunt
Sadie Harris
Arizona Robbins
Teddy Altman
Jackson Avery
April Kepner
Amelia Shepherd
Stephanie Edwards
Maggie Pierce
Other
Awards and nominations
Soundtrack
Video game
Private Practice
Untitled Grey's Anatomy spinoff
A Corazón Abierto (Mexican telenovela)
A Corazón Abierto (Colombian telenovela)
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Category
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Fluoroscopy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Fluoroscopy
A modern fluoroscope
ICD-10-PCS
B?1
MeSH
D005471
[edit on Wikidata]
A barium swallow exam taken via fluoroscopy.
Fluoroscopy (/flʊəˈrɒskəpi/[1]) is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the interior of an object. In its primary application of medical imaging, a fluoroscope (/ˈflʊərəˌskoʊp/[2][3]) allows a physician to see the internal structure and function of a patient, so that the pumping action of the heart or the motion of swallowing, for example, can be watched. This is useful for both diagnosis and therapy and occurs in general radiology, interventional radiology, and image-guided surgery. In its simplest form, a fluoroscope consists of an X-ray source and a fluorescent screen, between which a patient is placed. However, since the 1950s most fluoroscopes have included X-ray image intensifiers and cameras as well, to improve the image's visibility and make it available on a remote display screen. For many decades fluoroscopy tended to produce live pictures that were not recorded, but since the 1960s, as technology improved, recording and playback became the norm.
Fluoroscopy is similar to radiography and X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) in that it generates images using X-rays. The original difference was that radiography fixed still images on film whereas fluoroscopy provided live moving pictures that were not stored. However, today radiography, CT, and fluoroscopy are all digital imaging modes with image analysis software and data storage and retrieval.
The use of X-rays, a form of ionizing radiation, requires the potential risks from a procedure to be carefully balanced with the benefits of the procedure to the patient. Because the patient must be exposed to a continuous source of X-rays instead of a momentary pulse, a fluoroscopy procedure generally subjects a patient to a higher absorbed dose of radiation than an ordinary (still) radiograph. Only important applications such as health care, bodily safety, food safety, nondestructive testing, and scientific research meet the risk-benefit threshold for use. In the first half of the 20th century shoe-fitting fluoroscopes were used in shoe stores, but their use was discontinued because it is no longer considered acceptable to use radiation exposure, however small the dose, for nonessential purposes. Much research has been directed toward reducing radiation exposure, and recent advances in fluoroscopy technology such as digital image processing and flat panel detectors, have resulted in much lower radiation doses than former procedures.
Fluoroscopy is also used in airport security scanners to check for hidden weapons or bombs. These machines use lower doses of radiation than medical fluoroscopy. The reason for higher doses in medical applications is that they are more demanding about tissue contrast, and for the same reason they sometimes require contrast media.
Contents
[hide]
1 Mechanism of action
2 History
2.1 Early era
2.2 Analog electronic era
2.3 Digital electronic era
2.4 Etymology
3 Risks
4 Equipment
4.1 X-ray image intensifiers
4.2 Flat-panel detectors
4.3 Contrast agents
5 Imaging concerns
6 Common procedures using fluoroscopy
6.1 Gastrointestinal fluoroscopy
7 References
8 External links
Mechanism of action[edit]
Visible light can be seen by the naked eye (and thus forms images that people can look at), but it does not penetrate most objects (only translucent ones). In contrast, X-rays can penetrate a wider variety of objects (such as the human body), but they are invisible to the naked eye. To take advantage of the penetration for image-forming purposes, one must somehow convert the X-rays' intensity variations (which correspond to material contrast and thus image contrast) into a form that is visible. Classic film-based radiography achieves this by the variable chemical changes that the X-rays induce in the film, and classic fluoroscopy achieves it by fluorescence, in which certain materials convert X-ray energy (or other parts of the spectrum) into visible light. This use of fluorescent materials to make a viewing scope is how fluoroscopy got its name.
