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Willandra Lakes Region
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Willandra Lakes Region
UNESCO World Heritage site
Part of the Willandra Lakes system:
Lake Mulurulu
Willandra Creek
Garnpung Lake
Lake Leaghur
Lake Mungo
Lake Arumpo
Chibnalwood Lakes
Location
Far West, New South Wales, Australia
Criteria
Cultural and Natural: (iii)(viii)
Reference
167
Inscription
1981 (5th Session)
Area
240,000 ha (590,000 acres)
Coordinates
34°S 143°E / 34°S 143°E / -34; 143Coordinates: 34°S 143°E / 34°S 143°E / -34; 143
Location of Willandra Lakes Region in New South Wales
Willandra Lakes Region (Australia)
Show map of New South Wales Show map of Australia Show all
The Willandra Lakes Region is a World Heritage Site in the Far West region of New South Wales, Australia.[1] The Willandra Lakes Region is the traditional meeting place of the Muthi Muthi, Nyiampaar and Barkinji Aboriginal tribes.[citation needed] The 240,000-hectare (590,000-acre) area was inscribed on the World Heritage List at the 5th Session of the World Heritage Committee in 1981.[1]
The Region contains important natural and cultural features including exceptional examples of past human civilization including the world's oldest cremation site.[citation needed] A small section of the region is protected by the Mungo National Park.[citation needed]
The World Heritage status of the region was created and negotiated in 1981.[1] The site was gazetted on the Australian National Heritage List on 21 May 2007[2] under the Environment and Heritage Legislation Amendment Act (No. 1), 2003 (Cth).[3]
Contents
1 History
2 Description
2.1 Vegetation and Geomorphological Features
2.2 Hydrology
2.3 Climate
2.4 Fauna
3 NSW heritage listing
4 Films
5 See also
6 External links
7 References
7.1 Bibliography
7.2 Attribution
History[edit]
Willandra Lakes has formed over the last 2 million years. The ancient shorelines are stratified into three major layers of sediments that were deposited at different stages in the lakes' history.[4]
The earliest sediments are more than 50,000 years old and are orange-red in colour. Above are clay, clean quartz sand and soil that were deposited along the lakes' edge when the lakes were full of deep relatively fresh water between 50,000 and 19,000 years ago. The top layer is composed largely of wind blown clay particles heaped up on the lunettes during periods of fluctuating water levels, before the lakes finally dried up.[4]
Aboriginal people lived on the shores of the Willandra Lakes from 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. It is one of the oldest known human occupation sites in Australia. There is abundant evidence of Aboriginal occupation over the last 10,000 years.[4]
European exploration of the area was largely left to the anonymous pastoralists who followed renowned explorers. Captain Charles Sturt is the one who had most influence in arousing interest in the area. He came upon the upper reaches of the Darling River in 1829 and named it after the Governor, Ralph Darling. He was again in the area in 1844 during his attempt to explore the interior of the continent.[4]
Surveyor George Boyle White explored the Darling in 1833 in the region from the Peel River junction to the region of Fort Bourke and was followed two years later by Major Thomas Mitchell, the Surveyor-General of New South Wales, who was intent on showing whether or not the Darling entered the Murray as Sturt had surmised. Mitchell failed to befriend the Aboriginal people, however, and after proceeding south as far as Laidley's Ponds he thought it best to retreat after one of his party had shot and killed an Aboriginal. Mitchell went into the area again in 1836, although this time he traveled down the Murrumbidgee with the intention of exploring the Darling from its junction with the Murray. However, satisfied that Sturt was correct he followed the Darling upstream only a few kilometres before turning his attention elsewhere.[4]
Soon after the Murrumbidgee/Murray route became well-used by stockman overlanding sheep and cattle to the colony of South Australia which had been established in 1836. Squatters who were eager for new land followed government surveyors and explorers and took up runs in the new regions. The first pastoral station in the lower Darling region was that taken up by George Hobler in 1845 on the Lachlan, a run which he called Paika.[4]
Settlement in the region between the Murrumbidgee and the Darling was officially recognised on 4 December 1847 when the Darling Pastoral District was proclaimed.[4]
The great boon to the pastoral occupation of the Darling and the back blocks was the navigation of the Murray and its tributaries from South Australia. Francis Cadell and William Randell pioneered river navigation during 1853 and within six months of their maiden voyages on the Darling the value of river properties had doubled.[4]
The earlisest pastoral occupation of the region was that of George Lee for the lease of Turlee on 28 February 1850. George Mory's tender for Boomiaricool was accepted in December 1853, followed by that of James Scott for Arumpo in October 1859. Because of the remoteness of these back blocks and lack of natural surface water, tenure was very tenuous.[4]
Back blocks could not be worked profitably until expensive improvements had been made in the way of fencing and the provision of watering facilities. The sinking of tanks and successful wells were expensive and somewhat of a lottery. At Gol Gol between March 1875 and September 1881, eighty-three trial shafts had been sunk at a cost of 1,260 pounds.[4]
Pastoralists still had an optimistic attitude towards the region and were convinced that with sufficient capital, profit would be theirs. It took them some time to appreciate the fragile nature of the environment and that the district could not accommodate the stock numbers which could be carried further to the east and that good seasons were the exception rather than the rule.[4]
The Royal Commissions in 1900 were quick to appreciate "that much too favourable a view was taken on the carrying capacity of the country...It is only during the late years, apparently, that pastoralists seemed to have opened their eyes to the grave risks they ran in allowing the edible shrubs to be eaten by stock in the belief that they would re-appear in abundance after every rain".[4]
In many instances overstocking was not planned but as a result of expected rains failing to come. Sending stock away meant loss of profit and possibly an increased overdraft. Many pastoralists were caught this way, however many other had an eye for quick profits. JH Patterson who took over Gol Gol in 1875, sold it in 1882, but was forced to repossess it again in 1886 after Everitt and White were ruined by the country.[4]
Remoteness meant carting supplies and wool to and from stations was expensive. Often supplies were difficult to obtain as carriers would not cart supplies to the remote stations. In addition stock often had to be sent to market rather than being sold on the station.[4]
