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Galactic Empire (Star Wars)
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Galactic Empire
Emblem of the Galactic Empire
Universe
Star Wars
Type
Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy (de jure; pre-Civil War)
Authoritarian dictatorship under an absolute monarchy (de facto; post-Civil War)
Founded
19 BBY from the Galactic Republic
Location
Coruscant (Imperial Center)
Leader
Emperor:
Sheev Palpatine (19 BBY-4 ABY)
Mas Amedda (4 ABY–5 ABY)
Rae Sloane (5 ABY)
Gallius Rax (5 ABY)
Key people
Darth Vader
Grand Moff Tarkin
Grand Vizier Mas Amedda
Grand Admiral Thrawn
Imperial Senate
Employees
Boba Fett, Dengar, Bossk
Purpose
To bring order to the galaxy
Products
none known
Technologies
pressurized rooms, medical droids
Powers
strong military
Affiliations
Imperial Army, Imperial Navy, Imperial Starfighter Corps, Council of Moffs, Royal Guard, Order Of The Sith Lords
Subsidiaries
None known
Enemies
Jedi Order
Rebel Alliance
Saw Gerrera's Partisans
New Republic
Yuuzhan Vong Empire (Legends)
New Jedi Order (Legends)
Currency
Galactic Standard Credit (Imperial Dataries)
Founding documents
Declaration of a New Order
Imperial Charter
Official language
Imperial Basic
The Galactic Empire is a fictional autocracy featured in the Star Wars franchise. It was first introduced in the 1977 film Star Wars and also appears in its two sequels: The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983) and is the main antagonist faction of the original trilogy. By the time of the sequel trilogy, which starts three decades following the events of the original trilogy, the government has since collapsed and has been succeeded by the First Order.
The Empire's origins are depicted in the prequel Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005), where it replaces the Galactic Republic at the end of the Clone Wars orchestrated by Palpatine, who was then the Republic's Supreme Chancellor. Palpatine is also secretly the Sith Lord Darth Sidious who intends to purge the Jedi and restore the Sith to power in the galaxy. Palpatine's Sith identity is only known by a small few throughout his life. Palpatine claims that the Jedi attempted to assassinate him and overthrow the Galactic Senate and declares the Jedi to have committed treason. Palpatine declares that the civil war with the Confederacy of Independent Systems (CIS) in combination with the Jedi coup d'état require the reorganization of the Republic into a state that can provide stability, and a safe and secure society, a Galactic Empire with himself as Emperor. The Senate that he has manipulated overwhelmingly applauds Palpatine's decision.
Emperor Palpatine proceeds to purge the Jedi, who had been the upholders of peace and justice in the Republic, and replaces them by redeeming the Sith. Though Palpatine's Sith identity remains a secret to most, his apprentice Darth Vader is the Sith Lord who is publicly known to the galaxy as the ally of Palpatine who is serving the Empire to purge the galaxy of the Jedi. By the time of Episode IV: A New Hope, the Empire has transformed into a fully totalitarian regime, opposed by the Alliance To Restore The Republic.
The Galactic Empire is described and portrayed in various Star Wars media as a brutal dictatorship, one based on "nationalization, state terrorism, xenophobic hatred, enslavement and genocide of nonhumans, power projection, threat of lethal force, and, above all else, constant fear".[1]
Flag of the Galactic Empire
Contents
1 Depiction
1.1 Origins
1.2 Organization of power
1.2.1 Imperial Government
1.2.2 Imperial Military
1.3 Galactic Civil War
1.4 Successor
1.5 Expanded universe
2 Themes
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
5.1 Fan societies / clubs
Depiction[edit]
Origins[edit]
Twilight of the Republic
The Galactic Empire was born out of the collapsing Old Republic. However, its seeds are planted during the Clone Wars, the epic war between the Republic and the Confederacy of Independent Systems depicted in Episode II: Attack of the Clones and Episode III: Revenge of the Sith.
In Episode I: The Phantom Menace, amid a trade dispute, blockade and invasion of Naboo in the Mid Rim Territories by the Trade Federation, then-Senator Palpatine convinces Naboo's Queen Padmé Amidala to address the Galactic Senate, in order to call for a vote of no confidence in Chancellor of the Republic Finis Valorum's leadership, due to his alleged inability to act quickly to end the occupation of Naboo. The crisis on Naboo allows Palpatine to be elected Chancellor.
When the extent of the CIS threat becomes clear in Episode II, the Old Republic Senate, the legislature of the Republic, grants Palpatine emergency powers to deal with the crisis. This conflict allows Palpatine to remain in office long after his term as Chancellor officially expires. Palpatine promises to return his powers to the Senate once peace and order is restored to the galaxy. His first order is to create an army of clone troopers resulting in the construction of a massive military. He takes advantage of the conflict to increase his political power, and by the time of Episode III, he is effectively a dictator.
The Jedi begin to distrust the Chancellor's motives, fearing he has come under the influence of a Dark Lord of the Sith named Darth Sidious. Palpatine insists to the Jedi that the war, and thus his emergency powers, will continue until CIS leader General Grievous is killed. Their concerns are shared by several Senators, who suspect Palpatine may not return his emergency powers to the Senate as promised. Among them are two who had long supported Palpatine, Padmé Amidala and Bail Organa. The film eventually reveals that Palpatine and Sidious are one and the same, and that he has been manipulating the Republic and the CIS against each other.
The Great Jedi Purge
When the Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker discovers Palpatine is actually the mysterious Sith lord Darth Sidious, he returns to the Jedi Temple to inform Jedi Master Mace Windu what he has learned. Windu then leaves with three other Masters to arrest Palpatine, instructing Anakin to remain at the temple. Anakin ignores Mace Windu's directive and returns to the Chancellor's office to prevent the Jedi from killing him; Palpatine has manipulated him into believing that he has the power to save Anakin's pregnant wife, Padmé Amidala, from dying in childbirth. Mace Windu, with a cadre of Jedi, enters Palpatine's office and declares that he is under arrest for crimes against the Republic, and that the Senate will determine his fate. Palpatine dispenses with his false modest persona and reveals his power-hungry nature, retorting "I am the Senate!". Palpatine produces a lightsaber and quickly dispatches all but Windu. When Anakin arrives, Windu is standing over the disarmed Palpatine, prepared to strike. Anakin intervenes on Palpatine's behalf by cutting off Windu's lower arm, disarming Windu and allowing Palpatine to send Windu plunging to his death with a blast of Force lightning. Anakin then submits to the dark side of the Force , becoming Palpatine's third Sith apprentice, Darth Vader.
