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List of Dad's Army characters
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The characters of Dad's Army (left to right): Privates Pike and Frazer, ARP Warden Hodges, Private Godfrey, Captain Mainwaring, Private Walker, Lance Corporal Jones and Sergeant Wilson
This is a list of characters in the British television comedy series Dad's Army. In addition to the seven main characters, all members of the Walmington-on-Sea Home Guard platoon, the series featured a large cast of recurring characters, many of whom began to appear regularly in episodes, particularly following the death of James Beck (who played Private Walker). In addition, a number of characters appeared in significant roles for a single episode or series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Main platoon members
1.1 Captain Mainwaring
1.2 Sergeant Wilson
1.3 Lance Corporal Jones
1.4 Private Frazer
1.5 Private Walker
1.6 Private Godfrey
1.7 Private Pike
2 Non-platoon characters
2.1 Chief ARP Warden Hodges
2.2 Mrs. Mavis Pike
2.3 The Reverend Timothy Farthing MA (Oxon)
2.4 Maurice Yeatman
2.5 Mrs Fox
3 Other platoon members
4 Recurring characters
5 Guest characters
6 References
Main platoon members[edit]
Captain Mainwaring[edit]
Main article: Captain Mainwaring
Mainwaring (/ˈmænərɪŋ/ MAN-ər-ing) was played by Arthur Lowe. He was the pompous - if essentially brave and unerringly patriotic - local bank manager. Mainwaring appointed himself leader of his town's contingent of Local Defence Volunteers. Of the platoon, he and Private Walker were the only adult members with no prior combat experience, and therefore had no medals, which was a source of embarrassment for Mainwaring and sometimes caused tension with the other members. He did, however, serve in France, "during the whole of 1919—somebody had to clear up the mess". Although an ensemble piece, the series focused particularly upon Mainwaring, who has invested all his efforts into the platoon as a way of escaping from an unhappy marriage to Elizabeth, daughter of a Bishop, and a stalled career at the bank.
Sergeant Wilson[edit]
Main article: Sergeant Wilson
Wilson, played by John Le Mesurier, was a diffident, upper-class bank clerk and Mainwaring's inferior in the bank and on parade. Nevertheless, his suave, understated social superiority, public school education and handsome looks led to a certain amount of jealousy on Mainwaring's part, which Wilson was never particularly bothered by. He would also subtly question Mainwaring's judgement by asking "do you think that's wise, Sir?" after Mainwaring had given an instruction. Their rivalry came to the fore in "A. Wilson (Manager)?", in which Wilson is appointed manager of another bank, and "The Honourable Man", when Wilson inherits a title. Wilson lodged with Mrs Pike and her son Frank and it is implied, though never explicitly stated, that he is Frank's father. During the First World War Wilson had been a Captain and fought in the Royal Artillery at Mons, Gallipoli and the Somme.
Lance Corporal Jones[edit]
Main article: Lance Corporal Jones
Jones was the oldest member of the platoon (born 1870), but was played by Clive Dunn, who was in his 40s when he took the role. Jones was an old campaigner who had joined the British Army as a boy soldier and served under Kitchener of Khartoum in the Sudan between 1896 and 1898, the Boer War, and the First World War. By 1940 he worked as the town butcher, which enabled him to occasionally supplement his superiors' meat ration. Jones was leader of the platoon's first section. He has a story for every occasion, and will never hesitate in telling it, regardless of how long-winded or irrelevant it is. Despite his age Jones demonstrates an almost boyish enthusiasm for combat, in particular the use of the bayonet, accompanied by his catchphrase "they don't like it up 'em!" He was easily excitable and would repeatedly yell "don't panic!" during moments of crisis. He was also keen to volunteer for any task, no matter how ill-advised it might be. In "Battle of the Giants!" Jones suffered a malaria relapse.
Private Frazer[edit]
Main article: Private Frazer
Frazer was played by John Laurie. The character, who was born in 1872, was a dour Scottish coffin maker and a retired Chief Petty Officer in the Royal Navy who fought at the Battle of Jutland (although as a cook). Frazer was blunt, tight with money, and had a gloomy outlook on life; he would proclaim "We're doomed!" during bleak moments faced by the platoon. In the early episodes Frazer was the keeper of a philately shop, but by series four the writers had decided that he should become the local undertaker, in keeping with his gloomy nature. Openly eager for more power within the platoon, he sometimes led rebellions against Mainwaring; in response Mainwaring temporarily let Frazer take over as captain in "If the Cap Fits...". Frazer was the only member of the platoon to be portrayed as a villain in episodes such as "A Soldier's Farewell" and "The Two and a Half Feathers", though for the most part he was loyal and well-intentioned. Despite his age, he is one of the more competent members of the platoon.
Private Walker[edit]
Main article: Private Walker
Walker was played by James Beck in the television series and seven episodes of the radio series, Graham Stark for five radio episodes with Larry Martyn for the remainder of the radio series. A black market "spiv" (he called himself a "wholesale supplier"), Walker was the only fit, able-bodied man of military age in Walmington-on-Sea's home guard. His absence from the regular armed forces was due to a corned beef allergy, although it was implied that Walker had probably found a way to play the system. Mainwaring often turned a blind eye to his profiteering as he could supply the platoon (and Mainwaring) with useful items. On more than one occasion, Walker's willingness to use underhand tactics allowed Mainwaring's platoon to triumph over rivals in the Home Guard, Army and ARP. He irritated Mainwaring with his penchant for making wisecracks at inappropriate times. Following Beck's death in 1973, Walker was written out of the series. The platoon found a note from Walker, explaining that he had gone to "The Smoke" to conduct some business and he was not heard from again.
Private Godfrey[edit]
Main article: Private Godfrey
Played by Arnold Ridley, Godfrey was the most frail member of the platoon, and was the platoon's medical orderly. He had served in the First World War as a conscientious-objecting stretcher bearer in the Royal Army Medical Corps, winning the Military Medal before becoming a tailor at the Army & Navy Stores. Godfrey was an amiable, vague, lifelong bachelor who lived with his sisters in an idyllic cottage, and was a martyr to his weak bladder, leading to many requests to be "excused". He was very loyal to Captain Mainwaring, except on one occasion when he took part in a plot to make Mainwaring's feet hurt.
Private Pike[edit]
Main article: Private Pike
The youngest platoon member (born 1922) - played by Ian Lavender - Pike, a cosseted mother's boy and often the target of Mainwaring's derision ("You stupid boy"), was a junior bank clerk. He called Wilson "Uncle Arthur", and although never explicitly stated, it was often evident that Wilson and Pike's mother were having a relationship, which they unsuccessfully tried to hide, and Walmington is rife with gossip about the two of them. Wilson is often seen having meals at Mrs Pike's house with Frank, and Pike mentions several times that Wilson spends the night (although he believes he sleeps on the sofa, whilst Wilson accidentally lets slip that he was in fact in bed with Mrs Pike.) It was also occasionally suggested that Wilson was Pike's father (although the writers only acknowledged this in interviews after the programme ended). In an early episode when asked by Captain Mainwaring why Frank calls him "Uncle Arthur" when he is not a blood relation Wilson states that it was Mrs Pike who had insisted from an early age Frank call him "Uncle Arthur" and that this dates from a point in Frank's childhood when Frank had started to "accidentally" call Arthur Wilson "something else ...Daddy". He frequently threatens to set his mother on Mainwaring whenever he is shouted at or forced to do anything he doesn't want to do. He has the lowest position at Swallow bank, subordinate to both Wilson and Mainwaring.
