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1965 in the United States
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1965 in the United States
Years
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
Flag

50 stars (1960–present)
Timeline of United States history
History of the United States (1964–80)
Events from the year 1965 in the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 Incumbents
1.1 Federal Government
1.2 Governors
1.3 Lieutenant Governors
2 Events
2.1 January
2.2 February
2.3 March
2.4 April
2.5 May
2.6 June
2.7 July
2.8 August
2.9 September
2.10 October
2.11 November
2.12 December
2.13 Undated
2.14 Ongoing
3 Births
4 Deaths
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Incumbents[edit]
Federal Government[edit]
President: Lyndon B. Johnson (D-Texas)
Vice President: vacant (until January 20), Hubert Humphrey (D-Minnesota) (starting January 20)
Chief Justice: Earl Warren (California)
Speaker of the House of Representatives: John William McCormack (D-Massachusetts)
Senate Majority Leader: Mike Mansfield (D-Montana)
Congress: 88th (until January 3), 89th (starting January 3)
[show]Governors and Lieutenant Governors
Governors[edit]
Governor of Alabama: George Wallace (Democratic)
Governor of Alaska: William A. Egan (Democratic)
Governor of Arizona: Paul Fannin (Republican) (until January 4), Samuel Pearson Goddard, Jr. (Democratic) (starting January 4)
Governor of Arkansas: Orval Faubus (Democratic)
Governor of California: Pat Brown (Democratic)
Governor of Colorado: John Arthur Love (Republican)
Governor of Connecticut: John N. Dempsey (Democratic)
Governor of Delaware: Elbert N. Carvel (Democratic) (until January 19), Charles L. Terry, Jr. (Democratic) (starting January 19)
Governor of Florida: C. Farris Bryant (Democratic) (until January 5), W. Haydon Burns (Democratic) (starting January 5)
Governor of Georgia: Carl E. Sanders (Democratic)
Governor of Hawaii: John A. Burns (Democratic)
Governor of Idaho: Robert E. Smylie (Republican)
Governor of Illinois: Otto Kerner, Jr. (Republican)
Governor of Indiana: Matthew E. Welsh (Democratic) (until January 11), Roger D. Branigin (Democratic) (starting January 11)
Governor of Iowa: Harold E. Hughes (Democratic)
Governor of Kansas: John Anderson, Jr. (Republican) (until January 11), William H. Avery (Republican) (starting January 11)
Governor of Kentucky: Edward T. Breathitt (Democratic)
Governor of Louisiana: John J. McKeithen (Democratic)
Governor of Maine: John H. Reed (Republican)
Governor of Maryland: J. Millard Tawes (Democratic)
Governor of Massachusetts: Endicott Peabody (Democratic) (until January 7), John A. Volpe (Republican) (starting January 7)
Governor of Michigan: George W. Romney (Republican)
Governor of Minnesota: Karl F. Rolvaag (Democratic)
Governor of Mississippi: Paul B. Johnson, Jr. (Democratic)
Governor of Missouri: John M. Dalton (Democratic) (until January 11), Warren E. Hearnes (Democratic) (starting January 11)
Governor of Montana: Tim M. Babcock (Republican)
Governor of Nebraska: Frank B. Morrison (Democratic)
Governor of Nevada: Grant Sawyer (Democratic)
Governor of New Hampshire: John W. King (Democratic)
Governor of New Jersey: Richard J. Hughes (Democratic)
Governor of New Mexico: Jack M. Campbell (Democratic)
Governor of New York: Nelson Rockefeller (Republican)
Governor of North Carolina: Terry Sanford (Democratic) (until January 8), Dan K. Moore (Democratic) (starting January 8)
Governor of North Dakota: William L. Guy (Democratic)
Governor of Ohio: Jim Rhodes (Republican)
Governor of Oklahoma: Henry Bellmon (Republican)
Governor of Oregon: Mark Hatfield (Republican)
Governor of Pennsylvania: William Scranton (Republican)
Governor of Rhode Island: John Chafee (Republican)
Governor of South Carolina: Donald S. Russell (Democratic) (until April 22), Robert Evander McNair (Democratic) (starting April 22)
Governor of South Dakota: Archie M. Gubbrud (Republican) (until January 5), Nils Boe (Republican) (starting January 5)
Governor of Tennessee: Frank G. Clement (Democratic)
Governor of Texas: John Connally (Democratic)
Governor of Utah: George Dewey Clyde (Republican) (until January 4), Calvin L. Rampton (Democratic) (starting January 4)
Governor of Vermont: Philip H. Hoff (Democratic)
Governor of Virginia: Albertis S. Harrison, Jr. (Democratic)
Governor of Washington: Albert D. Rosellini (Democratic) (until January 11), Daniel J. Evans (Republican) (starting January 11)
Governor of West Virginia: William Wallace Barron (Democratic) (until January 18), Hulett C. Smith (Democratic) (starting January 18)
Governor of Wisconsin: John W. Reynolds, Jr. (Democratic) (until January 4), Warren P. Knowles (Republican) (starting January 4)
Governor of Wyoming: Clifford P. Hansen (Republican)
Lieutenant Governors[edit]
Lieutenant Governor of Alabama: James B. Allen (Democratic)
Lieutenant Governor of Alaska: Hugh Wade (Democratic)
Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas: Nathan Green Gordon (Democratic)
Lieutenant Governor of California: Glenn Malcolm Anderson (Democratic)
Lieutenant Governor of Colorado: Robert Lee Knous (Democratic)
Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut: Samuel J. Tedesco (Democratic)
Lieutenant Governor of Delaware: Eugene Lammot (Democratic) (until January 19), Sherman W. Tribbitt (Democratic) (starting January 19)
Lieutenant Governor of Georgia: Peter Zack Geer (Democratic)
Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii: William S. Richardson (Democratic)
Lieutenant Governor of Idaho: W. E. Drevlow (Democratic)
Lieutenant Governor of Illinois: Samuel H. Shapiro (Democratic)
Lieutenant Governor of Indiana: Richard O. Ristine (Democratic) (until January 11), Robert L. Rock (Democratic) (starting January 11)
Lieutenant Governor of Iowa: W. L. Mooty (Democratic) (until month and day unknown), Robert D. Fulton (Democratic) (starting month and day unknown)
Lieutenant Governor of Kansas: Harold H. Chase (Republican) (until January 11), John Crutcher (Republican) (starting January 11)
Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky: Harry Lee Waterfield (Democratic)
Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana: C. C. Aycock (Democratic)
Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts: Francis X. Bellotti (Democratic) (until January 7), Elliot Richardson (Republican) (starting January 7)
Lieutenant Governor of Michigan: T. John Lesinski (Democratic) (until January 1), William G. Milliken (Republican) (starting January 1)
Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota: Alexander M. Keith (Democratic)
Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi: Carroll Gartin (Democratic)
Lieutenant Governor of Missouri: Hilary A. Bush (Democratic) (until January 11), Thomas Eagleton (Democratic) (starting January 11)
Lieutenant Governor of Montana: David F. James (political party unknown) (until month and day unknown), Ted James (Republican) (starting month and day unknown)
Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska: Dwight W. Burney (Republican) (until January 7), Philip C. Sorensen (Democratic) (starting January 7)
Lieutenant Governor of Nevada: Paul Laxalt (Republican)
Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico: Mack Easley (Democratic)
Lieutenant Governor of New York: Malcolm Wilson (Republican)
Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina: vacant (until January 8), Robert W. Scott (Democratic) (starting January 8)
Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota: Frank A. Wenstrom (Republican) (until month and day unknown), Charles Tighe (Democratic) (starting month and day unknown)
Lieutenant Governor of Ohio: John William Brown (Republican)
Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma: Leo Winters (Democratic)
Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania: Raymond P. Shafer (Republican)
Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island: Edward P. Gallogly (Democratic) (until month and day unknown), Giovanni Folcarelli (Democratic) (starting month and day unknown)
Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina: Robert Evander McNair (Democratic) (until April 22), vacant (starting April 22)
Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota: Nils Boe (Republican) (until January 5), Lem Overpeck (Republican) (starting January 5)
Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee: James L. Bomar, Jr. (Democratic) (until month and day unknown), Jared Maddux (Democratic) (starting month and day unknown)
Lieutenant Governor of Texas: Preston Smith (Democratic)
Lieutenant Governor of Vermont: Ralph A. Foote (Republican) (until month and day unknown), John J. Daley (Democratic) (starting month and day unknown)
Lieutenant Governor of Virginia: Mills E. Godwin, Jr. (Democratic)
Lieutenant Governor of Washington: John Cherberg (Democratic)
Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin: Jack B. Olson (Republican) (until January 4), Patrick J. Lucey (Democratic) (starting January 4)
Events[edit]
January[edit]
Lyndon B. Johnson, the President of the United States, began his full term on January 20
January 1 – The ship S.S. Catala is driven onto the beach in Ocean Shores, Washington, stranding her.
January 4 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson proclaims his "Great Society" during his State of the Union Address.[1]
January 19 – The unmanned Gemini 2 is launched on a suborbital test of various spacecraft systems.
January 20 – Lyndon B. Johnson begins his full term as U.S. President. Hubert Humphrey becomes Vice President.
February[edit]
February 4 – The 8.7 Mw Rat Islands earthquake affected southwest Alaska with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VI (Strong), causing a tsunami that was destructive at Amchitka.
February 20 – Ranger 8 crashes into the Moon, after a successful mission of photographing possible landing sites for the Apollo program astronauts.
February 21 – Malcolm X is assassinated in Manhattan.
February 22 – A new, revised, color production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella airs on CBS. Lesley Ann Warren makes her TV debut in the title role. The show becomes an annual tradition.
