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Economy of Italy
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Economy of Italy
Milan is the financial centre of Italy
Currency
Euro (EUR), except in Campione d'Italia (CHF)
Fiscal year
calendar year
Trade organisations
European Union, WTO, OECD, AIIB
Statistics
GDP
$1.850,735 trillion (nominal, 2016); $2.234,500 trillion (PPP, 2016)[1]
GDP rank
8th (nominal) / 12th (PPP)
GDP growth
+0.4% Q2 2017,
+1.5% acquired 2017 [2]
GDP per capita
$30,507 (nominal, 2016);
$36,833 (PPP, 2016)
GDP by sector
services (74%), industry (24%), agriculture (2%)
Inflation (CPI)
+1.2% (June 2017)
Population below poverty line
5.7% in poverty, 2014;[3] 24.7% at risk of poverty or social exclusion, 2014[4]
Gini coefficient
0.324 (2015)[5]
Labour force
25.7 million
Labour force by occupation
services (68%), industry (28%), agriculture (4%)
Unemployment
10.9% Jun 2017
Average gross salary
€20,690 ($23,260), yearly (+1.3%) (2016)
[6] (as gross income and not gross wage)
Main industries
Tourism
machinery
iron and steel
chemicals
food processing
textiles
motor vehicles
clothing
footwear
ceramics
Ease-of-doing-business rank
50th (2017)[7]
External
Exports
$436.3 billion (2016)[8]
Export goods
Engineering products, textiles and clothing, production machinery, motor vehicles, transport equipment, chemicals; foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco; minerals, nonferrous metals
Main export partners
Germany 12.6%
France 11.1%
United States 6.8%
Switzerland 5.7%
United Kingdom 4.7%
Spain 4.4%
Imports
$372.2 billion (2016)[9]
Import goods
Engineering products, chemicals, transport equipment, energy products, minerals and nonferrous metals, textiles and clothing; food, beverages, tobacco
Main import partners
Germany 14.7%
France 8.4%
China 8.4%
Russia 6.3%
Netherlands 5.8%
Spain 4.5%
FDI stock
$0.7 trillion
Gross external debt
$2.6 trillion
Public finances
Public debt
131% of GDP
Revenues
$1.0 trillion
Expenses
$1.1 trillion
Economic aid
Donor: $2.5 billion, 0.15% of GDP[10]
Credit rating
Standard & Poor's: BBB+[11]
Outlook: Stable
Moody's: BAA2[12]
Outlook: Stable
Fitch: BBB+[13]
Outlook: Stable
Foreign reserves
$0.2 trillion
Main data source: CIA World Fact Book
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.
The economy of Italy is the 3rd-largest national economy in the eurozone, the 8th-largest by nominal GDP in the world, and the 12th-largest by GDP (PPP). The country is a founding member of the European Union, the Eurozone, the OECD, the G7 and the G20. Italy is the eighth largest exporter in the world with $514 billion exported in 2016. Its closest trade ties are with the other countries of the European Union, with whom it conducts about 59% of its total trade. The largest trading partners, in order of market share, are Germany (12.6%), France (11.1%), United States (6.8%), Switzerland (5.7%), United Kingdom (4.7%), and Spain (4.4%).[14]
In the post-war period, Italy was transformed from an agricultural based economy which had been severely affected by the consequences of the World Wars, into one of the world's most industrialized nations, and a leading country in world trade and exports. According to the Human Development Index, the country enjoys a very high standard of living, and has the world's 8th highest quality of life according to The Economist.[15] Italy owns the world's third-largest gold reserve,[16] and is the third net contributor to the budget of the European Union.[17] The country is also well known for its influential and innovative business economic sector, an industrious (Italy is the second largest manufacturer in Europe[18] behind Germany) and competitive agricultural sector (Italy is the world's largest wine producer),[19] and for its creative and high-quality automobile, naval, industrial, appliance and fashion design. Italy is the largest market for luxury goods in Europe (third in the world) and the country's private wealth is one of the largest in the world.[20][21]
Despite these important achievements, the country's economy today suffers from structural and non-structural problems. After strong GDP growth in 1945–1990, the last two decades' average annual growth rates were below the EU average with Italy being hit particularly hard by the late-2000s recession. The stagnation in economic growth, and the political efforts to revive it with massive government spending from the 1980s onwards, eventually produced a severe rise in public debt. In addition, Italian living standards have a considerable North–South divide: the average GDP per capita in Northern and Central Italy significantly exceeds the EU average, while some regions and provinces in Southern Italy are dramatically below.[22]
In recent years, Italy's GDP per capita growth slowly returned to the level of its major partners[23] while its employment rate still lags behind due to a large number of undeclared workers (estimated between 10% and 20% of the labour force) counted among the inactive or the unemployed.[24]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Fascist era
1.2 Post-war economic miracle
1.3 From growth to stagnation
1.4 Great Recession
2 Overview
2.1 North–South divide
2.2 Companies
2.3 Wealth
2.4 Regional data
3 Economic sectors
3.1 Primary
3.2 Secondary
3.3 Tertiary
4 Infrastructure
4.1 Energy and natural resources
4.2 Transport
5 Finance
6 Poverty
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Main article: Economic history of Italy
Terni steel mills in 1912.
