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Common descent
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Common descent describes how, in evolutionary biology, a group of organisms share a most recent common ancestor. There is "massive"[1] evidence of common descent of all life on Earth from the last universal common ancestor (LUCA).[1][2] In July 2016, scientists reported identifying a set of 355 genes from the LUCA, by comparing the genomes of the three domains of life, archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes.[3]
Common ancestry between organisms of different species arises during speciation, in which new species are established from a single ancestral population. Organisms which share a more-recent common ancestor are more closely related. The most recent common ancestor of all currently living organisms is the last universal ancestor,[1] which lived about 3.9 billion years ago.[4][5] The two earliest evidences for life on Earth are graphite found to be biogenic in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland[6] and microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia.[7][8] All currently living organisms on Earth share a common genetic heritage, though the suggestion of substantial horizontal gene transfer during early evolution has led to questions about the monophyly (single ancestry) of life.[1] 6,331 groups of genes common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago in the Precambrian.[9][10]
Universal common descent through an evolutionary process was first proposed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin in the concluding sentence of his 1859 book On the Origin of Species:
There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.[11]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Evidence
2.1 Common biochemistry
2.2 Common genetic code
2.3 Selectively neutral similarities
2.4 Other similarities
2.5 Phylogenetic trees
3 Potential objections
3.1 Gene exchange clouds phylogenetic analysis
3.2 Convergent evolution
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
History[edit]
See also: History of evolutionary thought
In the 1740s, the French mathematician Pierre Louis Maupertuis made the first known suggestion that all organisms had a common ancestor, and had diverged through random variation and natural selection.[12][13] In Essai de cosmologie (1750), Maupertuis noted:
May we not say that, in the fortuitous combination of the productions of Nature, since only those creatures could survive in whose organizations a certain degree of adaptation was present, there is nothing extraordinary in the fact that such adaptation is actually found in all these species which now exist? Chance, one might say, turned out a vast number of individuals; a small proportion of these were organized in such a manner that the animals' organs could satisfy their needs. A much greater number showed neither adaptation nor order; these last have all perished.... Thus the species which we see today are but a small part of all those that a blind destiny has produced.[14]
In 1790, the philosopher Immanuel Kant wrote in Kritik der Urteilskraft (Critique of Judgement) that the similarity[a] of animal forms implies a common original type, and thus a common parent.[15]
In 1794, Charles Darwin's grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, asked:
[W]ould it be too bold to imagine, that in the great length of time, since the earth began to exist, perhaps millions of ages before the commencement of the history of mankind, would it be too bold to imagine, that all warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament, which the great First Cause endued with animality, with the power of acquiring new parts attended with new propensities, directed by irritations, sensations, volitions, and associations; and thus possessing the faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering down those improvements by generation to its posterity, world without end?[16]
Charles Darwin's views about common descent, as expressed in On the Origin of Species, were that it was probable that there was only one progenitor for all life forms:
Therefore I should infer from analogy that probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first breathed.[17]
Evidence[edit]
Further information: Evidence of common descent
Common biochemistry[edit]
All known forms of life are based on the same fundamental biochemical organization: genetic information encoded in DNA, transcribed into RNA, through the effect of protein- and RNA-enzymes, then translated into proteins by (highly similar) ribosomes, with ATP, NADPH and others as energy sources. Analysis of small sequence differences in widely shared substances such as cytochrome c further supports universal common descent.[18] Some 23 proteins are found in all organisms, serving as enzymes carrying out core functions like DNA replication. The fact that only one such set of enzymes exists is convincing evidence of a single ancestry.[1][19] 6,331 genes common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago in the Precambrian.[9][10]
