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GeForce 10 series
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GeForce 10 series
The GTX 1070 Founders Edition reference card.
Release date
May 2016
Codename
GP10x
Architecture
Pascal
Models
GeForce GTX Series
Transistors and fabrication process
1.8B 14 nm (GP108)
3.3B 14 nm (GP107)
4.4B 16 nm (GP106)
7.2B 16 nm (GP104)
12B 16 nm (GP102)
15.3B 16 nm (GP100)
Cards
Entry-level
GeForce GT 1030
Mid-range
GeForce GTX 1050
GeForce GTX 1050 Ti
GeForce GTX 1060
High-end
GeForce GTX 1070
GeForce GTX 1070 Ti
GeForce GTX 1080
Enthusiast
GeForce GTX 1080 Ti
Nvidia Titan X
Nvidia Titan Xp
API support
Direct3D
Direct3D 12.0 (feature level 12_1)
OpenCL
OpenCL 1.2
OpenGL
OpenGL 4.6
Vulkan
Vulkan 1.1 [1]
SPIR-V 1.3
History
Predecessor
GeForce 900 series
Successor
GeForce 11 series
The GeForce 10 series is a series of graphics processing units developed by Nvidia, initially based on the Pascal microarchitecture announced in March 2014.
This design series succeeded the GeForce 900 Series, and will be succeeded by cards using the Volta microarchitecture.
Contents
[hide]
1 Architecture
2 Products
2.1 Founders Edition
2.2 GeForce 10 (10xx) series
2.3 GeForce 10 (10xx) series for notebooks
3 Chipset table
4 Discontinued support
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Architecture[edit]
The Pascal (microarchitecture), named after Blaise Pascal, was announced in March 2014[2], and the first graphics cards based on it, the GeForce GTX 1080 and 1070, were announced on May 6th, 2016 and released on May 27th, 2016 and June 10th respectively. The architecture incorporates TSMC's 16 nm FinFET or Samsung's 14 nm FinFET technologies and succeeds the Maxwell microarchitecture. Initially, chips were only produced in TSMC's 16nm process, though some chips have been made in Samsung's 14 nm process (GP107, GP108).[3] Samsung Electronics and Nvidia also have an agreement to shrink the design's die to use Samsung's 14 nm FinFET technology.[4]
New Features in GP10x:
CUDA Compute Capability 6.0 (GP100 only), 6.1 (GP102, GP104, GP106, GP107, GP108)
DisplayPort 1.4
HDMI 2.0b
Fourth generation Delta Color Compression
PureVideo Feature Set H hardware video decoding HEVC Main10 (10 bit), Main12 (12 bit) & VP9 hardware decoding (GM200 & GM204 did not support HEVC Main10/Main12 & VP9 hardware decoding)[5]
HDCP 2.2 support for 4K DRM protected content playback & streaming (Maxwell GM200 & GM204 lack HDCP 2.2 support, GM206 supports HDCP 2.2)[6]
NVENC HEVC Main10 10 bit hardware encoding (except GP108 which doesn't support NVENC[7])
GPU Boost 3.0
Simultaneous Multi-Projection
HB SLI Bridge Technology
New memory controller with GDDR5X & GDDR5 support (GP102, GP104)[8]
Dynamic load balancing scheduling system. This allows the scheduler to dynamically adjust the amount of the GPU assigned to multiple tasks, ensuring that the GPU remains saturated with work except when there is no more work that can safely be distributed. Nvidia therefore has safely enabled asynchronous compute in Pascal's driver.[9]
Instruction-level preemption. In graphics tasks, the driver restricts this to pixel-level preemption because pixel tasks typically finish quickly and the overhead costs of doing pixel-level preemption are much lower than performing instruction-level preemption. Compute tasks get either thread-level or instruction-level preemption. Instruction-level preemption is useful because compute tasks can take long times to finish and there are no guarantees on when a compute task finishes, so the driver enables the very expensive instruction-level preemption for these tasks.[10]
Triple buffering implemented in the driver level. Nvidia calls this "Fast Sync". This has the GPU maintain three frame buffers per monitor. This results in the GPU continuously rendering frames, and the most recently completely rendered frame is sent to a monitor each time it needs one. This removes the initial delay that double buffering with vsync causes and disallows tearing. The costs are that more memory is consumed for the buffers and that the GPU will consume power drawing frames that might be wasted because two or more frames could possibly be drawn between the time a monitor is sent a frame and the time the same monitor needs to be sent another frame. In this case, the latest frame is picked, causing frames drawn after the previously displayed frame but before the frame that is picked to be completely wasted.[11] This feature has been backported to Maxwell-based GPUs in driver version 372.70.[12]
Nvidia has announced that the Pascal GP100 GPU will feature four High Bandwidth Memory stacks, allowing a total of 16 GB HBM2 on the highest-end models,[13] 16 nm technology,[3] Unified Memory and NVLink.[14]
Products[edit]
An inno3D GeForce GTX 1050 Twin X2.
An MSI GeForce GT 1030.