As the X-rays pass through the patient, they are attenuated by varying amounts as they pass through or reflect off the different tissues of the body, casting an X-ray shadow of the radiopaque tissues (such as bone tissue) on the fluorescent screen. Images on the screen are produced as the unattenuated or mildly attenuated X-rays from radiolucent tissues interact with atoms in the screen through the photoelectric effect, giving their energy to the electrons. While much of the energy given to the electrons is dissipated as heat, a fraction of it is given off as visible light.
Early radiologists would adapt their eyes to view the dim fluoroscopic images by sitting in darkened rooms, or by wearing red adaptation goggles. After the development of X-ray image intensifiers, the images were bright enough to see without goggles under normal ambient light.
Nowadays, in all forms of digital X-ray imaging (radiography, fluoroscopy, and CT) the conversion of X-ray energy into visible light can be achieved by the same types of electronic sensors, such as flat panel detectors, which convert the X-ray energy into electrical signals, small bursts of current that convey information that a computer can analyze, store, and output as images. As fluorescence is a special case of luminescence, digital X-ray imaging is conceptually similar to digital gamma ray imaging (scintigraphy, SPECT, and PET) in that in both of these imaging mode families, the information conveyed by the variable attenuation of invisible electromagnetic radiation as it passes through tissues with various radiodensities is converted by an electronic sensor into an electric signal that is processed by a computer and made output as a visible-light image.
History[edit]
Early era[edit]
Experimenter in 1890s (top right) examining his hand with fluoroscope.
Thoracic fluoroscopy using handheld fluorescent screen, 1909. No radiation protection is used, as the dangers of X-rays were not yet recognised.
Surgical operation during World War I using a fluoroscope to find embedded bullets
Thoracic fluoroscopy in 1940.
Adrian shoe-fitting fluoroscope used prior to 1950 in shoe stores for testing the fit of shoes. A high-tech sales gimmick, these were phased out due to concerns about unnecessary radiation exposure.
See also: X-ray § History
Fluoroscopy's origins and radiography's origins can both be traced back to 8 November 1895, when Wilhelm Röntgen, or in English script Roentgen, noticed a barium platinocyanide screen fluorescing as a result of being exposed to what he would later call X-rays (algebraic x variable signifying "unknown"). Within months of this discovery, the first crude fluoroscopes were created. These experimental fluoroscopes were simply thin cardboard screens that had been coated on the inside with a layer of fluorescent metal salt, attached to a funnel-shaped cardboard eyeshade which excluded room light with a viewing eyepiece which the user held up to his eye. The fluoroscopic image obtained in this way was quite faint. Even when finally improved and commercially introduced for diagnostic imaging, the limited light produced from the fluorescent screens of the earliest commercial scopes necessitated that a radiologist sit for a period in the darkened room where the imaging procedure was to be performed, to first accustom his eyes to increase their sensitivity to perceive the faint image. The placement of the radiologist behind the screen also resulted in significant dosing of the radiologist.
In the late 1890s, Thomas Edison began investigating materials for ability to fluoresce when X-rayed, and by the turn of the century he had invented a fluoroscope with sufficient image intensity to be commercialized. Edison had quickly discovered that calcium tungstate screens produced brighter images. Edison, however, abandoned his researches in 1903 because of the health hazards that accompanied use of these early devices. Clarence Dally, a glass blower of lab equipment and tubes at Edison’s laboratory was repeatedly exposed, suffering radiation poisoning, later succumbing to an aggressive cancer. Edison himself damaged an eye in testing these early fluoroscopes.[4]
During this infant commercial development, many incorrectly predicted that the moving images of fluoroscopy would completely replace roentgenographs (radiographic still image films), but the then superior diagnostic quality of the roentgenograph and their already alluded safety enhancement of lower radiation dose via shorter exposure prevented this from occurring. Another factor was that plain films inherently offered recording of the image in a simple and inexpensive way, whereas recording and playback of fluoroscopy remained a more complex and expensive proposition for decades to come (discussed in detail below).
