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Red meat
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Thinly sliced raw beef
Roast beef
Commonly, especially in gastronomy, red meat is red when raw and dark in color when cooked, in contrast to white meat which is pale in color before and after cooking[1] and dark meat which is dark when cooked.[2] In cooking, only flesh from mammals or fowl is classified as red or white.[3][4]
In nutritional science, on the other hand, red meat is defined as any meat that has more myoglobin than white meat, white meat being defined as non-dark meat from chicken (excluding leg or thigh), or fish.
Some meat, such as pork, is red meat under the nutritional definition, and white meat using the common or gastronomic definition.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Nutrition
3 Human health
3.1 Red meat
3.2 Processed meat
3.3 Cooking
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Definition[edit]
Concentration of myoglobin by percentage of mass
Name
Myoglobin
USDA Category
Chicken Breast 0.005%[5] White Meat [6]
Chicken Thigh 0.18 - 0.20%[5] Dark Meat
Turkey Thigh 0.25 - 0.30%[5] Dark Meat
Pork 0.10 - 0.30%[5] Red Meat[6]
Veal 0.10 - 0.30%[5] Red Meat[6]
Beef 0.40 - 1.00%[5] Red Meat[6]
Old beef 1.50 - 2.00%[5] Red Meat[6]
According to the USDA, all meats obtained from mammals (regardless of cut or age) are red meats because they contain more myoglobin than fish or white meat (but not necessarily dark meat)[5] from chicken.[6]
Duck, with potatoes, showing the red color of the meat
Under the culinary definition, the meat from adult or 'gamy' mammals (for example, beef, horse meat, mutton, venison, boar, hare) is red meat, while that from young mammals (rabbit, veal, lamb) is white. Most poultry is white, but duck and goose are red. Most cuts of pork are red, others are white.[7] Game is sometimes put in a separate category altogether. (French: viandes noires — "dark meats".)[4] Some meats (lamb, pork) are classified differently by different writers.
Some cuts of pork are considered white under the culinary definition, but all pork is red in nutritional studies. The National Pork Board has positioned it as "Pork. The Other White Meat", profiting from the ambiguity to suggest that pork has the nutritional properties of white meat, which is considered more healthful.[8][9]
Nutrition[edit]
Red meat contains large amounts of iron, creatine, minerals such as zinc and phosphorus, and B-vitamins: (niacin, vitamin B12, thiamin and riboflavin).[10] Red meat is a source of lipoic acid.
Red meat contains small amounts of vitamin D.[11] The liver contains much higher quantities than other parts of the animal.
In 2011, the USDA launched MyPlate, which didn't distinguish between kinds of meat, but did recommend eating at least 8 oz (227 grams) of fish each week.[12][13] In 2011, the Harvard School of Public Health launched the Healthy Eating Plate in part because of the perceived inadequacies of the USDA's recommendations.[12] The Healthy Eating Plate encourages consumers to avoid processed meat and limit red meat consumption to twice a week because of links to heart disease, diabetes, and colon cancer. To replace these meats it recommends consuming fish, poultry, beans or nuts.[12]
Human health[edit]
See also: Beef § Health concerns
Red meat is not a uniform product; its health effects can vary based on fat content, processing and preparation. Processed red meat is linked to higher mortality, mainly due to cardiovascular diseases and cancer.[14] There is some evidence too that the consumption of unprocessed red meat may have negative health effects in humans.[15]
Red meat[edit]
A 2016 literature review reported that for 100g or more per day of red meat consumed, the risk increased 11% for each of stroke and for breast cancer, 15% for cardiovascular mortality, 17% for colorectal cancer, and 19% for advanced prostate cancer.[16]
In 2015 the International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded that red meat is probably (Group 2A) carcinogenic to humans,[17] reported that for each additional 100g (up to a maximum of approximately 140g)[18] of red meat consumed per day, the risk of colorectal cancer increased by 17%; there also appeared to be increased risk of pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer but the association was not as clear.[19] Put in perspective, in the UK, 56 out of 1000 people who eat the lowest amount of red meat will develop colorectal cancer (5.6%) while 66 out of 1000 high-red meat eaters will develop colorectal cancer (6.6%) (1.17 x 5.6 = 6.6).[20]
A 2013 meta-analysis found an increased risk of gastric cancer with higher consumption of red or processed meat.[21] Red meat itself contains certain factors that, under certain conditions, produce carcinogens like N-nitroso compounds (NOCs).[22]
The consensus on the role of red meat consumption to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases has changed in recent years. Studies that differentiate between processed and fresh red meat have failed to find a link between unprocessed red meat consumption and heart disease. A major Harvard University meta-study in 2010 involving over one million people who ate meat found that only processed meat had an adverse risk in relation to coronary heart disease (CHD).[23][24] The study suggests that the "differences in salt and preservatives, rather than fats, might explain the higher risk of heart disease and diabetes seen with processed meats, but not with unprocessed red meats." Some mechanisms that have been suggested for why red meat consumption might be risk factor for cardiovascular disease include: its impact on serum cholesterol,[25] that red meat contains arachidonic acid,[26] heme iron,[27] homocysteine,[28] and its high saturated fat content.
Several studies have found a correlation between unprocessed red meat and the occurrence of CHD and certain types of stroke and have controlled for various confounding risk factors.[29] A study of 84,000 women, over a period of 26 years, finds that those with the highest intake of unprocessed red meat, have a 13% increased risk of CHD.[29] Likewise a Harvard study published in 2012, studying mortality as a result of processed and unprocessed red meat consumption finds that one serving of either type of meat a day results in an increased risk of mortality of 13%,[30] while this ratio is indicative of cancer and cardiovascular (CVD) disease, the study indicates that of the 23,926 deaths[30] investigated during the course of the study, 5910 of them were related to CVD[30] and there was no statistical significance between the risk of unprocessed and processed red meats factors in the occurrence of CVD.[30] The disparity between metadata studies definitely need to be addressed, because while one points toward unprocessed red meat being insignificant in certain health risks, there are still correlations to be found in focused large cohort studies.[30][29]
Unprocessed red meat intake is tentatively associated with an increased risk of type II diabetes, but the link is weaker and less certain than the link between processed red meat and diabetes.[31] Other findings have suggested that the association may be due to saturated fat, trans fat and dietary cholesterol, rather than red meat per se.[32] One study estimated that “substitutions of one serving of nuts, low-fat dairy, and whole grains per day for one serving of red meat per day were associated with a 16–35% lower risk of type 2 diabetes”.[33]
Processed meat[edit]
See also: Processed meat
Most processed meat contains at least some red meat.[17] To enhance flavor or improve preservation meat is treated by salting, curing, fermentation, smoking, or other processes to create processed meat.[17] Nitrates and nitrites found in processed meat (e.g. bacon, ham, salami, pepperoni, hot dogs, and some sausages) can be converted by the human body into nitrosamines that can be carcinogenic, causing mutation in the colorectal cell line, thereby causing tumorigenesis and eventually leading to cancer.[34] In its Press Release 240 (16 Oct. 2015) the International Agency for Research on Cancer, based on a review of 800 studies over 20 years, concluded that processed meat is definitely carcinogenic (Group 1) and found that for each additional 50g of processed meat consumed per day, the risk of colorectal cancer increased by 18% (up to a maximum of approximately 140g);[18] it also found that there appeared to be an increase in gastric cancer but this was not as clear.[19]
A 2016 literature review found that for the each additional 50g per day of processed meat (e.g., bacon, ham, hot dogs, sausages) consumed, the risk increased 4% for total prostate cancer, 8% for cancer mortality, 9% for breast cancer, 18% for colorectal cancer, 19% for pancreatic cancer, 13% for stroke, 24% for cardiovascular mortality and 32% for diabetes.[16]
Cooking[edit]
Meat with a dark surface common to cooking at high temperature
Cooking any meat at a high temperature or smoking meat produces carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (PAHs) and heterocyclic amines (HCAs).[35] The subgroups of heterocyclic amines compounds are amino-dimethylimidazo-quinoxaline (MelQx), amino-dimethylimidazo-quinoxaline (DiMelQx), and amino-methyl-phenylimidazo-pyridine (PhIP), which are mostly formed when meat is cooked at high temperatures. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is another compound found in meat cooked at extremely high temperatures. This aromatic hydrocarbon is normally found in coal tar, wood burning, or automobile exhaust fumes. According to a study, there was 36% of the MeIQx and 50% of DiMeIQx present in a well-done barbecued steak; contrary, 20% of PhIP was present in a medium-done barbecued steak.[36] Likely because of these factors, marinating fresh lean red meat, and thoroughly cooking it at a low temperature will reduce the production of carcinogenic compounds and thereby lower the risk of colorectal cancer.[37][38]
See also[edit]
Food portal
White meat
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "White Meat". thefreedictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2014-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Red Meat". thefreedictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2014-06-24.
