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Judges of the International Court of Justice
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The first and second lists are of all the permanent judges of the International Court of Justice, the main judicial organ of the United Nations, first chronologically and then by seat. The third list is a list of judges appointed ad hoc by a party to a proceeding before the Court pursuant to Article 31 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
Contents
1 Permanent judges
2 Succession of seats
3 Judges sitting ad hoc
4 See also
5 References
Permanent judges[edit]
Judges of the International Court of Justice, as of 22 July 2010 (sortable)
State
Judge
Terms start
Term end
President
Vice-President
El Salvador El Salvador José Gustavo Guerrero 1946 1958 1946–1949 1949–1955
France France Jules Basdevant 1946 1964 1949–1952 1946–1949
Chile Chile Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez 1946 1955
Mexico Mexico Isidro Fabela 1946 1952
USA United States Green Hackworth 1946 1961 1955–1958
Poland Poland Bohdan Winiarski 1946 1967 1961–1964
Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Zoricic Milovan Zoričić 1946 1958
Belgium Belgium de Visscher Charles De Visscher 1946 1952
UK United Kingdom Arnold McNair, 1st Baron McNair 1946 1955 1952–1955
Norway Norway Helge Klæstad 1946 1961 1958–1961
Egypt Egypt Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha 1946 1965 1955–1958
USSR Soviet Union Krylov Sergei Krylov 1946 1952
Canada Canada Read John Read 1946 1958
China China Hsu Hsu Mo 1946 1956
Brazil Brazil Philadelpho Azevedo 1946 1951
Brazil Brazil Carneiro Levi Carneiro (pt) 1951 1955
India India Sir Benegal Narsing Rau 1952 1953
Uruguay Uruguay Armand-Ugon Enrique Armand-Ugón (nl) 1952 1961
USSR Soviet Union Golunsky Sergei Golunsky (ru) 1952 1953
USSR Soviet Union Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov 1953 1961
Pakistan Pakistan Muhammad Zafarullah Khan 1954
1964 1961
1973 1970–1973 1958–1961
UK United Kingdom Hersch Lauterpacht 1955 1960
Argentina Argentina Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana (nl) 1955 1964
Mexico Mexico Cordova Roberto Córdova 1955 1964
China China Wellington Koo 1957 1967 1964–1967
Greece Greece Jean Spiropoulos 1958 1967
Australia Australia Spender Sir Percy Spender 1958 1967 1964–1967
Panama Panama Ricardo Alfaro 1959 1964 1961–1964
UK United Kingdom Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice 1960 1973
USSR Soviet Union Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky (ru) 1961 1970 1967–1970
Japan Japan Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka 1961 1970
Peru Peru José Bustamante y Rivero 1961 1970 1967–1970
USA United States Philip Jessup 1961 1970
Italy Italy Morelli Gaetano Morelli (it) 1961 1970
Mexico Mexico Luis Padilla Nervo 1964 1973
Senegal Senegal Forster Isaac Forster (nl) 1964 1982
France France Gros André Gros (nl) 1964 1982
Lebanon Lebanon AmmounFouad Ammoun (de) 1965 1976 1970–1976
Philippines Philippines César Bengzon 1967 1976
Sweden Sweden Petrén Sture Petrén (sv) 1967 1976
Poland Poland Manfred Lachs 1967 1993 1973–1976
Nigeria Nigeria Onyeama Charles Onyeama 1967 1976
USA United States Hardy Dillard 1970 1979
Dahomey Benin Louis Ignacio-Pinto 1970 1979
Spain Spain Federico de Castro 1970 1979
USSR Soviet Union Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov (nl) 1970 1985
Uruguay Uruguay Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga 1970 1979 1976–1979
UK United Kingdom Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock 1973 1981 1979–1981
India India Nagendra Singh 1973 1988 1985–1988 1976–1979
Argentina Argentina José Ruda 1973 1991 1988–1991
West Germany West Germany Mosler Hermann Mosler (de) 1976 1985
Nigeria Nigeria Taslim Elias 1976 1991 1982–1985 1979–1982
Syria Syria Tarazi Salah Tarazi (nl) 1976 1980
Japan Japan Shigeru Oda 1976 2003 1991–1994
Italy Italy Roberto Ago 1979 1995
Egypt Egypt Abdullah El-Erian 1979 1981
Brazil Brazil Sette-Camara José Sette Câmara Filho (pt) 1979 1988 1982–1985
USA United States Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter 1979 1980
Syria Syria El-Khani Abdallah El-Khani (nl) 1981 1985
USA United States Stephen Schwebel 1981 2000 1997–2000 1994–1997
UK United Kingdom Jennings Sir Robert Jennings 1982 1995 1991–1994
France France de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière (nl) 1982 1987 1985–1987
Senegal Senegal Kéba Mbaye 1982 1991 1987–1991
Algeria Algeria Mohammed Bedjaoui 1982 2001 1994–1997
China China Ni Ni Zhengyu (zh) 1985 1994
Norway Norway Jens Evensen 1985 1994
USSR/Russia Soviet Union/Russia Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov (ru) 1985 1994
France France Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume (fr) 1987 2005 2000–2003
Guyana Guyana Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen 1988 1997
India India Raghunandan Swarup Pathak 1989 1991
Venezuela Venezuela Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley (nl) 1991 1995
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Christopher Weeramantry 1991 2000 1997–2000
Madagascar Madagascar Raymond Ranjeva 1991 2009 2003–2006
Nigeria Nigeria Bola Ajibola 1991 1994
Hungary Hungary Herczegh Géza Herczegh (hu) 1993 2003
China China Shi Shi Jiuyong 1994 2010 2003–2006 2000–2003
Germany Germany Carl-August Fleischhauer 1994 2003
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Abdul G. Koroma 1994 2012
Russia Russia Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin (nl) 1994 2006
Italy Italy Luigi Ferrari Bravo 1995 1997
UK United Kingdom Rosalyn Higgins 1995 2009 2006–2009
Venezuela Venezuela Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra-Aranguren 1996 2009
Netherlands Netherlands Pieter Kooijmans 1997 2006
Brazil Brazil Francisco Rezek 1997 2006
Jordan Jordan Al-Khasawneh Awn Al-Khasawneh 2000 2011 2006–2009
USA United States Thomas Buergenthal 2000 2010
Egypt Egypt Nabil El Araby 2001 2006
Japan Japan Hisashi Owada 2003 2009–2012
Germany Germany Bruno Simma 2003 2012
Slovakia Slovakia Peter Tomka 2003 2012–2015 2009–2012
France France Ronny Abraham 2005 2014 2015–2018
New Zealand New Zealand Sir Kenneth Keith 2006 2015
Mexico Mexico Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor 2006 2015 2012–2015
Morocco Morocco Mohamed Bennouna 2006 2024
Russia Russia Leonid Skotnikov 2006 2015
Brazil Brazil Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade 2009 2018
Somalia Somalia Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf 2009 2018 2018– 2015–2018
UK United Kingdom Greenwood Sir Christopher Greenwood 2009 2018
China China Xue Xue Hanqin 2010 2012 2018–
USA United States Joan E. Donoghue 2010
Italy Italy Giorgio Gaja 2012
Uganda Uganda Julia Sebutinde 2012
India India Dalveer Bhandari 2012
Australia Australia Crawford James Crawford 2015
Russia Russia Kirill Gevorgian 2015
Jamaica Jamaica Patrick Lipton Robinson 2015
