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Right hand of God
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God Inviting Christ to Sit on the Throne at His Right Hand (1645) by Pieter de Grebber
The right hand of God (Dextera Domini "right hand of the Lord" in Latin) or God's right hand may refer to the Bible and common speech as a metaphor for the omnipotence of God and as a motif in art.
In the Bible, to be at the right side "is to be identified as being in the special place of honor".[1] In Jesus' The Sheep and the Goats, the sheep and goats are separated with the sheep on the right hand of God and the goats on the left hand.
It is also a placement next to God in Heaven, in the traditional place of honor, mentioned in the New Testament as the place of Christ at Mark 16:19, Luke 22:69, Matthew 22:44 and 26:64, Acts 2:34 and 7:55, 1 Peter 3:22 and elsewhere. These uses reflect use of the phrase in the Old Testament, for example in Psalms 63:8 and 110:1.[2] The implications of this anthropomorphic phrasing have been discussed at length by theologians, including Saint Thomas Aquinas.[3]
See also[edit]
Judaism portal
Christianity portal
Act of God
Apostles' Creed
Finger of God (disambiguation)
Hand of God (disambiguation)
Left Hand of God (disambiguation)
Session of Christ
Throne of God
Related Bible parts: Psalm 63, Psalm 110, Isaiah 41, Matthew 22, Matthew 26, Mark 16, Luke 22, Acts 2, Acts 7, 1 Peter 3
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Leland Ryken, James Wilhoit and Tremper Longman III, ed. (1998). "Right, Right Hand". Dictionary of Biblical Imagery. InterVarsity Press. pp. 727–728.
Jump up ^ Psalm 110:1 in parallel translations: http://bible.cc/psalms/110-1.htm
Jump up ^ Aquinas, Thomas. "Question 58. Christ's sitting at the right hand of the Father". Summa Theologica. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_hand_of_God&oldid=850165659"
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text:
National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control
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This article needs attention from an expert in Nigeria or Pharmacology. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. WikiProject Nigeria or WikiProject Pharmacology may be able to help recruit an expert. (June 2008)
National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control
Agency overview
Formed
1993 (1993)
Headquarters
Abuja, FCT, Nigeria
9°03′19″N 7°27′23″E / 9.055206°N 7.456496°E / 9.055206; 7.456496
Agency executive
Mr. Ademola Andrew Magbojuri, Acting Director General
Website
http://www.nafdac.gov.ng/
The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) is a Nigerian federal agency under the Federal Ministry of Health that is responsible for regulating and controlling the manufacture, importation, exportation, advertisement, distribution, sale and use of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, chemicals and packaged water. The immediate past director-general of NAFDAC, Paul Orhii, holds a PhD in medicine.
Contents
[hide]
1 The Formation of NAFDAC
2 Administration of NAFDAC
2.1 Chairman and council
3 Functions of NAFDAC
4 New amendments since 2001
5 Achievements
6 Controversies
7 Stakeholders
8 See also
9 References
The Formation of NAFDAC[edit]
The organization was formed to checkmate illicit and counterfeit products in Nigeria in 1993 under the country's health and safety law. Adulterated and counterfeit drugs are a problem in Nigeria. In one 1989 incident, over 150 children died as a result of paracetamol syrup containing diethylene glycol. The problem of fake drugs was so severe that neighbouring countries such as Ghana and Sierra Leone officially banned the sale of drugs, foods and beverages products made in Nigeria.
Such problems led to the establishment of NAFDAC, with the goal of eliminating counterfeit pharmaceuticals, foods and beverages products that are not manufactured in Nigeria and ensuring that available medications are safe and effective.
The formation of NAFDAC was inspired by a 1988 World Health Assembly resolution requesting countries' help in combating the global health threat posed by counterfeit pharmaceuticals.
In December 1992, NAFDAC's first governing council was formed. The council was chaired by Tanimu Saulawa. In January 1993, supporting legislation was approved as legislative Decree No. 15 of 1993. On January 1, 1994 NAFDAC was officially established as a “parastatal of the Federal Ministry of Health”.