Common genetic code[edit]
Further information: Genetic code
Amino acids nonpolar polar basic acidic Stop codon
Standard genetic code
1st
base
2nd base
T
C
A
G
T
TTT Phenyl-
alanine TCT Serine TAT Tyrosine TGT Cysteine
TTC TCC TAC TGC
TTA Leucine TCA TAA Stop TGA Stop
TTG TCG TAG Stop TGG Tryptophan
C
CTT CCT Proline CAT Histidine CGT Arginine
CTC CCC CAC CGC
CTA CCA CAA Glutamine CGA
CTG CCG CAG CGG
A
ATT Isoleucine ACT Threonine AAT Asparagine AGT Serine
ATC ACC AAC AGC
ATA ACA AAA Lysine AGA Arginine
ATG Methionine ACG AAG AGG
G
GTT Valine GCT Alanine GAT Aspartic
acid GGT Glycine
GTC GCC GAC GGC
GTA GCA GAA Glutamic
acid GGA
GTG GCG GAG GGG
The genetic code (the "translation table" according to which DNA information is translated into amino acids, and hence proteins) is nearly identical for all known lifeforms, from bacteria and archaea to animals and plants. The universality of this code is generally regarded by biologists as definitive evidence in favor of universal common descent.[18]
The way that codons (DNA triplets) are mapped to amino acids seems to be strongly optimised. Richard Egel argues that in particular the hydrophobic (non-polar) side-chains are well organised, suggesting that these enabled the earliest organisms to create peptides with water-repelling regions able to support the essential electron exchange (redox) reactions for energy transfer.[20]
Selectively neutral similarities[edit]
Similarities which have no adaptive relevance cannot be explained by convergent evolution, and therefore they provide compelling support for universal common descent. Such evidence has come from two areas: amino acid sequences and DNA sequences. Proteins with the same three-dimensional structure need not have identical amino acid sequences; any irrelevant similarity between the sequences is evidence for common descent. In certain cases, there are several codons (DNA triplets) that code redundantly for the same amino acid. Since many species use the same codon at the same place to specify an amino acid that can be represented by more than one codon, that is evidence for their sharing a recent common ancestor. Had the amino acid sequences come from different ancestors, they would have been coded for by any of the redundant codons, and since the correct amino acids would already have been in place, natural selection would not have driven any change in the codons, however much time was available. Genetic drift could change the codons, but it would be extremely unlikely to make all the redundant codons in a whole sequence match exactly across multiple lineages. Similarly, shared nucleotide sequences, especially where these are apparently neutral such as the positioning of introns and pseudogenes, provide strong evidence of common ancestry.[21]
Other similarities[edit]
Biologists often[quantify] point to the universality of many aspects of cellular life as supportive evidence to the more compelling evidence listed above. These similarities include the energy carrier adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the fact that all amino acids found in proteins are left-handed. It is, however, possible that these similarities resulted because of the laws of physics and chemistry - rather than through universal common descent - and therefore resulted in convergent evolution. In contrast, there is evidence for homology of the central subunits of Transmembrane ATPases throughout all living organisms, especially how the rotating elements are bound to the membrane. This supports the assumption of a LUCA as a cellular organism, although primordial membranes may have been semipermeable and evolved later to the membranes of modern bacteria, and on a second path to those of modern archaea also.[22]
Phylogenetic trees[edit]
A phylogenetic tree based on ribosomal RNA genes implies a single origin for all life.
Main article: Phylogenetic tree
See also: Tree of life (biology)
Another important piece of evidence is from detailed phylogenetic trees (i.e., "genealogic trees" of species) mapping out the proposed divisions and common ancestors of all living species. In 2010, Douglas L. Theobald published a statistical analysis of available genetic data,[1] mapping them to phylogenetic trees, that gave "strong quantitative support, by a formal test, for the unity of life."[2]
Traditionally, these trees have been built using morphological methods, such as appearance, embryology, etc. Recently, it has been possible to construct these trees using molecular data, based on similarities and differences between genetic and protein sequences. All these methods produce essentially similar results, even though most genetic variation has no influence over external morphology. That phylogenetic trees based on different types of information agree with each other is strong evidence of a real underlying common descent.[23]
Potential objections[edit]
2005 tree of life shows many horizontal gene transfers, implying multiple possible origins.
