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All-India Muslim League
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All-India Muslim League
Presiding Leader(s)
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
A. K. Fazlul Huq
Aga Khan III
Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
Sir Feroz Khan Noon
Khwaja Nazimuddin
Liaquat Ali Khan
Khaliq-uz-Zaman
Mohammad Ali Bogra
Tushar khan
Founder
Nawab Viqar ul Malik
Founded
30 December 1906 (1906-12-30) at Dacca, British raj (now in Dhaka, Bangladesh)
Dissolved
15 August 1947
Succeeded by
Muslim League in Pakistan, Awami League in Bangladesh and Indian Union Muslim League in India
Headquarters
Lucknow
Newspaper
Dawn
Student wing
AIMSF
Paramilitary wing
Khaki
Ideology
Pan-Islamism
conservatism
Two-nation theory
Civil rights for Muslims in India
Religion
Islam
International affiliation
All–India Muslim League (London Chapter)
Election symbol
Crescent and Star
Politics of India
Political parties
Elections
The All-India Muslim League (popularised as Muslim League) was a political party established during the early years of the 20th century in the British Indian Empire. Its strong advocacy for the establishment of a separate Muslim-majority nation-state, Pakistan, successfully led to the partition of British India in 1947 by the British Empire.[1] The party arose out of a literary movement begun at The Aligarh Muslim University in which Syed Ahmad Khan was a central figure.[2][page needed] Sir Syed had founded, in 1886, the Muhammadan Educational Conference, but a self-imposed ban prevented it from discussing politics. In December 1906 conference in Dhaka, attended by 3,000 delegates, the conference removed the ban and adopted a resolution to form an All Indian Muslim League political party.[citation needed] Its original political goal was to define and advance the Indian Muslim's civil rights and to provide protection to the upper and gentry class of Indian Muslims. It remained an elitist organisation until 1937, when the leadership began mobilising the Muslim masses and the League then became a popular organisation.[3][4]
Following in the 1930s, the idea of a separate nation-state and influential philosopher Sir Muhammad Iqbal's vision of uniting the four provinces in North-West British India further supported the rationale of two-nation theory. Constitutional struggle of Jinnah and political struggle of founding fathers, the Muslim League played a decisive role in World War II in the 1940s and as the driving force behind the division of India along religious lines and the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state in 1947.[5][6][page needed] The events leading the World War II, the Congress effective protest against the United Kingdom unilaterally involving India in the war without consulting with the Indian people; the Muslim League went on to support the British war efforts, and later agitated against the Congress with the cry of "Islam in Danger".[7]
After the partition and subsequent establishment of Pakistan, the Muslim League continued as a minor party in India where it was often part of the government. In Bangladesh, the Muslim League was revived in 1976 but it was reduced, rendering it insignificant in the political arena. In India Indian Union Muslim League and in Pakistan, the Pakisthan Muslim League became the original successors of the All-India Muslim League. Under the leadership Of Qaede millath Muhammad Ismail Sahib Muslim league is reconstituted in India.The founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah (and after Jinnah's death by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan), but suffered with ill-fate following the military intervention in 1958. One of its faction remained to supportive of President Ayub Khan until 1962 when the all factions decided to reform into the Pakistan Muslim League led by Nurul Amin supporting Fatima Jinnah in the presidential elections in 1965. Furthermore, it was the only party to have received votes from both East and West Pakistan during the elections held in 1970. During the successive periods of Pakistan, the Muslim League continued to be a ruling party in the different periods of Pakistan.
Since 1985, the Pakistan Muslim League split into various factions; all factions which had little ideological connection with the original Muslim League. However, the PML-N remains to be influential faction than others,[8][9] and has been in power during the elections held in 1990 and in the 1997. As of current of 2013 elections, the PML-N remains to be a ruling party of Pakistan.[10]
Contents
1 Foundation
2 Early years
3 Communalism grows
4 Conception of Pakistan
5 Campaign for Pakistan
6 Impact on the future courses of Subcontinent
6.1 Pakistan
6.2 India
6.3 Bangladesh
6.4 United Kingdom
7 Historical versions
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Foundation[edit]
The AIME Conference in 1906, held at the Ahsan Manzil palace of the Dhaka Nawab Family, laid the foundation of the Muslim League.
