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A Million Ways to Die in the West
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A Million Ways to Die in the West
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Seth MacFarlane
Produced by
Seth MacFarlane
Scott Stuber
Jason Clark
Written by
Seth MacFarlane
Alec Sulkin
Wellesley Wild
Starring
Seth MacFarlane
Charlize Theron
Amanda Seyfried
Neil Patrick Harris
Giovanni Ribisi
Sarah Silverman
Liam Neeson
Narrated by
Rex Linn
Music by
Joel McNeely
Cinematography
Michael Barrett
Edited by
Jeff Freeman
Production
company
Media Rights Capital
Fuzzy Door Productions
Bluegrass Films
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
May 30, 2014 (2014-05-30)
Running time
116 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$40 million[2]
Box office
$87.2 million[3]
A Million Ways to Die in the West is a 2014 American western comedy film directed by Seth MacFarlane, who wrote the screenplay with Alec Sulkin and Wellesley Wild. The film features an ensemble cast including MacFarlane, Charlize Theron, Amanda Seyfried, Neil Patrick Harris, Giovanni Ribisi, Sarah Silverman and Liam Neeson. The film follows Albert Stark (MacFarlane) who feels certain that the western frontier is trying to kill him while coping from his break-up with his girlfriend. However, a pistol-packing woman named Anna (Theron) rides into town and helps Albert find his inner courage. Then Stark must put his newfound bravery to the test when Anna's outlaw husband arrives with plans to plant him in an unmarked grave.
Development for A Million Ways to Die in the West began while MacFarlane and co-writers Sulkin and Wild were watching western movies during the development of Ted. Casting was done between December 2012 and March 2013. Filming began on May 6, 2013, in various locations in New Mexico including Alburquerque and Santa Fe, and it concluded on August 9 that year. Joel McNeely composed the score and Media Rights Capital, Fuzzy Door Productions, and Bluegrass Films produced the film.
The film was released on May 30, 2014, in the United States, and distributed worldwide by Universal Pictures. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with criticism directed toward the film's length and MacFarlane's performance. The film was number three at the box office during its opening weekend and grossed over $87 million worldwide against a budget of $40 million. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 7, 2014, and earned more than $15 million in home media sales.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Cameos
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
4 Soundtrack
5 Release
5.1 Marketing
5.2 Box office
5.3 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Accolades
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1882, in the town of Old Stump, Arizona, a cowardly sheep farmer named Albert Stark (Seth MacFarlane) is dumped by his girlfriend Louise (Amanda Seyfried) as a result of his withdrawal from a gunfight. He prepares to leave for San Francisco, believing that the frontier offers nothing for him. Meanwhile, infamous outlaw Clinch Leatherwood (Liam Neeson) robs and kills an old prospector (Matt Clark) for a gold nugget. He orders his right-hand man Lewis (Evan Jones) to escort his wife Anna (Charlize Theron) to Old Stump to lie low while he continues his banditry. Lewis and Anna arrive in Old Stump under the guise of two siblings intending to build a farm, but Lewis is arrested after shooting the Pastor's (John Aylward) son (Dylan Kenin) in a saloon. During the ensuing fight, Albert saves Anna from being crushed to death by two of the brawlers, and the two become close friends. They attend a county fair where Louise's new boyfriend, the haughty Foy (Neil Patrick Harris), challenges Albert to a shooting contest. Albert is defeated, but Anna steps in and defeats Foy. Foy mocks Albert, who angrily challenges Foy to a duel in a week's time. Anna then spends the week teaching Albert how to shoot.
During a barn dance the night before the duel, Anna slips Foy a Mickey. After leaving the dance, Albert and Anna kiss before heading home. Upon breaking out of jail and murdering the sheriff, Lewis witnesses the kiss and reports it to Clinch. On the day of the duel, Foy arrives late and goes into convulsions from the laxative he had unknowingly drunk. Albert, who has decided that Louise is not worth fighting for, once again forfeits the duel. He retires to the saloon, but Clinch arrives and demands to know who kissed his wife. When no one comes forward, Clinch shoots a nearby cowboy (Ryan Reynolds). He reveals that Anna is his wife and threatens to continue killing unless his wife's lover duels him at noon the next day. Clinch later forces Anna to reveal Albert's name and then prepares to have sex with her, but she knocks him unconscious and escapes.
Anna returns to Albert's farm, where he angrily shouts at her for lying to him. Clinch pursues Anna to the farm; Albert helps her escape, then escapes himself. While fleeing, he is captured by a tribe of Apache Indians, who threaten to burn him alive. The Indians spare him when he reveals that he can speak their language. They give him a bowl of peyote, which sends him flashing back to his birth and through painful events of his childhood before making him realize that he loves Anna. Meanwhile, Clinch recaptures Anna in town, in front of Edward's (Giovanni Ribisi) house. Albert returns to Old Stump and confronts Clinch. He wounds Clinch with a bullet poisoned with rattlesnake venom before his own gun is shot out of his hand, but he manages to stall until Clinch fatally succumbs to the poison. Louise attempts to win back Albert, but he rejects her and instead happily enters a relationship with Anna. Albert also receives a bounty for killing Clinch and uses the money to buy more sheep.
Later at the Fair, the proprietor of a racially charged shooting game called "Runaway Slave" asks who would like to take a shot. Django (Jamie Foxx) steps up and shoots the man while commenting that "people die at the fair".
Cast[edit]
Seth Macfarlane as Albert Stark, a sheepherder.
Mike Salazar as 6-year-old Albert
Charlize Theron as Anna Barnes-Leatherwood,[4] Clinch Leatherwood's wife who befriends Albert.
Liam Neeson as Clinch Leatherwood,[5] an infamous outlaw and Anna's husband.