Founders Edition[edit]
Announcing the GeForce 10-series products, Nvidia has introduced Founders Edition graphics card versions of the GTX 1060, 1070, 1070 Ti, 1080 and 1080 Ti. These are what were previously known as reference cards, i.e. which were designed and built by Nvidia and not by its authorized board partners. These cards have started being used as reference to measure performance of partner cards. The Founders Edition cards have a die cast machine-finished aluminum body with a single radial fan and a vapor chamber cooling (1070 Ti, 1080, 1080 Ti only[15]), an upgraded power supply and a new low profile backplate (1070, 1070 Ti, 1080, 1080 Ti only).[16] Nvidia also released a limited supply of Founders Edition cards for the GTX 1060 that were only available directly from Nvidia's website.[17] Founders Edition cards prices (with the exception of the GTX 1070 Ti and 1080 Ti) are greater than MSRP of partners cards; however, some partners' cards, incorporating a complex design, with liquid or hybrid cooling may cost more than Founders Edition.
GeForce 10 (10xx) series[edit]
Supported display standards are: DP 1.3/1.4, HDMI 2.0b, dual link DVI[a] [18]
Supported APIs are: Direct3D 12.0 (12_1), OpenGL 4.6, OpenCL 1.2 and Vulkan 1.1
Model
Launch
Code name(s)
Fab (nm)
Transistors (billion)
Die size (mm2)
Bus interface
Core config[b]
SM Count [c]
L2 Cache (MiB/KiB)
Clock speeds
Fillrate
Memory
Processing power (GFLOPS)[d]
TDP (watts)
SLI HB support[e]
Launch price (USD)
Base core clock (MHz)
Boost core clock (MHz)
Memory (MT/s)
Pixel (GP/s)[f]
Texture (GT/s)[g]
Size (GiB)
Bandwidth (GB/s)
Bus type
Bus width (bit)
Single precision (Boost)
Double precision (Boost)
Half precision (boost)[19]
MSRP
Founders Edition
GeForce GT 1030 (DDR4)[20]
March 12, 2018 GP108-310-A1 14 1.8[21] 74 PCIe 3.0 x4 [22][23] 384:24:16 3 ? 1151 1379 2100 18.41 27.6 2 16.8 DDR4 64 883 (1059) 27 (33) 13 (16) 20 No $80[24] N/A
GeForce GT 1030[20]
May 17, 2017 GP108-300-A1 70 0.5MiB/512KiB 1227 1468 6000 19.6 29.4 48 GDDR5 942 (1127) 29 (35) 15 (18) 30
GeForce GTX 1050[25]
October 25, 2016 GP107-300-A1 3.3 132 [26] PCIe 3.0 x16 640:40:32 5 [27] 1MiB/1,024KiB 1354 1455 7000 43.3 54.2 112 128 1733 (1862) 54 (58) 27 (29) 75 $109
GeForce GTX 1050 3GB[28]
May 2018 GP107 768:48:24 6[29] 0.75MiB/768KiB 1392 1518 33.4 66.8 3 84 96 2138(2332) 66(72) 33(36) ?
GeForce GTX 1050 Ti[25]
October 25, 2016 GP107-400-A1 768:48:32 1MiB/1,024KiB 1290 1392 41.3 61.9 4 112 128 1981 (2138) 62 (67) 31 (33) $139
GeForce GTX 1060 3GB[30]
August 18, 2016 GP106-300-A1 16 4.4 200 [31] 1152:72:48 9 [32] 1.5MiB/1,536KiB 1506 1708 8000
9000[h] 72.3 108.4 3 192
216[h] 192 3470 (3935) 108 (123) 54 (61) 120 $199
GeForce GTX 1060 5GB[33]
2018 GP106 1280:80:40 10 [34] 1.25MiB/1,280KiB 8000 60.2 120.5 5 160 160 3855 (4372) 120 (137) 60 (68) ?
GeForce GTX 1060 6GB[30]
July 19, 2016 GP106-400-A1
GP106-410-A1[h] 1280:80:48 1.5MiB/1,536KiB 8000
9000[h] 72.3 6 192
216[h] 192 $249 $299
GeForce GTX 1070[35]
June 10, 2016 GP104-200-A1 7.2 314 [36] 1920:120:64 15 [37] 2MiB/2,048KiB 1683 8000 96.4[i][38] 180.7 8 256 256 5783 (6463) 181 (202) 90 (101) 150 2-way SLI HB[39] or traditional 2/3/4-way SLI[40] $399 $449
GeForce GTX 1070 Ti[41]
November 2, 2017 GP104-300-A1 2432:152:64 19 1607 102.8 244.3 7816 (8186) 244 (256) 122 (128) 180 $449
GeForce GTX 1080[18]
May 27, 2016 GP104-400-A1
GP104-410-A1[h] 2560:160:64 20 [42] 1733 10000
11000[h] 257.1 320
352[h] GDDR5X 8228 (8873) 257 (277) 128 (139) $549 $699
GeForce GTX 1080 Ti[43]
March 10, 2017 GP102-350-K1-A1 12 471 3584:224:88 28 [44] 2.75MiB/2,816KiB 1480 1582 11000 130.2 331.5 11 484 352 10609 (11340) 332 (354) 166 (177) 250 $699
NVIDIA TITAN X[45]
August 2, 2016 GP102-400-A1 3584:224:96 3MiB/3,072KiB 1417 1531 10000 136 317.4 12 480 384 10157 (10974) 317 (343) 159 (171) N/A $1200
NVIDIA TITAN Xp[46]
April 6, 2017 GP102-450-A1 3840:240:96 30 1405[47] 1582 11410 152 379.7 547.7 10790 (12150) 337 (380) 169 (190) N/A
Jump up ^ The NVIDIA TITAN Xp & the Founders Edition GTX 1080 Ti do not have a dual link DVI port, but a DisplayPort to single link DVI adapter is included in the box.
