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Toy
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A variety of traditional wooden Channapatna toys from India
A toy is an item that is used in play, especially one designed for such use. Playing with toys can be an enjoyable means of training young children for life in society. Different materials like wood, clay, paper, and plastic are used to make toys. Many items are designed to serve as toys, but goods produced for other purposes can also be used. For instance, a small child may fold an ordinary piece of paper into an airplane shape and "fly it". Newer forms of toys include interactive digital entertainment. Some toys are produced primarily as collectors' items and are intended for display only.
The origin of toys is prehistoric; dolls representing infants, animals, and soldiers, as well as representations of tools used by adults are readily found at archaeological sites. The origin of the word "toy" is unknown, but it is believed that it was first used in the 14th century. Toys are mainly made for children.[1] The oldest known doll toy is thought to be 4,000 years old.[2]
Playing with toys is considered to be important when it comes to growing up and learning about the world around us. Younger children use toys to discover their identity, help their bodies grow strong, learn cause and effect, explore relationships, and practice skills they will need as adults. Adults on occasion use toys to form and strengthen social bonds, teach, help in therapy, and to remember and reinforce lessons from their youth.
Contents
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1 History
1.1 Enlightenment era
1.2 Mass market
2 Culture
3 Child development
4 Gender
5 Economics
6 Types
6.1 Construction sets
6.2 Dolls and miniatures
6.3 Vehicles
6.4 Puzzles
6.5 Collectibles
6.6 Promotional merchandise
6.7 Digital toys
6.8 Physical activity
7 Safety regulations
8 Disposal
9 Toy use in animals
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
History
Little horse on wheels, Ancient Greek children's toy. From a tomb dating 950–900 BCE, Kerameikos Archaeological Museum, Athens
Most children have been said to play with whatever they can find, such as sticks and rocks. Toys and games have been unearthed from the sites of ancient civilizations. They have been written about in some of the oldest literature. Toys excavated from the Indus valley civilization (3010–1500 BCE) include small carts, whistles shaped like birds, and toy monkeys which could slide down a string.[3]
The earliest toys are made from materials found in nature, such as rocks, sticks, and clay. Thousands of years ago, Egyptian children played with dolls that had wigs and movable limbs which were made from stone, pottery, and wood.[4] In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, children played with dolls made of wax or terracotta, sticks, bows and arrows, and yo-yos. When Greek children, especially girls, came of age it was customary for them to sacrifice the toys of their childhood to the gods. On the eve of their wedding, young girls around fourteen would offer their dolls in a temple as a rite of passage into adulthood.[5][6]
The oldest known mechanical puzzle also comes from Greece and appeared in the 3rd century BC. The game consisted of a square divided into 14 parts, and the aim was to create different shapes from these pieces. In Iran "puzzle-locks" were made as early as the 17th century (AD).
Enlightenment era
Toys became more widespread with the changing attitudes towards children engendered by the Enlightenment. Children began to be seen as people in and of themselves, as opposed to extensions of their household and that they had a right to flourish and enjoy their childhood. The variety and number of toys that were manufactured during the 18th century steadily rose; John Spilsbury invented the first jigsaw puzzle in 1767 to help children learn geography. He created puzzles on eight themes – the World, Europe, Asia, Africa, America, England and Wales, Ireland and Scotland. The rocking horse (on bow rockers) was developed at the same time in England, especially with the wealthy as it was thought to develop children's balance for riding real horses.[7]
A boy with a hoop. Hoops have long been a popular toy across a variety of cultures.
Blowing bubbles from leftover washing up soap became a popular pastime, as shown in the painting The Soap Bubble (1739) by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin. Other popular toys included hoops, toy wagons, kites, spinning wheels and puppets. The first board games were produced by John Jefferys in the 1750s, including A Journey Through Europe.[8] The game was very similar to modern board games; players moved along a track with the throw of a dice (a teetotum was actually used) and landing on different spaces would either help or hinder the player.[9]
In the nineteenth century, the emphasis was put on toys that had an educational purpose to them, such as puzzles, books, cards and board games. Religiously themed toys were also popular, including a model Noah's Ark with miniature animals and objects from other Bible scenes. With growing prosperity among the middle class, children had more leisure time on their hands, which led to the application of industrial methods to the manufacture of toys.[9]
More complex mechanical and optics-based toys were also invented. Carpenter and Westley began to mass-produce the kaleidoscope, invented by Sir David Brewster in 1817, and had sold over 200,000 items within three months in London and Paris. The company was also able to mass-produce magic lanterns for use in phantasmagoria and galanty shows, by developing a method of mass production using a copper plate printing process. Popular imagery on the lanterns included royalty, flora and fauna, and geographical/man-made structures from around the world.[10] The modern zoetrope was invented in 1833 by British mathematician William George Horner and was popularized in the 1860s.[11] Wood and porcelain dolls in miniature doll houses were popular with middle class girls, while boys played with marbles and toy trains.
Mass market
Frank Hornby's 1901 patent number GB190100587A for what later became known as Meccano
The golden age of toy development was at the turn of the 20th century. Real wages were rising steadily in the Western world, allowing even working-class families to afford toys for their children, and industrial techniques of precision engineering and mass production was able to provide the supply to meet this rising demand. Intellectual emphasis was also increasingly being placed on the importance of a wholesome and happy childhood for the future development of children. William Harbutt, an English painter, invented plasticine in 1897, and in 1900 commercial production of the material as a children's toy began. Frank Hornby was a visionary in toy development and manufacture and was responsible for the invention and production of three of the most popular lines of toys based on engineering principles in the twentieth century: Meccano, Hornby Model Railways and Dinky Toys.