Giovanni Ribisi as Edward,[5] Albert's best friend and Ruth's boyfriend
Neil Patrick Harris as Foy,[6] an Old Stump inhabitant and Louise's current boyfriend.
Sarah Silverman as Ruth, Edward's girlfriend and a prostitute.
Amanda Seyfried as Louise,[7] Albert's ex-girlfriend.
Christopher Hagen as George Stark, Albert's cantankerous father.
Wes Studi as Cochise[8]
Rex Linn as Sheriff/Narrator[7]
Alex Borstein as Millie, a madam at a local brothel which Ruth works at.
Ralph Garman as Dan
John Aylward as Pastor Wilson
Amick Byram as Marcus Thornton
Evan Jones as Lewis, an outlaw and Clinch Leatherwood's right-hand man.
Dylan Kenin as Pastor's Son, the son of a pastor who is killed by Lewis in the bar.
Cameos[edit]
Jamie Foxx (uncredited) as Django Freeman,[9] he appears where he shoots the owner of the "Runaway Slave" game. The scene featuring him was added after audiences in test screenings reacted poorly to the shooting gallery at the fair which features cartoon images of black slaves as targets.
Ryan Reynolds (uncredited) as cowboy killed in bar
Tait Fletcher as Cowboy #1[10]
Gilbert Gottfried as Abraham Lincoln,[11] he was seen during Albert's drug trip.
Mike Henry as smiling man in photograph
Dennis Haskins as snake oil salesman
John Michael Higgins as Dandy #1
Christopher Lloyd as Doc Brown[12]
Bill Maher as comic[13]
Ewan McGregor as a cowboy who laughed with Foy at Albert's expense at the fair.
Alec Sulkin as guy at fair
Rupert Boneham as guy in bar fight
Kaley Cuoco (uncredited, unrated version only) as a woman that Albert tries to pick up in a store.
Patrick Stewart (uncredited voice) as a sheep with long legs that was seen in Albert's drug trip.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
A Million Ways to Die in the West originated as an inside joke between MacFarlane and co-writers Sulkin and Wild,[14] while they were watching Hang 'Em High.[15] The joke evolved into "riffing on the idea of how dull, depressing, and dangerous it must have been to live in the Wild West."[14] MacFarlane, a lifelong fan of westerns, began researching the topic, using Jeff Guinn's nonfiction novel, The Last Gunfight: The Real Story of the Shootout at the O.K. Corral — And How It Changed the American West as an "invaluable resource," and basis for many of the ways of dying in the film.[14] Various aspects of the film were inspired by real westerns. The decision to make Albert a sheep herder was inspired by Montana (1950) and his average, non-confrontational demeanor by 3:10 to Yuma (1957).[16] Other westerns that inspired MacFarlane and the crew during writing included Oklahoma! (1955), The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962), and El Dorado (1966).[16] The film was first announced on December 3, 2012, marking MacFarlane's second foray into live-action directing, after 2012's Ted.[17]
Casting[edit]
On January 30, 2013, it was announced that Charlize Theron had joined the film.[18] Theron later revealed that she "begged" for her role, as she wanted the opportunity to work in comedy.[19] On February 11, it was announced Amanda Seyfried had joined the film.[20] On March 6, it was announced Liam Neeson and Giovanni Ribisi had joined the film.[21] Neeson, who nearly always suppresses his Irish accent when acting, agreed to play the part of Clinch only on the condition that he could use his Irish accent. In an interview on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, Neeson remarked that he made this demand because an episode of MacFarlane's Family Guy had previously made a joke out of the juxtaposition of Neeson playing a cowboy with an Irish accent.[22] On March 18, it was announced that Sarah Silverman was cast to play a prostitute in the film.[23] On May 10, it was announced that the film would be co-financed by Media Rights Capital and Fuzzy Door Productions, along with Bluegrass Films and distributed by Universal Studios.[24] On May 11, 2013, it was announced that Neil Patrick Harris had joined the film.[25] On May 29, 2013, MacFarlane announced that Bill Maher had joined the cast.[13] On February 21, 2014, he announced that Gilbert Gottfried had also joined the cast.[11]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography began on May 6, 2013.[26][27] Filming locations included various areas in and around Albuquerque, New Mexico,[28] also including the Santa Fe Studio in Santa Fe.[29] Principal photography ended on August 9, 2013.[30] The film shoot was difficult, as the cast and crew navigated rough weather: "everything from hailstorms to blistering heat to arctic winds and torrential rainstorms."[14]
Soundtrack[edit]
A Million Ways to Die in the West
Soundtrack album by Joel McNeely
Released
May 27, 2014
Recorded
2014
Genre
Film score
Length
41:20
Label
Back Lot Music
Joel McNeely film scores chronology
The Pirate Fairy
(2014) A Million Ways to Die in the West
(2014) Home
(2015)
The score was composed by Joel McNeely. The soundtrack was released by Back Lot Music on May 27, 2014.[31] The theme song "A Million Ways to Die" is performed by Alan Jackson. It was released as a single on April 29, 2014.[32] A portion of the Back to the Future theme by Alan Silvestri is used during Christopher Lloyd's cameo.[10]
Track listing
All music composed by Joel McNeely, except as noted.
No.