Jump up ^ Shader Processors : Texture mapping units : Render output units
Jump up ^ The number of streaming multiprocessors on the GPU.
Jump up ^ For calculating the processing power, see the Performance subsection of the Pascal architecture article.
Jump up ^ SLI HB only supports a maximum of 2-way SLI using SLI HB bridges, however if using traditional SLI bridges it can support a maximum of 4-way SLI but the performance is mostly improved in synthetic benchmarks only.
Jump up ^ Pixel fillrate is calculated as the lowest of three numbers: number of ROPs multiplied by the base core clock speed, number of rasterizers multiplied by the number of fragments they can generate per rasterizer multiplied by the base core clock speed, and the number of streaming multiprocessors multiplied by the number of fragments per clock that they can output multiplied by the base clock rate.
Jump up ^ Texture fillrate is calculated as the number of TMUs multiplied by the base core clock speed.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h GTX 1060 and GTX 1080 cards shipped after April 2017 feature increased memory speeds, thus increasing memory bandwidth.
Jump up ^ The GTX 1070 has one of the four GPCs disabled in the die. Losing one of the Raster Engines only allows for the use of 48 ROPs per cycle.
GeForce 10 (10xx) series for notebooks[edit]
The biggest highlight to this line of notebook GPUs is the implementation of configured specifications close to (for the GTX 1060–1080) and exceeding (for the GTX 1050/1050 Ti) that of their desktop counterparts, as opposed to having "cut-down" specifications in previous generations. As a result, the "M" suffix is completely removed from the model's naming schemes, denoting these notebook GPUs to possess similar performance to those made for desktop PCs, including the ability to overclock their core frequencies by the user, something not possible with previous generations of notebook GPUs. This was made possible by having lower Thermal Design Power (TDP) ratings as compared to their desktop equivalents, making these desktop-level GPUs thermally feasible to be implemented into OEM notebook chassis with improved thermal dissipation designs, and, as such, are only available through the OEMs. In addition, the GP104 and GP106-based Notebook GPUs also come in lower-TDP and quieter variations called the Max-Q Design specifically made for ultra-thin gaming systems in conjunction with OEM Partners that incorporate enhanced heat dissipation mechanisms with lower operating noise volumes, largely made as an additional more powerful option to existing gaming notebooks as well, which was launched on 27th June 2017.
Model
Launch
Code name
Fab (nm)
Transistors (billion)
Die size (mm2)
Bus interface
Core config
SM Count
Clock speeds
Fillrate
Memory
API support (version)
Processing power (GFLOPS)
TDP (watts)
SLI support
Base core clock (MHz)
Boost core clock (MHz)
Memory (MT/s)
Pixel (GP/s)
Texture (GT/s)
Size (GiB)
Bandwidth (GB/s)
Bus type
Bus width (bit)
DirectX
OpenGL
OpenCL
Vulkan
Single precision (Boost)
Double precision
Half precision
GeForce MX110[48]
Nov 17,
2017[49]
GM108
(N16V-GMR1)
28 N/A N/A PCIe 3.0 x16 384:24:8[50] 3 965 993 5012 7.944 23.83 2 40.1 GDDR5 64 12.0
(11_0)
4.6 1.2 1.1 N/A 30 No
GeForce MX130[51]
GM108
(N16S-GTR)
1122 1242 9.936 29.81 N/A
GeForce MX150 (GT 1030)[52]
May 25, 2017 GP108-300 14 1.8 74 PCIe 3.0 x4 1468 1532 6000 11.7 35.2 48 12.0
(12_1)
1127 (1177) ? ? ?
GeForce GTX 1050 (Notebook)[53]
January 3, 2017 GP107-300 (N17P-G0) 3.3 135 PCIe 3.0 x16 640:40:16 5 1354 1493 7000 43.3 54.2 2
4
112 128 1733 (1911) 27 14 ?
GeForce GTX 1050 Ti (Notebook)[53]
GP107-400 (N17P-G1) 768:48:32 6 1493 1620 47.8 71.7 4 2293 (2488) 36 18 ?