Non-platoon characters[edit]
Chief ARP Warden Hodges[edit]
Chief ARP Warden Hodges
Hodges (Bill Pertwee) is Mainwaring's main rival in Walmington-on-Sea. A greengrocer by trade, following the outbreak of war he has been given power as Chief Air Raid Warden, and that power has gone to his head. He can be as pompous and officious as Mainwaring, but is more uncouth and coarse. Even the usually calm Godfrey tells Hodges he is a "rude, common and nasty fellow".[1] He delights in antagonising the platoon, in particular Mainwaring, whom he calls "Napoleon".[2] This rivalry increased after he was forced to share the church hall with Mainwaring after his headquarters was bombed.[3] Unlike Mainwaring, Hodges did fight in the First World War, and developed a profound dislike of "bloomin' Yanks" in the process.[4]
Hodges tries to take charge of important situations as an 'ARP matter' - however, as he also displays a cowardly streak, in any danger he is quick to transfer command back to Mainwaring and withdraw.[5] In several episodes, Hodges refers to having "funny turns", which hints that his mental faculties are less than perfect.[6] In many episodes, Hodges, and his co-conspirator, the verger, try to sabotage the platoon's efforts, usually at the command of Captain Square.[7] but these efforts typically backfire - a running gag being that Hodges would be thrown into a lake or river - often with the catchphrase "you hooligans!!".
In the episode "High Finance", Mrs Pike (Janet Davies) reveals that Hodges is her Landlord, and raised the rent on her house from one pound a month to two pounds a month, which she couldn't afford. He told her she could owe it, only to later say that she owed him fifty pounds in back rent, which he would forget if she was 'nice' to him. He claims to have 'admired Mrs Pike for years', although she is 'besotted' with Sergeant Arthur Wilson.
Despite his hostility toward the platoon, Hodges has sided with the platoon in times of need; in the episode "Wake Up Walmington", due to there never being an invasion from the Germans, the townspeople had grown indifferent and contemptuous toward the platoon and the wardens. To shock them out of their apathy, the platoon and Hodges joined forces and disguised themselves as foreign invaders to scare the town into taking the war - and them - seriously again.
Hodges has a Scottish nephew, Hamish, who insulted both the Home Guard and the ARP in "The Recruit", and a niece named Sylvia who briefly dates Private Pike, much to both Hodges' and Mrs. Pike's chagrin in "The Making of Private Pike".
His feelings towards both Mainwaring and his wartime responsibilities were summed up in the episode "Time On My Hands". While Mainwaring is stuck up the town hall clock tower, Hodges shouts:
“ I hope you stay up there to let me enjoy this war in peace! Because I do enjoy this war. I've never enjoyed anything as much in all my life... And you! You always spoil it! ”
Mrs. Mavis Pike[edit]
Mavis Pike
Mrs. Mavis Pike (Janet Davies) was Pike's mother, who appeared in many episodes. She is fiercely protective of Pike and Wilson, to the point that she is accused of "mollycoddling" by Captain Mainwaring. Pike often claims his mother will be 'furious' whenever he gets wet or muddy whilst with the Home Guard. Pike often threatens to "tell mum" when Wilson will not let him get his own way, and tries to frighten Mainwaring by setting Mrs. Pike on him. She can be quite formidable when she wants to; in the episode "The Making of Private Pike", Mainwaring threatened to arrest Pike and his mother vowed to Wilson that she would make the rest of his life a misery if he let Mainwaring take him away. Mrs. Pike's occupation - if she has one - is unknown, although she often volunteers her services to the Home Guard. Warden Hodges is her landlord, and he is enamored with her but she does not reciprocate his feelings.
It is also implied very heavily that Mrs. Pike is Sergeant Wilson's lover, and there are many rumours of Pike being Wilson's son, a fact often pointed out to Wilson by Mainwaring. Both arrived from Weston-super-Mare around the same time, and Wilson unofficially lives with them (although Pike naively believes Wilson sleeps on the sofa, despite it never looking as though it's been slept in.) It is not clear if Mrs Pike is an actual widow, as her late husband has never been clearly mentioned, although Wilson admits as a child, Pike called him "daddy", meaning that any husband she had must have died when Pike was a baby. Wilson claims that "She's a widow and she has my ration book and I go round to her house sometimes for meals... and that sort of thing" and she often asks him if he will be around to her house for his "usual", much to his embarrassment. There are instances in which people remark on the similarity of Sgt Wilson and Private Pike (in particular their mannerisms in the episode "Boots, Boots, Boots"). In the episode "Sgt. Wilson's Little Secret" Wilson agrees to marry Mrs Pike when the impending arrival of an evacuee child at the Pike household is miscommunicated to him in such a way that he believes Mrs. Pike to be pregnant. When the misunderstanding is resolved Sgt. Wilson jilts her at the altar - as is explained in the opening dialog of the next episode "A Stripe for Frazer". In the 1971 film, Mrs. Pike was played by Liz Fraser. In the 2016 movie, Mrs. Pike is portrayed by former Coronation Street star Sarah Lancashire.
The Reverend Timothy Farthing MA (Oxon)[edit]
Rev. Timothy Farthing
Farthing (Frank Williams) is the petulant, ineffectual, but kind and well-meaning vicar of St Aldhelm's Church, Walmington-on-Sea. Neither on the side of the Home Guard, nor the ARP Wardens, he attempts to care for "The spiritual needs of (his) parishioners", despite the many setbacks presented during the war, such as having to share his church hall and office with both the pompous Captain Mainwaring and the uncouth Warden Hodges. He is portrayed as a spiritual and learned man, and is shown to be a Master of Arts of the University of Oxford by his academic hood, worn in the episodes "All is Safely Gathered In" and "The Royal Train".
In many episodes he ends up embroiled in the escapades of the platoon, often by accident, and he joins the Home Guard briefly in "The Recruit". In the episode "Time on My Hands" it is revealed that his hobby is archery, when he uses his skills and equipment to rescue the platoon. This episode also includes one of many insinuations from Chief Warden Hodges that the slightly effeminate Vicar may have homosexual tendencies: "I've heard you're an expert in fairies".
Despite his unmilitary appearance, in the episode Battle of the Giants it is revealed that the Vicar served in the Great War. He was awarded the Mons Star, the World War I General Service Medal and the Victory Medal commonly known as Pip Squeak and Wilfred. The medals are lovingly polished by Mr Yeatman. In this episode Mainwaring is acutely sensitive about his own lack of medals. Typically he dismisses the Vicar's contribution as "two verses of Rock of Ages in a French field while they brought the rations up".
The Vicar's sexuality is left open to speculation but he is never seen to have a romantic attachment to anyone of either sex; however in the episode "The Captain's Car", the Vicar expected a kiss from a visiting French general and was annoyed when he did not receive one. Farthing is also fond of whisky and there is a recurring gag (in pub situations) where Captain Mainwaring will offer to buy the Vicar a drink and the Vicar will respond "a double whisky (or scotch) please" at a time when whisky was in short supply and expensive. Just as Captain Mainwaring is resigning himself to pay for this expensive beverage the Verger will usually insist that Captain Mainwaring change "his Reverence's" order to a single rather than a double as "he's a martyr to it". When Mainwaring orders a single rather than a double the Vicar will then inform him that he has "noticed" this and insinuate that Captain Mainwaring is mean.
