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Laminar flow cabinet
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Laminar flow cabinet
Laminar flow hood
Uses
Particulate removal
Related items
Biosafety cabinet
Fume hood
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A laminar flow cabinet or laminar flow closet or tissue culture hood is a carefully enclosed bench designed to prevent contamination of semiconductor wafers, biological samples, or any particle sensitive materials. Air is drawn through a HEPA filter and blown in a very smooth, laminar flow towards the user. Due to the direction of air flow, the sample is protected from the user but the user is not protected from the sample. The cabinet is usually made of stainless steel with no gaps or joints where spores might collect.[1]
Such hoods exist in both horizontal and vertical configurations, and there are many different types of cabinets with a variety of airflow patterns and acceptable uses.
Laminar flow cabinets may have a UV-C germicidal lamp to sterilize the interior and contents before usage to prevent contamination of experiment. Germicidal lamps are usually kept on for 15 minutes to sterilize the interior and no contact is to be made with a laminar flow hood during this time. During this time, scientists normally prepare other materials to maximize efficiency. (It is important to switch this light off during use, to limit exposure to skin and eyes as stray ultraviolet light emissions can cause cancer and cataracts.)[2]
See also[edit]
Fume hood
Biosafety cabinet
External links[edit]
Primary Containment for Biohazards: Selection, Installation and Use of Biological Safety Cabinets 3rd Edition Sept. 2007 USA CDC
NSF/ANSI Standard 49
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References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Types of Laminar Flow Cabinets – Uses and Benefits – Information Guide". www.laminarflows.co.uk. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
Jump up ^ https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETATIONS&p_id=24755
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laminar_flow_cabinet&oldid=840542730"
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Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is an Icelandic name. The last name is a patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Hafþór.
Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
Hafþór in March 2017
Born
(1988-11-26) November 26, 1988 (age 29)
Reykjavík, Iceland
Other names
Thor
The Mountain
Occupation
Strongman, actor, basketball player
Years active
2010–present (strongman)
Height
206 cm (6 ft 9 in)[1]
Weight
189–200 kg (417–441 lb)[1][2]
Website
hafthorbjornsson.com
Hafþór Júlíus "Thor" Björnsson (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈhafθour ˈjuːliʏs ˈpjœsːɔn]; born November 26, 1988) is an Icelandic professional strongman, actor, and former professional basketball player. He plays Ser Gregor "The Mountain" Clegane in the HBO series Game of Thrones.
Contents
[hide]
1 Basketball career
2 Strongman career
2.1 World's Strongest Man
2.2 Arnold Strongman Classic
3 Acting career
4 Personal life
4.1 Icelandic Mountain Vodka
5 Personal records
6 Filmography
6.1 Film
6.2 Television
7 References
8 External links
Basketball career[edit]
Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
Personal information
Listed height
206 cm (6 ft 9 in)
Career information
Playing career
2004–2008
Position
Center
Career history
2004–2005
Breiðablik
2005–2006
FSu
2006–2007
KR
2007–2008
FSu
Hafþór began his sports career as a basketball player. At 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in)[2] he started his senior team career with Division I club Breiðablik in 2004. In 2005 he joined FSu Selfoss in the Icelandic Division I. After 10 games it was discovered that he had been playing with a broken bone in his ankle and would require surgery. After recovering from surgery, Hafþór moved to Úrvalsdeild powerhouse KR in 2006.[3] He missed most of the 2006-2007 season after a screw in his ankle shattered and had to be fixed by another surgery.[4]