The All-India Muslim League (AIML) was formed with the help from the reformist Syed Ahmad Khan. His strong advocacy for British education and political activism had inspired Subhan Muslims to support the cause for the AIML. Originally hosting the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference in 1886 in a vision to uplift the cause for the British education especially science and literature, among India's Muslims. The conference, in addition to generating funds for Sir Syed's Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), motivated Muslim upper class to propose expansion of educational uplift elsewhere, known as the Aligarh Movement. In turn this new awareness of Muslim needs helped stimulate a political consciousness among Muslim elites that went on to form the AIML.[11]
The formation of a Subhan political party on national level was seen as essential by 1901. The first stage of its formation was the meeting held at Lucknow in September 1906, with participation of representatives from all over India. The decision for re-consideration to form the all Indian Muslim political party was taken and further proceedings were adjourned until the next meeting of All India Muhammadan Educational Conference. The Simla Deputation reconsidered the issue in October 1906 and decided to frame the objectives of the party on the occasion of the annual meeting of Educational Conference; that was later, scheduled to be held at Dhaka. Meanwhile, Nawab Salimullah Khan published a detailed scheme through which he suggested the party to be named All-India Muslim Confederacy. Pursuant upon the decisions taken earlier in Lucknow meeting and later in Simla; the annual meeting of the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference was held at Dhaka that continued from 27 December, until 30 December 1906. that was headed by both Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk and Nawab Muhasan-ul-Mulk (the Secretary of the Muhammaden Educational Conference); in which he explained its objectives and stressed the unity of the Muslims under the banner of an association.[12] It was formally proposed by Nawab Salimullah Khan and supported by Hakim Ajmal Khan, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, Zafar Ali Khan, Syed Nabiullah Bar at Law Lucknow and Syed Zahur Ahmad an eminent lawyer and several others. The political party was established at the end of the conference.[1] The Founding meeting was hosted by Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah and attended by three thousand delegates, while Ameer Ali, Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi were also the founding fathers who attended this meeting. The name "All-India Muslim League" was proposed by Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi. Sir Agha Khan III was appointed its first president. Fifty eight delegates from all over the Subcontinent were the founding members of League.[13] The League's constitution was framed in 1907 in Karachi. In 1910, Nawaab Syed Shamsul Huda selected as the president of the party.[14]
Early years[edit]
Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah (Aga Khan III) was appointed the first Honorary President of the Muslim League. The headquarters were established at Lucknow. There were also six vice-presidents, a secretary and two joint secretaries initially appointed for a three-years term, proportionately from different provinces.[15] The principles of the League were espoused in the "Green Book," which included the organisation's constitution, written by Maulana Mohammad Ali. Its goals at this stage did not include establishing an independent Muslim state, but rather concentrated on protecting Muslim liberties and rights, promoting understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians, educating the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government, and discouraging violence.
Aga Khan III (1877–1957) played a leading role in founding AIML; his goal was the advancement of Muslim agendas and protection of Muslim rights in India. He shared Ahmad Khan's belief that Muslims should first build up their social capital through advanced education before engaging in politics. Agha Khan boldly told the British Raj that Muslims must be considered a separate nation within India. Even after he resigned as president of the AIML in 1912, he still exerted major influence on its policies and agendas.[16] in 1913 Mohammed Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim league.
Intellectual support and a cadre of young activists emerged from Aligarh Muslim University. Hasan reports that in the early 20th century, this Muslim institution, designed to prepare students for service to the British Raj, exploded into political activity. Until 1939, the faculty and students supported an all-India nationalist movement. After 1939, however, sentiment shifted dramatically toward a Muslim separatist movement, as students and faculty mobilised behind Jinnah and the Muslim League.[17]
Communalism grows[edit]
Politically there was a degree of unity between Muslim and Hindu leaders after World War I, as typified by the Khilafat Movement. Relationships cooled sharply after that campaign ended in 1922. Communalism grew rapidly, forcing the two groups apart. Major riots broke out in numerous cities, including 91 in U.P. alone.[18][19] At the leadership level, the proportion of Muslims among delegates to Congress fell sharply, from 11% in 1921 to under 4% in 1924.[20]
Muhammad Ali Jinnah became disillusioned with politics after the failure of his attempt to form a Hindu-Muslim alliance, and he spent most of the 1920s in Britain. The leadership of the League was taken over by, Sir Muhammad Iqbal, who in 1930 first put forward the demand for a separate Muslim state in India. The "Two-Nation Theory", the belief that Hindus and Muslims were two different nations who could not live in one country, gained popularity among Muslims. The two-state solution was rejected by the Congress leaders, who favoured a united India based on composite national identity. Congress at all times rejected "communalism"—that is, basing politics on religious identity.[21] Iqbal's policy of uniting the North-West Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Punjab, and Sindh into a new Muslim majority state became part of the League's political platform.[22]
The League rejected the Committee report (the Nehru Report), arguing that it gave too little representation (only one quarter) to Muslims, established Devanagari as the official language of the colony, and demanded that India turn into a de facto unitary state, with residuary powers resting at the centre – the League had demanded at least one-third representation in the legislature and sizeable autonomy for the Muslim provinces. Jinnah reported a "parting of the ways" after his requests for minor amendments to the proposal were denied outright, and relations between the Congress and the League began to sour.[23]
Conception of Pakistan[edit]
Main articles: Pakistan Movement and Allahabad Address
On 29 December 1930 Sir Muhammad Iqbal delivered his monumental presidential address to the All India Muslim League annual session. He said:[24]
I would like to see Punjab, North-West Frontier Province [now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa], Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.
Sir Muhammad Iqbal did not use the word "Pakistan" in his address. According to some scholars, Iqbal had not presented the idea of a separate Muslim State; rather he wanted a large Muslim province by amalgamating Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan into a big North-Western province within India.[25] They argued that "Iqbal never pleaded for any kind of partition of the country. Rather he was an ardent proponent of a 'true' federal setup for India..., and wanted a consolidated Muslim majority within the Indian Federation".[26]
Another Indian historian, Tara Chand, also held that Iqbal was not thinking in terms of partition of India, but in terms of a federation of autonomous states within India.[27] Dr. Safdar Mehmood also asserted in a series of articles that in the Allahabad address Iqbal proposed a Muslim majority province within an Indian federation and not an independent state outside an Indian Federation.[28]
On 28 January 1933, Choudhary Rahmat Ali, founder of the Pakistan National Movement, voiced his ideas in the pamphlet entitled "Now or Never;[29] Are We to Live or Perish Forever?" In a subsequent book Rehmat Ali discussed the etymology in further detail.[30] "Pakistan' is both a Persian and an Urdu word. It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our South Asia homelands; that is, Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh and Balochistan. It means the land of the Pure".