Lebanon Nawaf Salam 2018
Succession of seats[edit]
The Court comprises 15 seats. When the original fifteen judges were elected in 1946, they drew lots to determine which five would have 3-year initial terms, which five would have 6-year initial terms, and which five would have 9-year initial terms. From then onwards, all terms have been nine years, with five seats being up for election every three years. The seats are numbered according to the length of the initial term and then in order of seniority of the first judge to hold the seat.
There are no formal rules for the allocation of seats, other than that no two may be nationals of the same state. In practice, the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council have each had a permanent seat on the Court, except between 1967 and 1985 when there was no Chinese judge and since the UK lost their judge in 2018.[1] The remaining seats have been informally allocated by regional groups in the same way as the fifteen seats on the Security Council. Since 1970, the conventional allocation is three seats to Asia Pacific, three seats to Africa, two seats to Latin America and the Caribbean, two seats to Eastern Europe and five seats to Western Europe and Others.
Seat 1 (Asia)
Initial term of nine years
José Gustavo Guerrero El Salvador El Salvador 1946–1958
Ricardo Alfaro Panama Panama 1959-1964
Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan Pakistan 1964-1973
Nagendra Singh India India 1973-1988
Raghunandan Pathak India India 1989-1991
Christopher Weeramantry Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 1991-2000
Al-Khasawneh Awn Al-Khasawneh Jordan Jordan 2000-2011
Dalveer Bhandari India India 2012-
Seat 2 (WE&O)
Initial term of nine years
Jules Basdevant France France 1946-1964
Gros André Gros (nl) France France 1964-1982
de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière (nl) France France 1982-1987
Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume (fr) France France 1987-2005
Ronny Abraham France France 2005-
Seat 3 (Africa)
Initial term of nine years
Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez Chile Chile 1946-1955
Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana (nl) Argentina Argentina 1955-1964
Forster Isaac Forster (nl) Senegal Senegal 1964-1982
Kéba Mbaye Senegal Senegal 1982-1991
Raymond Ranjeva Madagascar Madagascar 1991-2009
Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf Somalia Somalia 2009-
Seat 4 (WE&O)
Initial term of nine years
Arnold McNair, 1st Baron McNair UK UK 1946-1955
Hersch Lauterpacht UK UK 1955-1960
Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice UK UK 1960-1973
Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock UK UK 1973-1981
Jennings Sir Robert Jennings UK UK 1981-1995
Rosalyn Higgins UK UK 1995-2009
Sir Christopher Greenwood Christopher Greenwood UK UK 2009-2018
Nawaf Salam Lebanon 2018-
Seat 5 (LA&C)
Initial term of nine years
Philadelpho Azevedo Brazil Brazil 1946-1951
Carneiro Levi Carneiro (pt) Brazil Brazil 1951-1955
Cordova Roberto Córdova Mexico Mexico 1955-1964
Luis Padilla Nervo Mexico Mexico 1964-1973
José Ruda Argentina Argentina 1973-1991
Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley (nl) Venezuela Venezuela 1991-1995
Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra-Aranguren Venezuela Venezuela 1996-2009
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Brazil Brazil 2009-
Seat 6 (LA&C)
Initial term of six years
Isidro Fabela Mexico Mexico 1946-1952
Armand-Ugon Enrique Armand-Ugón (nl) Uruguay Uruguay 1952-1961
José Bustamante y Rivero Peru Peru 1961-1970
Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga Uruguay Uruguay 1970-1979
Sette-Camara José Sette Câmara Filho (pt) Brazil Brazil 1979-1988
Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen Guyana Guyana 1988-1997
Francisco Rezek Brazil Brazil 1997-2006
Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor Mexico Mexico 2006-2015
Patrick Lipton Robinson Jamaica Jamaica 2015-
Seat 7 (WE&O)
Initial term of six years
Green Hackworth USA USA 1946-1961
Philip Jessup USA USA 1961-1970
Hardy Dillard USA USA 1970-1979
Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter USA USA 1979-1980
Stephen Schwebel USA USA 1981-2000
Thomas Buergenthal USA USA 2000-2010
Joan E. Donoghue Joan E. Donoghue USA USA 2010-
Seat 8 (Africa)
Initial term of six years
de Visscher Charles De Visscher Belgium Belgium 1946-1952
Benegal Narsing Rau India India 1952-1953
Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan Pakistan 1954-1961
Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka Japan Japan 1961-1970
Louis Ignacio-Pinto Dahomey Benin 1970-1979
Abdullah El-Erian Egypt Egypt 1979-1981
Mohammed Bedjaoui Algeria Algeria 1982-2001
Nabil El Araby Egypt Egypt 2001-2006
Mohamed Bennouna Morocco Morocco 2006-
Seat 9 (WE&O)
Initial term of six years
Helge Klæstad Norway Norway 1946-1961
Morelli Gaetano Morelli (it) Italy Italy 1961-1970
Federico de Castro Spain Spain 1970-1979
Roberto Ago Italy Italy 1979-1995
Luigi Ferrari Bravo Italy Italy 1995-1997
Pieter Kooijmans Netherlands Netherlands 1997-2006
Keith Sir Kenneth Keith New Zealand New Zealand 2006-2015
Crawford James Crawford Australia Australia 2015-
Seat 10 (Eastern Europe)
Initial term of six years
Krylov Sergei Krylov USSR USSR 1946-1952
Golunsky Sergei Golunsky (ru) USSR USSR 1952-1953
Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov USSR USSR 1953-1961
Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky (ru) USSR USSR 1961-1970
Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov (nl) USSR USSR 1970-1985
Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov (ru) USSR/Russia USSR/Russia 1985-1994
Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin (nl) Russia Russia 1994-2006
Leonid Skotnikov Russia Russia 2006-2015
Kirill Gevorgian Russia Russia 2015-
Seat 11 (Eastern Europe)
Initial term of three years
Bohdan Winiarski Poland Poland 1946-1967
Manfred Lachs Poland Poland 1967-1993
Herczegh Géza Herczegh (hu) Hungary Hungary 1993-2003
Peter Tomka Slovakia Slovakia 2003-
Seat 12 (WE&O)
Initial term of three years
Zoricic Milovan Zoričić Yugoslavia Yugoslavia 1946-1958
Jean Spiropoulos Greece Greece 1958-1967
Petrén Sture Petrén (sv) Sweden Sweden 1967-1976
Mosler Hermann Mosler (de) West Germany West Germany 1976-1985
Jens Evensen Norway Norway 1985-1994
Carl-August Fleischhauer Germany Germany 1994-2003
Bruno Simma Germany Germany 2003-2012
Giorgio Gaja Italy Italy 2012-
Seat 13 (Asia)
Initial term of three years
Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha Egypt Egypt 1946-1965
AmmounFouad Ammoun (de) Lebanon Lebanon 1965-1976
Tarazi Salah Tarazi (nl) Syria Syria 1976-1980
El-Khani Abdallah El-Khani (nl) Syria Syria 1981-1985
Ni Ni Zhengyu (zh) China China 1985-1994
Shi Shi Jiuyong China China 1994-2010
Xue Hanqin Xue Hanqin China China 2010-
Seat 14 (Africa)