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^ Jump up to: a b Larousse Gastronomique, first edition
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Iowa State Animal Science". Archived from the original on 2009-03-24. Retrieved 2009-09-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "USDA-Safety of Fresh Pork...from Farm to Table". Fsis.usda.gov. 2008-05-16. Archived from the original on 2013-09-18. Retrieved 2009-09-16.
Jump up ^ Larousse Gastronomique, 1961, s.v. pork
Jump up ^ Dougherty, Philip H. "ADVERTISING; Dressing Pork for Success" Archived 2017-02-14 at the Wayback Machine., The New York Times, January 15, 1987. Accessed April 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ Hall, Trish. "And This Little Piggy Is Now on the Menu" Archived 2017-02-14 at the Wayback Machine., The New York Times, November 13, 1991. Accessed April 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, Red Meats: Nutrient Contributions to the Diet, September 20 BC, [1] Archived September 12, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Nutritional composition of red meat Archived 2011-03-10 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c Harvard School of Public Health, 2012. Food Pyramids: What Should You Really Eat Archived 2009-04-16 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ USDA MyPlate Protein foods Archived 2013-01-16 at the Wayback Machine. Page accessed February 27, 2015
Jump up ^ Sabine Rohrmann; Kim Overvad; European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; et al. (7 March 2013). "Meat consumption and mortality – results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition". BMC Medicine. 11 (1): 63. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-63. PMC 3599112  . PMID 23497300. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved March 7, 2013. The results of our analysis support a moderate positive association between processed meat consumption and mortality, in particular due to cardiovascular diseases, but also to cancer.
Jump up ^ Larsson SC, Orsini N (February 2014). "Red meat and processed meat consumption and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis". Am. J. Epidemiol. (Meta-analysis). 179 (3): 282–9. doi:10.1093/aje/kwt261. PMID 24148709.
^ Jump up to: a b Wolk, A (6 September 2016). "Potential health hazards of eating red meat". Journal of Internal Medicine. doi:10.1111/joim.12543. PMID 27597529. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c International Agency for Research on Cancer (26 October 2015), IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat (PDF) (Press Release N° 240), archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2015
^ Jump up to: a b Chan, DS; Lau, R; Aune, D; Vieira, R; Greenwood, DC; Kampman, E; Norat, T (2011-06-06). "Red and processed meat and colorectal cancer incidence: meta-analysis of prospective studies". PLOS ONE. 6 (6): e20456. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020456. PMC 3108955  . PMID 21674008. In non-linear models, colorectal cancer risk appears to increase almost linearly with increasing intake of red and processed meats up to approximately 140 g/day. Above this level, the risk increase is less pronounced..
^ Jump up to: a b Bouvard, V, et al, and; International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group. (December 2015). "Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat". The Lancet. Oncology. 16 (16): 1599–600. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00444-1. PMID 26514947.
Jump up ^ "Processed meat and cancer – what you need to know". Cancer Research UK - Science blog. Archived from the original on 2017-01-09. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
Jump up ^ Zhu, H; et al. (2013). "Red and processed meat intake is associated with higher gastric cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiological observational studies". PLOS ONE. 8 (8): e70955. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070955. PMC 3743884  . PMID 23967140. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
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Jump up ^ "Eating processed meats, but not unprocessed red meats, may raise risk of heart disease and diabetes" (Press release). Harvard University School of Public Health. 17 May 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Gotto, AM; LaRosa, JC; Hunninghake, D; Grundy, SM; Wilson, PW; Clarkson, TB; et al. (1990). "The cholesterol facts. A summary relating dietary fats, serum cholesterol and coronary heart disease" (PDF). Circulation. 81: 1721–1733. doi:10.1161/01.cir.81.5.1721. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-25.
Jump up ^ Leaf, A; Weber, PC (1988). "Cardiovascular effects of n-3 fatty acids". N Engl J Med. 318: 549–557. doi:10.1056/nejm198803033180905.
Jump up ^ Malaviarachchi, D; Veugelers, PJ; Yip, AM; MacLean, DR (2002). "Dietary iron as a risk factor for myocardial infarction. Public health considerations for Nova Scotia". Can J Public Health. 93: 267–270.
Jump up ^ Verhoef, P; Stampfer, MJ; Buring, JE; Gaziano, JM; Allen, RH; Stabler, SP; et al. (1996). "Homocysteine metabolism and risk of myocardial infarction: relation with vitamins B6 and B12 and folate". Am J Epidemiol. 143: 845–859. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008828. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c TH, Leung (2012). "Red Meat Consumption: The Good and the Bad" (PDF). Non-Communicable Diseases Watch. 5: 1–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-12-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Pan, An (12 March 2012). "Red Meat Consumption and Mortality: Results from Two Prospective Cohort Studies". Archives of Internal Medicine. 172: 555–63. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.2287. PMC 3712342  . PMID 22412075.
Jump up ^ Micha, Renata; Michas, Georgios; Mozaffarian, Dariush (22 September 2012). "Unprocessed Red and Processed Meats and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease and Type 2 Diabetes – An Updated Review of the Evidence". Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 14 (6): 515–524. doi:10.1007/s11883-012-0282-8. PMC 3483430  . PMID 23001745.
Jump up ^ Hu, F. B.; Van Dam, S.; Liu, R. M. (2001). "Diet and risk of Type II diabetes: the role of types of fat and carbohydrate". Diabetologia. 44 (7): 805–817. doi:10.1007/s001250100547. PMID 11508264.
Jump up ^ Pan, A.; Sun, Q.; Bernstein, A. M.; Schulze, M. B.; Manson, J. E.; Willett, W. C.; Hu, F. B. (2011). "Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 94 (4): 1088–1096. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.018978. PMC 3173026  . PMID 21831992.
Jump up ^ Raphaëlle, Santarelli (2008). "Processed Meat and Colorectal Cancer: A Review of Epidemiologic and Experimental Evidence". Nutrition and Cancer. 60: 131–144. doi:10.1080/01635580701684872. Archived from the original on 2014-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Chemicals in Meat Cooked at High Temperatures and Cancer Risk". National Cancer Institute. Archived from the original on 2011-11-06.
Jump up ^ Cross, Amanda J.; et al. (2010). "A Large Prospective Study of Meat Consumption and Colorectal Cancer Risk: An Investigation of Potential Mechanisms Underlying This Association". Cancer Research. 70 (6): 2406–2414. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3929. PMC 2840051  . PMID 20215514. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ "Marinades Reduce Heterocyclic Amines from Primitive Food Preparation Techniques". Schor J. Archived from the original on 2014-12-25.
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External links[edit]
International Association for Research on Cancer, press release 240, 26. October 2015
IARC Monographs Q&A
IARC Monographs Q&A on the carcinogenicity of the consumption of red meat and processed meat.
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90 Day Fiancé
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Jump to: navigation, search
90 Day Fiancé
Genre
Reality television
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
44
Production
Running time
42 minutes[1]
Release
Original network
TLC
Original release
January 12, 2014 (2014-01-12) – present (present)
Chronology
Followed by
90 Day Fiancé: Happily Ever After?
External links
tlc.com
www.tlc.com/tv-shows/90-day-fiance/
90 Day Fiancé is an American documentary series on TLC that debuted January 12, 2014.[2] The series follows couples who have 90 days to decide to marry before their 90-day K-1 visas (available uniquely to foreign fiancés of American citizens) expire. First the petitioner must meet the beneficiary inside or outside the USA and then file a I-129F petition with evidence of meeting and of a relationship. After the petition is approved, the petitioner must pass biometrics and then the process is sent to the foreign embassy of the beneficiary. The beneficiary then files for a visa, before or after passing the medical requirements and is called for an interview. The beneficiary must prove that they meet the requirements of the visa including strong evidence of meeting and a valid relationship. The foreign fiancé travels to the States to live with his or her prospective American spouse. The couples must marry within 90 days, or leave the country. The couples may face language barriers, culture shock, the stigma of being thought of as a "mail order bride" as well as skepticism of friends and family.
