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Planned economy
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A planned economy is a type of economic system where investment and the allocation of capital goods take place according to economy-wide economic and production plans. A planned economy may use centralized, decentralized or participatory forms of economic planning.[1][2] A command economy or administrative command economy is any of the nominally-planned economies of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc - these terms highlight the central role of hierarchical administration in guiding the allocation of resources in these economic systems as opposed to planned coordination.[3][4]
Planned economies are usually associated[by whom?] with Soviet-type central planning, which involves centralized state planning and administrative decision-making.[5] In command economies, important allocation-decisions are made by government authorities and are imposed by law.[6] Planned economies contrast with unplanned economies, specifically market economies, where autonomous firms operating in markets make decisions about production, distribution, pricing and investment. Market economies that use indicative planning are sometimes referred to[by whom?] as “planned market economies”.
The traditional conception of socialism involves the integration of socially-owned economic enterprises via some form of planning with direct calculation substituting factor markets. As such, the concept of a planned economy is often associated[by whom?] with socialism and with socialist planning.[7][8][9] More recent approaches to socialist planning and allocation have come from some economists and computer scientists proposing planning mechanisms based on advances in computer science and information technology.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Planned versus command economies
2 Advantages of economic planning
3 Disadvantages of economic planning
3.1 Inefficient resource distribution: surplus and shortage
3.2 Suppression of economic democracy and self-management
3.3 Economic instability
4 Relationship with socialism
5 Computational economic planning
6 Fictional portrayals of planned economies
7 See also
8 Notes
9 Further reading
10 External links
Planned versus command economies[edit]
Main article: Economic planning
Planned economies are held in contrast with command economies, where a planned economy is "an economic system in which the government controls and regulates production, distribution, prices, etc."[11] but a command economy, while also having this type of regulation, necessarily has substantial public ownership of industry.[12] Therefore, command economies are planned economies, but not necessarily the reverse.
Whereas most of the economy is organized in a top-down administrative model by a central authority, where decisions regarding investment and production output requirements are decided upon at the top in the chain of command, with little input from lower levels. Advocates of economic planning have sometimes been staunch critics of these command economies. For example, Leon Trotsky believed that those at the top of the chain of command, regardless of their intellectual capacity, operated without the input and participation of the millions of people who participate in the economy and understand/respond to local conditions and changes in the economy, and therefore would be unable to effectively coordinate all economic activity.[13]
Although planned economies have historically been associated with Marxist-Leninist states and the Soviet economic model, some argue[weasel words] that the Soviet economic model did not actually constitute a planned economy in that a comprehensive and binding plan did not guide production and investment; therefore the further distinction of an administrative command economy emerged as a more accurate designation for the economic system that existed in the former Soviet Union and Eastern bloc, highlighting the role of centralized hierarchical decision-making in the absence of popular control over the economy.[14] The possibility of a digital planned economy was explored by Chile with the creation of Project Cybersyn and Alexander Kharkevich head of the Department of technical physics in Kiev in 1962.[15][16]
Another key difference is that command economies are inherently authoritarian, whereas economic planning in general can be either participatory and democratic or authoritarian. Indicative planning is a form of planning in market economies that directs the economy through incentive-based methods. Economic planning can be practiced in a decentralized manner through different government authorities. For example, in some predominately market-oriented and mixed economies, the state utilizes economic planning in strategic industries such as the aerospace industry. Mixed economies usually employ macroeconomic planning, while micro-economic affairs are left to the market and price system.
Another example of this is the utilization of dirigisme, or government direction of the economy through non coercive means, both of which were practiced in France and Great Britain after the Second World War. Swedish public housing models were planned by the government in a similar fashion as urban planning in a project called Million Programme.
