text:
Road to Germany
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"Road to Germany"
Family Guy episode
Episode no.
Season 7
Episode 3
Directed by
Greg Colton
Written by
Patrick Meighan
Production code
6ACX08
Original air date
October 19, 2008
Guest appearance(s)
Brian Blessed as Prince Vultan
Robert Boomfield
Gregory Jbara
Martin Savage
Al Thompson as African American Tree
Jeff Witzke
Episode chronology
← Previous
"I Dream of Jesus" Next →
"Baby Not on Board"
Family Guy (season 7)
List of Family Guy episodes
"Road to Germany" is the third episode of the seventh season and the fourth episode of the 'Road To...' series of the American animated television series Family Guy. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 19, 2008.[1] In the episode, Mort accidentally goes into Stewie's time machine and is sent to Warsaw, Poland on September 1, 1939. Brian and Stewie realize Mort has gone back in time, and go in the time machine to save him.
The episode was written by Patrick Meighan and directed by Greg Colton. Brian Blessed, Gregory Jbara, Martin Savage, Jeff Witzke and Robert Boomfield guest star in the episode. "Road to Germany" was seen by approximately 9.07 million viewers during its original broadcast, and it received positive reviews from television critics. In 2009, the episode, along with "I Dream of Jesus" and "Family Gay", received an Emmy Award nomination for "Outstanding Comedy Series".
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Cultural references
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
While the neighbors are watching the Oscars at the Griffins' house, Mort needs to use the bathroom so desperately that he runs into what he thinks is a portable toilet in Stewie's room. The "toilet" turns out to be a time machine, and Mort is sent to the past. Realizing that Mort does not have a return pad that would be able to bring him back to the present, Stewie and Brian take one of the return pads and go back in time to save Mort. They end up in Warsaw, Poland and find Mort in a synagogue. He believes he is in Heaven as he sees dead family members there. It does not take long for them to realize that the date is September 1, 1939, the day of the Nazi invasion of Poland and when World War II started.
The three cannot return to the present right away since the "return pad" to Stewie's time machine fails to activate. They decide to go to England where Mort, who is Jewish, will be safe from the Nazis. While attempting to cross the border, German officers find out that Mort is Jewish (while doing a poor impersonation of a Catholic priest), resulting in their being chased by the Nazis. Mort, Stewie and Brian make a getaway on a motorbike, followed by an elaborate undersea pursuit in a hijacked U-boat. The chase scene on the motorbike re-enacts the skateboard chase scene in Back To The Future. Like Biff, the Nazi officers' car ends up slamming into a manure truck ("Das Poop!"). The three make it to England safely, and see Winston Churchill. Stewie examines the return pad and discovers it has run out uranium fuel. Brian states that the only place they can find the needed uranium in this time is at a "secret" nuclear testing facility in Berlin, Nazi Germany. The three join the Royal Air Force and fly a Lancaster bomber as they participate in a dogfight against a squadron of Luftwaffe Bf-109 fighters, eventually reaching Berlin. After finding the nuclear research lab, Stewie disguises himself as Adolf Hitler, while the other two disguise themselves as Nazi Officers, and obtains the needed uranium. They then run into the real Hitler, who orders their execution, but they escape on the return pad back to their time (Hitler offered to spare them if they performed a charming musical number, but Mort cuts the eager Stewie and Brian off at the first line).
The group arrives back in Stewie's room 30 seconds before Mort originally entered the time machine. To keep these events from repeating themselves, Stewie kills the Mort that traveled with them by shoving him into the time machine and then blowing it up. The original Mort then enters the room and, now lacking the time machine "toilet" and seeing Stewie and Brian in Nazi uniform, soils himself instead.
Production[edit]
Further information: Road to... (Family Guy)
"Road to Germany" is the third episode of Family Guy´s seventh season. It was written by Patrick Meighan who had written "Road to Rupert". The episode was directed by series regular Greg Colton, who had worked on "Brian Goes Back to College", "No Meals on Wheels" and also "8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter".[2][2] Peter Shin and James Purdun acted as supervising directors.[2] John Viener worked as an executive story editor. Seth MacFarlane, Chris Sheridan, David A. Goodman and Danny Smith were executive producers. Alec Sulkin, Wellesley Wild and Mike Henry acted as supervising producers. Richard Appel, Brian Scully, Mark Hentemann and Steve Callaghan worked as co-executive producers.[2] After reading the script aloud, Jewish executive producer David A. Goodman said, "I'm going to get kicked out of my temple".[3]
"Road to Germany" is the fourth episode of the "Road to" hallmarks of the series, which have aired in various seasons of the show, and the first to be directed by Colton. The episodes are a parody of the seven Road to... comedy films starring Bing Crosby, Bob Hope, and Dorothy Lamour.[4] The director who directed every previous Road to episodes Dan Povenmire left Family Guy soon after, following the conclusion of the fifth season, to create his own series, entitled Phineas and Ferb, which has since been nominated for seven Emmy Awards.[5][6]
"Road to Germany", along with the first eight episodes of the seventh season were released on DVD by 20th Century Fox in the United States and Canada on June 16, 2009, one month after it had completed broadcast on television.[7] The "Volume 7" DVD release features bonus material including deleted scenes, animatics, and commentaries for every episode.[8]
Cultural references[edit]
The episode begins with a swing band version of the orchestral theme from the 1980s miniseries The Winds of War and War and Remembrance. When Brian, Stewie, and Mort are chased by Nazis, a recreation of the chase scene, including music, from Back to the Future occurs where Stewie rides a makeshift skateboard, escapes and has the Nazis crash into a truck of manure.[9][10] Also, the entrance into Warsaw mirrors Marty's arrival in 1955 Hill Valley. When Stewie picks up a Nazi uniform there is a McCain-Palin button attached.[9][11][12] Stewie and Hitler re-enact the famous "mirror" scene from the Marx Brothers film Duck Soup. The U-Boat sequence is an adaptation of U-571 when Stewie decides to throw trash out of the submarine in order to stop the U-Boat that was chasing them. Furthermore, the U-boat crashing scene is a reference to the multiple police car chases (and subsequent crashes) from The Blues Brothers. The submarine scene also features a melody of 'Wishing Well' by Terrence Trent D'Arby. The scene where the Hawk Men defeat the Nazi Air Force is a parody of the film Flash Gordon, with its original soundtrack by Queen. Stewie, Brian and Mort's escape from their crashing plane is a recreation of the raft scene from Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. The Hebrew wedding scene plays a song titled "Through Poland to Jewish Village". The scene in the uranium lab where the scientist shows Stewie "one hundred Luftballons" followed by one popping is a reference to the song "99 Luftballons" where 99 red balloons trigger a nuclear war.
