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2017 Atlantic hurricane season
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2017 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formed
April 19, 2017
Last system dissipated
Season ongoing
Strongest storm
Name
Maria
• Maximum winds
175 mph (280 km/h)
(1-minute sustained)
• Lowest pressure
908 mbar (hPa; 26.81 inHg)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions
18
Total storms
17
Hurricanes
10
Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+)
6
Total fatalities
438 total
Total damage
≥ $367.56 billion (2017 USD)
(Costliest tropical cyclone season on record)
Related articles
Timeline of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season
2017 Pacific hurricane season
2017 Pacific typhoon season
2017 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Atlantic hurricane seasons
2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
The 2017 Atlantic hurricane season is an ongoing event in the annual formation of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin. The season has been hyperactive,[1] featuring 17 named storms, tying it with 1936 as the fifth-most active season since records began in 1851. The season also features both the highest total accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) and the highest number of major hurricanes since the 2005 season. All ten of the season's hurricanes occurred in a row, the greatest number of consecutive hurricanes in the satellite era. In addition, it is by far the costliest season on record, with a preliminary total of over $367.56 billion (USD) in damages, nearly all of which was due to three of the season's major hurricanes — Harvey, Irma, and Maria. This season is also one of only six years on record to feature multiple Category 5 hurricanes. Irma's landfalls on multiple Caribbean islands and Maria's landfall on Dominica made 2017 the second season on record (after 2007) to feature two hurricanes making landfall at Category 5 intensity. In addition, Irma was the strongest hurricane ever recorded to form in the Atlantic Ocean outside of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea.[2] Most of the tropical cyclones impacted land but some remained over water without impacting land, including a tropical depression, Tropical Storms Arlene, Don, and Rina, and hurricanes Gert and Lee. This season is the only season on record in which three hurricanes each had an ACE of over 40: Irma, Jose, and Maria.
The season officially began on June 1 and will end on November 30. These dates historically describe the period of year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin and are adopted by convention. However, as shown by Tropical Storm Arlene in April, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at other times of the year. In addition, Arlene was among one of the northernmost pre-season storms on record. In mid-June, Tropical Storm Bret struck the island of Trinidad, which is only rarely struck by tropical cyclones due to its low latitude. A few days later, Tropical Storm Cindy struck the state of Louisiana. In late August, Hurricane Harvey became the first major hurricane to make landfall in the United States since Wilma in 2005, while also setting the record for the costliest tropical cyclone on record, as well as the most rainfall dropped by a tropical cyclone in the US. In early September, Hurricane Irma, a Cape Verde-type hurricane, became the first Category 5 hurricane to impact the northern Leeward Islands on record, later making landfall in the Florida Keys as a large Category 4. In terms of maximum sustained winds, Irma is tied with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane as the strongest hurricane ever to make landfall in the Atlantic basin. In late September, Hurricane Maria became the first Category 5 hurricane to strike the island of Dominica on record. It later made landfall in Puerto Rico as a high-end Category 4. The season also featured the fastest-moving tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico (Hurricane Nate). In mid-October, Hurricane Ophelia became the easternmost major hurricane in the Atlantic basin on record, and later impacted most of Northern Europe as an extratropical cyclone.
Initial predictions for the season anticipated that an El Niño would develop, lowering storm activity. However, the predicted El Niño failed to develop, with cool-neutral conditions developing instead, later progressing to a La Niña – the second one in a row. This led to forecasters upgrading their predicted totals, with some later anticipating that the season could be the most active since 2010.
Beginning in 2017, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) has the option to issue advisories, and thus allow watches and warnings to be issued, on disturbances that are not yet tropical cyclones but have a high chance to become one, and are expected to bring tropical storm or hurricane conditions to landmasses within 48 hours. Such systems are termed "potential tropical cyclones". Advisories on these storms contain the same content, including track forecasts and cyclone watches and warnings, as advisories on active tropical cyclones.[3] The first storm to receive this designation was Potential Tropical Cyclone Two, which later developed into Tropical Storm Bret, east-southeast of the Windward Islands on June 18.[4] In addition, the numbering that a potential tropical cyclone receives would be retained for the rest of the hurricane season, meaning that the next tropical system would be designated with the following number, even though potential tropical cyclones do not qualify as tropical cyclones. This was first demonstrated with Potential Tropical Cyclone Ten, which failed to develop into a tropical cyclone.
Contents
[hide]
1 Seasonal forecasts
1.1 Pre-season outlooks
1.2 Mid-season outlooks
2 Seasonal summary
3 Systems
3.1 Tropical Storm Arlene
3.2 Tropical Storm Bret
3.3 Tropical Storm Cindy
3.4 Tropical Depression Four
3.5 Tropical Storm Don
3.6 Tropical Storm Emily
3.7 Hurricane Franklin
3.8 Hurricane Gert
3.9 Hurricane Harvey
3.10 Hurricane Irma
3.11 Hurricane Jose
3.12 Hurricane Katia
3.13 Hurricane Lee
3.14 Hurricane Maria
3.15 Hurricane Nate
3.16 Hurricane Ophelia
3.17 Tropical Storm Philippe
3.18 Tropical Storm Rina
3.19 Other systems
4 Storm names
5 Season effects
6 See also
7 Footnotes
8 References
9 External links
Seasonal forecasts[edit]
Predictions of tropical activity in the 2017 season
Source Date Named
storms Hurricanes Major
hurricanes
Average (1981–2010[5]) 12.1 6.4 2.7
Record high activity 28 15 7†
Record low activity 4 2† 0†
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TSR[6] December 13, 2016 14 6 3
TSR[7] April 5, 2017 11 4 2
CSU[8] April 6, 2017 11 4 2
TWC[9] April 17, 2017 12 6 2
NCSU[10] April 18, 2017 11–15 4–6 1–3
TWC[11] May 20, 2017 14 7 3
NOAA[12] May 25, 2017 11–17 5–9 2–4
TSR[13] May 26, 2017 14 6 3
CSU[14] June 1, 2017 14 6 2
UKMO[15] June 1, 2017 13* 8* N/A
TSR[16] July 4, 2017 17 7 3
CSU[17] July 5, 2017 15 8 3
CSU[18] August 4, 2017 16 8 3
TSR[19] August 4, 2017 17 7 3
NOAA[20] August 9, 2017 14–19 5–9 2–5
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Actual activity
17 10 6
* June–November only.