Initial term of three years
Read John Read Canada Canada 1946-1958
Percy Spender Australia Australia 1958-1967
Onyeama Charles Onyeama Nigeria Nigeria 1967-1976
Taslim Elias Nigeria Nigeria 1976-1991
Bola Ajibola Nigeria Nigeria 1991-1994
Abdul G. Koroma Sierra Leone Sierra Leone 1994-2012
Julia Sebutinde Uganda Uganda 2012-
Seat 15 (Asia)
Initial term of three years
Hsu Hsu Mo China China 1946-1956
Wellington Koo China China 1957-1967
César Bengzon Philippines Philippines 1967-1976
Shigeru Oda Japan Japan 1976-2003
Hisashi Owada Japan Japan 2003-
Judges sitting ad hoc[edit]
Judges sitting ad hoc on the International Court of Justice, as of 22 July 2010 (sortable)
Judge
Nationality
Appointing State
Case(s) including parties years and of initiation to deposition
Georges Abi-Saab Egypt Mali Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) 1983–1986
Adetobunboh Ademola Nigeria Ethiopia South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Liberia South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Mohsen Aghahosseini Iran Iran Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) 1989–1996
Roberto Ago Italy Honduras Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 (Honduras v. Nicaragua) 1958–1960
Bola Ajibola Nigeria Nigeria Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) 1996–2002
Nigeria Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon) 1998–1999
Luis Alayza y Paz Soldán Peru Peru Asylum (Colombia/Peru) 1949–1950
Peru Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru) 1950
Peru Haya de la Torre (Colombia v.Peru) 1950–1951
Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh Jordan Nicaragua Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2014–present
Louise Arbour Canada Chile Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile) 2014–present
Enrique Armand-Ugón Uruguay Spain Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970
Antonio de Arruda Ferrer-Correia Portugal Portugal East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995
Garfield Barwick Australia Australia Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France) 1973–1974
New Zealand Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) 1973–1974
Suzanne Bastid France Tunisia Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1984–1985
Philémon Beb à Don Cameroon Cameroon Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. United Kingdom) 1961–1963
Mohammed Bedjaoui Algeria Guinea Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012
Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012
Niger Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger) 2002–2005
Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. India) 2014–present
Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. Pakistan) 2014–present
Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom) 2014–present
Mohamed Bennouna Morocco Benin Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger) 2002–2005
Franklin Berman United Kingdom Liechtenstein Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005
Alphonse Boni Ivory Coast Morocco Western Sahara 1974–1975
Bengt Broms Finland Finland Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark) 1991–1992
Charles Brower United States Colombia Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present
Ian Brownlie United Kingdom Liechtenstein Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005
Andreas Bucher Switzerland Switzerland Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland) 2009–2011
Sayeman Bula-Bula Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) 2000–2002
José Joaquin Caicedo Castilla Colombia Colombia Asylum (Colombia/Peru) 1949–1950
Colombia Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru) 1950
Colombia Haya de la Torre (Colombia v.Peru) 1950–1951
Ian Callinan Australia Australia Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia) 2013–2015
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Brazil Costa Rica Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2005–2009
Jean-Yves de Cara France Republic of the Congo Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) 2003–2010
Paul Carry Switzerland Switzerland Interhandel (Switzerland v. United States of America) 1957–1959
Jorge Castañeda Mexico Malta Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985
Federico de Castro Spain Spain Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) 1958–1961
Mahommedali Currim Chagla India India Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India) 1955–1960
Hilary Charlesworth Australia Australia Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening) 2010–2014
Joseph Chesson Liberia Ethiopia South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Liberia South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Maxwell Cohen Canada Canada Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/United States of America) 1981–1984
Claude-Albert Colliard France Nicaragua Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) 1984–1986
Jean-Pierre Cot France Colombia Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012
Romania Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine) 2004–2009
Colombia Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia) 2008–2013
Thailand Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand) 2011–present
Timor-Leste Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia) 2013–2015
Yves Daudet France Burkina Faso Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger) 2010–2013
Bolivia Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile) 2014–present
Nicaragua Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present
Igor Daxner Czechoslovakia Albania Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania) 1947–1949
Vojin Dimitrijević Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003
Christopher Dugard South Africa Rwanda Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001
Rwanda Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006
Malaysia Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore) 2003–2008
Nicaragua Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2010–present
Nicaragua Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) 2011–present
Patrick Ferdinand Duinslaeger Belgium Belgium Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) 1999–2004
Bohuslav Ečer Czechoslovakia Albania Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania) 1947–1949
Ahmed Sadek El-Kosheri Egypt Libya Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America) 1992–2003
Jens Evensen Norway Tunisia Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1978–1982
Manuel Fernandes Portugal Portugal Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India) 1955–1960
Paul-Henning Fischer Denmark Denmark Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway) 1988–1993
Denmark Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark) 1991–1992