After the unification, industrialization was largely artisanal, and located in the former political capitals; factory industry was instead attracted by the waterfalls of the subalpine Northwest. From the 1880s, as modernization accelerated, industry concentrated in the Lombard and Piedmontese provinces with the boom in textiles, then particularly in Turin and Milan with the engineering boom; and in Liguria's Genoa, which captured civil and naval shipbuilding.[25]
The diffusion of the industrialization process that characterized the northern and central parts of the country starting from the 1880s, completely excluded large areas in the Northeast and in Southern Italy. The resulting Italian diaspora concerned nearly 26 million Italians, the most part immigrated in the period 1880–1914, and it is considered the biggest mass migration of contemporary times.[26] During the Great War, the Italian Royal Army increased in size, with 5 million recruits in total entering service during the war.[27] This came at a terrible cost: by the end of the war, Italy had lost 700,000 soldiers and had a budget deficit of billions of lira.
Fascist era[edit]
Main article: Economy of Italy under fascism
Achille Starace and Italo Balbo visit Alfa Romeo.
Italy emerged from World War I in a poor and weakened condition. The National Fascist Party of Benito Mussolini came to power in 1922, at the end of a period of social unrest. However, once Mussolini acquired a firmer hold of power, laissez-faire and free trade were progressively abandoned in favour of government intervention and protectionism.[28]
In 1929, Italy was hit hard by the Great Depression.[29] Trying to handle the crisis, the Fascist government nationalized the holdings of large banks which had accrued significant industrial securities, establishing the Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale.[30] A number of mixed entities were formed, whose purpose it was to bring together representatives of the government and of the major businesses. These representatives discussed economic policy and manipulated prices and wages so as to satisfy both the wishes of the government and the wishes of business.[28]
This economic model based on a partnership between government and business was soon extended to the political sphere, in what came to be known as corporatism. At the same time, the aggressive foreign policy of Mussolini led to an increasing military expenditure. After the invasion of Ethiopia, Italy intervened to support Franco's nationalists in the Spanish Civil War. By 1939, Italy had the highest percentage of state-owned enterprises after the Soviet Union.[28]
Italy's involvement in World War II as a member of the Axis powers required the establishment of a war economy. The Allied invasion of Italy in 1943 eventually caused the Italian political structure – and the economy – to rapidly collapse. The Allies, on the one hand, and the Germans on the other, took over the administration of the areas of Italy under their control. By the end of the war, Italian per capita income was at its lowest point since the beginning of the 20th century.[31]
Post-war economic miracle[edit]
Main article: Italian economic miracle
The Fiat 500, launched in 1957, is considered a symbol of Italy's postwar economic miracle.[32]
After the end of World War II, Italy was in rubble and occupied by foreign armies, a condition that worsened the chronic development gap towards the more advanced European economies. However, the new geopolitical logic of the Cold War made possible that the former enemy Italy, a hinge-country between Western Europe and the Mediterranean, and now a new, fragile democracy threatened by the NATO occupation forces, the proximity of the Iron Curtain and the presence of a strong Communist party,[33] was considered by the USA as an important ally for the Free World, and received under the Marshall Plan US$1,204 million from 1947-51.
The end of aid through the Plan could have stopped the recovery but it coincided with a crucial point in the Korean War whose demand for metal and manufactured products was a further stimulus of Italian industrial production. In addition, the creation in 1957 of the European Common Market, with Italy as a founding member, provided more investment and eased exports.[34]
These favorable developments, combined with the presence of a large labour force, laid the foundation for spectacular economic growth that lasted almost uninterrupted until the "Hot Autumn's" massive strikes and social unrest of 1969–70, which then combined with the later 1973 oil crisis and put an abrupt end to the prolonged boom. It has been calculated that the Italian economy experienced an average rate of growth of GDP of 5.8% per year between 1951–63, and 5% per year between 1964–73.[34] Italian rates of growth were second only, but very close, to the German rates, in Europe, and among the OEEC countries only Japan had been doing better.[35]
From growth to stagnation[edit]
Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti (far left) with G7 leaders in Bonn, 1978.
The 1970s were a period of economic, political turmoil and social unrest in Italy, known as Years of Lead. Unemployment rose sharply, especially among the young, and by 1977 there were one million unemployed people under age 24. Inflation continued, aggravated by the increases in the price of oil in 1973 and 1979. The budget deficit became permanent and intractable, averaging about 10 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), higher than any other industrial country. The lira fell steadily, from 560 lira to the U.S. dollar in 1973 to 1,400 lira in 1982.[36]
The economic recession went on into the mid-1980s until a set of reforms led to the independence of the Bank of Italy[37] and a big reduction of the indexation of wages[38] that strongly reduced inflation rates, from 20.6% in 1980 to 4.7% in 1987.[39] The new macroeconomic and political stability resulted in a second, export-led "economic miracle", based on small and medium-sized enterprises, producing clothing, leather products, shoes, furniture, textiles, jewelry, and machine tools. As a result of this rapid expansion, in 1987 Italy overtook the British economy (an event known as il sorpasso), becoming the sixth in the world.[40] The Milan stock exchange increased its market capitalization more than fivefold in the space of a few years.[41]
GDP per capita big four Western Europe.