Reception[edit]
In its original broadcast in the United States on October 19, 2008, "Road to Germany" was watched by 9.07 million viewers and was the most watched show in Fox's Animation Domination block that night, beating The Simpsons, American Dad! and King of the Hill.[13] The episode acquired a 4.7 Nielsen rating in the 18–49 demographic, finishing second in its timeslot after ABC's Desperate Housewives.[13] The episode also acquired a 6.1 rating in the 18–34 demographic, finishing first in its timeslot.[13]
"Road to Germany" received positive reviews. Ahsan Haque of IGN rated the episode 9.6 saying, "Featuring gorgeous CGI animation, a genuinely exciting storyline, and some hilariously offensive humor, this Stewie and Brian centric episode of Family Guy easily stands out as one of the best episodes of the show in years."[9] Alex Rocha of TV Guide was much more critical stating, "it seemed that the show has taken a slight fall back. After having great episodes the past few weeks to get this current season started on a roll, we have witnessed another average, even sub-par episode."[10] In his review of Family Guy, volume 7, Francis Rizzo III of DVD Talk called the episode "hugely memorable", and stated that it "features some of the finest animation the series has ever produced".[14]
According to Seth MacFarlane, "Road to Germany" was one of three episodes (Along with "I Dream of Jesus" and "Family Gay") submitted for consideration for "Outstanding Comedy Series" in the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards in 2009. "We picked three of our edgier shows as a choice," he explained, "Ya know, we figured if we are going to be damned, let's be damned for what we really are." The series was ultimately nominated for the award, the first time in 48 years an animated series was nominated for the same category.[15]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Listings — FAMILY GUY on FOX". The Futon Critic. 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Colton, Greg; Meighan, Patrick; MacFarlane, Seth (2008-10-19). "Road to Germany". Family Guy. Season 07. Episode 03. Fox.
Jump up ^ TV Preview: Family Guy Entertainment Weekly
Jump up ^ P., Ken. "Interview with Seth MacFarlane". IGN. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
Jump up ^ "2009 Emmy Awards nominations". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 2009-07-18. Retrieved 2009-07-16.
Jump up ^ "Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 2010-01-18. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
Jump up ^ "Family Guy, Vol. 7". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Family Guy – Season 8". EzyDVD. Archived from the original on 2009-06-05. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c Haque, Ahsan. "Family Guy: Road to Germany Review", During one of the battles against the Nazis, Stewie IGN. October 20, 2008. Accessed October 20, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Rocha, Alex (2008-10-20). "Family Guy Episode Recap: "Road to Germany"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
Jump up ^ Chuck Raasch, "Landslide would challenge Obama" Sunday Free Press (Detroit) Sunday, October 26, 2008, page 13A. "The same day that Powell hit on his own party, the pro-Obama producer of the TV cartoon, Family Guy, depicted Nazis wearing McCain-Palin campaign buttons."
Jump up ^ Nicholas Graham, "Family Guy: Nazis Back McCain-Palin (VIDEO)" The Huffington Post, 19 October 2008; acc. 30 October 2008
^ Jump up to: a b c Bill Gorman (October 20, 2008). "Sunday: Desperate Housewives Tops Night, But Fox Animation Draws Youth". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 23, 2010. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Rizzo, Francis III (June 16, 2009). "Family Guy, Vol. 7". DVD Talk. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (2009-07-17). "Family Guy smashes Emmy barrier for cartoons". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
External links[edit]
"Road to Germany" at TV.com
Road to Germany on IMDb
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Anne Jeffreys
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Anne Jeffreys
Jeffreys in I Married an Angel (1942)
Born
Annie Jeffreys Carmichael
(1923-01-26)January 26, 1923
Goldsboro, North Carolina, U.S.
Died
September 27, 2017(2017-09-27) (aged 94)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Other names
Anne Jeffries, Ann Jeffries
Occupation
Actress, singer
Years active
1941–2015
Spouse(s)
Joseph R. Serena (1945-1949; annulled)
Robert Sterling (1951-2006; his death)
Children
3
Relatives
Tisha Sterling (stepdaughter)
Website
http://www.annejeffreys.com/
Anne Jeffreys (born Annie Jeffreys Carmichael; January 26, 1923 – September 27, 2017)[1][2][3] was an American actress and singer.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
2 Recognition
3 Personal life
4 Death
5 Filmography
5.1 Film
5.2 Television
6 Selected musical theatre work
7 References
8 External links
Career[edit]
Born Annie Jeffreys Carmichael on January 26, 1923 in Goldsboro, North Carolina,[4] Jeffreys entered the entertainment field at a young age, having her initial training in voice (she was an accomplished soprano). "She became a member of the New York Municipal Opera Company on a scholarship and sang the lead at Carnegie Hall in such things as La bohème, Traviata, and Pagliacci."[5] However, she decided as a teenager to sign with the John Robert Powers agency as a junior model.