Carl-August Fleischhauer Germany Germany Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005
Yves Fortier Canada Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001
Thomas Franck United States Indonesia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002
Giorgio Gaja Italy Italy Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy) 1999–2004
Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1997–2007
Italy Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening) 2008–2012
Walter Ganshof van der Meersch Belgium Belgium Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) 1958–1961
Belgium Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970
Carlos Garcia Bauer Guatemala Guatemala Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) 1951–1955
David Goitein Israel Israel Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria) 1957–1959
Julio Diego Gonzáles Campos Spain Honduras Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1999–2007
Paul Guggenheim Switzerland Liechtenstein Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) 1951–1955
Gilbert Guillaume France France Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) 2003–2010
Nicaragua Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2005–2009
France Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France) 2006–2008
Peru Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) 2008–2014
Nicaragua Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2010–present
Cambodia Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand) 2011–present
Nicaragua Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) 2011–present
Sead Hodžić Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003
Robert Yewdall Jennings United Kingdom United Kingdom Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom) 1992–2003
Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga Uruguay Libya Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1978–1982
Libya Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985
Libya Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1984–1985
Philippe Kirsch Belgium Belgium Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) 2009–2012
Milenko Kreća Serbia and Montenegro Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. France) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Germany) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Netherlands) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Portugal) 1999–2004
FR Yugoslavia Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain) 1999
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. United Kingdom) 1999–2004
FR Yugoslavia Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. United States of America) 1999
Serbia Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) 1999–2015
Marc Lalonde Canada Canada Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) 1995–1998
Canada Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada) 1999–2004
Elihu Lauterpacht United Kingdom Bosnia and Herzegovina Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) 1993–2007
François Luchaire France Burkina Faso Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) 1983–1986
Ahmed Mahiou Algeria Bosnia and Herzegovina Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) 1993–2007
Guinea Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012
Bosnia and Herzegovina Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003
Niger Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger) 2010–2013
Auguste Mampuya Kanunka Tshiabo Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012
Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006
Jean-Pierre Mavungu Mvubidi-Ngom Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001
Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006
Louis Mbanefo Nigeria Ethiopia South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Liberia South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Kéba Mbaye Senegal Senegal Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal) 1989–1991
Cameroon Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) 1996–2002
Cameroon Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon) 1998–1999
Thomas Mensah Ghana Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012
Gaetano Morelli Italy Italy Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America) 1953–1954
Hermann Mosler West Germany West Germany North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) 1967–1969
Nagendra Singh India India Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council (India v. Pakistan) 1971–1972
Johannes Offerhaus Netherlands Netherlands Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants (Netherlands v. Sweden) 1957–1958
Francisco Orrego Vicuña Chile Chile Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) 2008–2014
Bernard Oxman United States Ukraine Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine) 2004–2009
Geoffrey Palmer New Zealand New Zealand Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with Paragraph 63 of the Court's Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) Case 1995
Felipe Paolillo Uruguay El Salvador Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras) 2002–2003
Syed Sharif Uddin Pirzada Pakistan Pakistan Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India) 1999–2000
Fausto Pocar Italy Belgium Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland) 2009–2011
Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao India Singapore Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore) 2003–2008
B. P. Jeevan Reddy India India Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India) 1999–2000
François Rigaux Belgium Iran Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) 1992–2003
Willem Riphagen Netherlands Belgium Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970
Emmanuel Roucounas Greece Greece Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece) 2008–2011
José María Ruda Argentina Qatar Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001
Jean Salmon Belgium Burundi Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi) 1999–2001
Karim Sandjabi Iran Iran Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (United Kingdom v. Iran) 1951–1952
Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor Mexico Mexico Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States) 2003–2004
José Sette-Camara Brazil Libya Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad) 1990–1994
Mohamed Shahabuddeen Guyana Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001
Indonesia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002
Bruno Simma Germany Costa Rica Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2014–present
Leonid Skotnikov Russia Nicaragua Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present
Krysztof Skubiszewski Poland Portugal East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995
Slovakia Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) 1997–present