However, the Italian economy of the 1980s presented a problem: it was booming, thanks to increased productivity and surging exports, but unsustainable fiscal deficits drove the growth.[40] In the 1990s, the new Maastricht criteria boosted the urge to curb the public debt, already at 104% of GDP in 1992.[42] The consequent restrictive economic policies worsened the impact of the global recession already underway. After a brief recover at the end of the 1990s, high tax rates and red tape caused the country to stagnate between 2000 and 2008.[43][44]
Great Recession[edit]
Italy was hit hard by the Great Recession and the subsequent European debt crisis. The national economy shrunk by 6.76% during the whole period, totalizing seven-quarters of recession.[45] In November 2011 the Italian bond yield was 6.74 percent for 10-year bonds, nearing a 7 percent level where Italy is thought to lose access to financial markets.[46] According to Eurostat, in 2015 the Italian government debt stood at 128% of GDP, ranking as the second biggest debt ratio after Greece (with 175%).[47] However, the biggest chunk of Italian public debt is owned by Italian nationals [48] and relatively high levels of private savings and low levels of private indebtedness are seen as making it the safest among Europe's struggling economies.[49] As a result of austerity measures, Italy is targeting a public budget deficit of 2.8% in 2015, remaining inside the European Union's 3 percent ceiling.[50]
Overview[edit]
North–South divide[edit]
European Regional Development Fund 2007–2013: Southern Italy is almost all classified under the Convergence objective (GDP per capita less than 75% of the EU average).
Since the unification of Italy in 1861, a wide and increasing economic divide has been noticeably growing between the northern provinces and the southern half of the Italian state. In the early decades of the new kingdom, the lack of an effective land reform, heavy taxes and other economic measures imposed on the South, together with the removal of protectionist tariffs on agricultural goods, made the situation virtually impossible for many tenant farmers and land owners. Multitudes chose to emigrate rather than try to eke out a meager living, especially from 1892 to 1921.[51]
In addition, the surge of brigandage and the Mafia provoked widespread violence, corruption and illegality. After the rise of Benito Mussolini, the "Iron Prefect" Cesare Mori tried to defeat the already powerful criminal organizations flourishing in the South with some degree of success. Fascist policy aimed at the creation of an Italian empire and Southern Italian ports were strategic for all commerce towards the colonies. With the invasion of Southern Italy, the Allies restored the authority of the mafia families, lost during the Fascist period, and used their influence to maintain public order.[52]
In the 1950s the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno was set up as a huge public master plan to help industrialize the South, aiming to do this in two ways: through land reforms creating 120,000 new smallholdings, and through the "Growth Pole Strategy" whereby 60% of all government investment would go to the South, thus boosting the Southern economy by attracting new capital, stimulating local firms, and providing employment. However, the objectives were largely missed, and as a result the South became increasingly subsidized and state dependent, incapable of generating private growth itself.[53]
Even at present, huge regional disparities persist. Problems in Southern Italy still include widespread political corruption, pervasive organized crime, and very high unemployment rates.[54] In 2007, it was estimated that about 80% of the businesses in the Sicilian cities of Catania and Palermo paid protection money;[55] thanks to grassroots movement like Addiopizzo, the mafia racket is slowly but constantly losing its verve.[56][57] The Italian Ministry of Interior reported that organized crime generated an estimated annual profit of €13 billion.[58]
Companies[edit]
Further information: List of companies of Italy
Ferrari is the world's most powerful brand according to the Global 500 annual study published by Brand Finance in 2014.[59]
The country's major companies by sector are: Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, CNH Industrial, Ducati, Piaggio (motor vehicles); Pirelli (tyre manufacturing); Enel, Edison, A2A, Terna (energy); Eni (petrochemicals); Candy, Indesit, De'Longhi (home appliances); Leonardo that has absorbed its subsidiary companies Alenia Aermacchi, AgustaWestland and Oto Melara (defence); Avio, Telespazio (space); Beretta, Benelli (firearms); Armani, Versace, Dolce & Gabbana, Gucci, Benetton, Diesel, Prada, Luxottica, YOOX (fashion); Ferrero, Barilla, Autogrill, Perfetti Van Melle, Campari, Parmalat (food&beverages); Techint, Lucchini, Gruppo Riva, Danieli (steel); Prysmian, Salini Impregilo, Italcementi, Buzzi Unicem, Astaldi (construction); STMicroelectronics (electronics); Telecom Italia, Mediaset (communications); Assicurazioni Generali, Unipol (insurance); UniCredit, Intesa Sanpaolo (banking); Ferrari, Maserati, Lamborghini (luxury vehicles); Fincantieri, Ferretti, Azimut (shipbuilding).[60]
Of the world's 500 largest stock-market-listed companies measured by revenue in 2014, the Fortune Global 500, these are headquartered in Italy.[61]
Rank
Company
Headquarter
Main sector
22 Eni Rome Petroleum
24 Exor Turin Automotive
48 Assicurazioni Generali Trieste Insurance
56 Enel Rome Electric Utility
200 Intesa Sanpaolo Turin Banking
204 UniCredit Milan Banking
319 Telecom Italia Rome Telecommunications
336 Poste italiane Rome Postal services
439 Unipol Bologna Insurance
Wealth[edit]
Further information: List of Italian billionaires
The owner of confectionery manufacturer Ferrero, Michele Ferrero, was the richest Italian in 2014.
