text:
Wynne Evans
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This article is about the Welsh tenor. For the similarly named Anglican Bishop of St David's, see Wyn Evans.
Wynne Evans
Evans on the cover of his Number 1 Album
Born
Wynne Evans
(1972-01-27) 27 January 1972 (age 46)
Carmarthen, West Wales
Occupation
Tenor
Known for
Go Compare advert
Children
Ismay Evans
Taliesin Evans
Wynne Evans (born 27 January 1972) is a Welsh tenor. Known for his role as the tenor Gio Compario in the Gocompare.com insurance adverts on television in the United Kingdom, he sang the role of Ubaldo Piangi in the 25th anniversary production of Andrew Lloyd Webber's The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall.[1][2] He also responded to the New Zealand All Blacks' Haka in 2004, singing 'Cwm Rhondda'.[1] He went on to sing at over 30 Welsh International rugby matches.[1] Evans, a lifelong Spurs fan, also sang "Glory Glory Tottenham Hotspur" at the last ever game at White Hart Lane.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Opera singer
2 Concert singer
3 Recording artist
4 Television and radio
5 Awards
6 Personal life
7 References
8 External links
Opera singer[edit]
Born in Carmarthen, West Wales, Evans studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and the National Opera Studio.[1]
In late 2011 Evans was cast as the opera singer Ubaldo Piangi, in the 25th Anniversary celebratory production of Andrew Lloyd Webber's The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall[4]
Evans enjoys a close association with Welsh National Opera[5] where his roles include Nemorino in L'elisir d'amore,[6] Cassio in Otello (S4C Broadcast),[7] The Duke in Rigoletto, Rodolfo in La bohème, Pedrillo in Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Tamino in Die Zauberflöte, Alfredo in La traviata, Jaquino in Leonore (BBC Broadcast), the Schoolmaster in The Cunning Little Vixen, the Chevalier in Les Dialogues des Carmelites, the Italian Tenor in Der Rosenkavalier, the First Jew in Salome (S4C and BBC Broadcast), Liberto in L'incoronazione di Poppea, Brighella in Ariadne auf Naxos and Alfred in Die Fledermaus.[1]
He made his debut at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden singing Vakula in the new production of Cherevichki.[1] In 2011 Evans sang in Mark-Anthony Turnage's opera Anna Nicole, based on the life of Anna Nicole Smith at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.
For Opera de Lyon he has sung Gianni Schicchi, Il Tabarro and The Cunning Little Vixen For English National Opera Evans has sung Alfredo in La Traviata, Spoletta and Cavaradossi in Tosca, and Second Jew in Salome. For Opera North he has appeared as Fenton in Falstaff, Prunier in La Rondine and Paulino in The Secret Marriage. For Scottish Opera his roles include Tamino in Die Zauberflöte and the Italian Tenor in Der Rosenkavalier. For Grange Park Opera he has performed the roles of Trufaldino The Love for Three Oranges the Italian Tenor Capriccio the Schoolmaster in 'The Cunning Little Vixen and Harry in La fanciulla del West.[7] For the Classical Opera Company Evans sang the role of Fracasso in La finta semplice. Other credits include Orpheus in Orpheus in the Underworld for Opera Holland Park and The Peacock in Param Vir’s Broken Strings for the Almeida Theatre, which was recorded for the BBC.[1]
Concert singer[edit]
As a concert singer Evans' appearances include Vaughan Williams' Serenade to Music at the televised opening night of the 2001 BBC Proms, Beethoven's Ninth Symphony for RTÉ, Elgars’s The Dream of Gerontius at the Welsh Proms, the Verdi Requiem at the Royal Albert Hall and a recital at the Wigmore Hall, London.
Evans sings as a soloist on three CD volumes entitled ‘Here Come the Classics’[8] with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, has recorded Salome and Ariadne auf Naxos for Chandos Records[9] and has appeared several times on the BBC's Friday Night is Music Night.[1][10] He also presents on BBC Radio Wales with his brother, Mark Evans, and was awarded the MstJ by Queen Elizabeth II in 2008.
Recording artist[edit]
In 2010, Evans signed a six-album deal with Warner Music; his first album is called A Song in My Heart and was released on 21 March 2011. The album went straight to number one in the UK Classical Charts in the following week.[11]
Television and radio[edit]
Since 2009 Evans has starred in an advertising campaign for UK insurance comparison website Gocompare.com, playing the flamboyant, operatic tenor Gio Compario.[12] He also appeared in a special version which was part of the 2010 Channel 4 Comedy Gala raising money for Great Ormond Street Hospital, in which comedian Jimmy Carr grabbed him by the testicles, causing him to sing in an even higher note.
In 2012, GoCompare launched the 'Saving the Nation' campaign starring Evans again as Gio Compario. Evans made adverts in the series with Sue Barker, Stuart Pearce, Ray Mears, Louis Spence, and most famously Professor Stephen Hawking with all of them trying to kill him and thus save the nation from his singing about GoCompare.[13]
In 2011, Evans began presenting. He presented a programme about the Eisteddfod for the BBC and his own TV show on S4C. In 2012, Evans became a regular presenter on BBC Radio Wales and from October 2013 Evans presented a weekly Friday afternoon show called 'Wynne Evans' Big Welsh Weekend'. Since February 2016, he has presented an entertainment show on the station from 11 am to 1 pm every weekday.
Evans was also one of eight celebrities chosen to participate in an intense week of learning Welsh at a campsite in Pembrokeshire for the series cariad@iaith:love4language shown on S4C in May 2012.
In 2012, Evans presented The Guide to Opera on Classic FM. The show was subsequently nominated for an Arqiva award. In 2013 Evans became a regular presenter on Classic FM
In August 2012, Evans appeared on the football show Soccer AM. He went on the show again in August 2013.
In March 2015, Evans appeared in the Sky 1 comedy drama Stella, as a candidate running for council / Mexican wrestler. The episode ended with Evans singing a couple of numbers.
In July 2015, Evans returned as Gio Compario once more, in a new GoCompare commercial. Now embraced by the British populace, he performs at an arena to huge cheers and the words "He's Back..."are seen at the end of the advertisement.[14]
