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Tachyon
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This article is about hypothetical faster-than-light particles. For quantum fields with imaginary mass, see Tachyonic field. For other uses, see Tachyon (disambiguation).
Because a tachyon would always move faster than light, it would not be possible to see it approaching. After a tachyon has passed nearby, an observer would be able to see two images of it, appearing and departing in opposite directions. The black line is the shock wave of Cherenkov radiation, shown only in one moment of time. This double image effect is most prominent for an observer located directly in the path of a superluminal object (in this example a sphere, shown in grey). The right hand bluish shape is the image formed by the blue-doppler shifted light arriving at the observer—who is located at the apex of the black Cherenkov lines—from the sphere as it approaches. The left-hand reddish image is formed from red-shifted light that leaves the sphere after it passes the observer. Because the object arrives before the light, the observer sees nothing until the sphere starts to pass the observer, after which the image-as-seen-by-the-observer splits into two—one of the arriving sphere (to the right) and one of the departing sphere (to the left).
A tachyon (/ˈtækiɒn/) or tachyonic particle is a hypothetical particle that always moves faster than light. Most physicists believe that faster-than-light particles cannot exist because they are not consistent with the known laws of physics.[1][2] If such particles did exist, they could be used to build a tachyonic antitelephone and send signals faster than light, which (according to special relativity) would lead to violations of causality.[2]
The possibility of particles moving faster than light was first proposed by O. M. P. Bilaniuk, V. K. Deshpande, and E. C. G. Sudarshan in 1962, although the term they used for it was "meta-particle".[3] In the 1967 paper that coined the term,[4] Gerald Feinberg proposed that tachyonic particles could be quanta of a quantum field with imaginary mass. However, it was soon realized that excitations of such imaginary mass fields do not in fact propagate faster than light,[5] and instead represent an instability known as tachyon condensation.[1] Nevertheless, in modern physics the term "tachyon" often[1][6] refers to imaginary mass fields rather than to faster-than-light particles. Such fields have come to play a significant role in modern physics.
The term comes from the Greek: ταχύ, tachy, meaning "rapid". The complementary particle types are called luxons (which always move at the speed of light) and bradyons (which always move slower than light); both of these particle types are known to exist.
Despite theoretical arguments against the existence of faster-than-light particles, experiments have been conducted to search for them, but no compelling evidence of their existence has been found.
Contents
[hide]
1 Tachyons in relativity theory
1.1 Mass
1.2 Speed
1.3 Neutrinos
1.4 Cherenkov radiation
1.5 Causality
1.5.1 Reinterpretation principle
2 Fundamental models
2.1 Fields with imaginary mass
2.2 Lorentz-violating theories
2.3 Fields with non-canonical kinetic term
3 History
4 In fiction
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Tachyons in relativity theory[edit]
In special relativity, a faster-than-light particle would have space-like four-momentum,[4] in contrast to ordinary particles that have time-like four-momentum. Although in some theories the mass of tachyons is regarded as imaginary, in some modern formulations the mass is considered real,[7][8][9] the formulas for the momentum and energy being redefined to this end. Moreover, since tachyons are constrained to the spacelike portion of the energy–momentum graph, it could not slow down to subluminal speeds.[4]
Mass[edit]
Main articles: Mass § Tachyonic particles and imaginary (complex) mass, and Tachyonic field
In a Lorentz invariant theory, the same formulas that apply to ordinary slower-than-light particles (sometimes called "bradyons" in discussions of tachyons) must also apply to tachyons. In particular the energy–momentum relation:
E 2 = ( p c ) 2 + ( m c 2 ) 2 {\displaystyle E^{2}=(pc)^{2}+(mc^{2})^{2}\;}
(where p is the relativistic momentum of the bradyon and m is its rest mass) should still apply, along with the formula for the total energy of a particle:
E = m c 2 1 − v 2 c 2 . {\displaystyle E={\frac {mc^{2}}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}.}
This equation shows that the total energy of a particle (bradyon or tachyon) contains a contribution from its rest mass (the "rest mass–energy") and a contribution from its motion, the kinetic energy. When v is larger than c, the denominator in the equation for the energy is "imaginary", as the value under the radical is negative. Because the total energy must be real,[dubious – discuss] the numerator must also be imaginary: i.e. the rest mass m must be imaginary, as a pure imaginary number divided by another pure imaginary number is a real number.
In some modern formulations of the theory, the mass of tachyons is regarded as real.[7][8][9]
Speed[edit]
One curious effect is that, unlike ordinary particles, the speed of a tachyon increases as its energy decreases. In particular, E {\displaystyle E} approaches zero when v {\displaystyle v} approaches infinity. (For ordinary bradyonic matter, E increases with increasing speed, becoming arbitrarily large as v approaches c, the speed of light). Therefore, just as bradyons are forbidden to break the light-speed barrier, so too are tachyons forbidden from slowing down to below c, because infinite energy is required to reach the barrier from either above or below.