Title
Length
1. "A Million Ways to Die" (performed by Alan Jackson) 2:27
2. "Main Title" 2:33
3. "Missing Louise" 2:08
4. "Old Stump" 0:45
5. "Saloon Brawl" 1:50
6. "Rattlesnake Ridge" 1:28
7. "People Die at the Fair" 2:11
8. "The Shooting Lesson" 2:16
9. "The Barn Dance" 2:29
10. "If You’ve Only Got a Moustache" (composed by Stephen Foster, performed by Amick Byram) 1:31
11. "Anna and Albert" 4:19
12. "Clinch Hunts Albert" 3:41
13. "Racing the Train" 2:21
14. "Captured by Cochise" 2:07
15. "Albert Takes a Trip" 2:24
16. "The Showdown" 2:20
17. "Sheep to the Horizon" 2:00
18. "End Title Suite" 2:30
Total length: 41:20
Release[edit]
On May 16, 2014, the film had its world premiere at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles.[33][34] The film was later released nationwide on May 30, 2014.[35] The film was produced by Media Rights Capital, Fuzzy Door Productions, and Bluegrass Films and distributed by Universal Pictures.[36][37]
Marketing[edit]
On January 27, 2014, MacFarlane announced that he wrote a companion novel based on the film's script, which was released on March 4, 2014.[38][39] An audio-book version was also made available, narrated by Jonathan Frakes.[40] MacFarlane wrote the book on weekends during shooting for the film, partially due to boredom.[14]
Box office[edit]
A Million Ways to Die in the West grossed $43.1 million in North America and $43.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $86.4 million, against its $40 million budget.[3]
The film grossed $16.8 million in its opening weekend, finishing in third place at the box office behind fellow newcomer Maleficent and the previous weekend's opener X-Men: Days of Future Past.[3] This was below expectations of $26 million.[41] In its second weekend, the film dropped to number five, grossing an additional $7.3 million.[42] In its third weekend, the film dropped to number eight, grossing $3.2 million.[43] In its fourth weekend, the film dropped to number 11, grossing $1.6 million.[44]
Home media[edit]
A Million Ways to Die in the West was released via DVD and Blu-ray on October 7, 2014.[45] The Blu-ray release contains an unrated version (135 minutes), along with the original theatrical cut (116 minutes). In the United States, the film has grossed $8,336,420 from DVD sales and $6,739,162 from Blu-ray sales, making a total of $15,075,582.[46]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
A Million Ways to Die in the West received mixed reviews from critics.[47][48] Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 33% rating based on 192 reviews, with an average score of 4.9/10. The site's consensus states, "While it offers a few laughs and boasts a talented cast, Seth MacFarlane's overlong, aimless A Million Ways to Die in the West is a disappointingly scattershot affair."[49] Another review aggregation website, Metacritic, gave a score of 44 out of 100, based on reviews from 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[47] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale; opening weekend demographics were 55% male and 72% over 25 years of age.[50]
Claudia Puig's review in USA Today was largely positive, writing, "A Western with a contemporary sensibility and dialogue that sounds markedly modern, A Million Ways to Die in the West is quintessential MacFarlane, at once silly and witty, juvenile and clever."[51] Stephen Holden's review in The New York Times was mainly neutral, calling the film "a live-action spinoff of [Family Guy], with different characters."[52] "While the whole thing feels weirdly miscalculated to me, A Million Ways to Die in the West tweaks the formula just enough, delivers a few laughs and keeps the guest stars coming," wrote Salon columnist Andrew O'Hehir.[53] Rafer Guzman of Newsday found the film amusing, calling it "another example of MacFarlane's ability to mix poop jokes with romance, foul language with sweet sentiment, offensive humor with boyish charm."[54]
Scott Mendelson of Forbes commended MacFarlane's decision to make an unconventional western comedy, but summarized the film as "just ambitious enough for that to be genuinely disappointing."[55] Michael O'Sullivan at The Washington Post was mixed, deeming the film a "broad, wildly hit-or-miss satire," remarking that he found few of the jokes in the film funny.[56] "Spiritually, it's closer to a mid-range crowd-pleaser such as City Slickers than Blazing Saddles, too enamoured of genre convention to reach for the comic dynamite," wrote Mike McCahill at The Guardian.[57]
Much of the film's criticism was directed towards its writing, running time, and MacFarlane's debut live-action performance. Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune criticized MacFarlane's acting and direction as: "A failure of craft. He can't direct action, or even handle scenery well. He can't set up a visual joke properly without resorting to head-butting and bone-crunching, and he doesn't know how, or when, to move his camera. He's not good enough as a romantic lead to anchor a picture."[58] Richard Corliss of Time called the film a "sagebrush comedy whose visual grandeur and appealing actors get polluted by some astonishingly lazy writing."[59] Scott Foundas of Variety found the film "overlong and uninspired," criticizing the film's "lazy writing," and MacFarlane's "surprisingly bland" comic performance.[60]
Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald gave the film one star, commenting, "There are enough laughs scattered throughout A Million Ways to Die in the West that while you're watching it, the movie seems like a passable comedy. By the time you get home, though, you can barely remember the jokes."[61] John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the film's running time: "Though the film is hardly laugh-free, its uneven jokes appear to have breezed through a very forgiving editing process."[62] Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal too found the film's length "exhausting," noting, "Some of it sputters, settling for smiles instead of laughs, and much of it flounders while the slapdash script searches [...] for ever more common denominators in toilet humor."[63]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipients
Result
Ref
People's Choice Award January 7, 2015 Favorite Comedic Movie Actress Charlize Theron Nominated [64]
International Film Music Critics Association Award February 19, 2015 Best Original Score for a Comedy Film Joel McNeely Nominated [65]
Golden Raspberry Awards February 21, 2015 Worst Actor Seth MacFarlane Nominated [66]
Worst Actress Charlize Theron Nominated
Worst Director Seth MacFarlane Nominated
Worst Screen Combo Seth MacFarlane and Charlize Theron Nominated
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: A Million Ways to Die in the West
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A Million Ways to Die in the West on IMDb
A Million Ways to Die in the West at Box Office Mojo
A Million Ways to Die in the West at Rotten Tomatoes
Template:Mfetacritic film
show
v
t
e
Seth MacFarlane
Filmography
Awards
Series created
Family Guy (1999–2003; 2005–present)
American Dad! (2005–present)
The Cleveland Show (2009–2013)
The Orville (2017–present)
Films directed
Ted (2012)
A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014)
Ted 2 (2015)
Studio albums
Music Is Better Than Words (2011)
Holiday for Swing (2014)
No One Ever Tells You (2015)
In Full Swing (2017)
Novels
A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014)
Characters
Peter Griffin
Lois Griffin
Meg Griffin
Chris Griffin
Stewie Griffin
Brian Griffin
Glenn Quagmire
Cleveland Brown
Cleveland Brown Jr.