The British and the Indian Press vehemently criticised these two different schemes and created a confusion about the authorship of the word "Pakistan" to such an extent that even Jawaharlal Nehru had to write:[31]
Iqbal was one of the early advocates of Pakistan and yet he appears to have realised its inherent danger and absurdity. Edward Thompson has written that in the course of conversation, Iqbal told him that he had advocated Pakistan because of his position as President of Muslim League session, but he felt sure that it would be injurious to India as a whole and to Muslims especially.
Campaign for Pakistan[edit]
Main article: Pakistan Movement
Muslim League Working Committee at the Lahore session
Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman seconding the Resolution with Jinnah and Liaquat presiding the session.
Until 1937 the Muslim League had remained an organisation of elite Indian Muslims. The Muslim League leadership then began mass mobilisation and the League then became a popular party with the Muslim masses in the 1940s, especially after the Lahore Resolution.[3][32] Under Jinnah's leadership its membership grew to over two million and became more religious and even separatist in its outlook.[33][34]
The Muslim League's earliest base was the United Provinces.[35] The Muslim League successfully mobilised the religious community in the United Provinces in the late 1930s. Jinnah worked closely with local politicians. However, there was a lack of uniform political voice by the League during the 1938–1939 Madhe Sahaba riots of Lucknow.[36] From 1937 onwards, the Muslim League and Jinnah attracted large crowds throughout India in its processions and strikes.[37]
At a League conference in Lahore in 1940, Jinnah said:
Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature.... It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes and different episodes.... To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state.[38]
In response to Jinnah's speech, the All-India Jamhur Muslim League (AIJML) was formed to counter the move of Jinnah on his support for Sir Syed's two-nation theory and to oppose the creation of Pakistan. The Raja of Mahmoodabad was elected its president and Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi was its first general secretary. Perhaps it was the first split of Muslim League on ideological ground.[39] This party however merged with Indian Congress latter on to strengthen its views on partition.
At Lahore the Muslim League formally recommitted itself to creating an independent Muslim state, including Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan, the North West Frontier Province and Bengal, that would be "wholly autonomous and sovereign". The resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslim religions. The Lahore Resolution, moved by the sitting Chief Minister of Bengal A. K. Fazlul Huq, was adopted on 23 March 1940, and its principles formed the foundation for Pakistan's first constitution. Talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944 in Bombay failed to achieve agreement. This was the last attempt to reach a single-state solution.[40]
First Session of All India Jamhur Muslim League
In the 1940s, Jinnah emerged as a leader of the Indian Muslims and was popularly known as Quaid-e-Azam (lit. Great Leader). In the Constituent Assembly of India's elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 425 out of 476 seats reserved for Muslims (and about 89.2% of Muslim votes) on a policy of creating an independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of secession if this was not granted. Congress, led by Gandhi and Nehru remained adamantly opposed to dividing India.[citation needed]
However, 1947 saw violent and bloody battles caused due to the communal clashes between the two communities in India. Millions of people migrated from India to Pakistan and vice versa. The situation continued to be tense even after the governments of the two nations were formed.[41]
The partition seems to have been inevitable after all, one of the examples being Lord Mountbatten's statement on Jinnah: "There was no argument that could move him from his consuming determination to realize the impossible dream of Pakistan."[42]
Impact on the future courses of Subcontinent[edit]
Pakistan[edit]
Main articles: Politics in Pakistan and Pakistan Muslim League
After the partition of British Indian Empire, the Muslim League played a major role in giving the birth of modern conservatism and the introduction of the democratic process in the country.[43]
From 1947–51, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan spearheaded the Muslim League's government until 1955 when Awami League came to power with Huseyn Suhrawardy becoming the Prime Minister. After Jinnah and Ali Khan, Nazimuddin struggled to lead the party, primarily due to lack of its social programmes. During this time, the Republican Party, led by Iskander Mirza, had taken over the credibility and prestige of Muslim League in all over the country. In 1958, the Muslim League nearly lost its influence when General Ayub Khan, army chief at that time, imposed martial law to with the support of Republican President Iskander Mirza against Prime Minister Feroz Khan Noon, a leader of Muslim League.[citation needed]
The Federative constitution allowed the ailing Muslim League to be reformed itself as the Pakistan Muslim League (PML) and endorsed for Fatima Jinnah for the presidential bid in 1965. However, one of its convention actively supported President Ayub Khan.[44]
India[edit]
Main article: Indian Union Muslim League
With the partition of British Indian Empire, the Muslim League lost all influence in the United Provinces and Indian states with significant Muslim population. In 1948, the Indian Muslim League was formed as breakaway faction of the Muslim League by those members who did not migrate to Pakistan. During its successive periods, the Indian Muslim League remained a part of the Kerala government; nonetheless, the Indian Muslim League disintegrated after the general elections of 1980. Many of its leaders later joined Congress and some migrated to Pakistan. The party has still has a stronghold in northern Kerala and is the second largest party within the present ruling coalition in the state.
Bangladesh[edit]
Main article: Awami League
The Muslim League formed its government in East Bengal immediately after partition of Bengal, with Nurul Amin becoming the first Chief Minister.