Palpatine declares the Jedi to be traitors and enemies of the Republic, and issues Order 66: Operation Knightfall. During the creation of the Clone Army, Palpatine ordered Jedi Master Syfo-Dyas to instruct the Kaminoans to implant a fail-safe chip into the clones, with a code embedded that allowed them to turn on their Jedi commanders, allowing for the commencement of Operation Knightfall. Led by Darth Vader, the Grand Army of the Republic, who once took orders from the Jedi, all but exterminate the Jedi Order in a massive galaxy-wide slaughter. Secure in his power and position, Palpatine reorganizes the Republic into the Galactic Empire, with himself as Emperor for life. The Senate enthusiastically supports Palpatine, although a few senators, like Padmé and Bail Organa, realize that the freedom enshrined by the Republic has been destroyed in the name of a "safe and secure society." A deleted scene in the film establishes that the two are among the main founders of the Rebel Alliance, which later arises in A New Hope.
Two remaining Jedi, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Yoda, attempt to attack and destroy the Sith once and for all. Yoda confronts Palpatine, and Obi-Wan duels his former apprentice, now Darth Vader. Obi-Wan defeats Vader and leaves him for dead, but Yoda's duel with Palpatine ends in a stalemate and he is forced to flee for his life; both Jedi are forced to go into exile. Grievously wounded, Vader is rescued by Palpatine and fitted with cybernetics and a black suit of armor with a life support system, which he will wear for the rest of his life. Padme's children, with their mother dead and their father a Sith Lord, are placed into adoptive families until the time is right for the Jedi to reappear in the galaxy and overthrow the Empire.
Organization of power[edit]
Imperial Government[edit]
Imperial Palace
With the end of the Clone Wars, the purging of the Jedi Order and the formation of the First Galactic Empire, Palpatine rules with absolute power as Emperor. He retains the emergency powers that had been voted to him in Attack of the Clones, allowing him to rule for decades under what amounts to martial law. Lord Darth Vader is the Emperor's second-in-command and his ruthless chief enforcer, greatly feared throughout the galaxy; a command from Vader is to be considered a command from Palpatine. In the 19 years between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope, Palpatine rules the galaxy from the confines of his heavily guarded Imperial Palace on Coruscant. During that same time, Vader travels extensively to most of the galactic regions to enforce the Emperor's rule.
The Imperial Palace, once known as the Jedi Temple when it was the home of the Jedi Order, was a complex on Coruscant that served as the seat of power for Darth Sidious during his reign.
Imperial Senate and Grand Moffs
The Senate, now known as the Imperial Senate, nominally continues to exist, though it is virtually powerless. Palpatine dissolves the Senate (off-camera) in A New Hope after discovering that several members of the Senate are founding members of the Rebellion. Aside from Palpatine, the real power in the Empire is in the hands of planetary system-administrators (regional governors), the "Moffs" (sector governors) and the "Grand Moffs" (quadrant governors) who oversee collections of sectors such as the "Outer Rim". After Palpatine dissolves the Senate, he commissioned the regional governors with a Star Destroyer, a division of soldiers and are formally granted direct control over their planet territories; each reports directly to their respective Moffs and Grand Moffs. The Grand Moffs themselves held such prestige that they outranked Darth Vader's authority de facto; as was demonstrated by Vader's deference to Tarkin's command on the Death Star.[2] Through this chain of command, Palpatine dictates direct control over all population centers.
Imperial Military[edit]
Further information: Death Star
In A New Hope, Grand Moff Tarkin explains the Empire's military doctrine of peacekeeping, internal security, and counter-insurgency; describing its state terrorism-philosophy as rule through fear of force rather than force itself. The instrument of this power is the military, which includes the Imperial Stormtroopers, a massive fleet of Star Destroyers, and the Death Star, a moon-sized superweapon capable of destroying entire planets. Plans for the Death Star first appear (in universe chronology) in Attack of the Clones and construction begins at the end of Revenge of the Sith.
Imperial Guard
The Imperial Guard (or Red Guard) were elite, red-helmeted and red-cloaked stormtroopers who serve as Emperor Palpatine's personal bodyguards. In addition to strict requirements of height, strength, intelligence, and loyalty, only the most capable soldiers in the Imperial Military qualified for duty in the ranks of the Royal Guard. On occasion if needed or ordered by Palpatine, they could take orders from his apprentice, Darth Vader.
In the waning days of the Republic, Supreme Chancellor Sheev Palpatine formed a personnel security detail of red-robed guards whom he favored over the Senate Guard. He additionally began to phase out the Senate Guard with the clone shock troopers of the Coruscant Guard. Eventually, as Galactic Emperor, Palpatine disbanded the Senate Guard altogether and replaced them with his Royal Guard and the stormtroopers of the Galactic Empire.
Imperial Army Command
The Imperial Army Command (IAC) is the main ground force of the Galactic Empire. It operates massive ground combat vehicles and maintains garrisons across the galaxy. It also cooperates with other branches of the Empire in a variety of operations. The Imperial Army consists of a considerable number of legions, enough to project power throughout the galaxy. Some of the legions are stationed on the capital planet Coruscant as part of the Emperor's personal security, while others are scattered in the Imperial Navy and planetary garrisons across the galaxy. Imperial Army officers and crew typically wear the Imperial standard green uniforms when not clad in armor.
Imperial Naval Command
Further information: Star Destroyer
The Imperial Naval Command (INC), also referred to as the Imperial Starfleet, was the military arm of the Galactic Empire in charge of maintaining security, peace and order in the galaxy. Commanded by Darth Vader, it absorbed the military forces of the Galactic Republic after Palpatine's declaration of the New Order. Organization of the Imperial Navy was assigned to the Moffs.