Adam West
Herbert
Stan Smith
Francine Smith
Hayley Smith
Steve Smith
Roger
Klaus Heissler
See also
Fuzzy Door Productions
The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve
Rachael MacFarlane
"Everybody Needs a Best Friend"
Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy
Night of the Hurricane
show
v
t
e
Fuzzy Door Productions
Seth MacFarlane
Television
series
Animated
Family Guy (1999–2003; since 2005)
American Dad! (since 2005)
The Cleveland Show (2009–2013)
Bordertown (2016)
Live-action
The Winner (2007)
Dads (2013–14)
Blunt Talk (2015–16)
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Yin and yang
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Seemingly opposite or contrary forces that may actually be complementary
For information about (and other uses of) the symbol , see Taijitu and Taiji (philosophy).
"Yin yang" redirects here. For other uses, see Yin yang (disambiguation).
"Ying Yang" redirects here. For Chinese people surnamed Yang, see Yang Ying.
The "taichi symbol" (taijitu).
Yin and yang
"Yin-yang" in seal script (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese
陰陽
Simplified Chinese
阴阳
Literal meaning
"dark-bright"
showTranscriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
yīnyáng
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
inyang
Wade–Giles
yin1-yang2
IPA
[ín.jǎŋ]
Hakka
Romanization
yim1-yong2
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
yām-yèuhng
IPA
[jɐ́m.jœ̏ːŋ]
Jyutping
jam1-joeng4
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
im-iông
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese
'im-yang
Old Chinese
Baxter (1992)
*ʔrjum ljang
Baxter–Sagart (2014)
*qrum lang
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese
Âm dương
Hán-Nôm
陰陽
Korean name
Hangul
음양
Hanja
陰陽
showTranscriptions
Revised Romanization
eumyang
McCune–Reischauer
ŭmyang
Japanese name
Kanji
陰陽
Hiragana
いんよう, おんよう, おんみょう
showTranscriptions
Revised Hepburn
in'yō, on'yō, onmyō
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In Chinese philosophy, yin and yang (/jɪn/ and /jɑːŋ, jæŋ/; Chinese: 陰陽 yīnyáng, lit. "dark-bright", "negative-positive") describes how seemingly opposite or contrary forces may actually be complementary, interconnected, and interdependent in the natural world, and how they may give rise to each other as they interrelate to one another. In Chinese cosmology, the universe creates itself out of a primary chaos of material energy, organized into the cycles of Yin and Yang and formed into objects and lives. Yin is the receptive and Yang the active principle, seen in all forms of change and difference such as the annual cycle (winter and summer), the landscape (north-facing shade and south-facing brightness), sexual coupling (female and male), the formation of both men and women as characters, and sociopolitical history (disorder and order).[1]There are various dynamics in Chinese cosmology. In the cosmology pertaining to Yin and Yang, the material energy, which this universe has created itself out of, is also referred to as qi. It is believed that the organization of qi in this cosmology of Yin and Yang has formed many things [2]. Included among these forms are humans. Many tangible dualities (such as light and dark, fire and water, expanding and contracting) are thought of as physical manifestations of the duality symbolized by yin and yang. This duality lies at the origins of many branches of classical Chinese science and philosophy, as well as being a primary guideline of traditional Chinese medicine,[3] and a central principle of different forms of Chinese martial arts and exercise, such as baguazhang, taijiquan (t'ai chi), and qigong (Chi Kung), as well as appearing in the pages of the I Ching.
The notion of a duality can be found in many areas, such as Communities of Practice, but in this context yin and yang are better viewed as parts of an oneness that is expressed in the Tao. The term 'dualistic-monism' or dialectical monism has been coined in an attempt to express this fruitful paradox of simultaneous unity/duality. Yin and yang can be thought of as complementary (rather than opposing) forces that interact to form a dynamic system in which the whole is greater than the assembled parts.[4] According to this philosophy, everything has both yin and yang aspects (for instance, shadow cannot exist without light). Either of the two major aspects may manifest more strongly in a particular object, depending on the criterion of the observation. The yin yang (i.e. taijitu symbol) shows a balance between two opposites with a portion of the opposite element in each section.
In Taoist metaphysics, distinctions between good and bad, along with other dichotomous moral judgments, are perceptual, not real; so, the duality of yin and yang is an indivisible whole. In the ethics of Confucianism on the other hand, most notably in the philosophy of Dong Zhongshu (c. 2nd century BC), a moral dimension is attached to the idea of yin and yang.[5]
Contents
1 Linguistic aspects
1.1 Characters
1.2 Pronunciations and etymologies
1.3 Meanings
1.4 Toponymy
1.5 Loanwords
2 History
2.1 Chinese gender roles
3 Nature
4 Symbolism and importance
4.1 I Ching
4.2 Taijitu
4.3 Taijiquan
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Linguistic aspects[edit]
These Chinese terms yin 陰 or 阴 "shady side" and yang 陽 or 阳 "sunny side" are linguistically analyzable in terms of Chinese characters, pronunciations and etymology, meanings, topography, and loanwords.