Italy has over 1.4 million people with a net wealth greater than $1 million, a total national wealth of $11.857 trillion, and represents the 5th largest cumulative net wealth globally (it accounts for 4.92% of the net wealth in the world).[62] According to the Credit Suisse's Global Wealth Databook 2013, the median wealth per adult is $138,653 (5th in the world),[62] while according to the Allianz's Global Wealth Report 2013, the net financial wealth per capita is €45,770 (13th in the world).[63]
The following top 10 list of Italian billionaires is based on an annual assessment of wealth and assets compiled and published by Forbes in 2014.[64]
Rank
Name
Net Worth ($ bil.)
Main source
31 Michele Ferrero 23.2 Ferrero
37 Leonardo Del Vecchio 20.2 Luxottica
100 Stefano Pessina 11.8 Walgreens Boots Alliance
176 Silvio Berlusconi 7.5 Fininvest
179 Giorgio Armani 7.4 Armani
245 Augusto & Giorgio Perfetti 5.9 Perfetti Van Melle
285 Paolo & Gianfelice Rocca 5.1 Techint
358 Miuccia Prada 4.4 Prada
359 Patrizio Bertelli 4.4 Prada
558 Renzo Rosso 3.1 Diesel
Regional data[edit]
Further information: List of Italian regions by GDP
Gross domestic product per capita at PPP in 2010, by NUTS-2 regions in the European Union.
The labour productivity levels in Europe in 2012. Italy is at the same level of the UK and Finland.
2011 Gross Domestic Product in Italy (2014 data)[65]
NUTS-1 region
€ mil.
€ per cap.
% of the EU average
North-Western Italy 511,484 31,700 124
North-Eastern Italy 364,560 31,200 122
Central Italy 340,669 28,400 111
Southern Italy 243,895 17,200 67
Insular Italy 117,031 17,400 68
2011 Gross Domestic Product in Italy (2014 data)[65]
Region
€ mil.
€ per cap.
NUTS-1 region
Abruzzo 7004300730000000000♠30,073 7004224000000000000♠22,400 South
Aosta Valley[a] 7003432800000000000♠4,328 7004337000000000000♠33,700 North-West
Apulia 7004699740000000000♠69,974 7004171000000000000♠17,100 South
Basilicata 7004107440000000000♠10,744 7004183000000000000♠18,300 South
Calabria 7004330550000000000♠33,055 7004164000000000000♠16,400 South
Campania 7004936350000000000♠93,635 7004160000000000000♠16,000 South
Emilia-Romagna 7005142609000000000♠142,609 7004321000000000000♠32,100 North-East
Friuli-Venezia Giulia[a] 7004366280000000000♠36,628 7004296000000000000♠29,600 North-East
Lazio 7005172246000000000♠172,246 7004300000000000000♠30,000 Centre
Liguria 7004439980000000000♠43,998 7004272000000000000♠27,200 North-West
Lombardy 7005337161000000000♠337,161 7004339000000000000♠33,900 North-West
Marche 7004408770000000000♠40,877 7004261000000000000♠26,100 Centre
Molise 7003641400000000000♠6,414 7004201000000000000♠20,100 South
Piedmont 7005125997000000000♠125,997 7004282000000000000♠28,200 North-West
Sardinia[a] 7004330750000000000♠33,075 7004197000000000000♠19,700 Islands
Sicily[a] 7004839560000000000♠83,956 7004166000000000000♠16,600 Islands
Tuscany 7005106013000000000♠106,013 7004282000000000000♠28,200 Centre
Trentino-South Tyrol[a] 7004357970000000000♠35,797 7004343000000000000♠34,300 North-East
Umbria 7004215330000000000♠21,533 7004237000000000000♠23,700 Centre
Veneto 7005149527000000000♠149,527 7004302000000000000♠30,200 North-East
^a The autonomous regions with special statute have several financial privileges.
Economic sectors[edit]
Primary[edit]
Vineyards near Certaldo, Tuscany. Italy is the world's top wine producer (22% of global market).[19]
According to the last national agricultural census, there were 1.6 million farms in 2010 (-32.4% since 2000) covering 12.7 million hectares (63% of which are located in Southern Italy).[66] The vast majority (99%) are family-operated and small, averaging only 8 hectares in size.[66] Of the total surface area in agricultural use (forestry excluded), grain fields take up 31%, olive tree orchards 8.2%, vineyards 5.4%, citrus orchards 3.8%, sugar beets 1.7%, and horticulture 2.4%. The remainder is primarily dedicated to pastures (25.9%) and feed grains (11.6%).[66] The northern part of Italy produces primarily maize corn, rice, sugar beets, soybeans, meat, fruits and dairy products, while the South specializes in wheat and citrus fruits. Livestock includes 6 million head of cattle, 8.6 million head of swine, 6.8 million head of sheep, and 0.9 million head of goats.[66] The total annual production of the fishing industry in Italy from capture and aquaculture, including crustaceans and molluscs, stood at 480 tons.
Italy is the first largest producer of wine in the world, and one of the leading in olive oil, fruits (apples, olives, grapes, oranges, lemons, pears, apricots, hazelnuts, peaches, cherries, plums, strawberries and kiwifruits), and vegetables (especially artichokes and tomatoes). The most famous Italian wines are probably the Tuscan Chianti and the Piedmontese Barolo. Other famous wines are Barbaresco, Barbera d'Asti, Brunello di Montalcino, Frascati, Montepulciano d'Abruzzo, Morellino di Scansano, and the sparkling wines Franciacorta and Prosecco. Quality goods in which Italy specialises, particularly the already mentioned wines and regional cheeses, are often protected under the quality assurance labels DOC/DOP. This geographical indication certificate, which is attributed by the European Union, is considered important in order to avoid confusion with low-quality mass-produced ersatz products.