In the 2016 movie, Williams reprised his role as Revd Farthing, beeing the only actor to play to play the same role in the TV series, and both films.
Maurice Yeatman[edit]
Maurice Yeatman, the Verger
Mr Yeatman (Edward Sinclair) is the local verger and captain of the local Sea Scouts unit. Although his name is Maurice, in the episode 'War Dance,' Jones announces both him and his battleaxe wife as "Mr and Mrs Henry Yeatman". He was often hostile to the platoon. Labelled a "troublemaker" by Jones, he is ridiculously loyal to the vicar, and to his good friend and accomplice; Warden Hodges, when it comes to causing problems for the platoon. He is constantly asserting the Vicar's opinions on subjects often only to have the Vicar tell him to "be quiet, Mr Yeatman" and override him or simply to restate what Mr Yeatman has already said in his own words. Often when the Verger puts forward a morally judgemental opinion the Vicar will respond that "I've really no idea".
Apart from the menial task of cleaning the hall (Mr Yeatman is referred to in early episodes simply as "the caretaker" and almost always seen to be carrying a yellow duster) he occupies a position of complete political impotence and when the need for his presence at an event is questioned he will respond "I'm here in my capacity". Often when Captain Mainwaring and the Reverend Timothy Farthing or other members of the cast hand each other a physical MacGuffin important to the plot (for example the money in "High Finance") the Verger will interject snatching the object off the person it has been given to only to hand it back to them in order to make clear his "important" but superfluous role in the administrative processes of the parish.
Mr Yeatman is also in charge of counting the church collections after services which he often does in the Red Lion public house. Throughout the series, there are numerous insinuations from Lance-Corporal Jones and Chief Warden Hodges that Mr Yeatman is engaged in the systematic embezzlement of church funds, but the Vicar seems to be either in denial of this reality, too trusting and naive to believe it or he simply turns a blind eye.
Like the vicar and Warden Hodges, the verger is a veteran of the First World War and is noted (in "Battle of the Giants!") as having been the recipient of several medals. In the episode "Big Guns", he is shown to be familiar with the components of a large naval artillery piece, suggesting (along with his captaincy of the town's Sea Scouts) that he served in the Royal Navy.
Mrs Fox[edit]
Mrs Fox
Pamela Cundell as Mrs Fox (right), with Janet Davies (left) as Mavis Pike from Never Too Old
First appearance
The Lion Has Phones
Last appearance
Never Too Old
Portrayed by
Pamela Cundell (television)
Mollie Sugden (radio)
Information
Occupation
Housewife
Relatives
Mr Fox (deceased husband)
Jack Jones (second husband)
Unnamed Brother
Mrs Marcia Mildred Fox is played by the actress[8] Pamela Cundell.[9] In the first episode in which she appears[10] she is seen queueing for meat at Jones the Butchers'.
The amorous, larger than life Mrs Fox (Pamela Cundell) gives her matronly attentions freely to the platoon's men and she eventually marries the elderly but eligible Corporal Jones. (Lance Pettit, Museum of Broadcast Communications)
Described by Captain Mainwaring as a "flashy woman", like many of Jones's customers, on producing her ration book she receives an extra sausage, much to the chagrin of another shopper, the actress Olive Mercer (herself later to join the cast as the wife of Mr Yeatman, the verger). In return, Jones receives an enormous wink that sets the tone for much of what was to follow as the role develops. Mildred (originally Marcia) Fox is an ebullient woman, who has an off-screen husband in this first episode.[11]
By "The Big Parade", transmitted exactly a year later[12] she is referred to as a widow, so presumably she lost her husband between these episodes. What followed was a long running saga in which Corporal Jones wooed Mrs Fox, often with hilarious consequences, with at one point Jones describing the relationship as merely teutonic (sic)[13] Whenever he seems to be making progress a setback occurs: for example the arrival of American servicemen turns the heads of the Walmington-on-Sea women.[14]
Victoria Wood pointed out in 2000[15] that part of the success of Dad's Army came from its juxtaposition of comedic situations such as the rivalry between various ladies of the town to play Lady Godiva[16] and the exploration of far deeper, more complex emotions[17] between older people. As the series drew to an end co- creators David Croft and Jimmy Perry debated whether to marry off Jones and his "Merry Widow".[18] This finally happened in the last episode of the series.[19] She asks Captain Mainwaring to give her away; her brother had also died during hostilities and she no longer has any living male relatives. Right at the end, she refers to herself as "Mrs. Jones".
The actress Mollie Sugden played the role in the radio series.
Other platoon members[edit]
In addition to the seven featured players, 1st Platoon 'B' Company also included a "Second Section" and a "Third Section" who filled the platoon up to size while on parade or display. The men of the platoon wear the cap badges of the Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment. The back rows rarely spoke, although according to Jimmy Perry instead of "extras", they were normally retired actors, playwrights or singers.[20] A handful of platoon members had a secondary but significant role in particular episodes:-
Private Sponge (Colin Bean) - a sheep farmer, and de facto leader of the platoon's Section Two (the extras),[21] although he never actually achieved the corporal's stripe(s) normally associated with a Section leader. Appearing throughout the series, he made more frequent appearances as the show went on, particularly after the death of James Beck, and had a part in 76 episodes.
Private Thomas Bracewell (John Ringham) was an upper-class buffoon who was set to be a major character in the series. Due to the large number of major characters that were introduced (and also because he was too similar in character to Godfrey), it was decided that he was to be dropped. He only appears in the first episode of the programme, and was mentioned in the second episode. Ringham also appeared in two episodes as Captain Bailey.
Private Cheeseman (Talfryn Thomas) - a Welsh journalist who originally appeared in one episode in series six; after the death of James Beck he joined the platoon for series seven. Although there was nothing wrong with Thomas' ability as an actor, David Croft wrote that the character was "irritating without being funny", and as an exotic Celt he was too similar to Private Frazer (John Laurie was strongly against the character). The writers decided that Cheeseman should not return for series eight and nine, but they would make more use of the existing minor characters.[22] A character called Charlie Cheeseman (played by Jimmy Perry) appeared in the sixth episode, but he was unrelated. Cheeseman mentions a wife in Turkey Dinner, but Mrs. Cheeseman is not mentioned again.
Private George 'Nobby' Clarke (John Cater) - joined the platoon briefly when he tried to dig up dirt about Jones' history in the Sudan. He was revealed to have had an affair with his commanding officer's wife, and when this was revealed in Jones' retelling of events, he fled Walmington never to return.
Private Desmond (Desmond Cullum-Jones) - features in the episode "Sons of the Sea", where he joins the First Section on a river patrol. He does not speak. He reappears in subsequent episodes with other non-speaking roles.