For the 2007–2008 season, he moved back to play for FSu Selfoss. For the season he averaged 6.7 points on 63.8% shooting,[5] helping the team achieve promotion to the Úrvalsdeild.[6] The troublesome ankle forced him to retire from basketball after the season at the age of 20.[7][8]
Between 2004 and 2006 Hafþór played 32 games for the Icelandic junior national basketball teams.[9] In 2006 he played 8 games with Iceland's U-18 national team in Division A of the U18 European Championship.[10]
Strongman career[edit]
Hafþór Júlíus "Thor" Björnsson
At the 2015 Caledonian Club Highland Games
Personal information
Occupation
Strongman
Height
206 cm (6 ft 9 in)
Medal record[hide]
Representing Iceland
World's Strongest Man
6th 2011 World's Strongest Man
3rd 2012 World's Strongest Man
3rd 2013 World's Strongest Man
2nd 2014 World's Strongest Man
3rd 2015 World's Strongest Man
2nd 2016 World's Strongest Man
2nd 2017 World's Strongest Man
Arnold Strongman Classic
10th 2012 Arnold Strongman Classic
8th 2013 Arnold Strongman Classic
5th 2014 Arnold Strongman Classic
7th 2015 Arnold Strongman Classic
5th 2016 Arnold Strongman Classic
2nd 2017 Arnold Strongman Classic
1st 2018 Arnold Strongman Classic
Europe's Strongest Man
1st 2014
1st 2015
2nd 2016
1st 2017
Giants Live
4th 2011 Poland
Strongman Champions League
3rd 2013 SCL Iceman Challenge IV
1st 2013 Latvia
2nd 2013 Germany
1st 2015 SCL Iceman Challenge
Jón Páll Sigmarsson Classic
2nd 2010
1st 2012
Iceland's Strongest Man
3rd 2010
1st 2011
1st 2012
1st 2013
1st 2014
1st 2015
1st 2016
1st 2017
Strongest Man in Iceland
1st 2010
1st 2011
1st 2012
1st 2016
1st 2017
Iceland's Strongest Viking
1st 2010
1st 2011
1st 2012
Westfjord's Viking
4th 2009
1st 2010
1st 2011
1st 2012
OK Budar Strongman Championships
1st 2010
Hafþór met Icelandic strongman Magnús Ver Magnússon at his gym "Jakaból" in 2008, and Magnús said that Hafþór seemed a good prospect as a strongman.[11] Hafþór won several strongman contests in Iceland in 2010 including Strongest Man in Iceland, Iceland's Strongest Viking, Westfjords Viking,[12] and five of six events at the OK Badur Strongman Championships.[13]
Hafþór finished in second place at the inaugural Jón Páll Sigmarsson Classic in November 2010, behind Brian Shaw.[14] He won the 2011 Strongest Man in Iceland contest on June 4, 2011,[15] and the 2011 Iceland's Strongest Man contest on June 18, 2011.[16]
Hafþór came fourth in the Giants Live Poland 2011 event on August 6, 2011.
Hafþór beat a 1,000-year-old record set by Orm Storolfsson at the World's Strongest Viking competition in Norway, where he carried a 10-metre-long (33 ft), 650-kilogram (1,430 lb) log for five steps.[17]
World's Strongest Man[edit]
Hafþór took part in World's Strongest Man after earning a wild card invitation to the 2011 contest.[18] He came in sixth overall. Taking part again in ensuing years, he placed third in 2012, 2013 and 2015. He finished runner-up in 2014 event[19] to Žydrūnas Savickas and again in the 2016 event to Brian Shaw.[20] In 2017, Hafþór once again was runner up, this time to Eddie Hall.[21]
Arnold Strongman Classic[edit]
On March 3, 2018, Hafþór made history and broke the Elephant Bar deadlift world record with his successful 472 kg (1,041 lb) third attempt, as well as ranking 1st at the Arnold Strongman Classic 2018. The previous Elephant Bar deadlift world record was held by Jerry Pritchett at 467 kg (1,030 lb), which was set last year at the Arnold Strongman Classic 2017.[22][23]
Acting career[edit]
Hafþór was cast as Ser Gregor "The Mountain" Clegane for the fourth season of the HBO series Game of Thrones in August 2013.[24] This was his first main acting role, and he is the third person to depict the character after Conan Stevens played the role in season 1 and Ian Whyte in season 2. He became the first actor to portray Clegane in more than one continuous season with his appearances in season 4, season 5, season 6 and season 7.[25] Hafþór was cast for the role of Mongkut in the 2017 film Kickboxer: Retaliation.