Meccano was a model construction system that consisted of re-usable metal strips, plates, angle girders, wheels, axles and gears, with nuts and bolts to connect the pieces and enabled the building of working models and mechanical devices. Dinky Toys pioneered the manufacture of die-cast toys with the production of toy cars, trains and ships and model train sets became popular in the 1920s. The Britain's company revolutionized the production of toy soldiers with the invention of the process of hollow casting in lead in 1893[12] – the company's products remained the industry standard for many years.
Puzzles became greatly fashionable as well. In 1893, the English lawyer Angelo John Lewis, writing under the pseudonym of Professor Hoffman, wrote a book called Puzzles Old and New.[13] It contained, amongst other things, more than 40 descriptions of puzzles with secret opening mechanisms. This book grew into a reference work for puzzle games and was very popular at the time. The Tangram puzzle, originally from China, spread to Europe and America in the 19th century.
During the Second World War, some new types of toys were created through accidental innovation. After trying to create a replacement for synthetic rubber, the American Earl L. Warrick inadvertently invented "nutty putty" during World War II. Later, Peter Hodgson recognized the potential as a childhood plaything and packaged it as Silly Putty. Similarly, Play-Doh was originally created as a wallpaper cleaner.[14] In 1943 Richard James was experimenting with springs as part of his military research when he saw one come loose and fall to the floor. He was intrigued by the way it flopped around on the floor. He spent two years fine-tuning the design to find the best gauge of steel and coil; the result was the Slinky, which went on to sell in stores throughout the United States.
After the Second World War as society became ever more affluent and new technology and materials (plastics) for toy manufacture became available, toys became cheap and ubiquitous in households across the Western World. Among the more well known products of the 1950s there was the Danish company Lego's line of colourful interlocking plastic brick construction sets, Rubik's Cube, Mr. Potato Head, the Barbie doll and Action Man.[15] Today there are computerized dolls that can recognize and identify objects, the voice of their owner, and choose among hundreds of pre-programmed phrases with which to respond.[16] The materials that toys are made from have changed, what toys can do has changed, but the fact that children play with toys has not.
Culture
The act of children's play with toys embodies the values set forth by the adults of their specific community, but through the lens of the child's perspective. Within cultural societies, toys are a medium to enhance a child's cognitive, social, and linguistic learning.[17]
In some cultures, societies utilize toys as a way to enhance a child's skillset within the traditional boundaries of their future roles in the community. In Saharan and North African cultures, play is facilitated by children through the use of toys to enact scenes recognizable in their community such as hunting and herding. The value is placed in a realistic version of development in preparing a child for the future they are likely to grow up into. This allows the child to imagine and create a personal interpretation of how they view the adult world.[18]
However, in other cultures, toys are used to expand the development of a child's cognition in an idealistic fashion. In these communities, adults place the value of play with toys to be on the aspirations they set forth for their child. In the Western culture, the Barbie and Action-Man represent lifelike figures but in an imaginative state out of reach from the society of these children and adults. These toys give way to a unique world in which children's play is isolated and independent of the social constraints placed on society leaving the children free to delve into the imaginary and idealized version of what their development in life could be.[18]
In addition, children from differing communities may treat their toys in different ways based on their cultural practices. Children in more affluent communities may tend to be possessive of their toys, while children from poorer communities may be more willing to share and interact more with other children. The importance the child places on possession is dictated by the values in place within the community that the children observe on a daily basis.[19]
Child development
Toys, like play itself, serve multiple purposes in both humans and animals. They provide entertainment while fulfilling an educational role. Toys enhance cognitive behavior and stimulate creativity. They aid in the development of physical and mental skills which are necessary in later life.
One of the simplest toys, a set of simple wooden blocks is also one of the best toys for developing minds. Andrew Witkin, director of marketing for Mega Brands told Investor's Business Daily that, "They help develop hand-eye coordination, math and science skills and also let kids be creative."[20] Other toys like Marbles, jackstones, and balls serve similar functions in child development, allowing children to use their minds and bodies to learn about spatial relationships, cause and effect, and a wide range of other skills as well as those mentioned by Mr. Witkin.
Two children playing with paddle balls, a painting by the Chinese artist Su Hanchen (苏汉臣, active 1130s–1160s AD), Song Dynasty
One example of the dramatic ways that toys can influence child development involves clay sculpting toys such as Play-Doh and Silly Putty and their home-made counterparts. Mary Ucci, Educational Director of the Child Study Center of Wellesley College, demonstrates how such toys positively impact the physical development, cognitive development, emotional development, and social development of children.[21]
Toys for infants often make use of distinctive sounds, bright colors, and unique textures. Through play with toys infants begin to recognize shapes and colors. Repetition reinforces memory. Play-Doh, Silly Putty and other hands-on materials allow the child to make toys of their own.
Educational toys for school age children of often contain a puzzle, problem-solving technique, or mathematical proposition. Often toys designed for older audiences, such as teenagers or adults demonstrate advanced concepts. Newton's cradle, a desk toy designed by Simon Prebble, demonstrates the conservation of momentum and energy.
Not all toys are appropriate for all ages of children.[22] Some toys which are marketed for a specific age range can even harm the development of children in that range.[citation needed]
Gender
A toy tank with a remote control. Such toys are generally thought of as boys' toys.