Advantages of economic planning[edit]
The government can harness land, labours, and capital to serve the economic objectives of the state. Consumer demand can be restrained in favor of greater capital investment for economic development in a desired pattern. In international comparisons, state-socialist nations compared favorably with capitalist nations in health indicators such as infant mortality and life expectancy, although the statistics concerning infant mortality are self-reported and based on varying standards.[17] The state can begin building a heavy industry at once in an underdeveloped economy without waiting years for capital to accumulate through the expansion of light industry, and without reliance on external financing. This is what happened in the Soviet Union during the 1930s when the government forced the share of GNP dedicated to private consumption from eighty percent to fifty percent.[18] As a result, the Soviet Union experienced massive growth in heavy industry, with a concurrent massive contraction of its agricultural sector, in both relative and absolute terms.
Disadvantages of economic planning[edit]
Inefficient resource distribution: surplus and shortage[edit]
Critics of planned economies argue that planners cannot detect consumer preferences, shortages, and surpluses with sufficient accuracy and therefore cannot efficiently co-ordinate production (in a market economy, a free price system is intended to serve this purpose). This difficulty was notably written about by economists Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek, who referred to subtly distinct aspects of the problem as the "economic calculation problem"[19] and "local knowledge problem"[20] respectively. Whereas the former stressed the theoretical underpinnings of a market economy to subjective value theory while attacking the labor theory of value, the latter argued that the only way to satisfy individuals who have a constantly changing hierarchy of needs, and are the only ones to possess their particular individual's circumstances, is by allowing those with the most knowledge of their needs to have it in their power to use their resources in a competing marketplace to meet the needs of the most consumers, most efficiently. This phenomenon is recognized as spontaneous order. Additionally, misallocation of resources would naturally ensue by redirecting capital away from individuals with direct knowledge and circumventing it into markets where a coercive monopoly influences behavior, ignoring market signals. According to Tibor R. Machan, "Without a market in which allocations can be made in obedience to the law of supply and demand, it is difficult or impossible to funnel resources with respect to actual human preferences and goals."[21]
Suppression of economic democracy and self-management[edit]
Economist Robin Hahnel notes that, even if central planning overcame its inherent inhibitions of incentives and innovation, it would nevertheless be unable to maximize economic democracy and self-management, which he believes are concepts that are more intellectually coherent, consistent and just than mainstream notions of economic freedom.[22]
Says Hahnel, "Combined with a more democratic political system, and redone to closer approximate a best case version, centrally planned economies no doubt would have performed better. But they could never have delivered economic self-management, they would always have been slow to innovate as apathy and frustration took their inevitable toll, and they would always have been susceptible to growing inequities and inefficiencies as the effects of differential economic power grew. Under central planning neither planners, managers, nor workers had incentives to promote the social economic interest. Nor did impeding markets for final goods to the planning system enfranchise consumers in meaningful ways. But central planning would have been incompatible with economic democracy even if it had overcome its information and incentive liabilities. And the truth is that it survived as long as it did only because it was propped up by unprecedented totalitarian political power."[22]
Economic instability[edit]
Studies of Eastern European planned economies in the 1950s and 1960s by both American and Eastern European economists found that, contrary to the expectations of both groups, they showed greater fluctuations in output than market economies during the same period.[23]
Relationship with socialism[edit]
Main article: Socialism
While socialism is not equivalent to economic planning or to the concept of a planned economy, an influential conception of socialism involves the replacement of capital markets with some form of economic planning in order to achieve ex-ante coordination of the economy. The goal of such an economic system would be to achieve conscious control over the economy by the population, specifically, so that the use of the surplus product is controlled by the producers.[24] The specific forms of planning proposed for socialism and their feasibility are subjects of the socialist calculation debate.
Computational economic planning[edit]
In their book Towards a New Socialism (1993) the computer scientist Paul Cockshott from the University of Glasgow and the economist Allin Cottrell from the Wake Forest University claim to demonstrate, in detail, how a democratically planned economy built on modern computer technology is possible and drives the thesis that it would be both economically more stable than the free market economies and also morally desirable.