Gene exchange clouds phylogenetic analysis[edit]
Further information: Horizontal gene transfer
Theobald noted that substantial horizontal gene transfer could have occurred during early evolution. Bacteria today remain capable of gene exchange between distantly-related lineages. This weakens the basic assumption of phylogenetic analysis, that similarity of genomes implies common ancestry, because sufficient gene exchange would allow lineages to share much of their genome whether or not they shared an ancestor (monophyly). This has led to questions about the single ancestry of life.[1] However, biologists consider it very unlikely that completely unrelated proto-organisms could have exchanged genes, as their different coding mechanisms would have resulted only in garble rather than functioning systems. Later, however, many organisms all derived from a single ancestor could readily have shared genes that all worked in the same way, and it appears that they have.[1]
Convergent evolution[edit]
Further information: Convergent evolution
If early organisms had been driven by the same environmental conditions to evolve similar biochemistry convergently, they might independently have acquired similar genetic sequences. Theobald's "formal test" was accordingly criticised by Takahiro Yonezawa and colleagues[24] for not including consideration of convergence. They argued that Theobald's test was insufficient to distinguish between the competing hypotheses. Theobald has defended his method against this claim, arguing that his tests distinguish between phylogenetic structure and mere sequence similarity. Therefore, Theobald argued, his results show that "real universally conserved proteins are homologous."[25][26]
See also[edit]
Book: Evolution
The Ancestor's Tale
Urmetazoan
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Now called homology.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Theobald, Douglas L. (13 May 2010). "A formal test of the theory of universal common ancestry". Nature. London: Nature Publishing Group. 465 (7295): 219–222. doi:10.1038/nature09014. PMID 20463738.
^ Jump up to: a b Steel, Mike; Penny, David (13 May 2010). "Origins of life: Common ancestry put to the test". Nature. 465 (7295): 168–169. doi:10.1038/465168a. PMID 20463725.
Jump up ^ Wade, Nicholas (25 July 2016). "Meet Luca, the Ancestor of All Living Things". New York Times. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Doolittle, W. Ford (February 2000). "Uprooting the Tree of Life" (PDF). Scientific American. 282 (2): 90–95. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90. PMID 10710791. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-07. Retrieved 2015-11-22.
Jump up ^ Glansdorff, Nicolas; Ying Xu; Labedan, Bernard (9 July 2008). "The Last Universal Common Ancestor: emergence, constitution and genetic legacy of an elusive forerunner". Biology Direct. 3: 29. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-3-29. PMC 2478661  . PMID 18613974.
Jump up ^ Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; et al. (January 2014). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks". Nature Geoscience. 7 (1): 25–28. Bibcode:2014NatGe...7...25O. doi:10.1038/ngeo2025.
Jump up ^ Borenstein, Seth (13 November 2013). "Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom". Excite. Mindspark Interactive Network. Associated Press. Retrieved 2015-11-22.
Jump up ^ Noffke, Nora; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David; Hazen, Robert M. (16 December 2013). "Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia". Astrobiology. 13 (12): 1103–1124. doi:10.1089/ast.2013.1030. PMC 3870916  . PMID 24205812.
^ Jump up to: a b Zimmer, Carl (4 May 2018). "The Very First Animal Appeared Amid an Explosion of DNA". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Paps, Jordi; Holland, Peter W. H. (30 April 2018). "Reconstruction of the ancestral metazoan genome reveals an increase in genomic novelty". Nature Communications. 9 (1730 (2018)). doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04136-5. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Darwin 1859, p. 490
Jump up ^ Crombie & Hoskin 1970, pp. 62–63
Jump up ^ Treasure 1985, p. 142
Jump up ^ Harris 1981, p. 107
Jump up ^ Kant 1987, p. 304: "Despite all the variety among these forms, they seem to have been produced according to a common archetype, and this analogy among them reinforces our suspicion that they are actually akin, produced by a common original mother."
Jump up ^ Darwin 1818, p. 397 [§ 39.4.8]
Jump up ^ Darwin 1859, p. 484
^ Jump up to: a b Knight, Robin; Freeland, Stephen J.; Landweber, Laura F. (January 2001). "Rewiring the keyboard: evolvability of the genetic code". Nature Reviews Genetics. 2 (1): 49–58. doi:10.1038/35047500. PMID 11253070.
Jump up ^ Than, Ker (14 May 2010). "All Species Evolved From Single Cell, Study Finds". National Geographic. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Egel, Richard (March 2012). "Primal Eukaryogenesis: On the Communal Nature of Precellular States, Ancestral to Modern Life". Life. 2 (1): 170–212. doi:10.3390/life2010170. PMC 4187143  . PMID 25382122.