Problems in East Pakistan for Muslim League began rise following the issue of Constitution. Furthermore, the language movement proved to be a last event that led the Muslim League to lose its mandate in the East Bengal. Muslim League's national conservatism program also faced several set back and resistance from the Communist Party of Pakistan. In an interview given to print media, Nurul Amin stated that the communists had played an integral and major role in staging the massive protests, mass demonstration, and strikes for the Bengali Language Movement.[45]
All over the country, the political parties had favoured the general elections in Pakistan with the exception of Muslim League.[46] In 1954, the legislative elections were to be held for the Parliament.[46] Unlike in West, not all of the Hindu population migrated to India, instead a large number of Hindu population was in fact presented in the state.[46] The communist influence deepened and was finally realised in the elections. The United Front, Communist Party and the Awami League returned to power, inflicting a severe defeat to Muslim League.[46] Out of 309, the Muslim League only won 10 seats, whereas the communist party had 4 seats of the ten contested. The communists working with other parties had secured 22 additional seats, totalling 26 seats. The right-wing Jamaat-e-Islami had completely failed in the elections.[46]
In 1955, the United Front named Abu Hussain Sarkar as the Chief minister of the State who ruled the state in two non-consecutive terms until 1958 when the martial law was imposed.[46] The Muslim League remained to be a minor party in East Pakistan but participated with full rigour during the general elections in 1970. It had won 10 seats from East Pakistan and 7 seats from other parts of Pakistan. After the independence of Bangladesh, the Muslim League was revived in 1976 but it was reduced, rendering it insignificant in the political arena.
United Kingdom[edit]
During the 1940s, the Muslim League had a United Kingdom section active in the British politics. After the establishment of Pakistan, the Pakistani community's leaders took over the UK branch, making Zubeida Habib Rahimtoola as president of party to continue to serve its purpose in the United Kingdom.[47] As of current, the Muslim League's UK branch is taken over by the PML-N, with Zubair Gull its president, and Nawaz Sharif serving its patron-in-chief.[47]
Historical versions[edit]
Historically, Pakistan Muslim League can also refer to any of the following political parties in Pakistan:[48]
Muslim League, the original successor of All-India Muslim League, which was disbanded on first martial law.
Convention Muslim League, a political platform created by General Ayub Khan in 1962 when he became the president.
Council Muslim League, a party created by political leaders who opposed General Ayub Khan.
Muslim League, a party created by Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan when he split with the Council Muslim League to run for the 1970 general elections.
See also[edit]
Indian Independence Movement
Indian Muslim nationalism
Indian Nationalism
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Establishment of All India Muslim League". Story of Pakistan. p. 1. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Sequeira, Dolly. Total History and Civics ICSE 10.New Delhi:MSB publushers,2016.Print.
^ Jump up to: a b H. Rizvi (15 May 2000). Military, State and Society in Pakistan. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-0-230-59904-8. The Muslim League maintained an elitist character until 1937 when its leadership began to engage in popular mobilisation. It functioned as a mass and popular party for 7-8 years after the Congress provincial ministries resigned in 1939, more so, after the passage of the Lahore Resolution in March 1940.
Jump up ^ John Keay (2001). India: A History. Grove Press. p. 468. ISBN 9780802137975.
Jump up ^ "Muslim League and the impact of World War II". Story of Pakistan. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Ayesha Jalal (1994). The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League, and the Demand for Pakistan. Cambridge Cambridgeshire New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45850-4.
Jump up ^ Pan-Islam in British Indian politics, pgs 57,245 by M.Naeem Qureshi
Jump up ^ "PML-N's popularity up by four percent: survey". The News International. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Iqbal, Anwar (30 September 2012). "PTI losing ground amid PML-N surge: IRI survey". Dawn. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pakistan Election 2013: Live Election Results". Geo News. Archived from the original on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Rashid Kahn, Abdul (2007). "All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference and the Foundation of the All-India Muslim League". Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. 55 (1/2): 65–83.
Jump up ^ Pakistan movement. Commencement and evolution, p. 167, 168, by Dr. Sikandar Hayat Khan and Shandana Zahid, published by Urdu Science Board, Lahore. ISBN 969-477-122-6
Jump up ^ Wolpert, Stanley (2013). Jinnah of Pakistan. Karachi, Pakistan: 2013. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-577389-7.
Jump up ^ The Muslim Heritage of Bengal-by Muhammad Mojlum Khan-Kube Publishing Ltd., UK- ISBN 978-1-84774-059-5
Jump up ^ "Establishment of All India Muslim League". Story of Pakistan. p. 2. Retrieved 11 May 2007.
Jump up ^ Amin Valliani, "Aga Khan's Role in the Founding and Consolidation of the All-India Muslim League", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society (2007) 55# 1/2, pp 85–95.
Jump up ^ Mushirul Hasan, "Nationalist and Separatist Trends in Aligarh, 1915–47," Indian Economic and Social History Review, (Jan 1985) 22#1 pp 1–33
Jump up ^ Sumit Sarkar (1983). Modern India: 1885–1947. Macmillan. p. 233.
Jump up ^ Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) [First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne]. A History of Modern India, 1480–1950. London: Anthem Press. pp. 371–372. ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4. Remarkable unity shown between Hindus and Muslims [during the Khilafat movement] ... tension between the religious communities worsened ... the reforms of 1919 had encouraged Muslim separatism by maintaining constituencies reserved for Muslims: having to get only the votes of their coreligionists, Hindu and Muslim politicians tended to emphasise what divided rather than what united the two communities.
Jump up ^ Judith Margaret Brown (1994). Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy. Oxford U. Press. p. 228. ISBN 9780198731122.
Jump up ^ David E. Ludden (1996). Contesting the nation: religion, community, and the politics of democracy in India. U. of Pennsylvania Press. p. 93. ISBN 0812215850.
Jump up ^ Peter Lyon (2008). Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 85. ISBN 9781576077122.