NAFDAC replaced an earlier Federal Ministry of Health body, the Directorate of Food and Drug Administration and Control, which had been deemed ineffective, partially because of lack of laws concerning fake drugs.
Administration of NAFDAC[edit]
Chairman and council[edit]
“(NAFDAC) is headed by a chairman who presides over a governing council appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Minister of Health.”Other council members are:
The permanent secretary of the Ministry of Health
The director-general of NAFDAC
Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON)
National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD)
The chairman of the Pharmacists Council of Nigeria (PCN)
The chairman of the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA)
A representative each of the Pharmaceutical Group and the Food and Beverages Group of the Manufacturers’ Association of Nigeria.
Three people from the general public are also represented on the council.[1]
Several units make up NAFDAC:
The Legal unit is charged with offering legal advice on “law arising from Employee-Employer relationship and is the custodian of legal documents and all agreements relating to the Agency."[1]
The Public Relations unit is headed by the director-general’s office. Its main function is to inform, sensitivize, enlighten and create awareness concerning the role of the Agency. The agency is divided into eight directorates with the last two newly added.
Internal Audit provides a means of measuring the effectiveness of the system of internal control and accounting, and carries out special investigations.
Functions of NAFDAC[edit]
NAFDAC has various basic functions. According to the requirements of its enabling decree, the Agency was authorized to:
Regulate and control the importation, exportation, manufacture, advertisement, distribution, sale and use of drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, packaged water and chemicals
Conduct appropriate tests and ensure compliance with standard specifications designated and approved by the council for the effective control of quality of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, packaged water, and chemicals.
Undertake appropriate investigation into the production premises and raw materials for food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals and establish a relevant quality assurance system, including certification of the production sites and of the regulated products
Undertake inspection of imported foods, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water, and chemicals and establish a relevant quality assurance system, including certification of the production sites and of the regulated products.
Compile standard specifications, regulations, and guidelines for the production, importation, exportation, sale and distribution of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water, and chemicals
Undertake the registration of food, drugs, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals
Control the exportation and issue quality certification of food, drugs, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals intended for export
Establish and maintain relevant laboratories or other institutions in strategic areas of Nigeria as may be necessary for the performance of its functions.
NAFDAC envisions that by making these functions known, that its actions will be apparent “in all sectors that deal with food, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water, and chemicals to the extent of instilling extra need for caution and compulsion to respect and obey existing regulations both for healthy, living and knowledge of certain sanctions or default.Despite the establishment of NAFDAC, the sale and use of fake drugs did not end.
New amendments since 2001[edit]
Dissatisfied with progress in combating fake drugs, President Olusegun Obasanjo's administration dissolved the management of NAFDAC in August 2000. In April 2001, a new management team, with Dora Akunyili as director-general, was inaugurated.[2] The team re-organized the agency, which has been successful in the recent past due to three new federal policies:
The outright ban on the importation of drugs and other regulated products through land borders.
The designation of Calabar and Apapa sea ports, Murtala Muhammed and Mallam Aminu Kano International Airports as exclusive ports of entry for the importation of drugs and pharmaceutical raw materials.