In 1971, when the development of computer technology was still its early stages, the socialist Allende administration of Chile launched Project Cybersyn to install a telex machine in every corporation and organisation in the economy for the communication of economic data between firms and the government. The data was also fed into a computer simulated economy for forecasting. A control room was built for realtime observation and management of the overall economy. The project was initially successful[citation needed] but in 1973, after CIA-backed Augusto Pinochet led a coup and then established a dictatorship under his rule, he abolished the program to move Chile towards a freer economy.
Fictional portrayals of planned economies[edit]
The 1888 novel Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy depicts a fictional planned economy in a United States around the year 2000 which has become a socialist utopia.
The World State in Aldous Huxley's Brave New World and Airstrip One in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four are both fictional examples of command economies, albeit with diametrically opposed aims: The former is a consumer economy designed to engender productivity while the latter is a shortage economy designed as an agent of totalitarian social control. Airstrip One is organised by the euphemistically named Ministry of Plenty.
Other literary portrayals of planned economies were Yevgeny Zamyatin's We, which was an influence on Orwell's work. Like Nineteen Eighty Four, Ayn Rand's dystopian story Anthem was also an artistic portrayal of a command economy that was influenced by We. The difference is that it was a primitivist planned economy, as opposed to the advanced technology of We or Brave New World.
See also[edit]
Calculation in kind
Communist state
Communist economy
Dirigisme
Distributed economy
Economic democracy
Economic equilibrium
Economic calculation problem
Economic planning
Horizontalidad
Inclusive democracy
Indicative planning
Industrial democracy
Input-output model
Material balance planning
Market economy
Marxism-Leninism
Mixed economy
Participatory economics
Production for use
Project Cybersyn
Public ownership
Peer-to-Peer economy
Socialist calculation debate
Socialist economy
State capitalism
Technocracy
Self-managed economy
Case studies (Soviet-type economies)
Analysis of Soviet-type economic planning
Five-Year Plans in the Soviet Union
Five-year plans of China
OGAS, a plan for creating a computer network to supervise the Soviet economy
Project Cybersyn, a project for a computer network controlling the economy of Chile under Salvador Allende.
Eastern Bloc economies
Cuban Planned Economy[25]
Case studies (Mixed-market economies)
Indicative planning in France
First Malaysia Plan
Five-year plans of Argentina
Five-Year Plans of South Korea
Economy of Singapore
Economy of India
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Alec Nove (1987), "Planned Economy," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, p. 879.
Jump up ^ Devine, Pat (July 26, 2010). Democracy and Economic Planning. Polity. ISBN 978-0745634791.
Jump up ^ Wilhelm, John Howard (1985). "The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy". Soviet Studies. 37 (1): 118–30. doi:10.1080/09668138508411571.
Jump up ^ Ellman, Michael (2007). "The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning". In Estrin, Saul; Kołodko, Grzegorz W.; Uvalić, Milica. Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 22. ISBN 0-230-54697-8. In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the 'administrative-command' economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population...
Jump up ^ Zimbalist, Sherman and Brown, Andrew, Howard J. and Stuart (October 1988). Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach. Harcourt College Pub. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-15-512403-5. Almost all industry in the Soviet Union is government owned and all production is directed, in theory, by a central plan (though in practice much is left for local discretion and much happens that is unplanned or not under government control).
Jump up ^ Rosser, Mariana V.; Rosser, J Barkley (23 July 2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-262-18234-8. In a command economy the most important allocation decisions are made by government authorities and are imposed by law.
Jump up ^ Prychito, David L. (July 31, 2002). Markets, Planning, and Democracy: Essays After the Collapse of Communism. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 72. ISBN 978-1840645194. Traditional socialism strives to plan all economic activities comprehensively, both within and between enterprises. As such, it seeks to integrate the economic activities of society (the coordination of socially owned property) into a single coherent plan, rather than to rely upon the spontaneous or anarchic ordering of the market system to coordinate plans.