Secondary[edit]
Italy's Product Exports Treemap in 2014 from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity.
Italy has a smaller number of global multinational corporations than other economies of comparable size, but there is a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises, many of them grouped in clusters, which are the backbone of the Italian industry.[67] This has produced a manufacturing sector often focused on the export of niche market and luxury products, that on one side is less capable of competing on quantity, but on the other side is more capable of facing the competition from emerging economies based on lower labor costs, with higher quality products.[68] The industrial districts are regionalized: in the Northwest there is a large modern group of industries, as in the so-called "Industrial Triangle" (Milan-Turin-Genoa), where there is an area of intense machinery, automotive, aerospace and naval production; in the Northeast and the Center, previously rural areas that experienced social and economic development around family-based firms, there are small enterprises of low technology but high craftsmanship, specialized in clothing, leather products, footwear, furniture, textiles, machine tools, spare parts, appliances, and jewellery; finally, in the less-developed South, the two forms exist side by side.[67][69]
Tertiary[edit]
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2015)
Infrastructure[edit]
Energy and natural resources[edit]
Main article: Energy in Italy
Wind turbines in Varese Ligure.
In the early 1970s Italy was a major producer of pyrites (from the Tuscan Maremma), asbestos (from the Balangero mines), fluorite (found in Sicily), and salt. At the same time, it was self-sufficient in aluminum (from Gargano), sulfur (from Sicily), lead, and zinc (from Sardinia).[70] By the beginning of the 1990s, however, it had lost all its world-ranking positions and was no longer self-sufficient in those resources. There are no substantial deposits of iron, coal, or oil. Moderate natural gas reserves, mainly in the Po Valley and offshore Adriatic Sea, have been discovered in recent years and constitute the country's most important mineral resource. Italy is one of the world's leading producers of pumice, pozzolana, and feldspar.[70] Another mineral resource for which Italy is well-known is marble, especially the world-famous white Carrara marble from the Massa and Carrara quarries in Tuscany. Most raw materials needed for manufacturing and more than 80% of the country's energy sources are imported (99.7% of the solid fuels demand, 92.5% of oil, 91.2% of natural gas and 13% of electricity).[71][72] Due to its reliance on imports, Italians pay approximately 45% more than the EU average for electricity.[73]
Italy has managed four nuclear reactors until the 1980s, but in 1987, after the Chernobyl disaster, a large majority of Italians passed a referendum opting for phasing out nuclear power in Italy. The government responded by closing existing nuclear power plants and stopping work on projects underway, continuing to work to the nuclear energy program abroad. The national power company Enel operates seven nuclear reactors in Spain (through Endesa) and four in Slovakia (through Slovenské elektrárne),[74] and in 2005 made an agreement with Électricité de France for a nuclear reactor in France.[73] With these agreements, Italy has managed to access nuclear power and direct involvement in design, construction, and operation of the plants without placing reactors on Italian territory.[73]
In the last decade, Italy has become one of the world's largest producers of renewable energy, ranking as the third largest producer in the European Union after Germany and Sweden.[75] The country is also the world's second largest producer of energy from solar power.[76] Renewable sources account for the 27.5% of all electricity produced in Italy, with hydro alone reaching 12.6%, followed by solar at 5.7%, wind at 4.1%, bioenergy at 3.5%, and geothermal at 1.6%.[75] The rest of the national demand is covered by fossil fuels (38.2% natural gas, 13% coal, 8.4% oil) and by imports.[75]
Transport[edit]
Main article: Transport in Italy
Rome Fiumicino Airport in 2014 was the eighth-busiest airport in Europe.
Italy was the first country in the world to build motorways, the so-called "autostrade", reserved for motor vehicles. The Milano-Laghi motorway, connecting Milan to Varese and now parts of the A8 and A9 motorways, was devised by Piero Puricelli, a civil engineer and entrepreneur. He received the first authorization to build a public-utility fast road in 1921, and completed the construction between 1924 and 1926. By the end of the 1930s, over 400 kilometers of multi- and dual-single-lane motorways were constructed throughout Italy, linking cities and rural towns. Today there are 668,721 km of serviceable roads in Italy, including 6,661 km of motorways (mostly toll roads, national and local roads), state-owned but privately operated mainly by Atlantia company.
The railway network is also extensive, especially in the north, totalizing 16,862 km of which 69% are electrified and on which 4,937 locomotives and railcars circulate. It is the 12th largest in the world, and is operated by state-owned Ferrovie dello Stato, while the rail tracks and infrastructure are managed by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana. While a number of private railroads exist and provide mostly commuter-type services, the national railway also provides sophisticated high-speed rail service that joins the major cities. The Florence–Rome high-speed railway was the first high-speed line opened in Europe when more than half of it opened in 1977. In 1991 the TAV was created for the planning and construction of high-speed rail lines along Italy's most important and saturated transport routes (Milan-Rome-Naples and Turin-Milan-Venice). High-speed trains include ETR-class trains, with the Frecciarossa 1000 reaching 400 km/h.
