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Sare Jahan se Accha
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This article is about the Urdu poem. For other use(s), see Sare Jahan se Accha (disambiguation).
"Sare Jahan se Accha"
Song
Language
Urdu
Published
16 August 1904 (1904-08-16)
Genre
Patriotic song
Songwriter(s)
Muhammad Iqbal
"Sare Jahan se Accha" (Urdu: سارے جہاں سے اچھا, Hindi: सारे जहां से अच्छा; Sāre Jahāṉ se Acchā), formally known as "Tarānah-i-Hindi" (Urdu: ترانۂ ہندی, Hindi: तराना-ए-हिंदी ; "Anthem of the People of India"), is an Urdu language patriotic song written for children by poet Muhammad Iqbal in the ghazal style of Urdu poetry.[a] The poem was published in the weekly journal Ittehad on 16 August 1904.[1] Publicly recited by Iqbal the following year at Government College, Lahore, British India (now in Pakistan) it quickly became an anthem of opposition to the British Raj. The song, an ode to Hindustan—the land comprising present-day Bangladesh, India and Pakistan, was later published in 1924 in the Urdu book Bang-i-Dara.[2]
The song has remained popular, especially in India. An abridged version is sung and played frequently as a patriotic song and as a marching song of the Indian Armed Forces. A satirical version of the same from a 1958 Hindi movie also remains popular.[3]
Its popular fast tempo tune was composed by Pandit Ravi Shankar in 1945 based on raga Mishra Pilu,[4] and it was set as a marching tune by Professor Antsher Lobo.[citation needed]
Contents
1 Text
2 English Translation
3 Composition
4 Iqbal's transformation and Tarana-e-Milli
5 Popularity in India and in popular culture
6 Notes and references
6.1 Notes
6.2 Citations
7 See also
8 External links
Text[edit]
Urdu Hindi Romanisation (ALA-LC)
سارے جہاں سے اچھا ہندوستاں ہمارا
ہم بلبلیں ہیں اس کی، یہ گلستاں ہمارا
غربت میں ہوں اگر ہم، رہتا ہے دل وطن میں
سمجھو وہیں ہمیں بھی دل ہو جہاں ہمارا
پربت وہ سب سے اونچا، ہمسایہ آسماں کا
وہ سنتری ہمارا، وہ پاسباں ہمارا
گودی میں کھیلتی ہیں اس کی ہزاروں ندیاں
گلشن ہے جن کے دم سے رشکِ جناں ہمارا
اے آبِ رودِ گنگا! وہ دن ہیں یاد تجھ کو؟
اترا ترے کنارے جب کارواں ہمارا
مذہب نہیں سکھاتا آپس میں بیر رکھنا
ہندی ہیں ہم، وطن ہے ہندوستاں ہمارا
یونان و مصر و روما سب مٹ گئے جہاں سے
اب تک مگر ہے باقی نام و نشاں ہمارا
کچھ بات ہے کہ ہستی مٹتی نہیں ہماری
صدیوں رہا ہے دشمن دورِ زماں ہمارا
اقبال! کوئی محرم اپنا نہيں جہاں میں
معلوم کیا کسی کو دردِ نہاں ہمارا!
सारे जहाँ से अच्छा हिन्दोसिताँ हमारा
हम बुलबुलें हैं इसकी यह गुलसिताँ हमारा
ग़ुर्बत में हों अगर हम, रहता है दिल वतन में
समझो वहीं हमें भी दिल हो जहाँ हमारा
परबत वह सबसे ऊँचा, हम्साया आसमाँ का
वह संतरी हमारा, वह पासबाँ हमारा
गोदी में खेलती हैं इसकी हज़ारों नदियाँ
गुल्शन है जिनके दम से रश्क-ए-जनाँ हमारा
ऐ आब-ए-रूद-ए-गंगा! वह दिन हैं याद तुझको?
उतरा तिरे किनारे जब कारवाँ हमारा
मज़्हब नहीं सिखाता आपस में बैर रखना
हिंदी हैं हम, वतन है हिन्दोसिताँ हमारा
यूनान-ओ-मिस्र-ओ-रूमा सब मिट गए जहाँ से
अब तक मगर है बाक़ी नाम-ओ-निशाँ हमारा
कुछ बात है कि हस्ती मिटती नहीं हमारी
सदियों रहा है दुश्मन दौर-ए-ज़माँ हमारा
इक़्बाल! कोई महरम अपना नहीं जहाँ में
मालूम क्या किसी को दर्द-ए-निहाँ हमारा !
Sāre jahāṉ se acchā, Hindositāṉ[5] hamārā
Ham bulbuleṉ haiṉ is kī, yih gulsitāṉ[5] hamārā
G̱ẖurbat meṉ hoṉ agar ham, rahtā hai dil wat̤an meṉ
Samjho wuhīṉ hameṉ bhī dil ho jahāṉ hamārā
Parbat wuh sab se ūṉchā, hamsāyah āsmāṉ kā
Wuh santarī hamārā, wuh pāsbāṉ hamārā
Godī meṉ kheltī haiṉ is kī hazāroṉ nadiyāṉ
Guls̱ẖan hai jin ke dam se ras̱ẖk-i janāṉ hamārā
Ai āb-i rūd-i Gangā! wuh din haiṉ yād tujh ko?
Utrā tire[6] kināre jab kārwāṉ hamārā
Maẕhab nahīṉ sikhātā āpas meṉ bair rakhnā
Hindī haiṉ ham, wat̤an hai Hindositāṉ hamārā
Yūnān o-Miṣr o-Rūmā, sab miṭ ga'e jahāṉ se
Ab tak magar hai bāqī, nām o-nis̱ẖaṉ hamārā
Kuch bāt hai kih hastī, miṭtī nahīṉ hamārī
Ṣadiyoṉ rahā hai dus̱ẖman daur-i zamāṉ hamārā
Iqbāl! ko'ī maḥram apnā nahīṉ jahāṉ meṉ
Maʿlūm kyā kisī ko dard-i nihāṉ hamārā!