Characters[edit]
The Traditional Chinese characters 陰 and 陽 for the words yīn and yáng are both classified as radical- esphonetic characters, combining the semantically significant "mound; hill" radical 阝 or 阜 with the phonetic indicators ying 侌 and yang 昜. The first phonetic yīn 侌 "cloudy" ideographically combines jīn 今 "now; present" and yún 云 "cloud", denoting the "今 presence of 云 clouds".[6] The second phonetic yáng 昜 "bright" originally pictured 日 the "sun" with 勿 "rays coming down".[7] This phonetic is expanded with the "sun" radical into yáng 暘 "rising sun; sunshine". The "mound; hill" radical 阝full forms semantically specify yīn 陰 "shady/dark side of a hill" and yáng 陽 "sunny/light side of a hill".
The Simplified Chinese characters 阴 and 阳 for yīn and yáng combine the same "hill" radical 阝 with the non-phonetic yuè 月 "moon" and rì 日 "sun", graphically denoting "shady side of a hill" and "sunny side of a hill". Compare the Classical Chinese names (which contain tài 太 "great") for these two heavenly bodies: Tàiyīn 太陰 "moon" and Tàiyáng 太陽 "sun".
Pronunciations and etymologies[edit]
The Modern Standard Chinese pronunciation of 陰 or 阴 is usually level first tone yīn "shady; cloudy" or sometimes falling fourth tone yìn "to shelter; shade", and 陽 or 阳 "sunny" is always pronounced with rising second tone yáng.
Sinologists and historical linguists have reconstructed Middle Chinese pronunciations from data in the (7th century CE) Qieyun rhyme dictionary and later rhyme tables, which was subsequently used to reconstruct Old Chinese phonology from rhymes in the (11th-7th centuries BCE) Shijing and phonological components of Chinese characters. Reconstructions of Old Chinese have illuminated the etymology of modern Chinese words.
Compare these Middle Chinese and Old Chinese (with asterisk) reconstructions of yīn 陰 and yáng 陽:
ˑiəm < *ˑiəm and iang < *diang (Bernhard Karlgren)[8]
*ʔjəm and *raŋ (Li Fang-Kuei)[9]
ʔ(r)jum and *ljang (William H. Baxter),[10]
ʔjəm < *ʔəm and jiaŋ < *laŋ (Axel Schuessler)[11]
'im < *qrum and yang < *laŋ (William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart)[12]
Schuessler gives probable Sino-Tibetan etymologies for both Chinese words.
Yin < *ʔəm compares with Burmese ʔumC "overcast; cloudy", Adi muk-jum "shade", and Lepcha so'yǔm "shade"; and is probably cognate with Chinese àn < *ʔə̂mʔ 黯 "dim; gloomy" and qīn < *khəm 衾 "blanket"
Yang < *laŋ compares with Lepcha a-lóŋ "reflecting light", Burmese laŋB "be bright" and ə-laŋB "light"; and is perhaps cognate with Chinese chāng < *k-hlaŋ 昌 "prosperous; bright"; bǐng < *braŋʔ 炳 "bright"; liàng < *raŋh 亮 "(pale) light"; lǎng < raŋʔ 朗 "brilliant light"; míng < mraŋ 明 "bright, become light, enlighten". Schuessler surmises that those items either are areal words (cf. Tai plaŋA1 "bright") or belong to an Austroasiatic word family (cf. Proto-Viet-Muong hlaŋB); owing to "the different OC initial consonant which seems to have no recognizable OC morphological function"[13].
Meanings[edit]
Yin and yang are semantically complex words.
A reliable Chinese-English dictionary gives the following translation equivalents.[14]
Yin 陰 or 阴 Noun ① [philosophy] negative/passive/female principle in nature ② Surname Bound morpheme ① the moon ② shaded orientation ③ covert; concealed; hidden ④ ⑦ negative ⑧ north side of a hill ⑨ south bank of a river ⑩ reverse side of a stele ⑪in intaglio Stative verb ① overcast
Yang 陽 or 阳 Bound morpheme ① [Chinese philosophy] positive/active/male principle in nature ②the sun ④ in relief ⑤ open; overt ⑥ belonging to this world ⑦ [linguistics] masculine ⑧ south side of a hill ⑨ north bank of a river
The compound yin-yang 陰陽 or 阴阳 means "yin and yang; opposites; ancient Chinese astronomy; occult arts; astrologer; geomancer; etc.".
The sinologist Rolf Stein etymologically translates Chinese yin 陰 "shady side (of a mountain)" and yang 陽 "sunny side (of a mountain)" with the uncommon English geographic terms ubac "shady side of a mountain" and adret "sunny side of a mountain" (which are of French origin).[15]...
Toponymy[edit]
Many Chinese place names or toponyms contain the word yang "sunny side" and a few contain yin "shady side". In China, as elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere, sunlight comes predominantly from the south, and thus the south face of a mountain or the north bank of a river will receive more direct sunlight than the opposite side.
Yang refers to the "south side of a hill" in Hengyang 衡陽, which is south of Mount Heng 衡山 in Hunan province, and to the "north bank of a river" in Luoyang 洛陽, which is located north of the Luo River 洛河 in Henan.
Similarly, yin refers to "north side of a hill" in Huayin 華陰, which is north of Mount Hua 華山 in Shaanxi province.
In Japan, the characters are used in western Honshu to delineate the north-side San'in region 山陰 from the south-side San'yō region 山陽, separated by the Chugoku mountain range 中国山地.
Loanwords[edit]
English yin, yang, and yin-yang are familiar loanwords of Chinese origin.