† Most recent of several such occurrences. (See all)
Ahead of and during the season, several national meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many named storms, hurricanes and major (Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale) hurricanes will form during a season and/or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country. These agencies include the Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) Consortium of the University College London, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Colorado State University (CSU). The forecasts include weekly and monthly changes in significant factors that help determine the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a particular year.[6] Some of these forecasts also take into consideration what happened in previous seasons and the dissipation of the 2014–16 El Niño event. On average, an Atlantic hurricane season between 1981 and 2010 contained twelve tropical storms, six hurricanes, and two major hurricanes, with an Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index of between 66 and 103 units.[5]
Pre-season outlooks[edit]
The first forecast for the year was issued by TSR on December 13, 2016.[6] They anticipated that the 2017 season would be a near-average season, with a prediction of 14 named storms, 6 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes. They also predicted an ACE index of around 101 units.[6] On December 14, CSU released a qualitative discussion detailing five possible scenarios for the 2017 season, taking into account the state of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and the possibility of El Niño developing during the season.[21] TSR lowered their forecast numbers on April 5, 2017 to 11 named storms, 4 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes, based on recent trends favoring the development of El Niño.[7] The next day, CSU released their prediction, also predicting a total of 11 named storms, 4 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes.[8] On April 17, The Weather Company released their forecasts, calling for 2017 to be a near-average season, with a total of 12 named storms, 6 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes.[9] The next day, on April 18, North Carolina State University released their prediction, also predicting a near-average season, with a total of 11–15 named storms, 4–6 hurricanes, and 1–3 major hurricanes.[10] On May 20, The Weather Company issued an updated forecast, raising their numbers to 14 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes to account for Tropical Storm Arlene as well as the decreasing chance of El Niño forming during the season.[11] On May 25, NOAA released their prediction, citing a 70% chance of an above average season due to "a weak or nonexistent El Niño", calling for 11–17 named storms, 5–9 hurricanes, and 2–4 major hurricanes.[12] On May 26, TSR updated its prediction to around the same numbers as its December 2016 prediction, with only a minor change in the expected ACE index amount to 98 units.[13]
Mid-season outlooks[edit]
CSU updated their forecast on June 1 to include 14 named storms, 6 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes, to include Tropical Storm Arlene.[14] It was based on the current status of the North Atlantic Oscillation, which was showing signs of leaning towards a negative phase, favoring a warmer tropical Atlantic; and the chances of El Niño forming were significantly lower. However, they stressed on the uncertainty that the El Niño–Southern Oscillation could be in a warm-neutral phase or weak El Niño conditions by the peak of the season.[14] On the same day, the United Kingdom Met Office (UKMO) released its forecast of a very slightly above-average season. It predicted 13 named storms, with a 70% chance that the number would be in the range between 10 and 16, and 8 hurricanes, with a 70% chance that the number would be in the range between 6 and 10. It also predicted an ACE index of 145, with a 70% chance that the index would be between 92 and 198.[15] On July 4, TSR released their fourth forecast for the season, increasing their predicted numbers to 17 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes, due to the fact that El Niño conditions would no longer develop by the peak of the season and the warming of sea-surface temperatures across the basin. Additionally, they predicted a revised ACE index of 116 units.[16] During August 9, NOAA released their final outlook for the season, raising their predictions to 14–19 named storms, though retaining 5–9 hurricanes and 2–5 major hurricanes. They also stated that the season had the potential to be extremely active, possibly the most active since 2010.[20]
Seasonal summary[edit]
Main article: Timeline of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season
Three simultaneous hurricanes active on September 8, with Katia (left), Irma (center), and Jose (right), the first such occurrence since 2010. All three were simultaneously threatening land at the time.
The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 2017, although activity began earlier for the third consecutive year since 2015. Roughly a month before the official start, the first storm, Arlene, developed on April 19 in the northern Atlantic Ocean. It was the first named storm to develop in the month of April since Ana in 2003. In June, two more tropical storms developed: Bret, which affected areas in the southeastern Caribbean Sea, including Trinidad and Tobago, and Cindy, which formed in the Gulf of Mexico less than a day after Bret had developed. In July, a tropical depression developed in the Main Development Region (MDR), the second tropical cyclone to develop in the MDR before the month of August, after Bret, and was followed by Tropical Storm Don. At the end of that month, a cold front stalled over the Gulf of Mexico and portions of the southeastern United States, spawning Tropical Depression Six, which quickly developed into Tropical Storm Emily.[22]
August featured the season's first hurricane, Franklin, which formed in the Bay of Campeche. A few days after Franklin dissipated, Tropical Storm Gert formed northeast of the Bahamas, eventually becoming a hurricane at a high latitude over the western Atlantic. On August 17, Tropical Storm Harvey formed east of the Windward Islands, before opening up into a wave over the central Caribbean three days later. Harvey then regenerated into a tropical depression over the southwestern Gulf of Mexico on August 23, and rapidly strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane before making landfall near Rockport, Texas, late on August 25. Harvey became the first major hurricane to make landfall in the United States since Wilma in 2005, the first Category 4 hurricane to make landfall in Texas since Carla in 1961, and the first Category 4 hurricane landfall in the contiguous United States since Charley in 2004.[22]
Most intense Atlantic
hurricane seasons
(since 1850)[nb 1]
Rank
Season
ACE
1
1933 259
2
2005 250
3
1893 231
4
1926 230
5
1995 228
6
2004 227
7
2017 223
8
1950 211
9
1961 205
10
1998 182
Play media
2017 Atlantic Hurricane storm tracks with IMERG precipitation and GOES clouds (from August 10 to September 23).
September featured copious activity. Irma formed in the Eastern Atlantic and rapidly intensified into a Category 5 hurricane east of the Leeward Islands. Irma is the strongest hurricane in terms of sustained winds since Wilma in 2005, and the strongest hurricane outside of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico on record. While Irma impacted the northern Leeward Islands, Hurricane Jose formed on September 5, peaking as a high-end Category 4 hurricane before weakening and making an anti-cyclonic loop in the northern Atlantic Ocean. When Katia formed, 2017 became the first year since 1998 in which six hurricanes have formed in a row.[25] On September 17, Maria became a Category 5 hurricane, threatening the same areas devastated by Hurricane Irma. When Lee intensified into a major hurricane on September 27, it became the first time since 2010 that five major hurricanes formed. Activity briefly paused as September came to a close.[citation needed]
Activity resumed on October 4, when Tropical Depression Sixteen formed in the Southwestern Caribbean Sea, which strengthened into Tropical Storm Nate on the next day as it neared the coast of Nicaragua. Nate strengthened to a hurricane on October 7, and made two landfalls in the United States as a Category 1 hurricane - the first near the mouth of the Mississippi River in southeastern Louisiana late on October 7 and the second near Biloxi, Mississippi early October 8. As Nate became a post-tropical cyclone on October 9, Tropical Depression Seventeen formed in the eastern subtropical Atlantic, strengthening into Tropical Storm Ophelia that same day. Ophelia became a hurricane two days later, marking the first time since 1893 that 10 consecutive named storms strengthened into hurricanes. On October 14, Ophelia unexpectedly strengthened into a major hurricane, becoming the sixth major hurricane of the season and the easternmost major hurricane in the Atlantic basin on record. After this, the basin went quiet for some time. Late in the month, Tropical Storm Philippe formed south of Cuba. Tropical Storm Rina developed in the central Atlantic in early November, and did not impact any land area, which later turned to Cyclone Numa devastating Athens, Greece.[citation needed]