Other members of the platoon were named as:
Private Hancock - played by actor George Hancock
Private Elgood
Private Woods
Private Meadows
Private Agnew
Private Bailey
Private Day - Peter Honri
Private Hardcastle
Private Hastings - Hugh Hastings
Private Hope
Private Locke
Private Lovekin
Private Macey
Private Wiper
Private Woods
Private Dowding
Private Eccles
Private Forkus
Private Taylor
These were played by Leslie Noyes, Vic Taylor, Freddie White, Freddie Wiles, Hugh Cecil, Richard Jacques, Peter Whitaker, Alec Coleman, Frank Godfrey, Michael Moore, Evan Ross, William Gossling, Vernon Drake, Graham Hamilton, David Seaforth and Jimmy Mac, among others.
Recurring characters[edit]
Mrs. Yeatman (Olive Mercer) (series 3-9) - Yeatman's forbidding wife. In "War Dance" Mrs Yeatman is referred to as Anthea, while in "Knights of Madness", her name is Tracy, and in "Everybody's Trucking" her name is Beryl. She appeared from time to time, mostly in situations when she was able to express impatience: for example, as a member of an over-large committee planning a social function or in a queue in the butcher's shop of Lance Corporal Jack Jones. She led the Walmington on Sea ladies netball team. It emerged, after Mrs Yeatman had caught her husband taking an afternoon's ride on a motor-cycle with the flirtatious Mrs Fox, that, somewhat improbably, she herself was involved in an extramarital relationship with the elderly Sidney Blewett (Harold Bennett)
Sidney Blewitt (Harold Bennett) (series 3-9) - Mr. Blewitt was an elderly gentleman who, despite being retired, held a variety of part-time jobs. During the series, he was seen as a photographer and the vicar's gardener, but often as a passer-by who became involved in the platoon's escapades. Sidney is referred to as Norman by Mrs. Yeatman in "Everybody's Trucking". He also had a brother called Horace, and mentions a wife in "When Did You Last See Your Money?"
Mr Claude Gordon (Eric Longworth) (series 5-9) - the efficient but pompous town clerk, described by Wilson as a "silly bald-headed old duffer".[23] Involved in administrative issues in the town, he has a penchant for saying things are "very nice".
The Mayor of Walmington (Fred McNaughton) - Walmington's highest public official. His appearances usually involve playing the straight man to his excitable Town Clerk. Once when watching a keep-fit display, he responds to Mr Gordon's remark of "that's very nice" with a straight-laced "Yes, if you like that sort of thing". He also takes part, in full ceremonial dress, in a thrilling train-chase in the episode "The Royal Train". There are allusions to a habit of making long-winded speeches, but it's Captain Mainwaring who makes those allusions. In reality, the Mayor cuts it short, while Mainwaring is the one who tends to long winded speeches.
Edith Parish, or Shirley, (Wendy Richard) (series 4-6) - Walker's recurring girlfriend appeared in 4 episodes. Edith (although she is referred to as Shirley in "The King was in his Counting House" and "My British Buddy") is a cinema usherette and was played up to be a bit of a 'tart'. In particular, she annoys Mainwaring by suggesting that he fancies her.[24]
Janet King (Caroline Dowdeswell) (series 1) - a young blonde female employee at Mainwaring's bank. According to the series' creator David Croft, she was introduced at a fairly late stage in the scripting because the BBC's head of comedy Michael Mills believed that the programme needed a "soupçon of sex".[25]
Elizabeth Mainwaring (Unseen character) - Captain Mainwaring's wife, never seen or heard directly; she "hasn't left the house since Munich". Her presence is mainly felt by her telephone calls to her husband. The nearest we get to seeing her is in one episode where we hear her footsteps, and another where we see her very large posterior hanging down above Mainwaring when they are in bunks in an air raid shelter, giving a clue to her figure. Wilson is the only one who has ever met her, but when asked to describe her, he cannot, although he admits she looks "a bit odd". Through dialogue it is clear that Mrs Mainwaring is cold, reclusive, withholding of affection and that she is blatantly the dominant figure in the marriage. It is often implied she may be an alcoholic, as Mainwaring is repeatedly revealed to be buying bootleg whisky and gin from Walker for his wife, but insists she takes it only for "medicinal purposes". Mainwaring often uses the Platoon as a means of avoiding her and prefers not to introduce her to other people, lest she upset them. Sometimes Captain Mainwaring appears sporting minor physical injuries such as black eye in the episode "War Dance" for which he offers comically unconvincing explanations such as "walking into the linen cupboard door". It is strongly insinuated that these injuries are actually the result of incidents of domestic violence and they often seem to occur prior to a function or event where other women may be present to which Elizabeth is invited but cannot attend as it would involve going out. It is possible that she is an agoraphobic but she does venture out of the house (off-camera) in "The Godiva Affair", and is away, visiting her sister, in various episodes. We discover in "Never Too Old" that Mrs Mainwaring was the daughter of the Suffragan Bishop of Clegthorpe (a fictional see) and her parents look down on Captain Mainwaring for "marrying beneath her". In "A Soldier's Farewell" Mainwaring claims she is vegetarian.
Dolly Godfrey (Amy Dalby and Joan Cooper) Private Godfrey's younger sister. Renowned for the quality of her upside-down cakes and cucumber sandwiches. Although she appears rarely, she is constantly referred to by her brother. Amy Dolby played her in one episode of series 2, "The Battle of Godfrey's Cottage", and then Joan Cooper played in one episode of series 8, "Is There Honey Still for Tea?", a Christmas special, "The Love of Three Oranges", and the final episode, "Never Too Old". Cooper (who was actually married to Arthur Lowe who played Captain Mainwaring) also appeared in No Spring for Frazer as Miss Baker, an undertaker's secretary and in Time on My Hands, as Miss Fortescue, a tea shop owner.
Cissy Godfrey, (Nan Braunton and Kathleen Saintsbury) Private Godfrey's other sister, appeared in one episode of series 2 and 3 episodes of series 3 (1969), played by Nan Braunton. Braunton reprised the role in two episodes of the radio series, in which Cissy was Private Godfrey's only sister. The role of Cissy was later taken over by Kathleen Saintsbury in an episode of the eighth television series, and by Joan Cooper (who had previously played Dolly Godfrey in the television series) in an episode of the third radio series. Braunton played Cissy in one episode of series 2, "The Battle of Godfrey's Cottage" and three episodes of series 3, "The Day the Balloon Went Up", "War Dance" and "Branded". Saintsbury played Cissy in one episode of series 8, "Is There Honey Still for Tea?".
Colonel Pritchard (Robert Raglan) (series 4-9) - The superior officer from whom Captain Mainwaring most frequently received his orders. A stern, serious man, he unexpectedly appeared to admire Mainwaring, frequently commenting on his successes and warning people not to underestimate him.[26] Raglan also played Captain Square's sergeant in Don't Forget the Diver and Inspector Hardcastle in the feature film, Dad's Army (1971).
Captain Square (Geoffrey Lumsden) (all series) - commander of the Eastgate platoon of the Home Guard and rival of Captain Mainwaring. A stereotypical military buffoon, with a handlebar moustache, in early episodes he was portrayed as a corporal in the Home Guard and was referred to as "Corporal-Colonel Square" to acknowledge his previous commissioned officer rank in the regular army. He was later promoted to captain and placed in command of the Eastgate platoon, which is first revealed in "Don't Forget the Diver". Square had a serious military record, fighting in the desert with Lawrence of Arabia and winning several medals, including the DSO. In "A Brush with the Law", it is revealed that his profession is a magistrate. Square was even more pompous than Mainwaring, and acted condescendingly towards his inexperienced rival, such as by deliberately mispronouncing Mainwaring's name phonetically. Despite his contempt of Mainwaring, Square was on excellent terms with Wilson, possibly because they had in common an upper class background. In the episode A. Wilson (Manager)?, he commissioned Wilson as the lieutenant of his Eastgate platoon. Square could be overconfident at times, and Mainwaring and the Walmington platoon did sometimes get the better of him and his platoon.