Max Sørensen Denmark Netherlands North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) (1967–1969)
Denmark North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark) (1967–1969)
Jean Spiropoulos Greece Greece Ambatielos (Greece v. United Kingdom) 1951–1953
Michel Stassinopoulos Greece Greece Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey) 1976–1978
Ninian Stephen Australia Australia East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995
Fredrik Julius Christian Sterzel Sweden Sweden Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants (Netherlands v. Sweden) 1957–1958
Serge Sur France Senegal Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) 2009–2012
Hubert Thierry France Guinea-Bissau Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal) 1989–1991
Santiago Torres Bernárdez Spain Honduras Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992
Qatar Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001
Spain Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) 1995–1998
Spain Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain) 1999
Honduras Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1999–2007
Honduras Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras) 2002–2003
Uruguay Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) 2006–2010
Francisco Urrutia Holguin Colombia Nicaragua Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 (Honduras v. Nicaragua) 1958–1960
Nicolas Valticos Greece Malta Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985
El Salvador Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992
Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001
Joe Verhoeven Belgium Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi) 1999–2001
Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda) 1999–present
Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001
Raúl Emilio Vinuesa Argentina Argentina Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) 2006–2010
Ecuador Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia) 2008–2013
Michel Virally France Honduras Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992
Budislav Vukas Croatia Croatia Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) 1999–2015
Macedonia Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece) 2008–2011
Christopher Gregory Weeramantry Sri Lanka Malaysia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002
J.T. van Wyk South Africa South Africa South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
South Africa South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Chris van den Wyngaert Belgium Belgium Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) 2000–2002
Mohamed Yaqub Ali Khan Pakistan Ethiopia South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Liberia South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Pakistan Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India) 1973
Abdulqawi Yusuf Somalia Djibouti Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France) 2006–2008
Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan Ethiopia South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Liberia South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Pakistan Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India) 1973
Jaroslav Žourek Czechoslovakia Bulgaria Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria) 1957–1959
Bulgaria Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (United States of America v. Bulgaria) 1957–1960
All Judges ad hoc: http://www.icj-cij.org/court/index.php?p1=1&p2=5&p3=2&lang=en
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judges of the International Court of Justice.
List of International Court of Justice cases
Category:International Court of Justice judges
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bowcott, Owen (2017-11-20). "No British judge on world court for first time in its 71-year history". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-05-13.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judges_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice&oldid=851187235"
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Glucose test
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Testing blood sugar levels
A glucose test is a type of blood test used to determine the amount of glucose in the blood. It is mainly used in screening for prediabetes or diabetes.[1] Patients are instructed not to consume anything but water during the fasting period. Caffeine will also distort the results. If the person eats during the period in which he or she is supposed to have been fasting then they may show blood sugar levels that may cause his or her doctor to think the person has or is at increased risk of having diabetes. In people already having diabetes, blood glucose monitoring is used with frequent intervals in the management of the condition.[1]
There are several different kinds of glucose tests:
Fasting blood sugar (FBS), fasting plasma glucose (FPG): 8 or 12 or 14 hours after eating
Glucose tolerance test:[2] continuous testing
Postprandial glucose test (PC): 2 hours after eating
Random glucose test
Contents
[hide]
1 Reference ranges
1.1 Fasting blood sugar
1.2 Postprandial glucose
2 See also
3 References
Reference ranges[edit]
Fasting blood sugar[edit]
A range of 4 to 5.5 mmol/l (70 to 99 mg/dl) before a meal is normal. Continual fasting levels of 5.5 to 7 mmol/l (101–125 mg/dl) causes concern of possible prediabetes and may be worth monitoring. 7 mmol/l (126 mg/dl) and above means a risk of diabetes.[3]
After a 12‑hour fast, a range of 3.9 to under 5.5 mmol/l (70.2 to 100 mg/dl) is normal; a level of 5.6 to under 7 mmol/l (100 to 126 mg/dl) is considered a sign of prediabetes.[3]
Postprandial glucose[edit]
Main article: Postprandial glucose test
A level of < 7.8 mmol/l (140 mg/dl) 90 minutes after a meal is normal.[4]
See also[edit]
Glucose meter
Hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b MedlinePlus > Blood glucose monitoring Update Date: 6/17/2008. Updated by: Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD. In turn citing: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2008. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31:S12–S54.
Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Glucose tolerance test
^ Jump up to: a b Diabetes – tests and diagnosis
Jump up ^ "WebMD". WebMD.
[hide]
v
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Electrolytes
Sodium
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Urea
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Plasma osmolality
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ALP
transaminases
ALT
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Bilirubin
Unconjugated
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Pancreas
Amylase
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Pancreatic lipase