As noted by Einstein, Tolman, and others, special relativity implies that faster-than-light particles, if they existed, could be used to communicate backwards in time.[10]
Neutrinos[edit]
In 1985, Chodos proposed that neutrinos can have a tachyonic nature.[11] The possibility of standard model particles moving at superluminal speeds can be modeled using Lorentz invariance violating terms, for example in the Standard-Model Extension.[12][13][14] In this framework, neutrinos experience Lorentz-violating oscillations and can travel faster than light at high energies. This proposal was strongly criticized.[15]
Cherenkov radiation[edit]
A tachyon with an electric charge would lose energy as Cherenkov radiation[16]—just as ordinary charged particles do when they exceed the local speed of light in a medium (other than a hard vacuum). A charged tachyon traveling in a vacuum, therefore, undergoes a constant proper time acceleration and, by necessity, its worldline forms a hyperbola in space-time. However reducing a tachyon's energy increases its speed, so that the single hyperbola formed is of two oppositely charged tachyons with opposite momenta (same magnitude, opposite sign) which annihilate each other when they simultaneously reach infinite speed at the same place in space. (At infinite speed, the two tachyons have no energy each and finite momentum of opposite direction, so no conservation laws are violated in their mutual annihilation. The time of annihilation is frame dependent.)
Even an electrically neutral tachyon would be expected to lose energy via gravitational Cherenkov radiation, because it has a gravitational mass, and therefore increase in speed as it travels, as described above. If the tachyon interacts with any other particles, it can also radiate Cherenkov energy into those particles. Neutrinos interact with the other particles of the Standard Model, and Andrew Cohen and Sheldon Glashow recently used this to argue that the faster-than-light neutrino anomaly cannot be explained by making neutrinos propagate faster than light, and must instead be due to an error in the experiment.[17]
Causality[edit]
Causality is a fundamental principle of physics. If tachyons can transmit information faster than light, then according to relativity they violate causality, leading to logical paradoxes of the "kill your own grandfather" type. This is often illustrated with thought experiments such as the "tachyon telephone paradox"[10] or "logically pernicious self-inhibitor."[18]
The problem can be understood in terms of the relativity of simultaneity in special relativity, which says that different inertial reference frames will disagree on whether two events at different locations happened "at the same time" or not, and they can also disagree on the order of the two events (technically, these disagreements occur when the spacetime interval between the events is 'space-like', meaning that neither event lies in the future light cone of the other).[19]
If one of the two events represents the sending of a signal from one location and the second event represents the reception of the same signal at another location, then as long as the signal is moving at the speed of light or slower, the mathematics of simultaneity ensures that all reference frames agree that the transmission-event happened before the reception-event.[19] However, in the case of a hypothetical signal moving faster than light, there would always be some frames in which the signal was received before it was sent so that the signal could be said to have moved backward in time. Because one of the two fundamental postulates of special relativity says that the laws of physics should work the same way in every inertial frame, if it is possible for signals to move backward in time in any one frame, it must be possible in all frames. This means that if observer A sends a signal to observer B which moves faster than light in A's frame but backwards in time in B's frame, and then B sends a reply which moves faster than light in B's frame but backwards in time in A's frame, it could work out that A receives the reply before sending the original signal, challenging causality in every frame and opening the door to severe logical paradoxes.[20] Mathematical details can be found in the tachyonic antitelephone article, and an illustration of such a scenario using spacetime diagrams can be found in Baker, R. (2003)[21]
Reinterpretation principle[edit]
The reinterpretation principle[4][3][20] asserts that a tachyon sent back in time can always be reinterpreted as a tachyon traveling forward in time, because observers cannot distinguish between the emission and absorption of tachyons. The attempt to detect a tachyon from the future (and violate causality) would actually create the same tachyon and send it forward in time (which is causal).
However, this principle is not widely accepted as resolving the paradoxes.[10][20][22] Instead, what would be required to avoid paradoxes is that unlike any known particle, tachyons do not interact in any way and can never be detected or observed, because otherwise a tachyon beam could be modulated and used to create an anti-telephone[10] or a "logically pernicious self-inhibitor".[18] All forms of energy are believed to interact at least gravitationally, and many authors state that superluminal propagation in Lorentz invariant theories always leads to causal paradoxes.[23][24]
Fundamental models[edit]
In modern physics, all fundamental particles are regarded as excitations of quantum fields. There are several distinct ways in which tachyonic particles could be embedded into a field theory.