Jump up ^ P. M. Holt; Peter Malcolm Holt; Ann K. S. Lambton (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 103ff. ISBN 9780521291378.
Jump up ^ A.R. Tariq (ed.), Speeches and Statements of Iqbal (Lahore: 1973),
Jump up ^ K.K. Aziz, Making of Pakistan (London: 1970), p.81.
Jump up ^ Verinder Grover (ed.), Muhammad Iqbal: Poet Thinker of Modern Muslim India Vol. 25 (New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1995), pp.666–67.
Jump up ^ Tara Chand, History of Freedom Movement in India Vol. III (New Delhi: 1972), p.253.
Jump up ^ lang, 23, 24 & 25 March 2003; Also see, Safdar Mahmood, Iqbal, Jinnah aur Pakistan (Lahore: Khazina Ilm-wa-Adab, 2004), pp.52–69.
Jump up ^ Full text of the pamphlet "Now or Never", published by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_rahmatali_1933.html
Jump up ^ Choudhary Rahmat Ali, 1947, Pakistan: the fatherland of the Pak nation, Cambridge, OCLC: 12241695
Jump up ^ J.L. Nehru, Discovery of India (New York: 1946), p.353.
Jump up ^ Venkat Dhulipala (9 February 2015). Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-1-316-25838-5. During this growth spurt, the ML itself was transformed from an elite moribund organization into a mass-based party that gave itself a new constitution, a more radical ideology and a revamped organizational structure.
Jump up ^ Victor Sebestyen (1 October 2014). 1946: The Making of the Modern World. Pan Macmillan UK. pp. 247–. ISBN 978-1-74353-456-4. That, too, had begun life as a cosy club of upper-class Indians, seeking a limited range of extra privileges for Indian Muslims. However, under the leadership of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the League grew rapidly to a membership of more than two million and its message became increasingly religious and separatist in tone.
Jump up ^ Yasmin Khan (4 July 2017). The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan, New Edition. Yale University Press. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-0-300-23364-3. Although it was founded in 1909 the League had only caught on among South Asian Muslims during the Second World War. The party had expanded astonishingly rapidly and was claiming over two million members by the early 1940s, an unimaginable result for what had been previously thought of as just one of numerous pressure groups and small but insignificant parties.
Jump up ^ Talbot, Ian (1982). "The growth of the Muslim League in the Punjab, 1937–1946". Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 20 (1): 5–24. Despite their different viewpoints all these theories have tended either to concentrate on the All-India struggle between the Muslim League and the Congress in the pre-partition period, or to turn their interest to the Muslim cultural heartland of the UP where the League gained its earliest foothold and where the demand for Pakistan was strongest.
Jump up ^ Venkat Dhulipala (2010). "Rallying the Qaum: The Muslim League in the United Provinces, 1937–1939". Modern Asian Studies. 44 (3): 603–640. doi:10.1017/s0026749x09004016. JSTOR 40664926.
Jump up ^ Talbot, Ian (1993). "The role of the crowd in the Muslim League struggle for Pakistan". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 21 (2): 307–333. Huge crowds attended Muslim League meetings and flocked to glimpse Jinnah as he journeyed about India from 1937 onwards. They also joined in processions, strikes, and riots.
Jump up ^ Cited in Ainslie T. Embree
Jump up ^ South Asian History and Culture vol.2 no.1 pp 16–36, Taylor and Francis Group
Jump up ^ Peter Lyon, Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia (2008) p 108
Jump up ^ Yasmin Khan, The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan (2008)
Jump up ^ Akbar S. Ahmed (1997). Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin. London: Routledge. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-415-14966-2.
Jump up ^ M S, Amogh (20 May 2011). "A history project on the impact of the AIMD on the future courses of India and Pakistan". Online Daily.
Jump up ^ Masood, Alauddin (25 January 2008). "PML Perpetually Multiplying Leagues". The Weekly.
Jump up ^ Nair, M. Bhaskaran (1990). Politics in Bangladesh: A Study of Awami League, 1949-58. New Delhi, India: Northern Book Centre. pp. 73–. ISBN 978-81-85119-79-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Ali, Tariq (2002). The Clash of Fundamentalism. United Kingdom: New Left Book plc. p. 181. ISBN 1-85984-457-X.
^ Jump up to: a b "Muslim League in UK". PMLN Muslim League in UK. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Ashraf Mumtaz. Dawn Newspaper, 14 May 2006
Further reading[edit]
Cohen, Stephen Philip (2004). The Idea of Pakistan. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-1503-0.
Graham, George Farquhar Irving (1974). The Life and Work of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-636069-0.
Malik, Iftikar H. (2008). The History of Pakistan. The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-34137-3.
Moore, R. J. (1983). "Jinnah and the Pakistan Demand". Modern Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 17 (4): 529–561. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00011069. JSTOR 312235.
al Mujahid, Shairf (2007). "Reconstructing the Saga of the All India Muslim League (1906–47)". Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. 55 (1/2): 15–26.
Wolpert, Stanley (1984). Jinnah of Pakistan. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503412-7.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to All-India Muslim League.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: All-India Muslim League
Government of Pakistan website
The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Chronicles Of Pakistan
Jinnah at a Meeting of the Muslim League 16-second QuickTime film clip
Colloquium on the One Hundred Years of Muslim League at the University of Chicago, 4 Nov 2006
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text:
List of School of Rock episodes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
School of Rock is an American sitcom, music, and rock television series that premiered on Nickelodeon on March 12, 2016. The series is based on the 2003 film of the same name and stars Breanna Yde, Ricardo Hurtado, Jade Pettyjohn, Lance Lim, Aidan Miner, Tony Cavalero, and Jama Williamson.