English Translation[edit]
Better than the entire world, is our Hindustan,
We are its nightingales, and it (is) our garden abode
If we are in an alien place, the heart remains in the homeland,
Know us to be only there where our heart is.
That tallest mountain, that shade-sharer of the sky,
It (is) our sentry, it (is) our watchman
In its lap where frolic thousands of rivers,
Whose vitality makes our garden the envy of Paradise.
O the flowing waters of the Ganges, do you remember that day
When our caravan first disembarked on your waterfront?
Religion does not teach us to bear animosity among ourselves
We are of Hind, our homeland is Hindustan.
In a world in which ancient Greece, Egypt, and Rome have all vanished
Our own attributes (name and sign) live on today.
There is something about our existence for it doesn't get wiped
Even though, for centuries, the time-cycle of the world has been our enemy.
Iqbal! We have no confidant in this world
What does any one know of our hidden pain?
Composition[edit]
Iqbal was a lecturer at the Government College, Lahore at that time, and was invited by a student Lala Har Dayal to preside over a function. Instead of delivering a speech, Iqbal sang "Saare Jahan Se Achcha". The song, in addition to embodying yearning and attachment to the land of Hindustan, expressed "cultural memory" and had an elegiac quality. In 1905, the 27-year-old Iqbal viewed the future society of the subcontinent as both a pluralistic and composite Hindu-Muslim culture. Later that year he left for Europe for a three-year sojourn that was to transform him into an Islamic philosopher and a visionary of a future Islamic society.[2]
Iqbal's transformation and Tarana-e-Milli[edit]
In 1910, Iqbal wrote another song for children, "Tarana-e-Milli" (Anthem of the Religious Community), which was composed in the same metre and rhyme scheme as "Saare Jahan Se Achcha", but which renounced much of the sentiment of the earlier song.[7] The sixth stanza of "Saare Jahan Se Achcha" (1904), which is often quoted as proof of Iqbal's secular outlook:
Maẕhab nahīṉ sikhātā āpas meṉ bair rakhnā
Hindī haiṉ ham, wat̤an hai Hindūstāṉ hamārā
Religion does not teach us to bear ill-will among ourselves
We are of Hind, our homeland is Hindustan.
contrasted significantly with the first stanza of Tarana-e-Milli (1910) reads:[7]
Cīn o-ʿArab hamārā, Hindūstāṉ hamārā
Muslim haiṉ ham, wat̤an hai sārā jahāṉ hamārā
Central Asia[8] and Arabia are ours, Hindustan is ours
We are Muslims, the whole world is our homeland.[7]
Iqbal's world view had now changed; it had become both global and Islamic. Instead of singing of Hindustan, "our homeland," the new song proclaimed that "our homeland is the whole world."[9] Two decades later, in his presidential address to the Muslim League annual conference in Allahabad in 1930, he supported a separate nation-state in the Muslim majority areas of the sub-continent, an idea that inspired the creation of Pakistan.[10]
Popularity in India and in popular culture[edit]
Saare Jahan Se Achcha has remained popular in India for nearly a century. Mahatma Gandhi is said to have sung it over a hundred times when he was imprisoned at Yerawada Jail in Pune in the 1930s.[11]
In the 1930s and 1940s, it was sung to a slower tune. In 1945, while working in Mumbai with IPTA (Indian Peoples Theater Association), the sitarist Pandit Ravi Shankar was asked to compose the music for the K.A. Abbas movie Dharti ka Laal and the Chetan Anand movie Neecha Nagar. During this time, Ravi Shankar was asked to compose music for the song Saare jahan se accha. In an interview in 2009 with Shekhar Gupta, Ravi Shankar recounts that he felt that the existing tune was too slow and sad. To give it a more inspiring impact, he set it to a stronger tune which is today the popular tune of this song, which they then tried out as a group song.[12] It was later recorded by the singer Lata Mangeshkar to a 3rd altogether different tune. Stanzas (1), (3), (4), and (6) of the song became an unofficial national song in India,[1] and the Ravi Shankar version was adopted as the official quick march of the Indian Armed Forces.[13]
Rakesh Sharma, the first Indian astronaut, employed the first line of the song in 1984 to describe to then prime minister Indira Gandhi how India appeared from outer space.[14]
In his inaugural speech, the former prime minister of India Manmohan Singh quoted this poem at his first press conference after becoming the Prime Minister.[11]
The song is popular in India in schools, and as a marching song for the Indian armed forces, played during public events and parades.[2] It is played by the Armed forces Massed Bands each year for the Indian Independence day, republic day and at the culmination of Beating the Retreat).[15]
A parody of the song was written by the Urdu poet Sahir Ludhianvi for the 1958 Hindi film Phir Subah Hogi and sung by Mukesh. With the title "Cheeno arab hamara", the song drew the irony between the reality of life for the common and poor people, with the idealized context drawn in the original song.[3]
Notes and references[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "'Taranah-e Hindi' (1904) was explicitly written as a patriotic song for children; Iqbal also composed a number of others meant for children, but this one has always been the most popular. This little ghazal, composed by the man widely considered to be the philosophical father of Pakistan, is now extremely popular—but only in India."[1]
Citations[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Pritchett, Frances. 2000. "Tarana-e-Hindi and Taranah-e-Milli: A Study in Contrasts." Columbia University Department of South Asian Studies.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Saare Jahan Se Accha: Facts about the song and its creator". India Today. 21 April 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Imam, Sharjeel (6 July 2016). "Sare Jahan Se Acha: The Idea of India in Early 20th Century Urdu Poetry". The Wire. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Jha, Subhash (14 December 2012). "Pandit Ravi Shankar composed 'Sare jahan se...': Gulzar". Times of India. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Here they are to be pronounced not Hindūstāṉ and gu-lis-tāṉ, respectively, as usual, but Hindositāṉ and gul-si-tāṉ, respectively, to suit the meter." From: Pritchett, F. 2004. "Taraanah-i-Hindii" Columbia University, Department of South Asian Studies.