Contents
[hide]
1 Season 1 Cast
1.1 Pao & Russ
1.2 Kirlyam & Alan
1.3 Aya & Louis
1.4 Aziza & Mike
2 Season 2 cast
2.1 Chelsea & Yamir
2.2 Danielle & Mohamed
2.3 Evelin & Justin
2.4 Daya & Brett
2.5 Cássia & Jason
2.6 Amy & Danny
3 Season 3 Cast
3.1 Nikki & Mark
3.2 Loren & Alexei
3.3 Noon & Kyle
3.4 Melanie & Devar
3.5 Carolina & Fernando
3.6 Aleksandra & Josh
4 Season 4 Cast
4.1 Anfisa & Jorge
4.2 Nicole & Azan
4.3 Narkyia & Olulowo
4.4 Alla & Matt
4.5 Chantel & Pedro
5 Episodes
5.1 Season 1 (2014)
5.2 Season 2 (2014)
5.3 Season 3 (2015)
5.4 Season 4 (2016)
5.5 Season 5 (2017)
6 Spin-offs
6.1 90 Day Fiancé: Happily Ever After?
6.1.1 Season 1
6.1.2 Season 2
6.2 90 Day Fiancé: Before the 90 Days
6.3 90 Day Fiancé: What Now?
7 References
Season 1 Cast[edit]
Pao & Russ[edit]
Russ Mayfield, 27, of Owasso, Oklahoma, met Paola aka Pao, 26, of Bucaramanga, Colombia, while he was in Colombia on a work assignment. She moved to America, and the two were married. They moved to Tulsa, Oklahoma. Russ is a graduate of Oklahoma State University and works as a field engineer. Pao was a fashion designer in Colombia. Since moving to America, she has started modeling and is a personal trainer.
As of the airing of "90 Day Fiancé: Happily Ever After?", Russ and Pao are still married, but they live in different cities with Pao working as a model/personal trainer in Miami. Eventually, Russ moves to Miami, but is concerned about Pao's revealing outfits during her modeling jobs.
As of 2017, they are still together.
Kirlyam & Alan[edit]
Alan Cox, 29, of Los Angeles, California, met Kirlyam, 21, of Goiânia, Brazil, while he was on a Mormon mission to her hometown. She moved to America to live with him, although the two were virgins at the time of their wedding. She tried modeling, but Alan was jealous of the attention that she was getting. They were married in a Mormon temple, and although Kirlyam's family was unable to attend, they watched a livestream of the event from Brazil. The couple honeymooned in Hawaii.
As of the season 2 update, Kirlyam is waiting for her green card so that she can find employment. Alan is employed by Breen Engineering as a project lead/photo simulation specialist.
As of 2017, they are still together and Kirlyam is expecting the couple's first child, a boy they have named Liam.
Aya & Louis[edit]
Louis Catone, 33, of Indianapolis, Indiana, met Aya, 30, of Ormoc City, Philippines, on an international dating website. Aya wanted Louis to move to the Philippines, but they decided to live in America because he has two young sons. Louis's ex-wife is very involved in his life and that initially intimidated Aya. They were married in a Catholic church. Louis is taking classes, and Aya is exploring the job market. They plan on having a child or children of their own.
The couple decided not to participate in the season 2 update.
As of 2017, the couple are still together.
Aziza & Mike[edit]
Mike Eloshway, 31, of Cleveland, Ohio, and Aziza, 21, of Volgograd, Russia, met on a language learning website. Their relationship was initially platonic. Sometime after Aziza's application for a work visa was denied, their relationship turned romantic. In the Summer of 2014 she arrived to America to live with Mike. They were married although Aziza was very saddened because her family was unable to attend the wedding. Mike is employed as a technical support specialist for the Cleveland Municipal Court. Mike wants to have children right away, while Aziza does not.
As of the season 2 update, Aziza found employment at an optics lab. The couple traveled to Russia where Mike finally met Aziza's parents.
As of 2017, they are still together.
Season 2 cast[edit]
Chelsea & Yamir[edit]
Yamir, 28, of Managua, Nicaragua, and Chelsea, 25, of Galesburg, Illinois, met while she was doing volunteer work in Nicaragua. Yamir was a member of a Nicaraguan boy band. He moved to the United States to live with Chelsea and her parents. This caused a large rift between him and his manager and bandmates. Chelsea’s parents are very supportive of the relationship. Yamir sends some demo tapes to a few music producers in Chicago and receives a reply. He travels to Chicago to meet with producers. The producers say that he needs to move to Chicago to have better opportunities. Unfortunately, Chelsea is resistant to the idea because neither is employed and they can live for free with her parents in Galesburg. The two are married with Yamir’s family also in attendance.
On the season 3 update, Yamir and Chelsea were still married. Yamir made his music debut in the U.S. with Chelsea playing his love interest in the music video, "Party Love". Chelsea found employment as an elementary school teacher.
Yamir and Chelsea filed for divorce in 2017 and Yamir is still living in Chicago, working on his music.
Danielle & Mohamed[edit]
Mohamed Jbali, 26, of Tunis, Tunisia, met Danielle Mullins, 41, of Norwalk, Ohio, in an online chat room. The two were engaged, and Mohammed moves to America. Danielle worked with the mentally disabled and didn't make much money. However, she was fired a few weeks before the wedding. She has three teenage daughters and one adult son from previous relationships. Mohammed claimed to have a job, but Danielle discovered that he lied about that. Although Mohamed also found out that Danielle had lied on multiple things about her private life including passing a bad checks and using someone else's credit card fraudulently. Shortly after the wedding, Mohamed left Danielle due to her continuous unreasonable demands and threats to have him deported if he would not give her sex. He also complained of her hygiene issues and disclosed he had asked her on numerous occasions to seek medical advice for a 'horrible smell' she had on her. He went to Florida with a female friend. Danielle found out about this and consulted a lawyer. She filed for an annulment which if granted would mean that the marriage never took place and Mohamed would therefore be deported back to Tunisia. Mohamed instead wants a divorce which would allow him to stay in America. He pressures her to change the filing. She removes the annulment but refuses to yet file for divorce.
As of 2017, they are officially divorced. They are both in new relationships, but Danielle is still trying to get Mohamed deported. Danielle's relationship is predominantly online with a guy who lives hundreds of miles away however. The guy has never appeared in a picture online with Danielle or been seen by anyone, leading many to speculate he does not even exist.
Evelin & Justin[edit]
Justin, 34, of San Jose, California, and Evelin, 29, of Santiago de Cali, Colombia, met while they were both attending a rugby match at the 2013 World Games in Colombia. Justin works as a physical education teacher at an elementary school. In Colombia, Evelin worked as a dance instructor. Since moving to America, Evelin has changed the spelling of her name to Evelyn. The couple elected not to participate in the season 3 update.
As of 2016, they are still together.
Daya & Brett[edit]
Brett Otto, 31, of Snohomish, Washington, and Daya De Arce, 29, of San Carlos City, Philippines met on an international dating website. Brett is divorced and has a 6-year-old daughter from his first marriage. His daughter lives with her mother in Montana. Brett works in tool services for Boeing, and Daya found a job in the United States. He had two roommates, but they moved out once Daya arrived. Brett and Daya were married on February 14, 2015. Brett's mother chose not to attend the wedding. The couple elected not to participate in the season 3 update, but later participated in 90 Day Fiance: Happily Ever After?
As of 2017, they are still married and they have a daughter together named Isabella.
Cássia & Jason[edit]
Jason Hitch, 38, of Spring Hill, Florida, and Cássia Tavares, 23, of Curitiba, Brazil met through Facebook while Cássia was in an online relationship with Jason's friend. Once that relationship ended, Jason and Cássia began dating. Cássia came to America and moved in with Jason and his father who share a house. Jason is originally from Champaign, Illinois, and is an Army veteran. He lives very frugally. He buys items from garage sales, auctions, estate sales, etc. and sells them online for a profit. They started a mail order snack business called Gifting Fun.
As of 2017, they are separated.