Contents
[hide]
1 Series overview
2 Episodes
2.1 Season 1 (2016)
2.2 Season 2 (2016–17)
2.3 Season 3 (2017)
3 References
4 External links
Series overview[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 12 March 12, 2016 (2016-03-12) June 18, 2016 (2016-06-18)
2 13 September 17, 2016 (2016-09-17) January 28, 2017 (2017-01-28)
3 20[1] July 8, 2017 (2017-07-08) TBA
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2016)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title [2][3]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [2][3]
Prod.
code [2]
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Come Together" Jonathan Judge Jim Armogida & Steve Armogida
Mike White March 12, 2016 (2016-03-12) 112 2.38[4]
Dewey Finn, a rock musician, becomes the new substitute teacher for a class when their teacher, Mrs. Calpakis, was taken to rest indefinitely due to falling from a skateboard. The students quickly discover that he's not a real teacher. Mr. Finn then discovers that the students are very talented with music and has an idea to have them play rock music to learn. The students like it at first, but they're afraid that Principal Mullins will catch them so they come up with a plan to be a secret band. Mr. Finn thinks that he's not qualified to be a teacher and decides to quit, but the students convince him to come back and start a secret band which he agrees to.
Guest stars: Jama Williamson (Principal Mullins), Vernèe Watson
2
2 "Cover Me" Jonathan Judge Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein March 19, 2016 (2016-03-19) 102 1.68[5]
The band needs a singer to be able to compete in "Battle of the Bands", so Summer decides to do it so that Freddie will notice her. The problem is that she can't sing, so Tomika teaches her but still isn't able to get it right. Tomika helps Summer by having her lip synch and Tomika will do the actual singing. The class realizes that Summer can't sing and that Tomika can. The class convinces Tomika to be the singer but rejects it. Summer then convinces Tomika to be the singer and finally she agrees.
Special guest star: Pete Wentz
3
3 "Video Killed the Speed Debate Star" Bruce Leddy Jeremy Hall March 26, 2016 (2016-03-26) 104 1.63[6]
In an effort to provide warnings whenever Principl Mullins comes to the class, Lawrence inadvertently suggests to put a camera on the class, which disables the band to practice. Meanwhile, Mr. Finn helps Summer for the speed debate contest through rapping. As Mr. Finn and Lawrence install the video of him teaching on Mullins' office, Summer buys them time by slowing down the debate, but goes rapping when they are finished, which make her winning the speed debate. The next day, Principal Mullins ask Lawrence to put the camera down due to camera tape on her dancing in the hallway gets leaked.
Guest star: Jama Williamson
4
4 "The Story of Us (But More About Me)" Bruce Leddy Eric Friedman April 2, 2016 (2016-04-02) 103 1.42[7]
Guest star: Jama Williamson
5
5 "We're Not Gonna Take It" Trevor Kirschner Laurie Parres April 9, 2016 (2016-04-09) 105 1.47[8]
When Zack's father catches him playing rock on the electric guitar when he is supposed to be playing classical music on the classic guitar, he moves Zack to another class, convinced that Mr Finn is a bad influence on Zack. The class that Zack is moved to is very boring and Mr Finn, Tomika, Lawrence and the gang must work together to get Zack back. They device a plan: every time Mr Finn comes with a distraction for Zack's new teacher, Zack jumps out of the class window to escape for band practice and Freddy and Lawrence catch him. However, Principal Mullins catches Zack when Freddy and Lawrence run away when spotting her, leaving a clueless Zack to jump out right in front of Principal Mullins. Zack's father is called to the school and talks to Principal Mullins, Mr Finn and Zack. After discovering that Mr Finn has been able to influence Zack to be able to express his opinion by himself like Zack's father has never done, Zack's father agrees to let Zack return to Mr Finn's class. The episode ends with Zack returned to Mr Finn's class and the band being able to continue holding practices, ensuring the continuation of the band.
Guest stars: Jama Williamson, James Kyson, Matt Champagne
6
6 "A Band with No Name" Michael Shea Kevin Jakubowski April 16, 2016 (2016-04-16) 106 1.42[9]
As the band gets their first gig on the birthday party of a seven-year-old girl, they are faced with a challenge: they have to choose a band name or else they will end up with a princess band name. Mr. Finn suggests "Paradoxx", but nobody seems to like that idea. After a lot of arguing over the name, the band splits up to two parts, "Summer and the Timewarps" and "Smog Check". Mr. Finn gets them back together by lying to both of them that only they will be performing at the birthday party. The girl notices that the band split up and makes the princess she hired as a backup perform a song instead, but after some time, the band stops fighting and they sing a rock version of the princess' song, and everyone likes it. They end up with the name "School of Rock".
Guest stars: Kira Kosarin, Tom Wilson, Ashlyn Faith Williams
7
7 "We Can Be Heroes, Sort Of" Savage Steve Holland Jay Kogen April 23, 2016 (2016-04-23) 108 1.25[10]
Tomika becomes shy after her brothers post some videos of her making silly faces while practicing at home. Mr. Finn helps her overcome her fear by suggesting her to take inspiration from her idol, who is Demi Lovato. Mr. Finn lies that he knows Lovato, who is in town for the week, but he fails to find her in the hotel because she used a fake name. Meanwhile, Tomika dresses up like Lovato, but she ends up pushing the band too hard by trying to match Lovato's band too closely. Tomika apologizes to the band for pushing them too hard, and after some rehearsals they have done earlier, they end up performing Lovato's song "Heart Attack" by being themselves rather than trying to copy her band. As Mr. Finn enters the classroom dressed up like Lovato, the students immediately recognize him and he says he was unable to find her. To everyone's surprise, Lawrence says he met Lovato in the hotel, and everyone gets tickets to her show that night.