Rabbits compounded the problems of pastoral enterprise. They competed directly with the sheep in the fragile environment. The government recognised the problem and in 1883 it passed the Rabbit Nuisance Act which, among other things, offered bonuses to professional trappers for scalps. Until the widespread of myxamatosis in the 1950s the war on rabbits was an accepted part of station life throughout the region.[4]
Pastoralists often complained of the lack of suitable labour for their remote stations. The Aboriginal population became an important part of the pastoral industry during the manpower shortage of the 1860s. However, with the extensive use of wire fencing in the mid 1870s and the use of paddocking Aboriginal shepherds became redundant. Chinese undoubtedly worked in the district but there is hard evidence to indicate this. One of the few references is to Ah Tin who was employed to sink a well on Gol Gol Station. By 1883 there existed a camp at Narrandera with 303 Chinese that searched for casual work.[4]
Throughout the 1890s the problems of drought, rabbits, remoteness and lack of labour were compounded because of the Australia-wide recession. Only the most astute and financially secure pastoralists survived. Drought dragged on from 1895 to 1903.[4]
The Royal Commissioners of 1901 looked with sympathy on the pastoralists of the Western Division and recommended similar treatment from the Government. Almost immediately new legislation was drafted and within three months of the report the new legislation was approved and brought into operation on 1 January 1901. The Western Lands Board was granted control of the Western Division and to formulate more appropriate policies and conditions which pertained to the West. Leases were also extended for an additional forty-two years offering more secure tenure. Thelegislation of 1901 governed pastoralism in the region during the twentieth century.[4]
Technology caused great change throughout the district. One of the first changes to make an impact was the introduction of mechanical shearing. Ten machines were introduced to Gol Gol and Mungo shearing sheds and had the immediate effetc of requiring additional shearers. Other technology included the amount of work undertaken by mechanised equipment such as tractors. The telephone was introduced in 1924 to connect Arumpo. Pan Ban and Mulurulu and removed a great deal of the sense of isolation in the Region.[4]
A significant change after World War One was the working of owner-occupiers on smaller stations rather than managers for some large absentee lessee. Life was very hard for these new lessees as they strove to establish the necessary infrastructure. The lucky ones were Ewan and Nagus Cameron who took up Mungo Station because they acquired a homestead, a shearing shed and shearer's quarters, together with other buildings. Other had to build all of this.[4]
The increased number of families in the Region meant that there was a little more social interaction than there had been decades earlier. Albert Barnes started the Mungo Gymkhana which after three years was laid out on the southern rim of the lake on Joulni Station.[4]
The increased use of the motor vehicle during the 1930s meant that travel throughout the region was much more rapid. During this time Ministers of religion began making regular tours of the region. A major impact on the region was the development of Mildura and provided services such as hospital and medical care.[5][4]
Description[edit]
Willandra Lakes is located in south-western New South Wales. The lakes system, a remnant of the Lachlan River drainage pattern, is approximately 150 km long by 40 km wide and runs generally in a north-south direction from Lake Mulurulu in the north to Lake Pringle in the south. The approximate area is 600,000 hectares. Parallel to the eastern shores, white sand and clay dunes rise 40 metres above the plain, while deep gullies have been cut through the lake shore deposits. The landscape surrounding the system is one of low, parallel ridges of fine red sand.[4]
Lake Mungo, the best known of the lakes in the area is located in the centre of the Willandra Lakes system about 100 km north-east of Mildura.[4]
Vegetation and Geomorphological Features[edit]
The dry lake beds support mallee eucalypt and saltbush communities, while the sand dunes are occasionally bare of vegetation, or support mallee and spinifex communities.[4]
The area is representative of south-east Australian lunettes or dry lake beds with wind blown dunes on their eastern margins and flat floors, formerly lake bottoms. A lunette is a crescentic dune ridge commonly found on the eastern (lee) margin of shallow lake basins in eastern Australia, developed under the influence of dominant westerly winds. The lunettes provide the area with a special scenic quality. Stabilised dunes, crescent shaped, edgethe lakes and where erosion has occurred, deep gullying has created miniature grand canyons of great beauty, as at the Walls of China, where the multicoloured strata of the lunette of Lake Mungo is exposed.[4]
Hydrology[edit]
Willandra Lakes is a fossil waterway developed during the Pleistocene Geological Period when the climate was considerably colder and wetter than in the same area today. Thirt thousand years ago, the lachlan was a much larger river than today which broke up into four or five major channels, forming large lakes in the sand dunes west of Hillston. These large lakes were predominantly filled, covering 1,088 square kilometres, but now carry water only during peak or flood discharges.[4]
Climate[edit]
The area is semi-arid, average rainfall being approximately 250mm per annum.[6][4]
Fauna[edit]
Twenty species of mammals are currently recorded at Willandra, of which bats are the most diverse group. There are some 40 species of reptiles and amphibians. There are 137 recorded species of bird life including parrots, cockatoos and finches.[4]
NSW heritage listing[edit]
Willandra's archaeological record demonstrates continuous human occupation of the area for at least 40,000 years. It was part of the history of inland exploration (Burke and Wills expedition) and of the development of the pastoral industry in western New South Wales. The area contains a relict lake system whose sediments, geomorphology and soils contain an outstanding record of low-altitude, non-glaciated Pleistocene landscape. The area contains outstanding examples of lunettes including Chibnalwood Lunette, the largest clay lunette in the world. Living in the area provides the opportunity to experience the natural harshness and beauty through all seasons. The Willandra's traditionally affiliated Aboriginal people proudly identify themselves with this land. The Willandra's primary producer landholder families have links with the European settlement of the region. The remoteness of the area creates the neighbourly support and a sense of community, in times of need whilst at the same time the isolation promotes self-sufficiency. The region has a Pleistocene archaeological record of outstanding value for world pre-history and is significant for understanding early cultural development in this region. The area is the site of discovery of the Mungo Geomagnetic Excursion, one of the most recent major changes of the earth's magnetic field.[7] The area is capable of yielding information relating to the evolution of climates and environments in south-eastern Australia. It has importance in understanding the reversal of the earth's magnetic field.[8] The Willandra Lakes Region comprising 240,000 acres was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1981 for both outstanding cultural and natural universal values: as an outstanding example representing the major stages in the earth's evolutionary history; as an outstanding example representing significant ongoing geological processes; and for bearing an exceptional testimony to a past civilization.[4]