Amy & Danny[edit]
Danny Frishmuth, 23, of Norristown, Pennsylvania, and Amy, 21, of Cape Town, South Africa met in Australia while the two were on a Bible study trip. They fell in love and got engaged. When Amy arrived in America, she lived with Danny's brother because she and Danny wanted to be virgins when they wed. Danny works in home construction for X-Treme Works in Malvern, Pennsylvania. Danny's father initially objected to the marriage because Danny is white and Amy is black, but he eventually accepted her into the family.
As of 2017, they are still together and are now living in Texas. They have one son, Jedidiah John Frishmuth and a daughter Anna Elise Frishmuth.
Season 3 Cast[edit]
Nikki & Mark[edit]
Mark, 58, of Baltimore, Maryland, and Nikki, 19, of Cebu, Philippines, met on an online dating site. Mark owns a piano rental business. He has four adult children from that marriage who are all older than Nikki. He and his first wife's relationship ended when the children were very young, and Mark was left to raise the children. Mark's first wife and Nikki are from Cebu, Philippines. After meeting on an online dating site, Mark went to the Philippines to meet Nikki and shortly after meeting he proposed to her with a zip tie in the shape of a ring. When Nikki came to Maryland Mark surprised her with a car and taught her how to drive. When Mark told Nikki that the car was the same make and model as the car that he put a deposit on for his first wife, Nikki was confused as she thought it was the very exact same car. Mark's daughter, Elise, felt uncomfortable with the relationship because she is a year older than Nikki. Elise shared her discomfort when Mark wanted to give Nikki clothes that she had previously discarded.
As of 2017, their relationship status is unknown.
Loren & Alexei[edit]
Alexei Brovarnik, 27, of Nazareth Illit, Israel, and Loren, 27, of New York City, met while she was on a Jewish Birthright trip to Israel. He was a medic for her group during the trip. Loren was employed as an executive assistant while in New York, but she left her job and moved to Parkland, Florida to live with her parents as she wouldn't be able to afford to support Alexei during the time that he could not legally work. She is a graduate of the University of North Florida.
Alexei and Loren got married in Israel too, surrounded by Alexei's family and friends and Loren's parents. At a meeting with Alexei's parents, Loren's parents misinformed them about Tourette's syndrome that Loren has. Later on Alexei confronts Loren and her parents why he was not informed that her illness can be genetic and affect their future children.
Alexei's mom later travels to Florida exploring avenues to move the whole family from Israel to the US.
The couple resides in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
As of 2017, they are still together.
Noon & Kyle[edit]
Kyle Huckabee, 28, of New Orleans, Louisiana, and Bajaree Boonma aka Noon, 25, of Bangkok, Thailand, met online through Facebook while he was doing research for a trip to Thailand. The two met in person while he was there on vacation. They were engaged and Noon came to America even though Kyle hadn't officially proposed. They initially lived in Kyle's bachelor apartment with his roommate, but the situation was less than ideal. Kyle started working extra shifts at his job as a bartender on Bourbon Street so that they could afford an apartment of their own. Kyle proposed during a sky-diving trip, and they moved into a new apartment.
Before he met Noon, he was estranged from his parents who are divorced. With Noon's support, he has restated the relationship with his mother. The two were married in a Buddhist temple, but unfortunately, Noon's family was unable to attend the ceremony. Kyle’s mom chose not to attend.
As of 2017, they are still together.
Melanie & Devar[edit]
Devar Walters, 28, of Runaway Bay, Jamaica, and Melanie Bowers, 33, Orwigsburg, Pennsylvania, met while Melanie was on vacation at a Jamaican resort where Devar was employed as a lifeguard. Melanie is a registered nurse. She has custody of her 11-year-old son Hunter on weekends. She was married to his father for 5 years before the marriage ended in divorce when she was 26. Devar proposed to Melanie while she was still vacationing, and she accepted.
Back in Pennsylvania, Melanie’s sister, Bev, is extremely concerned and does not trust Devar. The couple hits a rough patch when Devar mentions sending back most of the money he earns to his family in Jamaica; Melanie ponders out loud that she will look into a prenup.
As of 2017, they are still together and expecting their first child together, a girl.
Carolina & Fernando[edit]
Fernando, 39, of Doral, Florida, and Carolina, 22, of Medellín, Colombia, met in Colombia while both on dates with other people. The two were engaged before he returned to America. She moved to Florida to live with him.
After his marriage ended, he invited his parents to share his house. They were able to move past this issue and were married.
A re-cap a few months later reveals the couple has happily settled in together, though Carolina admits she calls her mom several times a day and misses her cat (unfortunately Fernando is allergic to cats).
As of 2017, they are still together.
Aleksandra & Josh[edit]
Josh Strobel, 22, of Rexburg, Idaho, and Aleksandra Iarovikova, 21, of Kirov, Russia, met in Prague, Czech Republic, while Josh was on a Mormon mission and Aleksandra was attending Metropolitan University Prague. Initially an atheist, Aleksandra converted to Mormonism and Josh played a role in this. Before converting, she was also employed as a dancer at a club.[3]
The couple kept in touch after Josh's mission and began dating. Josh visited Russia and proposed in 2015.[3]
Josh and Aleksandra were married in August 2015, soon after Aleksandra's arrival to the US from Prague where she had to finalize her semester in June. A re-cap a few months later reveals that the couple were then expecting their first child. They had a daughter named Kaya in March 2016.
As of 2017, they are still together.
Season 4 Cast[edit]
Anfisa & Jorge[edit]
Anfisa Arkhipchenko, 20, Moscow, Russia, was contacted by Jorge Nava, 27, Riverside, California, via Facebook after he stumbled onto her photos. Though Anfisa was at first resistant to his messages (Jorge claims he "fell in love" with her just by viewing her noticeably sexy photos). Anfisa eventually agreed to meet him and Jorge ends up taking her on an expensive vacation around Europe. Shortly before Anfisa was scheduled to come to the United States, she asked Jorge for an expensive handbag, which Jorge declined to buy for her. Anfisa managed to wipe Jorge's cellphone and cancel the flights, though the two reconciled and eventually Anfisa agrees to travel to the U.S. Jorge is a convicted felon, having pleaded guilty to drug trafficking, which makes it hard for him to rent an apartment.
Anfisa is less than impressed at their living arrangements - a hotel - though why exactly Jorge does not have his own place to live has not been revealed. They live in a hotel, and later at a small rental apartment. Jorge fails to buy an engagement ring or wedding dress for Anfisa. Jorge's friends and family are concerned about Anfisa's motives.
At a restaurant, Anfisa admits that she is indeed interested in Jorge providing for her, and she also believes that he is primarily interested in her for her looks and would not want to marry her if she was ugly. At some point, Anfisa was considering going back to Russia, and Jorge considered for a while that he would not try to stop her. Later on, they get married alone in a simple courthouse ceremony, after which Jorge promises to buy the ring to Anfisa and to have a bigger ceremony later on so that her family could attend.
Later on it is shown how Jorge's sister confronting Anfisa at a restaurant about her demands. They still live in a small apartment, he still did not buy her a ring, she does not have a car. They end up separating and start living separate lives.
Nicole & Azan[edit]
Nicole, 21, Bradenton, Florida, and Azan, 23, Morocco, met via an app that allows users to connect with people all over the world. After hitting it off, though somewhat against her parents wishes, Nicole decides to stay with him for five weeks, leaving her toddler-aged daughter May with her sister. Upon meeting Nicole at the airport, Azan remarks that she is "big...a little bit" but concedes that he is happy. Nicole is thrilled to be in Morocco with Azan (later calling him her "Arabian Prince"), though he has a hard time persuading her that in his culture it is not acceptable for unmarried coupled to be physically affectionate. Nicole persists in trying to hug and kiss Azan, which only causes him to become irritated. Nicole, meanwhile, feels shunned and unsure of their relationship.
Azan takes Nicole to his hometown to visit his family; she is warmly welcomed and we learn that his mother especially is thrilled with Azan's girlfriend. Unfortunately, Nicole later reveals that she cheated on Azan, something that could end the relationship should his family find out.
Azan takes Nicole to the desert and proposes, and she accepts. However, she continues to chafe at the customs of the Muslim culture. She refuses to convert to Islam and he refuses to convert to Christianity.