March[edit]
March 2 – The Sound of Music premieres at the Rivoli Theater in New York City.
March 7 – Bloody Sunday: Some 200 Alabama State Troopers clash with 525 civil rights demonstrators in Selma, Alabama. No one was killed in the clash.
March 8 – Vietnam War: Some 3,500 United States Marines arrive in South Vietnam, becoming the first American combat troops in Vietnam.
March 9 – The second attempt to march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, under the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr., stops at the bridge that was the site of Bloody Sunday, to hold a prayer service and return to Selma, in obedience to a court restraining order. White supremacists beat up white Unitarian Universalist minister James J. Reeb later that day in Selma.
March 11 – White Unitarian Universalist minister James J. Reeb, beaten by White supremacists in Selma, Alabama on March 9 following the second march from Selma, dies in a hospital in Birmingham, Alabama.
March 16 – Police clash with 600 SNCC marchers in Montgomery, Alabama.
March 17
In Montgomery, Alabama, 1,600 civil rights marchers demonstrate at the Courthouse.
In response to the events of March 7 and 9 in Selma, Alabama, President Johnson sends a bill to Congress that forms the basis for the Voting Rights Act of 1965. It is passed by the Senate May 26, the House July 10, and signed into law by President Johnson August 6.
March 18 – A United States federal judge rules that SCLC has the lawful right to march to Montgomery, Alabama to petition for 'redress of grievances'.
March 19 – The wreck of the SS Georgiana, reputed to have been the most powerful Confederate cruiser ever built and owned by the real Rhett Butler, is discovered off the Isle of Palms, South Carolina, by teenage diver E. Lee Spence, exactly 102 years after she was sunk with a million dollar cargo while attempting to run past the Union blockade into Charleston.
March 21
Ranger program: NASA launches Ranger 9, which is the last in a series of unmanned lunar space probes.
Martin Luther King, Jr. leads 3,200 Civil rights activists in the third march from Selma, Alabama to the capitol in Montgomery.
March 23 – Gemini 3: NASA launches the United States' first 2-person crew (Gus Grissom, John Young) into Earth orbit.
March 25 – Martin Luther King, Jr. and 25,000 civil rights activists successfully end the 4-day march from Selma, Alabama, to the capitol in Montgomery.
March 30 – Funeral services are held for Detroit homemaker Viola Liuzzo, who was shot dead by 4 Klansmen as she drove marchers back to Selma at night after the civil rights march.
March
The Negro Family: The Case For National Action government report issued.[2]
First African American Playboy Playmate, model Jennifer Jackson.
April[edit]
April 3 – The world's first space nuclear power reactor, SNAP-10A, is launched by the United States from Vandenberg AFB, California. The reactor operates for 43 days and remains in high earth orbit.
April 5 – At the 37th Academy Awards, My Fair Lady wins 8 Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. Rex Harrison wins an Oscar for Best Actor. Mary Poppins takes home 5 Oscars. Julie Andrews wins an Academy Award for Best Actress, for her portrayal in the role. Sherman Brothers receives 2 Oscars including Best Song, "Chim Chim Cher-ee".
April 9
In Houston, Texas, the Harris County Domed Stadium (more commonly known as the Astrodome) opens.
The 100th anniversary of the end of the American Civil War is observed.
April 11 – The Palm Sunday tornado outbreak of 1965: An estimated 51 tornadoes (47 confirmed) hit in 6 Midwestern states, killing between 256 and 271 people and injuring some 1,500 more.
April 14 – In Cold Blood killers Richard Hickock and Perry Smith, convicted of murdering 4 members of the Herbert Clutter family of Holcomb, Kansas, are executed by hanging at the Kansas State Penitentiary for Men in Lansing, Kansas.
April 17 – The first SDS march against the Vietnam War draws 25,000 protestors to Washington, DC.
April 21 – The New York World's Fair in Flushing Meadows reopens.
April 28 – U.S. troops are sent to the Dominican Republic by President Lyndon B. Johnson, "for the stated purpose of protecting U.S. citizens and preventing an alleged Communist takeover of the country", thus thwarting the possibility of "another Cuba".
April 29 – The 6.7 Mw Puget Sound earthquake affected western Washington with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), causing seven deaths and $12.5–28 million in financial losses in the Puget Sound region.
May[edit]
May 5 – Forty men burn their draft cards at the University of California, Berkeley, and a coffin is marched to the Berkeley Draft Board.
May 21 – The largest teach-in to date begins at Berkeley, California, attended by 30,000.
May 22 – The first skateboard championship is held. In addition, several hundred Vietnam War protesters in Berkeley, CA, march to the Draft Board again to burn 19 more cards. Lyndon Johnson is hanged in effigy.
May 31 – Scottish racing driver Jim Clark wins the Indianapolis 500, and later wins the Formula One world driving championship in the same year.