In 2016, he hosted the BBC One programme "Search For A*" alongside other celebrities Behnaz Akhgar and Omar Hamdi.[15]
Awards[edit]
Evans was made a member of the Gorsedd of the Bards of Wales in 2012 [16] and an Honorary Fellow of the University of Wales Trinity Saint David in 2013.[17] He was also made a Member of the Venerable Order of Saint John by HM The Queen in 2008.
Personal life[edit]
Evans is a trustee of The Elizabeth Evans Trust.[18] Evans' mother was Elizabeth Evans MBE, who founded and ran both The Carmarthen Youth Opera and The Lyric Theatre in Carmarthen for 25 years. She died in 2004 and subsequently Evans and his two brothers founded the Trust.
Evans has two children – Ismay Evans and Taliesin Evans.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Wynne Evans". wynneevans.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Gocompare.com 'Gio Compario' advert". utalkmarketing.com.
Jump up ^ http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/the-lane-the-finale-farewell-ceremony-may-14-140517/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Advert tenor Wynne Evans to appear in Phantom gala". BBC News. 1 July 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Evans in Welwyn Hatfield Times
Jump up ^ Evans on the Welsh National Opera website Archived 13 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Evans on the Athole Still Opera website Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Grand Opera Gala / Hughes, Norman, Evans, Maxwell, Royal Po". arkivmusic.com.
Jump up ^ "Peter Moores Foundation – Chandos Opera in English – R. Strauss's Salome". pmf.org.uk.
Jump up ^ BBC Concert Orchestra website 2006[dead link]
Jump up ^ 'Beyond Compare: TV ad singer tops classical charts' The Times 29 March 2011 pg 11
Jump up ^ "Gio Compario". giocompario.com.
Jump up ^ "Physicist Stephen Hawking stars in new Go Compare advert", The Telegraph, 1 Jan 2013. Accessed 11 Sept 2014
Jump up ^ Gio Returns TV AD – Gocompare - #GioReturns [OFFICIAL] [HD]. YouTube. 25 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Search for A* - BBC One". BBC. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
Jump up ^ "BBC News – Go Compare star Wynne Evans enters Gorsedd of the Bards". BBC News.
Jump up ^ [1] Carmarthen Journal, 8 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Trustees of The Elizabeth Evans Trust
External links[edit]
Wynne Evans' official website
Wynne Evans at BBC Programmes
Wynne Evans' entry on the Welsh National Opera
The Elizabeth Evans Trust
Wynne Evans Interview
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb139354738 (data)
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LCCN: n2007056535
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VIAF: 22331473
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Japanese dialects
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Japanese
Geographic
distribution
Japan
Linguistic classification
Japonic
Japanese
Subdivisions
Hachijō
Eastern Japanese
Western Japanese
Kyūshū
Glottolog
nucl1643[1]
Map of Japanese dialects (north of the heavy grey line)
The dialects of the Japanese language fall into two primary clades, Eastern (including Tokyo) and Western (including Kyoto), with the dialects of Kyushu and Hachijō Island often distinguished as additional branches, the latter perhaps the most divergent of all. The Ryukyuan languages of Okinawa Prefecture and the southern islands of Kagoshima Prefecture form a separate branch of the Japonic family, and are not Japanese dialects, although they are sometimes referred to as such.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Classification
2.1 Eastern and Western Japanese
2.2 Kyushu Japanese
2.3 Hachijō Japanese
2.4 Cladogram
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Regional variants of Japanese have been confirmed since the Old Japanese era. Man'yōshū, the oldest existing collection of Japanese poetry, includes poems written in dialects of the capital (Nara) and eastern Japan, but other dialects were not recorded. The recorded features of eastern dialects were rarely inherited by modern dialects, except for a few language islands such as Hachijo Island. In the Early Middle Japanese era, there were only vague records such as "rural dialects are crude". However, since the Late Middle Japanese era, features of regional dialects had been recorded in some books, for example Arte da Lingoa de Iapam, and the recorded features were fairly similar to modern dialects. The variety of Japanese dialects developed markedly during the Early Modern Japanese era (Edo period) because many feudal lords restricted the movement of people to and from other fiefs. Some isoglosses agree with old borders of han, especially in Tohoku and Kyushu. From the Nara period to the Edo period, the dialect of Kinai (now central Kansai) had been the de facto standard form of Japanese, and the dialect of Edo (now Tokyo) took over in the late Edo period.
With modernization in the late 19th century, the government and the intellectuals promoted establishment and spread of the standard language. The regional languages and dialects were slighted and suppressed, and so, locals had a sense of inferiority about their "bad" and "shameful" languages. The language of instruction was Standard Japanese, and some teachers administered punishments for using non-standard languages, particularly in the Okinawa and Tohoku regions (see also Ryukyuan languages#Modern history) like as vergonha in France or welsh not in UK. From the 1940s to the 1960s, the period of Shōwa nationalism and the post-war economic miracle, the push for the replacement of regional varieties with Standard Japanese reached its peak.
Now Standard Japanese has spread throughout the nation, and traditional regional varieties are declining because of education, television, expansion of traffic, urban concentration etc. However, regional varieties have not been completely replaced with Standard Japanese. The spread of Standard Japanese means the regional varieties are now valued as "nostalgic", "heart-warming" and markers of "precious local identity", and many speakers of regional dialects have gradually overcome their sense of inferiority regarding their natural way of speaking. The contact between regional varieties and Standard Japanese creates new regional speech forms among young people, such as Okinawan Japanese.[2]
Classification[edit]