GeForce GTX 1060 (Notebook)[53]
August 16, 2016 GP106-400 (N17E-G1) 16 4.4 200 1280:80:48 10 1404 1670 8000 67.4 112 3
6
192 192 3594 (4275) 112 56 ?
GeForce GTX 1070 (Notebook)[53]
GP104-200 (N17E-G2) 7.2 314 2048:128:64 16 1442 1645 92.3 185 8 256 256 5906 (6738) 185 92 ? Yes
GeForce GTX 1080 (Notebook)[53]
GP104-400 (N17E-G3) 2560:160:64 20 1556 1733 10000 99.6 249 320 GDDR5X 7967 (8873) 249 124 150-220[54]
Chipset table[edit]
Main article: Comparison table of GeForce 10 Series
Discontinued support[edit]
Nvidia announced that after Release 390 drivers, Nvidia will no longer release 32-bit drivers for 32-bit operating systems.[55]
See also[edit]
GeForce 400 series
GeForce 500 series
GeForce 600 series
GeForce 700 series
GeForce 800M series
GeForce 900 series
Nvidia Quadro
Nvidia Tesla
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Vulkan Driver Support". Nvidia. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
Jump up ^ "NVIDIA Updates GPU Roadmap; Announces Pascal". The Official NVIDIA Blog.
^ Jump up to: a b "Talks of foundry partnership between NVIDIA and Samsung (14nm) didn't succeed, and the GPU maker decided to revert to TSMC's 16nm process". Retrieved August 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Samsung to Optical-Shrink NVIDIA "Pascal" to 14 nm". Retrieved August 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "How The New Pascal Architecture Supports Next-Generation Video Playback". May 17, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nvidia Pascal HDCP 2.2". Nvidia Hardware Page. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Whether GT1030 is support nvenc encoder?".
Jump up ^ Shrout, Ryan (July 14, 2016). "3DMark Time Spy: Looking at DX12 Asynchronous Compute Performance". PC Perspective. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Smith, Ryan (July 20, 2016). "The NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 & GTX 1070 Founders Editions Review: Kicking Off the FinFET Generation". AnandTech. p. 9. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Smith, Ryan (July 20, 2016). "The NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 & GTX 1070 Founders Editions Review: Kicking Off the FinFET Generation". AnandTech. p. 10. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Smith, Ryan; Wilson, Derek (July 20, 2016). "The NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 & GTX 1070 Founders Editions Review: Kicking Off the FinFET Generation". AnandTech. p. 13. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Release 370 Graphics Drivers for Windows, Version 372.70" (PDF). August 30, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Harris, Mark (April 5, 2016). "Inside Pascal: NVIDIA's Newest Computing Platform". Parallel Forall. Nvidia. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NVIDIA Pascal GPU Architecture to Provide 10X Speedup for Deep Learning Apps - NVIDIA Blog". The Official NVIDIA Blog.
Jump up ^ Oh, Nate (November 2, 2017). "The NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1070 Ti Founders Edition Review: GP104 Comes in Threes". AnandTech. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Burnes, Andrew (May 18, 2016). "GeForce GTX 1080 Founders Edition: Premium Construction & Advanced Features". GeForce.com. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "A Quantum Leap for Every Gamer: NVIDIA Unveils the GeForce GTX 1060". Nvidia Newsroom. July 7, 2016. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Nvidia. "GTX 1080 Graphics Card". Retrieved May 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Smith, Ryan (July 20, 2016). "FP16 Throughput on GP104: Good for Compatibility (and Not Much Else) - The NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 & GTX 1070 Founders Editions Review: Kicking Off the FinFET Generation". AnandTech. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Nvidia. "GeForce GT 1030 | GeForce". Retrieved May 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Angelini, Chris (13 July 2017). "Nvidia GeForce GT 1030 2GB Review". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.palit.com/palit/vgapro.php?id=2883&lang=en&pn=NE5103000646-1080F&tab=sp
Jump up ^ https://www.msi.com/Graphics-card/GeForce-GT-1030-AERO-ITX-2G-OC.html#hero-specification
Jump up ^ Paul, Ian (17 May 2017). "Nvidia quietly launches the GeForce GT 1030, a Radeon RX 550 rival with a modest price". Retrieved 17 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Nvidia. "GTX 1050 Graphics Card". Retrieved October 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hagedoorn, Hilbert. "Palit GeForce GTX 1050 Ti KalmX Review - Introduction". Retrieved February 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1050". techpowerup.com.
Jump up ^ "Nvidia GTX 1050". Retrieved 2018-05-22.
Jump up ^ "NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1050 Ti". techpowerup.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Nvidia. "GTX 1060 Graphics Card". Retrieved August 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Angelini, Chris. "Nvidia GeForce GTX 1060 6GB Review". Retrieved July 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 3 GB". techpowerup.com.
Jump up ^ "GTX1060-5G-SI". asus.com.cn.
Jump up ^ "NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 6 GB". techpowerup.com.
Jump up ^ Nvidia. "GTX 1070 Graphics Card". Retrieved May 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Shrout, Ryan. "The GeForce GTX 1080 8GB Founders Edition Review - GP104 Brings Pascal to Gamers". Retrieved May 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1070". techpowerup.com.