Jump up ^ Sharma, N. S. (2005). Continuity And Evolution Of Animals. Mittal Publications. pp. 32–. ISBN 978-81-8293-018-6.
Jump up ^ Lane, Nick (2015). The Vital Question: Why Is Life The Way It Is?. Profile Books. ISBN 978-1781250365.
Jump up ^ Theobald, Douglas L. "Prediction 1.3: Consilience of independent phylogenies". 29+ Evidences for Macroevolution: The Scientific Case for Common Descent. Version 2.89. The TalkOrigins Foundation. Retrieved 2009-11-20.
Jump up ^ Yonezawa, Takahiro; Hasegawa, Masami (16 December 2010). "Was the universal common ancestry proved?". Nature. 468 (7326): E9. doi:10.1038/nature09482. PMID 21164432.
Jump up ^ Theobald, Douglas L. (16 December 2010). "Theobald reply". Nature. 468 (7326): E10. doi:10.1038/nature09483.
Jump up ^ Theobald, Douglas L. (24 November 2011). "On universal common ancestry, sequence similarity, and phylogenetic structure: The sins of P-values and the virtues of Bayesian evidence". Biology Direct. 6 (1): 60. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-6-60. PMC 3314578  . PMID 22114984.
Bibliography[edit]
Crombie, A. C.; Hoskin, Michael (1970). "The Scientific Movement and the Diffusion of Scientific Ideas, 1688–1751". In Bromley, J. S. The Rise of Great Britain and Russia, 1688–1715/25. The New Cambridge Modern History. 6. London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07524-6. LCCN 57014935. OCLC 7588392.
Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1st ed.). London: John Murray. LCCN 06017473. OCLC 741260650. The book is available from The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
Darwin, Erasmus (1818) [Originally published 1794]. Zoonomia; or the Laws of Organic Life. 1 (4th American ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Edward Earle. Zoonomia; or The laws of organic life: in three parts (Volume 1) (1818) on the Internet Archive Retrieved 2015-11-23.
Harris, C. Leon (1981). Evolution: Genesis and Revelations: With Readings from Empedocles to Wilson. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-487-4. LCCN 81002555. OCLC 7278190.
Kant, Immanuel (1987) [Originally published 1790 in Prussia as Kritik der Urteilskraft]. Critique of Judgment. Translated, with an introduction, by Werner S. Pluhar; foreword by Mary J. Gregor. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 0-87220-025-6. LCCN 86014852. OCLC 13796153.
Treasure, Geoffrey (1985). The Making of Modern Europe, 1648-1780. New York: Methuen. ISBN 0-416-72370-5. LCCN 85000255. OCLC 11623262.
External links[edit]
29+ Evidences for Macroevolution: The Scientific Case for Common Descent from the TalkOrigins Archive.