The Oxford English Dictionary defines:
yin (jɪn) Also Yin, Yn. [Chinese yīn shade, feminine; the moon.]
a. In Chinese philosophy, the feminine or negative principle (characterized by dark, wetness, cold, passivity, disintegration, etc.) of the two opposing cosmic forces into which creative energy divides and whose fusion in physical matter brings the phenomenal world into being. Also attrib. or as adj., and transf. Cf. yang.
b. Comb., as yin-yang, the combination or fusion of the two cosmic forces; freq. attrib., esp. as yin-yang symbol, a circle divided by an S-shaped line into a dark and a light segment, representing respectively yin and yang, each containing a 'seed' of the other.
yang (jæŋ) Also Yang. [Chinese yáng yang, sun, positive, male genitals.]
a. In Chinese philosophy, the masculine or positive principle (characterized by light, warmth, dryness, activity, etc.) of the two opposing cosmic forces into which creative energy divides and whose fusion in physical matter brings the phenomenal world into being. Also attrib. or as adj. Cf. yin.
b. Comb.: yang-yin = yin-yang s.v. yin b.
For the earliest recorded "yin and yang" usages, the OED cites 1671 for yin and yang,[16] 1850 for yin-yang,[17] and 1959 for yang-yin.[18]
In English, yang-yin (like ying-yang) occasionally occurs as a mistake or typographical error for the Chinese loanword yin-yang— yet they are not equivalents. Chinese does have some yangyin collocations, such as 洋銀 (lit. "foreign silver") "silver coin/dollar", but not even the most comprehensive dictionaries (e.g., the Hanyu Da Cidian) enter yangyin *陽陰. While yang and yin can occur together in context,[19] yangyin is not synonymous with yinyang. The linguistic term "irreversible binomial" refers to a collocation of two words A-B that cannot be idiomatically reversed as B-A, for example, English cat and mouse (not *mouse and cat) and friend or foe (not *foe or friend). Similarly, the usual pattern among Chinese binomial compounds is for positive A and negative B, where the A word is dominant or privileged over B, for example, tiandi 天地 "heaven and earth" and nannü 男女 "men and women". Yinyang meaning "dark and light; female and male; moon and sun", however, is an exception. Scholars have proposed various explanations for why yinyang violates this pattern, including "linguistic convenience" (it is easier to say yinyang than yangyin), the idea that "proto-Chinese society was matriarchal", or perhaps, since yinyang first became prominent during the late Warring States period, this term was "purposely directed at challenging persistent cultural assumptions".[20]
History[edit]
Needham discusses Yin and Yang together with Five Elements as part of the School of Naturalists. He says that it would be proper to begin with Yin and Yang before Five Elements because the former: "lay, as it were, at a deeper level in Nature, and were the most ultimate principles of which the ancient Chinese could conceive. But it so happens that we know a good deal more about the historical origin of the Five-Element theory than about that of the Yin and the Yang, and it will therefore be more convenient to deal with it first."[21] He then discusses Zou Yan (鄒衍; 305 – 240 BC) who is most associated with these theories. Although Yin and Yang are not mentioned in any of the surviving documents of Zou Yan, his school was known as the Yin Yang Jia (Yin and Yang School) Needham concludes "There can be very little doubt that the philosophical use of the terms began about the beginning of the -4th century, and that the passages in older texts which mention this use are interpolations made later than that time."[22]
Chinese gender roles[edit]
In spite of being used in a modern context to justify egalitarianism under the notion of both yin and yang being "necessary", in practise the concept of yin and yang has led to justification for China's patriarchal history.[23] Particularly under Confucianism, yang (as the sun principle) is considered superior to "yin" (the dark principle), hence men are afforded rulership positions whereas women are not unless, under some remarkable circumstances, they possess sufficient yang.
The notion of yin and yang has led to the persecution and extinction of Asian sun goddess cults outside of Korea and Japan.[24][clarification needed]
Nature[edit]
In Daoist philosophy, dark and light, yin and yang, arrive in the Tao Te Ching at chapter 42.[25] It becomes sensible from an initial quiescence or emptiness (wuji, sometimes symbolized by an empty circle), and continues moving until quiescence is reached again. For instance, dropping a stone in a calm pool of water will simultaneously raise waves and lower troughs between them, and this alternation of high and low points in the water will radiate outward until the movement dissipates and the pool is calm once more. Yin and yang thus are always opposite and equal qualities. Further, whenever one quality reaches its peak, it will naturally begin to transform into the opposite quality: for example, grain that reaches its full height in summer (fully yang) will produce seeds and die back in winter (fully yin) in an endless cycle.
It is impossible to talk about yin or yang without some reference to the opposite, since yin and yang are bound together as parts of a mutual whole (for example, there cannot be the bottom of the foot without the top). A way to illustrate this idea is[citation needed] to postulate the notion of a race with only men or only women; this race would disappear in a single generation. Yet, men and women together create new generations that allow the race they mutually create (and mutually come from) to survive. The interaction of the two gives birth to things, like manhood.[26] Yin and yang transform each other: like an undertow in the ocean, every advance is complemented by a retreat, and every rise transforms into a fall. Thus, a seed will sprout from the earth and grow upwards towards the sky—an intrinsically yang movement. Then, when it reaches its full potential height, it will fall. Also, the growth of the top seeks light, while roots grow in darkness.
Certain catchphrases have been used to express yin and yang complementarity:[27]
The bigger the front, the bigger the back.
Illness is the doorway to health.
Tragedy turns to comedy.
Disasters turn out to be blessings.
Symbolism and importance[edit]
Yin is the black side with the white dot in it, and yang is the white side with the black dot in it. The relationship between yin and yang is often described in terms of sunlight playing over a mountain and a valley. Yin (literally the 'shady place' or 'north slope') is the dark area occluded by the mountain's bulk, while yang (literally the 'sunny place' or 'south slope') is the brightly lit portion. As the sun moves across the sky, yin and yang gradually trade places with each other, revealing what was obscured and obscuring what was revealed.