Jump up ^ Mandel, Ernest (1986). "In Defence of Socialist Planning" (PDF). New Left Review. 159: 5–37. Planning is not equivalent to 'perfect' allocation of resources, nor 'scientific' allocation, nor even ‘more humane’ allocation. It simply means ‘direct’ allocation, ex ante. As such, it is the opposite of market allocation, which is ex post.
Jump up ^ Ellman, Michael (March 31, 1989). Socialist Planning. Cambridge University Press. p. 327. ISBN 978-0521358668. ‘socialist planning’, in the original sense of a national economy which replaced market relationships by direct calculation and direct product exchange, has nowhere been established…
Jump up ^ Allin Cottrell & W.Paul Cockshott, Towards a new socialism (Nottingham, England: Spokesman, 1993). Retrieved: 28 February 2017.
Jump up ^ planned economy. Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. (accessed: May 11, 2008).
Jump up ^ command economy. In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2008) (accessed May 11, 2008).
Jump up ^ Trotsky, Leon. Writings 1932–33. p. 96.
Jump up ^ Ellman, Michael (2007). "The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning". In Estrin, Saul; Kołodko, Grzegorz W.; Uvalić, Milica. Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 22. ISBN 0-230-54697-8. Realization of these facts led in the 1970s and 1980s to the development of new terms to describe what had previously been (and still were in United Nations publications) referred to as the ‘centrally planned economies’. In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the ‘administrative-command’ economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population...
Jump up ^ http://csef.ru/en/politica-i-geopolitica/223/mashiny-kommunizma-pochemu-v-sssr-tak-i-ne-sozdali-svoj-internet-6983
Jump up ^ Kharkevich, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1973). Theory of information. The identification of the images. Selected works in three volumes. Volume 3. Information and technology: Moscow: Publishing House "Nauka", 1973. - Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Institute of information transmission problems. p. 524.
Jump up ^ Michael Ellman (2014). Socialist Planning. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1107427320 p. 372.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Paul (1987). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. New York: Random House. pp. 322–3. ISBN 0-394-54674-1.
Jump up ^ Von Mises, Ludwig (1990). Economic calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth (pdf). Ludwig von Mises Institute. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
Jump up ^ Friedrich A. Hayek, "The Use of Knowledge", American Economic Review. XXXV, No. 4. pp. 519-30 (1945).
Jump up ^ Machan, R. Tibor (2002). "Some Skeptical Reflections on Research and Development". Liberty and Research and Development: Science Funding in a Free Society (PDF). Hoover Press. ISBN 0-8179-2942-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Hahnel, Robin (2002). The ABC's of Political Economy. London: Pluto Press. p. 262. ISBN 0-7453-1858-4.
Jump up ^ Zielinski, J. G. (1973). Economic Reforms in Polish Industry. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-215323-4.
Jump up ^ Feinstein, C.H. (1975). Socialism, Capitalism and Economic Growth: Essays Presented to Maurice Dobb. Cambridge University Press. p. 174. ISBN 0-521-29007-4. We have presented the view that planning and market mechanisms are instruments that can be used both in socialist and non-socialist societies...It was important to explode the primitive identification of central planning and socialism and to stress the instrumental character of planning.
Jump up ^ Crittenden, Ann. "The Cuban Economy: How It Works". Retrieved 2018-06-29.
Further reading[edit]
Michael Ellman (2014). Socialist Planning. Cambridge University Press; 3 edition. ISBN 1107427320
Gregory Grossman (1987): "Command economy," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 1, pp. 494–95.
Carl Landauer (1947): Theory of National Economic Planning. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles, Second edition.
Alec Nove (1987): "Planned economy," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 879–85.