Hafþór played the lead role in the Philadelphia Renaissance Faire during their debut season in 2015. He appeared as "King Thor," the leader of a Viking raiding party intent on capturing the city of Amman.[26]
Personal life[edit]
Hafþór was born in Reykjavík. His father, Björn, is over 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) in height and his mother, Ragnheiður, is of similar stature. Hafþór's grandfather, Reynir, is nearly as tall as Hafþór and "just as broad across the chest". Reynir recalled in 2014 that Hafþór worked on the family farm outside Reykjavík as a child and "was always big, even when he wasn't tall".[27]
In March 2017, Hafþór was diagnosed with Bell's palsy.[28][29]
Icelandic Mountain Vodka[edit]
In 2016, Hafþór co-founded the spirit brand Icelandic Mountain Vodka. The main focus of the company is a seven-time distilled icelandic vodka, as well as having a gin production.[30]
Personal records[edit]
Squat – 440 kg (970 lb) raw[31]
Bench press – 230 kg (507 lb) raw[citation needed]
Tire deadlift – 460 kg (1,014 lb) raw with wrist straps[32]
Deadlift – 472 kg (1,041 lb) Elephant bar, raw with wrist straps (Arnold Classic 2018, World Record)[33]
Log press – 206.5 kg (455 lb)[citation needed]
Log carry – [5 steps] 650 kg (1,433 lb)[34]
Keg toss – 7.15 m (23 ft)[35]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2017 Zon 261 (aka "Operation Ragnarok") Big John – Icelandic Viking Squad
2017 Devilish Deeds Psycho Phil Bell Currently in pre-production
2017 Beast Currently in pre-production
2017 Kickboxer: Retaliation Mongkut
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2017 Born Strong Himself – competitor
2012–2017 The World's Strongest Man Himself – competitor
2014–present Game of Thrones Gregor Clegane Recurring role
2015 A League of Their Own Himself Series 9, Episode 7
2016 Heavy Bubbles Himself
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Hafþór Björnsson". theworldsstrongestman.com. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hafthor Bjornsson". www.strongman.org. Strongman. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Körfuknattleiksdeild (11 July 2006). "Hafþór Björnsson genginn til liðs við KR" (in Icelandic). Retrieved 4 March 2018. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
Jump up ^ Drengjaflokkur, Körfuknattleiksdeild (12 November 2006). "Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson leikur ekki meira á þessari leiktíð" (in Icelandic). Retrieved 4 March 2018. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
Jump up ^ "FSu 2007-2008 statistics" (in Icelandic). Retrieved March 4, 2018. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
Jump up ^ "FSu í úrvalsdeildina í körfu karla" (in Icelandic). Morgunblaðið. 2 April 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2018. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
Jump up ^ "About Hafþór". hafthorbjornsson.com. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Editorial(DV) (11 April 2017). "Hafþór Júlíus: Ofvirki Skagastrákurinn sem breyttist í vöðvafjall" (in Icelandic). DV. Retrieved 4 March 2018. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
Jump up ^ "Landslið unglinga- og drengja". Icelandic Basketball Federation. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "FIBA Europe - Hafthor Bjornsson". FIBA Europe. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Randall J. Strossen (May 29, 2010). "Magnus Ver Magnusson: Icelandic Strongman Scout". IronMind. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson". vodvafikn.net. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Randall J. Strossen (August 10, 2010). "Haffþór Júlíusson Björnsson wins Iceland's OK Budar Strongman Contest". IronMind. Archived from the original on December 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Randall J. Strossen (November 22, 2010). "Brian Shaw Wins the Inaugural Jon Pall Sigmarsson Classic Strongman Contest". IronMind. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Randall J. Strossen (June 6, 2011). "Hafthor Julius Bjornsson Wins the Strongest Man in Iceland". IronMind. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Randall J. Strossen (June 19, 2011). "Hafthor Julius Bjornsson Wins Iceland's Strongest Man". IronMind. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Randall J. Strossen (1 January 2015). "Hafthor Wins World's Strongest Viking, Sets Sights on World's Strongest Man". IronMind. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Randall J. Strossen (August 8, 2011). "Giants Live–Poland: Radzikowski, Jenkins and Baron Make WSM Cut . . . Bjornsson Gets Wild Card". IronMind. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cindy Boren (May 19, 2014). "'Game of Thrones' villain is second-strongest man in the world". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Páll Stefánsson (April 1, 2014). "Hafþór Júlíus Runner up in World's Strongest Man Comp". Iceland Review. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ BarBend Team (27 May 2017). "Breaking: Eddie Hall Wins 2017 World's Strongest Man in Botswana". BarBend. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones' 'The Mountain' sets new strongman record". Canoe.com. March 7, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2018 Arnold Strongman Classic - Rogue Elephant Bar Deadlift - Full Live Stream Event 4". Youtube. Rogue Fitness. March 4, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ours is the Fury (August 30, 2013). "Mountain Recast". WinterIsComing.net. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Mountain in Belfast, and Game of Thrones filming in Split continues despite flooding". Watchers On The Wall. September 13, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Dan McQuade (April 8, 2015). "Mountain Comes to Philly Ren Faire". Philadelphia Magazine. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Borden, Sam (1 November 2014). "Icelandic Strongman Does Heavy Lifting on a Second Career as an Actor". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "'The Mountain' Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson has Bell's palsy". theconversation.com. April 6, 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones' The Mountain has Bell's palsy: Here's what it means". Mail Online. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
Jump up ^ Jake Cappuccino (July 17, 2016). "The Mountain's Amazing New Alcohol Is Basically A "Game Of Thrones" Vodka". Elite Daily. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Armen Hammer (Nov 7, 2017). "Hafthor Bjornsson Destroys A 440kg/970lb Squat". Floelite.com. Retrieved Feb 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Jay Hathaway (June 4, 2014). "Watch The Mountain from Game of Thrones Deadlift Almost 1,000 Pounds". Gawker.com. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jake Boly (3 March 2018). "Hafthor Bjornsson Deadlifts a 472kg Elephant Bar Deadlift World Record". BarBend.com. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Kyle Newport (February 3, 2015). "The Mountain from 'Game of Thrones' Breaks 1,000-Year-Old Weightlifting Record". Bleacher Report. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ BarBend Team (15 August 2016). "Hafthor Bjornsson Breaks His Own Keg Toss World Record in Botswana". BarBend.com. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson.