Gerald (Don Estelle) - a diminutive Lancastrian ARP Warden, seen in various episodes. He usually appears as a friendly, but slightly frustrating sidekick to Hodges. He played cricket for the Wardens XI during "The Test".
Reg Adamson (Stuart Sherwin) - Easygoing warden who is sometimes overpowered by Hodges' zeal and unscrupulous methods - particularly his vendetta with Mainwaring's platoon. He gave evidence against Mainwaring during "A Brush with the Law".
Raymond (Dick Haydon/John Ash) - The 'young lad' who helps Jones at his butcher's shop in the High Street. He is mentioned in multiple episodes, but only appears in two. Whereas most people age over time, Raymond did the opposite; he first appeared as a young man in his twenties, and later as a lad in his early teens. In "Big Guns", Jones refers to his assistant as 'the boy Ronald' instead of Raymond. As well as Raymond, Jones employs an unseen woman named Miss Doris Mortimer to handle the money and ration coupons.
General Kitchener (unseen and dead character) - Although long dead by the time of the Second World War General Kitchener and his military tactics are often referenced by Corporal Jones in almost any situation - the starting point for Jones's advice often being what General Kitchener would have done in a similar situation. As a result very many episodes contain an apocryphal General Kitchener anecdote to the point that he is, debatably, a character in his own right. When speaking as or quoting "General Kitchener" Corporal Jones will very often put his hand on his hip. This is unexplained until the final episode when Private Pike asks Jones why he does this and Jones seems to insinuate that it is a reference to the rumours of homosexuality that surrounded the General. In their interviews on the complete DVD box set David Croft and Jimmy Perry reveal that a specific stage direction was indeed given to Clive Dunn and that it is indeed a reference to Kitchener's rumoured homosexuality.
Guest characters[edit]
Barry Mainwaring (Arthur Lowe) - The long-lost brother of Captain George Mainwaring, he appeared once in the entire series, in "My Brother and I". He and his brother apparently always clash due to their differing personalities, with Barry repeatedly referring to his brother as "po-face". He worked as a travelling salesman for a joke shop, and was an alcoholic.
Colonel Schultz (Alan Tilvern) - Commander of an American advance party detachment posted in Walmington-on-Sea. After a fight between US troops and the Home Guard, Mainwaring is ordered to make a public apology.
Captain Stewart (Michael Knowles) - A smarmy officer from the War Office who informs Mainwaring that his platoon have been picked for 'special duties' (which in fact means digging latrines and peeling potatoes). One of several similar characters portrayed in the series by Michael Knowles.
Captain Ramsey (Fulton Mackay) - A tough but fair Scottish officer who runs a training course to test Home Guard units and assess whether they are 12-star material. His attempts to make the weekend a serious test of the men are frustrated (largely by the idiocy of Corporal Jones and a stray consignment of onions) and he quickly becomes exasperated. Ramsey's favourite catchphrase appears to be "you haven't done very well", which is quickly amended when Mainwaring and his men pull off "the best bit of initiative I've seen in this whole war" for which he awards them the coveted 12 stars. Fulton MacKay's character seems to have come straight out of his Mr Mackay persona in Porridge. (Fulton MacKay also appeared as a doctor in the episode "The Miser's Hoard".)
U-Boat Captain (Philip Madoc) - Commander of the crew of a captured U-Boat that brings Mainwaring and the platoon face-to-face with the Nazi enemy in "The Deadly Attachment". He is a supercilious brute who keeps a list of Britons who offend him so that they will be brought to account "when we win the war", which unsurprisingly gets Mainwaring's dander up. He is also cunning, as when he tricks his captors by feigning illness. He presents Mainwaring with one of the platoon's most dangerous situations in the entire series when he takes them prisoner and plans to take them back to France, only to be foiled in the nick of time.
General Monteverdi (Edward Evans) - The senior Italian officer in a POW camp who tries to defend the scruffiness and general laziness of the Italian detainees. He was captured serving in North Africa, apparently because he refused to fight against the English. Mainwaring clearly does not think much of him. It is revealed that Monteverdi is complicit in Walker’s scheme to smuggle prisoners out at nights to work for him.
Mrs Prentice (Brenda Cowling) - An old friend of Godfrey, now in possession of her late husband's farm which needs harvesting. Mainwaring volunteers the platoon's services. In gratitude, she organises supper and potato wine for the platoon which leads to some high spirits. A widow, having spurned him to marry a farmer, Godfrey hints at a more intimate moment when he tells her he hasn't touched potato wine "since that night".
Captain Rodrigues (Alan Tilvern) - A Spanish Civil War veteran who is only interested in 'killing Nazis'. He dislikes the platoon of 'amateurs' and thinks Mainwaring should go back to running a bank. He is portrayed as a vicious, unpleasant character. He appears closer to a bandit than a Captain in the British army.
Mr West (Robert Dorning) - Bank Inspector from Head Office. Shocked at the irregular running of the Walmington-on-Sea branch. A pompous and highly-strung character.
Violet Gibbons (Jenny Thomas) - An ATS girl to whom Pike is briefly engaged, much to Mainwaring's disapproval. She had previously worked at Woolworths, a Fish and Chip Shop and for a while dated Private Walker. She appears at the platoon dance, where Pike announces their engagement. Looking bored and chewing gum she does not entirely appear to return Pike's unquestioning adoration and, much to everyone's relief, the engagement is quickly broken off.
E.C. Egan (Fred Trueman) - A professional fast-bowler recruited by Hodges as an ARP Warden in an underhand attempt to win the friendly cricket match between the Wardens and the Home Guard. Egan reckons he can skittle Mainwaring's men out in about four overs. However he badly injures his shoulder after his first delivery and has to leave the field. In his absence, the Home Guard go on to win the match due to Hodges declaring early. In reality, Trueman played many matches for England.
Lady Maltby (Mavis Pugh) - A local aristocrat who lends the platoon her Rolls Royce for the duration of the war. She is socially acquainted with Sergeant Wilson, much to the irritation of Captain Mainwaring. Her late husband was a greengrocer.
Mrs Fiona Gray (Carmen Silvera) - A charming lady, recently arrived from London, who joins the platoon after it begins recruiting women in the episode "Mum's Army". She shares a Brief Encounter-style relationship with Captain Mainwaring before leaving unexpectedly.
Patrick Regan (J. G. Devlin) - A suspected member of the Irish Republican Army, the platoon are ordered to arrest him, but only a few are available. Trouble comes when his 'associates' come looking for him, leading to a brawl. Fortunately Wilson proves to be handy with his fists.
Police Constable (Arthur English) - a Walmington police constable deputed to arrest Regan. He came alone, as the rest of his station were busy playing a darts match with the Free French. He warns that Regan may be an "ugly customer", but Mainwaring ignores his advice.