This medical treatment–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Indian Independence Act 1947
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Indian Independence Act 1947
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title
An Act to make provision for the setting up in India of two independent Dominion states, to substitute other provisions for certain provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935, which apply outside those Dominions, and to provide for other matters consequential on or connected with the setting up of those Dominions.
Citation
1947 c. 30
(10 & 11. Geo. 6.)
Dates
Royal assent
18 July 1947
Status: Spent
The Indian Independence Act 1947 (1947 c. 30 (10 & 11. Geo. 6.)) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan. The Act received the royal assent on 18 July 1947, and Pakistan came into being on 14 August and India came into being on 15 August.[1]
The legislation was formulated by the government of Prime Minister Clement Attlee and the Governor General of India Lord Mountbatten, after representatives of the Indian National Congress,[2] the Muslim League,[3] and the Sikh community[4] came to an agreement with the Viceroy of India, Lord Mountbatten of Burma, on what has come to be known as the 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan. This plan was the last plan for independence.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Attlee’s announcement
1.2 3 June Plan
2 Provisions
3 Salient features
4 Princely states
4.1 Aftermath
4.2 India
4.3 Pakistan
4.4 Partition
4.5 Legal
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Background[edit]
Attlee’s announcement[edit]
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom announced on 20 February 1947 that:
British Government would grant full self-government to British India by June 1948 at the latest,
The future of Princely States would be decided after the date of final transfer is decided.[5]
3 June Plan[edit]
This was also known as the Mountbatten Plan. The British government proposed a plan announced on 3 June 1947 that included these principles:
Principle of Partition of India was accepted by the British Government
Successor governments would be given dominion status
Provisions[edit]
The Act's most important provisions were:
division of British India into the two new and fully sovereign dominions of India and Pakistan, with effect from 15 August 1947;
partition of the provinces of Bengal and Punjab between the two new countries;
establishment of the office of Governor-General in each of the two new countries, as representatives of the Crown;
conferral of complete legislative authority upon the respective Constituent Assemblies of the two new countries;
termination of British suzerainty over the princely states, with effect from 15 August 1947, and recognised the right of states to accede to either dominion
abolition of the use of the title "Emperor of India" by the British monarch (this was subsequently executed by King George VI by royal proclamation on 22 June 1948).