Fields with imaginary mass[edit]
Main article: Tachyonic field
In the paper that coined the term "tachyon", Gerald Feinberg studied Lorentz invariant quantum fields with imaginary mass.[4] Because the group velocity for such a field is superluminal, naively it appears that its excitations propagate faster than light. However, it was quickly understood that the superluminal group velocity does not correspond to the speed of propagation of any localized excitation (like a particle). Instead, the negative mass represents an instability to tachyon condensation, and all excitations of the field propagate subluminally and are consistent with causality.[5] Despite having no faster-than-light propagation, such fields are referred to simply as "tachyons" in many sources.[1][6][25][26][27][28]
Tachyonic fields play an important role in modern physics. Perhaps the most famous is the Higgs boson of the Standard Model of particle physics, which has an imaginary mass in its uncondensed phase. In general, the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking, which is closely related to tachyon condensation, plays an important role in many aspects of theoretical physics, including the Ginzburg–Landau and BCS theories of superconductivity. Another example of a tachyonic field is the tachyon of bosonic string theory.[25][27][29]
Tachyons are predicted by bosonic string theory and also the Neveu-Schwarz (NS) and NS-NS sectors, which are respectively the open bosonic sector and closed bosonic sector, of RNS Superstring theory prior to the GSO projection. However such tachyons are not possible due to the Sen conjecture, also known as tachyon condensation. This resulted in the necessity for the GSO projection.
Lorentz-violating theories[edit]
In theories that do not respect Lorentz invariance, the speed of light is not (necessarily) a barrier, and particles can travel faster than the speed of light without infinite energy or causal paradoxes.[23] A class of field theories of that type is the so-called Standard Model extensions. However, the experimental evidence for Lorentz invariance is extremely good, so such theories are very tightly constrained.[30][31]
Fields with non-canonical kinetic term[edit]
By modifying the kinetic energy of the field, it is possible to produce Lorentz invariant field theories with excitations that propagate superluminally.[5][24] However, such theories, in general, do not have a well-defined Cauchy problem (for reasons related to the issues of causality discussed above), and are probably inconsistent quantum mechanically.
History[edit]
The term "tachyon" was coined by Gerald Feinberg in a 1967 paper titled "Possibility of Faster-Than-Light Particles".[4] He had been inspired by the science-fiction story "Beep" by James Blish.[32] Feinberg studied the kinematics of such particles according to special relativity. In his paper he also introduced fields with imaginary mass (now also referred to as "tachyons") in an attempt to understand the microphysical origin such particles might have.
The first hypothesis regarding faster-than-light particles is sometimes attributed to German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld in 1904,[33] and more recent discussions happened in 1962[3] and 1969.[34]
In September 2011, it was reported that a tau neutrino had traveled faster than the speed of light in a major release by CERN; however, later updates from CERN on the OPERA project indicate that the faster-than-light readings were resultant from "a faulty element of the experiment's fibre optic timing system".[35]
In fiction[edit]
Main article: Tachyons in fiction
Tachyons have appeared in many works of fiction. They have been used as a standby mechanism upon which many science fiction authors rely to establish faster-than-light communication, with or without reference to causality issues. The word tachyon has become widely recognized to such an extent that it can impart a science-fictional connotation even if the subject in question has no particular relation to superluminal travel (a form of technobabble, akin to positronic brain).
See also[edit]
Massive particle (bradyon)
Massless particle (luxon)
Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillations
Retrocausality
Tachyonic antitelephone
Virtual particle
Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lisa Randall, Warped Passages: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Universe's Hidden Dimensions, p.286: "People initially thought of tachyons as particles traveling faster than the speed of light...But we now know that a tachyon indicates an instability in a theory that contains it. Regrettably, for science fiction fans, tachyons are not real physical particles that appear in nature."
^ Jump up to: a b Tipler, Paul A.; Llewellyn, Ralph A. (2008). Modern Physics (5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman & Co. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-7167-7550-8. ... so existence of particles v > c ... Called tachyons ... would present relativity with serious ... problems of infinite creation energies and causality paradoxes.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bilaniuk, O.-M. P.; Deshpande, V. K.; Sudarshan, E. C. G. (1962). "'Meta' Relativity". American Journal of Physics. 30 (10): 718. Bibcode:1962AmJPh..30..718B. doi:10.1119/1.1941773.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Feinberg, G. (1967). "Possibility of Faster-Than-Light Particles". Physical Review. 159 (5): 1089–1105. Bibcode:1967PhRv..159.1089F. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.159.1089. See also Feinberg's later paper: Phys. Rev. D 17, 1651 (1978)
^ Jump up to: a b c Aharonov, Y.; Komar, A.; Susskind, L. (1969). "Superluminal Behavior, Causality, and Instability". Phys. Rev. American Physical Society. 182 (5): 1400–1403. Bibcode:1969PhRv..182.1400A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.182.1400.
^ Jump up to: a b A. Sen, "Rolling tachyon," JHEP 0204, 048 (2002). Cited 720 times as of 2/2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Recami, E. (2007-10-16). "Classical tachyons and possible applications". La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento (1978-1999). 9 (6): 1–178. Bibcode:1986NCimR...9e...1R. doi:10.1007/BF02724327. ISSN 1826-9850.