The Tree of Life Web Project
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Ghulam Nabi Azad
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ghulam Nabi Azad
Leader of Opposition in the Rajya Sabha
Incumbent
Assumed office
8 June 2014
Preceded by
Arun Jaitley
Minister of Health and Family Welfare
In office
22 May 2009 – 26 May 2014
Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh
Preceded by
Anbumani Ramadoss
Succeeded by
Harsh Vardhan
7th Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir
In office
2 November 2005 – 11 July 2008
Governor
Srinivas Kumar Sinha
Narinder Nath Vohra
Preceded by
Mufti Mohammad Sayeed
Succeeded by
Omar Abdullah
MP of Rajya Sabha for Jammu and Kashmir
Incumbent
Assumed office
16 February 2015
Constituency
Jammu and Kashmir
Personal details
Born
Ghulam Nabi Azad[1]
(1949-03-07) 7 March 1949 (age 69)
Soti, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Political party
Indian National Congress
Other political
affiliations
United Progressive Alliance (2004–present)
Spouse(s)
Shameem Dev Azad
Children
Saddam Nabi Azad[2]
Sofiya Nabi Azad[3]
Alma mater
Government Degree Colleges, Bhadarwah
G.G.M. Science College
University of Jammu
University of Kashmir
Ghulam Nabi Azad (born 7 March 1949) is an Indian politician of the Indian National Congress and was the Minister of Health and Family Welfare.[4] Presently, he serves as the Leader of opposition in Rajya Sabha.[5]
He was the Parliamentary Affairs Minister of India in the government of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh until 27 October 2005, when he was appointed as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. He led the party successfully in the 2002 Assembly election in Jammu and Kashmir.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Political career
2.1 Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir
2.2 Union government
2.3 Leader of opposition
3 Personal life
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Gulam Nabi Azad was born in the village Soti in Jammu and Kashmir's Doda district. He was born to Rahamatullah Batt and Basa Begum. He went to school in his village. He moved to Jammu and finished his bachelor's degree from G.G.M. Science College in science.[6][7][8] Subsequently, he completed a Master's in Zoology from the University of Kashmir in 1972.[9]
Political career[edit]
Azad started his political career soon after working as the secretary for the Block Congress Committee in Bhalessa in 1973. Two years later, he was nominated as the President of the Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Youth Congress. In 1980, he was appointed as the President of the All-India Youth Congress.[9]
After being elected to the Seventh Lok Sabha from Maharashtra's Washim (Lok Sabha constituency) in 1980, Azad entered into the Central government as Deputy Minister in charge of Law, Justice and Company Affairs Ministry in 1982.
Subsequently, he was elected to the Eighth Lok Sabha in 1984 and was a member (1990 - 1996) from Maharashtra as a Rajya Sabha.[10] During Rao's government, Azad took charge of Parliamentary Affairs and Civil Aviation ministries. He was subsequently elected to Rajya Sabha from Jammu and Kashmir during the term of 30/11/1996 to 29/11/2002 and 30/11/2002 to 29/11/2008, but resigned on 29/04/2006 as he became Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir on 2 November 2005.[10]
Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir[edit]
In June 2008, Azad's government announced plans to transfer land to the board of a Hindu shrine. Many Muslims were angered by this decision and protested, leading the government to cancel the transfer; however, this reversal provoked Hindu protests. Seven people were reported killed in violence that accompanied these protests. The People's Democratic Party, a coalition partner of the Indian National Congress in Jammu and Kashmir, withdrew its support for Azad's government, and rather than attempt to sustain his government by requesting a vote of confidence, Azad resigned on 7 July 2008, and later left office on 11 July 2008.[11]
Union government[edit]
Shri Ghulam Nabi Azad assumes charge of the Union Minister for Urban Development in New Delhi on May 25, 2004
In the second United Progressive Alliance Government, led by Dr. Manmohan Singh, Mr. Azad, was sworn in as the Health Minister of India. He was elected to Rajya Sabha for 4th term and 3rd term from Jammu and Kashmir during the term of 30/11/1996 to 29/11/2002.[10] He vowed to expand the National Rural Health Mission, which has mobilized half a million health workers, all across India, and later his ministry also launched a National Urban Health Mission, to serve the slum dwelling urban poor.[12][13]
He has suggested a late marriage age of between 25 and 30 for population control, and has said that lack of electricity & thereby absence of TV entertainment in rural areas will cause people to produce more children.[14]
Leader of opposition[edit]
In June 2014, after the National Democratic Alliance won a majority in the Lok Sabha and formed the Union government, Azad was appointed as the leader of opposition in the Rajya Sabha, where Congress still held the majority.[15]
In 2015, Azad got re-elected to the Rajya Sabha from Jammu and Kashmir, despite the PDP-BJP alliance holding a majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly.[16]
Personal life[edit]
Azad married Shameem Dev Azad, a well known Kashmiri singer, in 1980, and they have a son Saddam Nabi Azad and a daughter Sofiya Nabi Azad.[17][18][19][20]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "indiatoday". Retrieved 29 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "fashionscandal.com". Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Thehindu". Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ghulam Nabi Azad Biography - About family, political life, awards won, history".
Jump up ^ "Ghulam Nabi Azad named Leader of Congress in Rajya Sabha". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "nocorruption.in". Retrieved 30 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Election.in". Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "rajyasabhampbiodata". Retrieved 30 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ghulam Nabi Azad Biography, Elections.in, retrieved 25 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952". Retrieved 3 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kashmir chief's surprise resignation", CNN, 7 July 2008.