Willandra Lakes was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.[4]
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
Willandra's archaeological record demonstrates continuous human occupation of the area for at least 40,000 years. It was part of the history of inland exploration (Burke and Wills expedition) and of the development of the pastoral industry in western New South Wales.[7][4]
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
The area contains a relict lake system whose sediments, geomorphology and soils contain an outstanding record of low-altitude, non-glaciated Pleistocene landscape. The area contains outstanding examples of lunettes including Chibnalwood Lunette, the largest clay lunette in the world.[7][4]
The place is ihas strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
Living in the area provides the opportunity to experience the natural harshness and beauty through all seasons. The Willandra's traditionally affiliated Aboriginal people proudly identify themselves with this land. The Willandra's primary producer landholder families have links with the European settlement of the region. The remoteness of the area creates the neighbourly support and a sense of community, in times of need whilst at the same time the isolation promotes self-sufficiency.[7][4]
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
The region has a Pleistocene archaeological record of outstanding value for world pre-history and is significant for understanding early cultural development in this region. The area is the site of discovery of the Mungo Geomagnetic Excursion, one of the most recent major changes of the earth's magnetic field.[7] The area is capable of yielding information relating to the evolution of climates and environments in south-eastern Australia. It has importance in understanding the reversal of the earth's magnetic field.[8][4]
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.
The area is representative of south-east Australian lunettes or dry lake beds with wind blown dunes on their eastern margins and flat floors.[8][4]
Films[edit]
2003 - Journey of Man
See also[edit]
New South Wales portal
External links[edit]
World heritage listing for Willandra Lakes at the Department of the Environment
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Willandra Lakes Region". World Heritage List. UNESCO. 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Willandra Lakes Region". Department of the Environment. Australian Government. 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Determination regarding including World Heritage places in the National Heritage List" (PDF). Special government gazette (PDF). Department of the Environment and Water Resources, Commonwealth of Australia. 21 May 2007. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Cite error: The named reference nswshr-1010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ Donavon & Associates 16-48
Jump up ^ D. Moore 1977
^ Jump up to: a b c d e World Heritage Australia 1996
^ Jump up to: a b c Moore 1977
Bibliography[edit]
Attraction Homepage (2007). "Willandra Lakes - Mungo National Park".
Moore, D (1977). National Trust Classification Card - Willandra Lakes System.
Tourism NSW (2007). "Willandra National Park".
Attribution[edit]
This Wikipedia article contains material from Willandra Lakes, entry number 01010 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 2 June 2018.
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text:
G1 phase
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The g1 phase, or Gap 1 phase, is the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division. In this part of interphase, the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis. G1 phase ends when the cell moves into the S phase of interphase.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Regulation
2.1 Biochemical regulators
2.2 Restriction point
2.2.1 Conflicting research
2.3 The G1/S checkpoint
3 In cancer
4 See also
5 References
Overview[edit]
G1 phase together with the S phase and G2 phase comprise the long growth period of the cell cycle called interphase that takes place before cell division in mitosis (M phase).[1]
During G1 phase, the cell grows in size and synthesizes mRNA and proteins (Known as histones) that are required for DNA synthesis. Once the required proteins and growth are complete, the cell enters the next phase of the cell cycle, S phase. The duration of each phase, including the G1 phase, is different in many different types of cells. In human somatic cells, the cell cycle lasts about 18 hours, and the G1 phase takes up about 1/3 of that time.[2] However, in Xenopus embryos, sea urchin embryos, and Drosophila embryos, the G1 phase is barely existent and is defined as the gap, if one exists, between the end of mitosis and the S phase.[2]
G1 phase and the other subphases of the cell cycle may be affected by limiting growth factors such as nutrient supply, temperature, and room for growth. Sufficient nucleotides and amino acids must be present in order to synthesize mRNA and proteins. Physiological temperatures are optimal for cell growth. In humans, the normal physiological temperature is around 37 °C (98.6 °F).[1]
G1 phase is particularly important in the cell cycle because it determines whether a cell commits to division or to leaving the cell cycle.[2] If a cell is signaled to remain undivided, instead of moving onto the S phase, it will leave the G1 phase and move into a state of dormancy called the G0 phase. Most nonproliferating vertebrate cells will enter the G0 phase.[1]
Regulation[edit]
Within the cell cycle, there is a stringent set of regulations known as the cell cycle control system that controls the timing and coordination of the phases to ensure a correct order of events. Biochemical triggers known as cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) switch on cell cycles events at the corrected time and in the correct order to prevent any mistakes.[2]
There are three checkpoints in the cell cycle: the G1/S Checkpoint or the Start checkpoint in yeast; the G2/M checkpoint; and the spindle checkpoint.[1]
Biochemical regulators[edit]
Main article: Cyclin E1
During G1 phase, the G1/S cyclin activity rises significantly near the end of the G1 phase.