^ Jump up to: a b Vieira, R. S. "An introduction to the theory of tachyons". Rev. Bras. Ens. Fis. 34 (3). arXiv:1112.4187  . Bibcode:2011arXiv1112.4187V.
^ Jump up to: a b Hill, James M.; Cox, Barry J. (2012-12-08). "Einstein's special relativity beyond the speed of light". Proc. R. Soc. A. 468 (2148): 4174–4192. Bibcode:2012RSPSA.468.4174H. doi:10.1098/rspa.2012.0340. ISSN 1364-5021.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Benford, G.; Book, D.; Newcomb, W. (1970). "The Tachyonic Antitelephone". Physical Review D. 2 (2): 263–265. Bibcode:1970PhRvD...2..263B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.2.263.
Jump up ^ Chodos, A. (1985). "The Neutrino as a Tachyon". Physics Letters B. 150 (6): 431–435. Bibcode:1985PhLB..150..431C. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(85)90460-5.
Jump up ^ Colladay, D.; Kostelecky, V. A. (1997). "CPT Violation and the Standard Model". Physical Review D. 55 (11): 6760–6774. arXiv:hep-ph/9703464  . Bibcode:1997PhRvD..55.6760C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.55.6760.
Jump up ^ Colladay, D.; Kostelecky, V. A. (1998). "Lorentz-Violating Extension of the Standard Model". Physical Review D. 58 (11): 116002. arXiv:hep-ph/9809521  . Bibcode:1998PhRvD..58k6002C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.58.116002.
Jump up ^ Kostelecky, V. A. (2004). "Gravity, Lorentz Violation, and the Standard Model". Physical Review D. 69 (10): 105009. arXiv:hep-th/0312310  . Bibcode:2004PhRvD..69j5009K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.105009.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Richard J; Stephenson, G.J (1990). "Against tachyonic neutrinos". Physics Letters B. 244: 95–100. Bibcode:1990PhLB..244...95H. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(90)90275-B.
Jump up ^ Bock, R. K. (9 April 1998). "Cherenkov Radiation". The Particle Detector BriefBook. CERN. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 2011-09-23.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Andrew G. & Glashow, Sheldon L. (2011). "Pair Creation Constrains Superluminal Neutrino Propagation". Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 (18): 181803. arXiv:1109.6562  . Bibcode:2011PhRvL.107r1803C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.181803. PMID 22107624.
^ Jump up to: a b P. Fitzgerald, "Tachyons, Backward Casuation, and Freedom", PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, Vol. 1970 (1970), pp. 425–426: "A more powerful argument to show that retrocausal tachyons involve an intolerable conceptual difficulty is illustrated by the Case of the Logically Pernicious Self-Inhibitor..."
^ Jump up to: a b Mark, J. "The Special Theory of Relativity" (PDF). University of Cincinnati. pp. 7–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-13. Retrieved 2006-10-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c Grøn, Ø.; Hervik, S. (2007). Einstein's General Theory of Relativity: With Modern Applications in Cosmology. Springer. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-387-69199-2. The tachyon telephone paradox cannot be resolved by means of the reinterpretation principle.
Jump up ^ . Baker, R. (12 September 2003). "Relativity, FTL and causality". Sharp Blue. Retrieved 2011-09-23.
Jump up ^ Erasmo Recami, Flavio Fontana, Roberto Garavaglia, "About Superluminal motions and Special Relativity: A Discussion of some recent Experiments, and the solution of the Causal Paradoxes", International Journal of Modern Physics A15 (2000) 2793–2812, abstract: "it is possible...to solve also the known causal paradoxes, devised for "faster than light" motion, although this is not widely recognized yet." [emphasis added].
^ Jump up to: a b Carlos Barceló, Stefano Finazzi, Stefano Liberati, "On the impossibility of superluminal travel: the warp drive lesson", Second prize of the 2009 FQXi essay contest "What is Ultimately Possible in Physics?", p.8: "As a matter of fact, any mechanism for superluminal travel can be easily turned into a time machine and hence lead to the typical causality paradoxes..." [1]
^ Jump up to: a b Allan Adams, Nima Arkani-Hamed, Sergei Dubovsky, Alberto Nicolis, Riccardo Rattazzi, "Causality, Analyticity and an IR Obstruction to UV Completion", JHEP 0610 (2006) 014 [2].
^ Jump up to: a b Brian Greene, The Elegant Universe, Vintage Books (2000)
Jump up ^ Kutasov, David; Marino, Marcos & Moore, Gregory W. (2000). "Some exact results on tachyon condensation in string field theory". JHEP. 0010 (10): 045. arXiv:hep-th/0009148  . Bibcode:2000JHEP...10..045K. doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2000/10/045. arXiv EFI-2000-32, RUNHETC-2000-34.
^ Jump up to: a b NOVA, "The Elegant Universe", PBS television special, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/elegant/
Jump up ^ G. W. Gibbons, "Cosmological evolution of the rolling tachyon," Phys. Lett. B 537, 1 (2002)
Jump up ^ J. Polchinski, String Theory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1998)
Jump up ^ Glashow, Sheldon Lee (2004). "Atmospheric neutrino constraints on Lorentz violation".