Jump up ^ Smith, Ryan. "Synthetics - The NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 & GTX 1070 Founders Editions Review: Kicking Off the FinFET Generation". Retrieved 2016-07-21.
Jump up ^ W1zzard (May 17, 2016). "Nvidia GeForce GTX 1080 8 GB". TechPowerUp. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ W1zzard (June 21, 2016). "Nvidia GeForce GTX 1080 SLI". TechPowerUp. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nvidia. "GTX 1070 Ti Graphics Card". Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080". techpowerup.com.
Jump up ^ https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/products/10series/geforce-gtx-1080-ti/
Jump up ^ "NVIDIA TITAN X Pascal". techpowerup.com.
Jump up ^ Nvidia. "NVIDIA TITAN X Graphics Card with Pascal". Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nvidia. "TITAN Xp Graphics Card with Pascal Architecture". Retrieved April 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NVIDIA TITAN Xp". TechPowerUp.
Jump up ^ "GeForce MX110 | Specifications | GeForce". www.geforce.com. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
Jump up ^ "NVIDIA Quietly Rolls Out GeForce MX130 and MX110 Notebook GPUs". TechPowerUp. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
Jump up ^ "NVIDIA GeForce MX150". TechPowerUp. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
Jump up ^ "GeForce MX130 | Specifications | GeForce". www.geforce.com. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
Jump up ^ "Introducing GeForce MX150 Laptops: Supercharged For Work and Play". Retrieved 2017-07-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "GeForce GTX 10-Series Notebooks". geforce.com.
Jump up ^ https://www.notebookcheck.net/NVIDIA-GeForce-GTX-1080-Laptop.171212.0.html
Jump up ^ "End of NVIDIA Driver Support for 32-bit Operating System". custhelp.com.
External links[edit]
GTX 1080 Whitepaper
Introducing The GeForce GTX 1080 Ti, The World’s Fastest Gaming GPU
Introducing The GeForce GTX 1080: Gaming Perfected
Record Breaking GeForce GTX 10-Series GPUs Available Now In Laptops
Introducing GeForce GTX Laptops with Max-Q Design: Thin, Fast, Quiet Gaming Powerhouses
GeForce GTX 1050 and 1050 Ti Comes to Laptops
Introducing GeForce MX150 Laptops: Supercharged For Work and Play
NVIDIA TITAN Xp
NVIDIA TITAN X
GeForce GTX 1080 Ti
GeForce GTX 1080
GeForce GTX 1070 Ti
GeForce GTX 1070
GeForce GTX 1060
GeForce GTX 1050 Ti & GTX 1050
GeForce GT 1030
Nvidia Nsight
techPowerUp! GPU Database
[show]
v
t
e
Nvidia
[show]
GeForce (List of GPUs)
Fixed pixel pipeline(s)
NV1
NV2
RIVA 128
RIVA TNT
RIVA TNT2
Hardware T&L and fixed pixel pipelines
GeForce 256
2
4 (MX)
Vertex and fragment shaders
GeForce 3
4 (Ti)
5 (FX)
6
7
Unified shaders
Tesla
GeForce 8
9
100
200
300
Fermi
GeForce 400
500
Unified shaders
& memory
Kepler
GeForce 600
700
Maxwell & Kepler
GeForce 800M
Maxwell
GeForce 900
Pascal
GeForce 10
Turing
GeForce 11
Volta
nVidia Titan V nVidia Quadro
[show]
Software and technologies
Multimedia
acceleration
Nvidia NVENC (video encoding)
Nvidia PureVideo (video decoding)
Software
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CUDA
Gelato (offline renderer)
Nvidia GameWorks
OptiX (ray tracing API)
PhysX (physics SDK)
Nvidia System Tools
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Technologies
Nvidia 3D Vision (active shutter)
Nvidia G-Sync (variable refresh rate)
Nvidia Optimus (GPU switching)
Nvidia Surround (multi-monitor)
NVLink (protocol)
Scalable Link Interface (multi-GPU)
TurboCache (framebuffer in system memory)
[show]
Other products
Workstations and
supercomputers
Nvidia Quadro
Quadro Plex
Nvidia Tesla
Console components
NV2A (Xbox)
RSX 'Reality Synthesizer' (PlayStation 3)
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[show]
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Belgian Comic Strip Center
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Belgian Comic Strip Center
Centre belge de la Bande dessinée (French)
Belgisch Stripcentrum (Dutch)
Entrance hall of the Belgian Comic Strip Center
Location within Brussels
Established
October 6, 1989[1]
Location
Rue des Sables/Zandstraat 20
B-1000 Brussels
Coordinates
50°51′04″N 4°21′36″E / 50.851111°N 4.36°E / 50.851111; 4.36
Type
History of Belgian comics
Visitors
More than 200,000 per year[1]
Public transit access
Brussels-Central
Website
www.comicscenter.net
The Belgian Comic Strip Center (French: Centre belge de la Bande dessinée, Dutch: Belgisch Stripcentrum) is a museum in Brussels, located in the Rue des Sables /Zandstraat 20, dedicated to Belgian comics.