Official website
Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson on IMDb
"Hafthor Bjornsson basketball profile". Eurobasket.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hafþór_Júlíus_Björnsson&oldid=833136440"
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Radical behaviorism
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Radical behaviorism, or the conceptual analysis of behavior, was pioneered by B. F. Skinner and is his "philosophy of the science of behavior."[1] It refers to the philosophy behind behavior analysis, and is to be distinguished from methodological behaviorism—which has an intense emphasis on observable behaviors—by its inclusion of thinking, feeling, and other private events in the analysis of human and animal psychology.[2] The research in behavior analysis is called the experimental analysis of behavior and the application of this field is called applied behavior analysis (ABA).
Contents
[hide]
1 Radical behaviorism as natural science
1.1 Common misunderstandings
2 The basics: operant psychology
3 Explaining behavior and the importance of the environment
4 Private events in a radical behaviorist account
5 Outgrowths
6 Criticism
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Radical behaviorism as natural science[edit]
Radical behaviorism inherits from behaviorism the position that the science of behavior is a natural science, a belief that animal behavior can be studied profitably and compared with human behavior, a strong emphasis on the environment as cause of behavior, and an emphasis on the operations involved in the modification of behavior. Radical behaviorism does not claim that organisms are tabula rasa whose behavior is unaffected by biological or genetic endowment.[citation needed] Rather, it simply asserts that experiential factors play a major role in determining the behavior of many complex organisms, and that the study of these matters is a major field of research in its own right.
The most precise way to describe radical behaviorism as "radical" is to understand that instances such as evolution and cell division are occurrences that just happen. There is no 3rd party that assists in this transformation, they can however be explained by other naturally occurring events. They should not try to be explained through objects that are not tangible i.e. ghosts or inner entities. We therefore conclude that natural occurring events may be examined in relation to our past and present environments through the effect they have on human beings.[3]

Common misunderstandings[edit]
Although there are many criticisms of Skinner's work, many textbooks and theorists like Noam Chomsky label Skinnerian or radical behaviorism as S–R (stimulus–response, or to use Skinner's term, "respondent"),[4][5] or Pavlovian psychology, and argue that this limits the approach. Although contemporary psychology rejects many of Skinner's conclusions, his work into operant conditioning which emphasizes the importance of consequences in modifying discriminative responses is useful when combined with current understandings about the uniqueness of evolved human thought over other animals.
Many textbooks[by whom?] argue that radical behaviorism maintains the position that animals (including humans) are passive receivers of conditioning, failing to take into account that:
operant behavior is titled operant because it operates on the environment
operant behavior is emitted, not elicited: Animals act on the environment and the environment acts back on them, or
the consequence of a behavior can itself be a stimulus; one needs not present anything for shaping to take place.
Radical behaviorism is often dismissed as logical positivism. Skinnerians maintain that Skinner was not a logical positivist and recognized the importance of thinking as behavior. This position is made quite clear in About Behaviorism.[6] A clearer position for radical behaviorism seems to be the movement known philosophically as American pragmatism.[7]
For a review and summary of Skinner's book Verbal Behavior see the article Verbal Behavior.