Jump up ^ Coleman, Sidney R. & Glashow, Sheldon L. (1999). "High-energy tests of Lorentz invariance". Phys. Rev. D59 (11): 116008. arXiv:hep-ph/9812418  . Bibcode:1999PhRvD..59k6008C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.59.116008.
Jump up ^ "He told me years later that he had begun thinking about tachyons because he was inspired by James Blish's [1954] short story, "Beep". In it, a faster-than-light communicator plays a crucial role in a future society but has an annoying final beep at the end of every message. The communicator necessarily allows sending of signals backward in time, even when that's not your intention. Eventually, the characters discover that all future messages are compressed into that beep, so the future is known, more or less by accident. Feinberg had set out to see if such a gadget was theoretically possible." pg276 of Gregory Benford's "Old Legends"
Jump up ^ Sommerfeld, A. (1904). "Simplified deduction of the field and the forces of an electron moving in any given way". Knkl. Acad. Wetensch. 7: 345–367.
Jump up ^ Bilaniuk, O.-M. P.; Sudarshan, E. C. G. (1969). "Particles beyond the Light Barrier". Physics Today. 22 (5): 43–51. Bibcode:1969PhT....22e..43B. doi:10.1063/1.3035574.
Jump up ^ "Neutrinos sent from CERN to Gran Sasso respect the cosmic speed limit" (Press release). CERN. 8 June 2012. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
External links[edit]
Look up tachyon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tachyon.
The Faster Than Light (FTL) FAQ (from the Internet Archive)
Weisstein, Eric Wolfgang (ed.). "Tachyon". ScienceWorld.
Tachyon entry from the Physics FAQ
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Georgia Aquarium
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Georgia Aquarium
Georgia Aquarium
Date opened
November 23, 2005
Location
Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
Coordinates
33°45′46″N 84°23′41″W / 33.76278°N 84.39472°W / 33.76278; -84.39472Coordinates: 33°45′46″N 84°23′41″W / 33.76278°N 84.39472°W / 33.76278; -84.39472
No. of animals
More than 100,000[1]
No. of species
700[1]
Volume of largest tank
6.3 million US gallons (24,000 m3)
Total volume of tanks
More than 10 million US gallons (38,000 m3)[2]
Annual visitors
2.4 Million (2016)[3]
Memberships
AZA[4]
Website
www.georgiaaquarium.org
The Georgia Aquarium is a public aquarium in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. It houses more than a hundred thousand animals and represents several thousand species, all of which reside in 10 million US gallons (38,000 m3) of marine and salt water.[1][2] It was the largest aquarium in the world from its opening in 2005 until 2012, when it was surpassed by Marine Life Park in Singapore.[5]
Businessman Bernard Marcus credits his 60th birthday dinner, held at the Monterey Bay Aquarium, with inspiring him to build a great aquarium for Atlanta; his subsequent $250 million donation provided the bulk of the money needed to build and stock the new facility.
The Aquarium's notable specimens include whale sharks, beluga whales, California sea lions, bottlenose dolphins, and manta rays.[6][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Collection
3 Exhibits
4 Research and conservation
5 New facilities and programs
6 Controversy
7 Images
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
In November 2001, Bernard Marcus announced his vision of presenting Atlanta with an aquarium that would encourage both education and economic growth. After visiting 56 aquariums in 13 countries with his wife, Billi, he donated $250 million toward what was to become Georgia Aquarium.[8] Corporate contributions totaling an additional $40 million[8] allowed the aquarium to open debt-free.
Jeff Swanagan, the Aquarium's founding president and executive director until 2008,[9] is largely credited with the creation of the aquarium,[9][10] from the design of the structure to the procurement of animals for the exhibits.[9]
The aquarium is in downtown Atlanta on land donated by The Coca-Cola Company, just north of Centennial Olympic Park and near the Georgia Dome, the Georgia World Congress Center, Philips Arena, and CNN Center. Its blue metal-and-glass exterior is meant to evoke a giant ark breaking through a wave. The world’s largest when it opened in November 2005, the aquarium encompasses 550,000 square feet (5.1 ha; 13 acres) of covered space; its exhibits hold 8,000,000 US gallons (30,000 m3) of fresh and salt water.
After 27 months of construction the aquarium opened on November 21, 2005, with 60 animal habitats. Though the non-profit aquarium's admission charges are among the highest in the United States, attendance has far exceeded expectations, with 1 million visitors in the first 100 days,[11] 3 million by August 2006, 5 million by May 2007, and 10 million by June 2009.[12] The aquarium is part of the Smithsonian Affiliations program.[13]
Collection[edit]
The Georgia Aquarium contains tens of thousands of fish and other sea creatures, representing several hundred species.