General Menzies (Campbell Singer) - Local commander. Visiting the platoon while Fraser is in temporary command in the episode "If the Cap Fits..." he mistakes him for Mainwaring. He invites his fellow Scot to a dress dinner to pipe in the haggis. Fraser hopes this will embarrass the English Mainwaring, but to everyone's shock Mainwaring had learned the bagpipes on his honeymoon, foiling Fraser's scheme.
Mr Palethorpe (Jack Haig) - Landlord of the Six Bells just outside Walmington. When the platoon, dressed as Nazis for the production of a film, enter the bar and demand to be served he is convinced the balloon has gone up and triggers an invasion alert. Haig had previously been considered for the role of Lance-Corporal Jones and also appeared briefly as a gardener in the episode "The Day the Balloon Went Up".
Sir Charles McAllister (Campbell Singer) - A distinguished Scottish politician. He appears in "Is There Honey Still for Tea?" where he is blackmailed by Fraser (who threatens to expose his unsavoury past) into re-siting the proposed aerodrome that threatens Godfrey's cottage.
Mr Bugden (Peter Butterworth) - A harassed Walmington printer, whose firm's error leads to Corporal Jones being interned as a dangerous Prisoner of War.
Mr Rees (Edward Evans) - The Welsh town clerk of Walmington as seen in "Big Guns". His administration appears to have preceded that of Mr Gordon, as he only appeared once early in the series. Mainwaring's strained dealings with him appears to be typical of his relationship with small-town officialdom.
Mr Sedgewick (Erik Chitty) - Mild-mannered Walmington shoe-shop proprietor.
Sylvia Hodges (Jean Gilpin) - Hodges' niece, a member of the ATS, appears in Walmington during the episode "The Making of Private Pike". She attracts the interest of both Wilson and Pike. She and Pike go on a date together to Eastgate cinema, during which they ‘borrow’ Mainwaring’s new staff car. Relations between them begin to disintegrate when the car breaks down on the way back - forcing them to spend the night together. This leads to some widespread assumptions, causing Wilson to now regard Pike as a ‘kindred spirit’.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Time on my Hands"
Jump up ^ "A Brush With the Law"
Jump up ^ "Unwelcome Guests"
Jump up ^ "The Big Parade"
Jump up ^ Something Nasty in the Vault
Jump up ^ "Put that Light Out"
Jump up ^ "Don't Forget the Diver", "Gorilla Warfare"
Jump up ^ See warm appreciation in fellow cast member Bill Pertwee's ca Television Legend (Sutton, Foreland 1989) ISBN 1-872699-28-6
Jump up ^ Cundell's professional CV
Jump up ^ The Lion Has Phones Series 3, Episode 3 (originally transmitted on 25 September 1969)- in which she is credited as one of the "Ladies in butcher's queue"
Jump up ^ In that opening scene she quite clearly states that her husband "...will have his little bit of brisket, you know." S3,E3(ibid)
Jump up ^ Series 4, Episode 1 as stated in Complete A-Z of Dad's Army (Webber, Ed)London, Orion 2000 ISBN 0-7528-1838-4
Jump up ^ Dad's Army. The Story Of A Classic Television Show McCann, G London, Fourth Estate 2001. ISBN 1-84115-308-7
Jump up ^ My British Buddy Series 6 E2 8 November 1973
Jump up ^ 28 May 2000 BBC1 Don't Panic! The Dad's Army Story, a 50-minute documentary researched and hosted by Victoria Wood (repeated by BBC2 on 28 December 2001)
Jump up ^ The Godiva Affair Series 7, Episode 4: 6 December 1974
Jump up ^ For example, Captain Mainwaring's feelings for Mrs Gray (Carmen Silvera) in "Mum's Army" ( S4, E9 )
Jump up ^ See their Dad's Army (Sphere 1976) ISBN 0-7221-0406-5
Jump up ^ On line biography
Jump up ^ McCann, 64
Jump up ^ The Independent obituary.
Jump up ^ David Croft, Dad's Army: The Complete Scripts, Orion 2003, p.13
Jump up ^ "The Godiva Affair"
Jump up ^ "Mum's Army"
Jump up ^ Graham McCann (2001) Dad's Army
Jump up ^ "Gorilla Warfare"
[hide]
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Dad's Army by Jimmy Perry & David Croft
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Command Decision
The Enemy Within the Gates
The Showing Up of Corporal Jones
Shooting Pains
Series 2
Operation Kilt
The Battle of Godfrey's Cottage
The Loneliness of the Long Distance Walker
Sgt. Wilson's Little Secret
A Stripe for Frazer†
Under Fire
Series 3
The Armoured Might of Lance Corporal Jones
Battle School
The Lion Has Phones
The Bullet is Not for Firing
Something Nasty in the Vault
Room at the Bottom
Big Guns
The Day the Balloon Went Up
War Dance
Menace from the Deep
Branded
Man Hunt
No Spring for Frazer
Sons of the Sea
Series 4
The Big Parade
Don't Forget the Diver
Boots, Boots, Boots
Sgt – Save My Boy!
Don't Fence Me In
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Put That Light Out!
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Mum's Army
The Test
A. Wilson (Manager)?
Uninvited Guests
Fallen Idol
Series 5
Asleep in the Deep
Keep Young and Beautiful
A Soldier's Farewell
Getting the Bird
The Desperate Drive of Corporal Jones
If the Cap Fits...
The King was in his Counting House
All is Safely Gathered In
When Did You Last See Your Money?
Brain Versus Brawn
A Brush with the Law
Round and Round Went the Great Big Wheel
Time on My Hands
Series 6
The Deadly Attachment
My British Buddy
The Royal Train
We Know Our Onions
The Honourable Man
Things that Go Bump in the Night
The Recruit
Series 7
Everybody's Trucking
A Man of Action
Gorilla Warfare
The Godiva Affair
The Captain's Car
Turkey Dinner
Series 8
Ring Dem Bells
When You've Got to Go
Is There Honey Still for Tea?
Come In, Your Time Is Up
High Finance
The Face on the Poster
Series 9
Wake Up Walmington
The Making of Private Pike
Knights of Madness
The Miser's Hoard
Number Engaged
Never Too Old
000!!Specials
Santa on Patrol
Resisting the Aggressor Down the Ages
Cornish Floral Dance
Battle of the Giants!
Broadcast to the Empire
My Brother and I
The Love of Three Oranges
Episodes in italics are missing
† Episode has been reconstructed for release using animation.
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Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution
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The Twenty-second Amendment (Amendment XXII) of the United States Constitution limits the number of times one can be elected to the office of President of the United States. Congress passed the amendment on March 21, 1947. Ratification by the requisite 36 of the then-48 states was completed on February 27, 1951.
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 History
3 Proposal and ratification
4 Attempts at repeal
5 Interaction with the Twelfth Amendment
6 Affected individuals
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Text[edit]
Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.
Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states within seven years from the date of its submission to the states by the Congress.
History[edit]
Ulysses S. Grant narrowly lost his party's nomination, and chance for a third term in 1880.
Woodrow Wilson, pictured in 1923, deadlocked the Democratic convention in 1920, but was not nominated. He wished to run again in 1924, but lacked support and died before the convention.