Main article: Gender
Certain toys, such as Barbie dolls and toy soldiers, are often perceived as being more acceptable for one gender than the other. The turning point for the addition of gender to toys came about in the 1960s and 1970s. Before 1975, only about two percent of toys were labeled by gender, whereas today on the Disney store's website, considered a dominating global force for toys by researcher Claire Miller, all toys are labeled by gender.[23] The journal Sex Roles began publishing research on this topic in 1975, focusing on the effects of gender in youth. Too, many psychological textbooks began to address this new issue. Along with these publications, researchers also started to challenge the ideas of male and female as being opposites, even going as far as to claim toys which have characteristics of both gender are preferable.[24]
A milestone for research on gender is the use of meta-analysis, which provides a way to assess patterns in a systematic way, which is especially relevant for a topic such as gender, which can be difficult to quantify.[24] Nature and nurture have historically been analyzed when looking at gender in play, as well as reinforcement by peers and parents of typical gender roles and consequently, gender play.[24] Toy companies have often promoted the segregation by gender in toys because it enables them to customize the same toy for each gender, which ultimately doubles their revenue. For example, Legos added more colors to certain sets of toys in the 1990s, including colors commonly attributed to girls such as lavender.[25]
It has been noted by researchers that, "Children as young as 18 months display sex-stereotyped toy choices".[26] When eye movement is tracked in young infants, infant girls show a visual preference for a doll over a toy truck (d > 1.0). Boys showed no preference for the truck over the doll. However, they did fixate on the truck more than the girls (d = .78).[27] This small study suggests that even before any self-awareness of gender identity has emerged, children already prefer sex-typical toys. These differences in toy choice are well established within the child by the age of three.[28]
Another study done by Jeffrey Trawick-Smith took 60 different children ages three to four and observed them playing with nine different toys deemed best for development. They were allowed to play with the toys in a typical environment, a preschool classroom, which allowed for the results to be more authentic compared to research done in a lab. The researchers then quantified play quality of the children with each toy based on factors such as learning, problem solving, curiosity, creativity, imagination, and peer interaction. The results revealed that boys generally received higher scores for overall play quality than girls, and the toys with the best play quality were those identified as the most gender neutral, such as building blocks and bricks along with pieces modeling people. Trawick-Smith then concluded that the study encourages a focus on toys which are beneficial to both genders in order to create a better balance.[29]
While some parents promote gender neutral play, many parents encourage their sons and daughters to participate in sex-typed activities, including doll playing and engaging in housekeeping activities for girls and playing with trucks and engaging in sports activities for boys.[30] Researcher Susan Witt said that parents are the primary influencer on the gender roles of their children.[31] Parents, siblings, peers, and even teachers have been shown to react more positively to children engaging in sex-typical behavior and playing with sex-typical toys.[32] This is often done through encouragement or discouragement, as well as suggestions[31] and imitation.[25] Additionally, sons are more likely to be reinforced for sex-typical play and discouraged from atypical play.[32] However, it is generally not as looked down upon for females to play with toys designed "for boys", an activity which has also become more common in recent years.[33] Fathers are also more likely to reinforce typical play and discourage atypical play than mothers are.[34] A study done by researcher Susan Witt suggests that stereotypes are oftentimes only strengthened by the environment, which perpetuates them to linger in older life.[31]
This stereotypical attribution of sex-typical toys for girls and boys is gradually changing, with toys companies creating more gender neutral toys, as the benefits associated with allowing children to play with toys that appeal to them far outweighs controlling their individual preferences.[35] For example, many stores are beginning to change their gender labels on children's play items. Target removed all identification related to gender from their toy aisles and Disney did the same for their costumes.[23] The Disney store is an especially prevalent example of gender in play because they are a global identity in the toy world. A study done regarding their website found that though they have removed gender labels from their costumes, the toys online reflect more stereotypical gender identities. For example, males were associated with physicality and females were associated with beauty, housing, and caring.[36] Too, though they promote their toys as being for both genders, there is no section for boys and girls combined on their website. Those which are generally deemed for both genders more closely resemble what many would label "boy toys," as they relate closer to the stereotype of masculinity within play.[36]
Traditions within various cultures promote the passing down of certain toys to their children based on the child's gender. In South American Indian communities, boys receive a toy bow and arrow from their father while young girls receive a toy basket from their mother.[17] In North African and Saharan cultural communities, gender plays a role in the creation of self-made dolls. While female dolls are used to represent brides, mothers, and wives, male dolls are used to represent horsemen and warriors. This contrast stems from the various roles of men and women within the Saharan and North African communities. There are differences in the toys that are intended for girls and boys within various cultures, which is reflective of the differing roles of men and women within a specific cultural community.[18]
Research on the repercussions of gender in toys suggests that play should be encouraged to be more gender neutral in order to work towards a desegregation of the genders.[29] Too, researcher Carol Auster and Claire Mansbach promote that allowing children to play with toys which more closely fit their talents would help them to better develop their skills.[36] In terms of parental influence, a study found that parents who demonstrated some androgynous behavior have higher scores in support, warmth, and self-worth in regards to the treatment of their children.[31] Even as this debate is evolving and children are becoming more inclined to cross barriers in terms of gender with their toys, girls are typically more encouraged to do so than boys because of the societal value of masculinity.[23]
Economics
Toys "R" Us operates over 1,500 stores in 30 countries and has an annual revenue of US$13.6 billion
With toys comprising such a large and important part of human existence, it makes sense that the toy industry would have a substantial economic impact. Sales of toys often increase around holidays where gift-giving is a tradition. Some of these holidays include Christmas, Easter, Saint Nicholas Day, and Three Kings Day.