Eastern Japanese dialects are blue, Western Japanese tan. Green dialects have both Eastern and Western features. Kyushu dialects are orange; southern Kyushu is quite distinctive.
Kyoto type (tone+downstep)
Tokyo type (downstep)
Map of Japanese pitch-accent types. The divide between Kyoto and Tokyo types is used as the Eastern–Western Japanese boundary in the main map.
There are several generally similar approaches to classifying Japanese dialects. Misao Tōjō classified mainland Japanese dialects into three groups: Eastern, Western and Kyūshū dialects. Mitsuo Okumura classified Kyushu dialects as a subclass of Western Japanese. These theories are mainly based on grammatical differences between east and west, but Haruhiko Kindaichi classified mainland Japanese into concentric circular three groups: inside (Kansai, Shikoku, etc.), middle (Western Kantō, Chūbu, Chūgoku, etc.) and outside (Eastern Kantō, Tōhoku, Izumo, Kyushu, Hachijō, etc.) based on systems of accent, phoneme and conjugation.
Eastern and Western Japanese[edit]
A primary distinction exists between Eastern and Western Japanese. This is a long-standing divide that occurs in both language and culture.[3] The map in the box at the top of this page divides the two along phonological lines. West of the dividing line, the more complex Kansai-type pitch accent is found; east of the line, the simpler Tokyo-type accent is found, though Tokyo-type accents also occur further west, on the other side of Kansai. However, this isogloss largely corresponds to several grammatical distinctions as well: West of the pitch-accent isogloss:[4]
The perfective form of -u verbs such as harau 'to pay' is harōta (or minority haruta), rather than Eastern (and Standard) haratta
The perfective form of -su verbs such as otosu 'to drop' is also otoita in Western Japanese (largely apart from Kansai dialect) vs. otoshita in Eastern
The imperative of -ru (ichidan) verbs such as miru 'to look' is miyo or mii rather than Eastern miro (or minority mire, though Kyushu dialect also uses miro or mire)
The adverbial form of -i adjectival verbs such as hiroi 'wide' is hirō (or minority hirū) as hirōnaru, rather than Eastern hiroku as hirokunaru
The negative form of verbs is -nu or -n rather than -nai or -nee, and uses a different verb stem; thus suru 'to do' is senu or sen rather than shinai or shinee (apart from Sado Island, which uses shinai)
Copula isoglosses. The blue–orange da/ja divide corresponds to the pitch-accent divide apart from Gifu and Sado.
(blue: da, red: ja, yellow: ya; orange and purple: iconically for red+yellow and red+blue; white: all three.)
The copula is da in Eastern and ja or ya in Western Japanese, though Sado as well as some dialects further west such as San'in use da [see map at right]
The verb iru 'to exist' in Eastern and oru in Western, though Wakayama dialect uses aru and some Kansai and Fukui subdialects use both
While these grammatical isoglosses are close to the pitch-accent line given in the map, they do not follow it exactly. Apart from Sado Island, which has Eastern shinai and da, all of the Western features are found west of the pitch-accent line, though a few Eastern features may crop up again further west (da in San'in, miro in Kyushu). East of the line, however, there is a zone of intermediate dialects which have a mixture of Eastern and Western features. Echigo dialect has harōta, though not miyo, and about half of it has hirōnaru as well. In Gifu, all Western features are found apart from pitch accent and harōta; Aichi has miyo and sen, and in the west (Nagoya dialect) hirōnaru as well: These features are substantial enough that Toshio Tsuzuku classifies Gifu–Aichi dialect as Western Japanese. Western Shizuoka (Enshū dialect) has miyo as its single Western Japanese feature.[4]
The Western Japanese Kansai dialect was the prestige dialect when Kyoto was the capital, and Western forms are found in literary language as well as in honorific expressions of modern Tokyo dialect (and therefore Standard Japanese), such as adverbial ohayō gozaimasu (not *ohayaku), the humble existential verb oru, and the polite negative -masen (not *-mashinai).[4]
Kyushu Japanese[edit]
Kyushu dialects are classified into three groups, Hichiku dialect, Hōnichi dialect and Satsugu (Kagoshima) dialect, and have several distinctive features:
as noted above, Eastern-style imperatives miro ~ mire rather than Western Japanese miyo
ka-adjectives in Hichiku and Satsugu rather than Western and Eastern i-adjectives, as in samuka for samui 'cold', kuyaka for minikui 'ugly' and nukka for atsui 'hot'
the nominalization and question particle to except for Kitakyushu and Oita, versus Western and Eastern no, as in tottō to? for totte iru no? 'is this taken?' and iku to tai or ikuttai for iku no yo 'I'll go'
the directional particle sai (Standard e and ni), though Eastern Tohoku dialect use a similar particle sa
the emphatic sentence-final particles tai and bai in Hichiku and Satsugu (Standard yo)
a concessive particle batten for dakedo 'but, however' in Hichiku and Satsugu, though Eastern Tohoku Aomori dialect has a similar particle batte
/e/ is pronounced [je] and palatalizes s, z, t, d, as in mite [mitʃe] and sode [sodʒe], though this is a conservative (Late Middle Japanese) pronunciation found with s, z (sensei [ʃenʃei]) in scattered areas throughout Japan.
as some subdialects in Shikoku and Chugoku, but generally not elsewhere, the accusative particle o resyllabifies a noun: honno or honnu for hon-o 'book', kakyū for kaki-o 'persimmon'.
/r/ is often dropped, for koi 'this' versus Western and Eastern Japanese kore
vowel reduction is frequent especially in Satsugu and Gotō Islands, as in in for inu 'dog' and kuQ for kubi 'neck'
Much of Kyushu either lacks pitch accent or has its own, distinctive accent. Kagoshima dialect is so distinctive that some have classified it as a fourth branch of Japanese, alongside Eastern, Western, and the rest of Kyushu.
Hachijō Japanese[edit]
Main article: Hachijō language
A small group of dialects spoken in Hachijō-jima and Aogashima, islands south of Tokyo, as well as the Daitō Islands east of Okinawa. Hachijō dialect is quite divergent and sometimes thought to be a primary branch of Japanese. It retains an abundance of inherited ancient Eastern Japanese features.
Cladogram[edit]
The relationships between the dialects are approximated in the following cladogram:[5]
Japanese