Their wedding is delayed indefinitely due to Nicole not being able to yet afford to fund the government sponsorship requirements for Azan's staying in the U.S, and her Mom refusing to co sponsor the effort. Nicole believes it will take two years minimum and hopes Azan will wait that long. In addition, Nicole was supposed to be following a strict diet, and Azan became irate when he caught her hoarding mini-donuts and Little Debbie oatmeal creme pies. Their future is unsure, but as of today they are still together, but continuing to live in separate countries.
Narkyia & Olulowo[edit]
Olulowo is currently in Nigeria and used to be in Vietnam. He is trying to meet Narkyia but various obstacles keep popping up. Narkyia and her friends and family are skeptical of him and are wary of a romance scam, but he has not asked for any money and Narkyia is still willing to see where it goes.
They broke up though since Olulowo had been lying to Narkyia about still having been contacting and pursuing a relationship with a woman he had previously had a baby with in the early stages of his relationship with Narkyia. They got back together though and as of 2017 are a couple living in America.
Alla & Matt[edit]
Matt, 42, Williamstown, Kentucky, and Alla, 30, Kiev, Ukraine, met several years ago using an online dating site but lost touch after Matt married his third wife. A few years and a divorce later, Matt and Alla reconnect. Alla, also a divorcee, has a 7-year-old son named Max. The reserved Alla is easily overwhelmed by Matt's friends and family while Matt continues to deal with lingering issues caused by his previous wives (he claims his first and third wife cheated on him). Alla dreams of a wedding on the beach but Matt's family tries to persuade her to scale back her plans. When Alla opens up that she does not love Matt yet, his friends are very concerned. However, the couple marry.
As of 2017 they are still together.
Chantel & Pedro[edit]
Chantel met Pedro while on a trip to the Dominican Republic, while she was trying to learn Spanish. Chantel would frequently go back to the DR to visit him, and on one of those trips he proposed to her. Because Chantel was worried that her family would think that Pedro was only going after a green card to enter the U.S, Chantel told her parents that he was in America on a student visa. Eventually Chantel and Pedro marry in the US. However, Chantel and Pedro are planning to get married in the Dominican Republic as well, but Pedro doesn't think her family will want to go. They go to the Dominican Republic, but then have some explosive fights and arguments between the family members, as it seems that Pedro's family is using the fact that he is living in the US now and can send them money. Chantel's family is upset because of the obvious improvement of Pedro's family living, while Chantel and Pedro in the US have very modest living. Pedro's family offers Chantel's family chicken feet that is taken as a sign of disrespect.
As of 2017 they are still together.
Episodes[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired[4]
First aired
Last aired
1 6 January 12, 2014 February 23, 2014
2 12 October 19, 2014 December 28, 2014
3 12 October 11, 2015 December 6, 2015
4 14 September 11, 2016 November 20, 2016
5 October 8, 2017
Season 1 (2014)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Original air date
1
1 "I Got My Visa!" Jessica Hernandez January 12, 2014 (2014-01-12)
Four women come to the US to live with their American fiances using a unique 90 day K-1 visa. The couples have 90 days to wed before the visas expire.
2
2 "Culture Shock" Jessica Hernandez January 19, 2014 (2014-01-19)
Paola has to adapt to living with Russ' parents and her wild ways leads to collisions with Russ's friends. Kirlyam misses her parents. Aziza meets Mike's skeptical family. Louis prepares his sons and ex-wife for Aya.
3
3 "Enough Is Enough" Jessica Hernandez January 26, 2014 (2014-01-26)
Paola and Russ move into their new apartment. Aya meets Louis' ex-wife and sons. Kirlyam goes to a salon where she is been referred to a modeling agency. Aziza and Mike hit a milestone in their relationship.
4
4 "90 Days Isn't Enough" Jessica Hernandez & Kevin Rhoades February 9, 2014 (2014-02-09)
Russ takes Paola to a tailgate but their wedding plans are jeopardized. Alan is concerned when Kirlyam gets a modelling opportunity. Aziza is confronted by Mike's Mom at her bachelorette party. Aya gets upset as Louis cuts corners on their wedding.
5
5 "Didn't Expect This..." Jessica Hernandez & Kevin Rhoades February 16, 2014 (2014-02-16)
Aziza upsets Mike when he went missing after his bachelor party. Kirlyam and Alan rush their wedding. Paola shops for a wedding dress but Russ might be called back to work. Aya cannot have the wedding of her dreams because of a limited budget.
6
6 "Time's Up" Jessica Hernandez & Kevin Rhoades February 23, 2014 (2014-02-23)
Paola has her bachelorette party but is unsure if her wedding will take place. Aziza gets nervous before her wedding. Kirylam and Alan are both virgins at their wedding night. Louis has Aya doubt as he arrives late for his wedding.
Season 2 (2014)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
7
1 "Where Are They Now? Season 1 Couples" October 19, 2014 (2014-10-19)
8
2 "New Couples, New Journeys" October 19, 2014 (2014-10-19)
9
3 "I'm Home, America!" October 26, 2014 (2014-10-26)
10
4 "Watch You Like a Hawk" November 2, 2014 (2014-11-02)
11
5 "Touchdown!" November 10, 2014 (2014-11-10)
12
6 "Mo' Money, Mo' Problems" November 17, 2014 (2014-11-17)
13
7 "Fears, Family, Future" November 23, 2014 (2014-11-23)
14
8 "I Have to Tell You Something" November 30, 2014 (2014-11-30)
15
9 "Going Once, Going Twice...Gone?" December 7, 2014 (2014-12-07)
16
10 "Red Flags" December 14, 2014 (2014-12-14)
17
11 "I'm Gonna Go Home" December 21, 2014 (2014-12-21)
18
12 "The Couples Tell All" December 28, 2014 (2014-12-28)
Season 3 (2015)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
19
1 "Where Are They Now? Season 2 Couples" October 11, 2015 (2015-10-11)
20
2 "Departures and Arrivals" October 11, 2015 (2015-10-11)
21
3 "Welcome to the Family" October 18, 2015 (2015-10-18)
22
4 "Questions & Answers" October 25, 2015 (2015-10-25)
23
5 "Full of Surprises" November 1, 2015 (2015-11-01)
24
6 "Missing Home" November 8, 2015 (2015-11-08)
25
7 "Lights, Camera, Drama" November 15, 2015 (2015-11-15)
26
8 "Don't Push Me" November 22, 2015 (2015-11-22)
27
9 "Bachelorette Blues" November 29, 2015 (2015-11-29)
28
10 "What Do You Know About Love?" November 29, 2015 (2015-11-29)
29
11 "This Is It" December 6, 2015 (2015-12-06)
30
12 "Season 3 Tell All" December 6, 2015 (2015-12-06)
Season 4 (2016)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
31
1 "For Your Eyes Only" August 22, 2016 (2016-08-22)
32
2 "You Say Goodbye, I Say Hello" September 11, 2016 (2016-09-11)
33
3 "Meet the Family" September 18, 2016 (2016-09-18)
34
4 "Life's a Beach" September 25, 2016 (2016-09-25)
35
5 "Testing the Waters" October 2, 2016 (2016-10-02)
36
6 "I Can See the Cracks" October 9, 2016 (2016-10-09)
37
7 "Time to Tell the Truth" October 16, 2016 (2016-10-16)
38
8 "This Is What You Came For" October 23, 2016 (2016-10-23)
39
9 "You're Gonna Miss Me When I'm Gone" October 30, 2016 (2016-10-30)
40
10 "Confessions of a Foreign Fiancé" November 6, 2016 (2016-11-06)
41
11 "Are You Ready for This?" November 13, 2016 (2016-11-13)
42
12 "Too Little Too Late" November 13, 2016 (2016-11-13)
43
13 "Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Peace" November 20, 2016 (2016-11-20)
44
14 "Season 4 Tell All" November 20, 2016 (2016-11-20)
Season 5 (2017)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
45
1 "Waiting Is The Hardest Part" October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
46
2 "Parental Approval" October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
Spin-offs[edit]
90 Day Fiancé: Happily Ever After?[edit]
90 Day Fiancé: Happily Ever After? is an American documentary series (Docu-Series) on TLC and a spin-off of 90 Day Fiancé. The series follows six couples from previous seasons and documents the ups and downs of their relationships post-marriage.