In 2005, toy sales in the United States totaled about $22.9 billion.[20] Money spent on children between the ages of 8 and twelve alone totals approximately $221 million annually in the U.S.[37] It was estimated that in 2011, 88% of toy sales was in the age group 0–11 years.[38]
Toy companies change and adapt their toys to meet the changing demands of children thereby gaining a larger share of the substantial market. In recent years many toys have become more complicated with flashing lights and sounds in an effort to appeal to children raised around television and the internet. According to Mattel's president, Neil Friedman, "Innovation is key in the toy industry and to succeed one must create a 'wow' moment for kids by designing toys that have fun, innovative features and include new technologies and engaging content."
In an effort to reduce costs, many mass-producers of toys locate their factories in areas where wages are lower. 75% of all toys sold in the U.S., for example, are manufactured in China.[20] Issues and events such as power outages, supply of raw materials, supply of labor, and raising wages that impact areas where factories are located often have an enormous impact on the toy industry in importing countries.
Many traditional toy makers have been losing sales to video game makers for years. Because of this, some traditional toy makers have entered the field of electronic games and even turning audio games into toys, and are enhancing the brands that they have by introducing interactive extensions or internet connectivity to their current toys.[39]
In addition, the rise of distributed manufacturing enables consumers to make their own toys from open source designs with a 3-D printer.[40] As of 2017 consumers were already offsetting 10s of millions of dollars per year by 3D printing their own toys from MyMiniFactory, a single repository.[41][42]
Types
Lincoln Logs have been a popular construction type toy in the U.S. since the 1920s.
Construction sets
Main article: Construction set
The Greek philosopher Plato wrote that the future architect should play at building houses as a child.[43] A construction set is a collection of separate pieces that can be joined together to create models. Popular models to make include cars, spaceships, and houses. The things that are built are sometimes used as toys once completed, but generally speaking, the object is to build things of one's own design, and old models often are broken up and the pieces reused in new models.
The oldest and, perhaps most common construction toy is a set of simple wooden blocks, which are often painted in bright colors and given to babies and toddlers. Construction sets such as Lego bricks and Lincoln Logs are designed for slightly older children and have been quite popular in the last century. Construction sets appeal to children (and adults) who like to work with their hands, puzzle solvers, and imaginative sorts.
Some other examples include Bayko, Konstruk-Tubes, K'Nex, Erector Sets, Tinkertoys, and Meccano, and generic construction toys such as Neodymium magnet toys.
Dolls and miniatures
Main article: doll
A girl and her doll in the 1900s.
A doll is a model of a human (often a baby), a humanoid (like Bert and Ernie), or an animal. Modern dolls are often made of cloth or plastic. Other materials that are, or have been, used in the manufacture of dolls include cornhusks, bone, stone, wood, porcelain (sometimes called china), bisque, celluloid, wax, and even apples. Often people will make dolls out of whatever materials are available to them.
Sometimes intended as decorations, keepsakes, or collectibles for older children and adults, most dolls are intended as toys for children, usually girls, to play with. Dolls have been found in Egyptian tombs which date to as early as 2000 BC.[4]
Dolls are usually miniatures, but baby dolls may be of true size and weight. A doll or stuffed animal of soft material is sometimes called a plush toy or plushie. A popular toy of this type is the Teddy Bear.
Teddy Bear
A distinction is often made between dolls and action figures, which are generally of plastic or semi-metallic construction and poseable to some extent, and often are merchandising from television shows or films which feature the characters. Modern action figures, such as Action Man, are often marketed towards boys, whereas dolls are often marketed towards girls.
Toy soldiers, perhaps a precursor to modern action figures, have been a popular toy for centuries. They allow children to act out battles, often with toy military equipment and a castle or fort. Miniature animal figures are also widespread, with children perhaps acting out farm activities with animals and equipment centered on a toy farm.
Vehicles
A toy boat.
Main article: Vehicle
Children have played with miniature versions of vehicles since ancient times, with toy two-wheeled carts being depicted on ancient Greek vases.[43] Wind-up toys have also played a part in the advancement of toy vehicles. Modern equivalents include toy cars such as those produced by Matchbox or Hot Wheels, miniature aircraft, toy boats, military vehicles, and trains. Examples of the latter range from wooden sets for younger children such as BRIO to more complicated realistic train models like those produced by Lionel, Doepke and Hornby. Larger die-cast vehicles, 1:18 scale, have become popular toys; these vehicles are produced with a great attention to detail.[citation needed]
Puzzles
Main article: Puzzle
A Rubik's Cube
A puzzle is a problem or enigma that challenges ingenuity. Solutions to puzzle may require recognizing patterns and creating a particular order. People with a high inductive reasoning aptitude may be better at solving these puzzles than others. Puzzles based on the process of inquiry and discovery to complete may be solved faster by those with good deduction skills. A popular puzzle toy is the Rubik's Cube, invented by Hungarian Ernő Rubik in 1974. Popularized in the 1980s, solving the cube requires planning and problem-solving skills and involves algorithms.
There are many different types of puzzles, for example a maze is a type of tour puzzle. Other categories include; construction puzzles, stick puzzles, tiling puzzles, transport puzzles, disentanglement puzzles, sliding puzzles, logic puzzles, picture puzzles, lock puzzles and mechanical puzzles.