Red adaptation goggles were developed by Wilhelm Trendelenburg in 1916 to address the problem of dark adaptation of the eyes, previously studied by Antoine Beclere. The resulting red light from the goggles' filtration correctly sensitized the physician's eyes prior to the procedure, while still allowing him to receive enough light to function normally.
More trivial uses of the technology also appeared in the 1920s–1950s, including a shoe-fitting fluoroscope used at shoe stores.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Concerns regarding the impact of frequent or poorly-controlled use were expressed in the 1950s,[14][15][16][17][18] leading to new guidelines,[19] regulations[20][21][22] and ultimately the practise's end by the early 1960s.[23][24][25][26][27][28]
They are no longer used because the radiation exposure risk outweighs the trivial benefit. Only important applications such as health care, bodily safety, food safety, nondestructive testing, and scientific research meet the risk-benefit threshold for use.
Analog electronic era[edit]
1950s fluoroscope
Analog electronics revolutionized fluoroscopy. The development of the X-ray image intensifier by Westinghouse in the late 1940s[29] in combination with closed circuit TV cameras of the 1950s allowed for brighter pictures and better radiation protection. The red adaptation goggles became obsolete as image intensifiers allowed the light produced by the fluorescent screen to be amplified and made visible in a lighted room. The addition of the camera enabled viewing of the image on a monitor, allowing a radiologist to view the images in a separate room away from the risk of radiation exposure. The commercialization of video tape recorders beginning in 1956 allowed the TV images to be recorded and played back at will.
Digital electronic era[edit]
Digital electronics were applied to fluoroscopy beginning in the early 1960s, when Frederick G. Weighart[30][31] and James F. McNulty[32] (1929-2014) at Automation Industries, Inc., then, in El Segundo, California produced on a fluoroscope the world’s first image to be digitally generated in real-time, while developing a later commercialized portable apparatus for the onboard nondestructive testing of naval aircraft. Square wave signals were detected on a fluorescent screen to create the image.
From the late 1980s onward, digital imaging technology was reintroduced to fluoroscopy after development of improved detector systems. Modern improvements in screen phosphors, digital image processing, image analysis, and flat panel detectors have allowed for increased image quality while minimizing the radiation dose to the patient. Modern fluoroscopes use caesium iodide (CsI) screens and produce noise-limited images, ensuring that the minimal radiation dose results while still obtaining images of acceptable quality.
Etymology[edit]
Many names exist in the medical literature for moving pictures taken with X-rays. They include fluoroscopy, fluorography, cinefluorography, photofluorography, fluororadiography, kymography (electrokymography, roentgenkymography), cineradiography (cine), videofluorography, and videofluoroscopy. Today the word fluoroscopy is widely understood to be a hypernym of all the aforementioned terms, which explains why it is the most commonly used and why the others are declining in usage.[33] The profusion of names is an idiomatic artifact of technological change, as follows:
As soon as X-rays (and their application of seeing inside the body) were discovered in the 1890s, both looking and recording were pursued. Both live moving images and recorded still images were available from the very beginning with simple equipment; thus, both "looking with a fluorescent screen" (fluoro- + -scopy) and "recording/engraving with radiation" (radio- + -graphy) were immediately named with New Latin words—both words are attested since 1896.[34]
But the quest for recorded moving images was a more complex challenge. In the 1890s, moving pictures of any kind (whether taken with visible light or with invisible radiation) were emerging technologies. Because the word photography (literally "recording/engraving with light") was long since established as connoting a still-image medium, the word cinematography (literally "recording/engraving movement") was coined for the new medium of visible-light moving pictures. Soon several new words were coined for achieving moving radiographic pictures. This was often done either by filming a simple fluoroscopic screen with a movie camera (variously called fluorography, cinefluorography, photofluorography, or fluororadiography) or by taking serial radiographs rapidly to serve as the frames in a movie (cineradiography). Either way, the resulting film reel could be displayed by a movie projector. Another group of techniques were various kinds of kymography, whose common theme was capturing recordings in a series of moments, with a concept similar to movie film although not necessarily with movie-type playback; rather, the sequential images would be compared frame by frame (a distinction comparable to tile mode versus cine mode in today's CT terminology). Thus electrokymography and roentgenkymography were among the early ways to record images from a simple fluoroscopic screen.