Kyūshū

Kagoshima

Hichiku

Hōnichi

Western

Chūgoku

Umpaku

Shikoku

Kansai

Hokuriku

Eastern

Tōkai–Tōsan

Kantō

inland Hokkaidō

Tōhoku

coastal Hokkaidō

Hachijō language

See also[edit]
Japan portal
Languages portal
Yotsugana, the different distinctions of historical *zi, *di, *zu, *du in different regions of Japan
Okinawan Japanese, a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryukyuan languages
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Nuclear Japanese". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Jump up ^ Satoh Kazuyuki (佐藤和之); Yoneda Masato (米田正人) (1999). Dōnaru Nihon no Kotoba, Hōgen to Kyōtsūgo no Yukue (in Japanese). Tōkyō: The Taishūkan Shoten (大修館書店). ISBN 978-4-469-21244-0.
Jump up ^ See also Ainu language; the extent of Ainu placenames approaches the isogloss.
^ Jump up to: a b c Masayoshi Shibatani, 1990. The languages of Japan, p. 197.
Jump up ^ Pellard (2009), Karimata (1999), and Hirayama (1994)
External links[edit]
The Wikibook Japanese has a page on the topic of: Dialects
Look up Category:Regional Japanese in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Japanese dialects.
National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (in English)
全国方言談話データベース (The conversation database of dialects in all Japan)
方言談話資料 (The conversation data of dialects)
方言録音資料シリーズ (The recording data series of dialects)
『日本言語地図』地図画像 (Linguistic Atlas of Japan)
方言研究の部屋 (The room of dialect) (in Japanese)
方言ってなんだろう？ (What is a dialect?) (in Japanese)
Kansai Dialect Self-study Site for Japanese Language Learner (in English)
Japanese Dialects (in English)
全国方言辞典 (All Japan Dialects Dictionary) (in Japanese)
方言ジャパン
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Pensions in the United Kingdom
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Pensions in the United Kingdom fall into three major divisions and 7 sub-divisions, including both defined-benefit and defined-contribution:
State Pensions
Basic State Pension
State Second Pension (S2P)
Occupational Pensions
Defined Benefit Pension
Defined Contribution Pension
Individual/Personal Pensions
Stakeholder Pensions
Group Personal Pensions
Self-Invested Personal Pension
Personal accounts, automatic enrolment and the minimum employer contribution will be new policies joining these from 2012.[1]
Automatic enrolment has been successful but there are a number of myths[2] remaining around the scheme, which professional bodies and companies are working to eradicate.
The state provides basic pension provision intended to prevent poverty in old age. Until 2010 men over the age of 65 and women over the age of 60 were entitled to claim state pension; from April 2010 the age for women is gradually being harmonised to match that for men.[3] Longer-term, the retirement age for both men and women will rise to 68 by no later than 2046[4] and possibly much earlier.
The basic state pension, then known as the "Old Age Pension" was introduced in the United Kingdom (which included all of Ireland at that time) in January 1909. A pension of 5 shillings per week (25p, equivalent, using the Consumer Price Index, to £24 in present-day terms),[5] or 7s.6d per week (equivalent to £36 today) for a married couple, was payable to a person with an income below £21 per annum (equivalent to £2000 today), following the passage of the Old Age Pensions Act 1908. The qualifying age was 70, and the pensions were subject to a means test.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Pensions Act 2011
2 State pensions
2.1 Basic State Pension (BSP) or State Retirement Pension
2.2 Additional Pension
2.3 Pension Credit
3 Occupational pensions
3.1 Automatic enrolment
3.2 Defined benefit/final salary schemes
3.3 Defined contribution/money purchase schemes
3.4 Funding
3.5 Underfunding
3.6 Tax registration
4 Individual or personal pensions
4.1 Stakeholder pensions
4.2 Group personal pensions
4.3 SIPPs
5 Special categories of pension
5.1 Perpetual or hereditary pensions
5.2 Political pensions
5.3 Civil List pensions
5.4 Judicial, municipal, etc.
5.5 Ecclesiastical pensions
5.6 Royal Navy
5.7 Army
6 Pension provision by age group
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
See also: English Poor Laws and Timeline of pensions in the United Kingdom
Until the 20th century, poverty was seen as a quasi-criminal state, and this was reflected in the Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1495 that imprisoned beggars. During Elizabethan times, English poor laws represented a shift whereby the poor were seen merely as morally degenerate, and were expected to perform forced labour in workhouses.
The beginning of the modern state pension was the Old Age Pensions Act 1908, that provided 5 shillings (£0.25) a week for those over 70 whose annual means did not exceed £31 10s. (£31.50). It coincided with the Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress 1905-09 and was the first step in the Liberal welfare reforms to the completion of a system of social security, with unemployment and health insurance through the National Insurance Act 1911.
After the war, the National Insurance Act 1946 completed universal coverage of social security. The National Assistance Act 1948 formally abolished the poor law, and gave a minimum income to those not paying national insurance.
The early 1990s established the existing framework for state pensions in the Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992 and Superannuation and other Funds (Validation) Act 1992. Following the highly respected Goode Report, occupational pensions were covered by comprehensive statutes in the Pension Schemes Act 1993 and the Pensions Act 1995.
In 2002 the Pensions Commission was established as a cross party body to review pensions in the United Kingdom. The first Act to follow was the Pensions Act 2004 that updated regulation by replacing OPRA with the Pensions Regulator and relaxing the stringency of minimum funding requirements for pensions, while ensuring protection for insolvent businesses. In a major update of the state pension, the Pensions Act 2007, which aligned and raised retirement ages. Following that, the Pensions Act 2008 has set up automatic enrolment for occupational pensions, and a public competitor designed to be a low-cost and efficient fund manager, called the National Employment Savings Trust (or "Nest").
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2011)
Pensions Act 2011[edit]
The Act amends the timetable for increasing the state pension age to 66. Under the PA 2007, the increase to 66 was due to take effect between 2004 and 2026. This Act will bring forward the increase so that state pension age for both men and women will begin rising from 65 in December 2018 to reach 66 by October 2020. As a result of bringing forward the increase to 66, the timetable contained in the PA 1995 for equalising women’s state pension age with men’s at 65 by April 2020 will be accelerated, so that women’s state pension age reaches 65 by November 2018.[6]