Collectibles
Beanie Baby; Sizzle the Bear
Main article: Collectible
Some toys, such as Beanie Babies, attract large numbers of enthusiasts, eventually becoming collectibles. Other toys, such as Boyds Bears are marketed to adults as collectibles. Some people spend large sums of money in an effort to acquire larger and more complete collections. The record for a single Pez dispenser at auction, for example, is US$1100.[44]
Promotional merchandise
Many successful films, television programs, books and sport teams have official merchandise, which often includes related toys. Some notable examples are Star Wars (a science fiction film series) and Arsenal, an English football club.
Promotional toys can fall into any of the other toy categories; for example they can be dolls or action figures based on the characters of movies or professional athletes, or they can be balls, yo-yos, and lunch boxes with logos on them. Sometimes they are given away for free as a form of advertising. Model aircraft are often toys that are used by airlines to promote their brand, just as toy cars and trucks and model trains are used by trucking, railroad and other companies as well. Many food manufacturers run promotions where a toy is included with the main product as a prize. Toys are also used as premiums, where consumers redeem proofs of purchase from a product and pay shipping and handling fees to get the toy. Some people go to great lengths to collect these sorts of promotional toys.
Digital toys
An Aibo.
Digital toys are toys that incorporate some form of interactive digital technology.[45] Examples of digital toys include virtual pets and handheld electronic games. Among the earliest digital toys are Mattel Auto Race and the Little Professor, both released in 1976. The concept of using technology in a way that bridges the digital with the physical world, providing unique interactive experiences for the user has also been referred to as "Phygital."[46]
Physical activity
Main article: Physical activity
A boy from Jakarta with his ball. Ball games are good exercise, and are popular worldwide.
A great many toys are part of active play. These include traditional toys such as hoops, tops, jump ropes and balls, as well as more modern toys like Frisbees, foot bags, astrojax, and Myachi.
Playing with these sorts of toys allows children to exercise, building strong bones and muscles and aiding in physical fitness. Throwing and catching balls and frisbees can improve hand–eye coordination. Jumping rope, (also known as skipping) and playing with foot bags can improve balance.
Safety regulations
Main article: Toy safety
Toys with small parts, such as these Lego elements are required by law to have warnings about choking hazards in some countries.
Many countries have passed safety standards limiting the types of toys that can be sold. Most of these seek to limit potential hazards, such as choking or fire hazards that could cause injury. Children, especially very small ones, often put toys into their mouths, so the materials used to make a toy are regulated to prevent poisoning. Materials are also regulated to prevent fire hazards. Children have not yet learned to judge what is safe and what is dangerous, and parents do not always think of all possible situations, so such warnings and regulations are important on toys.
For toy safety, every country has its own regulations. But since the globalization and opening of markets, most of them try to harmonize their regulations. The most common action for younger children is to put toys in their mouths. This is why it is of utmost importance to regulate chemicals which are contained in the paintings and other materials children's products are made of. Countries or trade zones such as the European Union regularly publish lists to regulate the quantities or ban chemicals from toys and juvenile products.
There have also been issues of toy safety regarding lead paint. Some toy factories, when projects become too large for them to handle, outsource production to other less known factories, often in other countries. Recently, there were some in China that America had to send back. The subcontractors may not be watched as closely and sometimes use improper manufacturing methods. The U.S. government, along with mass market stores, is now moving towards requiring companies to submit their products to testing before they end up on shelves.[47]
Disposal
Some communities require recycling of the batteries in toys such as qfix robot "crash-bobby".
When toys have been outgrown or are no longer wanted, reuse is sometimes considered[citation needed]. They can be donated via many charities such as Goodwill Industries and the Salvation Army, sold at garage sales, auctioned, sometimes even donated to museums. However, when toys are broken, worn out or otherwise unfit for use, care should be taken when disposing of them. Donated or resold toys should be gently used, clean and have all parts.[48] Before disposal of any battery-operated toy, batteries should be removed and recycled; some communities demand this be done. Some manufacturers, such as Little Tikes, will take back and recycle their products.
In 2007, massive recalls of toys produced in China[49] led many U.S. based charities to cut back on, or even discontinue, their acceptance of used toys. Goodwill stopped accepting donations of any toys except stuffed animals, and other charities checked all toys against government-issued checklists.[50]
The WEEE directive (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment), which aims at increasing re-use and recycling and reducing electronic waste, applies to toys in the United Kingdom as of 2 January 2007.[51]
Toy use in animals
It is not unusual for some animals to play with toys. An example of this is a dolphin being trained to nudge a ball through a hoop. Young chimpanzees use sticks as dolls – the social aspect is seen by the fact that young females more often use a stick this way than young male chimpanzees.[52][53] They carry their chosen stick and put it in their nest. Such behaviour is also seen in some adult female chimpanzees, but never after they have become mothers.
See also
Toys portal
Girls' games and toys
Battery recycling
Board Games
Card games
List of toys
List of wooden toys
National Toy Hall of Fame (United States)
Toy museums
Traditional Mexican handcrafted toys
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Jump up ^ Starr, Benjamin (13 March 2013). "TOY STORIES: CHILDREN'S FAVORITE TOYS AROUND THE WORLD". Visual News. Retrieved 2016-12-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tsuruoka, Doug (5 January 2007). "Toys: Not All Fun And Games". Investor's Business Daily. Archived from the original on 9 October 2009. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
Jump up ^ Ucci, Mary (April 2006). "Playdough: 50 Years' Old, And Still Gooey, Fun, And Educational". Child Health Alert. 24. Retrieved 2007-02-17. (Full-text on-line version requires login)
Jump up ^ Bernard, Susan (1994). The Mommy Guide: Real-life Advice and Tips from Over 250 Moms and Other Experts. Contemporary Books. ISBN 9780809237975.