At its peak, the Imperial Navy fielded millions of warships, including an estimated 25,000 Star Destroyers, fulfilling the Emperor's will throughout the galaxy. The Empire's central warship cadre is well structured and uniformed, but the Imperial Navy suffers against strike craft, largely due to the inadequacies of its own starfighters and point defense. The Empire's focus on size, firepower, and terror came at the expense of a well-balanced fleet. After its defeat at the Battle of Endor, the Galactic Empire split up into warring factions and the Imperial Starfleet along with it. While much of the remnants of the Imperial Navy were later reunited under impressive Imperial commanders, the military organization covered in this article ceased to exist shortly after the death of the Emperor.
Specific responsibilities of the Imperial Navy included defending Imperial citizens from space-based threats (such as pirates, smugglers and rebel contingents), enforcing Imperial will, and overseeing commerce through customs and blockade operations. The Imperial Navy also performed orbital bombardments and transported major ground force deployments, supporting them with space, orbital, and aerial support.
Imperial Navy officers wore the same standard uniform that their Army counterparts used but was colored grey, and both services used colored chest plaques to denote rank.
After the Battle Of Endor (4 ABY), the navy was scattered.
Imperial Starfighter Corps
Further information: TIE fighter
The Imperial Starfighter Corps (ISC) was the starfighter pilot branch of the Galactic Empire. Although the Corps was a component of the Navy,[3] most pilots were assigned to ground operations with the Imperial Army.[4] Some Imperial starfighters include TIE (Twin Ion Engine) fighters, TIE Intercepters, TIE Strikers, TIE Silencers (by the First Order), and TIE Bombers. The corps was scattered after the Battle Of Endor (4 ABY).
Imperial Stormtrooper Corps
Further information: Stormtrooper (Star Wars)
Contrary to popular belief, Imperial Stormtrooper Corps (ISC) are not in fact the army, but rather an elite corps that works as a ground force for the Navy—similar to a Marine Corps. The Stormtroopers operate in conjunction with the Army and Navy, but in practice are organized like marines with their own separate divisions. When not in their signature white armor, Stormtrooper officers wear black uniforms.
Imperial Security Bureau
The Imperial Security Bureau (ISB) are the principal military intelligence, law enforcement, and internal security agency of the Galactic Empire. The ISB was charged with matters of counter-terrorism, counterintelligence, criminal investigation, internal affairs, state security and ensuring the loyalty of citizens to the Empire. It functions autonomously as a secret police organization (ISB officers are often found as political officers in Army and Navy units). Officers of the ISB wear white uniforms. Aside from that, it happened to be one of the many umbrella organizations under the greater Commission for the Preservation of the New Order, and was larger than its sister agency Imperial Intelligence.
Imperial Central Intelligence
The Imperial Central Intelligence (ICI) was an espionage organization of the Galactic Empire that provided services to the Imperial Military, the Joint Chiefs, and Emperor Sheev Palpatine. ICI was responsible for the gathering, processing, analyzing and dissemination of information throughout the Star Wars galaxy for the purpose national security and propaganda. Its clandestine operations allowed it to operate outside the chain of command, but had no military or law enforcement authority in itself. It had oversight of the operations of the Naval Intelligence Agency which was briefly made its own separate organization before being folded back under Imperial Intelligence. The Imperial Security Bureau was a sister agency and rival to Imperial Central Intelligence over resources, abilities, and areas of responsibility.
Galactic Civil War[edit]
Main article: Galactic Civil War (Star Wars)
With the formation of the Empire and the purge of the Jedi now complete, martial law was immediately declared throughout the universe. Those in hiding, or attempting to either flee from or oppose the New Imperial Order, would be subject to persecution or death. This was the start of the bloody decades-long Galactic Civil War.
In a deleted scene in Revenge of the Sith (and in fear of that incoming conflict), several influential senators including Bail Organa of Alderaan, Padme Amidala of Naboo, and Mon Mothma of Chandrila, meet in secret to form what will later become the Alliance to Restore the Republic, more commonly referred to as the Rebel Alliance. During the two decades that take place between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope, the Rebellion grows and becomes a formidable enemy of the Empire.
The Death Star, a moon-sized space station with sufficient firepower to destroy an entire planet, is designed to be the supreme weapon of the Empire's power. Grand Moff Willhuff Tarkin, the station's commander, shortly after informing the heads of the Imperial Military that Palpatine has dissolved the Senate, demonstrates that power in A New Hope, when he destroys Alderaan merely as a show of force. In the film's climactic scene, however, the station is assaulted by a small force of Rebel starfighters who have come into possession of the station's blueprints. The battle ends with the Death Star's destruction at the hands of Luke Skywalker, which is the Rebel Alliance's first major success against the Empire.
After several more years of conflict, the Alliance finally overthrows the Empire in Return of the Jedi. In the film's climactic battle, the Rebellion destroys the second Death Star and a number of capital ships that contain a great portion of the Imperial Navy's highest-ranking officers. During this battle, Vader redeems himself by killing Palpatine in order to save his son Luke Skywalker, but in this act of self-sacrifice he is himself mortally wounded in the process.
Successor[edit]
Further information: First Order (Star Wars)
After the destruction of the second Death Star, the remnants of the Empire fractured into several splinter factions. The First Order is one of these groups, led by former Imperial officers who adhere to the principles of the Empire's government. They become a major faction in the galaxy in The Force Awakens and face a reformed Rebel Alliance called the Resistance.
Expanded universe[edit]
Further information: Star Wars expanded universe
In the Star Wars expanded universe, the Rebels, renamed the New Republic, fight to claim the galaxy from remaining Imperials styling themselves as independent controllers of portions of the galaxy.
Jedi Prince series
In the Jedi Prince novel series, a group of impostors calling themselves the Prophets of the Dark Side install a three-eyed mutant named Trioculus as Emperor by claiming that he is Palpatine's son, reforming the Empire (as Trioculus's Empire). By the end of the series, Palpatine's true son, Triclops, helps the Rebels defeat this new enemy.
Thrawn Trilogy
In the Thrawn trilogy book series, the New Republic is almost brought to its knees by Grand Admiral Thrawn, the new leader of the remnants of the Empire (which are known as Thrawn's Empire) and a military genius. By the time of the third book in the series, Thrawn has nearly defeated the New Republic, but they claim victory in a last-ditch effort, and Thrawn is killed by his own bodyguard, shattering the Empire's unity.