June[edit]
June 1 – Florida International University is founded in Miami, Florida.
June 3 – Gemini 4: Astronaut Ed White makes the first U.S. space walk.
June 16 – A planned anti-war protest at The Pentagon becomes a teach-in, with demonstrators distributing 50,000 leaflets in and around the building.
June 25 – A U.S. Air Force Boeing C135-A bound for Okinawa crashes just after takeoff at MCAS El Toro in Orange County, California, killing all 85 on board.
July[edit]
July 13
Environmental Science Services Administration created (combining Coast & Geodetic Survey and Weather Bureau)
Weather Bureau part of Environmental Science Services Administration.
July 14 – U.S. spacecraft Mariner 4 flies by Mars, becoming the first spacecraft to return images from the Red Planet.
July 25 – Bob Dylan elicits controversy among folk purists by "going electric" at the Newport Folk Festival.
July 28 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces his order to increase the number of United States troops in South Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000, and to double the number of men drafted per month from 17,000 to 35,000.
July 30 – War on Poverty: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Social Security Act of 1965 into law, establishing Medicare and Medicaid.
August[edit]
August 6 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965 into law.
August 9 – An explosion at an Arkansas missile plant kills 53.
August 11 – The Watts Riots begin in Los Angeles, California.
August 13 – The rock group Jefferson Airplane debuts at the Matrix in San Francisco, California and begins to appear there regularly.
August 15 – The Beatles perform the first stadium concert in the history of rock, playing at Shea Stadium in New York City.
August 18 – Vietnam War – Operation Starlite: 5,500 United States Marines destroy a Viet Cong stronghold on the Van Tuong peninsula in Quang Ngai Province, in the first major American ground battle of the war. The Marines were tipped-off by a Viet Cong deserter who said that there was an attack planned against the U.S. base at Chu Lai.
August 20 – Jonathan Myrick Daniels, an Episcopal seminarian from Keene, New Hampshire, is murdered in Hayneville, Alabama while working in the American civil rights movement.
August 21 – Gemini 5 (Gordon Cooper, Pete Conrad) is launched on the first 1-week flight, as well as the first test of fuel cells for electrical power.
August 30
Rock musician Bob Dylan releases his influential album Highway 61 Revisited, featuring the song "Like a Rolling Stone."
Casey Stengel announces his retirement after 55 years in baseball.
September[edit]
September 7 – Vietnam War: In a follow-up to August's Operation Starlite, United States Marines and South Vietnamese forces initiate Operation Piranha on the Batangan Peninsula, 23 miles south of the Chu Lai Marine base.
September 9
Sandy Koufax pitches a perfect game in a baseball match against the Chicago Cubs. The opposing pitcher, Bob Hendley, allows only 1 run, which is unearned.
Hurricane Betsy roars ashore near New Orleans, Louisiana with winds of 145 MPH, causing 76 deaths and $1.42 billion in damage. The storm is the first hurricane to cause $1 billion in unadjusted damages, giving it the nickname "Billion Dollar Betsy". It is the last major hurricane to strike New Orleans until Hurricane Katrina 40 years later.
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
September 18 – The first ever Mr. Olympia bodybuilding competition is held at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York City and is won by Larry Scott.
September 25 – The Tom & Jerry cartoon series makes its world broadcast premiere on CBS.
September 28 – Fidel Castro announces that anyone who wants to can emigrate to the United States.
October[edit]
October 28: The Gateway Arch is completed
October 3 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs an immigration bill which abolishes quotas based on national origin.
October 4
Pope Paul VI visits the United States. He appears for a Mass in Yankee Stadium and makes a speech at the United Nations.
The University of California, Irvine opens its doors.
October 7 – Seven Japanese fishing boats are sunk off Guam by super typhoon Carmen; 209 are killed.
October 9 – Yale University presents the Vinland map.
October 10 – The first group of Cuban refugees travels to the U.S.
October 15 – Vietnam War: The Catholic Worker Movement stages an anti-war protest in Manhattan. One draft card burner is arrested, the first under the new law.
October 16 – Anti-war protests draw 100,000 in 80 U.S. cities and around the world.
October 17 – The New York World's Fair at Flushing Meadows, New York, closes. Due to financial losses, some of the projected site park improvements fail to materialize.
October 26 – Police discover the body of Sylvia Likens in Indianapolis, Indiana.
October 28 – In St. Louis, Missouri, the 630-foot-tall parabolic steel Gateway Arch is completed.
October 29 – An 80-kiloton nuclear device is detonated at Amchitka Island, Alaska as part of the Vela Uniform program, code-named Project Long Shot.
October 30
Vietnam War: Near Da Nang, United States Marines repel an intense attack by Viet Cong forces, killing 56 guerrillas. Among the dead, a sketch of Marine positions is found on the body of a 13-year-old Vietnamese boy who sold drinks to the Marines the day before.
In Washington, DC, a pro-Vietnam War march draws 25,000.