90 Day Fiancé: Happily Ever After? Couples
Couples
Original Season
Seasons
Season 1 (2016)
Season 2 (2017)
Russ & Paola
Season 1
Main
Danielle & Mohamed
Season 2
Main
Brett & Daya
Main
Melanie & Devar
Season 3
Main
Kyle & Noon
Main
Loren & Alexei
Main
Jorge & Anfisa
Season 4
Main
Chantel & Pedro
Main
Season 1[edit]
Returning couples included Season 1's Russ & Paola; Season 2's Danielle & Mohamed and Brett & Daya; and Season 3's Melanie & Devar, Loren & Alexei, and Kyle & Noon. TLC announced the spin-off series in August 2016. The series debuted on September 11, 2016 following the premiere of season 4 of 90 Day Fiancé. The first season ended in November 2016 with a two-part "Tell All" special.
Episodes
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
1
1 "It's Only the Beginning" September 11, 2016 (2016-09-11)
2
2 "It's My Secret to Tell" September 18, 2016 (2016-09-18)
3
3 "Something's Up" September 25, 2016 (2016-09-25)
4
4 "What Don't I Know?" October 2, 2016 (2016-10-02)
5
5 "The Truth Hurts" October 9, 2016 (2016-10-09)
6
6 "Facing the Past" October 16, 2016 (2016-10-16)
7
7 "Destination Impossible" October 23, 2016 (2016-10-23)
8
8 "You Can't Run..." October 30, 2016 (2016-10-30)
9
9 "I Came All This Way" October 30, 2016 (2016-10-30)
10
10 "The Roles Reverse" November 6, 2016 (2016-11-06)
11
11 "The Couples Tell All Part 1" November 6, 2016 (2016-11-06)
12
12 "The Couples Tell All Part 2" November 13, 2016 (2016-11-13)
Season 2[edit]
90 Day Fiancé: Happily Ever After? was renewed for a second season in November 2016.[5] The second season debuted on June 25, 2017, and features 90 Day Fiancé Season 1's Russ & Paola, Season 2's Danielle & Mohamed, Season 3's Loren & Alexei, and Season 4's Jorge & Anfisa and Chantel & Pedro.
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
13
1 "Happy Wife, Happy Life?" June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25)
14
2 "When The Past Catches Up" July 2, 2017 (2017-07-02)
15
3 "We Got Bad Blood" July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09)
16
4 "Family Secrets" July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
17
5 "Lost in Translation" July 23, 2017 (2017-07-23)
18
6 "Lies & Goodbyes" July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
19
7 "Models, Moms & Meltdowns" August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
20
8 "I Do's & I Don'ts" August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
21
9 "Where Do We Go From Here?" August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
22
10 "The Couples Tell All Part 1" August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
23
11 "The Couples Tell All Part 2" September 3, 2017 (2017-09-03)
24
12 "The Couples Tell All Part 3" September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
90 Day Fiancé: Before the 90 Days[edit]
In November 2016, TLC announced a second spin-off series titled 90 Day Fiancé: Before the 90 Days.[5][6] The premise follows six couples - Paul and Karine, Darcey and Jesse, Larry and Jenny, Cortney and Antonio, Sean and Abby, and Patrick and Myriam - as they start a relationship before the K-1 Visa process begins. It premiered on August 6, 2017.[7]
Episodes
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
1
1 "Bon Voyage!" August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
2
2 "Going the Distance" August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
3
3 "Language of Love" August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
4
4 "Meet the Parents" August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
5
5 "Secrets and Lies" September 3, 2017 (2017-09-03)
6
6 "Decisions, Decisions" September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
7
7 "Baby, I'm Worth It" September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
8
8 "Moment of Truth" September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)
9
9 "Red Flags" October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
10
10 "Reality Check" October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
90 Day Fiancé: What Now?[edit]
In March 2017, TLC also announced an original digital spin-off series with the title of 90 Day Fiancé: What Now? for TLCgo.[6] The show provides updates on season 1's Kirlyam & Alan, season 3's Aleksandra & Josh and Melanie & Devar, and season 4's Alla & Matt and Narkyia & Olulowo. TLC uploaded all seven episodes online on July 30, 2017. The network combined the segments into TV episodes that aired on September 17 and September 24, 2017 following 90 Day Fiancé: Before the 90 Days.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 90 Day Fiance - 3 Seasons 2014
Jump up ^ "90 Day Fiancé". imdb.com. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00HTAQD00
Jump up ^ 90 Day Fiance Episode Guide at sidereel.com
^ Jump up to: a b Tony Maglio (2016-11-11). "’90 Day Fiance’ Gets Season 5 Renewal, Second Spinoff at TLC (Exclusive)". thewrap.com. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
^ Jump up to: a b Staff (2017-03-28). "TLC Announces An Aggressive 2017-2018 Upfront Slate With 120 More Hours Of Original Programming". corporate.discovery.com. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
Jump up ^ Staff (2017-07-18). "Get a Sneak Peek of TLC’s New Series '90 Day Fiancé: Before the 90 Days’, Meet the Cast". usmagazine.com. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=90_Day_Fiancé&oldid=804857071"
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Arya Vaishya
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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It has been suggested that this article be merged into Komati caste. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2016.
Arya Vaishya
Religions
Hinduism
Languages
Marathi, Oriya, Telugu, Kannada, Tamil
Populated states
Maharashtra, Odisha, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
Arya Vaishya (Arya Vysya) is an Indian caste. Orthodox Arya Vaishyas follow rituals prescribed in the Vasavi Puranam, a religious text written in the late Middle Ages. Their kuladevata is Vasavi. The community were formerly known as Komati Chettiars in Tamil Nadu but now prefer to be referred to as Arya Vaishya.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Inclusion in the Vaishya varna
3 See also
4 References
Etymology[edit]
The Komatis are said to have originally lived in large numbers along the Godavari River, which the locals called Gomati or Gomti. The Sanskrit Gomati was rendered into Telugu as Komati.[2]
Hanumantha Rao noted that the merchant classes preferred Jainism for gaining social status and respectability, and the erstwhile Banias became Gomati or followers of the Gomata cult in medieval times.[3] The story of Vasavi, the caste goddess of the Vaishyas narrated in the Vaishya Purana, is said to have definite Jain overtones.[4]
According to Rao, there is an alternative etymology for the word Komti, as the "derivation of the word from gomata, the great Jaina saint, which implies that they were followers of Gomata cult or were originally Jains".[5]
Dwarakanath Gupta says that "These tradesmen (Beharulu) who hailed from Gouda Desa took to Jainism and adopted the 'Gomata' cult. The word Gomata got distorted slowly as Gomatlu, Kommathulu, Komattulu. In the Tamil and Malayalam languages the word 'Komati' is in use. These Jain Vysyas slowly gave up Jainism and embraced the Vedic religion during its revival".[6]
Brahma Jinadasa (1393-1473),[7] gave a list of 84 Jain communities. It includes several communities of South India including Vaishya Komati.[8]
Inclusion in the Vaishya varna[edit]
The Nellore Choda kings in the 13th century are said to have established the varnashrama dharma in the Telugu country. The court poet and minister Tikkana treated Komatis as being equivalent to Vaishya in his Andhra Mahabharatam.[9]
The Komati merchants along with Balijas became notable as trading communities during the period of the Vijayanagara Empire (1325-1565 CE), and desired Vaishya status.[10]
The Mackenzie manuscripts provide a record of a copper plate grant of guru Bhaskaracharya (16th century CE), given by the 102 gotras which formed the Gavara grouping. According to the Vasavi Purana, the Vaisyas of Penugonda and 17 other towns belonged to a group of Vaisyas of 714 gotras. However, the 102 gotras of Gavaras separated out, and formed the Gavara Komati community.[11]
[10]
See also[edit]
Forward Castes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mines, Mattison (2014). "The Political Economy of Patronage, Preeminence and the State in Chennai". In Piliavsky, Anastasia. Patronage as Politics in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107056084.
Jump up ^ Gupta, Dwarakanath C.; Bhaskar, S. (1992). Vysyas: a sociological study. Ashish Publishing House. ISBN 8170244501.
Jump up ^ Rao, Hanumantha B. S. L., 1973. Religion in Āndhra: a survey of religious developments in Āndhra from early times upto A.D. 1325, Part 1325, Issue 69 of Archaeological series. Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh, p. 175
Jump up ^ Rao, Hanumantha B. S. L., 1995. Socio-cultural history of ancient and medieval Andhra, p.130. Volume 172 of Telugu Viśvavidyālaya pracuraṇa. Telugu University.