The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season, as of 09:00 UTC on November 9, is 223.12 units,[nb 2] which is one of the highest values on record for an Atlantic hurricane season as well as the most since 2005, and more than double the 1981–2010 full-season median of 92 units. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph (63 km/h), which is tropical storm strength. With an ACE value under 4 units following the dissipation of Emily, 2017 set the record for lowest ACE produced by a season's first five named storms.[26] Despite that, the 2017 season hosted the storm with the third-highest ACE value (Hurricane Irma, at 66.6 units) and is one of only four seasons (including 1966, 2003, and 2004) to have at least two hurricanes with an ACE value over 40 and the only season to have had three.[27] 2017 also hosted the day with the most ACE produced (September 8) and currently has the fourth highest ACE value of any Atlantic season since 1950.[22] September also generated the highest ACE value for any month in the Atlantic, surpassing September 2004.[28]
Systems[edit]
Tropical Storm Arlene[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration
April 19 – April 21
Peak intensity
50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min) 990 mbar (hPa)
See also: List of off-season Atlantic hurricanes
A potent extratropical cyclone formed well east of Bermuda on April 16. The cyclone moved southeast, becoming disconnected from the surrounding environment and gradually losing its frontal characteristics. Deep convection formed in bands north and east of the center by 00:00 UTC on April 19, leading to the formation of a subtropical depression. Despite an unfavorable environment, with ocean temperatures near 20 °C (68 °F) and moderate wind shear, convection coalesced near the center and allowed the subtropical depression to become fully tropical by 00:00 UTC on April 20. It intensified into Tropical Storm Arlene six hours later. After attaining peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h), the storm began to rotate around a larger extratropical low. The storm tracked into the cold sector of the cyclone, causing Arlene to lose tropical characteristics around 12:00 UTC on April 21. The post-tropical cyclone moved south and east, before dissipating well west-southwest of the Azores on April 22.[29]
Upon its formation as a subtropical depression on April 19, Arlene was the sixth known subtropical or tropical cyclone to form in the month of April in the Atlantic basin; the other instances were Ana in 2003, a subtropical storm in April 1992, and three tropical depressions in 1912, 1915, and 1973, respectively. When Arlene became a tropical storm on April 20, this marked only the second such occurrence on record, after Ana in 2003.[30][nb 3] Furthermore, it had the lowest central pressure of any Atlantic storm recorded in the month of April, with a central pressure of 990 mbar (hPa; 29.23 inHg), again surpassing Ana.[32] Additionally, unrelated to Arlene, Tropical Storm Adrian in the Eastern Pacific basin also formed before the corresponding hurricane season was set to officially begin, being the earliest named storm in the Eastern Pacific proper. This makes 2017 the second consecutive year after 2016 where the first storms in both basins were pre-season storms.[33]
Tropical Storm Bret[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration
June 19 – June 20
Peak intensity
45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min) 1007 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Tropical Storm Bret (2017)
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on June 13 and was first monitored by the National Hurricane Center shortly afterwards.[34] Development, however, was expected to be slow due to its low latitude and relatively fast motion. As it moved swiftly across the Main Development Region of the Atlantic Ocean, the disturbance began to gradually organize, and the NHC raised development chances slightly on June 16.[35] Little change in organization occurred until June 18, at which point a burst of convection near the center of the disturbance prompted the NHC to designate the system as Potential Tropical Cyclone Two at 21:00 UTC. This was the agency's first designation of a disturbance that had not yet developed into a tropical cyclone.[36] The storm continued to organize as it accelerated towards Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago throughout the night, with banding features becoming evident. Later on June 19, the system developed a closed low-level circulation and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Bret at 21:00 UTC.[37] One day later, at 21:00 UTC on June 20, the last advisory on Bret was issued following its degeneration into a tropical wave.[38] The remnants later contributed to the formation of Hurricane Dora in the eastern Pacific.
According to Phil Klotzbach of Colorado State University, Bret was the earliest storm to form in the Main Development Region on record, surpassing a record set by Tropical Storm Ana in 1979.[39] Bret was also the lowest latitude named storm in the month of June since 1933 at 9.4°N.[40] In Trinidad, one person died after he slipped and fell while running across a makeshift bridge; the fatality is considered indirectly related to Bret.[41][42] In Tobago, a man's house collapsed on him; he eventually succumbed to his injuries a week later.[43]
Tropical Storm Cindy[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration
June 20 – June 23
Peak intensity
60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min) 992 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Tropical Storm Cindy (2017)
The NHC first began monitoring the potential for tropical cyclone formation over the northwestern Caribbean Sea on June 13.[44] A large area of disturbed weather developed within the region three days later,[45] and it slowly organized while entering the central Gulf of Mexico, prompting the NHC to begin advisories on a potential tropical cyclone on June 19. The structure of the system was initially sprawling, with tropical storm-force winds well displaced from a broad area of low pressure with embedded swirls.[46] A reconnaissance aircraft investigating the system around 18:00 UTC the following day was able to pinpoint a well-defined center, indicating the formation of Tropical Storm Cindy.[47] Despite the presence of dry air and strong wind shear, the cyclone still managed to attain peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) before weakening on approach to the Louisiana coastline.[48] It made landfall between Port Arthur, Texas and Cameron, Louisiana early on June 22 being the first tropical cyclone to make landfall in Louisiana since Hurricane Issac of 2012. Cindy weakened while progressing inland and transitioned to a post-tropical cyclone on June 23.[49]
A state of emergency was declared for Biloxi, Mississippi in anticipation of flooding. A ten-year-old boy died from injuries sustained during the storm in Fort Morgan, Alabama.[50] A second fatality later occurred in Bolivar Peninsula, Texas.[51]
Tropical Depression Four[edit]
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Duration
July 5 – July 7
Peak intensity
30 mph (45 km/h) (1-min) 1009 mbar (hPa)
Early on June 29, the NHC began tracking a tropical wave embedded within a large envelope of deep moisture across the coastline of western Africa.[52] The disturbance was introduced as a potential contender for tropical cyclone formation two days later, as environmental conditions were expected to favor slow organization.[53] It began to show signs of organization over the central Atlantic early on July 3,[54] but the chances for development began to decrease two days later as the system moved toward a more stable environment.[55] Having already acquired a well-defined circulation, the development of a persistent mass of deep convection around 03:00 UTC the following day prompted the NHC to upgrade the wave to Tropical Depression Four, located about 1,545 miles (2,485 km) east of the Lesser Antilles.[56] Despite wind shear being low, the nascent depression struggled to intensify due to a dry environment caused by a Saharan Air Layer to its east, causing the low-level circulation to weaken, and resulting in the tropical depression degenerating into an open tropical wave late on the next day.[57]
Tropical Storm Don[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration
July 17 – July 19
Peak intensity
50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min) 1007 mbar (hPa)
Late on July 15, the NHC highlighted a low-pressure trough over the central Atlantic as having the potential to develop into a tropical cyclone in the coming days.[58] The disturbance began to show signs of organization early on July 17,[59] and data from a reconnaissance aircraft investigating the system confirmed the development of Tropical Storm Don around 21:00 UTC that day.[60] The storm's overall appearance improved over subsequent hours up until around 09:00 UTC, as a central dense overcast, accompanied by significant clusters of lightning, became pronounced.[61] Don attained its peak intensity at this time, characterised by winds of approximately 50 mph (85 km/h).[61] The next plane to investigate the cyclone a few hours later, however, found that the system's center had become less defined, and that sustained wind speeds had decreased to about 40 mph (65 km/h).[62] A combination of reconnaissance data and surface observations from the Windward Islands indicated that Don opened up into a tropical wave around 03:00 UTC on July 19, as it entered the eastern Caribbean Sea.[63]
Tropical Storm Emily[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration
July 31 – August 2
Peak intensity
45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min) 1005 mbar (hPa)
In late July, a dissipating cold front extended into the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, where the NHC began forecasting the development of an area of low pressure over the next day on July 30. Any development was expected to be slow due to land proximity and marginal upper-level winds.[64] Contrary to predictions, a rapid period of organization occurred over the next 24 hours and the system was deemed as Tropical Depression Six at 09:00 UTC on July 31,[65] strengthening into Tropical Storm Emily just two hours later. After attaining its peak intensity with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,005 mbar (29.7 inHg),[66] Emily made landfall on Anna Maria Island around 14:45 UTC. Weakening quickly ensued, and later that day the circulation of Emily became elongated as it was downgraded to a tropical depression.[67] The increasingly disrupted system later moved off the First Coast of Florida into the western Atlantic early the next day, accelerating northeastwards before becoming embedded within a frontal zone early on August 2.[68]
Following the classification of Tropical Storm Emily, Florida Governor Rick Scott declared a state of emergency for 31 counties to ensure residents were provided with the necessary resources.[69] The storm spawned an EF0 tornado near Bradenton. The tornado was on the ground for about 1.3 mi (2.1 km) and destroyed two barns and a few greenhouses, while an engineered wall collapsed, leaving about $96,000 in damage.[70] On August 1, torrential rains related to Emily impacted parts of Miami Beach, with accumulations reaching 6.97 in (177 mm) in 3.5 hours, of which 2.17 in (55 mm) fell in just 30 minutes.[71] Coinciding with high tide the deluge overwhelmed flood pumps, with three of them shutting down due to lightning-induced power outages, and resulted in significant flash floods. Multiple buildings suffered water damage, with some having 2.5 ft (0.76 m) of standing water. One person was hospitalized after becoming stuck in flood waters.[72][73] Portions of Downtown Miami, such as Brickell, were also heavily affected; numerous vehicles became stranded in flooded roadways.[74]
Hurricane Franklin[edit]
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration
August 7 – August 10
Peak intensity
85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min) 981 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Franklin
The NHC began tracking a tropical wave in the southeastern Caribbean Sea for possible development on August 3.[75] After organizing for a few days, advisories were initiated on Potential Tropical Cyclone Seven at 21:00 UTC on August 6.[76] The disturbance became Tropical Storm Franklin at 03:00 UTC on August 7.[77] After strengthening into a moderate tropical storm, Franklin made its first landfall near Pulticub, Mexico at 03:00 UTC on August 8.[78] The cyclone weakened considerably while over the peninsula, however its satellite presentation remained well-defined, with the inner core tightening up considerably.[79] Later that day, Franklin emerged into the Bay of Campeche, and immediately began strengthening again, becoming a hurricane late on August 9.[80] Five hours after peaking in intensity with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) and a pressure of 981 mbar (28.97 inHg),[81] Franklin made landfall in Lechuguillas, Mexico,[82] and thereafter began to rapidly weaken. By 15:00 UTC on August 10, Franklin had dissipated as a tropical cyclone.[83] However, its mid-level circulation remained intact and later contributed to the formation of Tropical Storm Jova in the Eastern Pacific early on August 12.[84]
Immediately upon classification of Franklin as a potential tropical cyclone, tropical storm warnings were issued for much of the eastern side of the Yucatán Peninsula on August 6;[76] a small portion of the coastline was upgraded to a hurricane watch with the possibility of Franklin nearing hurricane intensity as it approached the coastline the next night. Approximately 330 people were reported as going into storm shelters, and around 2,200 relocated from the islands near the coastline to farther inland in advance of the storm.[85] In the Mexican part of the peninsula, damage was reported as having being minimal, mainly in Belize as the storm tracked slightly more northwards then expected, lessening impacts.[85] Nonetheless, some areas received up to a foot of rain.[86]
Hurricane Gert[edit]
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration
August 13 – August 17
Peak intensity
105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min) 967 mbar (hPa)
On August 2, the NHC began monitoring a tropical wave and its associated convection over the western coast of Africa.[87] As the disturbance tracked west-northwest, its structure changed little in organization, but environmental conditions were expected to support the formation of a tropical cyclone.[88] Instead, the system remained poorly defined and entered a less conducive environment east of the Leeward Islands.[89] After progressing into the southwestern Atlantic several days later, the wave encountered more favorable upper-level winds and began to show signs of organization.[90] Following the formation of a well-defined circulation, the disturbance was upgraded to a tropical depression at 03:00 UTC on August 13;[91] by 21:00 UTC that afternoon, it intensified into Tropical Storm Gert.[92] At 03:00 UTC on August 15, Gert intensified to a Category 1 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h), making it the second hurricane of the season.[93] Accelerating east-northeastwards, Gert peaked as a Category 2 system early on August 17 at an unusually high latitude of 40°N.[94] Thereafter, Gert began to rapidly weaken as it shifted from the Gulf Stream over cooler waters.[95] Just 12 hours after achieving peak intensity, Gert weakened below hurricane status and evolved to an extratropical cyclone well east of Nova Scotia.[96]
Two people drowned due to strong rip currents produced by the hurricane: one in the Outer Banks of North Carolina, and the other in Nantucket, Massachusetts.[97][98]
Hurricane Harvey[edit]
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration
August 17 – September 1
Peak intensity
130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min) 938 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Harvey
The NHC began monitoring an area of low pressure southwest of Cape Verde on August 13, which was expected to merge with a tropical wave that just emerged off the coast of Africa, within a few days.[99] Instead the two systems remained separate,[100] with the first low pressure area coalescing into Potential Tropical Cyclone Nine by 15:00 UTC on August 17.[101] A reconnaissance aircraft investigating the system was able to locate a well-defined circulation, and the disturbance was upgraded to Tropical Storm Harvey accordingly six hours later.[102] On a westward course into the Caribbean Sea, the storm was plagued by relentless wind shear, and it degenerated to an open tropical wave south of Hispaniola, by 03:00 UTC on August 20.[103] Harvey's remnants continued into the Bay of Campeche, where more conducive environmental conditions led to the re-designation of a tropical depression, around 15:00 UTC on August 23, and subsequent intensification into a tropical storm by 04:00 UTC on the next morning.[104][105] The tropical cyclone began a period of rapid intensification shortly thereafter, attaining hurricane intensity by 17:00 UTC on August 24,[106] Category 3 strength around 19:00 UTC on August 25,[107] and Category 4 intensity by 23:00 UTC on that day.[106]
Harvey crossed the shore between Port Aransas and Port O'Connor, Texas around 03:00 UTC on August 26, possessing maximum winds of 130 mph (215 km/h).[108] The storm gradually spun down, becoming a tropical storm around 18:00 UTC on August 26, as it meandered across southeastern Texas.[109] A light steering pattern caused the storm to emerge into the Gulf of Mexico on August 28,[110] but a turn toward the north-northeast brought it ashore west of Cameron, Louisiana, as a weak tropical storm around 09:00 UTC on August 30.[111] The system weakened to a tropical depression over central Louisiana late that day before losing tropical characteristics over central Tennessee early on September 1.[112][113]
Rockport, Fulton, and the surrounding cities bore the brunt of Harvey's eyewall as it moved ashore in Texas. Numerous structures were heavily damaged or destroyed, boats were tossed or capsized, power poles were leant or snapped, and trees were downed. As debris covered roadways and cellphone service was compromised, communication to the hardest-hit locales was severed. One person was killed in Rockport after a fire began in his home, and approximately a dozen people were injured.[114] Farther northeast, dire predictions of potentially catastrophic flooding came to fruition in Houston and nearby locales, where floodwaters submerged interstates, forced residents to their attics and roofs, and overwhelmed emergency lines. The National Weather Service tweeted, "This event is unprecedented & all impacts are unknown & beyond anything experienced..." At least 30 people were killed in the Houston area due to flooding.[115] In addition to the flooding, Harvey spawned several tornadoes around Houston.[116] Estimates place the damage caused by Harvey at $198 billion.[117] Harvey killed 91 people, including 90 in the United States[118][119][120][121][122] and 1 man in Guyana who slipped and fell while he was running across a bridge.[123] The storm produced 60.58 inches (1,538.7 mm) of rainfall in Texas, the highest-ever rainfall total for any tropical cyclone in the United States.[124]