Although the Twenty-second Amendment was clearly a reaction to Franklin D. Roosevelt's service as President for an unprecedented four terms, the notion of presidential term limits has long-standing roots in American politics. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 considered the issue extensively, although it ultimately declined to restrict the amount of time a person could serve as president. But following George Washington's decision to retire after his second elected term, numerous public figures subsequently argued he had established a "two-term tradition" that served as a vital check against any one person, or the presidency as a whole, accumulating too much power.[1]
In his Farewell Address, written near the end of his second term, Washington both reveals he considered not standing for reelection in 1792,[Note 1] and that his decision not to seek a third term in 1796 was due to age, not intention to set precedent. Eleven years later, Thomas Jefferson further contributed to the convention of a voluntary two-term limit when he wrote in 1807, "if some termination to the services of the chief Magistrate be not fixed by the Constitution, or supplied by practice, his office, nominally four years, will in fact become for life."[2] Three of the next four presidents after Jefferson—James Madison, James Monroe, and Andrew Jackson—served two terms, and each one adhered to the two-term principle.
In spite of the strong two-term tradition, a few presidents prior to Franklin Roosevelt did attempt to secure a third term. Ulysses S. Grant, after having served as president from 1869 to 1877, sought nomination for another term at the 1880 Republican National Convention, but narrowly lost to James Garfield, who would go on to win the 1880 election. Given the Republican Party's dominance during that period, had Grant been nominated, he might well have won a third term.
Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency on September 14, 1901, following William McKinley's assassination (194 days into his second term), and was subsequently elected to a full term in 1904. While he declined to seek a third (second full) term in 1908, Roosevelt did seek one four years later, in the election of 1912, where he lost to Woodrow Wilson. Wilson himself sought nomination to a third term in 1920, at the Democratic National Convention;[3] he deliberately blocked the nomination of the former Secretary of the Treasury, his son-in-law William Gibbs McAdoo, the front-runner. Although seriously ill at the time, Wilson anticipated that the party would side with their sitting president were the convention deadlocked. Wilson was too unpopular even within his own party at the time, and James M. Cox was nominated. He would again contemplate running for a nonconsecutive third term in 1924, devising a strategy for his comeback, but again lacked any support and died at the beginning of the year.[4]
Franklin D. Roosevelt, pictured in August 1944, was elected to both a third and fourth term, the only president to serve more than eight years.
Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the months leading up to the 1940 Democratic National Convention refusing to state whether he would seek a third term. His Vice President, John Nance Garner, along with Postmaster General James Farley, announced their candidacies for the Democratic nomination. When the convention came, Roosevelt sent a message to the convention, saying he would run only if drafted, saying delegates were free to vote for whomever they pleased. The delegates issued 946 votes for Roosevelt, 72 for Farley, and 61 for Garner; they replaced Garner with Henry A. Wallace as the vice presidential nominee, and Farley resigned as postmaster general. In the 1940 general election, while Republican Wendell Willkie received six million more votes than the previous Republican candidate (Alfred Landon) had in 1936, Roosevelt still won decisively, taking 38 of 48 states. His supporters cited impending war as a reason for breaking with precedent, while Willkie had run against the principle of a third term. Roosevelt was the first president elected to a third term, and remains the only one to exceed eight years in office.
Four years later, in the election of 1944, Roosevelt defeated New York governor Thomas E. Dewey to win an unprecedented fourth term. While he effectively quelled rumors of his poor health during the campaign, Roosevelt's health was in reality deteriorating. On April 12, 1945, only 82 days after his fourth inauguration, he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and died.
Near the end of the 1944 campaign, Thomas Dewey announced support of an amendment that would limit future presidents to two terms. According to Dewey, "four terms, or sixteen years (which is what Roosevelt would have served had he lived until 1949), is the most dangerous threat to our freedom ever proposed."[5] The Republican-controlled 80th Congress approved a Joint resolution "proposing an amendment to the Constitution relating to the terms of office of the president". in March 1947;[6] it was signed by Speaker of the House Joseph W. Martin and acting President pro tempore of the Senate William F. Knowland.[7] The ratification process for the 22nd Amendment was completed on February 27, 1951, 7003143900000000000♠3 years, 343 days after it was sent to the states. The new amendment's 2-term limit did not apply (due to the grandfather clause in Section 1) to the incumbent president, Harry S. Truman. He remained eligible for election to more than two terms.[6]
On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated while riding through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas, Texas. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, who was also in the motorcade, three cars back, was unhurt. Upon Kennedy's death, Johnson became the nation's 36th president, and served out the remaining 7002425000000000000♠1 year, 59 days of Kennedy's term. Under the terms of the 22nd Amendment, Johnson, who ran for and won a full four–year term in 1964 was eligible to run for another full term in 1968 (as he had served less than two years of Kennedy's term). He chose not to do so, announcing his intentions in a March 31, 1968, speech to the nation, saying, "I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your president."[8] Had he done so and won, and served the full term (through January 20, 1973), the total length of his presidency would have been 7003334700000000000♠9 years, 59 days.
Proposal and ratification[edit]
Congress proposed the Twenty-second Amendment on March 21, 1947.[9] The proposed amendment was adopted on February 27, 1951.
Amendment XXII in the National Archives
The following states ratified the amendment:
Maine (March 31, 1947)
Michigan (March 31, 1947)
Iowa (April 1, 1947)
Kansas (April 1, 1947)
New Hampshire (April 1, 1947)
Delaware (April 2, 1947)
Illinois (April 3, 1947)
Oregon (April 3, 1947)
Colorado (April 12, 1947)
California (April 15, 1947)
New Jersey (April 15, 1947)
Vermont (April 15, 1947)
Ohio (April 16, 1947)
Wisconsin (April 16, 1947)
Pennsylvania (April 29, 1947)
Connecticut (May 21, 1947)
Missouri (May 22, 1947)
Nebraska (May 23, 1947)
Virginia (January 28, 1948)
Mississippi (February 12, 1948)
New York (March 9, 1948)
South Dakota (January 21, 1949)
North Dakota (February 25, 1949)
Louisiana (May 17, 1950)
Montana (January 25, 1951)
Indiana (January 29, 1951)
Idaho (January 30, 1951)
New Mexico (February 12, 1951)
Wyoming (February 12, 1951)
Arkansas (February 15, 1951)
Georgia (February 17, 1951)
Tennessee (February 20, 1951)
Texas (February 22, 1951)
Nevada (February 26, 1951)
Utah (February 26, 1951)
Minnesota (February 27, 1951)
Ratification was completed on February 27, 1951. The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states:
North Carolina (February 28, 1951)
South Carolina (March 13, 1951)
Maryland (March 14, 1951)
Florida (April 16, 1951)
Alabama (May 4, 1951)
In addition, the following states voted to reject the amendment:
Oklahoma (June 1947)
Massachusetts (June 9, 1949)
The following states took no action to consider the amendment:
Arizona
Kentucky
Rhode Island
Washington
West Virginia
(Neither Alaska nor Hawaii had yet been admitted as states at the time.)
Attempts at repeal[edit]
According to historian Glenn W. LaFantasie of Western Kentucky University (who was opposed to repealing the amendment), "ever since 1985, when Ronald Reagan was serving in his second term as president, there have been repeated attempts to repeal the Twenty-second Amendment to the Constitution, which limits each president to two terms."[10] In early 1989, during an exit interview with Tom Brokaw of NBC, President Reagan stated his intention to fight for the amendment's repeal.[11] However, after being diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1994, his post-presidential ambitions had to be scrapped.