Jump up ^ Pronounced "tiray" to suit the meter, in contrast to the usual "tayray." From: From: Pritchett, F. 2004. "Taraanah-i-Hindii" Columbia University, Department of South Asian Studies.
^ Jump up to: a b c Iqbal: Tarana-e-Milli, 1910. Columbia University, Department of South Asian Studies.
Jump up ^ Although "Chin" refers to China in modern Urdu, in Iqbal's day it referred to Central Asia, coextensive with historical Turkestan. See also, Iqbal: Tarana-e-Milli, 1910. Columbia University, Department of South Asian Studies.
Jump up ^ Pritchett, Frances. 2000. Tarana-e-Hindi and Tarana-e-Milli: A Close Comparison. Columbia University Department of South Asian Studies.
Jump up ^ A look at Iqbal; The Sunday Tribune – May 28, 2006
^ Jump up to: a b Times of India: Saare Jahan Se..., it's 100 now
Jump up ^ Gupta, Shekhar (5 December 2009). "Walk the talk - Interview with Pandit Ravi Shankar". NDTV. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Indian Military Marches.
Jump up ^ India Empowered to Me Is: Saare Jahan Se Achcha, the home of world citizens
Jump up ^ "Indian tunes to set mood at 'Beating Retreat' today". The Tribune. 29 January 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
See also[edit]
Iqbal bibliography
Amar Shonar Bangla
Jana Gana Mana
Vande Mataram
Qaumi Tarana
National Pledge (India)
"Dil Dil Pakistan"
External links[edit]
"Tarana-e-Hindi at Rabia Memorial School, Fatehpur Mau (UP) India". 23 January 2013. (Children singing the complete lyrics of the song.)
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Basketball court
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Basketball Arena" redirects here. For the arena in London, see Basketball Arena (London).
The home court of the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association
In basketball, the basketball court is the playing surface, consisting of a rectangular floor with baskets at either end. In professional or organized basketball, especially when played indoors, it is usually made out of a wood, often maple, and highly polished and completed with a 10 foot rim. Outdoor surfaces are generally made from standard paving materials such as concrete or asphalt.
Contents
1 Dimensions
1.1 Diagrams
1.2 Table
2 Sections
2.1 Center circle
2.2 Three-point line
2.3 Perimeter
2.4 Low post area
2.5 Key
2.6 Other lines
2.7 FIBA changes
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Dimensions[edit]
Basketball courts come in different sizes. In the National Basketball Association (NBA), the court is 94 by 50 feet (28.7 by 15.2 m). Under International Basketball Federation (FIBA) rules,[1] the court is minutely smaller, measuring exactly 28 by 15 metres (91.9 by 49.2 ft). In amateur basketball, court sizes vary widely. The baskets are always 10 feet (3.05 m) above the floor (except possibly in youth competition). Basketball courts have a three-point arc at both baskets. A basket made from behind this arc is worth three points; a basket made from within this line, or with a player's foot touching the line, is worth 2 points. The free-throw line, where one stands while taking a foul shot, is located within the three-point arc at 15 feet from the basket. A foul shot is worth 1 point, but if a shot is made from the foul line while in play it is still worth 2 points.[2]
Diagrams[edit]
Composite diagram of a basketball court with FIBA (top half only), NBA (both halves), and NCAA (men’s & women’s – bottom half only) markings
The backboard and basket
Table[edit]
Area
NBA
FIBA
WNBA
NCAA[3]
Imperial
Metric
Imperial
Metric
Imperial
Metric
Imperial
Metric
Court length 94 ft 28.65 m 91.86 ft 28 m Same as NBA
Court width 50 ft 15.24 m 49.21 ft 15 m Same as NBA
Rim height 10 ft 3.05 m Same as NBA
Restricted arc radius 4 ft 1.22 m 4.10 ft 1.25 m Same as NBA
Center circle diameter 12 ft 3.66 m 11.81 ft 3.6 m Same as NBA
3-point line distance from the basket 23.75 ft
22 ft in corner* 7.24 m
6.70 m in corner* 22.15 ft
21.65 ft in corner† 6.75 m
6.60 m in corner† Same as FIBA 20.75 ft 6.32 m
Key (shaded lane or
restricted area) width 16 ft 4.88 m 16.08 ft 4.9 m Same as NBA 12 ft 3.66 m
Free-throw line distance from point on the floor directly below the backboard 15 ft 4.57 m 15.09 ft 4.6 m Same as NBA
* The NBA three-point line is 3 ft (0.91 m) from the sideline in a zone starting at the baseline and ending when it crosses the 23.75 ft (7.24 m) arc. The 22 ft (6.70 m) distance exists only at the points on the three-point line that are directly to the left and right of the basket center.
† The FIBA three-point line is 2.95 ft (0.90 m) from the sideline in a zone starting at the baseline and ending when it crosses the 22.1 ft (6.75 m) arc. The 21.65 ft (6.60 m) distance exists only at the points on the three-point line that are directly to the left and right of the basket center.
Sections[edit]
Most important terms related to the basketball court
Center circle[edit]
The only two players permitted to enter this area prior to the tipoff are the players contesting the jump ball (usually but not always centers). Both players jump when the referee throws the ball in the air, each attempting to tap the ball into the hands of a player of their own team.
Three-point line[edit]
The three-point line is the line that separates the two-point area from the three-point area; any shot converted beyond this line counts as three points. If the shooting player steps on the line, it is counted as two points. Any foul made in the act of shooting beyond the three-point line would give the player three free throws if the shot does not go in, and one if it does.