The Act introduces amendments to primary legislation to amend the regulatory framework for the duty on employers to automatically enrol eligible workers into a qualifying pension scheme and to contribute to the scheme. These measures implement recommendations from the Making Automatic Enrolment Work review and revise some of the automatic enrolment provisions in the PA 2008.
The Act amends existing legislation that provides for revaluation or indexation of occupational pensions and payments by the Pension Protection Fund.
The Act defines "money purchase benefits" in legislation relating to pensions. This is in consequence of the judgment of the Supreme Court in Houldsworth v Bridge Trustees and Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. The Act takes powers to make transitional, consequential or supplementary provision as well as the power to make further amendments to the definition of "money purchase benefits" if necessary.
The Act introduces provisions into the current judicial pension schemes to allow contributions to be taken towards the cost of providing personal pension benefits to members of those schemes.
Finally, this Act contains a number of measures to correct particular references in the existing body of pensions-related legislation and other small and technical measures to both state and private pension legislation. This includes the following measures:
increased flexibility in the date of consolidation of additional state pension;
abolition of new awards of Payable Uprated Contracted-out Deduction Increments (PUCODIs);
Financial Assistance Scheme: amendments to legislation concerning transfer of assets, and amount of payments;
miscellaneous amendments to Pension Protection Fund legislation;
amendments to legislation concerning payments of surplus to employers;
amendments to legislation concerning the requirement for indexation of cash balance benefits; and
corrective amendments to legislation concerning the calculation of debt owing to a pension scheme.
State pensions[edit]
State pension comprises three main elements – the basic pension, additional pensions, and pension guarantee. These are described in the following sections.
Basic State Pension (BSP) or State Retirement Pension[edit]
Main article: State Pension (United Kingdom)
Additional Pension[edit]
Three different state schemes have existed to provide extra pension provision above the Basic State Pension (BSP). These are collectively known as Additional Pension. They have been available only to employees paying National Insurance contributions and to certain exempted groups (not including the self-employed). The three schemes are/were:
Graduated Pension or Graduated Retirement Benefit
This was earned between 6 April 1961 and 5 April 1975. Qualification was based on payment of a number of fixed National Insurance payments ('stamps'). Graduated pension typically pays a small amount (£1 or so per week) to those entitled to it.
State Earnings-Related Pension Scheme (SERPS)
SERPS ran from 6 April 1978 to 5 April 2002. As the name implies, the level of pension payable was related to earnings via the amount of National Insurance contributions. Qualification was based on band earnings above a Lower Earnings Limit (LEL) in each year. The LEL (£84 per week /£4368 pa in 2006/07) was usually set at the same level as the BSP (£84.25) and increased when BSP did. Band earnings were those between the LEL and an Upper Earnings Limit (UEL) at which National Insurance contributions ceased to be payable by the employee (this was £645 per week/£2,795 per month in 2006/07, although the UEL now refers to a threshold where reduced NI payments are made, as opposed to payment ceasing). The UEL is also adjusted annually.
State Second Pension (S2P)
S2P was introduced on 6 April 2002. As with SERPS, the level of pension payable is related to the recipients earnings via their National Insurance contributions. Qualification is based on earnings at, or above, the LEL, but no band earning calculation is made until earnings reach a higher base (£12,500 pa in 2006/07) called the Lower Earnings Threshold (LET). Earnings below the LET (but above the LEL) are credited up to the LET.
Unlike the Basic State Pension, participation in the Additional Pension schemes is voluntary. Those who do not wish to participate can contract out. This option was introduced with SERPS in 1978 and is only available to those who have made alternative pension arrangements through Personal or Occupational schemes. Further changes to be introduced in 2012 will see S2P change from an "earnings related" to a "flat rate" pension, and individuals will lose the right to contract out.
Pension Credit[edit]
Main article: Pension Credit
Occupational pensions[edit]
See also: UK labour law
Occupational pension schemes are arrangements established by employers to provide pension and related benefits for their employees. These are created under the Pension Schemes Act 1993, the Pensions Act 1995 and the Pensions Act 2008.
Automatic enrolment[edit]
The Pensions Act 2008 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The principal change brought about by the Act is that all workers will have to opt out of an occupational pension plan of their employer, rather than opt in. This is referred to as automatic enrolment, and moves a significant amount of responsibility onto the employer to ensure that their employees are enrolled in a workplace pension scheme.[7]
Employers are required to initiate automatic enrolment into their workplace according to set staging dates based on the number of employees in the company. These dates vary from 1 January 2012 to 1 January 2017, with larger firms required to meet compliance guidelines first, and smaller firms later.[8] There are penalties for companies who are not compliant by their staging date.[9] There are a number of solutions available to help companies meet government compliance by their staging date.
Defined benefit/final salary schemes[edit]
More than 6000 occupational schemes were in place in the UK in 2015,[10] of which over 5000 were in deficit. The total shortfall of the schemes was over 360 billion pounds as of February 2015. A large number of UK employers offer their employees access to a defined benefit occupational pension scheme, often based on final salary. In such an arrangement, the employee was typically promised a pension of a fixed proportion of their salary in the period leading up to retirement. The proportion would depend on the number of years of service with the employer. Post retirement increases are typically partly discretionary. The amounts payable are restricted by taxation rules, the maximum being typically either a pension of one-sixtieth of final salary for each year of membership or a pension of one-eightieth of their salary per year of membership plus a tax free lump sum of three-eightieths. With increases in longevity and reductions in interest rates, such arrangements were becoming progressively unaffordable. So following a review by a Pensions Commission, to get a given income, the length it is necessary to pay into a pension in the public sector is linked to longevity.