Release of shipping and cargo manifests by the Nigerian Ports Authority, shipping lines and airlines to NAFDAC inspectors.[2] For several years, Nigeria was drowned in an ocean of fake drugs. Then “Dora Akunyili approached her job with zeal…, to preserve in ridding the Nigerian market of fake drugs and contaminated water sold as “pure water.”[3]
Achievements[edit]
This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (June 2008)
NAFDAC has made several achievements over the years, including
The creation of six zonal and 36 state offices for easier accessibility, which are being equipped to function effectively,
Organization of workshops to enlighten various stakeholders, such as (a) pure water producers (b) the Patent and Proprietary Medicine Dealers Association (PPMDA), and (c) the National Union of Road Transport Workers and National Association of Road Transport Owners (NURTW & NARTO),
Raising awareness not just in Nigeria, also in other countries like India, China, Pakistan, Indonesia, and Egypt,
Holding meetings, in concert with the Chairman, House Committee on Health and his members, with Ambassadors of countries identified with exporting fake drugs into Nigeria and solicited their support to stop the trend,
Achieving excellent results in the fight against counterfeit drugs, as evidenced by the public destruction of about 2 billion Naira worth of drugs from four sources, namely those handed over by repentant traders, those found in secret warehouses on tip off by the drug sellers and the public, and those seized by the drug sellers' internal task forces and NAFDAC task forces,
Launch of anti-counterfeiting technologies by the Nigerian presidency see NOTE below:
Although the project has been launched, there are serious concerns of complicity, compromise and lack of professionalism in the delivery of the project; it does not however appear that the Presidency is aware of this. The above is buttressed by the following:
Ensuring the formation of a wholesale Drug Mart as the bedrock of the sanitization exercise,
Making NAFDAC activities more efficient to reduce delays in, for example, registration and inspection,
Holding consultations with national and international stakeholders leading to various areas of assistance, including, in the areas of staff training, equipment donations and information sharing from United States Food and Drug Agency (USFDA), Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute (EOHSI), South African Medicines and Medical Devices regulatory Agency (SAMMDRA),
Sending proposals for reviewing obsolete laws to the National Assembly, and
Putting new guidelines and standard operating procedures (SOP) in place for all regulatory processes.[4]
Controversies[edit]
The activities of NAFDAC have been the subject of considerable scrutiny in recent years. The agency has drawn fire for being susceptible to overt government interference, subject to bribery, internal feuding and constant rumours and or allegations abound concerning misappropriation of funds. In one high-profile (and typical) case, the former NAFDAC director of finance and accounts, Andrew Ademola Mogbojuri, alleged mass fraud in 2015 against the agency's director-general, Dr. Paul Orhii.[5] The agency claimed sour grapes was behind the allegation and labelled Mogbojuri's claim "misleading and cheap blackmail".
Orhii was also the subject of a sweeping fraud allegation by NAFDAC whistleblowers earlier in 2015. A petition was sent to Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari, alleging frivolous contract awards and supplies, manipulated publicity efforts, donations and international air travel racketeering.[6]
Some of the world's largest brewers have been caught up in NAFDAC scandals as well. From a 2013 report alleging bribery conducted by Guinness and Heineken:
Two multinational beer companies (Guinness and Heineken) have decided to do it the illegal way, which insiders alleged is to bribe officials of National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration Control (NAFDAC) to deny the manufacturers of local herbal gin accreditation, knowing that Nigerians who had been patronizing them will desist once they are not accredited by the agency. The bribes amount to millions of Naira.[7]
Guinness was back in the NAFDAC glare in 2016. Having been fined about ₦1 billion in November 2015[8] for allegedly re-validating and using expired raw materials without prior approval, the multinational brewer responded with a lawsuit, which was quietly dropped in March 2016.[9]
Stakeholders[edit]
This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (June 2008)
NAFDAC ensures it maintains very close contact with a number of national and international organizations whose activities relate to the functions of NAFDAC. Such Organizations include the following.[10]
Consumer Protection Council of Nigeria(CPC)
Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON)
National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA)
National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD)
Pharmacists Council of Nigeria (PCN)
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Group of Manufactures Association of Nigeria (PMG-MAN)
Consumer Association of Nigeria
Institute of Public Analysts of Nigeria (IPAN)
Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria (PSN)
Association of Food, Beverage and Tobacco Employees of Nigeria (AFBTE)
National Association of Government Approved Freight Forwarders (NAGAFF)
Association of Nigeria Custom Licensed Agents (ANCLA)
Patent and Proprietary Medicine Dealers Association (PPMDA)
National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW)
National Association of Road Transport Owners (NARTO)
In order to keep in touch with the international scene for information, training, co-operation assistance, aid and for financing of specific projects, especially in these days of global and national austerity, the agency maintains close relationship with a number of international agencies some of which include:
United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP)
World Health Organization (WHO)
Codex Alimentarius Commission of Food and Agriculture Organization (CACFAO)
United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA)
Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute (EOHSI).