Dark Empire
In the Dark Empire comic book series, Palpatine is reborn in a clone body and unites most of the scattered remnants of the Empire (forming the Dark Empire), hoping to retake control of the galaxy. By the sequel, Empire's End, he is defeated and destroyed once and for all.
Jedi Academy Trilogy
In the Jedi Academy Trilogy, an Imperial admiral named Daala commandeers the remainder of the Imperial Navy (the Crimson Empire) and mounts a ferocious assault on the New Republic. She nearly succeeds in taking over the galaxy, but is foiled by New Republic pilots Wedge Antilles and Lando Calrissian in the final entry, Champions of the Force.
Darksaber
In the novel Darksaber, Admiral Daala, frustrated with the Imperial warlords in the Core fighting and bickering amongst themselves, orchestrates the warlords' deaths and unites and becomes the leader of the remaining Imperial forces. After being defeated in battle once again by the New Republic, she resigns and selects Gilad Pellaeon (originally in the Thrawn Trilogy) as the new leader, where he becomes Grand Admiral Pellaeon.
New Jedi Order
By the time of the New Jedi Order series, the remaining Imperial military factions sign a truce with the New Republic, becoming the Imperial Remnant. The former enemies then become allies against the invading Yuuzhan Vong. A few years later, the Remnant help the Galactic Alliance fight an assimilating insect species known as the Killiks, and in the early Legacy era they are a third party in the Second Galactic Civil War but made peace with the Alliance and Confederation. All three of these were represented by former Imperial commanders.
Legacy (series)
The Star Wars: Legacy comic book series, set 130 years after the original Star Wars film, explains that, during a civil war, the New Galactic Empire known as the Fel Empire declares war on the Galactic Federation Of Free Alliances (Galactic Alliance), the successor state of the New Republic. This conflict begins the Sith-Imperial War, which after three years leads to the eventual defeat of the Galactic Alliance and the Galactic Empire asserting its domination over the galaxy once again. Another split occurs as the Sith Lord Darth Krayt the leader of the One Sith, usurps the throne and forces Emperor Roan Fel to take refuge in the fortress planet of Bastion. The Galactic Alliance Remnant led by Admiral Gar Stazi, Fel's forces known as the Empire-in-exile led by Empress Marasiah Fel, and the New Jedi Order led by Jedi Master K'Krukk united against Darth Krayt's Galactic Empire and successfully destroy it and the three united factions formed a new galactic government out of their organizations called the Galactic Federation Triumvirate but the former Empire-in-exile still technically carried on the New Order that Palpatine had created. The One Sith however, led by Darth Wredd, remain at large and wage a war against the GFT known as the Darth Wredd's insurgency but two years later in 140 ABY, the former Empire-in-exile works with the other two factions and kill Wredd, dissolve the One Sith, which defeats the Sith once and for all and allows the Galaxy to enter an era of peace (the Post-Legacy era).
Successors
In the Expanded Universe the successor to the Empire was Trioculus's Empire (ruled by Trioculus) whose successor was Thrawn's Empire (led by Grand Admiral Thrawn from Wayland in the Wayland System of the Ojoster Sector of the Outer Rim Territories) whose successor was the Dark Empire (ruled by Emperor Palpatine from Byss in the Byss System of the Deep Core) which successor was the Crimson Empire (by Carnor Jax from Ord Cantrell of the Ord Cantrell system of the Fath Sector of the Outer Rim Territories) whose successor was the Imperial Remmant whose successor was the Fel Empire.
Themes[edit]
See also: Star Wars sources and analogues
Augustus in the robes and cloak of his position as Pontifex Maximus.
Star Wars creator George Lucas sought to make the Galactic Empire aesthetically and thematically similar to Nazi Germany and to appear to be fascist.[5] Like Nazi Germany, the Galactic Empire is a dictatorship based on rigid control of society that dissolved a previous democracy and is led by an all-powerful supreme ruler.[6] The Empire, like the Nazis, desires the creation of totalitarian order[7] and utilizes excessive force and violence to achieve their ends.[7] The name of the Empire's main soldiers, the Stormtroopers, is somewhat similar to the name given to Hitler's Sturmabteilung (SA, "storm detachment") paramilitary bodyguards.[6] The visual appearance of Darth Vader in his all-black uniform combined with his devout obedience to the Emperor has allusion to the black-uniformed Nazi Schutzstaffel (SS).[6] The uniforms of Imperial military officers also bear resemblance to uniforms used in Nazi Germany as well as nineteenth-century Germany's ulans (mounted lancers)—who wore a tunic, riding breeches, and boots like the Empire's officers wear—as well as the Imperial officers' cap resembling the field caps historically worn by German and Austrian troops.[5] In addition to Nazi Germany, there was also at least one portion of the Galactic Empire that was based on the Soviet Union, which is the various military personnel and TIE Fighters are flying in formation as Palpatine arrives on the Death Star in Return of the Jedi. In the commentary track for the film's DVD release, Lucas admitted that the ceremony for the Emperor's arrival was inspired by May Day military parades in the Soviet Union.[8] Lucas has also indicated in various sources that the Galactic Empire was largely derived from America during the time of the Vietnam War, and more specifically Richard Nixon's time as President, with it dating back as early as 1973 when he first started working on the first film, with his friend Walter Murch also verifying this to be the case.[9][10]
Palpatine's rise to power, and transforming a democracy into a dictatorship has been related to those of Julius Caesar, Augustus, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Adolf Hitler.[11]
Palpatine's consolidation of power and declaring himself emperor is like the Roman political figure Octavian (later renamed Augustus), in that Octavian manipulated the Roman Senate as Palpatine did with the Galactic Senate; he legitimized authoritarian rule by saying that corruption in the Senate was hampering the powers of the head of state; he pressured the Roman Senate to give him extraordinary powers as Consul of the Republic to deal with a crisis and he falsely claimed that he would rescind those powers once the crisis was over; and, like the transition of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire, Octavian, like Palpatine, relied on his strong control over military force.[11]
Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler in black SS uniform, visiting a concentration camp. Star Wars and History published by Lucasfilm says that Darth Vader's relationship with Palpatine is like Himmler's relationship with Adolf Hitler.[11] Mary Henderson in Star Wars: The Magic of Myth contends that Darth Vader's all-black uniform and his devout obedience to the Emperor is an allusion to Nazi Germany's SS.