Complexes of cyclin that are active during other phases of the cell cycle are kept inactivated to prevent any cell-cycle events from occurring out of order. Three methods of preventing Cdk activity are found in G1 phase: pRB binding to E2F family transcription factors downregulate expression of S phase cyclin genes; anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is activated, which targets and degrades S and M cyclins (but not G1/S cyclins); and a high concentration of Cdk inhibitors is found during G1 phase.[2]
Restriction point[edit]
Main article: Restriction point
The restriction point (R) in the G1 phase is different from a checkpoint because it does not determine whether cell conditions are ideal to move on to the next phase, but it changes the course of the cell. After a vertebrate cell has been in the G1 phase for about three hours, the cell enters a restriction point in which it is decided whether the cell will move forward with the G1 phase or move into the dormant G0 phase.[3]
This point also separates two halves of the G1 phase; the post-mitotic and pre-mitotic phases. Between the beginning of the G1 phase (which is also after mitosis has occurred) and R, the cell is known as being in the G1-pm subphase, or the post-mitotic phase. After R and before S, the cell is known as being in G1-ps, or the pre S phase interval of the G1 phase.[4]
In order for the cell to continue through the G1-pm, there must be a high amount of growth factors and a steady rate of protein synthesis, otherwise the cell will move into G0 phase.[4]
Conflicting research[edit]
Some authors will say that the restriction point and the G1/S checkpoint are one and the same,[1][2] but more recent studies have argued that there are two different points in the G1 phase that check the progression of the cell. The first restriction point is growth-factor dependent and determines whether the cell moves into the G0 phase, while the second checkpoint is nutritionally-dependent and determines whether the cell moves into the S phase.[3][4] Some of the confusion between researchers has been.[3]
The G1/S checkpoint[edit]
Main article: Cell cycle checkpoint
The G1/S checkpoint is the point between G1 phase and the S phase in which the cell is cleared for progression into the S phase. Reasons the cell would not move into the S phase include insufficient cell growth, damaged DNA, or other preparations have not been completed.
At the G1/S checkpoint, formation of the G1/S cyclin with Cdk to form a complex commits the cell to a new division cycle.[2] These complexes then activate S-Cdk complexes that move forward with DNA replication in the S phase. Concurrently, anaphase-promoting complex (APC) activity decreases significantly, allowing S and M cyclins to become activated.
If a cell does not clear to pass through to the S phase, it enters the dormant G0 phase in which there is no cellular growth or division.[1]
In cancer[edit]
Main article: Cell cycle role in cancer
Many sources have linked irregularities in the G1 phase or the G1/S checkpoint to uncontrolled growth of tumors. In these cases where the G1 phase is affected, it is generally because gene regulatory proteins of the E2F family have become unrestrained and increase G1/S cyclin gene expression, leading to uncontrolled cell-cycle entry.[2]
However, the cure for some forms of cancer also lies in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Many cancers including breast [5] and skin cancers [6] have been prevented from proliferating by causing the tumor cells to enter G1 cell cycle arrest, preventing the cells from dividing and spreading.
See also[edit]
G1/S transition
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Lodish, Harvey, et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 6th. New York City: W.H. Freeman and Company, 2008. Print.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Morgan, David. The Cell Cycle: Principals of Control. London: New Science Press LTD, 2007. Print.
^ Jump up to: a b c Foster, D. A.; Yellen, P.; Xu, L.; Saqcena, M. (2011). "Regulation of G1 Cell Cycle Progression: Distinguishing the Restriction Point from a Nutrient-Sensing Cell Growth Checkpoint(s)". Genes & Cancer. 1 (11): 1124. doi:10.1177/1947601910392989. PMC 3092273  .
^ Jump up to: a b c Zetterberg, A.; Larrsen, O.; Wilman, K.G. (1995). "What is the restriction point?". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 7 (6): 835–42. doi:10.1016/0955-0674(95)80067-0. PMID 8608014.
Jump up ^ Wali, Vikram B.; Bachawal, Sunitha V.; Sylvester, Paul W. (June 2009). "Combined Treatment of γ-Tocotrienol with Statins Induce Mammary Tumor Cell Cycle Arrest in G1". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 234 (6): 639–650. doi:10.3181/0810-RM-300. PMID 19359655.
Jump up ^ Ye, Yan; et alia (June 2011). "Atractylenolide II induces G1 cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in B16 melanoma cells". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 136 (1): 279–282. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.020. PMID 21524699.
[hide]
v
t
e
Cell cycle proteins
Cyclin
A (A1, A2)
B (B1, B2, B3)
D (D1, D2, D3)
E (E1, E2)
CDK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CDK-activating kinase
CDK inhibitor
INK4a/ARF (p14arf/p16, p15, p18, p19)
cip/kip (p21, p27, p57)
P53 p63 p73 family
p53
p63
p73
Other
Cdc2
Cdc25
Cdc42
Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein
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Maturation promoting factor
Wee
Cullin (CUL7)
Phases and
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Interphase
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S phase
G2 phase
M phase
Mitosis (Preprophase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase)
Cytokinesis
Cell cycle checkpoints
Restriction point
Spindle checkpoint
Postreplication checkpoint
Other cellular phases
Apoptosis
G0 phase
Meiosis
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text:
Pine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the tree. For other uses of the term "pine", see Pine (disambiguation).
Pine tree
Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora), North Korea
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Pinaceae
Subfamily: Pinoideae
Genus: Pinus
L.
Subgenera
Subgenus Strobus
Subgenus Pinus
See Pinus classification for complete taxonomy to species level. See list of pines by region for list of species by geographic distribution.
Range of Pinus
A pine is any conifer in the genus Pinus, /ˈpiːnuːs/,[1] of the family Pinaceae. Pinus is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae. The Plant List compiled by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden accepts 126 species names of pines as current, together with 35 unresolved species and many more synonyms.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Description
2.1 Bark
2.2 Foliage
2.3 Cones
3 Taxonomy, nomenclature and codification
4 Distribution
5 Ecology
6 Uses
6.1 Lumber and construction
6.2 Ornamental uses
6.3 Wildlife
6.4 Farming
6.5 Food and nutrients
7 In popular culture
7.1 Literature
7.2 Art
7.3 Religious texts
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Bibliography
10 External links
Etymology[edit]
Pine forest in Vagamon, southern Western Ghats, Kerala (India)
The modern English name "pine" derives from Latin pinus, which some have traced to the Indo-European base *pīt- ‘resin’ (source of English pituitary).[3] Before the 19th century, pines were often referred to as firs (from Old Norse fura, by way of Middle English firre). In some European languages, Germanic cognates of the Old Norse name are still in use for pines—in Danish fyr, in Norwegian fura/fure/furu, Swedish fura/furu, Dutch vuren, and German Föhre—but in modern English, fir is now restricted to fir (Abies) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga).