Guest stars: Jama Williamson, Iqbal Theba
8
8 "Should I Stay or Should I Go?" Sean Lambert Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein April 30, 2016 (2016-04-30) 107 1.41[11]
Guest stars: Kendall Schmidt, Sam Horrigan
9
9 "Money (That's What I Want)" Trevor Kirschner Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein May 7, 2016 (2016-05-07) 110 1.11[12]
Guest stars: Jama Williamson, Shaun Brown
10
10 "Freddy Fights for His Right to Party" Jay Kogen Jeremy Hall June 4, 2016 (2016-06-04) 109 1.40[13]
Guest star: Lucas Adams
11
11 "(Really Really) Old Time Rock and Roll" Jonathan Judge Eric Friedman June 11, 2016 (2016-06-11) 111 1.29[14]
Guest stars: Jama Williamson, Haley Powell, Shanti Lowry, Aaron Hendry
12
12 "We Are the Champions ... Maybe" Trevor Kirschner Jay Kogen June 18, 2016 (2016-06-18) 113 1.39[15]
The band rehearse their song for Battle of the Bands, unaware that Justin and The Night Lizards is spying on them. The band sneak out of the school to go the competition, outsmarting a suspicious Clark. However, they face some troubles on their way. When they arrived wet, they are denied entry, so they decide to put some pajamas (as there was only a pajama store open nearby). Things got worse when they discover that their song is being performed by the Lizards. As they begin to lose hope, they rehearse "Shut Up and Dance" on the rooftop, where the Lizards lock them up. To cheer the kids, Mr. Finn encourage them to perform for themselves. The judges overhear their performance and go upstairs, where School of Rock was crowned winner, much to the dismay of Justin. As everyone is upstairs, Clark failed to show Principal Mullins that the students snuck out.
Special guest star: Pete Wentz
Guest stars: Jama Williamson, Kendall Schmidt, Sam Horrigan
Season 2 (2016–17)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title [2][16]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [2][16]
Prod.
code [2]
U.S. viewers
(millions)
13
1 "Changes" Trevor Kirschner Jim Armogida & Steve Armogida September 17, 2016 (2016-09-17) 201 1.34[17]
After their victory at Battle of the Bands, they still have to keep their band a secret. Unexpectedly, Mrs. Calpakis returns and Mr. Finn was released from duty. The class gets bored by Mrs. Calpakis' strict guide-ridden teaching style. Then they realize they would rather have Mr. Finn as their teacher and they plan to get Mr. Finn back. Principal Mullins agrees to rehire Mr. Finn as a regular teacher for kindergarteners, where he gets tortured by them. When the kids discovers that Mrs. Calpakis could discipline the kindergarteners more, Summer made a deal with them to exchange their respective teachers. Mr. Finn finally becomes their regular and permanent teacher.
Guest star: Vernee Watson
14
2 "Wouldn't It Be Nice?" Trevor Kirschner Jay Kogen September 24, 2016 (2016-09-24) 202 1.33[18]
Guest stars: Brec Bassinger (Kale), Haley Powell, David Pressman
15
3 "With or Without You" Jody Margolin Hahn Sarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie V. Freeman October 1, 2016 (2016-10-01) 203 0.96[19]
Guest stars: Brec Bassinger, David Pressman, Meyrick Murphy
Absent: Jama Williamson as Principal Mullins
16
4 "Brilliant Disguise" Trevor Kirschner Steve Skrovan October 8, 2016 (2016-10-08) 204 1.32[20]
Guest stars: Brec Bassinger, Ivan Mallon
17
5 "I Put a Spell on You" Jonathan Judge Lindsay Golder October 15, 2016 (2016-10-15) 208 1.58[21]
Guest stars: Daya, Ivan Mallon
18
6 "Welcome to My Nightmare" Trevor Kirschner Alison Flierl & Scott Chernoff October 22, 2016 (2016-10-22) 210 1.50[22]
As Halloween approaches, the students inform Mr. Finn that Principal Mullins has banned Halloween and changed it to a harvest festival. With Principal Mullins sick, the school holds a Halloween party, where Vice Principal Sternhagen offers a pizza party for the scariest class. The band competes with Clark's class by building a haunted house, where it almost fails when a drunken by meds Principal Mullins returns to school. When she's aware of what's going on, Freddy pretends to be the schoolboard head to praise the Halloween celebration, making Principal Mullins officially disband her restriction towards Halloween.
Guest stars: Ivan Mallon, Elisha Henig, Haley Powell, David Pressman
19
7 "Truckin' " Trevor Kirschner Jeremy Hall November 5, 2016 (2016-11-05) 209 1.22[23]
When the cafetaria gets closed due to a rat invading it, Zack brings a food truck to sell his "Meal Shakes". It is a success until Justin from the Night Lizards comes to the school and brings his own food truck and sells sticked food called "Stick It to Ya!" in revenge for School of Rock's victory in Battle of the Bands. The food trucks compete as the Principal only allows one to operate, and Stick It to Ya! quickly outshines Meal Shakes. Zack gets angry when the rest of his bandmates eat Stick It to Ya!. They make it up by helping Zack improve his truck and promoting it better, which beats Stick It to Ya's popularity and forces Justin to leave the school in disgrace. Mr. Finn is assigned to catch the rat, but is so frightened. He overcomes his fear when the rat is willing to go to the cage and in return he secretly keeps him in his teacher desk.