The distance to the three-point line from the center of the basket varies depending on the level or league, and has changed several times. These are the current distances, with the league or level using each distance:
19.75 ft (6.02 m): High School
20.75 ft (6.32 m): NCAA
21.65 ft (6.60 m) to 22.15 ft (6.75 m): WNBA and FIBA
22 ft (6.71 m) to 23.75 ft (7.24 m): NBA
The NBA adopted the three-point line at the start of the 1979–80 season. This is of variable distance, ranging from 22 feet (6.7 m) in the corners to 23.75 feet (7.24 m) behind the top of the key. During the 1994–95, 1995–96 and 1996–97 seasons, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the overall distance of the line to a uniform 22 feet (6.7 m) around the basket. It was moved back to its original distance after the 1996–97 season. FIBA and the NCAA both adopted the three-point line in 1985.
In most high school associations in the United States, the distance is 19.75 feet. This was formerly the distance for college basketball as well. On May 26, 2007, the NCAA playing rules committee agreed to move the three-point line back one foot to 20.75 feet for the men. This rule went into effect for the 2008–2009 season. The three-point line for women (NCAA) moved back one foot to 20.75 feet at the start of the 2011–2012 season.
The international distance, used in most countries outside the United States and in FIBA and WNBA competition, is currently 6.6 m (21.65 ft) to 6.75 m (22.15 ft).
Perimeter[edit]
The perimeter is defined as the areas outside the free throw lane and inside the three-point line. Shots converted (successfully made) from this area are called "perimeter shots" or "medium-range shots." If a player's foot is on the three-point line, the shot is considered a perimeter shot.
Low post area[edit]
The low post is defined as the areas that are closest to the basket but outside of the free throw lane.[4] This area is fundamental to strategy in basketball. Skilled low post players can score many points per game without ever taking a jump shot.
Key[edit]
The key, free throw lane or shaded lane refers to the usually painted area beneath the basket; for the NBA it is 16 feet (4.9 m) wide, for the NCAA it is 12 feet (3.7 m) wide; for both instances it extends 15 feet (4.6 m) from the backboard. At the top of the rectangle is the free throw line, behind which players shoot uncontested shots when they're fouled. A circle is drawn around the free-throw line with a 6 feet (1.8 m) radius; this is used for jump ball instances, as is done at the center circle. Two 6-inch hash lines, 3 ft from the free throw lane line and 5 ft 8 in from the free throw line, show the lower defensive box linked to the restricted area.
For FIBA tournaments, since October 2010 the key has been a rectangle 4.9 m wide and 5.8 m long. Previously it was a trapezoid 3.7 meters (12 ft) wide at the free-throw line and 6 meters (19 feet and 6.25 inches) at the end line.
The key is primarily used to prevent players from staying beneath the basket of the opponents' team for long periods (maximum three seconds).

The restricted area arc is a semi-circular arc drawn around the area directly underneath the basket. With some exceptions, members of the defending team cannot draw charging fouls in this area. The restricted arc in all North American rule sets above high school level (NCAA men's and women's, NBA, and WNBA) has a radius 4 feet (1.22 m) from below the center of the basket. The NCAA restricted area arc was originally established for the 2011–12 men's and women's seasons at a 3-foot (0.91 m) radius from below the center of the basket, and was extended to match the (W)NBA radius for the 2015–16 season and beyond.
Other lines[edit]
On NBA floors, two hash marks are drawn at the end lines near the key to mark the area known as the lower defensive box. A defensive player is allowed to draw a charging foul within the restricted arc if the offensive player receives the ball and/or starts his drive within this area.[5]
Also, two lines are drawn on each of the sidelines, 28 feet from each of the endlines, which designates the extent of the coaching box and bench. This line marks the farthest extent a coach (aside from the sidelines) can stand. Directly behind this area is the team bench.
On the half-court line of NBA floors two lines extend outside the playing court, designating the place where substitutes wait before they can enter the playing court; directly behind this area are the various off-court officials such as the timekeeper and reserve referee.
FIBA changes[edit]
On April 26, 2008, FIBA announced several major rules changes involving the court markings. These changes took effect for major international competitions on October 1, 2010, after that year's World Championships for men and women, and became mandatory for other competitions on October 1, 2012 (although national federations could adopt the new markings before 2012). The changes were as follows.[6]
The shape of the key changed from a trapezoid to a rectangle as it is in the NBA, with NBA dimensions.
The three-point line moved back to 6.75 metres (22 ft 1.7 in) from 6.25 metres (20 ft 6.1 in), compared to 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) for the NBA at the top of the arc.
The FIBA adopted the NBA's restricted area arc with a marginally wider radius of 1.25 metres (4 ft 1.2 in).
See also[edit]
List of indoor arenas in the United States#Major college indoor arenas
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Official Basketball Rules 2006" (pdf). International Basketball Federation. 2006. Archived from the original on 6 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
Jump up ^ Wissel, Hal (1994). Basketball: steps to success. United States: Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. pp. ix. ISBN 0-7360-5500-2.
Jump up ^ "NCAA Basketball Court Diagram" (pdf). NCAA. 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Basketball Glossary Terms, Definition, Lane violation, Low post Archived April 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/nba101/misunderstood_0708.html
Jump up ^ "The FIBA Central Board approves historic rule changes" (Press release). FIBA. 2008-04-26. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Basketball courts.