Her plans for an operatic career were sidelined when she was cast in a staged musical review, Fun for the Money. Her appearance in that revue led to her being cast in her first movie role, in I Married an Angel (1942), starring Nelson Eddy and Jeanette MacDonald. She was under contract to both RKO and Republic Studios during the 1940s, including several appearances as Tess Trueheart in the Dick Tracy series, and the 1944 Frank Sinatra musical Step Lively. She also appeared in the horror comedy Zombies on Broadway with Wally Brown and Alan Carney in 1945 and starred in Riffraff with Pat O'Brien two years later. Jeffreys also appeared in a number of western films and as bank robber John Dillinger's moll in 1945's Dillinger
When her Hollywood career faltered, she instead focused on the stage, playing lead roles on Broadway in productions such as the 1947 opera Street Scene, the 1948 Cole Porter musical Kiss Me, Kate (having replaced Patricia Morison) and the 1952 musical Three Wishes for Jamie.[6] With long-term husband Robert Sterling, she appeared in the CBS sitcom Topper (1953–1955), in which she was billed in a voiceover as "the ghostess with the mostest".
On December 18, 1957, Jeffreys and her husband played a couple with an unusual courtship arrangement brought about by an attack of the fever in the episode "The Julie Gage Story", broadcast in the first season of NBC's Wagon Train.[citation needed]
After a semi-retirement in the 1960s, she appeared on television, appearing in episodes of such series as Love, American Style (with her husband), L.A. Law and Murder, She Wrote. She was nominated for a Golden Globe for her work in The Delphi Bureau (1972). From 1984-85, she starred in the short-lived Aaron Spelling series Finder of Lost Loves.[4] She also appeared in Baywatch as David Hasselhoff's mother, and also had a recurring role in the night-time soap Falcon Crest as Amanda Croft.[citation needed]
In 1979, she guest starred as Siress Blassie in the Battlestar Galactica episode "The Man with Nine Lives" as a love interest of Chameleon, a part played by Fred Astaire. She was the last person to dance with him onscreen. She also guest starred as Prime Minister Dyne in the Buck Rogers in the 25th Century episode "Planet of the Amazon Women" as the leader of the titular planet.[citation needed]
Her most recent career was in daytime television; From 1984 to 2004, she appeared on the soap opera General Hospital[4] (as well as its short-lived spinoff, Port Charles) in the recurring role of wealthy socialite Amanda Barrington, a long-time board member of both the hospital and ELQ. In her initial storyline, she was part of a blackmail scheme which led to the murder of Jimmy Lee Holt's mother, Beatrice, of whose death she was a suspect in.[7] In the last year of Port Charles, Amanda last appeared on screen in 2004 when Amanda attended Lila Quartermain's funeral.
Recognition[edit]
Jeffreys' star in the Television category on the Hollywood Walk of Fame is at 1501 Vine Street. It was dedicated February 8, 1960.[8] In 1997, she was a recipient of a Golden Boot Award as one who "furthered the tradition of the western on film and in television."[9] In 1998, she received the Living Legacy Award from the Women's International Center.[10]
Personal life[edit]
Jeffreys in 2010
Jeffreys was married twice. Her first marriage, to Joseph Serena, was annulled in 1949.[11] They had no children.
She married actor Robert Sterling in 1951. Sterling appeared with Jeffreys in the series Topper. In January 1958, the duo attempted to star in another series, Love That Jill. It ran only a few months, with 13 episodes shot. They had three sons: Jeffrey, Dana and Tyler. Robert Sterling died on May 30, 2006 at age 88.[citation needed]
In July 1956, Jeffreys' mother, Kate Jeffreys Carmichael, 67, was run down and killed by her own automobile in the driveway of the home of her daughter. Police said Carmichael was taking books from the car's trunk when the emergency brake apparently slipped. The car rolled down the sloping driveway, dragging the actress' mother 26 feet.[12]
Death[edit]
Jeffreys died on September 27, 2017 at her home in Los Angeles at the age of 94. She was survived by her stepdaughter Tisha Sterling, her three sons, five grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.[13][14]
Filmography[edit]
With Pat O'Brien in Riffraff (1947)
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
1942 Billy the Kid Trapped Sally Crane
Yokel Boy Witness at wedding
Tarzan's New York Adventure Young woman
Moonlight Masquerade Singer at Trio
I Married an Angel Polly
The Old Homestead Goldie
Joan of Ozark Marie Lamont
Flying Tigers Nurse
X Marks the Spot Lulu
1943 Chatterbox Vivan Gale
Calling Wild Bill Elliott Edith Richards
The Man from Thunder River Nancy Ferguson
Crime Doctor Reporter on telephone
Bordertown Gun Fighters Anita Shelby
Wagon Tracks West Moon Hush
Overland Mail Robbery Judy Goodrich
Death Valley Manhunt Nicky Hobart
1944 Mojave Firebrand Gail Holmes
Hidden Valley Outlaws June Clark
Step Lively Miss Abbott
Nevada Julie Dexter
1945 Dillinger Helen Rogers
Zombies on Broadway Jean La Danse
Those Endearing Young Charms Suzibelle, officer's club waitress
Sing Your Way Home Kay Lawrence
Dick Tracy Tess Trueheart
1946 Ding Dong Williams Vanessa Page
Step by Step Evelyn Smith
Genius at Work Ellen Brent
Dick Tracy vs. Cueball Tess Trueheart
Vacation in Reno Eleanor
1947 Trail Street Ruby Stone
Riffraff Maxine Manning