November[edit]
November 2
Quaker Norman Morrison sets himself on fire outside The Pentagon to protest United States involvement in the Vietnam War.[3]
Liberal Republican John Lindsay is elected mayor of New York City.
November 6 – Freedom Flights begin: Cuba and the United States formally agree to start an airlift for Cubans who want to go to the United States (by 1971 250,000 Cubans take advantage of this program).
November 7 – The Pillsbury Company's mascot, the Pillsbury Doughboy, is created.
November 8
Vietnam War: During Operation Hump, medic Lawrence Joel, becomes the first African American since the Spanish–American War to receive the United States Medal of Honor.
American Airlines Flight 383 crashes on approach to Cincinnati, killing 58 of 62 people on board.
The soap opera Days of Our Lives debuts on NBC.
November 9
Northeast Blackout of 1965: Several U.S. states (Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York and portions of New Jersey) and parts of Canada are hit by a series of blackouts lasting up to 13½ hours.
Vietnam War: In New York City, 22-year-old Catholic Worker Movement member Roger Allen LaPorte sets himself on fire in front of the United Nations building in protest of the war.
November 14 – Vietnam War – Battle of the Ia Drang: In the Ia Drang Valley of the Central Highlands in Vietnam, the first major engagement of the war between regular United States and North Vietnamese forces begins.
November 15 – U.S. racer Craig Breedlove sets a new land speed record of 600.601 mph.
November 22 – Man of La Mancha opens in a Greenwich Village theatre in New York City and eventually becomes one of the greatest musical hits of all time, winning a Tony Award for its star, Richard Kiley.
November 27
Tens of thousands of Vietnam War protesters picket the White House, then march on the Washington Monument.
Vietnam War: The Pentagon tells U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson that if planned major sweep operations to neutralize Viet Cong forces during the next year are to succeed, the number of American troops in Vietnam will have to be increased from 120,000 to 400,000.
November 28 – Vietnam War: In response to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson's call for "more flags" in Vietnam, Philippines President-elect Ferdinand Marcos announces he will send troops to help fight in South Vietnam.
December[edit]
December 9 – A Charlie Brown Christmas, the first Peanuts television special, debuts on CBS, quickly becoming an annual tradition.
December 15 – Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 perform the first controlled rendezvous in Earth orbit.
December 17 – The British government begins an oil embargo against Rhodesia; the United States joins the effort.
December 21 – A new, 1-hour German-American production of The Nutcracker, with an international cast that includes Edward Villella in the title role, makes its U.S. TV debut. It is repeated annually by CBS over the next 3 years, but after that, it is virtually forgotten.
Undated[edit]
Jenny and Sylvia Likens are left in the care of Indianapolis housewife Gertrude Baniszewski. Sylvia is found dead and mutilated 3 months later.
Tokyo officially becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from New York City.[4]
Ongoing[edit]
Cold War (1945–1991)
Space Race (1957–1975)
Vietnam War, U.S. involvement (1962–1973)
Births[edit]
January 4 – Rick Hearst, actor
January 31 – Peter Sagal, NPR host
February 4 – Jerome Brown, American football player (died 1992)
March 16 – Angela Taylor, athlete and collegiate coach
March 24 – The Undertaker, Professional Wrestler and actor
April 2 – Rodney King, convicted criminal and police brutality victim (died 2012)
May 9 – Lisa Colagrossi, journalist (died 2015)
June 2 – Jim Knipfel, journalist and author
June 3
Jeff Blumenkrantz, actor and composer
Mike Gordon, singer, bass player, and director
July 7 – Sam Holbrook, baseball player and umpire
July 22 – Shawn Michaels, professional wrestler and actor
September 18 – Tim Scott, United States Senator from South Carolina since 2013.