Free Basketball Court Layout Template
FIBA Central Board (2010-04-17). "Official Basketball Rules 2010: Basketball Equipment" (pdf). International Basketball Federation. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
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Green urbanism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Green urbanism has been defined as the practice of creating communities[1] beneficial to human and the environment. According to Beatley,[2] it is an attempt to shape more sustainable places, communities and lifestyles,[3] and consume less of the world’s resources.[4][5] Green urbanism is interdisciplinary, combining the collaboration of landscape architects, engineers, urban planners, ecologists, transport planners, physicists, psychologists, sociologists, economists and other specialists in addition to architects and urban designers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Urbanisation and environmental degradation
2 History
3 Vision
4 Principles
5 Practical approaches
6 See also
7 Further reading
8 References
Urbanisation and environmental degradation[edit]
Urbanisation and environmental consequences has always moved hand in hand. Odum in 1989 has called cities as ‘parasites’ on natural and domesticated environment, since it makes no food, cleans no air and cleans only a little amount of water for reuse[6] and Mayur (1990) has argued that such disharmony may result in environmentally catastrophic events (cited in Leitmann, 1999).[7] Leitmann mentioned such critical urban environmental problems as the ‘brown agenda’ which deals with both environmental health and industrialisation.[8] He further pointed out that throughout the 19th century; developing countries were more concerned of the public health impacts of poor sanitation and pollution.[9] Moreover, he figured out the links between cities and ecosystems into three phases. Early Urbanisation phase, starting from 3000 BCE to 1800 CE, was of more productive agricultural techniques yielding a surplus that was able to support non-agricultural concentrations of people. In second phase, Urban Industrialisation (1800 CE - 1950 CE), energy consumption, particularly fossil fuels, was increased rapidly with mechanisation of production. Since the 1950s the city/environment relationship has entered into third phase, Global Interdependence, with rapid population growth and globalisation of economy. Cities became the nodal points for large and globally interconnected flows of resources, wastes, and labour. Also, environmental problems are local, regional and global in scale, with cities increasingly contributing to global environmental damage.
Rydin (2010) accused the cities as both villains and victims of climate change pattern. Climate change affecting urban sustainability in regards to temperature increase which may exacerbate urban heat island (UHI) effect[10] and rainfall patterns (Rydin, 2010). Some other cities may also go through environmental catastrophes, like cyclone and storm, coastal erosion, sea-level rise, ground instability and changes in biodiversity. The whole scenario called for an urgent need to focus on rebuilding the urban ecosystem with given emphasis on the human settlements.
History[edit]
A glimpse on the history of green urbanism of US as found in Karlenzig, et al. ‘How Green is Your City’ book (2007, 06-07). The concept had a gradual start in the late 1800s, when some large cities of United States (US) started using advanced drinking water, sewage and sanitary systems. Consecutively, public parks and open spaces were implemented in New York City. At the end of the World War II, the US government offered its citizens affordable housing in easy loan to boost up city population and also introduced a new federal Interstate System, combined with a rise of automobile ownership, gave away to a novel way of life called ‘Suburbia’. Meanwhile, in the 1950s the inhabitants of other industrial cities, including Chicago, Detroit, St. Louis, Cleveland and Philadelphia, had already experienced greener suburban pastures. But all those green trees died because of old age or pollution, and were not replaced. After a decade of the ‘Urban Renaissance’, the term used by Richard Rogers, came into light in 1990. Europe was never far behind to endorse urban sustainability. ‘The Green Paper on the Urban Development’ published in 1990 has been considered as a ‘milestone’ document in promoting sustainable city projects as a solution to global environmental role (Beatley, 2000). Lehmann (2010) mentioned that since then cities have engaged themselves in a global-scale competition with each other in three distinct areas. These are, firstly, to be regarded as an attractive, creative place and a cultural hub to attract highly skilled workers and Melbourne, Australia was strong competition with arts, museum and university; secondly, to get recognition as a place for secure investment, mention worthy, Dubai, Shanghai, and Singapore have topped in attracting and facilitating global investment capital; and thirdly, to become a leader of green vision for the future by technological advancement and offering environmentally sound lifestyles and also providing green jobs and Hannover, and Copenhagen did well in this field.
After the earth Summit, 1992, different terms, including, sustaining cities (Leitmann, 1999), sustainable cities (Beatley, 2000), sustainable urbanism (Farr, 2008), green city (Karlenzig, 2007), eco-towns, eco districts and eco-cities (Lehmann, 2010), have tried to reduce environmental impacts on the cities and to achieve sustainable development and thus to live more peacefully, there. Both the green and sustainable cities present fundamental opportunities to apply new technologies for example, public transport, district heating, green building and green design and also bring major lifestyle changes such as, walking, bicycling, and reduce energy consumption. The major agenda of the all kinds of the above mentioned cities are tackling global climate change, biodiversity loss, and also lift themselves as ‘hosts’ of all environmental challenges.
It has been argued that the focus of these theories are mainly on adjusting the relationship between the city and nature and also creating new cities other than renovating existing cities. To address the gap, Timothy Beatley and Steffen Lehmann used the ‘green urbanism’ theory that aims to transform existing cities from fragmentation to compaction.
Vision[edit]
Beatley, in his revolutionary book ‘Green Urbanism: learning from European cities’ has mentioned that the vision of green urbanism includes the programs, policies and creative design ideas for urban renewal and environment sustainability. Lehmann added the phrase also provides a proactive vision of what might be our zero-carbon, fossil fuel free future: overlapping mixed-use activities, living and working building typologies explored on the urban scale, infrastructures systems for renewable energies, public transport and individual energy-efficient building designs. According to Beatley, cities that exemplify green urbanism are:
Cities that strive to live within their ecological limits, fundamentally reduce their ecological footprints, and acknowledge their connections with and impacts on other cities and communities and the larger planet.
Cities that are green and that are designed for and function in ways analogous to nature.
Cities that strive to achieve a circular rather that a linear metabolism, which nurtures and develops positive symbiotic relationships with and between its hinterland (whether that be regional, national, or international).
Cities that strive toward local and regional self-sufficiency and take full advantage of and nurture local/regional food production, economy, power production, and many other activities that sustain and support their populations.
Cities that facilitate and encourage more sustainable, healthful lifestyles.
Cities that emphasize a high quality of life and the creation of highly liveable neighbourhoods and communities.