See also[edit]
Dora Akunyili
RxNigeria.com - An online database of pharmaceuticals and allied products approved for use in Nigeria by NAFDAC. The database is searchable by Brand Name, Generic Name, Therapeutic Class and Pharmaceutical Company
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b About NAFDAC. 2005. Retrieved on 2006-03-27
^ Jump up to: a b NAFDAC: Battle against fake drugs. 2003-03-04. Retrieved on 2006-03-25
Jump up ^ The Director General: Prof. Dora Nkem Akunyili (OFR) – Biography. NAFDAC Nigeria. Retrieved on 2007-07-25
Jump up ^ Achievements. (2005). Retrieved on March 31, 2006, from http://www.nafdacnigeria.org/achievements.html
Jump up ^ Okoghenun, Joseph. "NAFDAC denies alleged funds misuse by DG". Retrieved 29 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "NAFDAC In Rotting State, Petitioners Say, Alleging Fraud And Waste". Sahara Reporters. July 17, 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Oluwabunmi, Obarotimi (December 30, 2013). "Multinational conspiracy as Guinness and Nigerian Breweries Team-Up Against Local Herbal Gin Makers". Society Gazette. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Oguh, Chibuike (12 November 2015). "NAFDAC fines Guinness $5 million over expired raw materials". Financial Nigeria. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Guinness Nigeria withdraws suit against NAFDAC, pays N11.4 million fine". Premium Times. March 11, 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Stakeholders. (2005). Retrieved on April 10, 2006 from http://www.nafdacnigeria.org/stakeholders.html
E-mail: nafdac@nafdac-ng.org
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text:
Prime meridian (Greenwich)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about a historical prime meridian. For the general concept and information on modern prime meridians, see prime meridian.
Coordinates: 51°28′40.12″N 0°00′05.31″W / 51.4778111°N 0.0014750°W / 51.4778111; -0.0014750
Tourists taking pictures with the Prime Meridian monument
Laser projected from the Royal Observatory in Greenwich marking the Prime meridian.
A prime meridian, based at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, in London,[1] was established by Sir George Airy in 1851. By 1884, over two-thirds of all ships and tonnage used it as the reference meridian on their charts and maps. In October of that year, at the behest of US President Chester A. Arthur, 41 delegates from 25 nations met in Washington, D.C., United States, for the International Meridian Conference. This conference selected the meridian passing through Greenwich as the official prime meridian due to its popularity.[note 1][2] However, France abstained from the vote, and French maps continued to use the Paris meridian for several decades. In the 18th century, London lexicographer Malachy Postlethwayt published his African maps showing the "Meridian of London" intersecting the Equator a few degrees west of the later meridian and Accra, Ghana.[3]
The plane of the prime meridian is parallel to the local gravity vector at the Airy transit circle (51°28′40.1″N 0°0′5.3″W / 51.477806°N 0.001472°W / 51.477806; -0.001472 (Airy Transit))[4] of the Greenwich observatory. The prime meridian was therefore long symbolised by a brass strip in the courtyard, now replaced by stainless steel, and since 16 December 1999, it has been marked by a powerful green laser shining north across the London night sky.
Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers show that the marking strip for the prime meridian at Greenwich is not exactly at zero degrees, zero minutes, and zero seconds but at approximately 5.3 seconds of arc to the west of the meridian (meaning that the meridian appears to be 102 metres east of this line). In the past, this offset has been attributed to the establishment of reference meridians for space-based location systems such as WGS 84 (which GPS relies on) or that errors gradually crept into the International Time Bureau timekeeping process. The actual reason for the discrepancy is that the marking strip is indeed at astronomical longitude zero degrees, zero minutes, and zero seconds[note 2]—but GPS receivers show geodetic longitude (specifically ITRF/WGS 84).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 The meridian today
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Before the establishment of a common meridian, most maritime countries established their own prime meridian, usually passing through the country in question. In 1721, Great Britain established its own meridian passing through an early transit circle at the newly established Royal Observatory at Greenwich. The meridian was moved around 10 metres or so east on three occasions as transit circles with newer and better instruments were built, on each occasion next door to the existing one. This was to allow uninterrupted observation during each new construction. The final meridian was established as an imaginary line from the north pole to the south pole passing through the Airy transit circle. This became Great Britain's meridian in 1851.[5] For all practical purposes of the period, the changes as the meridian was moved went unnoticed.