The aquarium is the only institution outside of Asia that houses whale sharks,[9] which are kept in a 6.3-million-U.S.-gallon (24,000 m3) exhibit—the aquarium as a whole was designed around the whale shark exhibit.[9] Their importation from Taiwan (by air, truck and boat) had never been attempted previously. They were taken from Taiwan's annual fishing kill quota, under which they would have been eaten had they not been purchased by the aquarium. The aquarium's most famous specimens were four young whale sharks from Taiwan named Ralph, Norton, Alice, and Trixie, after the primary characters from The Honeymooners. Ralph and Norton died in 2007[14] but that same year the aquarium received two more whale sharks ("Taroko", commemorating Taroko Gorge National Park, and "Yushan" after Taiwan's Jade Mountain) just before a ban on capture of that species took effect.[14][15]
The aquarium has also been home to as many as five 11-foot (3 m) beluga whales at once. Males Nico and Gasper, acquired from an amusement park in Mexico, were joined by three females on breeding loan from the New York Aquarium: Marina, Natasha and Natasha's daughter, Maris. After Gasper[16] and Marina died in 2007, the belugas were transferred to SeaWorld San Antonio, where Nico died in 2009.[17] In 2010, Maris and a new male, Beethoven, were returned to the Georgia Aquarium while Natasha remains with a potential mate in San Antonio.[18] Two young belugas, Grayson (male) and Qinu (female), also from San Antonio, were added in November 2010.[19] Before transferring to the Shedd Aquarium in 2014, Beethoven fathered calves with Maris in 2012 and 2015, neither of which survived. Maris died of a heart defect in 2015. In 2016, Grayson was sent to Shedd Aquarium while SeaWorld Orlando's Aurek and Maple and Shedd Aquarium's Nunavik arrived on loan at Georgia Aquarium. In June 2017, Georgia Aquarium announced that Qinu is pregnant with her first calf, sired by Aurek, and is due in the fall of 2017. In September 2017, Aurek was transferred to Shedd Aquarium on a breeding loan. On November 8th, 2017, the aquarium announced that Qinu's calf had died from complications during birth. [20]
Nandi the manta ray
A manta ray, Nandi, that had been accidentally caught in nets protecting the South African coast from sharks, joined the Ocean Voyager exhibit in 2008 as the first manta ray on display in the country;[21] the Aquarium is one of only four sites in the world displaying one.[22] A second manta ray, Tallulah, was added in September 2009,[7] joined in 2010 by female named Billi,[23] and in 2012 by a male. The animals range in size from 10–13 ft wingspans.
Exhibits[edit]
The aquarium's animals are displayed in seven galleries and exhibits: Tropical Diver, Ocean Voyager, Cold Water Quest, River Scout, Dolphin Celebration, Pier 225, and Aquanaut Adventure: A Discovery Zone. Each corresponds to a specific environment.
The first exhibit, Southern Company River Scout, reflects regional environments. It features an overhead river where visitors can see North American fish from the bottom up. In addition to local specimens, this exhibit displays piranha, electric eel and other unusual freshwater life.
Next to River Scout is the AT&T Dolphin Celebration gallery. This is one of the aquarium's newer additions (opened in April 2011) and houses the indoor dolphin stadium. The aquarium houses thirteen bottlenose dolphins, though this number fluctuates from time to time. The show lasts about 20 to 30 minutes and includes an informative/educational videos about the dolphins 30 minutes before the show. Admission to the AT&T Dolphin Celebration show is included in general admission.
Current Dolphins presently living there: Niele (M), Kenobi (M), Polka (M), Sydney (M), Pacino (M), Phebe (F), Pukanala (F), Kei (M), Makana (M), Briland (M), Salvador (M), Luna (F), Bermudiana (F).[24] Guests also can see the dolphins during non-show times.
The third section of the aquarium, Cold Water Quest, features animals from the polar and temperate regions of the world and contains most of the mammal species in the aquarium's collection. This exhibit includes beluga whales in the aquarium's second largest habitat (after Ocean Voyager), sea otters, Japanese spider crabs, weedy sea dragons, and African penguins.[25]
The largest exhibit, Ocean Voyager built by Home Depot, contains 6.3 million US gallons (24,000 m3) of water[26] and several thousand fish.[27] It measures 284 ft × 126 ft (87 m × 38 m) and the depth ranges between 20 and 30 ft (6.1 and 9.1 m), making it the largest indoor aquatic habitat in the world.[27] This exhibit is designed to feature the life of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System and showcases the aquarium's whale sharks, as well as a 100 ft (30 m) underwater tunnel and one of the world's largest viewing windows.
The fifth exhibit, Tropical Diver, features mainly Indo-Pacific tropical fish. The largest habitat in the exhibit is a 164,000-US-gallon (620,000 L) reef featuring many species of fish. The aquarium also cultivates its own live coral, some of which can be seen on this large reef. Other animals in this gallery include sea horses, garden eels, jellyfish, clownfish, shrimp, lobsters, turkeyfish, and many other tropical fishes.