Defined contribution/money purchase schemes[edit]
Over recent years, many employers have closed their defined benefit schemes to new members, and established defined contribution or money purchase arrangements instead. In this arrangement, the employer (and sometimes also the employee) makes regular payments (typically a percentage of salary) into a pension fund, and the fund is used to buy a pension when the employee retires. So the amount of pension depends on a number of factors including the accumulated amount of the fund, interest rates and projected mortality rates at the time the individual retires.
Funding[edit]
UK occupational pension schemes are typically jointly funded by the employer and the employees. These are called "contributory pension schemes" since the employee contributes – typically something in the region of 6% of salary, tax free. "Non contributory pension schemes" are where the employer funds the scheme with no contribution from the individual. Contributions are typically put into a separate trust, whose assets will be used to provide benefits in due course.
Underfunding[edit]
Defined benefit pension schemes may be affected to swings in the financial markets. The Pension Protection Fund was set up to act as a safety net in case a scheme was unable to pay the defined benefits it was committed to. According to the PPF Pension Funds in the UK is estimated to have been 367.5 Billion pounds at the end of January 2015. The report[10] puts the deficit at 40%- The PPF figures show that the funds fell into deficit at the end of 2011. The situation of the schemes is driven largely by quantitative easing.[11][12]
Tax registration[edit]
Most schemes are also registered for tax purposes, which gives the scheme various tax advantages – assets grow free from income tax, capital gains tax and corporation tax, employees can normally make contributions out of their gross (untaxed) income, and employer contributions are generally tax deductible. Only funded schemes can be registered.
Prior to April 2006 schemes were 'approved' by HMRC rather than registered. Approval placed certain limits on the benefits which could be provided, which led to a growth of 'unapproved' (i.e. without the generous tax treatment) retirement arrangements – these unapproved schemes were commonly distinguished by reference to their funding status (funded unapproved retirement benefit schemes FURBS and unfunded unapproved retirement benefit schemes UURBS).
Individual or personal pensions[edit]
Main article: Personal pension scheme
It is also possible for an individual to make contributions under an arrangement they themselves make with a provider (such as an insurance company). Similar tax advantages will usually be available as for occupational schemes. Contributions are typically invested during an individual's working life, and then used to purchase a pension at or following retirement. Various names are given to different types of individual arrangement, but they are not fundamentally different in nature. The generic term personal pension is used to refer to arrangements established since the rules were liberalised in the 1980s (earlier arrangements are usually called retirement annuity contracts), but can be subdivided into other types (such as the Self-invested personal pension, where the member is allowed to direct what their contributions should be invested in).
Stakeholder pensions[edit]
Main article: Stakeholder pension scheme
Stakeholder pensions (insured personal pensions, with charges capped at a low level) are a form of pension arrangement designed to be easily understandable and available. Stakeholder pensions are in effect personal pension schemes set up on terms which meet standards set by the government (for example there are restrictions on the charges the provider may make). Although a stakeholder pension is a personal pension, they can (and in some circumstances must) be offered by an employer as a cost-effective way of providing pension cover for their workforce.
Group personal pensions[edit]
Group personal pensions are another pension arrangement that are personal pensions, but are linked to an employer. A group personal pension plan (GPPP) can be established by an employer as a way of providing all of its employees with access to a pension plan run by a single provider. By grouping all the employees together in this way, it is normally possible for the employer to negotiate favourable terms with the provider, thus reducing the cost of pension provision to the employees. The employer will also normally contribute to the GPPP.
SIPPs[edit]
Main article: Self-invested personal pension
Special categories of pension[edit]
Perpetual or hereditary pensions[edit]
Perpetual pensions were freely granted either to favourites or as a reward for political services from the time of Charles II onwards. Such pensions were very frequently attached as salaries to places which were sinecures, or, just as often, posts which were really necessary were grossly overpaid, while the duties were discharged by a deputy at a small salary.
Prior to the reign of Queen Anne, such pensions and annuities were charged on the hereditary revenues of the sovereign and were held to be binding on the sovereign's successors.[13] By the Taxation, etc. Act 1702 (I Anne c. 7) it was provided that no portion of the hereditary revenues could be charged with pensions beyond the life of the reigning sovereign. This act did not affect the hereditary revenues of Ireland and Scotland, and many persons were quartered, as they had been before the act, on the Irish and Scottish revenues who could not be provided for in England for example, the Duke of St Albans, illegitimate son of Charles II, had an Irish pension of £800 a year (£117 thousand today); Catherine Sedley, mistress of James II, had an Irish pension of £5,000 a year; the Duchess of Kendall and the Countess of Darlington, respectively mistress and half-sister of George I, had pensions of the united annual value of £5,000 (£433 thousand today), while Madame de Wallmoden, a mistress of George II, had a pension of £3,000 (£399 thousand today).[14]
These pensions had been granted in every conceivable form during the pleasure of the Crown, for the life of the sovereign, for terms of years, for the life of the grantee, and for several lives in being or in reversion (Erskine May, Constitutional History of England). On the accession of George III and his surrender of the hereditary revenues in return for a fixed civil list, this civil list became the source from which the pensions were paid. The three pension lists of England, Scotland and Ireland were consolidated in 1830, and the civil pension list reduced to finance the remainder of the pensions being charged on the Consolidated Fund.