History of the building[edit]
The building was designed in 1905 by world-famous architect Victor Horta in Art Nouveau style and served as a textile department store, the Magasins Waucquez. After Waucquez's death in 1920, the building began to languish away, and in 1970, the firm closed its doors. Jean Delhaye, a former aid of Horta, saved the building from demolition, and by 16 October 1975, it was designated as a protected monument. Still, the building was in bad shape and victim to a lot of vandalism.[2]
In 1980, architect Jean Breydel and comics artists François Schuiten, Bob de Moor, Alain Baran, Guy Dessicy and Hergé planned to restore the building and give it a new destination as a museum dedicated to the history of Belgian comics. Originally, the museum would be a homage to Hergé, but he suggested honoring the entire Belgian comics industry. In 1983, Belgian Minister of Public Works Louis Olivier decided that the building would be bought by the Direction of Buildings, making it national property.[2] In 1984, a fund was founded which brought together several Flemish and Walloon comics artists. Two years later, the restorations began, with respect for the original architecture, while updating it to modern standards. The mosaics were flown over from Italy and constructed by Italian mosaic workers, because the profession had become obsolete in Belgium.[2]
On 6 October 1989, the museum was inaugurated in the presence of King Baudouin of Belgium and Queen Fabiola of Belgium.[3]
In the Autumn of 2015, the museum started redecorating its permanent exhibition.[4]
The museum[edit]
On the ground floor of the museum, a restaurant can be found, a room dedicated to Victor Horta, a comics' store named "Slumberland" after Little Nemo in Slumberland,[5] a library with a reading room and a study centre. The first floor has an auditorium, a room with original comic book pages by various artists and a room dedicated to animation, more specifically the Belgian animation industry, such as Belvision.[2]
The second floor has a permanent exhibition dedicated to the chronological history of the medium in Belgium called "The Museum of Imagination".[5] The exhibit starts off with Hergé and ends with Peyo, covering the pioneers of Belgian comics between 1929 and 1958 and with special focus on the magazines Spirou and Tintin. Each artist has a room dedicated to his work and designed in a playful way.[2][6]
The final floor is dedicated to the merchandising of comics and available for provisional exhibitions.[2]
List of the exhibited comics artists[edit]
Four artists exhibited are Flemish: Willy Vandersteen, Marc Sleen, Bob de Moor and Morris. The rest are Walloon, except for Jacques Martin and Tibet who were born in France, but published in Tintin.
Hergé - (The Adventures of Tintin, Quick and Flupke, Jo, Zette and Jocko)
Jijé - (Spirou et Fantasio, Jerry Spring)
Edgar P. Jacobs - (Blake and Mortimer)
Willy Vandersteen - (Suske en Wiske)
Marc Sleen - (The Adventures of Nero)
Maurice Tillieux - (Gil Jourdan)
Bob De Moor - (Cori, de Scheepsjongen)
André Franquin - (Spirou et Fantasio, Marsupilami, Gaston Lagaffe, Franquin's Last Laugh)
Jacques Martin - (The Adventures of Alix)
Morris - (Lucky Luke)
Paul Cuvelier - (Corentin)
Victor Hubinon - (Buck Danny)
Tibet - (Chick Bill, Ric Hochet)
Raymond Macherot - (Chlorophylle, Sybilline)
Jean Roba - (Boule et Bill)
Peyo - (Johan and Peewit, The Smurfs)
Marc Sleen Museum[edit]
Since 2009, directly across the Belgian comics museum, in the same street, another comics-themed museum can be found, the Marc Sleen Museum, dedicated to the work of Marc Sleen.
Gallery[edit]
Exterior facade of the museum
Pannonceau Rue Schtroumpf
The shadow of Lucky Luke
Library
The staircase at the entrance
The main lighting of the building from the roof
Floor
Floor
Alternate view of the second floor
Entrance to the PUBLIART space
See also[edit]
Brussels' Comic Book Route
Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum
Fred Waring Cartoon Collection
Michigan State University Comic Art Collection
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "About Us—In Short". Brussels, Belgium: Belgian Comic Strip Center. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f http://www.tento.be/sites/default/files/tijdschrift/pdf/OKV1992/Belgisch%20Centrum%20van%20het%20Beeldverhaal%20Brussel.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.brussels.be/artdet.cfm/6697
Jump up ^ http://www.stripmuseum.be/nl/tentoonstellingen/permanente-tentoonstellingen/de-hergeruimte
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.brusselsmuseums.be/en/museum/14-belgian-comic-strip-center
Jump up ^ "Drawing room: The Belgian Comic Strip Center: Tintin". The Independent. 15 October 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Belgian Centre for Comic Strip Art.