Yin is characterized as slow, soft, yielding, diffuse, cold, wet, and passive; and is associated with water, earth, the moon, femininity, and night time.
Yang, by contrast, is fast, hard, solid, focused, hot, dry, and active; and is associated with fire, sky, the sun, masculinity and daytime.[28]
The Yin-Yang symbol, having no "officially standardized" rendition, has been the basis of much artistic variation, most of it "frivolous" (that is, "merely" artistic, with no philosophical/mystical meaning, e.g., tattoos).[citation needed]
Yin and yang also applies to the human body. In traditional Chinese medicine good health is directly related to the balance between yin and yang qualities within oneself.[29] If yin and yang become unbalanced, one of the qualities is considered deficient or has vacuity.
I Ching[edit]
In the I Ching, originally a divination manual of the Western Zhou period (c. 1000–750 BC),[30] yin and yang are represented by broken and solid lines: yin is broken (⚋) and yang is solid (⚊). These are then combined into trigrams, which are more yang (e.g. ☱) or more yin (e.g. ☵) depending on the number of broken and solid lines (e.g., ☰ is heavily yang, while ☷ is heavily yin), and trigrams are combined into hexagrams (e.g. ䷕ and ䷟). The relative positions and numbers of yin and yang lines within the trigrams determines the meaning of a trigram, and in hexagrams the upper trigram is considered yang with respect to the lower trigram, yin, which allows for complex depictions of interrelations.
Taijitu[edit]
Main article: Taijitu
The principle of yin and yang is represented in Taoism by the Taijitu (literally "Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate"). The term is commonly used to mean the simple "divided circle" form, but may refer to any of several schematic diagrams representing these principles, such as the swastika, common to Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Similar symbols have also appeared in other cultures, such as in Celtic art and Roman shield markings.[31][32][33]
Taijiquan[edit]
Main article: T'ai chi ch'uan
Taijiquan (Chinese: 太极拳), a form of martial art, is often described as the principles of yin and yang applied to the human body and an animal body. Wu Jianquan, a famous Chinese martial arts teacher, described Taijiquan as follows:
Various people have offered different explanations for the name Taijiquan. Some have said: – 'In terms of self-cultivation, one must train from a state of movement towards a state of stillness. Taiji comes about through the balance of yin and yang. In terms of the art of attack and defense then, in the context of the changes of full and empty, one is constantly internally latent, to not outwardly expressive, as if the yin and yang of Taiji have not yet divided apart.' Others say: 'Every movement of Taijiquan is based on circles, just like the shape of a Taijitu. Therefore, it is called Taijiquan.
—  Wu Jianquan, The International Magazine of T’ai Chi Ch’uan[34]
See also[edit]
Taoism portal
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Five elements
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Enantiodromia
References[edit]
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Feuchtwang, Stephan (2016). Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations. New York: Routledge. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-415-85881-6.
Jump up ^ Feuchtwang, Sephan. “Chinese Religions.” Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Tranformations, Third ed., Routledge, 2016, pp. 150-151.
Jump up ^ Porkert (1974). The Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-16058-7.
Jump up ^ Georges Ohsawa (1976). The Unique Principle. ISBN 978-0-918860-17-0 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Taylor Latener, Rodney Leon (2005). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Confucianism. 2. New York: Rosen Publishing Group. p. 869. ISBN 978-0-8239-4079-0.
Jump up ^ Bernhard Karlgren, Analytic Dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese, Paul Geunthner, 1923, p. 104.
Jump up ^ Wenlin, version 4.1.1, 2012, n.p.
Jump up ^ Bernhard Karlgren, Grammata Serica Recensa, Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 1957, 173, 188.
Jump up ^ Li, Fang-Kuei, "Studies on Archaic Chinese", translated by Gilbert L. Mattos, Monumenta Serica 31, 1974:219–287.
Jump up ^ William H. Baxter, A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter ,1992.
Jump up ^ Schuessler, Axel, ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, University of Hawaii Press, 2007, 558, 572.
Jump up ^ Baxter & Sagart (2014), pp. 326-378.
Jump up ^ Schuessler, Axel, ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, University of Hawaii Press, 2007, 356.
Jump up ^ John DeFrancis, ed., ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary, University of Hawaii Press, 2003, 1147, 1108.
Jump up ^ Rolf Stein (2010), Rolf Stein's Tibetica Antiqua: With Additional Materials, Brill, p. 63.
Jump up ^ Arnoldus Montanus, Atlas Chinensis: Being a relation of remarkable passages in two embassies from the East-India Company of the United Provinces to the Vice-Roy Singlamong, General Taising Lipovi, and Konchi, Emperor, Thomas Johnson, tr. by J. Ogilby, 1671, 549: "The Chineses by these Strokes ‥ declare ‥ how much each Form or Sign receives from the two fore-mention'd Beginnings of Yn or Yang."
Jump up ^ William Jones Boone, "Defense of an Essay on the proper renderings of the words Elohim and θεός into the Chinese Language," Chinese Repository XIX, 1850, 375: "... when in the Yih King (or Book of Diagrams) we read of the Great Extreme, it means that the Great Extreme is in the midst of the active-passive primordial substance (Yin-yáng); and that it is not exterior to, or separate from the Yin-yáng."
Jump up ^ Carl Jung, "Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self", in The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, tr. by R. F. C. Hull, Volume 9, Part 2, p. 58" "[The vision of "Ascension of Isaiah"] might easily be a description of a genuine yang-yin relationship, a picture that comes closer to the actual truth than the privatio boni. Moreover, it does not damage monotheism in any way, since it unites the opposites just and yang and yin are united in Tao (which the Jesuits quite logically translated as "God")."