The Act also made provision for the division of joint property, etc. between the two new countries, including in particular the division of the armed forces.
Salient features[edit]
Two new dominion states: Two new dominions were to emerge from the Indian Empire, Pakistan and India. The Dominion of India may be regarded as an expression of the desire for self-government of the all people in India, and the Dominion of Pakistan as the expression of the demand for self-government by the Muslims.
Appointed Date: 15 August 1947 was declared as the appointed date for the partition.
Territories:
Pakistan: East Bengal, West Punjab, Sind, and Chief Commissioner’s Province of Baluchistan.
The fate of North West Frontier Province (now Pakhtunkhwa) was subject to the result of referendum.
Bengal & Assam:
The province of Bengal as constituted under the Government of India Act 1935 ceased to exist;
In lieu thereof two new provinces were to be constituted, to be known respectively as East Bengal and West Bengal.
The fate of District Sylhet, in the province of Assam, was to be decided in a referendum.
Punjab:
The province as constituted under the Government of India Act 1935 ceased to exist;
Two new provinces were to be constituted, to be known respectively as West Punjab and East Punjab
The boundaries of the new provinces were to be determined, whether before or after the appointed date, by the award of a boundary commission to be appointed by the Governor General.
Constitution for the New Dominions: until the time of framing of new constitution, the new dominions and the provinces thereof were to be governed by the Government of India Act 1935. (Temporary Provisions as to the Government of Each New Dominion.)
The Governors General of the new dominions:
For each of the new dominion a new Governor-General was to be appointed by the Crown, subject to the law of the legislature of either of the new dominions.
Same person as Governor General of both dominions: if unless and until provision to the contrary was made by a law of the legislature of either of the new dominions, the same person could be the Governor General of both.
Powers of Governor General: (Section-9)
The Governor General was empowered to bring this Act in force.
Division of territories, powers, duties, rights, assets, liabilities, etc., was the responsibility of Governor General
To adopt, amend, Government of India Act 1935, as the Governor-General may consider it necessary.
power to introduce any change was until 31 March 1948, after that it was open to the constituent assembly to modify or adopt the same Act. (Temporary Provisions as to the Government of Each New Dominion.)
Governor-General had full powers to give assent to any law.
Legislation for the new dominions:
The existing legislative setup was allowed to continue as Constitution making body as well as a legislature. (Temporary Provisions as to the Government of Each New Dominion.)
The legislature of each dominion was given full powers to make laws for that dominion, including laws having extraterritorial operation.
No Act of Parliament of UK passed after the appointed date would be extended to the territories of new dominions.
No law and provision of any law made by the legislature of the new dominions shall be void or inoperative on the ground that it is repugnant to the law of England.
The Governor-General of each dominion had full powers to give assent in His Majesty’s name to any law of the legislature. [Configuration of Pakistan’s Constitution Assembly (CAP I): 69 members of the central legislature + 10 immigrant members= 79]
Consequences of setting up of the new dominions:
His Majesty’s Government lost all the responsibility to the new dominions
The suzerainty of His Majesty’s Government over the Indian States lapsed.
All the treaties or agreements with the Indian States and the tribal areas that were in force at the passing of the Act lapsed.
The title of "Emperor of India" was dropped from the titles of British Crown.
The office of Secretary of State for India was abolished and the provisions of GOI Act 1935 relating to the appointments to the civil service or civil posts under the crown by the secretary of the state ceased to operate
Civil servants: Section 10 provided for the continuance of service of the government servants appointed on or before 15 August 1947 under the Governments of new Dominions with full benefits.
Armed Forces: Sections 11, 12, & 13 dealt with the future of Indian Armed Forces. A Partition Committee was formed on 7 June 1947, with two representatives from each side and the viceroy in the chair, to decide about the division thereof. As soon as the process of partition was to start it was to be replaced by a Partition Council with a similar structure.
First and Second Schedules:
First Schedule listed the districts provisionally included in the new province of East Bengal:
Chittagong Division: Chittagong, Noakhali & Tippera.
Dacca Division: Bakarganj, Dacca, Faridpur, & Mymensingh.
Presidency Division: Jessor, Murshidabad & Nadia
Rajshahi Division: Bogra, Dinajpur, Malda, Rajshahi & Rangpur.
Second Schedule listed the districts provisionally included in the new province of West Punjab:
Lahore Division: Gujranwala, Gurdaspur, Lahore, Sheikhupura & Sialkot.
Rawalpindi Division: Attock, Gujrat, Jehlum, Rawalpindi & Shahpur.
Multan Division: Dera Ghazi Khan, Jhang, Lyallpur, Montgomery, Multan & Muzaffargarh [6]
Princely states[edit]
Main articles: Princely states of Pakistan and Princely states of India
On 4 June 1947 Mountbatten held a press conference in which he addressed the question of the princely states, of which there were over 570.[clarification needed] The treaty relations between Britain and the Indian States would come to an end, and on 15 August 1947 the suzerainty of the British Crown was to lapse. They would be free to accede to one or the other of the new dominions.[7][8]