The power relationship in the Galactic Empire between Emperor Palpatine and Darth Vader has been likened to that within Nazi Germany between Hitler and Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, as well as that between Joseph Stalin and the head of the NKVD Lavrentiy Beria, in that Darth Vader is a dictator's main henchman who is completely ruthless in serving his master.[11]
See also[edit]
Isaac Asimov's Galactic Empire
Imperium of Mankind
List of Star Wars characters
Utopian and dystopian fiction
State terrorism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Palpatine, Emperor," in Stephen J. Sansweet, Star Wars Encyclopedia (New York: Del Rey, 1998), p. 224, ISBN 0-345-40227-8
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPAY2NanCcU
Jump up ^ sohttps://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0062466828/
Jump up ^ http://titanmagazines.com/t/star-wars-insider/us/156/
^ Jump up to: a b Mary S. Henderson; Mary Henderson (1997). Star Wars: The Magic of Myth. Bantam Books. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-553-37810-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mary S. Henderson; Mary Henderson (1997). Star Wars: The Magic of Myth. Bantam Books. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-553-37810-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Mary S. Henderson; Mary Henderson (1997). Star Wars: The Magic of Myth. Bantam Books. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-553-37810-8.
Jump up ^ George Lucas, commentary, Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi, Special Edition (DVD, 20th Century Fox, 2004), disc 1.
Jump up ^ Chris Taylor, How Star Wars Conquered the Universe: The Past, Present Future of a Multibillion Dollar Franchise, New York, New York, USA: Basic Books, 2014-2015. Pp. 87-88. "The third mode that [George] Lucas intended to use to depict [American involvement in the] Vietnam [War]—the allegorical, futuristic lens—was only just taking shape, but already it was being influenced by Lucas' thinking about the present tense.* Lucas was fascinated by the notion of how a tiny nation could overcome the largest military power on Earth, and this was baked into The Star Wars right from its earliest notes in 1973: "A large technological empire going after a small group of freedom fighters."
* Though Star Wars was ultimately set "a long time ago," Lucas's earliest plan was to set it in the thirty-third century.
Jump up ^ Michael Ondaatje. The Conversations: Walter Murch and the Art of Editing Film. 2004. p.70. "Originally George Lucas was going to direct ('Apocalypse Now'), so it was a project that George and John [Milius] developed for [American] Zoetrope. That was back in 1969. Then when Warner Brothers cancelled the funding for Zoetrope, the project was abandoned for a while. After the success of 'American Graffiti' in 1973, George wanted to revive it, but it was still too hot a topic, the [Vietnam] war was still on, and nobody wanted to finance something like that. So George considered his options: What did he really want to say in 'Apocalypse Now?' The message boiled down to the ability of a small group of people to defeat a gigantic power simply by the force of their convictions. And he decided, All right, if it’s politically too hot as a contemporary subject, I’ll put the essence of the story in outer space and make it happen in a galaxy long ago and far away. The rebel group were the North Vietnamese, and the Empire was the United States. And if you have 'the force,' no matter how small you are, you can defeat the overwhelmingly big power. ‘Star Wars’ is George’s transubstantiated version of 'Apocalypse Now.'"
^ Jump up to: a b c d Star Wars and History. Lucasfilm.
"Vision of the Future", 1st paperback printing 1999, Timothy Zahn, ISBN 0-553-57879-0
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Galactic Empire (Star Wars).
Galactic Empire in the StarWars.com Databank
Galactic Empire on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
DomusPublica.net (No longer active, this archive as of September 27, 2005 has at least some of the essays intact)
The Case for the Empire, The Weekly Standard
Web.Archive.org, "No Case for the Empire"
GalacticEmpireDatabank.com
Why did The Galactic Empire Hate Aliens?
Fan societies / clubs[edit]
The Empire Reborn - Roleplaying and gaming society (PC Games)
The Galactic Empire - Roleplaying game with strong emphasis on political and military training.
The Emperor's Hammer Strike Fleet - PC Gaming club for all Star Wars games and Star Conflict.
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Secretary to Government of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Union Secretary
Keṃdrīya Saciva
Emblem of India
Flag of India
Government of India
Member of
Committee of Secretaries on Administration
Reports to
Parliament of India
Council of Ministers of India
Prime Minister of India
Seat
Secretariat Building, New Delhi
Raisina Hill
New Delhi
Appointer
Appointments Committee of the Cabinet
Term length
No term length is imposed, except for Home Secretary and Defence Secretary.[1][2][3]
(Term can be extended).
Formation
1947; 71 years ago (1947)
Succession
11th (on the Indian order of precedence.)
Salary
₹225,000 (US$3,400) monthly[4][5]
Website
Official Website
India
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
India
Constitution and law[show]
Constitutional amendment
Basic structure doctrine
Fundamental rights
Human rights
———————
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
Uniform civil code
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
Indian Penal Code
Law enforcement
Government of India[show]
President (Head of state) (List)
Vice president (List)
———————
Executive:
Prime minister (Head of government) (List)
Union Council of Ministers
Cabinet secretary
Secretaries:
(Defence • Finance • Foreign • Home)
Civil services
All India Services (IAS • IFS/IFoS • IPS)
———————
Legislature:
Parliament
Rajya Sabha (Chairman)
Lok Sabha (Speaker)
Judiciary:
Supreme court (Chief justice)
High courts (Chief justices)
District courts
Elections[show]
Election commission:
Chief Election Commissioner (Election commissioners)
Recent general elections: 2009
2014
2019
Recent state elections: 2017
2018
2019
———————
Political parties
National parties
State parties
National coalitions:
National Democratic Alliance (NDA)
United Progressive Alliance (UPA)
Federalism[show]
Administrative divisions
———————
State governments
Governors (List)
Chief ministers (List)
Chief secretary (Principal secretaries)
Field-level officers
Divisional commissioners
District magistrates
Sub-divisional magistrates
Legislatures:
Vidhan Sabha
Vidhan Parishad
———————
Local governments: Rural bodies:
District councils
Block panchayats
Gram Panchayats
Urban bodies:
Municipal corporations
Municipal councils
Nagar panchayats
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
Secretary to the Government of India (IAST: Bhārata Sarakāra Ke Saciva), often abbreviated as Secretary, GoI, or, simply as Secretary, is a post and a rank under the Central Staffing Scheme of the Government of India.[6] The authority for the creation of this post solely rests with Cabinet of India.[7]
The position holder is generally a career civil servant, mostly from the Indian Administrative Service,[4][8][9][10][11][12] and a government official of high seniority.