Transit instruments are installed to be perpendicular to the local level (which is a plane perpendicular to a plumb line). In 1884, the International Meridian Conference took place to establish an internationally recognised single meridian. The meridian chosen was that which passed through the Airy transit circle at Greenwich and it became the prime meridian.
At around the time of this conference, scientists were making measurements to determine the deflection of the vertical on a large scale.[6] One might expect that plumb lines set up in various locations, if extended downward, would all pass through a single point, the centre of the Earth, but this is not the case, primarily due to the Earth being an ellipsoid, not a sphere. The downward extended plumb lines don't even all intersect the rotation axis of the Earth; this much smaller effect is due to the uneven distribution of the Earth's mass. To make computations feasible, scientists defined ellipsoids of revolution; a given ellipsoid would be a good compromise for measurements in a given area, such as a country or continent. The difference between the direction of a plumb line or vertical, and a line perpendicular to the surface of the ellipsoid of revolution—a normal to said ellipsoid—at a particular observatory, is the deflection of the vertical.[7]
A GPS receiver at the marking strip of the prime meridian. The indicated longitude is not exactly zero because the geodetic zero meridian on a geocentric reference ellipsoid (which is what GPS positioning yields) is located 102 metres to the east of this strip.
When the Airy transit circle was built, a mercury basin was used to align the telescope to the perpendicular. Thus the circle was aligned with the local vertical or plumb line, which is deflected slightly from the normal, or line perpendicular, to the reference ellipsoid used to define geodetic latitude and longitude in the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (which is nearly the same as the WGS-84 system used by GPS). While the local vertical defined at the Airy transit circle still points to the modern celestial meridian (the intersection of the prime meridian plane with the celestial sphere), it does not pass through the Earth's rotation axis. As a result of this, the ITRF zero meridian, defined by a plane passing through the Earth's rotation axis, is 102 metres to the east of the prime meridian. A 2015 analysis by Malys et al. shows the offset between the Airy transit circle and the ITRF/WGS 84 meridians can be explained by this deflection of the vertical alone; other possible sources of the offset that have been proposed in the past are smaller than the current uncertainty in the deflection of the vertical near the observatory. The astronomical longitude of the Greenwich prime meridian was found to be 0.19″ ± 0.47″ East, i.e. the plane defined by the local vertical on the Greenwich prime meridian and the plane passing through the Earth's rotation axis on the ITRF zero meridian are effectively parallel. However, the claim, found, e.g., in a BBC article that this difference between astronomical and geodetic coordinates means that any measurements of transit time across the IRTF zero meridian will occur 0.352 seconds (or 0.353 sidereal seconds) before the transit across the "intended meridian"[8] is based on a failure of understanding. The explanation by Malys et al.[4] on the other hand is both lucid and correct.
The meridian today[edit]
As of 2017 the Greenwich meridian passes through:
United Kingdom,
France,
Spain,
Algeria,
Mali,
Burkina Faso,
Togo,
Ghana,
Niger,
Queen Maud Land in Antarctica.
See also[edit]
Greenwich Mean Time
IERS Reference Meridian
United Kingdom Ordnance Survey Zero Meridian
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Voting took place on 13 October and the resolutions were adopted on 22 October 1884.
Jump up ^ Astronomical longitude is influenced by local gravity anomalies.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ROG Learning Team (23 August 2002). "The Prime Meridian at Greenwich". Royal Museums Greenwich. Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Howse 1997, pp. 12, 137.
Jump up ^ Malachy Postlethwayt. (1774) Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce. (4th edition) London: W. Strahan, J. & F. Rivington. Vol. 1 "A New and Correct Map of the Coast of Africa".
^ Jump up to: a b Malys, Stephen; Seago, John H.; Palvis, Nikolaos K.; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Kaplan, George H. (1 August 2015). "Why the Greenwich meridian moved". Journal of Geodesy. doi:10.1007/s00190-015-0844-6 (inactive 2017-08-26).