1948 Return of the Bad Men Cheyenne
1962 Boys' Night Out Toni Jackson
1968 Panic in the City Myra Pryor
1994 Clifford Annabelle Davis
2008 Richard III Duchess of York
2015 Le Grand Jete Millie Halifax
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1953–1955 Topper Marion Kerby 78 episodes
1955 Dearest Enemy Betsy Burke TV movie
1957 Wagon Train Julia Gage Episode: The Julia Gage Story
1957 Wagon Train Mary Beckett Episode: The Mary Beckett Story
1966 Bonanza Lily Episode: "The Unwritten Commandment"
1966 The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Calamity Rogers Episode: "The Abominable Snowman Affair"
1969 My Three Sons Mrs. Carstairs Episode: What did you do today Grandpa
1972 Love, American Style the First Lady Segment "Love and the President"
Episode: "Love and the Clinic/Love and the Perfect Wedding/Love and the President/Love and the Return of Raymond"
1972–1973 The Delphi Bureau Sybil Van Loween
1975–1976 Police Story Examiner Murphy / Marie Tabor 2 episodes
1978–1982 Fantasy Island Nancy Ogden / Cissy Darumple / Sally Dupres 3 episodes
1978 Flying High Mrs. Benton Episode: "In the Still of the Night"
1979 Battlestar Galactica Siress Blassie Episode: "The Man with Nine Lives"
1979 Vega$ Cynthia Episode: "Doubtful Target"
1979 Beggarman, Thief Honor Day TV movie
1982–1983 Falcon Crest Amanda Croft 7 episodes
1983 Matt Houston Elisabeth Davis Episode: "Here's Another Fine Mess"
1984 Hotel Mrs. Jenks Episode: "Tomorrows"
1984–1985 Finder of Lost Loves Rita Hargrove 23 episodes
1984–2004 General Hospital Amanda Barrington 361 episodes
1986 Murder, She Wrote Agnes Shipley Episode: "If a Body Meet a Body"
1992 L.A. Law Lilah Vandenberg Episode: "I'm Ready for My Closeup, Mr. Markowitz"
1993–1998 Baywatch Irene Buchannon 5 episodes
1999–2003 Port Charles Amanda Barrington 17 episodes
2013 Getting On Donna Hewler Episode: "If You're Going to San Francisco"
Selected musical theatre work[edit]
Street Scene (1947)
Kiss Me, Kate (1949)
Three Wishes for Jamie (1952)
Bells Are Ringing (1958)
Destry Rides Again (1960)
Kismet (1962)
Camelot (1963)
Do I Hear a Waltz? (1966)
Ninotchka (1966)
Pal Joey (1968)
The Desert Song (1968)
Song of Norway (1969)
The Most Happy Fella (1970)
The King and I (1974)
Follies (1977)
High Button Shoes (1978)
A High-Time Salute to Martin and Blane (1991 benefit concert)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pennacchio, George (27 September 2017). "#BREAKING NEWS - The beautiful & elegant actress, Anne Jeffreys (center), has died at 94. She was a sweetheart. RIPpic.twitter.com/TBpSlz3vOr".
Jump up ^ US Federal Census1930; Census Place: Goldsboro, Wayne, North Carolina; Roll: 1728; Page: 11A; Enumeration District: 12; Image: 51.0; FHL microfilm: 2341462
Jump up ^ https://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/09/28/obituaries/anne-jeffreys-glamorous-ghost-of-50s-tv-is-dead-at-94.html?referer=https://www.google.se/
^ Jump up to: a b c Buck, Jerry (July 16, 1980). "Actress Anne Jeffreys juggles two television roles". Pennsylvania, Indiana. The Indiana Gazette. p. 9. Retrieved January 14, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ Boesen, Vic (June 28, 1942). "Meet the Stars". California, San Bernardino. The San Bernardino County Sun. p. 16. Retrieved December 12, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ "Anne Jeffreys". Playbill Vault. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Soap opera scenes". Boca Raton News. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Anne Jeffreys". Hollywood Walk of Fame. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Golden Boots Go To Film Greats". American Cowboy. September 1997. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Anne Jeffreys". Women's International Center. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Divorces-Anne Jeffreys". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. October 11, 1947. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Article in the Bartlesville Daily Enterprise, July 5, 1956 (page 20).
Jump up ^ Anne Jeffreys Dies: ‘General Hospital’, ‘Topper’ Actress Was 94 Deadline Hollywood, September 28, 2017
Jump up ^ "Anne Jeffreys, vivacious ‘ghostess with the mostest’ on TV’s ‘Topper,’ dies at 94". The Washington Post. September 28, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anne Jeffreys.
Anne Jeffreys on IMDb
Anne Jeffreys at the Internet Broadway Database
Anne Jeffreys at AllMovie
Anne Jeffreys profiled in book
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Missionary position
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the sex position. For other uses, see The Missionary Position.
Édouard-Henri Avril depiction of the missionary position
The missionary position or man-on-top position is generally a sex position in which a woman lies on her back and a man lies on top of her while they face each other and engage in sexual intercourse or other sexual activity.[1][2][3] Though commonly associated with heterosexual sexual activity, the sex position is also used by gay and lesbian couples.[2]
The missionary position may involve sexual penetration or non-penetrative sex (for example, intercrural sex), and its penile-vaginal aspect is an example of ventro-ventral (front-to-front) reproductive activity.[4] Variations of the position allow varying degrees of vaginal tightness, clitoral stimulation, depth of penetration, participation on the part of the woman, and the likelihood and speed of orgasm.