Guest stars: Kendall Schmidt, Ivan Mallon, Will Kindrachuk
20
8 "Voices Carry" Eric Dean Seaton Jeremy Hall November 12, 2016 (2016-11-12) 207 1.42[24]
Guest stars: Brec Bassinger, Ivan Mallon, Augie Isaac
21
9 "Is She Really Going Out with Him?" Jonathan Judge Harry Hannigan November 19, 2016 (2016-11-19) 206 1.70[25]
Guest stars: Brec Bassinger, Ivan Mallon
22
10 "Total Eclipse of the Heart" Jay Kogen Corinne Marshall January 7, 2017 (2017-01-07) 211 1.29[26]
Guest stars: Brec Bassinger, Ivan Mallon, Will Kindrachuk
Absent: Jama Williamson as Principal Mullins
23
11 "Takin' Care of Business" Jonathan Judge Scott Chernoff & Alison Flierl January 14, 2017 (2017-01-14) 205 1.56[27]
Absent: Jama Williamson as Principal Mullins
24
12 "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" Trevor Kirschner Jay Kogen January 21, 2017 (2017-01-21) 212 1.23[28]
Guest stars: Haley Powell, Devion Harris
25
13 "Don't Stop Believin' " Jonathan Judge Steve Armogida & Jim Armogida January 28, 2017 (2017-01-28) 213 1.18[29]
Special guest star: Ryan Tedder
Guest stars: Brec Bassinger, Will Kindrachuk, Ivan Mallon, Haley Powell, Johnathan McClain, Cleo Berry
Season 3 (2017)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title [2][30]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [2][30]
Prod.
code [2]
U.S. viewers
(millions)
26
1 "Hold On Loosely" Jonathan Judge Jim Armogida & Steve Armogida July 8, 2017 (2017-07-08) 301 1.03[31]
Guest stars: Ivan Mallon, Augie Isaac, Tamara Mello, Christopher Darga
27
2 "Do You Want to Know a Secret?" Eric Dean Seaton Suzie V. Freeman & Sarah Jane Cunningham July 15, 2017 (2017-07-15) 302 0.91[32]
Guest stars: Brec Bassinger, Will Kindrachuk
28
3 "True Colors" Victor Gonzalez Steve Skrovan July 22, 2017 (2017-07-22) 303 1.14[33]
Guest stars: Ivan Mallon, Augie Isaac
29
4 "Leader of the Band" Trevor Kirschner Jeremy Hall July 29, 2017 (2017-07-29) 305 0.89[34]
Guest stars: Brec Bassinger, David Anthony Higgins
Absent: Jama Williamson as Principal Mullins
30
5 "The Other Side of Summer" Victor Gonzalez Jay Kogen August 5, 2017 (2017-08-05) 307 1.32[35]
Guest stars: Miriam Flynn, David Pressman
31
6 "Minimum Wage" Jay Kogen Clay Lapari August 12, 2017 (2017-08-12) 309 1.00[36]
Guest stars: JoJo Siwa, Chelsea Ricketts, Jason Michael Snow
Absent: Jama Williamson as Principal Mullins
32
7 "Puppy Love" TBA TBA November 13, 2017 (2017-11-13) 306 TBD
33
8 "Would I Lie to You?" TBA TBA November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14) 308 TBD
34
9 "A Matter of Trust" TBA TBA November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15) 310 TBD
35
10 "Love Is a Battlefield" TBA TBA November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16) 312 TBD
36
11 "Kool Thing" TBA TBA November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17) 311 TBD
37
12 "Heroes & Villains" TBA TBA November 18, 2017 (2017-11-18) 304 TBD
38
13 "Jingle Bell Rock" TBA TBA December 3, 2017 (2017-12-03) TBA TBD
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva (December 2, 2016). "School of Rock Renewed for Season 3 by Nickelodeon". Deadline. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "School of Rock Episode Listings". The Futon Critic.
^ Jump up to: a b "School of Rock Season 1 Episode Guide". Zap2it.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (March 15, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 3.12.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (March 22, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 3.19.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (March 29, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 3.26.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (April 5, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 4.2.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (April 12, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 4.9.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (April 19, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 4.16.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (April 26, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 4.23.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (May 3, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 4.30.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (May 10, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 5.7.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (June 7, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 6.4.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (June 14, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 6.11.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (June 21, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 6.18.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "School of Rock Season 2 Episode Guide". Zap2it.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (September 20, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 9.17.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (September 27, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 9.24.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (October 4, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 10.1.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (October 11, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 10.8.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (October 18, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 10.15.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (October 25, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 10.22.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (November 8, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 11.5.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (November 15, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 11.12.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (November 22, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 11.19.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (January 10, 2017). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 1.7.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (January 18, 2017). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 1.14.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (January 24, 2017). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 1.21.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (January 31, 2017). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 1.28.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "School of Rock Season 3 Episode Guide". Zap2it.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (July 11, 2017). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 7.8.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (July 18, 2017). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 7.15.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (July 25, 2017). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 7.22.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (August 1, 2017). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 7.29.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (August 8, 2017). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 8.5.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (August 15, 2017). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 8.12.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
List of School of Rock episodes on IMDb
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