The sixth exhibit, SunTrust Pier 225, is for sea lions. It opened in the Spring of 2016, replacing the Suntrust Georgia Explorer gallery.[28]
The seventh exhibit, Aquanaut Adventure: A Discovery Zone, is Georgia Aquarium's newest gallery containing several smaller exhibits and multiple hands-on activities, including an augmented reality scavenger hunt using the aquarium's mobile app.
The aquarium also features a "4D" movie and a virtual reality simulator which takes guests on a trip through prehistoric seas (for an additional fee).
Also, in 2009, the "Titanic Aquatic" exhibit opened, which features a walk-through of what it was like on the ship RMS Titanic. The exhibit was at the aquarium until September 7, 2009. The Georgia Aquarium then hosted the world debut of Planet Shark: Predator or Prey: The Exhibition. The exhibit focused on dispelling myths and sharing facts to help create a better understanding of sharks. It was open through April 2011, and featured shark jaws, teeth and fossils, full scale shark models made from real specimens and more.
Research and conservation[edit]
According to founder Bernard Marcus, the aquarium's conservation and environmental mission is just as important as its status as an attraction. Long before opening, the aquarium was already working with Georgia Tech and Georgia State University in Atlanta and the University of Georgia in Athens to help save endangered species through education and research programs.
The acquisition of the male beluga whales, previously suffering in an inadequate environment, was hailed by Marcus as a prime example of the type of conservation activities the Aquarium should be involved with. Roughly 100 tarpon stranded in a tidal pool at Skidaway Island, off the Georgia coast, were rescued for the collection. Coral used in exhibits at the aquarium is man-made in a collaboration between Georgia Tech and the University of the South Pacific, produced by suspending blocks of pumice over a reef near the village of Tagaqe, Fiji for eight months so that seaweeds and reef invertebrates could establish colonies.
The aquarium is involved in several research initiatives that focus on whale sharks in the Yucatán Peninsula, beluga whales in Alaska, penguins in South Africa, manatees in Quintana Roo, Mexico, loggerhead sea turtles on the Georgia coast, and spotted eagle rays in Sarasota, Florida.
Its newest research project centers on bottlenose dolphins in the Indian River Lagoon. These animals serve as indicators of environmental health because they are permanent residents of the lagoon and are at the top of the food chain. The aquarium is partnering with Florida Atlantic University and the federal government to monitor the health of these animals as well as identify potential threats from pollution and emerging infectious diseases.
New facilities and programs[edit]
In May 2008, the aquarium announced plans to build a $110 million expansion for a new dolphin exhibit. The expansion covers 84,000 square feet (7,800 m2)[9] and contains 1.8 million US gallons (6,800 m3) of water.[2] Located on the west side of the facility, the exhibit features space for live presentations, observation windows, and opportunities for visitors to interact with animals.
Construction began later in 2008 and was completed in late 2010. During part of the construction, the aquarium's three beluga whales were temporarily relocated to SeaWorld San Antonio.[29] Beluga whales are very sensitive to sound, and while officials had not noted any excessive amounts of stress, it was decided to remove them anyway and eliminate the possibility.[29] Unexpectedly, one of the three belugas, Nico, died at SeaWorld on October 31, 2009; a preliminary necropsy was unable to determine if Nico's death was caused by the move or by something else.[17]
The AT&T Dolphin Celebration show opened to the public on April 2, 2011,[30] and has been controversial.[31] Some view it as purely being a theatrical show with live actors and feel-good songs befitting of Disneyland while others argue that from entertainment comes education. In 2016, the aquarium changed the format of the show to make it more educational.
On January 1, 2011, the aquarium purchased Marineland of Florida for a reported $9.1 million.[32] The seller was Jim Jacoby, a metro Atlanta developer and member of the Georgia Aquarium board of directors, who bought the park in 2004 and re-developed it.
Controversy[edit]
In 2012, the beluga whale Maris gave birth to a female calf. After less than a week, the calf, who was born underweight, died. Although mortality rates of calves born to first time mothers is extremely high, even in wild populations,[33] Maris's second calf—born on Mother's Day in 2015—would survive less than a month. Maris herself died in October of the same year,[34] reigniting the debate as to whether the captive beluga breeding program was humane or successful.