Principles[edit]
It has been noted that urbanisation is widely understood to be a key driver of carbon emissions, resource depletion and environmental degradation. The principles of green urbanism are based on the triple-zero frameworks. These are zero fossil-fuel energy use, zero waste and zero emissions especially aimed for low-to-no-carbon emissions. Lehmann(2010) tries to put up a strategic case study of green urbanism with the seaport city of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. According to him, there are 15 such principles of green urbanism those are practical and holistic and integrated framework, including all the aspects needed to achieve sustainable development and encouraging best practice models, as follows:
Principle 1: Climate and Context
Based on climatic condition prior to selected city, every sustainable design project needs to maintain a complexity within biodiversity, eco-system or neighbourhood layout. Enhance the opportunities offered by topographies and natural settings and use of the buildings’ envelope to filter temperature, humidity, light, wind and noise.
Principle 2: Renewable Energy for Zero CO2 Emissions
Transform city districts into local power stations of renewable energy sources including solar PV, solar thermal, wind on-and-off-shore, biomass, geothermal power, mini-hydro energy and other new technologies. Some most promising technologies are in building – integrated PV, urban wind turbines, micro CHP and solar cooling.
Principle 3: Zero Waste City
Waste prevention is better than the treatment or cleaning-up after waste is formed. So cities should adopt zero-waste urban planning in line with the manufacturing of metals, glass, plastics, paper into new products and better understanding of nutrient flows is needed to control global nitrogen cycle.
Principle 4: Water
Cities can be used as a water catchment area by educating the inhabitants in water efficiency, promoting rainwater collection and using waste water recycling and storm water harvesting techniques. In terms of food yielding level, less water needed and drought resistant crops can be developed.
Principle 5: Landscape, Gardens and Biodiversity
Introduce inner-city gardens, urban farming/agriculture and green roofs to maximise the resilience of the eco-system through urban landscape thus to mitigate UHI effect. Plants can be used for air-purification and narrowing of roads for urban cooling. Moreover, preserving green space, gardens and farmland, maintaining a green belt around the city is necessity to absorb CO2.
Principle 6: Sustainable Transport and Good Public Space: Compact and Poly-Centric Cities
An integration of non-motorised transport, such as, cycling or walking and bi-cycle or pedestrian-friendly environment with safe bicycle ways, eco-mobility concepts and smart infrastructure that is electric vehicles, integrated transport system of bus transit, railway and bike stations, improved public space networks and connectivity and a focus on transport-oriented development (Green TODs).
Principle 7: Local and Sustainable Materials with Less Embodied Energy
City construction by using regional, local materials with less embodied energy and applying pre-fabricated modular systems.
Principle 8: Density and Retrofitting of Existing Districts
The city is with retrofitted districts, urban infill, and densification/intensification strategies for existing neighbourhoods.
Principle 9: Green Buildings and Districts, Using Passive Design Principles
The city, here, applies deep green building design strategies and offers solar access for all new buildings.
Principle 10: Liveability, Healthy Communities and Mixed-Use Programmes
The prime concern of the city is for affordable housing, mixed-use programmes and a healthy community.
Principle 11: Local Food and Short Supply Chains
High food security and urban agriculture by introducing ‘eat local’ and ‘slow food’ initiatives.
Principle 12: Cultural Heritage, Identity and Sense of Place
A sustainable city with high air quality, no pollution for good health, fosters resilient communities having public space networks and modern community facilities.
Principle 13: Urban Governance, Leadership and Best Practices
The city applies best practice for good urban governance through combined management and governance approaches and sustainable procurement methods, such as, environmental budgeting.
Principle 14: Education, Research and Knowledge
The city with education includes technical training and up-skilling, research, exchange of experiences and knowledge dissemination for all in sustainable urban development.
Principle 15: Strategies for cities in developing countries
Particular sustainability strategies are needed for cities in developing countries, such as, train local people to empower communities, creating new jobs and diversifying new job structures to harmonize the impacts of rapid urbanisation and globalisation.
Practical approaches[edit]
Many cities now have Sustainable Action Plans[11] which is a roadmap towards sustainability. Green Urbanism has grown from textbook methodologies to living action plans that survive beyond the election cycles of city mayors and counsellors.
Green Urbanism poses the demand for an applicable method in planning and management of a city. Wybe Kuitert proposed analyzing the city as a landscape system to reach at a more comprehensive approach towards this end. The urban landscape connects the cultural components, like identity and history with the natural physics of a city, like its geography, water and natural ecology. As such it poses a vision that can be applied to any city, rich or poor.[12] Discerning the potential quality of wild nature in the city is a first step to see what nature can give, if we only have an open eye for it. It is discovered through the potential vegetation map for the city.[13] There is a lot of Conferences talking about this Field as ‘Green Urbanism’ which will be held in Italy from 12-14 October 2016.
See also[edit]
Ecological urbanism
Further reading[edit]
Kevlar, M. (2017) How Green is Your City? An ongoing study of the anthropogenic footprints of cities. GreenScore Canada
Evans, J. (2011). Environmental Governance. Routledge: London
The Course Team (1973). The Future City. Social Sciences: a second level course Urban Development Units 30-33. The Open University Press; Walton Hall Milton Keynes
Schuyler, D.(1988). The New Urban Landscape: the redefinition of city form in nineteenth-century America. The Johns Hopkins University Press: London
Karlenzig, W. (2007) How Green is Your City? New Society Publishers: Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada
Riddell, R. (2004). Sustainable Urban Planning: tipping the balance. Blackwell: Oxford
Burtenshaw, D., Bateman, M. and Ashworth, G. (1991). The European City: a western perspective. David Fulton Publishers: London
Smith, M. P. (1988). City, State, & Market: the political economy of urban society. Basil Blackwell: Oxford
Heynen, N., Kaika, M., and Swyngedouw, E. (2006). The Nature of Cities: urban political ecology and the politics of urban metabolism. Routledge: London
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAh1RRJUdAw&feature=related Personal rapid transit (PRT) synchrotrain (en)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://blog.islandpress.org/walker-wells-urban-areas-as-opportunity-for-innovation#comments
Jump up ^ Beatley, T. (2000). Green Urbanism: Learning from European Cities. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Jump up ^ Bicknell, J., Dobman, D., and Satterthwaite, D. 2009. (eds). Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing Developmental Challenges. London: Earthscan
Jump up ^ Karlenzig, W. with Marquardt, F., White, P., Yaseen, P. & Young, R. (2007). How Green is Your City, The SustainLane US City Rankings (eds). Canada: New Society Publishers
Jump up ^ Lehmann, S. (2010). The Principles of Green Urbanism: Transforming the City for Sustainability. London: Earthscan
Jump up ^ Odum, H. (1971). Environment, power, and society. London: Wiley- Interscience
Jump up ^ Leitmann, J. (1999). Sustainable Cities environmental planning and management in urban design. New York : McGraw Hill
Jump up ^ Leitmann, J.(1999). Sustainable Cities environmental planning and management in urban design. New York : McGraw Hill
Jump up ^ Rydin, Y. (2010). Governing for sustainable Urban Development. London: Earthscan
Jump up ^ Davis, W. and Knell, J. (2003). ‘Conclusions’ to professional’s choice: the future of the built environment professions. London: CABE/RIBA
Jump up ^ City of Vancouver (April 2017). "Greenest City Action Plan" – via City of Vancouver website.