The basics: operant psychology[edit]
Main article: Operant conditioning
Skinner saw that classical conditioning did not account for the behavior most of us are interested in, such as riding a bike or writing a book. His observations led him to propose a theory about how these and similar behaviors, called operants, come about.
Roughly speaking, in operant conditioning, an operant is actively emitted and produces changes in the world (i.e., produces consequences) that alter the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
As represented in the table below, operant conditioning has two basic purposes (increasing or decreasing the probability that a specific behavior will occur in the future), which are accomplished by adding or removing one of two basic types of stimuli, positive/pleasant or negative/aversive.[8]
Stimulus type
Effect: increase behavior
Effect: decrease behavior
Appetitive stimulus Add appetitive stimulus: Positive reinforcer (R+) Remove appetitive stimulus: Negative punisher or response cost punishment (P−)
Aversive stimulus Remove aversive stimulus: Negative reinforcer (R−) Add aversive stimulus: Positive punisher (P+)
In other words:
If the probability of a behavior is increased as a consequence of the presentation of a stimulus, that stimulus is a positive reinforcer (R+).
If the probability of a behavior is increased as a consequence of the withdrawal of a stimulus, that stimulus is a negative reinforcer (R−).
If the probability of a behavior is decreased as a consequence of the presentation of a stimulus, that stimulus is a positive punisher (P+).
If the probability of a behavior is decreased as a consequence of the withdrawal of a stimulus, that stimulus is a negative punisher or response cost punishment (P−).
Negative reinforcement and punishment are often confused. It is important to note that a reinforcer is anything that increases the likelihood that a behavior will happen again. A punisher will always decrease behavior.
Instrumental conditioning is another term for operant conditioning that is most closely associated with scientists who studied running through a maze. Skinner pioneered the free operant technique, where organisms could respond at any time during a protracted experimental session. Thus Skinner's dependent variable was usually the frequency or rate of responding, not the errors that were made or the speed of traversal of a maze.
Operant conditioning tells something about the future of the organism: That in the future, the reinforced behavior will be likely to occur more often.
Explaining behavior and the importance of the environment[edit]
John B. Watson argued against the use of references to mental states and held that psychology should study behavior directly, holding private events as impossible to study scientifically. Skinner rejected this position conceding the importance of thinking, feelings and "inner behavior" in his analysis. Skinner did not hold to truth by agreement, as Watson did, so he was not limited by observation.
In Watson's days (and in Skinner's early days), it was held that psychology was at a disadvantage as a science because behavioral explanations should take physiology into account. Very little was known about physiology at the time. Skinner argued that behavioral explanations of psychological phenomena are "just as true" as physiological explanations. In arguing this, he took a non-reductionistic approach to psychology. Skinner, however, redefined behavior to include "everything that an organism does," including thinking, feeling and speaking and argued that these phenomena were valid subject matters. (The challenge was that objective observation and measurement was often impossible.) The term radical behaviorism refers to just this: that everything an organism does is a behavior.
However, Skinner ruled out thinking and feeling as valid explanations of behavior. The reasoning is this:
Thinking and feeling are not epiphenomena nor have they any other special status, and are just more behavior to explain. Explaining behavior by referring to thought or feelings are pseudo-explanations because they merely point to more behavior to be explained. Skinner proposed environmental factors as proper causes of behavior because:
Environmental factors are at a different logical level than behavior and actions.
One can manipulate behavior by manipulating the environment
This holds only for explaining the class of behaviors known as operant behaviors. This class of behavior Skinner held as the most interesting study matter.
Many textbooks, in noting the emphasis Skinner places on the environment, argue that Skinner held that the organism is a blank slate or a tabula rasa. Skinner wrote extensively on the limits and possibilities nature places on conditioning. Conditioning is implemented in the body as a physiological process and is subject to the current state, learning history, and history of the species. Skinner does not consider people a blank slate, or tabula rasa.[9]
Many textbooks seem to confuse Skinner's rejection of physiology with Watson's rejection of private events. It is true to some extent that Skinner's psychology considers humans a black box, since Skinner maintains that behavior can be explained without taking into account what goes on in the organism. However, the black box is not private events, but physiology. Skinner considers physiology as useful, interesting, valid, etc., but not necessary for operant behavioral theory and research.