There are approximately 130 airports in Italy, of which 99 have paved runways (including the two hubs of Leonardo Da Vinci International in Rome and Malpensa International in Milan), and 43 major seaports including the Port of Genoa, the country's largest and the third busiest by cargo tonnage in the Mediterranean Sea. The national inland waterway network comprises 1,477 km of navigable rivers and channels. In 2007 Italy maintained a civilian air fleet of about 389,000 units and a merchant fleet of 581 ships.[77]
Finance[edit]
Main article: List of banks in Italy
The origins of modern banking can be traced to medieval and early Renaissance Italy, to the rich cities like Florence, Lucca, Siena, Venice and Genoa. The Bardi and Peruzzi families dominated banking in 14th century Florence, establishing branches in many other parts of Europe.[78] One of the most famous Italian banks was the Medici Bank, set up by Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici in 1397.[79] The earliest known state deposit bank, the Bank of Saint George, was founded in 1407 in Genoa,[80] while Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena, founded in 1472, is the oldest surviving bank in the world. Today, among the financial services companies, UniCredit is one of the largest bank in Europe by capitalization and Assicurazioni Generali is second largest insurance group in the world by revenue after AXA.
This is a list of the major Italian banks and insurance groups ranked by total assets and gross premiums written.
As of 31 December 2013
Banks[60]
Rank
Company
Headquarter
Assets (€ mil.)
1 UniCredit Milan 982,151
2 Intesa Sanpaolo Turin 676,798
3 Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena Siena 197,943
4 Banco Popolare Verona 123,743
5 UBI Banca Bergamo 121,323
6 Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Rome 84,892
7 Mediobanca Milan 72,428
8 Banca Popolare dell'Emilia Romagna Modena 61,266
9 Banca Popolare di Milano Milan 49,257
10 Crédit Agricole–Cariparma Group Parma 48,235
Insurance groups[60]
Rank
Company
Headquarter
Premiums (€ mil.)
1 Assicurazioni Generali Trieste 62,535
2 Unipol (UnipolSai and other subsidiaries) Bologna 16,673
3 Poste italiane (Poste Vita and Poste Assicura) Rome 13,244
4 Intesa Sanpaolo (Intesa Sanpaolo Vita) Turin 11,948
5 Allianz (Allianz S.p.A. only) Trieste 7,296
6 Banca Mediolanum Milan 4,596
7 Cattolica Assicurazioni Verona 4,221
8 BNP Paribas's Italian subsidiary 4,174
9 Reale Mutua Assicurazioni Turin 3,539
10 CNP Assurances–UniCredit (CNP UniCredit Vita) Milan 2,562
11 Crédit Agricole (Crédit Agricole Vita) 2,213
12 Aviva (Aviva Italia Holding) Milan 2,151
13 AXA's Italian subsidiary 1,872
14 Groupama's Italian subsidiary 1,484
15 Old Mutual (Old Mutual Wealth Italy) 1,201
16 Vittoria Assicurazioni Milan 1,150
17 AXA-Banca MPS (AXA MPS Assicurazioni Danni, AXA MPS Assicurazioni Vita ) 1,109
18 Covéa–Banca Popolare di Milano (Bipiemme Vita) 1,089
19 Banca Carige (Carige Vita Nuova) Genoa 1,029
20 Zurich Insurance (Zurich Investment Life) 935
Poverty[edit]
In 2015, poverty in Italy hit the high levels in the previous 10 years. The level of absolute poverty for a 2 people family was €1050,95/month. The poverty line per capita changed by region from €552,39/month to €819,13/month.The numbers of those in absolute poverty rose nearly an entire percent in 2015, from 6.8% in 2014, to 7.6% in 2015.[81] In the south of Italy the numbers are even higher with 10% living in absolute poverty, up from 9 percent in 2014. The north is better off at 6.7%, but still an increase from 5.7% in 2014.[81] The national statics reporting agency, ISTAT, defines absolute poverty as those who can’t buy goods and services which they need to survive. In 2015, the proportion of poor households in relative poverty also increased in 2015 to 13.7 from 12.9 in 2014. ISTAT defines relative poverty as people whose disposable income is less than around half the national average. The unemployment rate in February 2016 remained at 11.7%, which has been the same for almost a year, but even having a job doesn’t guarantee freedom from poverty.[82] Those who have at least one family employed still suffer from 6.1% to 11.7% poverty, the higher number being for those who have factory jobs. The numbers are even higher for the younger generations because their unemployment rate is over 40%. Also, children are hit hard. In 2014, 32% of those aged 0–17 are at risk of poverty or social exclusion, which is one child out of three. In the last ISTAT report poverty is in decline.[83]
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economy of Italy.
OECD's Italy country website
Italy’s economy and economic policies, on the International Monetary Fund’s website
World Bank Trade Summary Statistics Italy 2013
Italian National Institute of Statistic (ISTAT)
Comprehensive current and historical economic data
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Second Continental Congress
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Second Continental Congress
Thirteen Colonies
United States
Type
Type
Unicameral
History
Established
May 10, 1775; 243 years ago (1775-05-10)
Disbanded
March 1, 1781 (1781-03-01)
Preceded by
First Continental Congress
Succeeded by
1st Confederation Congress
Leadership
President of Congress
Peyton Randolph (first)
Samuel Huntington (last)
Secretary
Charles Thomson
Structure
Seats
Variable; ~60
Authority
President of the Continental Congress
Meeting place
mainly at Pennsylvania State House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
from December 1776 to July 1778 various locations,
see below
Footnotes
There were about 50 members of the Congress at any given time, but it was the colonies themselves that had voting privileges so there were effectively only 13 seats.