Jump up ^ Kuitert, Wybe (2013). "Urban landscape systems understood by geo-history map overlay". Journal of Landscape Architecture. 8 (1): 54–63. doi:10.1080/18626033.2013.798929.
Jump up ^ Kuitert (2013). "The Nature of Urban Seoul: Potential Vegetation Derived from the Soil Map". International Journal of Urban Sciences. 17 (1): 95–108. doi:10.1080/12265934.2013.766505.
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Canada Act 1982
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Part of a series on the
Constitution
of Canada
Constitutional history
Bill of Rights (1689)
Act of Settlement (1701)
Treaty of Paris (1763)
Royal Proclamation (1763)
Quebec Act (1774)
Constitutional Act (1791)
Act of Union (1840)
Constitution Act (1867)
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Canada Act 1982
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title
An Act to give effect to a request by the Senate and House of Commons of Canada.
Citation
1982 c. 11
Territorial extent
Canada
Dates
Royal assent
March 29, 1982
Status: Current legislation
Text of statute as originally enacted
Revised text of statute as amended
The Canada Act 1982 (1982 c. 11) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that was passed at the request of the Canadian federal government to "patriate" Canada's constitution, ending the necessity for the British parliament to be involved in making changes to the Constitution of Canada. The Act also formally ended the "request and consent" provisions of the Statute of Westminster 1931 in relation to Canada, whereby the British parliament had a general power to pass laws extending to Canada at its own request.
Annexed as Schedule B to the Act is the text of the Constitution Act, 1982, in both of Canada's official languages (i.e. English and French). Because of the requirements of official bilingualism, the body of the Canada Act itself is also set out in French in Schedule A to the Act, which is declared by s. 3 to have "the same authority in Canada as the English version thereof".[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Enactment of the Act
3 Proclamation by the Queen of Canada
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Canada's political history began with the British North America Act, 1867 (currently officially called the Constitution Act, 1867).[2] This act created the modern state of Canada by combining the Province of Canada (now Ontario and Quebec), Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick into a dominion within the British Empire.[2] From this Canada adopted a Westminster style government with a Parliament of Canada. A Governor General fulfilled the constitutional duties of the British Sovereign on Canadian soil.
Despite this, the United Kingdom still had the power to legislate for Canada. The Statute of Westminster 1931 removed this power of the British Parliament for Canada,[3] as well as the other British Dominions (Australia [adopted 1942], the Irish Free State, New Zealand [adopted 1947], the Union of South Africa, and the Dominion of Newfoundland [never ratified, joined Canada in 1949]), except where the Dominion consented to Imperial legislation. Also, the British North America (No. 2) Act, 1949 was passed by the British Parliament, giving the Parliament of Canada significant constitutional amending powers.[4]
However, after the Statute of Westminster, 1931, Canada decided to allow the British Parliament to temporarily retain the power to amend Canada's constitution, on request from the Parliament of Canada.[5][6][7] In effect, an Act of the British Parliament (as requested by the Parliament of Canada) was required to make some amendments in the Canadian constitution.[8] Delay in the patriation of the Canadian constitution was due in large part to the lack of agreement concerning a method for amending the constitution that would be acceptable to all of the provinces, particularly Quebec.[9]
Enactment of the Act[edit]
The Canada Act 1982 was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in response to the request from the Parliament of Canada to take over authority for amending its own constitution.[10] [11] After unpromising negotiations with the provincial governments, Pierre Trudeau proclaimed that the federal Parliament would unilaterally patriate the constitution. After numerous references by the provinces, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in the Patriation Reference that provincial consent was not legally necessary, but to do so without substantial consent would be contrary to a longstanding constitutional convention.[12] Trudeau succeeded in convincing nine provinces out of ten by agreeing to the addition of a Notwithstanding Clause to limit the application of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms[13] as a result of discussions during a First Ministers' conference and other minor changes in November 1981.[14]
In the UK, forty-four Members of Parliament voted against the Act, including 24 Tory and 16 Labour MP's, citing concerns over Canada's past mistreatment of Quebec and Aboriginal peoples (as recalled with frustration by Jean Chrétien in his memoirs Straight from the Heart); overall there was little opposition from the British government to passing the Act.[citation needed] However, new research into documents of the Thatcher government indicate that Britain had serious concerns about the inclusion of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms within the Canada Act. Part of this concern stemmed from letters of protest the British received about it from provincial actors, but also because the Charter undermined the principle of parliamentary supremacy, which until that time had always been a core feature of every government practising the Westminster system.[15]
Through section 2 of the Canada Act 1982, the United Kingdom ended its involvement with further amendments to the Canadian constitution.[16] The procedure for amending the Constitution Act, 1982 must comply with its Part V, instead of the usual parliamentary procedure requiring the monarch's Royal Assent for enacting legislation.