In 2015, the aquarium applied to import 18 belugas from Russia; it had previously placed an order for their capture and planned to send them on breeding loans to partnered parks such as Shedd Aquarium[35] and SeaWorld, though SeaWorld ultimately opted out of the agreement.[36] However, the permit was denied by the National Marine Fisheries Service, prompting Georgia Aquarium to sue. In September 2015, a federal district court ruled that "Georgia Aquarium failed to demonstrate that its permit would not result in the taking of additional animals beyond those authorized by the permit", and that the denial would stand.[37]
Images[edit]
Aerial view of the aquarium
Guests observe Navy divers as they dive in a tank at the Aquarium
Whale shark in the viewing theater
Cuttlefish at the aquarium
The petting tank featuring bonnethead sharks and cownose rays
The Ocean Voyager exhibit tunnel
Ocean Voyager exhibit tunnel
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Georgia Aquarium:Georgia Aquarium to Be Home to More Than 100,000 Fish. Archived 2013-12-24 at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved 24 December 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c Georgia Aquarium: AT&T Dolphin Tales. Archived 2012-12-24 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 December 2013
Jump up ^ Abel, David (2016-08-02). "Top aquariums in the US, in terms of visitors". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
Jump up ^ "Currently Accredited Zoos and Aquariums". aza.org. AZA. Retrieved 2011-03-12.
Jump up ^ "Aquarium sets Guinness record". Associated Press. Atlanta Journal-Constitution. 2010-08-23. Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
Jump up ^ http://community.oceana.org/blog/2008/08/manta-lanta Archived November 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Andres, Bob (2009-09-03). "Second manta ray at Georgia Aquarium". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. A1. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Huettel, Steve (2009-06-30). "Jeff Swanagan, who turned around Florida Aquarium, dies at 51". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Tharpe, Jim (2009-06-30). "Georgia Aquarium creator dies". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
Jump up ^ Morris, Mike (2009-06-29). "Former Georgia Aquarium director Jeff Swanagan dies". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
Jump up ^ No fish story: Aquarium draws million in 3 months David E. Williams, CNN, 1 March 2006. Retrieved 24 August 2006
Jump up ^ Davis, Mark (2007-05-23). "Aquarium welcomes 5 millionth visitor". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 2007-05-24. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Georgia Aquarium". Affiliate detail. Smithsonian Affiliations. 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 16 Jul 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Simons, Craig (2007-05-25). "Taiwan approves export of 2 whale sharks". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on 2007-05-28. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
Jump up ^ Davis, Mark (2007-06-01). "Two whale sharks join trio at Georgia Aquarium". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
Jump up ^ Gasper Press Release Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Howard Pousner (2009-11-02). "Aquarium beluga dies". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
Jump up ^ Howard Pousner (2010-03-02). "2 Belugas finally go on view at the Georgia Aquarium". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
Jump up ^ Georgia Aquarium welcomes 2 new beluga whales Archived 2010-12-03 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Leon Stafford (2008-08-25). "Georgia Aquarium adds 9-foot manta ray". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
Jump up ^ "About Nandi". Georgia Aquarium. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2008-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2009-09-03.
Jump up ^ http://www.georgiaaquarium.org/dolphin-tales/
Jump up ^ Georgia Aquarium: Cold Water Quest Exhibit. Retrieved 14 September 2013
Jump up ^ Georgia Aquarium: Ocean Voyager. Retrieved 14 September 2013
^ Jump up to: a b Georgia Aquarium: Ocean Voyager Exhibit. Retrieved 14 September 2013
Jump up ^ http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/print-edition/2015/05/22/georgia-aquarium-plans-new-40m-sea-lion-exhibit.html
^ Jump up to: a b Howard Pousner (2009-10-05). "Georgia Aquarium's beluga whales sent to Texas". AJC.com. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
Jump up ^ Terry Gardner. "Dolphins Splash Down at the Georgia Aquarium". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 2013-01-19. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
Jump up ^ Melissa Ruggieri. "New dolphin exhibit triggers debate about captivity". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
Jump up ^ Ruggieri, Melissa (3 January 2011). "Georgia Aquarium buys Florida's Marineland". ajc.com. Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Georgia Aquarium's baby beluga dies days after critical birth". wsbtv.com. Retrieved 2012-10-16.
Jump up ^ Markiewicz, David. "Maris, much-loved beluga whale at Georgia Aquarium, dies". Ajc.com. Aj. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Georgia Aquarium Application to Import 18 Beluga Whales (File No. 17324)". http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/. Retrieved 2012-10-16. External link in |work= (help)
Jump up ^ Pedicini, Sandra. "SeaWorld says it won't take beluga whales captured in Russia". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF GEORGIA ATLANTA DIVISION" (PDF). Retrieved 17 July 2016.
References[edit]
Tharpe, Jim (June 14, 2005) Surprise at aquarium: 100,000 fish, in from AsiaAtlanta Journal-Constitution
Seabrook, Charles (July 8, 2005) Georgia Aquarium acquires belugas from MexicoAtlanta Journal-Constitution
Tharpe, Jim (August 14, 2005) Aquarium's lofty goal: 'Save planet' Atlanta Journal-Constitution[dead link]
Tharpe, Jim (September 7, 2005) 6 companies help make up aquarium financing shortfall Atlanta Journal-Constitution[dead link]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Georgia Aquarium.
Official website
Central Atlanta Progress aquarium information page
CNN.com – Big window to the sea
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