It is commonly believed that the term missionary position arose in connection with Christian missionaries, who supposedly encouraged the sexual position in new converts in the colonial era.[5] However, the term probably originated from Alfred Kinsey's Sexual Behavior in the Human Male through a confluence of misunderstandings and misinterpretations of historical documents.[6][7] Tuscans refer to the position as the Angelic position while some Arabic-speaking groups call it the manner of serpents.[8]
The missionary position is often preferred by couples who enjoy the romantic aspects of ample skin-to-skin contact and opportunities to look into each other's eyes and kiss and caress each other. The position is also believed to be a good position for reproduction.[9] During sexual activity, the missionary position allows the man to take charge of the rhythm and depth of pelvic thrusting. It is also possible for the woman to thrust against him by moving her hips or pushing her feet against the bed, or squeeze him closer with her arms or legs. The position is less suitable for late stages of pregnancy, or when it is desired for the woman to have greater control over rhythm and depth of penetration.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology and other usage
2 Variations
2.1 Basic position
2.2 Position of legs
2.3 Viennese oyster position
2.4 Butterfly position
2.5 Riding high
2.6 Anal sex, tribadism and other aspects
3 Perceived advantages and disadvantages
3.1 Psychological
3.2 Physical
4 History
5 Popularity
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Etymology and other usage[edit]
Before the release of Alfred Kinsey's work, the missionary position was known by several names, including the matrimonial, the Mama-Papa position, the English-American position, and the male superior position.[10] In 1948, Kinsey published the male volume of the Kinsey Reports, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. He described the American preference for the position and called it the English-American position. Discussing Malinowski's The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia, Kinsey wrote, "It will be recalled that Malinowski (1929) records the nearly universal use of a totally different position among the Trobrianders ... [and] ... that caricatures of the English-American position are performed around ... campfires, to the great amusement of the natives who refer to the position as the 'missionary position.'"[10] To date, lexicographers and sexologists have not found use of the term missionary position before Kinsey.[11]
In 2001, Robert Priest examined the origins of the term and concluded that Kinsey had confused several factors in accidentally coining the term.[10] First, according to Malinowski, Trobrianders played and sang mocking songs under the full moon, and not around a campfire. In Sexual Behaviors, Kinsey wrote that the Trobrianders mocked face-to-face man-on-top woman-below intercourse, but does not give context. He mentioned that the position was learned from "white traders, planters, or officials", but does not discuss missionaries. Kinsey also recalled that the medieval Catholic Church taught the position, and upon seeing the natives mocking it, assumed that missionaries had taught it to them. Finally, Malinowski wrote that he saw an engaged Trobriand couple holding hands and leaning against each other, which the natives described as misinari si bubunela—the missionary fashion. Upon accidentally combining these similar facts, Kinsey invented a new phrase despite believing that he was reporting an old one.[10]
From then on, the story of the name's "origin" may have been retold until it became largely accepted, with its connection to Kinsey and Malinowski having faded. Writers began using the expression for sexual intercourse in the late 1960s, and as Alex Comfort's bestseller The Joy of Sex (1972) and the Oxford English Dictionary (1976) spread the term missionary position, it gradually replaced older names.[12] By the 1990s, it had spread to other languages: Missionarsstellung (German), postura del misionero (Spanish), missionarishouding (Dutch) and position du missionaire (French).[10]
In William Shakespeare's Othello (Act 1, Scene 1), the missionary position was euphemistically called "the beast with two backs".[13]
Variations[edit]
Basic position involves ventral-ventral contact
Though there are a number of variations and adoptions of the missionary position, the classic missionary position involves a man and a woman, with the woman lying on her back and the man on top. Variations in the positions may vary the angle and depth of penile penetration.
Basic position[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In the missionary position, a woman lies on her back on a bed or other surface with her legs comfortably spread with the soles of the feet resting. The penetrating partner may approach the woman on his knees between her spread legs; and either uses his arms to hold himself up, or lets his weight rest on her. When the woman's vagina is sufficiently lubricated, which may involve fingering her vulva or clitoris in particular, the man will level his erect penis with her vagina for penetration, and may use fingers to open the woman's labia and guide the penis in.
With the penis inside the woman's vagina, the man can control the force, depth, pace, and rhythm of thrusts, and can also control to some extent the female partner's movements. Subject to the man's weight and position, the woman may have some control by pushing her feet and legs against the mattress and by side movements in her pelvis as well as by clutching onto and moving with her partner.[14] A woman can increase the force of a man's thrust by moving against the man's rhythm.
The man may straddle the woman, taking the woman's legs between his. This restricts and further controls the woman's movements, and the man can increase the tightness on the penis by pressing the woman's thighs together. However, this increases vaginal friction and makes thrusting more difficult.
During sexual intercourse, most women experience involuntary vaginal contractions.[15] The contraction causes the pelvic muscles to tighten around the penis, which in turn increases the level of her partner's arousal and sexual frenzy and results in the man increasing the pace and force of thrusts as he approaches orgasm; which in turn further increases the woman's vaginal contraction. After a man has achieved orgasm, he will normally collapse onto the woman and will normally not be capable of further thrusting. Some men try to control their orgasm until their female partner also orgasms, but this is not always achieved. At times, a woman can achieve orgasm after the man has ceased thrusting by contracting her vaginal muscles and with pelvic movements, or the couple may change to another position that enables the woman to continue thrusting until she has reached orgasm, such as a woman on top position.