Belgian Centre for Comic Strip Art official website
Coordinates: 50°51′04″N 4°21′36″E / 50.85111°N 4.36000°E / 50.85111; 4.36000
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 129002972
ISNI: 0000 0001 0659 6157
GND: 5047890-4
SUDOC: 035140909
BNF: cb13169874x (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Comic_Strip_Center&oldid=836390882"
Categories:
Art museums and galleries in Belgium
Belgian comics
Museums in Brussels
Tintin
Art museums established in 1989
Victor Horta buildings
1989 establishments in Belgium
Cartooning museums
Art Nouveau architecture in Brussels
Art Nouveau retail buildings
Commercial buildings completed in 1906
City of Brussels
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Pacific Equatorial Forest
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Pacific Equatorial Forest is a tropical forest ecosystem located at 0° latitude in coastal Ecuador, in the province of Manabí. The ecosystem is most notable for its high diversity of forest types unusually close in proximity. Tropical rainforest, moist evergreen forest, premontane cloud forest, and tropical deciduous forest can all be encountered over the course of a one-day hike, and the change from one type of forest to another can occur in as little as 100 meters.
The Pacific Equatorial Forests, along with the rest of the coastal forests of Ecuador, is considered the most threatened tropical forest in the world and is part of the Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena biodiversity hotspot.[1] As much as 98% of coastal tropical forest have already been lost in Ecuador, almost all occurring during the last three generations.[2] The Pacific Equatorial Forest, in particular, represents the greatest concentration of unprotected forest in coastal Ecuador and has been designated by several international conservation organizations as a global conservation priority.
The Pacific Equatorial Forest
Contents
1 Location
2 Climate
3 Wildlife
4 Threats
5 Conservation status
6 Gallery
7 References
Location[edit]
The Pacific Equatorial Forests is bound by the shores of the Pacific Ocean to the west and the peaks of the long and narrow Jama-Coaque Coastal Mountain Range, which stretches along the coast at an average distance of 10 km inland. The Pacific Equatorial Forest extends as far south as Cabo Posado, at 0 degrees and 22 minutes south of the equator, and as far north as Pedernales, at 0 degrees and 3 minutes north of the equator. However, patches of the ecosystem can be found as far north as Punta Tortuga and Galera at 0 degrees and 46 minutes north of the equator.[3]
The core area of the Pacific Equatorial Forest covers two counties, Jama and Pedernales, in the northwest of the province of Manabí in Ecuador. The Jama-Coaque mountains (pronounced "Hama Ko-Ah-Kay") takes its name from the ancient civilization that thrived in the region from 355 B.C. to 1532 A.D; whose territory is believed to have been limited to this specific ecosystem and the adjacent coastline. The Pacific Equatorial Forest covers 650 square kilometres, or 65,000 hectares of land, of which approximately 19,000 hectares are still forested.
Climate[edit]
The Pacific Equatorial Forest is subject to what is known as a tropical monsoon climate.[4] The ecosystem is located directly adjacent to the changeover from the cold and dry Humboldt ocean current from southern Chile and the warm El Niño ocean current (also known as the Equatorial Counter Current) from Panama. The cold water and air temperatures associated with the Humboldt Current inhibit rainfall in southern coastal Ecuador and Peru, creating dry to arid conditions, whereas the warm temperaturas associated with the El Nino current create humid conditions with high rainfall in northern Ecuador and coastal Colombia.
For its location at the confluence of these two ocean currents, the Pacific Equatorial Forest is a transition zone between the wettest forests (the Chocó in Colombia) and the driest desert (the Atacama in Peru) recorded on earth. This complex climatological effect is multiplied by the Jama-Coaque Coastal Mountain Range, whose sharp changes in altitude so close to the ocean account for wide variations in precipitation in very small expanses of land. The mountains rise to 845 metres (2,772 feet) above sea level at the highest peak, although the rest of the mountain range is a series of peaks that average 500–650 metres (1,640-2,132 feet) of altitude, which are shrouded in fog most of the year.
Starting in late December, a change in atmospheric pressure shifts ocean currents so that warm waters come closer to shore and displace the cold waters. During this time, air and water temperatures, tides, sea levels and wave heights, and relative humidity all rise. These conditions produce heavy rainfall that used to last through August, but now usually only lasts into May. Rain during the rainy season is punctuated by sunny weather.
The dry season, which now begins in June or July and lasts sometimes into mid January, is characterized by cooler temperatures and more overcast skies. The Bamboo House research station in the Jama-Coaque Ecological Reserve has recorded an average daily temperature range of 24-31° Celsius (75-88° Fahrenheit) in the rainy season, and 19-29° Celsius (66-84° Fahrenheit) in the dry season. Throughout the entire coast of Ecuador, annual precipitation varies widely according to latitude, with as much as 8,000 mm of rain in the extreme north, close to the Colombian border, to as little as 300 mm in the extreme south, close to the Peruvian border.
In the Pacific Equatorial Forest, which is located in between these two extremes, precipitation primarily varies according to elevation and proximity to the ocean. In the premontane cloud forest along the peaks of the coastal mountains, which strip wáter from the nearly constant cloud cover, annual precipitation is 2,000-3,000 mm, and the vegetation is green and lush year-round. Along the shoreline, annual rainfall can be as little as 800 mm, and in these much drier conditions the majority of trees shed their leaves during the dry season, creating tropical deciduous forest (also known as tropical dry forest).