Jump up ^ "The Greenwich Meridian".
Jump up ^ Dracup, Joseph F. (8 June 2006). "Geodetic Surveys in the United States, the Beginning and the Next 100 Years". NOAA History: A Science Odyssey.
Jump up ^ Geodesy for the Layman (PDF) (Technical report) (5th ed.). National Ocean Service. December 1983. pp. 6–10.
Jump up ^ "Scientists explain why Greenwich Meridian line is in 'wrong place'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2015-08-17.
Howse, Derek (1997). Greenwich Time and the Longitude. Phillip Wilson. ISBN 0-85667-468-0. ASIN 0948065265.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime meridian.
"Where the Earth's surface begins—and ends", Popular Mechanics, December 1930
International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian at Project Gutenberg
A pictorial catalogue of meridian markers
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Naomi Grossman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Naomi Grossman
Grossman in May 2015
Born
(1975-02-06) February 6, 1975 (age 43)
Denver, Colorado, U.S.
Nationality
American
Alma mater
Northwestern University
Occupation
Actress
writer
producer
Years active
1990–Present
Website
www.naomigrossman.net
Naomi Grossman (born February 6, 1975) is an American actress, writer, and producer best known for her role as Pepper in the second and fourth seasons of the FX horror television series American Horror Story.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Filmography
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
4 References
5 External links
Early life[edit]
Grossman was born in Denver, Colorado. In her early life, she performed in community theatre shows. After attending high school in Argentina, she attended and graduated from Northwestern University with a theatre major, as the only university she applied to.[1][2] She was a member of improvisational and sketch comedy troupe The Groundlings in Los Angeles, California, and wanted to ultimately perform on Saturday Night Live. When the group cut ties with her, she began teaching the Spanish language and separating herself from her acting career.[3] Grossman also writes and produces and has cited Lily Tomlin, Tracy Ullman, Gilda Radner and Carol Burnett as inspirations.[1]
Career[edit]
Grossman began her career in 1990 with minor television roles, along with commercial and theatre appearances.[1]
Not knowing what role she was auditioning for, Grossman sent in an audition for American Horror Story: Asylum in mid-2012 and was cast in soon after as Pepper, a microcephalic; the season premiered later that year on October 17.[4] In preparation for the role, she shaved her head bald.[3] In 2014, it was revealed that Grossman would return to the series in its fourth season, American Horror Story: Freak Show, reprising her role as Pepper from the second season, making her the first to play the same role in two different seasons of the show. She spoke of her casting in the fourth season saying that reprising her role was "the last thing from [her] mind" since it had never been done before.[5]
Filmography[edit]
Grossman at PaleyFest 2013 for American Horror Story: Asylum
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2000 Marisa, Where Art Thou? Wendy Short film