During sexual intercourse in the missionary position, the penis is in preferential contact with the anterior wall of the vagina and the tip of the penis reaches the anterior fornix, while in the rear-entry position it is in preferential contact with the posterior wall of the vagina and probably reaches the posterior fornix.[16]
Position of legs[edit]
Raising legs allows for deep penetration
A receiving woman's legs and arms are generally free to move about, though her position and movement may be constrained by the penetrating partner's weight and in some other way. A woman can adjust the position of her legs for comfort, variety and to control the angle and depth of penetration. Generally, the higher a woman's legs, the deeper is the penetration. When the legs are raised in any way, the woman has less control of the rhythm of thrusts. Also, raising the legs raises the woman's pelvis, reduces the angle of penetration, and lowers the level of clitoral stimulation.
A woman's legs can remain flat or raised toward her chest, or wrapped around the penetrating partner at various heights: at the back of the legs, at the buttocks or back or over the shoulders, in a position called the Wiener Auster or Viennese oyster.[17] In the higher leg positions the woman's legs may need some support, which may be achieved by crossing the ankles behind the partner or resting on his shoulders. She may also hold them with her hands or cross her arms around them at the knees. Some are flexible enough to cross the legs behind their heads. Alternatively, her partner may hold her legs up.[18] Separating straight legs carry the risk of muscle pull of thigh muscles. The laying by the partner on raised legs puts excessive pressure on the woman's back.
A pillow or sex pillow (especially a firm one) can be used,[19] to alter the depth and angle of penetration. A wedge- or ramp-shaped pillow can relieve pressure on the top person's hands and arms.[20] Placing a pillow under the woman's buttocks can lift her pelvis—a Playboy article suggested placing it under her hips to increase pressure on the clitoris.[21] Each of these methods can increase the depth of penetration. Raising the clitoris generally allows easier access to it in this position. Using a pillow can also help the woman arch her back and avoid backache.[22]
In one variant, the woman may lift and slightly bend her legs, resting her feet flat on the mattress. This shortens the distance between the vagina and cervix, and may apply more friction to the area termed the G-Spot.[citation needed] The woman may find this more comfortable than the standard position,[23] and it can allow her to push against the man's thrust, giving her some control over the rhythm.[24]
Placing the woman's legs on or over the man's shoulders provides the deepest possible penetration. This variant is sometimes called the anvil.[25] This position aims the head of the penis at the vaginal fornix (posterior fornix). When the legs are held mid-level in this way, the penis can achieve significant depth while attempting to stimulate the G-Spot and achieving more friction on the top of its shaft.[citation needed]
Viennese oyster position[edit]
A woman in the Wiener Auster (Viennese oyster) position
The Viennese oyster position requires great flexibility from the woman to perform. The female lies on her back and moves her legs behind her head, with the groin area being completely exposed. The male partner penetrates the vagina from the top. This is a deep penetrating position and may not be suitable for men with larger than average penis size. However, in most cases, the female will not be flexible enough to achieve this position fully, and will need to stop well before the legs are behind the head. If that is the case, the male partner can help hold the legs in a comfortable position and continue on with intercourse.[26]
Butterfly position[edit]
It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Butterfly position. (Discuss) (September 2017)
A woman in the butterfly position
The woman can lie on her back with her hips on the edge of a platform such as a bed, table, kitchen bench, desk, etc.[27] while the man penetrates her while standing. The woman can move her body freely. She can dangle her legs over the edge or raise them to any height or manner mentioned above. The woman can rest her legs on the man or he can hold them or separate them. The woman has a greater ability to move her pelvis and to arch her back, and the man can raise, support or restrict the movement of her pelvis. The woman is not weighed down by the man's weight. This position, sometimes called the butterfly position, adds variety to the angle and depth of penetration and generally enables the man to withdraw and then fully thrust the penis, with faster and more forceful thrusts. The downside of this position is that the angle of penetration results in reduced clitoral stimulation, and the woman may need direct clitoral fingering, either by herself or by the man, to achieve orgasm. Alternatively, the woman may either arch her back or raise her torso onto her elbows or arms to reduce the angle and enhance clitoral stimulation. Also, prior to and after the man's orgasm, the man may need to lie down on the woman.
Riding high[edit]
See also: Coital alignment technique
In the riding high missionary variant, the man enters the woman in the normal fashion but then shifts his body up and forward toward her head. He then rocks back and forth, stimulating her clitoris with his pelvic bone, or base of his penis. This results in more consistent clitoral stimulation at the cost of a man's deep thrusting; accordingly, some men prefer to use it during only part of sex.[28]
Anal sex, tribadism and other aspects[edit]
Two men engaged in the missionary position during anal sex; two women engaged in the missionary position during tribadism
Penetrative anal sex may be performed on a partner in the missionary position.[2] The legs may be raised high, with the knees drawn towards their chest, and with some sort of support (such as a pillow) under the receiver's hips for comfort and to raise the receiver's buttocks. The penetrating partner positions himself between the receiver's legs and aligns his penis with the anus for anal penetration. Instead of penetration, an active partner may perform anilingus on the partner with raised legs.
Tribadism between women may be performed in the missionary position.[29][30] The practice involves women rubbing their vulvas against each other.[31][32] Female couples may also engage in the missionary position while one or both partners use their fingers or sex toys for stimulation of the clitoris,[2] other parts of the vulva, or vagina.