Harvey was the first major hurricane to strike the United States since Hurricane Wilma in 2005, ending the record-length 4,323-day span in which no tropical cyclones made landfall as major hurricanes.[125] It is the most intense tropical cyclone to move ashore the US mainland since Hurricane Charley in 2004, and the first Category 4 hurricane to make landfall in Texas since Hurricane Carla in 1961.[126]
Hurricane Irma[edit]
Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration
August 30 – September 12
Peak intensity
185 mph (295 km/h) (1-min) 914 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Irma
A westward-moving tropical wave, first monitored over western Africa on August 26,[127] organized into Tropical Storm Irma around 15:00 UTC on August 30.[128] Amid an environment of low wind shear and warm ocean temperatures, the newly formed cyclone moved generally westward while intensifying. A reconnaissance aircraft investigating the system east of the Caribbean on September 5 found the cyclone at Category 5 intensity.[129] With a clear eye surrounded by a ring of extremely deep convection, Irma attained its peak intensity with winds of 185 mph (295 km/h) later that day,[130] and maintained this intensity as it moved through the northern Leeward Islands.[131] Some weakening occurred south of the Bahamas,[132] but the cyclone regained Category 5 intensity before making landfall on the Sabana-Camagüey Archipelago of Cuba around 03:00 UTC on September 9.[133] Land interaction disrupted the storm temporarily,[134] but once again it strengthened to acquire winds of 130 mph (215 km/h), before making landfall in Cudjoe Key of the Florida Keys early on September 10.[135] A few hours later, it struck Marco Island, Florida, with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h).[136] Irma continued north and west, steadily weakening over the Southeastern United States before losing tropical characteristics in Georgia, early on September 12.[137]
With peak winds of 185 mph (295 km/h), Irma is the strongest Atlantic storm outside of the Gulf of Mexico or Caribbean Sea on record, and is the 11th most intense hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin. Maintaining peak intensity for 37 consecutive hours, Irma is the only tropical cyclone on record worldwide to have had winds that intense for so long. As the storm moved through the northern Leeward Islands, it became the only Category 5 to make a direct impact there; its landfall intensity ties it with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane as the strongest landfalling cyclone on record in the Atlantic. Two Category 4 hurricanes, Harvey and Irma, struck the continental United States in the span of two weeks; this marks the first time the country has suffered two landfalls of such intensity during the same hurricane season, in recorded history. Lastly, Irma accrued the third-highest Accumulated Cyclone Energy index on record.[138]
In the aftermath of Irma, development on the islands of Barbuda and Saint Martin was described as being "95% destroyed" by respective political leaders, with 1,400 people feared homeless in Barbuda.[139] So far, Irma has resulted in at least 134 deaths, including 90 in the United States and 44 across the Caribbean.[140][141][142]
Hurricane Jose[edit]
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration
September 5 – September 22
Peak intensity
155 mph (250 km/h) (1-min) 938 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Jose (2017)
A westward-moving tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa on August 31,[143] organizing into Tropical Storm Jose over the open eastern Atlantic by 15:00 UTC on September 5.[144] The quickly-strengthening cyclone attained hurricane intensity late on September 6,[145] reached major hurricane strength late on September 7,[146] and ultimately peaked as a high-end Category 4 hurricane with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h) early on September 9.[147] Moderate wind shear weakened the cyclone as it conducted a slow clockwise loop between Bermuda and the Caribbean Sea and eventually moved north ahead of an approaching trough.[148] Steering currents collapsed by early on September 21, causing the system to stall offshore the Northeastern United States as a weakening tropical storm.[149] With a rain shield in the northern and northwestern semicircles accompanied by a lack of deep convection over the center, the NHC declared Jose a post-tropical cyclone around 03:00 UTC on September 22, ending advisories once the storm's tropical storm-force winds moved off the New England coast at 21:00 UTC.[150][151]
The government of Antigua and Barbuda began efforts on September 8 to evacuate the entire island of Barbuda prior to Jose's anticipated arrival, as most structures on the island had been heavily damaged or destroyed by Hurricane Irma.[152]
Hurricane Katia[edit]
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration
September 5 – September 9
Peak intensity
105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min) 972 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Katia (2017)
A trough was present over the southwestern Gulf of Mexico on September 3, producing a widespread area of thunderstorms.[153] Two days later, a distinct low pressure area formed about 50 mi (80 km) east of Tampico, Tamaulipas.[154] At 21:00 UTC that day, the NHC designated the system as Tropical Depression Thirteen after an organized area of convection formed over the center. Located in an area of weak steering currents, the depression drifted slowly eastward. With gradually decreasing wind shear and warm water temperatures, the system intensified into Tropical Storm Katia on September 6, as the convection became better organized.[155][156] Later that day, an aircraft reconnaissance flight into the storm found a partial eye wall and surface winds of 76 mph (122 km/h); on that basis, the NHC upgraded Katia to hurricane status.[157] The convection organized into a central dense overcast as the system stalled.[158] Late in the evening of September 8, Katia made landfall north of Tecolutla, Mexico as a weak Category 1 storm.[159] The system rapidly dissipated over land on September 9. Katia's remnants traveled across Central America and later emerged over the Pacific Ocean, where redevelopment ensued. Tropical Depression Fifteen-E formed, which later strengthened into Hurricane Otis about a week later.[160]
In preparation for Katia, over 4,000 residents were evacuated from the states of Veracruz and Puebla.[161] Tourists left coastal towns, emergency shelters were opened, and storm drains were cleared before the onset of heavy rainfall.[162] Two fatalities were reported in Xalapa from mudslides, while a third man was swept away by floodwaters in Jalcomulco. States of emergency were declared for 40 out of a total 53 municipalities that reported minor damage from mudslides and flooding.[163] About 77,000 residents were left without power at the height of the storm.[164]
Hurricane Lee[edit]
Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration
September 15 – September 30
Peak intensity
115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min) 962 mbar (hPa)
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 13. Contrary to predictions of only gradual organization over the following days,[165] the system rapidly organized, becoming Tropical Depression Fourteen at 03:00 UTC on September 15.[166] The NHC upgraded the system to Tropical Storm Lee at 15:00 UTC on the next day, based on an increase in deep convection and an advanced scatterometer (ASCAT) pass which indicated that it was producing minimal tropical-storm-force winds.[167] After encountering wind shear, Lee gradually weakened into a tropical depression early on September 17 before degenerating into a remnant low two days later.[168][169] The NHC monitored the remnants of Lee intermittently for several days, but regeneration was not considered likely.[170][171] However, the mid-level remnants of the cyclone became intertwined with an upper-level trough; a deep burst of convection led to a new surface circulation, and by 21:00 UTC on September 22, the system reorganized into Tropical Depression Lee.[172] It intensified into a tropical storm six hours later.[173]
A compact cyclone, Lee organized as small curved bands wrapped into a small cluster of central convection.[174] A microwave pass around 21:00 UTC on September 23 indicated the formation of a ring of shallow to moderate convection around the center, often a harbinger of rapid intensification.[175] Indeed, by 06:30 UTC the next morning, the presence of an eye on satellite imagery prompted the NHC to abruptly upgrade Lee to a hurricane as it moved erratically.[176] After attaining winds of 90 mph (150 km/h), the storm weakened slightly due to moderate southeasterly wind shear.[177] By 09:00 UTC on September 26, however, the storm attained Category 2 strength.[178] An eyewall replacement cycle that night led to the emergence of a larger eye surrounded by cold cloud tops, and by 15:00 UTC on September 27, Lee attained its peak as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h).[179] The system recurved northeast after peak intensity and quickly succumbed to strong northerly wind shear and progressively cooler ocean waters;[180] it weakened below major hurricane strength by 03:00 UTC on September 28,[181] fell below hurricane strength by 15:00 UTC on September 29,[182] and degenerated to a post-tropical cyclone by 09:00 UTC on September 30, after lacking deep convection for over 12 hours.[183] On October 1, Lee's remnant was absorbed by another extratropical cyclone to the north.[184]