2005 Over the Shoulder Goth Girl Short film
2007 Bubbles Mama Short film
Wacky Spoof Commercials People's Bank Gal 2 Short film
2008 Yes Bonnie Short film
Men at Work Woman
2009 Represent Shania Short film
Table for Three Actress
The Hollywood Housesitter Waitress Short film
My Boyfriend Is a Blimp Suzy Short film
Jesus's Secretary Mary Short film
Hot Yoga Amani Short film
Food Poisoning Naomi Short film
Burka Girls Gone Wild Unknown
2010 Random Chapters in the Life of Some Guy Wife Short film
Paradrunken Activity Katie Short film
2011 Chubduction Hilary Q.
Teat the Parents Girlfriend Short film
2012 Kev Jumba Dances with the Stars! Dot
Touch My Junk Traveler Short film
2013 Bakersfield, Earth Unknown Short film
Rip Bella Tiavas Stylized as #RIP
2014 Just Me and All of You Katrina Short film
2015 The Ones Dance Instructor Post-production
The Chair Mother Pre-production
2016 Fear, Inc. Cat
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1990 Father Dowling Mysteries Confirmation Kid Episode: "The Passionate Painter Mystery"
1998 Sabrina, the Teenage Witch Cheerleader Episode: "The Pom Pom Incident"
2007 Destination Truth Herself/Translator 3 episodes
2012 FammGlamm Gazelda Episode: "Quality Control"
2012–13 American Horror Story: Asylum Pepper 7 episodes
2014 American Horror Story: Freak Show 10 episodes
2017 Hell's Kitchen Herself Episode: "Leaving It on the Line"
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Williams, Tenere. "Naomi Grossman: Actress - "I Could Be On A Desert Island with a Pen, Paper, a Camera, and YouTube and Be Happy"". Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Renken, Charlotte (November 2, 2014). "Santa Fe Comic Con: Naomi Grossman "Play With Me! Inside American Horror Story"". Hush Comics. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Hayne, Michael (October 24, 2014). "Naomi Grossman of "American Horror Story": "I've never been told I was so pretty until played the ugliest person on TV"". Salon. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "American Horror Story : Season 2". Metacritic. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Branch, Chris (December 12, 2014). "'American Horror Story' Star Naomi Grossman: Pepper Made Ryan Murphy Break His Own Rule". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
External links[edit]
Naomi Grossman on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naomi_Grossman&oldid=787163536"
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Hudson's Bay point blanket
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hudson's Bay point blankets
A Hudson's Bay point blanket is a type of wool blanket traded by the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) in British North America (now Canada) and the United States during the 18th century and 19th century. The company is named for the saltwater bay in Northeastern Canada and the blankets were typically traded to First Nations in exchange for beaver pelts. The blankets continue to be sold by Canada's Hudson's Bay stores and have come to hold iconic status in Canada. In the United States they can be found at luxury department store and Hudson's Bay sister chain Lord & Taylor.
Contents
[hide]
1 Importance to Native trade
2 "Point" value system
3 Current use
3.1 Cultural references
4 Collectability
5 Name in First Nations languages
6 References
7 External links
Importance to Native trade[edit]
The classic design featuring green stripe, red stripe, yellow stripe and indigo stripe on a white background
In the North American fur trade, wool blankets were one of the main European items sought by native peoples in exchange for beaver pelts, buffalo robes, pemmican, moccasins, and other trade goods. They were desired because of wool's ability to hold heat even when wet, and because they were easier to sew than bison or deer skins.
Wool cloth of one kind or another was traded as far back as the French regime in North America (1534–1765), but HBC point blankets were introduced in 1780 to compete with similar blankets offered by the Montreal-based private traders.[1] The blankets were often produced with a green stripe, red stripe, yellow stripe and indigo stripe on a white background; the four stripe colours were popular and easily produced using good colourfast dyes at that time.[2]
Traditional capote made with a Hudson's Bay point blanket
From the early days of the fur trade, wool blankets were made into hooded coats called capotes by both natives and French Canadian voyageurs, which were perfectly suited to Canada's cold winters.[3]
"Point" value system[edit]
The short black lines woven into the blanket just above the bottom set of stripes are referred to as "points." About four inches in length (except in the case of half points, which are two inches), they indicate the finished overall size (area) of a blanket and allow a blanket's size to be easily determined while remaining folded. The "point" system was invented by French weavers in the mid-18th-century since then, as now, blankets were shrunk as part of the manufacturing process. The word point derives from the French empointer, meaning "to make threaded stitches on cloth." Although the company had been selling blankets since its founding in 1670, the first Hudson's Bay "pointed" blankets appeared in 1780.[4]
Over the centuries the sizes of blankets have shifted, particularly during the 20th century as beds became larger. Blankets of 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 point were most common during the fur trade era. Today Hudson's Bay blankets are commonly found in point sizes of 3.5 (twin), 4 (double), 6 (queen) and 8 (king).[4]
The misconception persists that originally the points were an indication of the blanket price in beaver pelts or even its weight. Thickness and quality are the same blanket to blanket, and a larger blanket will naturally weigh more.[4]
Current use[edit]
Made in England from 100% wool, versions of the blanket are available at Hudson's Bay stores throughout Canada. Solid colours are available, as is the classic pattern featuring the green, red, yellow, and indigo stripes. Newly made blankets retail at between Cdn $295 and $495. Today the blankets are made in England by John Atkinson, a sub brand of A.W. Hainsworth & Sons Ltd.[5]
The official licensee allowed to import Hudson's Bay Blankets into the United States for commercial sale is Woolrich Inc. of Pennsylvania. Five U.S. retailers currently sell the blankets to consumers: Woolrich, Lord & Taylor (sister chain to Hudson's Bay), L.L.Bean, Getz's Department Store in Marquette, Michigan and Johnson Woolen Mills.[6]
The coloured stripes appear on textile products by other manufacturers including some patterns on blankets made by Pendleton Woolen Mills[7] which makes a wool coat with the Hudson's Bay stripes sold at Hudson's Bay stores.[8] The "Hudson's Bay stripes" sometimes are also found on numerous additional items, such as scarves, beanies, coffee mugs, mittens, and the like.