Perceived advantages and disadvantages[edit]
Psychological[edit]
There are many appealing psychological aspects of the missionary position. It is often regarded as a romantic position because the two partners face each other and may maintain eye contact; there is potentially a greater amount of skin-to-skin contact than in any other position; and the couple can hold each other in their arms, which can easily segue into cuddling when sex is over[citation needed]. Partners may engage in other intimate contact, such as kissing, or guiding each other's hips with their hands.[33][34][35]
At the same time, the woman needs a high level of trust in the man on top who is in a dominant position vis-a-vis the woman below. Once the man is in place, he is very difficult to dislodge without his co-operation. With the man's weight on the woman, especially on her pelvis, the man has control of the rhythm and depth of his thrusts, in the most sexually sensitive part of her body.[36]
Physical[edit]
The missionary position is commonly used the first time a couple has sex. Thomas Stuttaford notes that it may be more comfortable to do so: "The discomfort of early penetrative sex, if there is any, is usually related to tension in the pelvic or thigh muscles and/or anxiety that has prevented the usual vaginal lubrication. Muscles of the pelvic floor are more relaxed if, initially, the missionary position is chosen and a couple of pillows are arranged under the woman's bottom so her hips are tilted upwards."[37] The simplicity of the position makes it well-suited to the inexperienced.[38] The Lovers' Guide states that missionary lends itself well to sex with a new partner as it is "a romantic yet fairly unadventurous sex position" that is "non-threatening and loving" and "lays neither partner open to strangeness, anxiety and unfamiliarity."[25]
On the other hand, Sacha Tarkovsky advises women to not use the missionary position when having sex for the first time, stating, "You are not in control, and it will be more painful and you cannot do anything but lay [sic] there and take it." Tarkovsky recommends positions such as woman on top that allow the woman to control the speed and pressure at which she loses her hymen.[39] However, it may not be necessary to completely forgo missionary the first time; Alphonso Sirtle suggests starting with woman on top until the hymen is torn, and then possibly switching to missionary or whatever other position is preferred.[40]
The missionary position allows easy entry into the vagina. The man can use force and gravity to help himself in,[41] and the position allows the woman to relax her vaginal muscles and help her partner guide his penis gently in with her hand.[42] Suzi Godson said, "In an observational study carried out in The Netherlands, magnetic resonance imaging was used to study the male and female genitals during coitus. The images illustrate the very natural fit of the male and female genitals in [the missionary] position. The penis has the shape of a boomerang—one third of its length consists of the root of the penis—and the vaginal walls wrap snugly around it."[37][43]
According to Sexual Health Resource, "The man-on-top sex positions are very good for couples who are trying to have a baby, because penetration can be very deep. If the woman holds on to her legs behind her knees and draws her thighs right back, sperm can be deposited deep in the vagina—at the neck of the womb. This provided the best chance of conception occurring."[9] Getting Pregnant Tips notes the importance of not using too large a sex pillow while in the missionary position as it can cause the sperm to pool behind the cervix.[44] Francoeur states that "male-above sex promotes fertility by keeping the opening of the vagina higher than the seminal pool, which, in turn, helps sperm get into the womb and find the egg."[45] However, according to BabyCenter, "There is no evidence that any particular sexual position is more likely to lead to conception."[46] Donnica Moore agrees, stating that while there are no scientific studies regarding the best sexual positions for reproduction, the missionary (man on top) position is typically considered optimal for conception.[47]
Pregnancy Info states that the missionary position may become increasingly awkward for pregnant women as their belly begins to grow.[48] The March of Dimes notes, "Positions that work before pregnancy and early in pregnancy can be uncomfortable or even unsafe at later stages of the baby's development. For example, a woman should avoid lying flat on her back after the fourth month of pregnancy, because the weight of the growing uterus puts pressure on major blood vessels."[49] David Port states, "Beginning early in the second trimester, doctors tend to discourage pregnant women from supine exercise. And the missionary position is exactly that kind of exercise, at least if the activity lasts more than a few fleeting moments."[50]
The deep penetration and large hip thrusts of the missionary position can cause the man to reach orgasm quickly compared to other positions, which can be problematic if the couple seeks to reach simultaneous orgasm.[51] The male reaching orgasm first can be disruptive to sex, as 50% of penile erection is lost immediately after ejaculation,[52] making him more likely to inadvertently slip out of the vagina, especially during the strong pelvic contractions of female orgasm. In addition to the standard methods for treating premature ejaculation, Zachary Veilleux notes that this problem can be overcome by workarounds such as changing positions frequently (which studies have shown delays male orgasm by a factor of 2-3), using lubrication to reduce friction (friction stimulates the male but is not as important in female orgasm), or switching to cunnilingus for a while when close to ejaculation, and then switching back when ejaculation is no longer imminent.[53]
The missionary position is sometimes mocked as a plain vanilla sex position.[54] Archer stated, "To all the sex gymnasts, this kind of banal preference looks lazy, unimaginative and uninformed," but she rebuts this by pointing out the existence of variations: "Missionary is kind of like tofu: You have to add your own flavor."[55] Perhaps due to the ubiquity of this position, its typical role as the first position used by couples, its tendency to put the man in control of speed, tempo and depth, its ability to cause him to quickly reach orgasm, and the fact that it is literally a "male-superior" position with the man on top, missionary is sometimes associated with men who are dominating and uncreative and selfish about sex. According to Gina Ogden, "the cultural missionary position—man on top" is not conducive to romance since "If a relationship is based on authoritarian control, keeping one person on top and the other underneath, it gets old pretty fast—for both partners, really".[56] In Women Who Love Sex, Ogden writes, "Think what will happen to the missionary position when women, en masse, opt for pleasures that stir body and soul instead of continuing to do good-girl intercourse by the book."[57] In Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart, the main character ridicules the idea of women making decisions by saying that one might as well say that the woman lies on top of the man when they are making the baby.[58]