Description[edit]
Ancient Pinus longaeva, Nevada, USA
Pine trees are evergreen, coniferous resinous trees (or, rarely, shrubs) growing 3–80 m (10–260 ft) tall, with the majority of species reaching 15–45 m (50–150 ft) tall. The smallest are Siberian dwarf pine and Potosi pinyon, and the tallest is an 81.79 m (268.35 ft) tall ponderosa pine located in southern Oregon's Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest.[4]
Pines are long-lived, and typically reach ages of 100–1,000 years, some even more. The longest-lived is the Great Basin bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva. One individual of this species, dubbed "Methuselah", is one of the world's oldest living organisms at around 4,600 years old. This tree can be found in the White Mountains of California.[5] An older tree, now cut down, was dated at 4,900 years old. It was discovered in a grove beneath Wheeler Peak and it is now known as "Prometheus" after the Greek immortal.[citation needed]
Bark[edit]
Bark of an adult eastern white pine (pinus strobus) tree.
The bark of most pines is thick and scaly, but some species have thin, flaky bark. The branches are produced in regular "pseudo whorls", actually a very tight spiral but appearing like a ring of branches arising from the same point. Many pines are uninodal, producing just one such whorl of branches each year, from buds at the tip of the year's new shoot, but others are multinodal, producing two or more whorls of branches per year. The spiral growth of branches, needles, and cone scales is arranged in Fibonacci number ratios.[citation needed] The new spring shoots are sometimes called "candles"; they are covered in brown or whitish bud scales and point upward at first, then later turn green and spread outward. These "candles" offer foresters a means to evaluate fertility of the soil and vigour of the trees.
Foliage[edit]
Illustration of needles, cones, and seeds of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)
Pines have four types of leaf:
Seed leaves (cotyledons) on seedlings are borne in a whorl of 4–24.
Juvenile leaves, which follow immediately on seedlings and young plants, are 2–6 cm long, single, green or often blue-green, and arranged spirally on the shoot. These are produced for six months to five years, rarely longer.
Scale leaves, similar to bud scales, are small, brown and not photosynthetic, and arranged spirally like the juvenile leaves.
Needles, the adult leaves, are green (photosynthetic) and bundled in clusters called fascicles. The needles can number from one to seven per fascicle, but generally number from two to five. Each fascicle is produced from a small bud on a dwarf shoot in the axil of a scale leaf. These bud scales often remain on the fascicle as a basal sheath. The needles persist for 1.5–40 years, depending on species. If a shoot is damaged (e.g. eaten by an animal), the needle fascicles just below the damage will generate a bud which can then replace the lost leaves.
Cones[edit]
A growing female cone of a Scots pine on a mountain in Perry County, Pennsylvania.
A fully grown and freshly fallen female pine cone (pinus strobus.)
Pines are mostly monoecious, having the male and female cones on the same tree, though a few species are sub-dioecious, with individuals predominantly, but not wholly, single-sex. The male cones are small, typically 1–5 cm long, and only present for a short period (usually in spring, though autumn in a few pines), falling as soon as they have shed their pollen. The female cones take 1.5–3 years (depending on species) to mature after pollination, with actual fertilization delayed one year. At maturity the female cones are 3–60 cm long. Each cone has numerous spirally arranged scales, with two seeds on each fertile scale; the scales at the base and tip of the cone are small and sterile, without seeds. The seeds are mostly small and winged, and are anemophilous (wind-dispersed), but some are larger and have only a vestigial wing, and are bird-dispersed (see below). At maturity, the cones usually open to release the seeds, but in some of the bird-dispersed species (e.g. whitebark pine), the seeds are only released by the bird breaking the cones open. In others, the seeds are stored in closed ("serotinous") cones for many years until an environmental cue triggers the cones to open, releasing the seeds. The most common form of serotiny is pyriscence, in which a resin binds the cones shut until melted by a forest fire.
Taxonomy, nomenclature and codification[edit]
Main article: Pinus classification
Pines are gymnosperms. The genus is divided into three subgenera, which can be distinguished by cone, seed, and leaf characters:
Pinus subg. Pinus, the yellow, or hard pine group, generally with harder wood and two or three needles per fascicle[6]
Pinus subg. Ducampopinus, the foxtail or pinyon group
Pinus subg. Strobus, the white, or soft pine group, generally with softer wood and five needles per fascicle[6]
Distribution[edit]
A Khasi pine in Benguet, Philippines
Huangshan pine (Pinus hwangshanensis), Anhui, China
Pines are native to the Northern Hemisphere, and in a few parts of the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere. Most regions of the Northern Hemisphere (see List of pines by region) host some native species of pines. One species (Sumatran pine) crosses the equator in Sumatra to 2°S. In North America, various species occur in regions at latitudes from as far north as 66°N to as far south as 12°N.[citation needed]
Pines may be found in a very large variety of environments, ranging from semi-arid desert to rainforests, from sea level up to 5,200 metres (17,100 ft), from the coldest to the hottest environments on Earth. They often occur in mountainous areas with favorable soils and at least some water.[citation needed]
Various species have been introduced to temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres, where they are grown as timber or cultivated as ornamental plants in parks and gardens. A number of such introduced species have become naturalized, and some species are considered invasive in some areas[7] and threaten native ecosystems.