The post of the secretary, however, is an ex-cadre post, hence, anyone can occupy it, but the office-bearers generally are either from All India Services (deputation; on tenure, after empanelment) or Central Civil Services (Group A; on empanelment). All promotions and appointments to this rank and post are directly made by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet of India.
In the functioning of Government of India, a secretary is the administrative head of a ministry/department.[13][14]
The post is equivalent to that of chief secretary of a state government (within their respective states).[15][16][17][18]
The post of Secretary in the Union government[19][20][21] is equivalent to chief secretaries of state governments and to Vice Chief of the Army Staff/commanders and officers in the rank of full general and its equivalents in the Indian Armed Forces,[22] in Indian Armed Forces and are listed as such on the order of precedence.[15][16][17][18].
Secretaries to the Government of India rank 23rd on Indian order of precedence.[15][16][17][18]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Powers, responsibilities and postings
3 Position
4 Emolument, accommodation and perquisites
5 List of current secretaries to the Government of India
6 Reforms and challenges
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
History[edit]
C. H. Bhabha with a Secretary and a few Joint Secretaries to the Government of India in 1947.
In mid-1930's, the Central Secretariat contained only 29 secretaries,[23] who were all members of the Imperial Civil Service. The salary for a member of this rank and post was fixed at Rs. 48,000 per annum in the 1930s.[23] As per Warrant or Precedence of 1905,[24] secretaries to the Government of India was listed together with joint secretaries to the Government of India and were ranked above the rank of chief secretaries of provincial governments.[24]
N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar had once suggested "A secretary should not be immersed in files and burdened with routine. It is essential that he should have time to grasp the overall picture, size up the problems facing the government in the field allotted to his charge, and think and plan ahead. All these are his proper functions and must be efficiently performed. Failure to make adequate provision in this respect cannot be compensated by a mere increase in the establishment under his control."[25]
The Administrative Reforms Commission visualized the role of secretary, primarily as one of "coordinator, policy guide, reviewer, and evaluator."[25]
Powers, responsibilities and postings[edit]
The organizational structure of a department of the Government of India.
Secretary to the Government of India is the administrative head of the ministry or department, and is the principal adviser to the Minister on all matters of policy and administration within the ministry/department.[14]
The role of a secretary is as follows:
To act as the administrative head of the ministry or department. The responsibility in this regard is complete and undivided.[13]
To act as the chief adviser to the minister on all aspects of policy and administrative affairs.[13]
To represent the ministry/department before the public accounts committee of the parliament.[13]
The Prime Minister of India is the final authority on posting and transfer of officers of secretary level.[26] Secretaries report to their ministerial/departmental cabinet minister and to the prime minister.
Position[edit]
In the Union government, secretaries head departments and ministries in the Union Government and hold positions such as Finance Secretary, Defence Secretary, Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary, emissaries in the foreign missions/embassies (ambassadors/high commissioners),[27] members of the Railway Board, members of the Telecom Commission.
According to Seventh Central Pay Commission of India, seventy-three out of ninety-one secretaries to the Government of India are from the Indian Administrative Service.[4]
Emolument, accommodation and perquisites[edit]
An Indian Diplomatic Passport and an Official Passport generally issued to Secretaries to the Government of India.
All secretaries to the Government of India are eligible for a diplomatic passport. Secretaries are allotted either type-VII or type-VIII bungalows in areas like New Moti Bagh and Lutyens across Delhi by the Ministry of Urban Development (Directorate of Estates).[28][29][30][31]
The salary and emolument in this rank is equivalent[22] to chief secretaries of state governments and to Vice Chief of the Army Staff/commanders and officers in the rank of full general and its equivalents in the Indian Armed Forces.[22]
Secretary, GoI monthly pay and allowances hide
Base salary as per the 7th Pay Commission (Per month)
Pay matrix level
Sources
₹225,000 (US$3,400) Pay Level 17 [4][5]
List of current secretaries to the Government of India[edit]
Out of the secretaries to the Government of India, most are IAS officers, twelve are either from scientific or from legal background, five are IFS officers, two are IPS officers and one officer belongs to the IPoS while two secretary-level positions are vacant.