In addition, several congressmen, including Democrats Rep. Barney Frank, Rep. José E. Serrano,[12] Rep. Howard Berman, and Sen. Harry Reid,[13] and Republicans Rep. Guy Vander Jagt,[14] Rep. David Dreier[15] and Sen. Mitch McConnell[16] have introduced legislation to repeal the Twenty-second Amendment, but each resolution died before making it out of its respective committee. Other alterations have been proposed, including replacing the absolute two term limit with a limit of no more than two consecutive terms and giving Congress the power to grant an exemption to a current or former president by way of a supermajority vote in both houses.[citation needed]
On January 4, 2013, Rep. José E. Serrano again introduced a resolution proposing an Amendment to repeal the Twenty-second Amendment, as he had done every two years since 1997; he did not do so during the 114th Congress.[17][18]
Interaction with the Twelfth Amendment[edit]
There is a point of contention regarding the interpretation of the Twenty-second Amendment as it relates to the Twelfth Amendment, ratified in 1804, which provides that "no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States".
While it is clear that under the Twelfth Amendment the original constitutional qualifications of age, citizenship, and residency apply to both the President and Vice President, it is unclear whether a two-term president could later serve as Vice President. Some argue that the Twenty-second Amendment and Twelfth Amendment bar any two-term president from later serving as Vice President as well as from succeeding to the presidency from any point in the United States presidential line of succession.[19] Others contend that the Twelfth Amendment concerns qualification for service, while the Twenty-second Amendment concerns qualifications for election, and thus a former two-term president is still eligible to serve as vice president.[20][21] The practical applicability of this distinction has not been tested, as no former president has ever sought the vice presidency, although in 1980, former president Gerald Ford was mentioned as a possible running mate for Republican presidential nominee Ronald Reagan and there were some negotiations between the two camps. Nothing ever became of the idea,[22] and had Ford been selected, it would not have violated the 22nd Amendment, as he had only served less than one full term in finishing out Richard Nixon's second term. During Hillary Clinton's 2016 candidacy, she jokingly said that she had considered naming Bill Clinton as her Vice President, but had been advised it would be unconstitutional.[23]
The Constitution does not restrict the number of terms a person can serve as Vice President.[24]
Affected individuals[edit]
The amendment explicitly did not apply to the sitting president (Harry S. Truman) at the time it was proposed by Congress. Truman, who had served nearly all of Franklin D. Roosevelt's unexpired fourth term and who had been elected to a full term in 1948, was thus eligible to seek re-election in 1952. However, after poor performance in the 1952 New Hampshire primary, Truman chose not to seek his party's nomination. He theoretically also would have been eligible in later elections.
Since the amendment's ratification, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard M. Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama have been elected president twice. The same party has won the presidency in three consecutive elections only once since World War II, when Republican George H. W. Bush won in 1988 after two terms as Vice President with Republican Ronald Reagan. In all other cases, the opposing party's candidate has won after two terms with a single party: Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) in 1952, John F. Kennedy (D) in 1960, Richard Nixon (R) in 1968, Jimmy Carter (D) in 1976, George W. Bush (R) in 2000, Barack Obama (D) in 2008, and Donald Trump (R) in 2016. The only president who took office after the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment and who could have served more than eight years was Lyndon B. Johnson.[25][26] He became President in 1963 when John F. Kennedy was assassinated, served the final 14 months (less than two years) of Kennedy's term, was elected president in 1964, and ran briefly for re-election in 1968 but chose to withdraw from the race. Gerald Ford became president on August 9, 1974, and served the final 29 months (more than two years) of Richard Nixon's unexpired term. Ford, who lost to Jimmy Carter in 1976, would have been eligible to be elected in his own right only once. Since Ford's death in 2006, the only former presidents who remain technically eligible to seek another term are Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush, who each served a single term decades ago; both are now nonagenarians and neither have announced any plans to ever run again.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ See George Washington's Farewell Address, ¶ 3. Washington considered, but quickly chose to seek reelection on basis of international crises and the advice of his counsel.
References[edit]
Constitution of the United States.
Peabody, Bruce G.; Gant, Scott E. (February 1999). "The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment". Minnesota Law Review. 83 (3): 565–635. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Peabody, Bruce. "Presidential Term Limit". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson: Reply to the Legislature of Vermont, 1807. ME 16:293
Jump up ^ Pietrusza, David (2007). The Year of the Six Presidents. New York: Carroll and Graf.
Jump up ^ Saunders, Robert M. (1998). In Search of Woodrow Wilson: Beliefs and Behavior. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313305207.
Jump up ^ David M. Jordan, FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011, p. 290) ISBN 978-0-253-35683-3
^ Jump up to: a b "FDR’s third-term decision and the 22nd amendment". National Constitution Center. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "22nd Amendment". Stanley L. Klos. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The 1968 Exhibit: LBJ's "I shall not seek, and I will not accept" televised speech, March 31, 1968". 1968 Blog. Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mount, Steve (January 2007). "Ratification of Constitutional Amendments". Retrieved May 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ LaFantasie, Glenn (March 20, 2011) The erosion of the Civil War consensus, Salon
Jump up ^ "President Reagan Says He Will Fight to Repeal 22nd Amendment". archives.nbclearn.com. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ H.J.Res. 5.Introduced January 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ S.J.Res. 36. Sponsored by Harry Reid. January 31, 1989.
Jump up ^ H.J.Res. 61
Jump up ^ H.J.Res. 51
Jump up ^ S.J.Res. 23
Jump up ^ "Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to repeal the twenty-second article of amendment, thereby removing the limitation on the number of terms an individual may serve as President. (2013; 113th Congress H.J.Res. 15) - GovTrack.us". GovTrack.us.
Jump up ^ "Jose E. Serrano | Congress.gov | Library of Congress". www.congress.gov. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Matthew J. Franck (July 31, 2007). "Constitutional Sleight of Hand". National Review. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved June 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ Michael C. Dorf (August 2, 2000). "Why the Constitution permits a Gore-Clinton ticket". CNN Interactive. Archived from the original on October 1, 2005.
Jump up ^ Scott E. Gant; Bruce G. Peabody (June 13, 2006). "How to bring back Bill". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved June 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ Burr, Richard (April 7, 2017). "1980 convention launched 'Reagan Revolution'". The Detroit News. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ 1339 GMT (2039 HKT) September 15, 2015 (September 15, 2015). "Hillary Clinton: Bill as VP has 'crossed her mind' - CNNPolitics.com". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Who were FDR's Vice Presidents?". Docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Johnson Can Seek Two Full Terms". The Washington Post. November 24, 1963. p. A2.
Jump up ^ Moore, William (November 24, 1963). "Law Permits 2 Full Terms for Johnson". The Chicago Tribune. p. 7.
External links[edit]
National Archives: AMENDMENT XXII
H.J.RES.5—The latest bill introduced in Congress proposing to repeal the Twenty-second Amendment. There have been many similar proposals introduced in previous Congresses, none of which has been acted on. This proposal remains in committee.
CRS Annotated Constitution: Twenty-second Amendment
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