Jump up ^ Reporter, Staff. "Azad's pat for NRHM schemes". The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-03-25.
Jump up ^ Correspondent, Special. "NUHM launched to cover urban areas with over 50,000 population". The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-03-25.
Jump up ^ "Azad says watch TV to check baby boom". Retrieved 2017-03-25.
Jump up ^ Ghulam Nabi Azad Made Leader of Congress in Rajya Sabha, Set to Become Leader of Opposition, NDTV News, 8 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Kashmir surprise: Congress leader Ghulam Nabi Azad relected to Rajya Sabha, The Indian Express, 8 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Power girl". India Today. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
Jump up ^ http://www.fashionscandal.com/2012/11/ghulam-nabi-azads-son-to-wed-dlf-supremos-grand-daughter/
Jump up ^ "Sofiya Azad loves talking - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
Jump up ^ Correspondent, Special (2005-03-11). "My dad will do well, says Azad's daughter". The Hindu. p. 15. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
Further reading[edit]
Slippery slope, India Today, 14 November 2005.
Ghulam Nabi Azad, India Today, 21 May 2009.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ghulam Nabi Azad.
Ghulam Nabi Azad at Rajyasabha.nic.in
Political offices
Preceded by
Mufti Mohammad Sayeed Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir
2005–2008 Succeeded by
Vacant (Governor's Rule)
Preceded by
Anbumani Ramadoss Minister of Health and Family Welfare
2009–2014 Succeeded by
Harsh Vardhan
Preceded by
Arun Jaitley Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha
2014–present Incumbent
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Syed Mir Qasim
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WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0000 4063 7154
VIAF: 28996167
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Nabi_Azad&oldid=864163772"
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The Roy Rogers Show
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the radio program of the same name, see The Roy Rogers Show (radio program).
The Roy Rogers Show
Harry Harvey and Roy Rogers in The Roy Rogers Show
Genre
Western
Directed by
George Blair
John English
Leslie H. Martinson
Don McDougall
Christian Nyby
Robert G. Walker
Starring
Roy Rogers
Dale Evans
Pat Brady
Trigger, the Golden Palomino
Bullet, the Wonder Dog
Ending theme
"Happy Trails"
Composer(s)
Lou Bring
Nat Farber
Frank Worth
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
6
No. of episodes
100 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Larry Kent
Jack Lacey
Roy Rogers
Arthur Rush
Producer(s)
Bob Henry
Jack Lacey
Cinematography
Joe Novak
Running time
30 minutes
Production company(s)
Roy Rogers Productions
Distributor
DreamWorks Classics
NBCUniversal Television Distribution
Release
Original network
NBC
Picture format
Black-and-white
Audio format
Monaural
Original release
December 30, 1951 – June 9, 1957
The Roy Rogers Show is an American Western television series that broadcast 100 episodes on NBC for six seasons between December 30, 1951 and June 9, 1957.
Contents
1 Format
2 Plot
3 Production
4 Related merchandise
5 Reruns
6 References
7 External links
Format[edit]
The show starred Roy Rogers as a ranch owner, Dale Evans as the proprietress of the Eureka Café and Hotel[1] in fictional Mineral City,[2] and Pat Brady as Roy’s sidekick and Dale's cook. Brady's jeep Nellybelle at times had a mind of her own and sped away driverless with Brady in frantic pursuit on foot. Earlier, during the show's 1952 episodes, the jeep was called LuLubelle. Animal stars were Roy's Palomino horse Trigger and his German Shepherd Bullet,[1] the "Wonder Dog".
Plot[edit]
Like Rogers’s and many other Western films of the 1930s through 1950s, the series featured traditional cowboys and cowgirls riding horses and carrying six-shooters in a contemporary setting where they coexisted with automobiles, telephones, and electric lighting. No attempt was made in the scripts to explain or justify this strange amalgamation of 19th-century characters with 20th-century technology. Typical episodes followed the stars as they rescued the weak and helpless from the clutches of dishonest lawmen, con artists, bank robbers, claim jumpers, rustlers, and other "bad guys."