Television also was under early development during these decades (1890s–1920s), but even after commercial TV began widespread adoption after World War II, it remained a live-only medium for a time. In the mid-1950s, a commercialized ability to capture the moving pictures of television onto magnetic tape (with a video tape recorder) was developed. This soon led to the addition of the video- prefix to the words fluorography and fluoroscopy, with the words videofluorography and videofluoroscopy attested since 1960.[35] In the 1970s, video tape moved from TV studios and medical imaging into the consumer market with home video via VHS and Betamax, and those formats were also incorporated into medical video equipment.
Thus, over time the cameras and recording media for fluoroscopic imaging have progressed as follows. The original kind of fluoroscopy, and the common kind for its first half century of existence, simply used none, because for most diagnosis and treatment, they weren't essential. For those investigations that needed to be transmitted or recorded (such as for training or research), movie cameras using film (such as 16 mm film) were the medium. In the 1950s, analog electronic video cameras (at first only producing live output but later using video tape recorders) appeared. Since the 1990s, there have been digital video cameras, flat panel detectors, and storage of data to local servers or (more recently) secure cloud servers. Late-model fluoroscopes all use digital image processing and image analysis software, which not only helps to produce optimal image clarity and contrast but also allows that result with a minimal radiation dose (because signal processing can take tiny inputs from low radiation doses and amplify them while to some extent also differentiating signal from noise).
Whereas the word cine (/ˈsɪni/) in general usage refers to cinema (that is, a movie)[34][36] or to certain film formats (cine film) for recording such a movie, in medical usage it refers to cineradiography or, in recent decades, to any digital imaging mode that produces cine-like moving images (for example, newer CT and MRI systems can output to either cine mode or tile mode). Cineradiography records 30-frame-per-second fluoroscopic images of internal organs such as the heart taken during injection of contrast dye to better visualize regions of stenosis, or to record motility in the body's gastrointestinal tract. The predigital technology is being replaced with digital imaging systems. Some of these decrease the frame rate but also decrease the absorbed dose of radiation to the patient. As they improve, frame rates will likely increase.
Today, owing to technological convergence, the word fluoroscopy is widely understood to be a hypernym of all the earlier names for moving pictures taken with X-rays, both live and recorded. Also owing to technological convergence, radiography, CT, and fluoroscopy are now all digital imaging modes using X-rays with image analysis software and easy data storage and retrieval. Just as movies, TV, and web videos are to a substantive extent no longer separate technologies but only variations on common underlying digital themes, so too are the X-ray imaging modes. And indeed, the term X-ray imaging is the ultimate hypernym that unites all of them, even subsuming both fluoroscopy and four-dimensional CT (4DCT) (4DCT is the newest form of moving pictures taken with X-rays).[37] However, it may be many decades before the earlier hyponyms fall into disuse, not least because the day when 4D CT displaces all earlier forms of moving X-ray imaging may yet be distant.
Risks[edit]
Fluoroscopy burn from long exposure
Because fluoroscopy involves the use of X-rays, a form of ionizing radiation, fluoroscopic procedures pose a potential for increasing the patient's risk of radiation-induced cancer. Radiation doses to the patient depend greatly on the size of the patient as well as length of the procedure, with typical skin dose rates quoted as 20–50 mGy/min[citation needed]. Exposure times vary depending on the procedure being performed, but procedure times up to 75 minutes have been documented[citation needed]. Because of the long length of procedures, in addition to the cancer risk and other stochastic radiation effects, deterministic radiation effects have also been observed ranging from mild erythema, equivalent of a sun burn, to more serious burns.
A study of radiation induced skin injuries was performed in 1994 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)[38][39] followed by an advisory to minimize further fluoroscopy-induced injuries.[40] The problem of radiation injuries due to fluoroscopy has been further addressed in review articles in 2000[41] and 2010.[42]
While deterministic radiation effects are a possibility, radiation burns are not typical of standard fluoroscopic procedures. Most procedures sufficiently long in duration to produce radiation burns are part of necessary life-saving operations[citation needed].