Aftermath[edit]
India[edit]
Further information: Princely states of India and Political integration of India
Lord Mountbatten of Burma, the last Viceroy, was asked by the Indian leaders to continue as the Governor-General of India. Jawaharlal Nehru became the Prime Minister of India and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became the Home Minister.
Over 560 princely states acceded to India by 15 August. The exceptions were Junagadh, Hyderabad and Jammu and Kashmir. The state of Jammu and Kashmir, which was contiguous to both India and Pakistan, was expected to accede to Pakistan on account of its 77% Muslim majority and its cultural and commercial links to West Punjab (Pakistan), but its Hindu ruler chose to remain initially independent. Following a Pakistani tribal invasion, he acceded to India on 26 October 1947, and the state became a dispute between India and Pakistan.[9] The state of Junagadh initially acceded to Pakistan but faced a revolt from its Hindu population. Following a breakdown of law and order, its Dewan requested India to take over the administration on 8 November 1947. India conducted a referendum in the state on 20 February 1948, in which the people voted overwhelmingly to join India. The state of Hyderabad, with majority Hindu population but Muslim ruler, faced an intense turmoil and sectarian violence. India invaded the state on 13 September 1948, following which the ruler of the state signed the Instrument of Accession, joining India.
Pakistan[edit]
Further information: Princely states of Pakistan
Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the Governor-General of Pakistan, and Liaquat Ali Khan became the Prime Minister of Pakistan.
Between October 1947 and March 1948 the rulers of several Muslim-majority states signed an Instrument of Accession to join Pakistan. These included Amb, Bahawalpur, Chitral, Dir, Kalat, Khairpur, Kharan, Las Bela, Makran, and Swat.[10][11][12]
Partition[edit]
Main articles: Partition of India and Radcliffe Line
There was much violence, and many Muslims from what would become India fled to Pakistan; and Hindus and Sikhs from what would become Pakistan fled to India. Many people left behind all their possessions and property to avoid the violence and flee to their new country.[13]
Legal[edit]
The act was subsequently repealed in the article 395 of the Constitution of India and article 221 of the Constitution of Pakistan of 1956 to obtain true independence for the new states. Though the new constitutions did not have legal authority to repeal the act, it was done to sever the legal chain of validity and establish the constitution as an independent legal system.[14] It has not been repealed in the United Kingdom, where it is still current legislation, although some sections have been repealed.
See also[edit]
Indian independence movement
Pakistan Movement
Political integration of India
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Hoshiar Singh, Pankaj Singh; Singh Hoshiar. Indian Administration. Pearson Education India. p. 10. ISBN 978-81-317-6119-9. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
Jump up ^ represented by Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Acharya Kripalani
Jump up ^ represented by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Liaqat Ali Khan, and Sardar Abdul Rab Nishtar
Jump up ^ represented by Sardar Baldev Singh
Jump up ^ Ghose, Sankar (1993). Jawaharlal Nehru : a biography (1. publ. ed.). New Delhi [u.a.]: Allied Publ. p. 151. ISBN 9788170233695.
Jump up ^ "Salient features of the act" (PDF). Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ R. P. Bhargava (1992) The Chamber of Princes, p. 313
Jump up ^ Indian Independence Act 1947. Opsi.gov.uk. Retrieved on 12 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Stein, Burton; Arnold, David (2010), A History of India, John Wiley & Sons, p. 359, ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6, retrieved 27 July 2012
Jump up ^ Behera, Navnita Chadha (2007), Demystifying Kashmir, Pearson Education India, pp. 12–13, ISBN 8131708462
Jump up ^ Z. H. Zaidi, ed., Jinnah Papers: The states: Historical and Policy Perspectives and Accession to Pakistan, vol. VIII (Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, Government of Pakistan, 2003), p. 113
Jump up ^ "Dominion of Pakistan". Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "The history of partition". Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "India's benign constitutional revolution". Retrieved 20 October 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Indian Independence Act 1947
Indian Independence Bill,1947
"Indian Independence Act 1947 (c.30)" (PDF). Original Statute from The UK Statute Law Database. Office of Public Sector Information, National Archives, UK. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
"Indian Independence Act 1947 (c.30)". Revised Statute from The UK Statute Law Database. Office of Public Sector Information, National Archives, UK. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
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values: ভারতীয় স্বাধীনতা অধিনিয়ম ১৯৪৭ – Bangla

values: План Маўнтбетэна – Belarusian

values: Loi sur l'indépendance indienne de 1947 – French

values: भारतीय स्वतंत्रता अधिनियम १९४७ – Hindi

values: ಭಾರತ ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ ೧೯೪೭ – Kannada

values: ინდოეთის დამოუკიდებლობის აქტი (1947) – Georgian

values: ജൂൺ തേഡ് പ്ലാൻ – Malayalam

values: इंडियन इंडिपेंडन्स अ‍ॅक्ट १९४७ – Marathi

values: План Маунтбеттена – Russian

values: இந்திய விடுதலைச் சட்டம், 1947 – Tamil

values: భారత స్వాతంత్ర్య చట్టం 1947 – Telugu

values: План Маунтбеттена – Ukrainian

values: قانون آزادی ہند 1947ء – Urdu

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