In addition to traditional Western plot themes such as cattle rustling and bank robberies, the program featured more contemporary topics, including gun safety and conservation of natural resources. "Many of the shows expressed a moral, and several preached a Christian message."[3]
Production[edit]
Interior shots for the show were filmed at the Samuel Goldwyn Studio, with much of the outdoor action footage filmed on the Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth, Los Angeles, California The program was originally sponsored by General Foods (Post Cereals and Jell-O). The show's theme song, “Happy Trails”, was written by Dale Evans and sung by her and Rogers over the end credits of each episode.[2]
The show received an Emmy nomination in 1955 for Best Western or Adventure Series, but it lost out to the syndicated Stories of the Century, an anthology series starring and narrated by Jim Davis.[4] The series finished #27 in the Nielsen ratings for the 1951-1952 season and #30 for 1954-1955.[5]
Related merchandise[edit]
The show was merchandised for the juvenile market with comic books, playsets, cowboy and cowgirl costumes, toy pistols, longbows, and many other items. In 1957, 2 million copies of each comic book were sold. A related comic strip was syndicated to 186 newspapers.[6]
Reruns[edit]
From January 1961 until September 1964, CBS broadcast reruns of The Roy Rogers Show on Saturday mornings.[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c LoBrutto, Vincent (2018). TV in the USA: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 111–112. ISBN 9781440829734. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Terrace, Vincent (2013). Television Introductions: Narrated TV Program Openings since 1949. Scarecrow Press. p. 148. ISBN 9780810892507. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
Jump up ^ White, Raymond E. (2006). King of the Cowboys, Queen of the West: Roy Rogers and Dale Evans. Popular Press. p. 91. ISBN 9780299210045. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
Jump up ^ McNeil, Alex (1996). Total Television: The Comprehensive Guide to Programming from 1948 to the Present, 4th ed., New York: Penguin Books, 1996, p. 793
Jump up ^ "Classic TV Hits", seasonal top-30 television ratings, 1950-1999. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Robert W. (1995). Roy Rogers: A Biography, Radio History, Television Career Chronicle, Discography, Filmography, Comicography, Merchandising and Advertising History, Collectibles Description, Bibliography, and Index. McFarland. pp. 44–45. ISBN 9780899509372. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
External links[edit]
The Roy Rogers Show on IMDb
The Roy Rogers Show at TV.com
The Roy Rogers Show at epguides.com
The Roy Rogers Show at the Iverson Movie Ranch
Iverson Movie Ranch: History, vintage photos.
Behind-the-scenes production photos
Roy Rogers on Outlaws Old Time Radio Corner
Collection of Stephen Lodge.

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e
Children's programming on CBS in the 1960s
First-run animated series
Mighty Mouse Playhouse (1955–67)
Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales (1963–72)
Linus the Lionhearted
The Heckle and Jeckle Cartoon Show
Tom and Jerry (1965–72)
The Mighty Heroes
The Underdog Show (last few seasons)
Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles (1966–68)
Space Ghost and Dino Boy (1966–68)
The New Adventures of Superman (1966–70)
The Adventures of Batman (1969–70)
The Lone Ranger
The Road Runner Show (1968–71; 1975–78; 1978–85)
The Beagles
The Herculoids (1967–68)
Shazzan
Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor (1967–69)
The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure
Go Go Gophers
Wacky Races (1968–70)
The Archie Show (1968–69)
The Batman/Superman Hour
Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines (1969–71)
The Perils of Penelope Pitstop (1969–71)
Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! (1969–72, 1974–76)
First-run live-action series
Captain Kangaroo (1955–84)
The Magic Land of Allakazam
CBS Children's Film Festival
Rebroadcasts
Sky King
The Roy Rogers Show
My Friend Flicka
The Alvin Show
The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin
The Quick Draw McGraw Show
The Jetsons
The Adventures of Lassie
Jonny Quest
The Monkees (1969–72)
Schedules
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
Related programming and topics
Animation in the United States in the television era
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Roy_Rogers_Show&oldid=849964934"
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1957 American television series endings
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1950s American television series
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