^ Jump up to: a b c Miller, Claire Cain (2015-10-30). "Boys and Girls, Constrained by Toys and Costumes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-09-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c Zosuls, Kristina M.; Miller, Cindy Faith; Ruble, Diane N.; Martin, Carol Lynn; Fabes, Richard A. (2011-06-01). "Gender Development Research in Sex Roles: Historical Trends and Future Directions". Sex Roles. 64 (11-12): 826–842. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9902-3. ISSN 0360-0025.
^ Jump up to: a b "Toy story: EBSCOhost". web.b.ebscohost.com. Retrieved 2017-10-24.
Jump up ^ Caldera, Yvonne M.; Huston, Aletha C.; O'Brien, Marion (February 1989). "Social Interactions and Play Patterns of Parents and Toddlers with Feminine, Masculine, and Neutral Toys". Child Development. 60 (1): 70–76. doi:10.2307/1131072. JSTOR 1131072. PMID 2702876.
Jump up ^ Alexander, G. M., Wilcox, T., & Woods, R. (2009). Sex differences in infants' visual interest in toys. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 427–433. doi: 10.1007/s10508-008-9430-1
Jump up ^ Alexander, G. M., & Saenz, J. (2012). Early androgens, activity levels and toy choices of children in the second year of life. Hormones and Behavior, 62, 500–504.
^ Jump up to: a b Trawick-Smith, Jeffrey; Wolff, Jennifer; Koschel, Marley; Vallarelli, Jamie (2015-07-01). "Effects of Toys on the Play Quality of Preschool Children: Influence of Gender, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status". Early Childhood Education Journal. 43 (4): 249–256. doi:10.1007/s10643-014-0644-7. ISSN 1082-3301.
Jump up ^ Gender Role Stereotypes, Expectancy Effects, and Parents' Socialization of Gender Differences, Jacquelynne S. Eccles, Janis E. Jacob, Rena D. Harold, 14 April 2010
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Parental influence on children's socialization to gender roles: EBSCOhost". web.b.ebscohost.com. Retrieved 2017-10-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Servin, A., Bohlin, G., & Berlin, L. (1999). Sex differences in 1-, 3-, and 5-year olds' toy-choice in a structured play-session. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 40, 43–48.
Jump up ^ "Toys for Girls and Boys". The Canadian Toy Testing Council. Archived from the original on 4 March 2000.
Jump up ^ Berenbaum, S. A., Martin, C. L., Hanish, L. D., Briggs, P. T., & Fabes, R. A. (2008). Sex differences in children's play. In J. Becker, K. Berkley, N. Geary, E. Hampson , J.Herman, & Young, E.A. (Eds.), Sex Differences in the Brain from Genes to Behavior (1ed., pp. 275–290).New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ "Gender Neutral Toys: How They Empower Our Kids". Toy Review Experts.
^ Jump up to: a b c Auster, Carol J., and Claire S. Mansbach. "The Gender Marketing of Toys: An Analysis of Color and Type of Toy on the Disney Store Website." Sex Roles, vol. 67, no. 7-8, 2012, pp. 375-388, Sociological Abstracts.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (28 November 2006). "Parents of tweens seek balance for fast-maturing kids". CNN.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2006. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
Jump up ^ Crupnick, Russ. "Drilling to the Core in Toy Spending". www.npdgroupblog.com. NPD Group. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "World in their hands". Melbourne: The Age. 26 March 2007.
Jump up ^ Researchers run the numbers on cutting the cost of toys by 3-D printing them at home – Geekwire
Jump up ^ Petersen,et al, Impact of DIY Home Manufacturing with 3-D Printing on the Toy and Game Market. Technologies 2017, 5(3), 45; doi: 10.3390/technologies5030045
Jump up ^ How 3D printing could save consumers millions in toys and games 3D Printing Industry
^ Jump up to: a b Karl Hils, The Toy – Its Value, Construction and Use, Edmund Ward Ltd., London, 1959.
Jump up ^ Brown, Patricia Leigh (23 April 1995). "New Auction Gems: Common Folks; Venerable Houses Woo Unstuffy Buyers With Unstuffy Stuff". The New York Times. p. 37. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
Jump up ^ Manjoo, Farhad (26 November 2014). "Tech Toys That Go Beyond the Screen" – via www.nytimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-09.
Jump up ^ Barboza, David (11 September 2007). "Why Lead in Toy Paint? It's Cheaper". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-03-28.
Jump up ^ "Goodwill Industries International - Dos and Don'ts". 13 August 2005. Archived from the original on 13 August 2005.
Jump up ^ LIPTON, ERIC S. (19 June 2007). "As More Toys Are Recalled, Trail Ends in China". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Eckelbecker, Lisa (15 November 2007). "Santa helpers deal with toy recalls; Charities must scrutinize gifts". Worcester Telegram & Gazette. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
Jump up ^ "EC Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) - DTI". 23 June 2007. Archived from the original on 23 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "Chimp "Girls" Play With "Dolls" Too—First Wild Evidence". 22 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Current Biology, DOI: 10,1016 / j . cub.2010.11.024
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toys.
Kline, Stephen (1995). Out of the Garden: Toys, TV, and Children's Culture in the Age of Marketing. Verso Books. ISBN 1-85984-059-0.
Walsh, Tim (2005). Timeless Toys: Classic Toys and the Playmakers Who Created Them. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-5571-4.