Ecology[edit]
A prescribed fire in a European black pine (Pinus nigra) woodland, Portugal
Pines grow well in acid soils, some also on calcareous soils; most require good soil drainage, preferring sandy soils, but a few (e.g. lodgepole pine) can tolerate poorly drained wet soils. A few are able to sprout after forest fires (e.g. Canary Island pine). Some species of pines (e.g. bishop pine) need fire to regenerate, and their populations slowly decline under fire suppression regimens. Several species are adapted to extreme conditions imposed by elevation and latitude (e.g. Siberian dwarf pine, mountain pine, whitebark pine, and the bristlecone pines). The pinyon pines and a number of others, notably Turkish pine and gray pine, are particularly well adapted to growth in hot, dry semidesert climates.[citation needed]
The seeds are commonly eaten by birds, such as grouse, crossbills, jays, nuthatches, siskins, and woodpeckers, and by squirrels. Some birds, notably the spotted nutcracker, Clark's nutcracker, and pinyon jay, are of importance in distributing pine seeds to new areas. Pine needles are sometimes eaten by some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species (see list of Lepidoptera that feed on pines), the Symphytan species pine sawfly, and goats.[citation needed]
Pine pollen may play an important role in the functioning of detrital food webs.[8] Nutrients from pollen aid detritivores in development, growth, and maturation, and may enable fungi to decompose nutritionally scarce litter.[8] Pine pollen is also involved in moving plant matter between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.[8]
Uses[edit]
Logging Pinus ponderosa, Arizona, USA
Pinus sylvestris prepared for transport, Hungary
Pine cone
Lumber and construction[edit]
Tongue and groove solid pine flooring
Pines are among the most commercially important tree species valued for their timber and wood pulp throughout the world.[9][10] In temperate and tropical regions, they are fast-growing softwoods that grow in relatively dense stands, their acidic decaying needles inhibiting the sprouting of competing hardwoods. Commercial pines are grown in plantations for timber that is denser, more resinous, and therefore more durable than spruce (Picea). Pine wood is widely used in high-value carpentry items such as furniture, window frames, panelling, floors, and roofing, and the resin of some species is an important source of turpentine.
Because pines have no insect- or decay-resistant qualities after logging, they are generally recommended for construction purposes as indoor use only (ex. indoor drywall framing). This wood left outside can be expected to last no more than 12–18 months depending on the local climate. It is commonly referred to by several different names which include North American timber, spruce/pine/fir (SPF), and whitewood.
Ornamental uses[edit]
Many pine species make attractive ornamental plantings for parks and larger gardens with a variety of dwarf cultivars being suitable for smaller spaces. Pines are also commercially grown and harvested for Christmas trees. Pine cones, the largest and most durable of all conifer cones, are craft favorites. Pine boughs, appreciated especially in wintertime for their pleasant smell and greenery, are popularly cut for decorations.[11] Pine needles are also used for making decorative articles such as baskets, trays, pots, etc, and during the U.S. Civil War, the needles of the longleaf pine "Georgia pine" were widely employed in this.[12] This originally Native American skill is now being replicated across the world. Pine needle handicrafts are made in the US, Canada, Mexico, Nicaragua, and India.
Wildlife[edit]
Pine needles serve as food for various Lepidoptera. See List of Lepidoptera that feed on pines. Several species are attacked by nematodes, causing pine wilt disease, which can kill some quickly.
Farming[edit]
When grown for sawing timber, pine plantations can be harvested after 30 years, with some stands being allowed to grow up to 50 (as the wood value increases more quickly as the trees age). Imperfect trees (such as those with bent trunks or forks, smaller trees, or diseased trees) are removed in a "thinning" operation every 5–10 years. Thinning allows the best trees to grow much faster, because it prevents weaker trees from competing for sunlight, water, and nutrients. Young trees removed during thinning are used for pulpwood, while most older ones are good enough for saw timber.
The final wood quality can be improved by pruning small branches at ages 5, 7, and 9. Pruning usually goes up to a height of 6 metres (20 ft). This results in smooth timber with no knots, which is considerably more valuable. [13]
A 30-year-old commercial pine tree grown in good conditions will be about 0.3 m (1.0 ft) in diameter and about 20 m (66 ft) high. After 50 years, the same tree will be about 0.5 m (1.6 ft) in diameter and 25 m (82 ft) high, and its wood will be worth about seven times as much as the 30-year-old tree. [14]
Trees are planted 3–4 m apart, or about 1000 per hectare (100,000 per km2).
Food and nutrients[edit]
Edible seeds of the Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis)
Some species have large seeds, called pine nuts, that are harvested and sold for cooking and baking. They are an essential ingredient of pesto alla genovese.
The soft, moist, white inner bark (cambium) found clinging to the woody outer bark is edible and very high in vitamins A and C. It can be eaten raw in slices as a snack or dried and ground up into a powder for use as an ersatz flour or thickener in stews, soups, and other foods, such as bark bread. Adirondack Indians got their name from the Mohawk Indian word atirú:taks, meaning "tree eaters".
A tea made by steeping young, green pine needles in boiling water (known as tallstrunt in Sweden) is high in vitamins A and C. In eastern Asia, pine and other conifers are accepted among consumers as a beverage product, and used in teas, as well as wine.[15]
Pine needles from Pinus densiflora were found to contain 30.54 mg/g of proanthocyanidins when extracted with hot water.[16] Comparative to ethanol extraction resulting in 30.11 mg/g, simply extracting in hot water is preferable.
Proanthocyanidins, the nutrient for which wine and grapes are famed and grapeseed extract is used medicinally,[17] is in nearly the same quantity in pine needles of P. densiflora as it is in grape juice (35 mg/g). Grapeseed extract from cultivated grapes is 48.9 to 96.7 mg/g.[18]

In popular culture[edit]
By Camille Pissarro.
Pines have been a frequently mentioned tree throughout history, including in literature, paintings and other art, and in religious texts.
Literature[edit]
Writers of various nationalities and ethnicities have written of pines. Among them, John Muir,[19] Dora Sigerson Shorter,[20] Eugene Field,[21] the Chinese,[22] Theodore Winthrop,[23] and Rev. George Allan D.D.[24]
Art[edit]
Pines are often featured in art, whether painting and fine art,[25] drawing,[26] photography,[27] or folk art.
Religious texts[edit]
Pine trees, as well as other conifers, are mentioned in The Bible. In Nehemiah 8:15, the King James Version renders the following translation:[28]
"And that they should publish and proclaim in all their cities, and in Jerusalem, saying, Go forth unto the mount, and fetch olive branches, and pine branches [emphasis added], and myrtle branches, and palm branches, and branches of thick trees, to make booths, as it is written."