Cultural references[edit]
A point blanket may be seen in the 1988 film And God Created Woman set in New Mexico.
Collectability[edit]
HBC point blanket label since April 2017
Label for Canada's 150th Anniversary, applied to the special edition blankets
Many early point blankets have survived into the 21st century and have become collectors items. The Oregon-based sculptor Marie Watt (part Seneca) has used point blankets in her sculpture work, which was exhibited in 2004 at the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C..
Genuine point blankets have become very collectible and could fetch prices up to thousands of dollars. The main determinants of value include age, size, colour, pattern rarity and condition. Particularly collectible point blankets are the Coronation blankets: the one produced for the 1953 coronation of Queen Elizabeth II brings approximately $600 if in mint condition while examples of the even rarer 1937 Coronation blanket have sold for as high as $1300.
In 1890, HBC began adding labels to their blankets because point blankets of similar quality were being sold by HBC competitors from such manufacturers as Early's of Witney.[9]
Harold Lee Tichenor, point blanket collector and consultant to Hudson's Bay Company, has written two books on point blankets and their collectibility: The Blanket: an Illustrated History of the Hudson's Bay Point Blanket (HBC, 2002) and A Collector's Guide to Point Blankets (Cinetel, 2003).
In April 2017 HBC updated the label, rotating it from portrait to landscape, making it is easy to have English and French on either side of the crest, which has been enhanced with red on the flag. To celebrate Canada's 150th Anniversary in 2017, HBC have also added an additional label, a picture of voyageurs in a canoe, with CANADA on the top, to the blanket.
Name in First Nations languages[edit]
The Hudson's Bay blanket was called by different names in First Nations languages. Some examples are:
Baahlaads gyaa'adaay, Haida language[10]
p̓a̱lx̱a̱lasǥa̱m, Kwak'wala[11]
ʔa·q̓unaq, Kutenai language[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Parks Canada - Rocky Mountain House National Historic Site - Cultural Treasures". Pc.gc.ca. September 8, 2010. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Greenbaum, Hilary (September 19, 2011). "Who Made That Hudson's Bay Blanket?". The New York Times. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "the native canadian". Nativecanadian.ca. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Hudson's Bay Company: Our History". hbcheritage.ca. August 1, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Interior Fabrics - Hainsworth Gems - About". Hainsworth. July 31, 2013. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Hudson's Bay Company Point Blanket: FAQs". Hbc.com. November 26, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pendleton Woolen Mills: GLACIER NATIONAL PARK BLANKET". Pendleton-usa.com. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Our History: The Hudson's Bay Company Point Blanket: FAQs". Hudson's Bay Company. 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Witney Blanket Story". Web.archive.org. July 23, 2011. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "FirstVoices: Hlg̱aagilda X̱aayda Kil words". Retrieved July 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "FirstVoices: Kwak̓wala words". Retrieved July 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "FirstVoices: Ktunaxa words". Retrieved July 10, 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hudson's Bay point blanket.
Hbc Heritage - Our History - The Hbc Point Blanket
The Witney Blanket Story - Archived comprehensive site about the Witney blanket industry, including manufacturers of Witney point blankets
The Point Blanket Site - a basic introduction to the history of point blankets and information on dating and evaluation
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