The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting in the spring of 1775 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which met in Philadelphia between September 5, 1774, and October 26, 1774. The Second Congress managed the Colonial war effort and moved incrementally towards independence. It eventually adopted the Lee Resolution which established the new country on July 2, 1776, and it agreed to the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The Congress acted as the de facto national government of the United States by raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties such as the Olive Branch Petition.[1]
The Second Continental Congress came together on May 11, 1775, effectively reconvening the First Continental Congress. Many of the 56 delegates who attended the first meeting were in attendance at the second, and the delegates appointed the same president (Peyton Randolph) and secretary (Charles Thomson).[2] Notable new arrivals included Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania and John Hancock of Massachusetts. Within two weeks, Randolph was summoned back to Virginia to preside over the House of Burgesses; he was replaced in the Virginia delegation by Thomas Jefferson, who arrived several weeks later. Henry Middleton was elected as president to replace Randolph, but he declined. Hancock was elected president on May 24.[3]
Delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies were present when the Second Continental Congress convened. Georgia had not participated in the First Continental Congress and did not initially send delegates to the Second. On May 13, 1775, Lyman Hall was admitted as a delegate from the Parish of St. John's in the Colony of Georgia, not as a delegate from the colony itself.[4] On July 4, 1775, revolutionary Georgians held a Provincial Congress to decide how to respond to the American Revolution, and that congress decided on July 8 to send delegates to the Continental Congress. They arrived on July 20.[5]
Contents
1 History
2 Dates and places of sessions
3 See also
4 References
4.1 Bibliography
5 Further reading
6 External links
History[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article is part of a series on the
United States
Continental Congress
Predecessors
Albany Congress 1754
Stamp Act Congress 1765
1st Continental Congress
Declaration and Resolves
Continental Association
Petition to the King
2nd Continental Congress
Olive Branch Petition
Committee of Secret Correspondence
Necessity of Taking Up Arms
Lee Resolution
Declaration of Independence
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v
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e
The First Continental Congress had sent entreaties to King George III to stop the Coercive Acts; they had also created the Continental Association to establish a coordinated protest of those acts, putting a boycott on British goods. The Second Continental Congress met on May 10, 1775 to plan further responses if the British government had not repealed or modified the acts; however, the American Revolutionary War had already started by that time with the Battles of Lexington and Concord, and the Congress was called upon to take charge of the war effort.
For the first few months of the war, the Patriots carried on their struggle in an ad-hoc and uncoordinated manner. They had seized arsenals, driven out royal officials, and besieged the British army in the city of Boston. On June 14, 1775, the Congress voted to create the Continental Army out of the militia units around Boston and appointed George Washington of Virginia as commanding general.[6] On July 6, 1775, Congress approved a Declaration of Causes outlining the rationale and necessity for taking up arms in the Thirteen Colonies.[7] On July 8, they extended the Olive Branch Petition to the British Crown as a final attempt at reconciliation; however, it was received too late to do any good. Silas Deane was sent to France as a minister (ambassador) of the Congress, and American ports were reopened in defiance of the British Navigation Acts.
The Continental Congress had no explicit legal authority to govern,[8] but it assumed all the functions of a national government, such as appointing ambassadors, signing treaties, raising armies, appointing generals, obtaining loans from Europe, issuing paper money (called "Continentals"), and disbursing funds. The Congress had no authority to levy taxes and was required to request money, supplies, and troops from the states to support the war effort. Individual states frequently ignored these requests.
1876 Currier & Ives printing of Washington being promoted to commanding general
Congress was moving towards declaring independence from the British Empire in 1776, but many delegates lacked the authority from their home governments to take such a drastic action. Advocates of independence moved to have reluctant colonial governments revise instructions to their delegations, or even replace those governments which would not authorize independence. On May 10, 1776, Congress passed a resolution recommending that any colony with a government that was not inclined toward independence should form one that was. On May 15, they adopted a more radical preamble to this resolution, drafted by John Adams, which advised throwing off oaths of allegiance and suppressing the authority of the Crown in any colonial government that still derived its authority from the Crown. That same day, the Virginia Convention instructed its delegation in Philadelphia to propose a resolution that called for a declaration of independence, the formation of foreign alliances, and a confederation of the states. The resolution of independence was delayed for several weeks, as advocates of independence consolidated support in their home governments.
The Assembly Room in Philadelphia's Independence Hall where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence
On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee offered a resolution before the Congress declaring the colonies independent. He also urged Congress to resolve "to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances" and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states.[9] Lee argued that independence was the only way to ensure a foreign alliance, since no European monarchs would deal with America if they remained Britain's colonies. American leaders had rejected the divine right of kings in the New World, but recognized the necessity of proving their credibility in the Old World.[10] Congress formally adopted the resolution of independence, but only after creating three overlapping committees to draft the Declaration, a Model Treaty, and the Articles of Confederation. The Declaration announced the states' entry into the international system; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states; and the Articles of Confederation established "a firm league" among the thirteen free and independent states. These three things together constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for conducting vital domestic and foreign affairs.[9]
The present-day replica of City Tavern in Philadelphia, the delegates' favorite place to eat and meet informally[11][12]
Congress finally approved the resolution of independence on July 2, 1776. They next turned their attention to a formal explanation of this decision, the United States Declaration of Independence which was approved on July 4 and published soon thereafter.