Jump up ^ For instance, the Huainanzi says" "Now, the lumber is not so important as the forest; the forest is not so important as the rain; the rain is not so important as yin and yang; yin and yang are not so important as harmony; and harmony is not so important as the Way. (12, 材不及林，林不及雨，雨不及陰陽，陰陽不及和，和不及道; tr. Major et al. 2010, 442).
Jump up ^ Roger T. Ames, "Yin and Yang", in Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy, ed. by Antonio S. Cua, Routledge, 2002, 847.
Jump up ^ Needham, Joseph; Science and Civilization in China Vol.2: History of Scientific Thought; Cambridge University Press; 1956
Jump up ^ Needham, Joseph; Science and Civilization in China Vol.2: History of Scientific Thought; Cambridge University Press; 1956.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Jacques H. Kamstra, Encounter Or Syncretism: The Initial Growth of Japanese Buddhism
Jump up ^ Muller, Charles. "Daode Jing". Retrieved 2018-03-09.
Jump up ^ Robin R. Wang "Yinyang (Yin-yang)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
Jump up ^ Nyoiti Sakurazawa & William Dufty (1965) You Are All Sanpaku, page 33
Jump up ^ Osgood, Charles E. "From Yang and Yin to and or but." Language 49.2 (1973): 380–412 . JSTOR
Jump up ^ Li CL. A brief outline of Chinese medical history with particular reference to acupuncture. Perspect Biol Med. 1974 Autumn;18(1):132-43.
Jump up ^ The text of the I Ching has its origins in a Western Zhou divination text called the Changes of Zhou (周易 Zhōu yì). Various modern scholars suggest dates ranging between the 10th and 4th centuries BC for the assembly of the text in approximately its current form. Nylan, Michael (2001), The Five "Confucian" Classics (2001), p. 228.
Jump up ^ Giovanni Monastra: "The "Yin–Yang" among the Insignia of the Roman Empire? Archived 2011-09-25 at the Wayback Machine.," "Sophia," Vol. 6, No. 2 (2000)
Jump up ^ "Late Roman Shield Patterns - Magister Peditum". www.ne.jp.
Jump up ^ Helmut Nickel: "The Dragon and the Pearl," Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 26 (1991), p. 146, Fn. 5
Jump up ^ Woolidge, Doug (June 1997). "T'AI CHI The International Magazine of T'ai Chi Ch'uan Vol. 21 No. 3". Wayfarer Publications. ISSN 0730-1049.
Works cited
Baxter, William H.; Sagart, Laurent (2014). Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-994537-5.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yin Yang.
Look up yin, yang, or yin-yang in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Yin Yang meaning in Chinese educational video.
Yin and Yang, goldenelixir.com
"Precelestial and Postcelestial Yin and Yang", by Liu Yiming (1734–1821)
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Jai Jawan Jai Kisan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For 2015 film, see Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan (film).
Jai Jawan Jai Kisan (English: "Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer") was a slogan given to India by the Prime Minister of India Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1965 at a public gathering at Ramlila Maidan, Delhi.[1][2]
Soon after Shastri took over the prime ministership of India after Nehru's death, India was attacked by Pakistan. At the same time there was scarcity of food grains in the country. Shastri gave the slogan Jai Jawan Jai Kisan to enthuse the soldiers to defend India and simultaneously cheering farmers to do their best to increase the production of food grains to reduce dependence on import. It became a very popular slogan.[1][3]
In popular culture[edit]
After the Pokaran tests in 1998, [Atal Bihari Vajpayee] added Jai Vigyan (Hail Science) to the slogan to underline the importance of knowledge in India's progress.[4]
During the acceptance speech of Sunil Bharti Mittal delivered at Teen Murti Bhavan on 15 December 2009 after receiving the 10th Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award from the President of India, the Director of the Lal Bahadur Shastri Institute of Management, Delhi, Dr Kailash Chandra Mishra, restated the slogan as
Jai Jawan! Jai Kissan! Jai Vigyan! Jai Vidwan!
Jai Vidwan means "hail the learned" to signify knowledge working as the driver of India's current significant economic growth.
The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India) commemorated Shastri on his 48th martyr's day:
Former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri was one of those great Indians who has left an indelible impression on our collective life. Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri's contribution to our public life were unique in that they were made in the closest proximity to the life of the common man in India. Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri was looked upon by Indians as one of their own, one who shared their ideals, hopes and aspirations. His achievements were looked upon not as the isolated achievements of an individual but of our society collectively.
Under his leadership India faced and repulsed the Pakistani invasion of 1965. It is not only a matter of pride for the Indian Army but also for every citizen of the country. Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri's slogan Jai Jawan Jai Kisan reverberates even today through the length and breadth of the country. Underlying this is the inner-most sentiments 'Jai Hindustan'. The war of 1965 was fought and won for our self-respect and our national prestige. For using our Defence Forces with such admirable skill, the nation remains beholden to Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri. He will be remembered for all times to come for his large heartedness and public service.[5]
In 2015, a film based on Shastri's life was released which was named after this slogan.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Gallery of Prime Ministers of India". Govt of India. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "The ground beneath her feet". Livemint. April 5, 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
Jump up ^ "State to usher in `Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan' era". The Hindu. Dec 9, 2006. Archived from the original on 6 Apr 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "'Jai jawan, jai kisan aur jai vigyan,' Vajpayee coins new slogan". Rediff.com. May 20, 1998. Archived from the original on 27 Apr 2006. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Hindustan Times, New Delhi Friday, January 11, 2013 page no 5
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jai_Jawan_Jai_Kisan&oldid=793683740"
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