Pines are also mentioned in Isaiah 41:
"17: When the poor and needy seek water, and there is none, and their tongue faileth for thirst, I the LORD will hear them, I the God of Israel will not forsake them. 18: I will open rivers in high places, and fountains in the midst of the valleys: I will make the wilderness a pool of water, and the dry land springs of water. 19: I will plant in the wilderness the cedar, the shittah tree, and the myrtle, and the oil tree; I will set in the desert the fir tree, and the pine, and the box tree together: 20: That they may see, and know, and consider, and understand together, that the hand of the LORD hath done this, and the Holy One of Israel hath created it."
And in Isaiah 60:
"13: The glory of Lebanon shall come unto thee, the fir tree, the pine tree, and the box together, to beautify the place of my sanctuary; and I will make the place of my feet glorious."
See also[edit]
Pine barrens
Pine-cypress forest
Three Friends of Winter
El Pino (The Pine Tree)
Tree of Peace
List of pines by region
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
Jump up ^ "The Plant List Version 1.1". Retrieved 15 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Where Are You From? - Credo Reference". credoreference.com.
Jump up ^ Fattig, Paul (2011-01-23). "Tallest of the tall". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Archived from the original on 2013-02-21. Retrieved 2011-01-27.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Michael; David M. Richardson (December 1999). "The Complete Pine". BioScience. 49 (12): 1023–1024. doi:10.2307/1313736.
^ Jump up to: a b Burton Verne Barnes; Warren Herbert Wagner (January 2004). Michigan Trees: A Guide to the Trees of the Great Lakes Region. University of Michigan Press. pp. 81–. ISBN 0-472-08921-8. Archived from the original on 2016-05-11.
Jump up ^ "Pinus ssp. (tree), General Impact". Global Invasive Species Database. Invasive Species Specialist Group. 13 March 2006. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Filipiak, Michał (2016-01-01). "Pollen Stoichiometry May Influence Detrital Terrestrial and Aquatic Food Webs". Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology. 4: 138. doi:10.3389/fevo.2016.00138. Archived from the original on 2016-12-21.
Jump up ^ "Choosing a Timber Species - Timber Frame HQ". Timber Frame HQ. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Trees for pulp" (PDF). Paper.org.
Jump up ^ "5 Ways to Decorate with Pine Boughs". Home Decorating Trends - Homedit. 2012-12-04. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
Jump up ^ McAfee, M. J. (Mary Jane) (1911). The pine-needle basket book. The Library of Congress. New York : Pine-Needle Pub. Co.
Jump up ^ "The Pine Plantation Rotation" (PDF). Forests NSW. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved April 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ Frank A. Roth II, Extension Forester. "Thinning to improve pine timber" (PDF). University of Arkensas Division of Agriculture. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-09. Retrieved April 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ Zeng WC, Jia LR, Zhang Y, Cen JQ, Chen X, Gao H, Feng S, Huang YN. 2011. Antibrowning and antimicrobial activities of the water-soluble extract from pine needles of Cedrus deodara. J Food Sci 76: C318-C323
Jump up ^ Park YS, Jeon MH, Hwang HJ, Park MR, Lee SH, Kim SG, Kim M (August 2011). "Antioxidant activity and analysis of proanthocyanidins from pine (Pinus densiflora) needles". Nutrition Research and Practice. 5 (4): 281–7. doi:10.4162/nrp.2011.5.4.281. PMC 3180677  . PMID 21994521.
Jump up ^ "Grapes". www.raysahelian.com. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
Jump up ^ Trad, Mehdi; Bourvellec, Carine Le; Hamda, Hmida Ben; Renard, Catherine M. G. C.; Harbi, Mounira (2017-11-01). "Flavan-3-ols and procyanidins in grape seeds: biodiversity and relationships among wild and cultivated vines". Euphytica. 213 (11): 242. doi:10.1007/s10681-017-2032-z. ISSN 0014-2336.
Jump up ^ Muir, John. The Yosemite.
Jump up ^ Shorter, Dora Sigerson. The Secret.
Jump up ^ Field, Eugene. Poems of Childhood/Norse Lullaby.
Jump up ^ Juyi, Bai. More Translations from the Chinese.
Jump up ^ Winthrop, Theodore. Life in the Open Air.
Jump up ^ The Book of Scottish Song.
Jump up ^ Pissarro, Camille (before 1903), Work by Camille Pissarro, retrieved 2018-01-04 Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ 60, USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N. L. , and A. Brown 1913 Illustrated flora of the northern states and Canada Vol 1: (1913), Pinus strobus L., retrieved 2018-01-04
Jump up ^ "Free Image on Pixabay - Pine Trees, Winter, White, Cold". Retrieved 2018-01-04.
Jump up ^ "NEHEMIAH 8:15 KJV "And that they should publish and proclaim in all their cities, and in Jerusalem, saying, Go forth unto..."". www.kingjamesbibleonline.org. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
Bibliography[edit]
Farjon, A. 1984, 2nd edition 2005. Pines. E. J. Brill, Leiden. ISBN 90-04-13916-8
Little, E. L., Jr., and Critchfield, W. B. 1969. Subdivisions of the Genus Pinus (Pines). US Department of Agriculture Misc. Publ. 1144 (Superintendent of Documents Number: A 1.38:1144).
Richardson, D. M. (ed.). 1998. Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 530 p. ISBN 0-521-55176-5
Sulavik, Stephen B. 2007. Adirondack; Of Indians and Mountains, 1535-1838. Purple Mountain Press, Fleischmanns, NY. 244 p. ISBN 1-930098-79-0 ISBN 978-1-930098-79-4
Mirov, N. T. 1967. The Genus Pinus. Ronald Press, New York (out of print).
Classification of pines
Gymnosperm Database - Pinus
Mirov, N. T.; Stanley, R. G. (1959). "The Pine Tree". Annual Review of Plant Physiology. 10: 223. doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.10.060159.001255.