Wildlife[edit]
The Pacific Equatorial Forest provides habitat for serves as habitat and key migratory channel for two endangered species of primates; the (mantled howler monkey and white-fronted capuchin monkey)and six endangered species of felines, the (jaguar, puma, ocelot, oncilla, margay and jaguarundi). Other endangered mammals include the tayra, the three-toed sloth, the western agouti, and the spotted paca.[5]
Endemic and/or rare species of birds include the Red-Masked Parakeet, Pale-browed Tinamou, Pacific Pygmy Owl, Esmeralda Woodstar hummingbird, Gray-backed Hawk, Guayaquil Woodpecker, Pacific Royal-Flycatcher, Plumbeous Kite, Rufous-headed Chachalaca, and the Chocó Toucan.[6]
In 2009, herpetologist Paul S. Hamilton discovered thirty new species of frog and one new species of snake in three remnants of Pacific Equatorial Forest (Lalo Loor Dry Forest Reserve, Jama-Coaque Ecological Reserve, and Cerro Pata de Pajaro).[7]
A small path leading under the canopy of this tropical rainforest.
Threats[edit]
The primary cause of deforestation in the region is the conversion of native forest into cattle pasture, a process which is aided by illegal logging and slash-and-burn agriculture. The deforestation figure in all of coastal Ecuador is 98%. The Pacific Equatorial Forest, which has suffered an estimated loss of 75% of its native forest, has thus fared somewhat better than the rest of the region owing to its limited access and more challenging topography. However, the construction of a new coastal highway through the region threatens to facilitate the deforestation of the last remnants of Pacific Equatorial Forest.
In 2001, the Centro de Investigación de Bosques Tropicales (Tropical Forest Research Center) reported: "Due to the high rate of endemism, the mass elimination of forest habitat in the Coastal region over the last half-century represents one of the greatest species extinction events in history."[8] The human consequences of regional deforestation have likewise been significant.[clarification needed] The dramatic loss[clarification needed] of forest cover over the last 50 years has altered the rain cycle and caused a sharp decline[clarification needed] in regional precipitation.
Whereas three generations ago the rainy season lasted eight months per year and the dry season four, that ratio has inverted, and now the rainy season barely lasts four months, followed by eight months of drought. Rivers that used to be viable year-round now run dry half of the year, crops fail, and droughts result in high death rates of livestock, an effect which is particularly acute during periods of theLa Nina ocean-atmosphere phenomenon.[9]
Conservation status[edit]
There are three small ecological reserves that protect remnants of the Pacific Equatorial Forest: Cerro Pata de Pajaro (Fundación Tercer Mundo), the Lalo Loor Dry Forest Reserve (Ceiba Foundation) and the Jama-Coaque Ecological Reserve (Third Millennium Alliance), which protect 1,000 acres, 500 acres, and 1250 acres respectively.
The Three Forest Trail, established in 2010, is a 25-km-long trail that connects the dry forest of the Lalo Loor Dry Forest Reserve with the rainforest of the Jama-Coaque Ecological Reserve via the cloud-forested mountain ridges. The trail is meant to function as an incentive for conservation, as all forest owners along the trail receive a percentage of the trail fees.
However, the vast majority of the Pacific Equatorial Forest remains unprotected and continue to be logged and cleared for agriculture and cattle ranching. In 2009 the Ecuadorian Ministry of the Environment launched its Socio Bosque (Forest Partners) program, which provides forest owners with an annual conservation subsidy of $30 per hectare ($12/acre), has had some traction in the region but the long-term efficacy is still uncertain.[10]
Gallery[edit]
A small tropical tree in the Pacific Equatorial Forest.
A small under the canopy.
A bird's eye view above the tall trees and evergreen forest.
A densely packed area of jungle.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Tumbes-Choco-Magdalena". Biodiversity Hotspots. Conservation International. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ecuadorian Rainforest Restoration". The Climate Trust. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Pacific Equatorial Forests". Ecosystem Profile. Third Millennium Alliance. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Tropical Monsoon Climate". The Physical Environment. Archived from the original on 24 March 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "CITES Species List". Appendix I, II, and 3. Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Birds". Wildlife at the Lalo Loor Dry Forest Reserve. Ceiba Foundation.
Jump up ^ "Rain Frogs and a Slug-Sucking Snake New to Science but Nearly Extinct". Reptile and Amphibian Ecology International. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Mecham, Jefferson (May 2001). "Causes and consequences of deforestation in Ecuador". Centro de Investigacion de los Bosques Tropicales.
Jump up ^ "Con nueva emergencia agrícola se enfrentará la sequía". Buró de Análisis Informativo. March 9, 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Chiu, Marco A. "Implementing REDD: The Socio Bosque Programme" (PDF). Ministry of the Environment, Republic of Ecuador. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Equatorial_Forest&oldid=829607559"
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