Jump up ^ Rao, B. S. L. Hanumantha. Social mobility in Medieval Andhra. p. 176.
Jump up ^ Gupta, C. Dwarakanath. Socio-cultural history of an Indian caste. p. 10.
Jump up ^ Mahākavi Brahma Jinadāsa: Vyaktitva evaṃ Kr̥titva, Premacanda Rāṃvaka, Śrī Mahāvīra Grantha Akādamī, 1980
Jump up ^ Khandelwal Jati ka Vrihad Itihas, Part 1, Kasturchand Kasliwal, 1989, p. 28-44
Jump up ^ Devi, Yashoda (1993), The History of Andhra Country, 1000 A.D.-1500 A.D.: Administration, literature and society, Gyan Publishing House, pp. 290–, ISBN 978-81-212-0485-9
^ Jump up to: a b Price, Pamela G. (2000). "Conflict Processing and Political Mobilization in Nineteenth Century South India". In John Jeya Paul; Keith E. Yandell. Religion and public culture: encounters and identities in modern South India. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. pp. 33–55. ISBN 9780700711017.
Jump up ^ Andhra Historical Research Society, 1964. Journal of the Andhra Historical Society, Volume 30, Parts 1-4, Pages 207-209.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arya_Vaishya&oldid=810149577"
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Order of operations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In mathematics and computer programming, the order of operations (or operator precedence) is a collection of rules that reflect conventions about which procedures to perform first in order to evaluate a given mathematical expression.
For example, in mathematics and most computer languages, multiplication is granted a higher precedence than addition, and it has been this way since the introduction of modern algebraic notation.[1][2] Thus, the expression 2 + 3 × 4 is interpreted to have the value 2 + (3 × 4) = 14, not (2 + 3) × 4 = 20. With the introduction of exponents in the 16th and 17th centuries, they were given precedence over both addition and multiplication and could be placed only as a superscript to the right of their base.[1] Thus 3 + 52 = 28 and 3 × 52 = 75.
These conventions exist to eliminate ambiguity while allowing notation to be as brief as possible. Where it is desired to override the precedence conventions, or even simply to emphasize them, parentheses ( ) (sometimes replaced by brackets [ ] or braces { } for readability) can indicate an alternate order or reinforce the default order to avoid confusion. For example, (2 + 3) × 4 = 20 forces addition to precede multiplication, and (3 + 5)2 = 64 forces addition to precede exponentiation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
1.1 Examples
1.2 Exceptions
2 Mnemonics
3 Special cases
4 Calculators
5 Programming languages
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Definition[edit]
The order of operations used throughout mathematics, science, technology and many computer programming languages is expressed here:[3]
exponents[1] and roots
multiplication[1] and division[1]
addition[1] and subtraction[1]
This means that if a mathematical expression is preceded by one binary operator and followed by another, the operator higher on the list should be applied first.[1]
The commutative and associative laws of addition and multiplication allow adding terms in any order, and multiplying factors in any order—but mixed operations must obey the standard order of operations.
It is helpful to treat division as multiplication by the reciprocal (multiplicative inverse) and subtraction as addition of the opposite (additive inverse). Thus 3 ÷ 4 = 3 × ¼; in other words the quotient of 3 and 4 equals the product of 3 and ¼. Also 3 − 4 = 3 + (−4); in other words the difference of 3 and 4 equals the sum of 3 and −4. Thus, 1 − 3 + 7 can be thought of as the sum of 1, −3, and 7, and add in any order: (1 − 3) + 7 = −2 + 7 = 5 and in reverse order (7 − 3) + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5, always keeping the negative sign with the 3.
The root symbol √ requires a symbol of grouping around the radicand. The usual symbol of grouping is a bar (called vinculum) over the radicand. Other functions use parentheses around the input to avoid ambiguity. The parentheses are sometimes omitted if the input is a monomial. Thus, sin 3x = sin(3x), but sin x + y = sin(x) + y, because x + y is not a monomial.[1] Some calculators and programming languages require parentheses around function inputs, some do not.
Symbols of grouping can be used to override the usual order of operations.[1] Grouped symbols can be treated as a single expression.[1] Symbols of grouping can be removed using the associative and distributive laws, also they can be removed if the expression inside the symbol of grouping is sufficiently simplified so no ambiguity results from their removal.
Examples[edit]
1 + 3 + 5 = 4 + 5 = 2 + 5 = 7. {\displaystyle {\sqrt {1+3}}+5={\sqrt {4}}+5=2+5=7.}
A horizontal fractional line also acts as a symbol of grouping:
1 + 2 3 + 4 + 5 = 3 7 + 5. {\displaystyle {\frac {1+2}{3+4}}+5={\frac {3}{7}}+5.}
For ease in reading, other grouping symbols, such as curly braces { } or square brackets [ ], are often used along with parentheses ( ). For example:
[ ( 1 + 2 ) − 3 ] − ( 4 − 5 ) = [ 3 − 3 ] − ( − 1 ) = 1. {\displaystyle [(1+2)-3]-(4-5)=[3-3]-(-1)=1.}
Exceptions[edit]
There are differing conventions concerning the unary operator − (usually read "minus"). In written or printed mathematics, the expression −32 is interpreted to mean 0 − (32) = − 9,[1][4] but in some applications and programming languages, notably Microsoft Excel (and other spreadsheet applications) and the programming language bc, unary operators have a higher priority than binary operators, that is, the unary minus has higher precedence than exponentiation, so in those languages −32 will be interpreted as (−3)2 = 9.[5] This does not apply to the binary minus operator −; for example while the formulas =-2^2 and =0+-2^2 return 4 in Microsoft Excel, the formula =0-2^2 returns −4. In cases where there is the possibility that the notation might be misinterpreted, a binary minus operation can be enforced by explicitly specifying a leading 0 (as in 0-2^2 instead of just -2^2), or parentheses can be used to clarify the intended meaning.
Similarly, there can be ambiguity in the use of the slash symbol / in expressions such as 1/2x.[6] If one rewrites this expression as 1 ÷ 2x and then interprets the division symbol as indicating multiplication by the reciprocal, this becomes:
1 ÷ 2 × x = 1 × ½ × x = ½ × x.
With this interpretation 1 ÷ 2x is equal to (1 ÷ 2)x.[1][7] However, in some of the academic literature, multiplication denoted by juxtaposition (also known as implied multiplication) is interpreted as having higher precedence than division, so that 1 ÷ 2x equals 1 ÷ (2x), not (1 ÷ 2)x. For example, the manuscript submission instructions for the Physical Review journals state that multiplication is of higher precedence than division with a slash,[8] and this is also the convention observed in prominent physics textbooks such as the Course of Theoretical Physics by Landau and Lifshitz and the Feynman Lectures on Physics.[nb 1]
Mnemonics[edit]
Mnemonics are often used to help students remember the rules, but the rules taught by the use of acronyms can be misleading:
In the United States, the acronym PEMDAS is common. It stands for Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction.
PEMDAS is often expanded to the mnemonic "Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally".[6]
Canada and New Zealand use BEDMAS, standing for Brackets, Exponents, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction.
Most common in the UK, India and Australia[9] are BODMAS meaning "B"rackets, "O"f or "O"rder, "D"ivision, "M"ultiplication, "A"ddition and "S"ubtraction. Nigeria and some other West African countries also use BODMAS. Similarly in the UK, BIDMAS is used, standing for "B"rackets, "I"ndices, "D"ivision, "M"ultiplication, "A"ddition and "S"ubtraction.
In some English speaking countries, Parentheses may be called Brackets, or symbols of inclusion and Exponents may be called either Indices, Powers or Orders, which have the same precedence as Roots or Radicals. Since multiplication and division are of equal precedence, M and D are often interchanged, leading to such acronyms as BOMDAS. The original order of operations in some countries was BODMAS, which stands for Brackets, Orders or pOwers, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction. The O is sometimes associated with Of. This mnemonic was common until exponentials were added into the mnemonic.[10][11][12]
These mnemonics may be misleading when written this way,[6] especially if the user is not aware that multiplication and division are of equal precedence, as are addition and subtraction. Using any of the above rules in the order "addition first, subtraction afterward" would incorrectly evaluate the expression[6]
10 − 3 + 2.