The Congress moved from Philadelphia to Baltimore in the winter of 1776 to avoid capture by British forces who were advancing on Philadelphia. Henry Fite's tavern was the largest building in Baltimore Town at the time and provided a comfortable location of sufficient size for Congress to meet. Its site at the western edge of town was beyond easy reach of the British Royal Navy's ships should they try to sail up the harbor and the Patapsco River to shell the town. Congress was again forced to flee Philadelphia at the end of September 1777, as British troops occupied the city; they moved to York, Pennsylvania and continued their work.
Congress passed the Articles of Confederation on November 15, 1777, after more than a year of debate, and sent them to the states for ratification. Jefferson's proposal for a Senate to represent the states and a House to represent the people was rejected, but a similar proposal was adopted later in the United States Constitution. One issue of debate was large states wanting a larger say, nullified by small states who feared tyranny. The small states won and each state had one vote.[13] Congress urged the individual states to pass the Articles as quickly as possible, but it took three and a half years for all the states to ratify them. The State Legislature of Virginia was the first of the Thirteen States to ratify the Articles on December 16, 1777, and the State Legislature of Maryland was the last on February 2, 1781.
Dates and places of sessions[edit]
May 10, 1775 – December 12, 1776, Pennsylvania State House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
December 20, 1776 – February 27, 1777, Henry Fite House, Baltimore, Maryland
March 5, 1777 – September 18, 1777, Pennsylvania State House, Philadelphia
September 27, 1777 (one day only), Court House, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
September 30, 1777 – June 27, 1778, Court House, York, Pennsylvania
July 2, 1778 – July 20, 1778, College Hall, Philadelphia
July 21, 1778 – March 1, 1781, Pennsylvania State House, Philadelphia
See also[edit]
History of the United States (1776–89)
Timeline of United States revolutionary history (1760–1789)
List of delegates to the Continental Congress
Presidents of the Continental Congress
References[edit]
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Cogliano, Revolutionary America, 1763–1815, p. 113
Jump up ^ Burnett, Continental Congress, pp. 64–67
Jump up ^ Fowler, Baron of Beacon Hill, p. 189
Jump up ^ Worthington C. Ford; et al., eds. (1904–1939). Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Washington, DC. pp. 2:44–48. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ ibid. pp. 2:192–93.
Jump up ^ Cogliano, Revolutionary America, 1763–1815, p. 59
Jump up ^ Find Documents: Results[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Bancroft, Ch. 34, p. 353 (online)
^ Jump up to: a b The Declaration of Independence in World Context, Organization of American Historians, Magazine of History, Volume18, Issue 3, pp. 61–66 (2004)
Jump up ^ Howard Jones, Crucible of power: a history of American foreign relations to 1913
Jump up ^ Staib, Walter. City Tavern Cookbook: 200 Years of Classic Recipes from America's First Gourmet Restaurant, pp. 5, 11–15, Running Press, Philadelphia, London, 1999. ISBN 0-7624-0529-5.
Jump up ^ Staib, Walter. City Tavern Baking & Dessert Cookbook: 200 Years of Authentic American Recipes from Martha Washington's Chocolate Mousse Cake to Thomas Jefferson's Sweet Potato Biscuits, pp. 8–10, 14–15, Running Press, Philadelphia, London, 2003. ISBN 0-7624-1554-1.
Jump up ^ Miller (1948) ch. 22
Bibliography[edit]
Burnett, Edward Cody (1941). The Continental Congress. New York: Norton.
Fowler, William M., Jr. (1980). The Baron of Beacon Hill: A Biography of John Hancock. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-27619-5.
Further reading[edit]
Adams, Willi Paul. The First American Constitutions: Republican Ideology and the Making of the State Constitutions in the Revolutionary Era. U. of North Carolina Press, 1980. ISBN 0-7425-2069-2
Francis D. Cogliano, Revolutionary America, 1763-1815: A Political History. London: 2000. ISBN 0-415-18057-0
Worthington C. Ford, et al. ed. Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. (34 vol., 1904–1937) online edition
Henderson, H. James (2002) [1974]. Party Politics in the Continental Congress. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8191-6525-5.
Peter Force, ed. American Archives 9 vol 1837-1853, major compilation of documents 1774-1776. online edition
Kruman, Marc W. Between Authority and Liberty: State Constitution Making in Revolutionary America. U. of North Carolina Pr., 1997. ISBN 0-8078-4797-6
Maier, Pauline. American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (1998)
Miller, John C. Triumph of Freedom, 1775-1783 (1948) ISBN 0-313-20779-8
Montross, Lynn (1970) [1950]. The Reluctant Rebels; the Story of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-389-03973-X.
Rakove, Jack N. The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress. Knopf, 1979. ISBN 0-8018-2864-3
External links[edit]
Full text of Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789
Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774-1789
Interactive Flash Version of John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence
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