Wulffson, Don L. Toys!. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-6196-7.
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ISI mark is a certification mark for industrial products in India. The mark certifies that a product confirms to the Indian Standard, mentioned as CM/L-xxxxxxx on top of the mark, developed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the national standards body of India.[1] The ISI mark is by far the most recognized certification mark in the Indian subcontinent. The name ISI is an abbreviation of Indian Standards Institute, the former name of the Bureau of Indian Standards. The ISI mark is mandatory for certain products to be sold in India, like many of the electrical appliances[2] like switches, electric motors, wiring cables, heaters, kitchen appliances etc., and other products like Portland cement, LPG valves, LPG cylinders, automotive tires[3] etc. In the case of most other products it is voluntary to put an ISI mark.[4]
Wrong use of ISI mark[edit]
It is very common in India to find products with fake ISI marks, that is, affixing ISI marks on the product without actually getting certified.[5] Fake ISI marks usually do not carry (i) the mandatory 7-digit license number(written as CM/L-xxxxxxx) required by BIS; and (ii) IS number on top of the ISI mark which signifies the number of the Indian Standard for the particular product.[6] This is a punishable offense by the law, but the practice is uncommon.[7] some of the products use fake isi mark for eg: if the mixer grinder box has a isi mark in small it is written there fitted with isi code wire . So it means the wire has an isi mark but the mixer grinder is not a isi product .
See also[edit]
Certification marks in India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bureau of Indian Standards. Official web site. 'Product Certification Schemes.'
Jump up ^ The Hindu. 'Warning against sale of electrical goods without ISI mark.'
Jump up ^ BikeAdvice.in 'ISI Mark Becomes Mandatory For Tyres In India'.
Jump up ^ Consumer (Quarterly publication of consumer educators network. Published by Consumer education and awareness trust.), Jan-Mar 2008. Standards and symbols. Archived 2012-08-13 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ IndiaStudyChannel. 'ISI mark, its benefits along with the ways to identify original ISI mark and contact information'.
Jump up ^ Bureau of Indian Standards. Official web site. 'Enforcement Activity Information.'
Jump up ^ Times of India, Aug 3, 2011. 'Trader fined for selling fake ISI-marked goods'.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISI_mark&oldid=826711555"
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The Spy Next Door
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Spy Next Door
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Brian Levant
Produced by
Robert Simonds
Screenplay by
Jonathan Bernstein
James Greer
Gregory Poirier
Story by
Jonathan Bernstein
James Greer
Starring
Jackie Chan
Amber Valletta
Magnús Scheving
Billy Ray Cyrus
George Lopez
Madeline Carroll
Music by
David Newman
Cinematography
Dean Cundey
Edited by
Lawrence Jordan
Production
company
Relativity Media
Distributed by
Lionsgate
Release date
January 15, 2010 (2010-01-15)
Running time
94 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$28 million
Box office
$45.2 million[1]
The Spy Next Door is a 2010 American comedy film directed by Brian Levant, written by Jonathan Bernstein, James Greer and Gregory Poirier, produced by Robert Simonds with music by David Newman and starring Jackie Chan, Amber Valletta, Magnús Scheving, Madeline Carroll, Will Shadley, Alina Foley, Billy Ray Cyrus and George Lopez. Filming started in late October 2008 in Rio Rancho, New Mexico and was finished in late December 2008. The film was released on January 15, 2010 in the United States by Lionsgate. The film was released on DVD, and Blu-ray on May 18, 2010. The film tributes Chan's films by showing clips, references and even referencing Chan's real life childhood. The film received negative reviews from critics and it earned $45.2 million on a $28 million budget.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Soundtrack
4 Release
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical reception
4.3 Home media
5 Awards and nominations
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Bob Ho is a MSS operative on loan to the CIA as a undercover agent, who decides to retire after putting Russian terrorist Anton Poldark behind bars and marry his longtime girlfriend Gillian, who lives next door and has three children from previous relationships, Farren (a step-daughter), Ian and Nora. None of them know about his job. One day, Gillian leaves to visit her father in a hospital in Denver, Colorado and leaves Bob to take care of her children, who all despise him and plot to get rid of him. Using some technology from the CIA, Bob is able to get control of them. His partner, Colton James, informs him that Poldark has escaped prison and they suspect there is a mole in the CIA. Colton sends a file to Bob's computer for a top-secret formula for an oil-eating bacteria Poldark is working on. While snooping around Bob's house, Ian downloads the file, which he mistakes for music, onto his iPod. Poldark discovers the download and sends some of his people to Bob's house, but Bob overpowers them.
After the attack, Bob and the children hide at a Chinese restaurant, where Poldark's teenage henchman, Larry, tries to kill Bob. Bob defeats him and is forced to tell the children about his job. His boss Glaze then arrives, points a gun at him and demands the downloaded file, revealing himself as the mole working for Poldark. Bob knocks out Glaze with Nora's turtle, then hides in a hotel with the children. He tells Gillian over the phone about his job. Fearing for her children's safety, she flies home to take them and breaks up with him after discovering he is a spy.
Bob heads to an abandoned factory to confront the Russian terrorists but finds that Ian, wanting to become a spy, and Farren has run away from home. The trio is captured by the Russians, who force Ian to reveal that the file is on his iPod. As Poldark, his partner Tatiana, and Glaze go to Gillian's house, Bob and the children escape and defeat the remaining terrorists. They then go to Gillian's house and Poldark and his crew arrive soon after. Bob and the terrorists fight, with the children using Bob's secret weapons to defeat some of them. Soon after, Colton and his crew arrive to arrest the Russians and Glaze. Gillian initially rejects Bob, but soon realizes that he is a good man after Nora says she wants him to be her dad and Farren and Ian confess that Bob lied to protect them. Bob and Gillian then get married.