The correct value is 9 (and not 5, as if the addition would be carried out first and the result used with the subtraction afterwards). The best way to understand a combination of addition and subtraction is to think of the subtraction as addition of a negative number. In this case, the problem can be seen as the sum of 10, −3 and 2:
10 + (−3) + 2.
To emphasize that addition and subtraction have the same precedence (and multiplication and division have the same precedence) the mnemonic is sometimes written P E MD AS; or, simply as PEMA.[citation needed]
All of these acronyms conflate two different ideas, operations on the one hand and symbols of grouping on the other, which can lead to confusion.[citation needed]
Special cases[edit]
If exponentiation is indicated by stacked symbols, the usual rule is to work from the top down, because exponention is right-associative in mathematics thus:[1][13]
abc = a(bc)
which typically is not equal to (ab)c.
However, some computer systems may resolve the ambiguous expression differently.[14] For example, Microsoft Excel evaluates a^b^c as (ab)c, which is opposite of normally accepted convention of top-down order of execution for exponentiation. Thus 4^3^2 is evaluated to 4,096 instead of 262,144. Another difference in Microsoft Excel is -a^b which is evaluated as (-a)^b instead of -(a^b). For compatibility, the same behavior is observed on LibreOffice. The computational programming language MATLAB is another example of a computer system resolving the stacked exponentiation in the non-standard way.
Calculators[edit]
Main article: Calculator input methods
Different calculators follow different orders of operations. Many simple calculators without a stack implement chain input working left to right without any priority given to different operators, for example typing
1 + 2 × 3 yields 9,
while more sophisticated calculators will use a more standard priority, for example typing
1 + 2 × 3 yields 7.
The Microsoft Calculator program uses the former in its standard view and the latter in its scientific and programmer views.
Chain input expects two operands and an operator. When the next operator is pressed, the expression is immediately evaluated and the answer becomes the left hand of the next operator. Advanced calculators allow entry of the whole expression, grouped as necessary, and evaluates only when the user uses the equals sign.
Calculators may associate exponents to the left or to the right depending on the model or the evaluation mode. For example, the expression a^b^c is interpreted as a(bc) on the TI-92 and the TI-30XS MultiView in "Mathprint mode", whereas it is interpreted as (ab)c on the TI-30XII and the TI-30XS MultiView in "Classic mode".
An expression like 1/2x is interpreted as 1/(2x) by TI-82, but as (1/2)x by TI-83 and every other TI calculator released since 1996,[15] as well as by all Hewlett-Packard calculators with algebraic notation. While the first interpretation may be expected by some users, only the latter is in agreement with the standard rule that multiplication and division are of equal precedence,[16][17] so 1/2x is read one divided by two and the answer multiplied by x.
When the user is unsure how a calculator will interpret an expression, it is a good idea to use parentheses so there is no ambiguity.
Calculators that utilize reverse Polish notation (RPN), also known as postfix notation, use a stack to enter formulas without the need for parentheses.[6]
Programming languages[edit]
Some programming languages use precedence levels that conform to the order commonly used in mathematics,[14] though others, such as APL, Smalltalk or Occam, have no operator precedence rules (in APL, evaluation is strictly right to left; in Smalltalk and Occam, it's strictly left to right).
In addition, because many operators are not associative, the order within any single level is usually defined by grouping left to right so that 16/4/4 is interpreted as (16/4)/4 = 1 rather than 16/(4/4) = 16.
The logical bitwise operators in C (and all programming languages that borrow precedence rules from C, for example, C++, Perl and PHP) have a precedence level that the creator of the C language considered unsatisfactory.[18] However, many programmers have become accustomed to this order. The relative precedence levels of operators found in many C-style languages are as follows:
1 () [] -> . :: Function call, scope, array/member access
2 ! ~ - + * & sizeof type cast ++ -- (most) unary operators, sizeof and type casts (right to left)
3 * / % MOD Multiplication, division, modulo
4 + - Addition and subtraction
5 << >> Bitwise shift left and right
6 < <= > >= Comparisons: less-than and greater-than
7 == != Comparisons: equal and not equal
8 & Bitwise AND
9 ^ Bitwise exclusive OR (XOR)
10 | Bitwise inclusive (normal) OR
11 && Logical AND
12 || Logical OR
13 ? : Conditional expression (ternary)
14 = += -= *= /= %= &= |= ^= <<= >>= Assignment operators (right to left)
15 , Comma operator
Examples: (Note: in the examples below, '≡' is used to mean "is equivalent to", and not to be interpreted as an actual assignment operator used as part of the example expression.)
!A + !B ≡ (!A) + (!B)
++A + !B ≡ (++A) + (!B)
A + B * C ≡ A + (B * C)
A || B && C ≡ A || (B && C)
A && B == C ≡ A && (B == C)
A & B == C ≡ A & (B == C)
Source-to-source compilers that compile to multiple languages need to explicitly deal with the issue of different order of operations across languages. Haxe for example standardizes the order and enforces it by inserting brackets where it is appropriate.[19]
The accuracy of software developer knowledge about binary operator precedence has been found to closely follow their frequency of occurrence in source code.[20]
See also[edit]
Associativity
Common operator notation (for a more formal description)
Commutativity
Distributivity
Hyperoperation
Operator (programming)
Operator associativity
Operator overloading
Operator precedence in C and C++
Polish notation
Reverse Polish notation
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ For example, the third edition of Mechanics by Landau and Lifshitz contains expressions such as hPz/2π (p. 22), and the first volume of the Feynman Lectures contains expressions such as 1/2√N (p. 6–7). In both books these expressions are written with the convention that the solidus is evaluated last.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Bronstein, Ilja Nikolaevič; Semendjajew, Konstantin Adolfovič (1987) [1945]. "2.4.1.1.". In Grosche, Günter; Ziegler, Viktor; Ziegler, Dorothea. Taschenbuch der Mathematik (in German). 1. Translated by Ziegler, Viktor. Weiß, Jürgen (23 ed.). Thun and Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Harri Deutsch (and B. G. Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig). pp. 115–120. ISBN 3-87144-492-8.
Jump up ^ "Ask Dr. Math". Math Forum. 22 November 2000. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Order of Operations Lessons". Algebra.Help. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Allen R. Angel, Elementary Algebra for College Students 8/E; Chapter 1, Section 9, Objective 3
Jump up ^ "Formula Returns Unexpected Positive Value". Support.microsoft.com. 15 August 2005. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ball, John A. (1978). Algorithms for RPN calculators (1 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 31. ISBN 0-471-03070-8.
Jump up ^ "division and multiplication have the same priority", http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/mc-ty-rules-2009-1.pdf
Jump up ^ "Physical Review Style and Notation Guide" (PDF). American Physical Society. Section IV–E–2–e. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
Jump up ^ http://syllabus.bos.nsw.edu.au/assets/global/files/maths_s3_sampleu1.doc
Jump up ^ http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/mc-ty-rules-2009-1.pdf
Jump up ^ "Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally (PEMDAS)--Forever!". Education Week - Coach G's Teaching Tips. 1 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "What is PEMDAS? - Definition, Rule & Examples". Study.com.
Jump up ^ Olver, Frank W. J.; Lozier, Daniel W.; Boisvert, Ronald F.; Clark, Charles W., eds. (2010). NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), U.S. Department of Commerce, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19225-5. MR 2723248. [1]
^ Jump up to: a b Exponentiation Associativity and Standard Math Notation Codeplea. 23 Aug 2016. Retrieved 20 Sep 2016.
Jump up ^ "Implied Multiplication Versus Explicit Multiplication on TI Graphing Calculators". Texas Instruments. 2011-01-16. 11773. Archived from the original on 2016-04-17. Retrieved 2015-08-24.
Jump up ^ Zachary, Joseph L. (1997). "Introduction to scientific programming - Computational problem solving using Maple and C - Operator precedence worksheet". Retrieved 2015-08-25.
Jump up ^ Zachary, Joseph L. (1997). "Introduction to scientific programming - Computational problem solving using Mathematica and C - Operator precedence notebook". Retrieved 2015-08-25.
Jump up ^ Dennis M. Ritchie: The Development of the C Language. In History of Programming Languages, 2nd ed., ACM Press 1996.
Jump up ^ 6÷2(1+2)=? Andy Li's Blog. 2 May 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Developer beliefs about binary operator precedence" Derek M. Jones, CVu 18(4):14–21
External links[edit]
"Order of operations". PlanetMath.
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