X-ray image intensifiers generally have radiation-reducing systems such as pulsed rather than constant radiation, and last image hold, which "freezes" the screen and makes it available for examination without exposing the patient to unnecessary radiation.[43]
Image intensifiers have been introduced that increase the brightness of the screen, so that the patient needs to be exposed to a lower dose of X-rays.[44] Whilst this reduces the risk of ionisation to occur, it does not remove it entirely.
Equipment[edit]
A fluoroscopy X-ray machine is a great asset during surgery for implants
X-ray image intensifiers[edit]
Main article: X-ray image intensifier
The invention of X-ray image intensifiers in the 1950s allowed the image on the screen to be visible under normal lighting conditions, as well as providing the option of recording the images with a conventional camera. Subsequent improvements included the coupling of, at first, video cameras and, later, digital cameras using image sensors such as charge-coupled devices or active pixel sensors to permit recording of moving images and electronic storage of still images.
Modern image intensifiers no longer use a separate fluorescent screen. Instead, a caesium iodide phosphor is deposited directly on the photocathode of the intensifier tube. On a typical general purpose system, the output image is approximately 105 times brighter than the input image. This brightness gain comprises a flux gain (amplification of photon number) and minification gain (concentration of photons from a large input screen onto a small output screen) each of approximately 100. This level of gain is sufficient that quantum noise, due to the limited number of X-ray photons, is a significant factor limiting image quality.
Image intensifiers are available with input diameters of up to 45 cm, and a resolution of approximately 2-3 line pairs mm−1.
Flat-panel detectors[edit]
Main article: Flat panel detector
The introduction of flat-panel detectors allows for the replacement of the image intensifier in fluoroscope design. Flat panel detectors offer increased sensitivity to X-rays, and therefore have the potential to reduce patient radiation dose. Temporal resolution is also improved over image intensifiers, reducing motion blurring. Contrast ratio is also improved over image intensifiers: flat-panel detectors are linear over a very wide latitude, whereas image intensifiers have a maximum contrast ratio of about 35:1. Spatial resolution is approximately equal, although an image intensifier operating in 'magnification' mode may be slightly better than a flat panel.
Flat panel detectors are considerably more expensive to purchase and repair than image intensifiers, so their uptake is primarily in specialties that require high-speed imaging, e.g., vascular imaging and cardiac catheterization.
Contrast agents[edit]
A number of substances have been used as radiocontrast agents, including silver, bismuth, caesium, thorium, tin, zirconium, tantalum, tungsten and lanthanide compounds. The use of thoria (thorium dioxide) as an agent was rapidly stopped as thorium causes liver cancer.
Most modern injected radiographic positive contrast media are iodine-based. Iodinated contrast comes in two forms: ionic and non-ionic compounds. Non-ionic contrast is significantly more expensive than ionic (approximately three to five times the cost), however, non-ionic contrast tends to be safer for the patient, causing fewer allergic reactions and uncomfortable side effects such as hot sensations or flushing. Most imaging centers now use non-ionic contrast exclusively, finding that the benefits to patients outweigh the expense.
Negative radiographic contrast agents are air and carbon dioxide (CO2). The latter is easily absorbed by the body and causes less spasm. It can also be injected into the blood, where air absolutely cannot.
Imaging concerns[edit]
In addition to spatial blurring factors that plague all X-ray imaging devices, caused by such things as Lubberts effect, K-fluorescence reabsorption and electron range, fluoroscopic systems also experience temporal blurring due to system lag. This temporal blurring has the effect of averaging frames together. While this helps reduce noise in images with stationary objects, it creates motion blurring for moving objects. Temporal blurring also complicates measurements of system performance for fluoroscopic systems.
Common procedures using fluoroscopy[edit]
Investigations of the gastrointestinal tract, including barium enemas, defecating proctograms, barium meals and barium swallows, and enteroclysis.