October 10 – Chris Penn, actor (died 2006)
November 30 – Ben Stiller, actor, screenwriter, film director, producer, son of Jerry Stiller and Anne Meara, brother of Amy Stiller and spouse of Christine Taylor
December 2 – Dan Gauthier, actor
Deaths[edit]
February 21 – Malcolm X, African-American Muslim minister and human rights activist (born 1925)
March 25 – Wolfgang Klemperer, Austrian-American scientist and engineer (born 1893)
March 30 – Philip Showalter Hench, physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1950 (born 1896)
July 14 – Adlai Stevenson II, politician (born 1900)
August 31 – E. E. "Doc" Smith, science-fiction writer (born 1890)
October 26 – Sylvia Likens, murder victim (born 1949)
November 18 – Henry A. Wallace, 33rd Vice President of the United States from 1941 to 1945 (born 1888)
See also[edit]
List of American films of 1965
Timeline of United States history (1950–1969)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "On This Day", New York Times, retrieved 25 August 2016
Jump up ^ Coates, Ta-Nehisi (September 2015), "The Black Family in the Age of Mass Incarceration", The Atlantic
Jump up ^ "The Pacifists" Time Magazine. November 12, 1965. (Accessed July 23, 2007) [1]
Jump up ^ "Largest Cities Through History". About.com Geography. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
External links[edit]
Media related to 1965 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
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text:
Hannah Baker
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Hannah Baker
Thirteen Reasons Why character
Katherine Langford as Hannah Baker
First appearance
Novel:
"Cassette 1: Side A" (2007)
Television:
"Tape 1, Side A" (2017)
Last appearance
Novel:
"Cassette 7: Side B" (2007)
Created by
Jay Asher
Portrayed by
Katherine Langford
Information
Gender
Female
Occupation
Student
Relatives
Andy Baker (father)
Olivia Baker (mother)
Hannah Baker is a fictional character created by American author Jay Asher. She is the subject of his 2007 young adult fiction mystery novel Thirteen Reasons Why, which was adapted by the media company Netflix as 13 Reasons Why. Hannah is introduced as a sophomore at the fictional Liberty High School; she struggles to adjust to living in an unsympathetic school environment. In the television series, Baker is played by Katherine Langford, who is signed on to appear in the show's second season set to air in 2018.[1]
13 Reasons Why was a breakout success; it became one of Netflix's highest rated shows and the most-tweeted series shortly after its release. Although critics were divided on the treatment of Hannah's character—her death in particular—they were unanimous in their praise for Langford, who received a Golden Globe Award nomination for her performance. She was catapulted to worldwide attention and was variously called "a revelation", "believable and raw", and "magnetic". Daniel Montgomery of the Gold Derby said she was an early frontrunner for an Emmy Award nomination.
Contents
[hide]
1 Character description
2 Storyline (television series)
3 Development
3.1 Characterization
3.2 Casting and filming
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response and analysis
5 References
Character description[edit]
Hannah moved to Crestmont, where she attended Liberty High School as a junior. She worked at the Crestmont Movie Theater with Clay Jensen, a shy introverted classmate. Hannah is an extroverted, and thoughtful, girl; her character lacks awareness of the true intentions of others. Her parents are Olivia and Andy Baker.
Storyline (television series)[edit]
At the beginning of the series, 16-year-old schoolgirl Hannah Baker commits suicide by slitting her wrists—in the novel she swallows an overdose of tablets. Her school locker becomes a memorial adorned with students' letters. On his doorstep, Hanna's friend Clay Jensen finds a box containing audio cassette tapes containing a recording of Hannah talking about her suicide.
Clay listens to the first tape, on which Hannah narrates the events that led to her suicide. She talks about her first kiss with Justin Foley, who later spreads a rumor about their encounter. Justin's friend Bryce Walker forwards Hanna's private photograph from his phone to everyone at school, further embarrassing her. Clay recalls being rude to Hannah about her leaked photograph. Each subsequent tape reveals the thirteen reasons she killed herself. Hannah warns listeners to follow certain rules; everyone mentioned on the tapes must listen to the complete set then pass it along to the next person addressed. If they fail to do so, a second set of tapes, held by a friend not on the tapes, will be released. Clay, who was secretly in love with Hannah, reminisces about the time he spent with her. He finds listening to Hannah's story difficult, but his friend Tony finds him and reveals he helped Hannah record the tapes and knows Clay is mentioned on them. He warns Clay things will go wrong if he does not obey the tapes.[2]
On the B side of the first tape, Hannah talks about her friendship with Jessica Davis and Alex Standall, who later start dating and stop hanging out with Hannah. When Alex breaks up with Jessica, she blames Hannah for the breakup and slaps her in public.[3] Alex is the subject of the A side of the second tape. In the present, Hannah's mother, Olivia Baker, finds the list at her house, leading her to believe her daughter was being bullied. She seeks the school principal's help. Clay turns to Alex for answers and reveals he made the list to get back at Jessica, who refused to have sex with him.[4]
As Clay progresses through the tapes, he encounters the other people mentioned on Hannah's recordings. He discovers everyone on the tapes either took advantage of Hannah or abandoned her. Tyler Down, the school photographer, stalks Hannah and distributes a photograph of her and closet lesbian Courtney Crimsen kissing.[5] Afraid of her classmates discovering her sexuality, Courtney spreads a rumor that the girls in the leaked photos are Hannah and Laura, another lesbian classmate, and adds to the rumor about Hannah and Justin.[6] Marcus Cole humiliates Hannah in public,[7] and Zach Dempsey steals her class notes as revenge for her blaming and rejecting him.[8]
Hannah later joins a poetry club where she meets fellow student Ryan Shaver, who publishes her personal poem against her wishes in his school magazine.[9] Hannah attends a party at Jessica's house; while hiding in Jessica's room, Hannah watches Bryce raping an unconscious and intoxicated Jessica, with Justin's consent.[10] Hannah is afraid to tell anyone and decides to leave. Sheri Holland, the subject of the next tape, offers Hannah a ride home but abandons her after crashing her car, which later leads to the death of Jeff Atkins.[11] In the present day, Tony confides in Clay about the night of Hannah's death.