Myant, Martin; Drahokoupil, Jan (2010), Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-470-59619-7
Cox, Robin 2005, "The Economic Calculation controversy: unravelling of a myth" [1]'
Devine, Pat.'Democracy and Economic Planning. Polity. 2010. ISBN 978-0745634791
Mandel, Ernest. In Defence of Socialist Planning. New Left Review, Issue 159. 1986.
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Extracellular fluid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The distribution of the total body water in mammals between the intracellular compartment and the extracellular compartment, which is, in turn, subdivided into interstitial fluid and smaller components, such as the blood plasma, the cerebrospinal fluid and lymph
Extracellular fluid (ECF) denotes all body fluid outside the cells. Total body water in humans makes up between 45 to 75% of total body weight. About two thirds of this is intracellular fluid within cells, and one third is the extracellular fluid.[1] The main component of the extracellular fluid is the interstitial fluid that bathes cells.
Extracellular fluid is the internal environment of all multicellular animals, and in those animals with a blood circulatory system a proportion of this fluid is blood plasma.[2] Plasma and interstitial fluid are the two compartments that make up at least 97% of the ECF. Lymph makes up a small percentage of the interstitial fluid.[3] The remaining small portion of the ECF includes the transcellular fluid (about 2.5%). The ECF can also be seen as having two components – plasma and lymph as a delivery system, and interstitial fluid for water and solute exchange with the cells.[4]
The extracellular fluid, in particular the interstitial fluid, constitutes the body's internal environment that bathes all of the cells in the body. The ECF composition is therefore crucial for their normal functions, and is maintained by a number of homeostatic mechanisms involving negative feedback. Homeostasis regulates, among others, the pH, sodium, potassium, and calcium concentrations in the ECF. The volume of body fluid, blood glucose, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels are also tightly homeostatically maintained.
The volume of extracellular fluid in a young adult male of 70 kg is 20% of body weight – about fourteen litres. Eleven litres is interstitial fluid and the remaining three litres is plasma.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Components
2 Function
3 Regulation
4 Interaction between the blood plasma, interstitial fluid and lymph
5 Electrolytic constituents
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Components[edit]
The main component of the extracellular fluid is the interstitial fluid which surrounds the cells in the body. The other major component of the ECF is the intravascular fluid of the circulatory system called blood plasma. The remaining small percentage of ECF includes the transcellular fluid. These constituents are often called fluid compartments. The transcellular fluid includes the aqueous humour in the eye, the synovial fluid in the joints, the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain and spinal cord, the serous fluid in the serous membranes lining body cavities and in the saliva and other gut fluids (gastric juice, pancreatic juice and other intestinal secretions), as well as the perilymph and endolymph in the inner ear. The volume of extracellular fluid in a young adult male of 70 kg, is 20% of body weight – about fourteen litres.
The interstitial fluid and the plasma make up about 97% of the ECF, and a small percentage of this is lymph. Interstitial fluid is fluid that surround cells providing them with nutrients and removing their waste products. Eleven litres of the ECF is interstitial fluid and the remaining three litres is plasma.[5] Plasma and interstitial fluid are very similar because water, ions, and small solutes are continuously exchanged between them across the walls of capillaries, through pores and capillary clefts.
Interstitial fluid consists of a water solvent containing sugars, salts, fatty acids, amino acids, coenzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, white blood cells and cell waste-products. This solution accounts for 26% of the water in the human body. The composition of interstitial fluid depends upon the exchanges between the cells in the biological tissue and the blood.[6] This means that tissue fluid has a different composition in different tissues and in different areas of the body.
The plasma that filters through the capillaries into the interstitial fluid does not contain red blood cells or platelets as they are too large to pass through but can contain some white blood cells to help the immune system.
Once the extracellular fluid collects into small vessels it is considered to be lymph, and the vessels that carry it back to the blood are called the lymphatic vessels. The lymphatic system returns protein and excess interstitial fluid to the circulation.
The ionic composition of the interstitial fluid and blood plasma vary due to the Gibbs–Donnan effect. This causes a slight difference in the concentration of cations and anions between the two fluid compartments.