Liver biopsy is performed under fluoroscopic guidance at many centers.
Orthopaedic surgery to guide fracture reduction and the placement of metalwork.
Podiatric Surgery to guide fracture reduction and in use in certain procedures that have extensive hardware.
Angiography of the leg, heart and cerebral vessels.
Placement of a PICC (peripherally inserted central catheter)
Placement of a weighted feeding tube (e.g. Dobhoff) into the duodenum after previous attempts without fluoroscopy have failed.
Urological surgery – particularly in retrograde pyelography.
Cardiology for diagnostic angiography, percutaneous coronary interventions, (pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization devices)
Discography, an invasive diagnostic procedure for evaluation for intervertebral disc pathology.
Lumbar puncture, the fluroscopy helps to guide where the needles of the spinal tap can go. With this procedure it is much easier because of positioning on side or stomach and can cause less attempts of punctures.
Another common procedure is the modified barium swallow study during which barium-impregnated liquids and solids are ingested by the patient. A radiologist records and, with a speech pathologist, interprets the resulting images to diagnose oral and pharyngeal swallowing dysfunction. Modified barium swallow studies are also used in studying normal swallow function.
Gastrointestinal fluoroscopy[edit]
Fluoroscopy can be used to examine the digestive system using a substance which is opaque to X-rays (usually barium sulfate or gastrografin), which is introduced into the digestive system either by swallowing or as an enema. This is normally as part of a double contrast technique, using positive and negative contrast. Barium sulfate coats the walls of the digestive tract (positive contrast), which allows the shape of the digestive tract to be outlined as white or clear on an X-ray. Air may then be introduced (negative contrast), which looks black on the film. The barium meal is an example of a contrast agent swallowed to examine the upper digestive tract. Note that while soluble barium compounds are very toxic, the insoluble barium sulfate is non-toxic because its low solubility prevents the body from absorbing it.
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Jump up ^ "Waukegan bars shoe store x-rays, Illinois (1958)". Mt. Vernon Register-News. 1958-08-28. p. 19. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
Jump up ^ "Electrons Now Brighten X Ray." Popular Science, August 1948, pp. 132-133.
Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 3,277,302, titled “X-Ray Apparatus Having Means for Supplying An Alternating Square Wave Voltage to the X-Ray Tube”, granted to Weighart on October 4, 1964, showing its patent application date as May 10, 1963 and at lines 1-6 of its column 4, also, noting James F. McNulty’s earlier filed co-pending application for an essential component of invention
Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 3,482,093, see also this patent, titled "Fluoroscopy", referencing US Patent 3277302 to Weighart and detailing the fluoroscopy procedure for nondestructing testing.
Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 3,289,000, titled “Means for Separately Controlling the Filament Current and Voltage on a X-Ray Tube”, granted to McNulty on November 29, 1966 and showing its patent application date as March 5, 1963
Jump up ^ Google Ngram of the entire fluoroscopy word list.
^ Jump up to: a b Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Merriam-Webster.
Jump up ^ Google Ngram of videofluorography and videofluoroscopy.
Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford Dictionaries Online, Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ UPMC Cancer Center, What is a 4D CT Scan?, retrieved 2015-02-14.
Jump up ^ "Radiation-induced Skin Injuries from Fluoroscopy". FDA.
Jump up ^ Shope, T. B. (1996). "Radiation-induced skin injuries from fluoroscopy" (PDF). Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 16 (5): 1195–1199. doi:10.1148/radiographics.16.5.8888398. PMID 8888398.
Jump up ^ "Public Health Advisory on Avoidance of Serious X-Ray-Induced skin Injuries to Patients During Fluoroscopically-Guided Procedures". FDA. September 30, 1994.
Jump up ^ Valentin, J. (2000). "Avoidance of radiation injuries from medical interventional procedures". Annals of the ICRP. 30 (2): 7–67. doi:10.1016/S0146-6453(01)00004-5. PMID 11459599.