Secretaries to the Government of India[32] hide
Ministry
Designation
Name of secretary
Background
Batch
President’s Secretariat Secretary to the President Sanjay Kothari IAS officer 1978 (Retired)
Vice President’s Secretariat Secretary to the Vice President I.V. Subba Rao IAS officer 1979 (Retired)
Prime Minister’s Office Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister Nripendra Misra IAS officer 1967 (Retired)
Additional Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister Dr. Pramod Kumar Misra IAS officer 1972 (Retired)
Secretary to the Prime Minister Bhaskar Khulbe IAS officer 1983
Cabinet Secretariat Cabinet Secretary[a] Pradeep Kumar Sinha IAS officer 1977
Secretary (Coordination) Dr. Inderjit Singh IAS officer 1985
Secretary (R) A.K. Dhasmana IPS officer 1981
Secretary (Security) S.K. Sinha IPS officer 1983
Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Secretary (Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare) Shobhana K. Pattanayak IAS officer 1982
Secretary (Agricultural Research and Education) Dr. Trilochan Mohapatra Scientist —
Secretary (Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries) Devendra Chaudhary IAS officer 1981
Atomic Energy Secretary (Atomic Energy) and Chairman of Atomic Energy Commission Dr. Sekhar Basu Scientist —
AYUSH Secretary (AYUSH) Rajesh Kotecha Scientist —
Chemicals and Fertilizers Secretary (Chemicals and Petrochemicals) Rajeev Kapoor IAS officer 1983
Secretary (Fertilizers) Bharati S. Sihag IAS officer 1983
Secretary (Pharmaceuticals) Jai Priye Prakash IAS officer 1982
Civil Aviation Secretary (Civil Aviation) R.N. Choubey IAS officer 1981
Coal Secretary (Coal) Susheel Kumar IAS officer 1982
Commerce and Industry Secretary (Commerce) Rita A. Teaotia IAS officer 1981
Secretary (Industrial Policy and Promotion) Ramesh Abhishek IAS officer 1982
Communications Secretary (Posts) Anant Narayan Nanda IPoS officer 1982
Secretary to (Telecommunications) and Chairman of Telecom Commission Aruna Sundararajan IAS officer 1982
Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution Secretary (Consumer Affairs) Avinash K. Srivastava IAS officer 1982
Secretary (Food and Public Distribution) Ravi Kant IAS officer 1984
Corporate Affairs Secretary (Corporate Affairs) Injeti Srinivas IAS officer 1983
Culture Secretary (Culture) Raghvendra Singh IAS officer 1983
Defence Defence Secretary Sanjay Mitra IAS officer 1982
Secretary (Defence Production) Dr. Ajay Kumar IAS officer 1985
Secretary (Defence Research and Development) and Chairman of DRDO Dr. S. Christopher Scientist —
Secretary (Ex-Servicemen Welfare) Sanjeevanee Kutty IAS officer 1983
Development of North Eastern Region Secretary (Development of North Eastern Region) Navin Verma IAS officer 1982
Drinking Water and Sanitation Secretary (Drinking Water and Sanitation) Parameswaran Iyer IAS officer 1981 (Voluntarily Retired)
Earth Sciences Secretary (Earth Sciences) Dr. M. Nair Rajeevan Scientist —
Electronics and Information Technology Secretary (Electronics and Information Technology) Ajay P. Sawhney IAS officer 1984
Environment, Forest and Climate Change Secretary (Environment, Forest and Climate Change) C.K. Mishra IAS officer 1982
External Affairs Foreign Secretary Vijay Keshav Gokhale IFS officer 1981
Secretary (East) Preeti Saran IFS officer 1982
Secretary (Economic Relations) T. S. Tirumurti IFS officer 1985
Secretary (West) Ruchi Ghanashyam IFS officer 1982
Secretary (Overseas Indian Affairs and Consul, Passport and Visa) Dnyaneshwar M. Mulay IFS officer 1982
Finance Finance Secretary and Secretary to D/o Revenue Dr. Hasmukh Adhia IAS officer 1980
Secretary to D/o Investment and Public Asset Management Neeraj Kumar Gupta IAS officer 1982
Secretary to D/o Economic Affairs Subhash Chandra Garg IAS officer 1983
Secretary to D/o Expenditure Ajay Narayan Jha IAS officer 1981
Secretary to D/o Financial Services Rajiv Kumar IAS officer 1984
Food Processing Industries Secretary (Food Processing Industries) Jagdish Prasad Meena IAS officer 1983
Health and Family Welfare Secretary to D/o Health and Family Welfare Preeti Sudan IAS officer 1983
Secretary to D/o Health Research Dr. Soumya Swaminathan Scientist —
Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Secretary to D/o Heavy Industry Asha Ram Sihag IAS officer 1983
Secretary to D/o Public Enterprise Seema Bahuguna IAS officer 1983
Home Affairs Home Secretary Rajiv Gauba IAS officer 1982
Secretary (Official Language) Prabhas Kumar Jha IAS officer 1982
Secretary (Border Management) — — —
Secretary of Inter State Council Secretariat — — —
Housing and Urban Affairs Secretary (Housing and Urban Affairs) Durga Shanker Mishra IAS officer 1984
Human Resource Development Secretary to D/o Higher Education Kewal K. Sharma IAS officer 1983
Secretary to D/o School Education and Literacy Anil Swarup IAS officer 1981
Information and Broadcasting Secretary (Information and Broadcasting) Narendra Kumar Sinha IAS officer 1980
Labour and Employment Secretary (Labour and Employment) M. Sathiyavathy IAS officer 1982
Law and Justice Secretary to D/o Justice Alok Shrivastava IAS officer 1984
Secretary to D/o Legal Affairs Suresh Chandra ILS officer —
Secretary to D/o Legislative G. Narayana Raju ILS officer —
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Secretary (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) Arun K. Panda IAS officer 1984
Mines Secretary (Mines) Arun Kumar IAS officer 1983
Minority Affairs Secretary (Minority Affairs) Ameising Luikham IAS officer 1981
New and Renewable Energy Secretary (New and Renewable Energy) Anand Kumar IAS officer 1984
Panchayati Raj Secretary (Panchayati Raj) Jitendra Shankar Mathur IAS officer 1982
Parliamentary Affairs Secretary (Parliamentary Affairs) Rajiv Yadav IAS officer 1981
Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions Secretary (Personnel and Training) Ajay Mittal IAS officer 1982
Secretary (Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances) K.V. Eapen IAS officer 1984
Secretary (Pension and Pensioners’ Welfare) K.V. Eapen IAS officer 1984
Petroleum and Natural Gas Secretary (Petroleum and Natural Gas) Kapil Dev Tripathi IAS officer 1980
Power Secretary (Power) Ajay K. Bhalla IAS officer 1984
Road Transport and Highways Secretary (Road Transport and Highways) Yudhvir Singh Malik IAS officer 1983
Rural Development Secretary (Land Resources) Dinesh Singh IAS officer 1982
Secretary (Rural Development) Amarjeet Sinha IAS officer 1983
Science and Technology Secretary (Biotechnology) Dr. K. VijayRaghavan Scientist —
Secretary (Science and Technology) Dr. Ashutosh Sharma Scientist —
Secretary (Scientific and Industrial Research) Dr. Girish Sahni Scientist —
Shipping Secretary (Shipping) Gopal Krishna IAS officer 1983
Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Secretary (Skill Development and Entrepreneurship) K.P. Krishnan IAS officer 1983
Social Justice and Empowerment Secretary (Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities) Shakuntala Gamlin IAS officer 1984
Secretary (Social Justice and Empowerment) G. Latha Krishna Rao IAS officer 1982
Space Secretary (Space) and Chairman of ISRO Dr. K. Sivan Scientist —
Statistics and Programme Implementation Secretary (Statistics and Programme Implementation) Prof. T.C.A. Anant Scientist —
Steel Secretary (Steel) Aruna Sharma IAS officer 1982
Textiles Secretary (Textiles) Anant K. Singh IAS officer 1984
Tourism Secretary (Tourism) Rashmi Verma IAS officer 1982
Tribal Affairs Secretary (Tribal Affairs) Leena Nair IAS officer 1982
Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Secretary (Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation) Upendra P. Singh IAS officer 1985
Women and Child Development Secretary (Women and Child Development) Rakesh Srivastava IAS officer 1981
Youth Affairs and Sports Secretary (Sports) Rahul Bhatnagar IAS officer 1983
Secretary (Youth Affairs) Amarendra Kumar Dubey IAS officer 1982
Notes
Jump up ^ Cabinet Secretary is not a secretary rank position but the highest level of empanelment in Government of India is at secretary rank.