Hurricane Maria[edit]
Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration
September 16 – September 30
Peak intensity
175 mph (280 km/h) (1-min) 908 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Maria
On September 13, the NHC began monitoring a tropical wave southwest of Cape Verde.[185] The disturbance moved west, organizing into a potential tropical cyclone at 15:00 UTC on September 16 and Tropical Storm Maria six hours later.[186][187] On a west-northwest course, Maria intensified at an exceptional rate; over a 24-hour period ending at 23:45 UTC on September 18, Maria doubled its winds from 80 mph (130 km/h) to 160 mph (260 km/h), thus reaching Category 5 strength.[188] After striking Dominica at that intensity a little over an hour later,[189] the storm weakened slightly as it entered the eastern Caribbean Sea; amid favorable conditions, however, Maria regained Category 5 intensity and eventually reached peak winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) late on September 19.[190] Around 08:00 UTC on September 20, the eyewall of Maria struck Vieques,[191] and a little over two hours later, the core of the storm made landfall near Yabucoa, Puerto Rico, with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h).[192] Land interaction caused a significant degration in Maria's structure, and it weakened to a Category 2 hurricane while moving offshore.[193] Growing in size and curving north, Maria regained Category 3 strength and maintained this intensity for several days before entering a less conducive environment.[194] After fluctuating between tropical storm and minimal hurricane strength off the coastline of North Carolina,[195] the system turned sharply east away from the United States, and ultimately evolved into an extratropical cyclone over the far northern Atlantic, on September 30.[196][197]
Dominica sustained catastrophic damage from Maria, with nearly every structure on the island damaged or destroyed.[198] Surrounding islands were also dealt a devastating blow, with reports of flooding, downed trees, and damaged buildings. Puerto Rico also suffered catastrophic damage. The island's electric grid was devastated, leaving all 3.4 million residents without power. Many structures were leveled, while floodwaters trapped thousands of citizens. The United States National Guard, Coast Guard, Army Corps of Engineers, and other like units worked to administer aid and assist in search and rescue operations. However, the U.S. federal government response was criticized for its delay in waiving the Jones Act, a statute which prevented Puerto Rico from receiving aid on ships from non-U.S. flagged vessels. Along the coastline of the United States, tropical storm-force gusts cut power to hundreds of citizens; rip currents offshore led to three deaths and numerous water rescues. Estimates of damage from Maria range from $15.9 billion by Estudios Técnicos to $95 billion by Moody's Analytics.[199] Most of the damage occurred in Puerto Rico; Ricardo Rosselló, the governor of Puerto Rico, believes the storm caused $90 billion in damages.[200] The death toll currently stands at 103, with: 62 killed in the United States, consisting of 55 in Puerto Rico, 4 in the contiguous United States, and 3 in the United States Virgin Islands; 31 in Dominica; 5 in the Dominican Republic; 3 in Haiti; and 2 in Guadeloupe.[201] The civilians in Puerto Rico reported that 583 people had died on the island since Hurricane Maria, and San Juan Mayor Yulín Cruz said that the actual number of storm-related fatalities may be as high as 500, which indicates an unofficial death toll of 583.[202]
Hurricane Nate[edit]
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration
October 4 – October 9
Peak intensity
90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min) 981 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Nate (2017)
On October 3, a broad area of low pressure formed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea.[203] The disturbance quickly organized, and on October 4, the NHC announced that the disturbance had strengthened into Tropical Depression Sixteen, and began issuing advisories on the storm.[204] The system slowly became stronger and more organized, and, early on October 5, was deemed a tropical storm and named Nate.[205] Nate's first U.S landfall was in the mouth of the Mississippi River as a Category 1 hurricane, and Nate's second U.S landfall was at 12:30 a.m. CST near Biloxi, MS, both on October 8. After Nate tracked inland, it quickly weakened into a tropical depression, and a few hours later, evolved into an extratropical storm. Hurricane Nate also broke the record for the fastest moving hurricane ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico.[206]
Nate caused at least 40 deaths, including 16 in Nicaragua,[207] 11 in Costa Rica,[208] 7 in Panama,[209] 3 in Honduras,[209] 2 in the United States,[210][211] and 1 in El Salvador.[209]
Hurricane Ophelia[edit]
Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration
October 9 – October 16
Peak intensity
115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min) 960 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Ophelia (2017)
On October 6, a circulation developed at the end of a cold front in the northeast Atlantic, with a low pressure area developing within the circulation on the same day.[212] While the low drifted slowly to the northeast, it began to lose its frontal system and acquire subtropical characteristics by October 7.[213] The next day, the storm encountered stronger wind shear, removing some of its convection, and slightly weakening the system; however, the storm eventually grew better organized and developed more convection around its low pressure center later in the day.[214] Early on October 9, the system fully transitioned into a tropical cyclone, prompting the NHC to begin issuing advisories on Tropical Depression Seventeen.[215][216] The tropical depression continued to strengthen, becoming Tropical Storm Ophelia later that day.[217] Ophelia continued to strengthen due to low wind shear and on October 11, the National Hurricane Center upgraded it to a hurricane, making it the tenth consecutive storm this season to reach hurricane strength.[218] Ophelia became a Category 2 hurricane on October 12 at 5:00 p.m. AST (21:00 UTC).[219] On October 14 at 11:00 a.m. AST (15:00 UTC), Ophelia unexpectedly intensified to a Category 3 hurricane, making Ophelia the sixth major hurricane of the season and the easternmost storm of such strength in the Atlantic basin on record.[220] On October 15, Ophelia began to weaken, while accelerating northeastward towards Ireland and Great Britain, with the storm's wind field also expanding. Early on October 16, Ophelia transitioned into a hurricane-strength extratropical cyclone, as it began impacting Ireland and Britain.
In County Waterford, a woman was killed when a tree fell on her car, caused by the winds from Ophelia's remnants.[221] In County Tipperary, a man was killed while clearing a fallen tree with a chainsaw.[222] Another person was killed in Dundalk when a tree fell on his car.[223] Two other men died after suffering fatal injuries while carrying out repairs to damage caused by Ophelia and Storm Brian.[224] Hurricane Ophelia also fanned wildfires in Portugal and Spain, killing 49 people.[225]
Tropical Storm Philippe[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration
October 28 – October 29
Peak intensity
60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min) 997 mbar (hPa)
On October 22, the NHC forecasted that a broad area of low pressure would form in the southwestern Caribbean Sea.[226] On October 23, as predicted, a broad low formed off of the northwestern coast of Nicaragua.[227] However, the system remained disorganized for the next several days[228] until the afternoon of October 27, when it quickly organized, prompting the NHC to upgrade the system into Potential Tropical Cyclone Eighteen. Slow development occurred over the next day, but the storm was ultimately deemed a tropical depression at 15:00 UTC on October 28, after it developed a well-defined low-level circulation.[229] Continued strengthening occurred throughout the day as it moved over Cuba, becoming Tropical Storm Philippe near Havana about six hours later. Shortly thereafter, Philippe became poorly organized as it interacted with a non-tropical area of low pressure and a cold front, with the circulation becoming elongated, with three vortices existing within a broader low-level circulation. Philippe then made landfall over the Everglades in southwest Florida with winds of 45 mph at around 9:00 UTC on October 29. Effects were relatively minor in Florida, although Philippe did spawn a few weak tornadoes,[230] including one in West Palm Beach, and another in Miami.[231] After crossing the southern Florida Peninsula, Philippe began to intensify over the open Atlantic, reaching a peak strength of 60 mph. However, by 21:00 UTC, Philippe dissipated when the circulation merged with a cold front that was part of a larger extratropical cyclone that was bringing heavy rain and wind to the Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada. Philippe did not become a hurricane, thus ending a record-tying period with 10 consecutive hurricanes (with winds of at least 75 mph).