Private events in a radical behaviorist account[edit]
Radical behaviorism differs from other forms of behaviorism in that it treats everything we do as behavior, including private events such as thinking and feeling. Unlike John B. Watson's behaviorism, private events are not dismissed as "epiphenomena," but are seen as subject to the same principles of learning and modification as have been discovered to exist for overt behavior. Although private events are not publicly observable behaviors, radical behaviorism accepts that we are each observers of our own private behavior.
Many textbooks, in emphasizing that Skinner held behavior to be the proper subject matter of psychology, fail to clarify Skinner's position and implicitly or even explicitly posit that Skinner ruled out the study of private events as unscientific. This is Watson's position, not Skinner's.[citation needed]
Outgrowths[edit]
There are radical behaviorist schools of animal training, management, clinical practice, and education. Skinner's political views have left their mark in small ways as principles adopted by a small handful of utopian communities such as Los Horcones, and in ongoing challenges to aversive techniques in control of human and animal behavior.
Radical behaviorism has generated numerous descendants. Examples of these include molar approaches associated with Richard Herrnstein and William Baum, Howard Rachlin's teleological behaviorism, William Timberlake's behavior systems approach, and John Staddon's theoretical behaviorism.
Skinner's theories on verbal behavior have seen widespread application in therapies for autistic children that are based on applied behavior analysis (ABA).
Criticism[edit]
Criticisms of Behaviourism focus on its supposed theoretical weaknesses as well as its "cold" methods. Psychologists today consider this classical form of behaviorism to be "wrong" in the sense that modern cognitive research has attempted to clearly demonstrate the role of mental processes in psychology. A famous, but gruesome line of experimentation by noted psychologist Martin Seligman demonstrated behaviorism inability to explain learned helplessness. Dogs, which had previously been placed in cages with fully electrified floors, later never bothered to discover that newer cages they were placed in had a non-electrified section (separated by a short 'wall' that control dogs had no difficulty hopping). Instead, they laid down and quietly suffered. This demonstrated that, internally, the dogs perceived a lack of control over their environment. This is why they never bothered to remove themselves from the aversive stimulus when they had the option. Behaviorism predicted that the dogs, absent a 'mind' capable of making such a judgement, should continually make attempts to avoid the painful shocks.[10]
See also[edit]
Twin Oaks Community
Los Horcones
Notes[edit]
Holland, J.G.; Skinner, B.F. (1961). Analysis of behavior. McGraw-Hill.
Huitt, W. & Hummel, J. (1997). "An Introduction to Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning". Valdosta State University, Valdosta, Georgia.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schneider, Susan M., and Morris, Edward K. (1987). "A History of the Term Radical Behaviorism: From Watson to Skinner". The Behavior Analyst, 10(1), p. 36.
Jump up ^ Chiesa, Mecca (1974). Radical Behaviorism: The Philosophy and the Science. Reprinted by Authors Cooperative (1994): Boston, Massachusetts. ISBN 0962331147, ISBN 978-0962331145.
Jump up ^ Baum, William . "What is radical behaviorism? A review of Jay Moore's Conceptual foundations of radical behaviorism.." Radical Behaviorism 95.1 (2011): 119-126. ProQuest. Web. 12 Jan. 2011.
Jump up ^ Chomsky, N. (1959) "A Review of B.F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior". In Leon A. Jakobovits and Murray S. Miron (eds.), Readings in the Psychology of Language, Prentice-Hall, 1967, pp. 142–3.
Jump up ^ MacCorquodale, K. (1970). "On Chomsky's review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior". Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 13, 83–99.
Jump up ^ Skinner, B.F. (1974). About Behaviorism. New York: Knopf.
Jump up ^ Moxley, Roy (2003). "Pragmatic Selectionism: The Philosophy of Behavior Analysis". The Behavior Analyst Today, 4(3), 289–314. BAO
Jump up ^ Huitt and Hummel (1997)
Jump up ^ Skinner, B.F. "On Having A Poem" in which he states: "I am not an S–R psychologist." also in About Behaviorism where he states this position again.
Jump up ^ learned helplessness
Further reading[edit]
Wyatt, W. Joseph (2001). "Some Myths about Behaviorism That Are Undone in B.F. Skinner's 'The Design of Cultures'". Behavior and Social Issues, (11)1, pp. 28–30.
Gaynor, Scott T. (2004). "Skepticism of caricatures: B.F. Skinner turns 100". The Skeptical Inquirer, 28(1), pp. 26–29.
External links[edit]
Behavior and Social Issues
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
The Behavior Analyst
The Psychological Record
B.F. Skinner Foundation
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