The missionary position has potential for clitoral stimulation in several ways. Christakos assures, "This position can give the woman plenty of clitoral stimulation if the man leans forward thus rubbing his pelvic bone against her clitoris."[59] Emily Queenie Chung notes, "Also, this position is the easiest for a woman to stimulate her clitoris manually."[60] Sexual Health Resource notes that also "the man can reach under and stimulate his partner using his fingers on her clitoris" although "the man has limited use of his hands" (presumably this would depend on the variant of the position used and whether the man's hands are occupied holding himself up).[9]
Sexual activity in the missionary position, as a form of physical exercise, may be slightly more vigorous for the man than in other positions. A study conducted by Bohlen et al. found that "man-on-top coitus required more metabolic expenditure than woman-on-top coitus" and that the heart rate during man-on-top sex was higher than in self-stimulation, partner stimulation, or woman-on-top.[61] In contrast, one study showed that there was no difference in heart rate or blood pressure when comparing these two basic positions, while another showed only a minor decrease in oxygen consumption or exertion with the 'man-on-bottom' technique during orgasm.[62]
History[edit]
Ancient Greek pottery art, where legs are placed on shoulders
Indian couple in the missionary position
See also: History of human sexuality
The position has been used at least for millennia if not longer since it is also used by the great apes,[63][64] as well as other primates.[65] Robert Francoeur notes that evidence of the missionary position's use appears in ancient pottery and art in the Fertile Crescent as well as in the art of Early Greeks, Romans, Peruvians, Indians, Chinese and Japanese.[45] The majority of the positions described in the Kama Sutra involve the woman lying on her back with her legs in a variety of positions.[66] According to Canongate, ancient art shows missionary as being less popular than woman-on-top positions in Ur, Greece, Rome, Peru, India, China and Japan.[67] But Francoeur states that the ancient Chinese preferred male-on-top because of their belief that males are born face down and women face up. Kagaba natives in Colombia preferred missionary because of the stability it offers; they believed that if the woman moved during intercourse, the earth would slip off the shoulders of the four giants who held it up above the waters.[45] Some Kerala tribes believe that the male-on-top position is the only way to conceive warriors.[45]
In Greece, the missionary position was originally an unpopular position. Beds existed, yet not as we know them today, and men married girls 14 or 15 years of age, which created a height differential. These factors made the rear-entry standing position more convenient.[68] However, circa the second century, Artemidos popularized the missionary position among Greco-Roman Stoics, declaring it "the only proper and natural" position due to the flow of semen.
Although the Bible does not mention sexual positions, from the 6th to 16th centuries, some Church authorities taught that intercourse should be face-to-face, man-on-top, primarily because they believed that semen flows with gravity, leading to conception.[7] Exceptions were made for couples dealing with illness, obesity, or pregnancy. According to John Bancroft's Human Sexuality and Its Problems, Thomas Aquinas believed that crimes against nature included intercourse in "unnatural" ways. Protestants did not communicate proper sex positions, and the Catholic Church eventually abandoned its discourse on the topic.[69] Simon Hardy wrote that the missionary position was used to distinguish "bestial and civilized sex."[70]
Others who held that missionary was the only permitted position included Alexander of Hales and the author of De secretis mulierum,[clarification needed] who suggested that nonstandard positions might result in birth defects.[71] Ruth Mazo Karras states that William Peraldus' treatise Summa de virtutibus et vitiis distinguished between sins against nature that were "according to the substance" (intercourse other than vaginal) and "according to the manner, as when a woman mounts."[72] Nicholas Venette's 1770s-era sex manual praised the missionary position as the "common posture...which is most allowable and most voluptuous."[73] Numerous sources have reported that in the United States, some states had outlawed positions other than missionary between husband and wife, or will grant a divorce to a woman whose husband makes love to her in another position. While many states formerly outlawed oral sex, anal sex, buggery, or other "unnatural" acts, no US law has banned dorso-ventral heterosexual sex, or specified which partner needed to be on top.[74]
Popularity[edit]
Among humans, the missionary position is the most commonly used sex position.[3][36][75] In his seminal study Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953), which focused on American women, researcher Alfred Kinsey stated that 91% of married women surveyed reported using this position most often, whereas 9% reported using it exclusively.[76] A The Journal of Sexual Medicine study entitled What Kind of Erotic Film Clips Should We Use in Female Sex Research? An Exploratory Study selected 18 film clips out of a sample of 90 that were found by the women studied to be particularly mentally appealing and visually arousing. 21% of the original 90 involved the missionary position, but 33% of the final 18 involved missionary.[77] Fewer than 10% of sexually active persons rarely or never use the missionary position.[78] According to Francoeur, the Brazilian Bororo Indians eschew missionary, finding it insulting for either partner to be above the other during sex.[45] Balinese shun the man-on-top position in favor of the Oceanic position due to their perception of the former as being impractical and clumsy.[45] The Cashinahua people use the missionary position to stay stable when they have sex in a forest stream to avoid insect bites.[45] The inhabitants of Inis Beag practice the missionary position exclusively, with very limited foreplay.[45] In addition to humans, the missionary position is also used by certain other species including bonobos,[79] gorillas,[80] and armadillos.[81]
See also[edit]
Beast with Two Backs
Human sexuality
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to missionary positions.
The How and Why of Coital Alignment Technique
Easier Orgasms for Women in the Missionary Position
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