In 1887 Charles Bradlaugh MP protested strongly against the payment of perpetual pensions, and as a result a committee of the House of Commons inquired into the subject (Report of Select Committee on Perpetual Pensions, 248, 1887). An appendix to the Report contains a detailed list of all hereditary pensions, payments and allowances in existence in 1881, with an explanation of the origin in each case and the ground of the original grant; there are also shown the pensions, etc., redeemed from time to time, and the terms upon which the redemption took place. The nature of some of these pensions may be gathered from the following examples:
To the Duke of Marlborough and his heirs in perpetuity, £4,000 per annum; this annuity was redeemed in August 1884 for a sum of £107,780, by the creation of a ten years annuity of £12,796 17s. per annum.
By an act of 1806 an annuity of £5,000 per annum was conferred on Lord Nelson and his heirs in perpetuity.
In 1793 an annuity of £2,000 was conferred on Lord Rodney and his heirs.
All these pensions were for services rendered, and although justifiable from that point of view, a preferable policy is pursued in the 20th century, by Parliament voting a lump sum, as in the cases of Lord Kitchener in 1902 (£50,000) and Lord Cromer in 1907 (£50,000).
Charles II granted the office of Receiver-General and Controller of the Seals of the Court of Kings Bench and Common Pleas to the Duke of Grafton. This was purchased in 1825 from the duke for an annuity of £843, which in turn was commuted in 1883 for a sum of £22,714 12s. 8d. To the same duke was given the Office of the Pipe or Remembrancer of First-Fruits and Tenths of the Clergy. This office was sold by the duke in 1765 and, after passing through various hands, was purchased by one R. Harrisor in 1798. In 1835 on the loss of certain fees the holder was compensated by a perpetual pension of £62 9s. 8d. The Duke of Graftol also possessed an annuity of £6,870 in respect of the commutator of the dues of butlerage and prisage.
To the Duke of St Albans was granted in 1684 the office of Master of the Hawks. The sum granted by the original patent were: Master of Hawks, salary £391 1s. 5d.; four falconers at £50 per annum each, £200; provision of hawks, £600; provision of pigeons, hens and other meats £182 10s.; total, £1373 11s. 5d. This amount was reduced by office fees and other deductions to £965, at which amount it stood until commuted in 1891 for £18,335.
To the Duke of Richmond and his heirs was granted in 1676 a duty of one shilling per ton of all coals exported from the Tyne for consumption in England. This was redeemed in 1799 for an annuity of £19,000 (chargeable on the consolidated fund), which was afterwards redeemed for £633,333.
The Duke of Hamilton, as hereditary keeper of the palace of Holyrood House, received a perpetual pension of £45,105 and the descendants of the heritable usher of Scotland drew a salary of £242 10s.
The conclusions of the committee were that pensions allowances and payments should not in future be granted in perpetuity, on the ground that such grants should be limited to the persons actually rendering the service, and that such reward should be defrayed by the generation benefited; that offices with salaries and without duties, or with merely nominal duties, ought to be abolished; that all existing perpetual pensions and payments and all hereditary offices should be abolished: that where no service or merely nominal service is rendered by the holder of an hereditary office or the original grantee of a pension, the pension or payment should in no case continue beyond the life of the present holder and that in all cases the method of commutation ought to ensure a real and substantial saving to the nation (the existing rate, about 27 years purchase, being considered by the committee to be too high). These recommendations of the committee were adopted by the government and outstanding hereditary pensions were gradually commuted, the only ones left outstanding being those to Lord Rodney (£2,000) and to Lord Nelson (£5,000), both chargeable on the Consolidated Fund.
Political pensions[edit]
Further information: political pensioner
These are type sui generis as they either reward a career in domestic politics or are awarded in the colonial context not on grounds of justice, contract or socio-economic merits, but as a political decision, in order to take a politically significant person (often deemed a potential political danger) out of the picture by paying him or her off, regardless of seniority.
Civil List pensions[edit]
These are pensions granted by the Sovereign from the Civil List upon the recommendation of the First Lord of the Treasury. They were to be "granted to such persons only as have just claims on the royal beneficence or who by their personal services to the Crown, or by the performance of duties to the public, or by their useful discoveries in science and attainments in literature and the arts, have merited the gracious consideration of their sovereign and the gratitude of their country."[15] As of 1911, a sum of £1,200 was allotted each year from the Civil List, in addition to the pensions already in force. In 1908, the total of civil list pensions payable in that year amounted to £24,665. For 2012-13 the total annual cost of civil list pensions paid to 53 people was £126,293. The average pension was £2,383.[16]
Judicial, municipal, etc.[edit]
There are certain offices of the executive whose pensions are regulated by particular acts of Parliament. Judges of the High Court, on completing fifteen years services or becoming permanently incapacitated for duty, whatever their length of service, may be granted a pension equal to two-thirds of their salary (Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873). The Lord Chancellor of Great Britain however short a time he may have held office, receives a pension of £45,000, but he usually continues to sit as a Law Lord in the House of Lords; so also does the Lord Chancellor of Northern Ireland, who receives a pension of £3,692 6s. A considerable number of local authorities have obtained special parliamentary powers for the purpose of superannuating their officials and workmen who have reached the age of 65. Poor law officers receive superannuation allowances under the Poor Law Officers Superannuation Act 1864–1897.
Ecclesiastical pensions[edit]
Bishops, deans, canons or incumbent who are incapacitated by age or infirmity from the discharge of their ecclesiastical duties may receive pensions which are a charged upon the revenues of the see or cure vacated.
Royal Navy[edit]