The combination of Philippe and the extratropical system resulted in approximately 1.2 million power outages in New England. The system produced storm-force sustained winds, reaching 57 mph (92 km/h) in Warwick, Rhode Island, and hurricane-force wind gusts, peaking at 93 mph (150 km/h) in Popponesset, Massachusetts.[232][233] In Canada, Hydro-Québec reported 200,000 customers losing power because of damages due to winds of 70 to 90 kilometres per hour (43 to 56 mph). It also rained heavily in Quebec and Eastern Ontario, with up to 98 millimetres (3.9 in) in the Canadian capital region of Ottawa forcing Prime Minister Justin Trudeau to use an all-terrain vehicle, to leave his second home on Mousseau Lake in Gatineau Park to go to Parliament.[234]
Tropical Storm Rina[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration
November 6 – November 9
Peak intensity
60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min) 995 mbar (hPa)
See also: Cyclone Numa
In early November, the National Hurricane Center began to monitor a non-tropical area of low pressure in the central Atlantic, which had formed at the end of a decaying cold front, for potential tropical development. Gradually, the system became better organized and was able to maintain an area of deep convection to the east of the center. On the morning of November 6, the NHC declared that Tropical Depression Nineteen had formed in the Central Atlantic.[235] As the day progressed, wind shear from the west began to impact the tropical cyclone, displacing shower and thunderstorm activity to the east. Despite this, the system continued to strengthen, and by 03:00 UTC on November 7, the tropical depression was upgraded to a tropical storm, gaining the name Rina. As it headed on a northerly track, Rina continued to strengthen despite strong shear and dry air intrusion and also began to show subtropical characteristics marked by most of the deep convection and strongest winds well removed from the center. Nonetheless, Rina strengthened into a strong tropical storm with peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). The storm began to accelerate to the north ahead of an approaching cold front and was absorbed into the front around 15:00 UTC on November 9, a few hundred miles to the northeast of Newfoundland.[236] During the next few days, Rina's remnant continued to accelerate northeastward, before reaching the British Isles two days later, where the storm brought heavy rain and strong winds to the United Kingdom and Ireland on the night of November 11 and into the following day.[237][238] On November 11, the remnants of Rina spawned another extratropical low east of the British Isles,[238] which absorbed Rina's remnant on November 12. The new storm, which went on to affect Greece, was named Cyclone Numa by the Free University of Berlin.[239]
Rina's formation in November made 2017 the first season since 2013 to feature a named storm in every month of the season (June through November). Rina was only the sixth storm to be given the "R" name in Atlantic history and is the first R name to be used twice, the first being Hurricane Rina in 2011.[citation needed] Rina was also the first Atlantic "R"-named storm that did not intensify into a hurricane.[citation needed]
Other systems[edit]
Potential Tropical Cyclone Ten near the Carolinas on August 28
A long-tracked tropical wave was designated as Potential Tropical Cyclone Ten on August 27, while it was located northeast of Florida. The NHC gave this disturbance a 90% chance of becoming a tropical cyclone within the next 48 hours.[240] The system reached sustained wind speeds of 45 miles per hour and affected the East Coast. However, the system did not acquire any more tropical characteristics, and it began to undergo an extratropical transition. Consequently, the NHC issued its last advisory on the system at 21:00 UTC on August 29, declaring the system to be an extratropical low.[241]
Storm names[edit]
Main articles: Tropical cyclone naming, History of tropical cyclone naming, and List of historic tropical cyclone names
The following list of names will be used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2017. Any retired names will be announced by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in the spring of 2018. The names not retired from this list will not be used again until the 2023 season.[242] This is the same list used in the 2011 season, with the exception of the name Irma, which replaced Irene; Irma was previously used in the 1978 season.
Arlene
Bret
Cindy
Don
Emily
Franklin
Gert
Harvey
Irma
Jose
Katia
Lee
Maria
Nate
Ophelia
Philippe
Rina
Sean (unused)
Tammy (unused)
Vince (unused)
Whitney (unused)
The usage of the name "Don" in July garnered some attention relating to United States President Donald Trump. Max Mayfield, former director of the National Hurricane Center, clarified that the name had no relation to Trump and was chosen in 2006 as a replacement for Dennis. Regardless, some outlets such as the Associated Press, "poked fun" at the name and Trump.[243][244]
Season effects[edit]
This is a table of all the storms that have formed in the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season, besides Potential Tropical Cyclone Ten. It includes their duration, names, affected areas, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all the damage figures are in 2017 USD.
Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
2017 North Atlantic tropical cyclones season statistics
Storm
name
Dates active
Storm category
at peak intensity
Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h)
Min.
press.
(mbar)
Areas affected
Damage
(millions USD)
Deaths

Arlene April 19 – 21 Tropical storm 50 (85) 990 None None None
Bret June 19 – 20 Tropical storm 45 (75) 1007 Guyana, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Windward Islands > 3 1 (1)
Cindy June 20 – 23 Tropical storm 60 (95) 992 Honduras, Belize, Cayman Islands, Yucatán Peninsula, Cuba, Southern United States, Eastern United States Unknown 2 (1)
Four July 5 – 7 Tropical depression 30 (45) 1009 None None None
Don July 17 – 19 Tropical storm 50 (85) 1007 Windward Islands, Barbados, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago None None
Emily July 31 – August 2 Tropical storm 45 (75) 1005 Florida 0.096 None
Franklin August 7 – 10 Category 1 hurricane 85 (140) 981 Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, Yucatán Peninsula, Central Mexico Unknown None
Gert August 13 – 17 Category 2 hurricane 105 (165) 967 Bermuda, East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada None 0 (2)
Harvey August 17 – September 1 Category 4 hurricane 130 (215) 938 Barbados, Suriname, Guyana, Windward Islands, Nicaragua, Belize, Yucatán Peninsula, Northeastern Mexico, Southern United States (Texas, Louisiana), Eastern United States 198,630 63 (28)
Irma August 30 – September 12 Category 5 hurricane 185 (295) 914 Cape Verde, Leeward Islands (Barbuda, Saint Martin, Saint Barthelemy, U.S. Virgin Islands), Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Turks and Caicos Islands, The Bahamas, Cuba, Southeastern United States (Florida and Georgia), Northeastern United States > 64,660 134
Jose September 5 – 22 Category 4 hurricane 155 (250) 938 Leeward Islands, East Coast of the United States Minimal 0 (1)
Katia September 5 – 9 Category 2 hurricane 105 (165) 972 Eastern Mexico Unknown 3 (0)
Lee September 15 – 30 Category 3 hurricane 115 (185) 962 Cabo Verde Minimal None
Maria September 16 – 30 Category 5 hurricane 175 (280) 908 Lesser Antilles (Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Croix), Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Turks and Caicos Islands, The Bahamas, Southeastern United States, Mid-Atlantic States, United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Spain > 103,140 71 (32)[nb 4]
Nate October 4 – 9 Category 1 hurricane 90 (150) 981 Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Panama, Mexico, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Southeastern United States (Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida Panhandle), Northeastern United States, Atlantic Canada > 835 43 (2)
Ophelia October 9 – 16 Category 3 hurricane 115 (185) 960 Azores, Portugal, Spain, France, Ireland, United Kingdom, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Estonia > 1,180 3 (51)
Philippe October 28 – 29 Tropical storm 60 (95) 997 Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, Cuba, Florida, Cayman Islands, The Bahamas, East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada 0.02 None
Rina November 6 – 9 Tropical storm 60 (95) 995 United Kingdom, Ireland Minimal None
Season Aggregates
18 systems April 19 –
Season ongoing 185 (295) 908 > 367,558 320 (118)
See also[edit]
Tropical cyclones portal
List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
List of wettest tropical cyclones
2017 Pacific hurricane season
2017 Pacific typhoon season
2017 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2016–17, 2017–18
Australian region cyclone seasons: 2016–17, 2017–18
South Pacific cyclone seasons: 2016–17, 2017–18
Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
Tropical cyclones and climate change
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ There is an undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910, due to the lack of modern observation techniques, see Tropical cyclone observation. This may have led to significantly lower ACE ratings for hurricane seasons prior to 1910.[23][24]
Jump up ^ The totals represent the sum of the squares for every (sub)tropical storm's intensity of over 33 knots (38 mph, 61 km/h), divided by 10,000. Calculations are provided at Talk:2017 Atlantic hurricane season/ACE calcs.