Additionally, the Chairman of Railway Board is ex-officio Principal Secretary to the Government of India,[33][34] while the members of the Railway Board are ex-officio secretaries to the Government of India.[33][34] In addition, the members of Telecom Commission are ex-officio secretaries to the Government of India.[35]
Total No. of Ministries and Departments in the Government of India[32]
Total
No.
Ministries 57
Departments 92
Reforms and challenges[edit]
Media articles and others have argued in favour of lateral entrants being recruited to this rank/post to infuse fresh energy and thinking into an insular, complacent and archaic bureaucracy.[36][37][38][39]
Non-IAS civil services have complained to the Government of India because of lack of empanelment in the rank/post of secretary on numerous occasions.[4][8][9][10][11][12]
See also[edit]
Federal Secretary
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Khare, Harish (February 8, 2005). "Fixed tenure planned for Home, Defence Secretaries". The Hindu. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Fixed tenure for defence, home secretaries". Rediff.com. September 22, 2005. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fixed tenure for Defence, Home Secretaries". Outlook. September 22, 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India" (PDF). Seventh Central Pay Commission, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Biswas, Shreya, ed. (June 29, 2016). "7th Pay Commission cleared: What is the Pay Commission? How does it affect salaries?". India Today. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Central Staffing Scheme" (PDF). Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions. January 1996. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Only Cabinet can create Joint Secretary, above level posts". Press Trust of India. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Tripathi, Shishir (December 8, 2015). "IAS: Emperor among the kings?". Governance Now. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Tikku, Aloke (January 15, 2016). "Parity between IAS and non-IAS? The IAS will get to decide". Hindustan Times. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Non-IAS bureaucrats now eligible for secretary-level posts". The Asian Age. January 18, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Need Pay Parity With IAS Officers, Say Officials Of 20 Civil Services". NDTV. June 30, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Dastidar, Avishek G (January 14, 2017). "Alleging bias, non-IAS officers petition PM Modi". The Indian Express. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Laxmikanth, M. (2014). Governance in India (2nd Edition). Noida: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 3.1–3.10. ISBN 978-9339204785.
^ Jump up to: a b "Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure - 14th Edition (2015)" (PDF). Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension. p. 6. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Order of Precedence" (PDF). Rajya Sabha. President's Secretariat. July 26, 1979. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Table of Precedence" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. President's Secretariat. July 26, 1979. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-27. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Table of Precedence". Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. President's Secretariat. Archived from the original on 2014-04-28. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Maheshwari, S.R. (2000). Indian Administration (6th Edition). New Delhi: Orient Blackswan Private Ltd. ISBN 9788125019886.
Jump up ^ "Part I of the Constitution of India- The Union and its territory - Article 1" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Part XIV of the Constitution of India- Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits - Article 300" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-03. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Part XIV of the Constitution of India- Services under the Union and the States - Article 312(2)" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-03. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Army Pay Rules, 2017" (PDF). Ministry of Defence, Government of India. May 3, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Kirk-Greene, A. (2000). Britain's Imperial Administrators, 1858-1966. New York City: Springer. ISBN 9780230286320.
^ Jump up to: a b As per published records and book named "The India List and India Office List 1905" as published by India Office and India Office Records.
^ Jump up to: a b Singh, Hoshiar; Singh, Pankaj (2011). Indian Administration (1st edition). Delhi: Pearson Education India. pp. 104–126. ISBN 978-8131761199.
Jump up ^ "PM to oversee cadre allocation of bureaucrats, postings of joint secretaries and above". The Times of India. August 21, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "MEA Moves its Men, Post-Haste". The New Indian Express. March 2, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Compendium (RTI Act) – Government Residence (General Pool in Delhi) Rules" (PDF). Directorate of Estates, Ministry of Urban Development. January 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Gupta, Geeta (July 21, 2011). "New homes for govt staff changing New Delhi". Indian Express. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pandey, Maneesh (May 17, 2012). "Babu luxury: Bureaucrats and politicians get new address in south Delhi's East Moti Bagh". Daily Mail. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Singh, Vijaita (September 16, 2015). "Home Secretary gives the miss to fortified bungalow". The Hindu. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Secretaries to the Government of India". Department of Personnel and Training, Government of India. September 1, 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-03-03. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Verma, K.B. (1987). Readings In Indian Railway Finance. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 97. ISBN 978-8171881215.
^ Jump up to: a b "CHAPTER II - STRUCTURE AND OBJECTIVES OF RAILWAY MANAGEMENT". Ministry of Railways, Government of India. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Profile - Telecom Commission". Department of Telecommunications, Government of India. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Natarajan, Gulzar (April 13, 2015). "Lateral entry, blind alley". The Indian Express. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chandra, Shailaja (July 15, 2017). "Should the government allow lateral entry into the civil services?". Hindustan Times. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The need for lateral entry in civil services". Live Mint. HT Media. July 19, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Natarajan, Gulzar; Subbarao, Duvvuri (August 9, 2017). "The case for lateral entry". The Indian Express. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Bibliography[edit]
Laxmikanth, M. (2014). Governance in India (2nd Edition). Noida: McGraw Hill Education. ISBN 978-9339204785.
Maheshwari, S.R. (2000). Indian Administration (6th Edition). New Delhi: Orient Blackswan Private Ltd. ISBN 9788125019886.
Kirk-Greene, A. (2000). Britain's Imperial Administrators, 1858-1966. New York City: Springer. ISBN 9780230286320.
Singh, Hoshiar; Singh, Pankaj (2011). Indian Administration (1st edition). Delhi: Pearson Education India. ISBN 978-8131761199.
Verma, K.B. (1987). Readings In Indian Railway Finance. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-8171881215.
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