Navy pensions were first instituted by William III of England in 1693 and regularly established by an order in council of Queen Anne in 1700. Since then the rate of pensions has undergone various modification and alterations; the full regulations concerning pensions to all ranks will be found in the quarterly Navy List, published by authority of the Admiralty. In addition to the ordinary pension there are also good-service pensions, Greenwich Hospital pension and pensions for wounds.
An officer is entitled to a pension when he is retired at the age of 45, or if he retires between the ages c 40 and 45 at his own request, otherwise he receives only half pay. The amount of his pension depends upon his rank, length of service and age. As an example, in past, the maximum retired pay of an admiral was £850 per annum, for which 30 years service or its equivalent in half-pay time is necessary; he may, in addition, have held a good service pension of 300 per annum. The maximum retired pay of a vice-admiral with 29 years service was £725; of rear-admirals with 27 years service, £600 per annum. Pensions of captains who retire at the age of 55, commanders, who retire at 50, and lieutenants who retire at 45, ranged from £200 per annum for 17 years service to £525 for 24 years service. The pensions of other officers were calculated in the same way, according to age and length of service.
The good-service pensions consisted of ten pensions of £300 per annum for flag-officers, two of which may be held by vice-admirals and two by rear-admirals; twelve of £150 for captains; two of £200 a year and two of £150 a year for engineer officers; three of 100 a year for medical officers of the navy; six of £200 a year for general officers of the Royal Marines and two of £150 a year for colonels and lieutenant-colonels of the same. Greenwich Hospital pensions range from £150 a year for flag officers to £25 a year for warrant officers. All seamen and marines who have completed twenty-two years service are entitled to pensions ranging from 1d. a day to a maximum of 1s. 2d. a day, according to the number of good-conduct badges, together with the good-conduct medal, possessed. Petty officers, in addition to the rates of pension allowed them as seamen, are allowed for each years service in the capacity of superior petty officer, 15s. 2d. a year, and in the capacity of inferior petty officer 7s. 7d. a year.
Men who are discharged from the service on account of injuries and wounds or disability attributable to the service are pensioned with sums varying from 6d. a day to 2s. a day. Pensions are also given to the widows of officers in certain circumstances and compassionate allowances made to the children of officers. In the Navy estimates for 1908–1909 the amount required for halfpay and retired-pay was £868,800, and for pensions, gratuities and compassionate allowances £1,334,600, a total of £2,203,400.
Army[edit]
The system of pensions in the British Army is somewhat intricate, provision being made for dealing with almost every case separately.
Pension provision by age group[edit]
The Family resources survey[17] from the UK Department for Work and Pensions, details levels of income, saving and pension provision for a representative selection of UK households and is the source for the table below for UK employees (Table 7.12):
Pension Provision Level
16–24 age group
25–34 age group
35–44 age group
45–54 age group
55–59 age group
60–64 age group
65 + age group
Working age Male
Working age Female
All Adult Employees
All Self Employed Adults
Occupational Pension 15% 41% 51% 52% 49% 33% 2% 44% 46% 42% 1%
Personal or Stakeholder Pension 1% 8% 11% 11% 11% 8% 3% 12% 7% 9% 30%
Both Occupational and Personal Pension 0 1% 2% 3% 3% 2% 0 2% 2% 2% 0
Not in any Pension scheme 83% 49% 36% 34% 37% 56% 95% 42% 46% 47% 68%
Most employees over the state pension age of 65 would not have pension provision as part of their salary and benefits – they may well however be receiving income from a pension from previous employment
See also[edit]
Association of Pension Lawyers
German pensions
US pensions
Aging of Europe
Pension simplification
Minimum funding requirement
Frozen pension
Superannuation in Australia
Pensions in Canada
Personal pension scheme
State pensions Acts
Widows ‘Orphans’ and Old Age Contributory Pensions Act 1925
National Insurance Act 1946
National Insurance Act 1965
Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992 ([1])
Private pensions Acts
Superannuation and other Funds (Validation) Act 1992
Pension Schemes Act 1993
Pensions Act 1995
Pensions Act 2004
Pensions Act 2007
Pensions Act 2008
Auto Enrolment solutions
Smart Pension
National Employment Savings Trust
The People's Pension
Pension freedoms explained
Pension Wise
Money Alive
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ What is auto enrolment?, Intuit.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Top 5 auto-enrolment myths". www.icas.com. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Jump up ^ "The new State Pension". www.gov.uk.
Jump up ^ "[ARCHIVED CONTENT] Changes to the planned increase in State Pension age : Directgov – Newsroom". nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pensions Act 2011
Jump up ^ "Workplace Pensions – Automatic Enrolment – The Pensions Regulator". thepensionsregulator.gov.uk.
Jump up ^ "New timetable clarifies automatic enrolment starting dates". www.gov.uk.
Jump up ^ "What Happens If I Don't Comply? – The Pensions Regulator". thepensionsregulator.gov.uk.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.pensionprotectionfund.org.uk/DocumentLibrary/Documents/PPF_7800_february_15.pdf
Jump up ^ "Pension deficits at record high as contributions threaten to choke business". Telegraph.co.uk. 10 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "European companies dig deeper to fill pension holes". Financial Times.
Jump up ^ The Bankers Case, 1691; State Trials, xiv. 3–43
Jump up ^ Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century
Jump up ^ Civil List Act 1837 (c.2)
Jump up ^ "Written Answers to Questions". House of Commons Hansard. 17 June 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Family Resources Survey 2005–06
References[edit]
Books
L Hannah, Inventing Retirement (1986) HD7165 H24
Articles
T Schuller and J Hyman, ‘Pensions: The Voluntary Growth of Participation’ (1983) 14(1) Industrial Relations Journal 70
Reports
White Paper, Occupation Pension Schemes: The Role of Members in the Running of Schemes (1976) Cmnd 6514
Wilson Report (June 1980) Cmnd 7937
R Goode, Pension Law Reform (1993) Cm 2342
External links[edit]
Pension Wise A free and impartial government service about your defined contribution pension options.
Association of Member-Directed Pension Schemes (AMPS) – The principal body for discussing changes involved in the area of pension planning.
Pensions and retirement planning (Directgov)
[2] The impact assessment released in December 2007 for the pension bill 2008. It provides a complete appraisal of the reforms. There are also factsheets on individuals and employer reactions which have implications for the UK pension industry.
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