Philips, Roger. Trees of North America and Europe, Random House, Inc., New York ISBN 0-394-50259-0, 1979.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pinus.
40 Pine Trees From Around the World by The Spruce
Key to Pinus from the Jepson Manual, covers Californian species
Pinus in Flora of North America
Pinus in the USDA Plants Database
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Wd: Q12024
APDB: 193741
EoL: 14031
EPPO: 1PIUG
FloraBase: 20919
FNA: 125519
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GBIF: 2684241
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PLANTS: PINUS
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text:
Out-of-band management
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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An IBM Remote Supervisor Adapter II installed in an eServer 326. Instead of leading to the monitor, the VGA cable returns to the computer where it is connected to the remote management card.
In computer networks, out-of-band management involves the use of a dedicated channel for managing network devices. This allows the network operator to establish trust boundaries in accessing the management function to apply it to network resources. It also can be used to ensure management connectivity (including the ability to determine the status of any network component) independent of the status of other in-band network components.
In computing, one form of out-of-band management is sometimes called lights-out management (LOM) and involves the use of a dedicated management channel for device maintenance. It allows a system administrator to monitor and manage servers and other network-attached equipment by remote control regardless of whether the machine is powered on, or whether an operating system is installed or functional.
By contrast, in-band management through VNC, SSH or even serial ports is based on in-band connectivity and software that must be installed on the remote system being managed and only works after the operating system has been booted. This solution may be cheaper, but it does not allow access to firmware (BIOS or UEFI) settings, does not make it possible to reinstall the operating system remotely, and it cannot be used to fix problems that prevent the system from booting. In networking, it does not allow management of remote network components independently of the current status of other network components.
Both in-band and out-of-band (OOB) management are usually done through a network connection, but an out-of-band management card can use a physically separated network connector if preferred. A remote management card usually has at least a partially independent power supply and can switch the main machine on and off through the network.
Modular/blade systems with dedicated management modules often offer a dedicated OOB Ethernet port or Lights out management port.
Contents
1 Capabilities
2 Implementation
2.1 Remote CLI access
3 See also
4 References
Capabilities[edit]
A complete remote management system allows[1] remote reboot, shutdown, powering on; hardware sensor monitoring (fan speed, power voltages, chassis intrusion, etc.); broadcasting of video output to remote terminals and receiving of input from remote keyboard and mouse (KVM over IP). It also can access local media like a DVD drive, or disk images, from the remote machine. If necessary, this allows one to perform remote installation of the operating system. Remote management can be used to adjust BIOS settings that may not be accessible after the operating system has already booted. Settings for hardware RAID or RAM timings can also be adjusted as the management card needs no hard drives or main memory to operate.
As management via a serial port has traditionally been important on servers, a complete remote management system also allows one to talk with the server through this port (SOL console).
As sending monitor output through the network is bandwidth intensive, cards like MegaRAC use built-in video compression[2] (versions of VNC are often used in implementing this[3]). Devices like Dell DRAC also have a slot for a memory card where an administrator may keep server-related information independently from the main hard drive.
The remote system can be accessed either through an SSH command-line interface, specialized client software, or through various web-browser-based solutions.[4] Client software is usually optimized to manage multiple systems easily.
There are also various scaled-down versions, up to devices that only allow remote reboot by power cycling the server. This helps if the operating system hangs but only needs a reboot to recover.
Implementation[edit]
Remote management can be enabled on many computers (not necessarily only servers) by adding a remote management card (while some cards only support a limited list of motherboards). Newer server motherboards often have built-in remote management and need no separate management card.
Internally, Ethernet-based out-of-band management can either use a dedicated separate Ethernet connection, or some kind of traffic multiplexing can be performed on the system's regular Ethernet connection. That way, a common Ethernet connection becomes shared between the computer's operating system and the integrated baseboard management controller (BMC), usually by configuring the network interface controller (NIC) to perform Remote Management Control Protocol (RMCP) ports filtering, use a separate MAC address, or to use virtual LAN (VLAN). Thus, out-of-band nature of the management traffic is ensured in a shared-connection scenario as the system configures the NIC to extract the management traffic from the incoming traffic flow on the hardware level, and to route it to the BMC before reaching the host and its operating system.[5]
Remote CLI access[edit]
Another, older, version of out-of-band management is a layout involving availability of a separate network which allows network administrators to get command-line interface (CLI) access over console ports of network equipment, even when those devices are not forwarding any payload traffic.
If a location has several network devices, a terminal server can provide access to different console ports for direct CLI access. In case there is only one or just a few network devices, some of them provide AUX ports making it possible to connect a dial-in modem for direct CLI access. The mentioned terminal server can often be accessed via a separate network that does not use managed switches and routers for a connection to the central site, and/or it has a modem connected via dial-in access through POTS or ISDN.
See also[edit]
Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI) (a server out-of-band management standard protocol)
Management Component Transport Protocol (MCTP) (a low-level protocol used for controlling hardware components)
Desktop and mobile Architecture for System Hardware (an out-of-band management standard protocol)
Intel Active Management Technology (Intel's out-of-band management technology)
HP's Guardian Service Processor (HP's out-of-band management implementation for older HP 9000 servers)
HP Integrated Lights-Out (iLO) (HP's out-of-band management implementation for x86 and newer Integrity servers)
Dell DRAC (iDRAC) (DELL's out-of-band management implementation)
IBM Remote Supervisor Adapter or Integrated Management Module (IBM's out-of-band management implementation)
Management interface M1000e (an implementation for Dell blade-enclosure)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Supermicro page". Supermicro.com. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
Jump up ^ "American Megatrends page". Ami.com. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
Jump up ^ "features embedded VNC® for remote control at Intel Developer Forum". RealVNC. 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
Jump up ^ Oracle Integrated Lights Out Manager
Jump up ^ "Intel Ethernet Controller I210 Datasheet" (PDF). Intel. 2013. pp. 1, 15, 52, 621–776. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Out-of-band_management&oldid=854446732"
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