Clay struggles to continue listening to Hannah's recordings, thinking he has let her down. He decides to return the tapes to Tony, who tells him he is the subject of the next tape. Clay hesitates to listen to "his" tape, but decides to continue.[12]
Hannah continues to talk about the night of Jessica's party. Hoping for a fresh start to the school year, she wants to admit to her feelings for Clay. The two spend most of the time together at the party and kiss in Jessica's room. Hannah is overwhelmed by the memories of her previous encounters with boys at school, including Justin, Marcus and Zach. She screams at Clay and asks him to leave. Thinking he has provoked Hannah's breakdown, Clay leaves her alone in the room. Hannah witnesses Bryce raping Jessica. Hannah says though Clay does not deserve to be on the tapes, she could not have told her story without talking about him.
On the B side of tape 6, Hannah talks of "the most difficult day" of her life. After accidentally losing her parent's deposits, which were supposed to go to the bank, she goes to a party at Bryce's house. Hannah finds herself alone with Bryce, who rapes her. Her rape is the final event leading her to decision to end her life.[13] In the present day, Olivia finds a list with all the names of the people on the tapes, but does not know what it means. The Bakers decide to file a lawsuit against the school and everyone on the list is subpoenaed.
On the final tape, Hannah recalls the day of her suicide. She decides to give life "one more try" and visits school counselor Mr. Porter and asks for his help. She tells him about the rape but refuses to disclose her rapist's identity. Porter tells her to move on with life. Hannah leaves her uniform on the counter at the theatre before delivering the tapes to Tony. Hannah returns home, fills her bathtub and slits her wrists with razors. Hannah dies of blood loss and is found by her parents, who attempt to save her by calling 911 but they are too late.[14]
Development[edit]
Characterization[edit]
In the scenes where Clay remembers Hannah being alive, his world is full of bright and vibrant colours, but when he is brought back to a reality without Hannah in it, his world is much darker, full of harsher shades of blue and grey.
—Caitlin Hacker, writing on the use of different camera for filters depicting life before and after Hannah's death, Popsugar[15]
Asher's book was criticized for the poor characterization of Hannah Baker, which many critics said the television series improved upon.[16][17] In her book review for The Guardian, Katherine Hughes wrote that Hannah "comes across not so much as a young soul in distress as a vengeful harpy".[18] The character was inspired by one of Asher’s relatives, who had tried to commit suicide.[19]
At the beginning to the series, Hannah is a 16-year-old high school junior, "from a white picket fence town with an almost perfect family".[20] Noting the realism and relatability of the character with real-life people, Quinn Keaney of Popsugar wrote that Hannah, "is just like you ... like someone you know; she's smart, she has a bright future ahead of herself, she has loving parents, she just wants to be liked".[21] Variety's Maureen Ryan offered a similar observation on the realistic portrayal of teenagers, writing that the "darkness" in Hannah's life is "constantly interwoven with the natural resilience and questioning optimism of adolescence".[22] Writing for TVLine, Andy Swift described her as "a fresh-faced teen with a bright future",[23] while Sarah Hughes of The Daily Telegraph called her "smart, funny, beautiful, and sometimes awkward in that way that teenagers are".[24]
For most of the story, Hannah is characterized by her struggle adjusting to an unsympathetic school environment and her "desire to fit in" which "trumps everything".[24] Her mental health deteriorates as she is subjected to bullying, slut-shaming, and physical assaults.[25] Towards the end of the narrative, Hannah's meeting with Mr. Porter marks her complete descent into depression.[26] While some critics lauded the honest treatment, Lauren Hoffman of Cosmopolitan said the series is so "enamored with this idea of Hannah as someone who does things to others that it neglects to tell us who she is herself". She said it was a failure of "telling a story" and a missed opportunity to "undo stigma around mental illness".[27]
Although Hannah's story is mostly told by the use of voice-overs and flashbacks following her suicide,[28] her character is also viewed from the perspective of Clay Jensen.[29] In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Asher said, "Clay is also the eyes and ears for the reader. That’s the person you’re connecting with."[29] Elaborating on the use of the first-person narrative style, Joanna Robinson of Vanity Fair wrote, "Clay's romantic treatment of Hannah as an unattainable dream girl", and that the idea undergoes some "smart and nuanced scrutiny"; so much so that it leads to a need for an assessment of his complicity in Hannah's death.[30] Vox's Constance Grady, who described Hannah as "attractively damaged but secretly pure, sarcastic but unthreatening [sic]", also acknowledged the connection between Clay and Hannah and wrote that the series heavily depended upon "a secret connection" between the two. [31] She said Langford's performance preserves the character's "wide-eyed vulnerability".[31]
Casting and filming[edit]
Series producer Selena Gomez (pictured) was to play Hannah in a film adaptation of the novel.