Proclamation by the Queen of Canada[edit]
While the Canada Act 1982 received royal assent on March 29, 1982 in London, it was not until the Queen visited Canada the following month [17] that the Constitution Act, 1982, its Canadian equivalent, was proclaimed by letters patent as a statutory instrument by the Queen during her presence in Canada.[18]
Canada's Constitution Act, 1982 was signed into law by Elizabeth II as Queen of Canada on April 17, 1982 on Parliament Hill in Ottawa.[19][18] Queen Elizabeth's constitutional powers over Canada were not affected by the Act, and she remains Queen and Head of State of Canada.[20] Canada has complete sovereignty as an independent country, however, and the Queen's role as monarch of Canada is separate from her role as the British monarch or the monarch of any of the other Commonwealth realms.[21]
See also[edit]
History of Canada portal
Canadian politics portal
Australia Act 1986
New Zealand Constitution Act 1986
Patriation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Canada Act 1982, s. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b "Canada in the Making - Constitutional History". .canadiana.org. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
Jump up ^ "The Statute of Westminster, 1931". Efc.ca. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
Jump up ^ "British North America (No. 2) Act, 1949". Solon.org. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
Jump up ^ "Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982". Canada.ca. Government of Canada. May 5, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A statute worth 75 cheers". Globe and Mail. Toronto. March 17, 2009. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Couture, Christa (January 1, 2017). "Canada is celebrating 150 years of… what, exactly?". CBC. CBC. Retrieved February 10, 2017. ... the Constitution Act itself cleaned up a bit of unfinished business from the Statute of Westminster in 1931, in which Britain granted each of the Dominions full legal autonomy if they chose to accept it. All but one Dominion — that would be us, Canada — chose to accept every resolution. Our leaders couldn't decide on how to amend the Constitution, so that power stayed with Britain until 1982.
Jump up ^ Gérin-Lajoie, Paul (1951). "Constitutional Amendment in Canada". The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science. Blackwell Publishing on behalf of Canadian Economics Association. 17: 6. JSTOR 137699.
Jump up ^ "Intellectuals for the Sovereignty of Quebec". Rocler.qc.ca. 1995-10-30. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
Jump up ^ "Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982". Library and Archives, Government of Canada. Government of Canada. 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Constitution—The Monarchist League of Canada". Monarchist.ca. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
Jump up ^ "1981 CanLII 25 (S.C.C.)". CanLII. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
Jump up ^ "The Notwithstanding Clause of the Charter (BP-194E)". .parl.gc.ca. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
Jump up ^ Siddiqui, Haroon (2012-04-15). "Canada’s cherished Charter could not have happened without "kitchen accord"". Toronto Star. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Frédéric Bastien. 2010. ―Britain, the Charter of Rights and the spirit of the 1982 Canadian Constitution.‖ Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 48 (3): 320–347.
Jump up ^ Feasby, Colin (2006). "Constitutional Questions About Canada's New Political Finance Regime" (PDF). Osgoode Hall Law School York University. p. 18 Volume 48, Number 1. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
Jump up ^ "Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982". Library and Archives, Government of Canada. Government of Canada. 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2017. The signing of the proclamation on April 17, 1982, marked the end of efforts by many successive governments. The new Constitution was accompanied by The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and an amending formula that would no longer require an appeal to the British Parliament.
^ Jump up to: a b Lauterpacht, E (1988). International Law Reports. Cambridge University Press. p. 457. ISBN 0-521-46423-4. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
Jump up ^ "Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982". Library and Archives, Government of Canada. Government of Canada. 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2017. The signing of the proclamation on April 17, 1982, marked the end of efforts by many successive governments. The new Constitution was accompanied by The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and an amending formula that would no longer require an appeal to the British Parliament.
Jump up ^ Cyr, Hugo (2009). Canadian Federalism and Treaty Powers: Organic Constitutionalism at Work. Bruxelles ; New York : P.I.E. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-90-5201-453-1. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
Jump up ^ "Some Visual Aspects of the Monarchical Tradition" (PDF). Canadian Parliamentary Review 31. 2004. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-03-08. Retrieved 2010-10-18. [verification needed]
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Proclamation of the Constitution Act 1982
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Canada Act 1982
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Saponification value
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Saponification value (or "saponification number"/"Koettstorfer number",[1] also referred to as "sap" for short) represents the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to saponify 1g of fat under the conditions specified.[2] It is a measure of the average molecular weight (or chain length) of all the fatty acids present. As most of the mass of a fat/tri-ester is in the 3 fatty acids, it allows for comparison of the average fatty acid chain length. The long chain fatty acids found in fats have a low saponification value because they have a relatively fewer number of carboxylic functional groups per unit mass of the fat as compared to short chain fatty acids. If more moles of base are required to saponify N grams of fat then there are more moles of the fat and the chain lengths are relatively small, given the following relation:
Number of moles = mass of oil / average molecular mass
The calculated molar mass is not applicable to fats and oils containing high amounts of unsaponifiable material, free fatty acids (>0.1%), or mono- and diacylglycerols (>0.1%).
Handmade soap makers who aim for bar soap use NaOH (sodium hydroxide, lye). Because saponification values are listed in KOH (potassium hydroxide) the value must be converted from potassium to sodium to make bar soap; potassium soaps make a paste, gel or liquid soap. To convert KOH values to NaOH values, divide the KOH values by the ratio of the molecular weights of KOH and NaOH (1.403).
Standard methods for analysis are for example: ASTM D5558 for vegetable and animal fats, ASTM D 94 (for petroleum) and DIN 51559.
See also[edit]
Acid number
EN 14214
Hydroxyl value
Iodine number
Saponification
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Koettstorfer number".
Jump up ^ "Saponification value of Fat and Oil" (PDF). kyoto-kem.com. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
External links[edit]
Estimation of Saponification Value of Fats/Oils
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saponification_value&oldid=769001314"
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This page was last edited on 7 March 2017, at 00:12.
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