Jump up ^ It should be noted that Arlene would likely not have been detected without the help of satellites, and there may well have been other similar storms this early in the year in the pre-satellite era (1966 and before).[31]
Jump up ^ While this is Maria's official death count, CNN and other news outlets have found evidence that suggests that the actual death count is closer to 500.[245]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Recent Increase in Atlantic Hurricane Activity: Causes and Implications | Science". ScienceMag. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
Jump up ^ Ops, NHC Atlantic (2017-09-05). "#Irma is the strongest #hurricane in the Atlantic basin outside of the Caribbean Sea & Gulf of Mexico in NHC records". @NHC_Atlantic. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Update on National Hurricane Center Products and Services for 2017" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Potential Tropical Cyclone Two". Nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
^ Jump up to: a b "Background Information: The North Atlantic Hurricane Season". Climate Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 9, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mark Saunders; Adam Lea (December 13, 2016). Extended Range Forecast for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2017 (PDF) (Report). London, United Kingdom: Tropical Storm Risk.
^ Jump up to: a b Mark Saunders; Adam Lea (April 5, 2017). April Forecast Update for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2017 (PDF) (Report). London, United Kingdom: Tropical Storm Risk.
^ Jump up to: a b Phillip J. Klotzbach; William M. Gray (April 6, 2017). "Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and Landfall Strike Probability for 2017" (PDF). Colorado State University. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season Forecast Calls For a Near-Average Number of Storms, Less Active Than 2016". weather.com. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b WRAL (18 April 2017). "NCSU researchers predict 'normal' hurricane season :: WRAL.com". wral.com. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season Forecast Update Calls For An Above-Average Number Of Storms". weather.com. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Above-normal Atlantic hurricane season is most likely this year". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mark Saunders; Adam Lea (May 26, 2017). Pre-Season Forecast for North Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2017 (PDF) (Report). London, United Kingdom: Tropical Storm Risk.
^ Jump up to: a b c Phillip J. Klotzbach; William M. Gray (June 1, 2017). "Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and Landfall Strike Probability for 2017" (PDF). Colorado State University. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
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Jump up ^ John L. Beven II (October 5, 2017). Tropical Storm Nate Intermediate Advisory Number 4A (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Manuel Torres (October 7, 2017). "Hurricane Nate sets record as fastest moving storm in Gulf of Mexico". NOLA.com. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Latest: Costa Rica raises death toll from Nate to 8". ABC News. The Associated Press. October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Son 10 los muertos en Costa Rica por Nate". Bohemia (in Spanish). La Prensa. October 6, 2017. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Al menos 23 muertos y 27 desaparecidos en Centroamérica tras el paso de Nate". El Mundo (in Spanish). EFE. October 6, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "1 Killed In Single Vehicle Crash On Interstate 24". News Channel 5. October 8, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Firefighter killed in western NC while responding to Nate storm damage". WRAL. October 9, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Two-Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. October 6, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Two-Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. October 7, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Two-Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. October 8, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cangialosi, John (October 9, 2017). "Tropical Depression Seventeen Advisory Number 1". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cangialosi, John (October 9, 2017). "Tropical Depression Seventeen Discussion Number 1". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stewart, Stacy (October 9, 2017). "Tropical Storm Ophelia Discussion Number 2". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Zelinsky, David (October 11, 2017). "Hurricane Ophelia Discussion Number 11". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Freedman, Andrew (12 October 2017). "Hurricane Ophelia reaches Category 2 intensity, to make rare run at Ireland and UK". Mashable. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Philip Klotzbach [@philklotzbach] (14 October 2017). "Ophelia is now a major hurricane - the farthest east (26.6°W) an Atlantic major hurricane has existed on record" (Tweet). Retrieved 14 October 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Hurricane Ophelia: Woman killed as tree hits car". BBC News. 2017-10-16.
Jump up ^ News, Today FM (16 Oct 2017). "Second fatality from Ophelia". @TodayFMNews. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
Jump up ^ Feeney, Oisin. "BREAKING: Man passes away after car hit by tree in Dundalk | Buzz.ie". Buzz.ie. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
Jump up ^ "Storm Ophelia aftermath: Two men killed while repairing damage at home named locally - Independent.ie". Independent.ie. Retrieved 2017-10-25.
Jump up ^ "UPDATE: Portugal forest fires death toll rises to 45". ENCA World. 2017-10-24. Retrieved 2017-10-25.
Jump up ^ "Tropical Weather Outlook (October 22, 2017. 2:00 PM EDT)". National Hurricane Center.
Jump up ^ "Tropical Weather Outlook (October 23, 2017. 8:00 PM EDT)". National Hurricane Center.
Jump up ^ "Tropical Weather Outlook (October 26, 2017. 2:00 PM EDT)". National Hurricane Center.
Jump up ^ "Tropical Weather Outlook (October 27, 2017. 2:00 PM EDT)". National Hurricane Center.
Jump up ^ "Tower cam captures video of tornado in West Palm Beach". WFLA. October 29, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Howard (October 28, 2017). "Tornado touches down in Bird Road neighborhood". Miami Herald. Retrieved October 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ellis, Ralph. "1.2 million in Northeast without power as Tropical Storm Philippe fizzles out". CNN. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Public Information Statement". National Weather Service. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Jump up ^ La Presse Canadienne (October 30, 2017). "Vent forts: 83 000 foyers toujours privés d'électricité". La Presse (in French). Retrieved October 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tropical Depression NINETEEN". www.nhc.NOAA.gov. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tropical Storm RINA". www.nhc.NOAA.gov. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Erick Leister an Kristina Pydynowski (November 10, 1017). "Rina to bring rain and wind to Ireland and UK into early Saturday". AccuWeather. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Europe Weather Analysis on 2017-11-11". Free University of Berlin. 11 November 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference Nov._12_Europe_weather_map was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ "Tropical Weather Outlook (August 27, 2017. 8:00 PM EDT)". National Hurricane Center.
Jump up ^ Berg, Robbie. "Potential Tropical Cyclone TEN Discussion Number 9". www.nhc.noaa.gov.
Jump up ^ "Tropical Cyclone Names#Atlantic". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved December 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Erik Ortiz (July 18, 2017). "Tropical Storm Don Develops in Atlantic, but Its Name Is Not a Political Jab". NBC News. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tropical Storms 'Don' And 'Hilary' Bring Out Political Jokes On Twitter". WBZ-TV. July 19, 2017. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ CNN (November 20, 2017). Maria's uncounted dead (Report). CNN. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2017 Atlantic hurricane season.
National Hurricane Center website
Atlantic Tropical Weather Outlook from the National Hurricane Center
Tropical Cyclone Formation Probability Guidance Product by the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere
Watch: NASA shows how hurricanes Harvey, Irma formed
[show]
v
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Most intense Atlantic hurricane seasons
Sorted by Accumulated cyclone energy, since 1850 (source)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1933 (259)
2005 (250)
1893 (231)
1926 (230)
1995 (228)
2004 (227)
2017 (223)
1950 (211)
1961 (205)
1998 (181)
Note: There is an undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910, due to the lack of modern observation techniques, see Tropical cyclone observation.
[show]
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Tropical cyclones of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season
TS
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TS
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TS
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TD
Four
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2
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4
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Ten
5
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3
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Rina
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values: موسم أعاصير المحيط الأطلسي (2017) – Arabic

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