Hannah Baker was played by Katherine Langford on the television series;[32] her first major acting credit. The show's director Tom McCarthy, script-writer Brian Yorkey, and the executive producer Selena Gomez selected Langford following a Skype audition. Yorkey called the casting process especially hard because of the extra effort needed to match the actor with the visions of the novel's readers. Speaking with James Gill of the Radio Times, he expressed his satisfaction on the casting of Langford and Dylan Minnette as the leading duo, and said, "It was well worth it, because it was about finding two people who could not only portray Hannah and Clay but really understand at a deep level what their journey is".[33]
Universal Studios purchased film rights to Asher's novel on February 8, 2011, and Gomez began the process of casting the role of Hannah Baker.[34] On October 29, 2015, it was announced that Netflix would be making a television adaptation of the book, with Gomez as an executive producer.[35] Tom McCarthy was hired to direct the first two episodes.[36] The series is produced by Anonymous Content and Paramount Television with Gomez, McCarthy, Joy Gorman, Michael Sugar, Steve Golin, Mandy Teefey, and Kristel Laiblin serving as executive producers.[36] Filming for the show took place in the Northern Californian towns of Vallejo, Benicia, San Rafael, Crockett and Sebastopol during the summer of 2016.[37][38] The first season and the special were released on Netflix on March 31, 2017.[39]
Reception[edit]
Critical response and analysis[edit]
The character has received polarized responses from television critics and mental health analysts, but was well received by the readers and audience. Katherine Langford garnered acclaim for her performance in the television series and was variously called "a revelation", "believable and raw" and "magnetic".[32][40] Jesse Schedeen of IGN praised her performance stating, "Langford shines in the lead role [and] embodies that optimism and that profound sadness [of Hannah's] as well".[41] Daniel Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter praised Langford's "dynamic" performance and wrote, "Langford's heartbreaking openness makes you root for a fate you know isn't possible".[42] Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe praised the chemistry of Langford and Minnette, saying, "watching these two young actors together is pure pleasure".[43] Schedeen of IGN agreed, saying the lead actors are "often at their best together, channeling just the right sort of warm but awkward chemistry you'd expect from two teens who can't quite admit to their feelings for one another".[41]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 26, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017. "When is 13 Reasons Why season 2? Release date, spoilers, new cast and whether Hannah will return"
Jump up ^ Li, Shirlley (March 31, 2017). "Episode 1: "Tape 1, Side A"". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 13, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Li, Shirlley (March 31, 2017). "Episode 2: "Tape 1, Side B"". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 13, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Li, Shirlley (March 31, 2017). "Episode 3: "Tape 2, Side A"". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 13, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kinane, Ruth (March 31, 2017). "Episode 4: "Tape 2, Side B"". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 15, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kinane, Ruth (March 31, 2017). "Episode 5: "Tape 3, Side A"". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 15, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kinane, Ruth (March 31, 2017). "Episode 6: "Tape 3, Side B"". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 15, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Biedenharn, Isabella (March 31, 2017). "Episode 7: "Tape 4, Side A"". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 15, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Biedenharn, Isabella (March 31, 2017). "Episode 8: "Tape 4, Side B"". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 15, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Biedenharn, Isabella (March 31, 2017). "Episode 10: "Tape 5, Side B"". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 15, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Highfill, Samantha (March 31, 2017). "Episode 11: "Tape 6, Side A"". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 15, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Highfill, Samantha (March 31, 2017). "Episode 12: "Tape 6, Side B"". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 15, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Hacker, Caitlin (April 15, 2017). "13 Reasons Why: The 1 Detail About Hannah's Death You Might Have Missed". Popsugar. Archived from the original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b Hughes, Sarah (April 12, 2017). "13 Reasons Why shows that teen drama is darker than ever - and all the better for it". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Hoffman, Lauren (April 11, 2017). "How 13 Reasons Why Turned Its Tragic Protagonist Into a Villain". Cosmopolitan. Archived from the original on April 18, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mosthof, Mariella (April 3, 2017). "Who Plays Hannah On '13 Reasons Why'? Katherine Langford Is A Newcomer". Romper. Archived from the original on April 18, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Serrao, Nivea (April 2, 2017). "13 Reasons Why author explains his approach to writing Clay's tape". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 18, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b Montgomery, Daniel (April 10, 2017). "Emmy spotlight: Newcomer Katherine Langford ('13 Reasons Why') is a revelation as a suicidal teen". Gold Derby. Archived from the original on April 11, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gill, James (4 April 2017). "Who is 13 Reasons Why star Katherine Langford? Meet the actor who plays Hannah Baker in new Netflix series". Radio Times. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (February 25, 2016). "Spotlight's Tom McCarthy To Direct & Produce Selena Gomez's Netflix Series '13 Reasons Why' From Paramount TV". Deadline. Archived from the original on July 11, 2016. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
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