Cast[edit]
Jackie Chan as Bob Ho, a spy on loan to the CIA and Gillian's neighbor, boyfriend and eventual husband
Amber Valletta as Gillian, Bob's neighbor, girlfriend and eventual wife
Magnús Scheving as Anton Poldark, a Russian terrorist
Madeline Carroll as Farren, Gillian's step-daughter
Will Shadley as Ian, Gillian's son
Alina Foley as Nora, Gillian's daughter
Billy Ray Cyrus as Colton James, Bob's partner
George Lopez as Glaze, Bob's corrupt boss
Lucas Till as Larry, a teenager working with Poldark
Katherine Boecher as Tatiana Creel
Jeff Chase as Russian thug
Soundtrack[edit]
"Secret Agent Man" – Performed by Johnny Rivers
"The Way It Was" – Written and Performed by Daniel May
"Ba Ma De Hua" – Performed by Jackie Chan (theme song of Rob-B-Hood, a film also made by Chan)
"One Way or Another" – Performed by Blondie
Release[edit]
Box office[edit]
In its first weekend, in the US, The Spy Next Door made $9.7 million in 2,924 theaters, opening at #6. It grossed $12.9 million over the four-day period, ranking #5 on that term. The film grossed $45.1 million on a $28 million budget.[2]
Critical reception[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 12% based on 89 reviews, with an average rating of 3.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Lacking a script funny enough to cover up for Jackie Chan's fading physical gifts, The Spy Next Door fails on every conceivable level."[3] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, it holds an average score of 27 out of 100 based on 21 critics, indicating "generals unfavorable reviews".[4] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[5]
Most film critics targeted the film for "lacking a script," such as Michael Phillips of The Chicago Tribune for being "True Lies without the striptease or the Arab-maiming"[6] and Kyle Smith of The New York Post who also claimed the film is "ripping off True Lies."[7] Lael Loewenstein of Variety gave the film a negative review saying the film's "cartoonish jokes and misfired gags are likely to elicit more eye rolls than laughs."[8] Daniel Eagan of The Hollywood Reporter also disliked the film saying most of the film is "pretty tired stuff from Pacifier-style slapstick to comic relief delivered by, of all people, erstwhile country star Billy Ray Cyrus" and that Chan "seems stiff" and "clad in unattractive clothes and forced into dumbed-down situations."[9] David Stratton of At the Movies dismissed the film calling it "a sad viewing experience". He added "The woeful screenplay, the mundane direction, by Brian Levant, and the indifferent acting all combine to sink a stupid plot which should never have got off the ground."[10] Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film 2½ stars.[11] Rickey, giving the film the benefit of the doubt, wrote "The plot may be forgettable, but the execution is frantic and funny. The Spy Next Door is a movie that will bring smiles to kids – and their grandparents."[11]
Home media[edit]
The Spy Next Door was released on DVD and Blu-ray on May 18, 2010.
Awards and nominations[edit]
Award
Subject
Nominee
Result
Razzie Award Worst Supporting Actor Billy Ray Cyrus Nominated
George Lopez
See also[edit]
Film in the United States portal
2010s portal
The Pacifier
True Lies
Man of the House
Kindergarten Cop
Big Momma's House
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Spy Next Door (2010)". Box Office Mojo. 2010. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
Jump up ^ The Spy Next Door IMDb
Jump up ^ "The Spy Next Door (2010)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2013-06-29.
Jump up ^ "The Spy Next Door reviews". Metacritic. CNET Networks. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Michael (January 15, 2009). "'The Spy Next Door' – 11⁄2 stars". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
Jump up ^ Smith, Kyle (January 15, 2009). "He's Bland, James Bland". New York Post. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
Jump up ^ Lael Loewenstein (January 9, 2010). "The Spy Next Door Review". Variety. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Daniel Eagan (January 11, 2010). "The Spy Next Door – Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Stratton, David; Pomeranz, Magaret (March 31, 2010). "The Spy Next Door review". At the Movies. Archived from the original on April 9, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Rickey, Carrie (January 15, 2009). "It's Bob, the bouncing babysitting spy". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
External links[edit]
The Spy Next Door on IMDb
The Spy Next Door at AllMovie
The Spy Next Door at Rotten Tomatoes
The Spy Next Door at Metacritic
The Spy Next Door at Box Office Mojo
hide
v
t
e
Films directed by Brian Levant
Problem Child 2 (1991)
Beethoven (1992)
The Flintstones (1994)
Jingle All the Way (1996)
The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas (2000)
Snow Dogs (2002)
Are We There Yet? (2005)
Scooby-Doo! The Mystery Begins (2009)
The Spy Next Door (2010)
Scooby-Doo! Curse of the Lake Monster (2010)
A Christmas Story 2 (2012)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Spy_Next_Door&oldid=853677193"
Categories:
2010 films
English-language films
2010s comedy films
2010s spy films
American comedy films
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American spy films
Central Intelligence Agency in fiction
Films scored by David Newman
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about Halloween
Films about interracial romance
Films directed by Brian Levant
Films shot in New Mexico
Lions Gate Entertainment films
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This page was last edited on 6 August 2018, at 08:42 (UTC).
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