Jump up ^ Balter, S.; Hopewell, J. W.; Miller, D. L.; Wagner, L. K.; Zelefsky, M. J. (2010). "Fluoroscopically Guided Interventional Procedures: A Review of Radiation Effects on Patients' Skin and Hair" (pdf). Radiology. 254 (2): 326–341. doi:10.1148/radiol.2542082312. PMID 20093507.
Jump up ^ "Last Image Hold Feature". Fluoroscopic Radiation Management. Walter L. Robinson & Associates. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ Wang, J.; Blackburn, T. J. (September 2000). "The AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents: X-ray image intensifiers for fluoroscopy". Radiographics: A Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 20 (5): 1471–1477. doi:10.1148/radiographics.20.5.g00se181471. ISSN 0271-5333. PMID 10992034.
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Fluoroscopy FDA Radiological Health Program
"Were those old shoe store fluoroscopes a health hazard?" at Straight Dope, 27 November 1987
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Media Play
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Media Play
Fate
Closed
Successor
Trans World Entertainment
Founded
1992
Defunct
2006
Headquarters
Minnetonka, Minnesota
Parent
Musicland
Media Play was a chain of retail stores founded in 1992 by Musicland that sold movies on video, DVDs, music, electronics, video games, books, and games in the United States. Each store essentially contained a book store, a movie store, a music store, and a video game store under one roof. At their height, they operated 72 stores in 19 states with 2,000 employees. The first store opened in Rockford, Illinois, in 1992. Hundreds of stores were slated to be opened, but only 89 ever were.
Their Replay program was a loyalty program that allowed members to earn points for purchases which can earn members gift certificates. The same Replay card also worked at Sam Goody and Suncoast Motion Picture Company stores.
In 2001, Musicland was purchased by Best Buy Co. Inc. for $696 million as part of its initiative to diversify its retail holdings to reach a larger demographic with its consumer electronics and entertainment products. By then, Musicland numbered over 1300 stores. Their intention was to transform Sam Goody into a destination for young people looking for hip electronics. They launched a major remerchandising campaign and converted Musicland's On Cue concept of rural stores to the Sam Goody brand, reducing its position in books and moving more into video games and DVD.
Contents
[hide]
1 Downfall
1.1 Bankruptcy
2 References
3 External links
Downfall[edit]
Media Play in Rockford, Illinois
The store faced strong competition, particularly from websites like Amazon.com, which was founded in 1994 and provided a wider selection than the store-based Media Play. Therefore, despite Best Buy's major efforts, they failed to generate the results they were looking for with Musicland, losing $85 million in 2002. As a result, they put the company up for sale and were likely just weeks away from liquidating the entire chain when they found a buyer in Sun Capital Partners of Boca Raton, Florida. Sun Capital Partners acquired the company in a cash-free transaction in exchange for acquiring Musicland's debt and leases. Sun Capital attempted to get the company back to basics, but in December 2005 they announced the closure and liquidation of all remaining Media Play stores.
In December 2005, Minnetonka, Minnesota-based Musicland Group, which owned Media Play, announced it would close all 61 stores by the end of January 2006 and refocus on its Sam Goody and Suncoast chains.[1]
Media Play had been unprofitable for a number of years. In late 2005, it increased its advertising and sales promotions, but this did not work. It is thought that the unprofitability, caused by competition from Wal-Mart, Best Buy, and online retailers such as Amazon.com, was the major factor in the decision to close the retail chain.
Bankruptcy[edit]
The Musicland Group filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in January 2006, and in February announced the closing [2] of 226 Sam Goody and 115 Suncoast Motion Picture Company stores, and all Media Play locations. Just months after the chain closed, the website MediaPlay.com was all that remained. In February 2006, Trans World Entertainment Corp. acquired the Musicland Group, which owned Sam Goody, Suncoast, and MediaPlay.com. Some former Media Play stores became home to f.y.e. superstores beginning in June 2006.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060715214239/http://www.musicland.com/mediainfo.asp. Archived from the original on July 15, 2006. Retrieved May 18, 2007. Missing or empty |title= (help)
External links[edit]
Archive of official website
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