Function[edit]
Cell membrane details between extracellular and intracellular fluid
Sodium-potassium pump and the diffusion between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid
The extracellular fluid provides the medium for the exchange of substances between the ECF and the cells, and this can take place through dissolving, mixing and transporting in the fluid medium.[7] Substances in the ECF include dissolved gases, nutrients, and electrolytes, all needed to maintain life.[8] The ECF also contains materials secreted from cells in soluble form, but which quickly coalesces into fibres (e.g. collagen, reticular, and elastic fibres) or precipitates out into a solid or semisolid form (e.g. proteoglycans which form the bulk of cartilage, and the components of bone). These and many other substances occur, especially in association with various proteoglycans to form the extracellular matrix or the "filler" substance between the cells throughout the body.[9] These substances occur in the extracellular space, and are therefore all bathed or soaked in ECF, without being part of the ECF.
Regulation[edit]
The internal environment is stabilised in the process of homeostasis. Complex homeostatic mechanisms operate to regulate and keep the composition of the ECF stable. Individual cells can also regulate their internal composition by various mechanisms.[10]
Differences in the concentrations of ions giving the membrane potential.
There is a significant difference between the concentrations of sodium and potassium ions inside and outside the cell. The concentration of sodium ions is considerably higher in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid.[11] The converse is true of the potassium ion concentrations inside and outside the cell. These differences cause all cell membranes to be electrically charged, with the positive charge on the outside of the cells and the negative charge on the inside. In a resting neuron (not conducting an impulse) the membrane potential is known as the resting potential, and between the two sides of the membrane is about -70 mV.[12]
This potential is created by sodium-potassium pumps in the cell membrane, which pump sodium ions out of the cell, into the ECF, in return for potassium ions which enter the cell from the ECF. The maintenance of this difference in the concentration of ions between the inside of the cell and the outside, is critical to keep normal cell volumes stable, and also to enable some cells to generate action potentials.[13]
In several cell types voltage-gated ion channels in the cell membrane can be temporarily opened under specific circumstances for a few microseconds at a time. This allows a brief inflow of sodium ions into the cell (driven in by the sodium ion concentration gradient that exists between the outside and inside of the cell). This causes the cell membrane to temporarily depolarize (lose its electrical charge) forming the basis of action potentials.
The sodium ions in the ECF also play an important role in the movement of water from one body compartment to the other. When tears are secreted, or saliva is formed, sodium ions are pumped from the ECF into the ducts in which these fluids are formed and collected. The water content of these solutions results from the fact water follows the sodium ions (and accompanying anions) osmotically.[14][15] The same principle applies to the formation of many other body fluids.
Calcium ions have a great propensity to bind to proteins.[16] This changes the distribution of electrical charges on the protein, with the consequence that the 3D (or tertiary) structure of the protein is altered.[17][18] The normal shape, and therefore function of very many of the extracellular proteins, as well as the extracellular portions of the cell membrane proteins is dependent on a very precise ionized calcium concentration in the ECF. The proteins that are particularly sensitive to changes in the ECF ionized calcium concentration are several of the clotting factors in the blood plasma, which are functionless in the absence of calcium ions, but become fully functional on the addition of the correct concentration of calcium salts.[11][16] The voltage gated sodium ion channels in the cell membranes of nerves and muscle have an even greater sensitivity to changes in the ECF ionized calcium concentration.[19][20] Relatively small decreases in the plasma ionized calcium levels (hypocalcemia) cause these channels to leak sodium into the nerve cells or axons, making them hyper-excitable, thus causing spontaneous muscle spasms (tetany) and paraesthesia (the sensation of "pins and needles") of the extremities and round the mouth.[17][20][21] When the plasma ionized calcium rises above normal (hypercalcemia) more calcium is bound to these sodium channels having the opposite effect, causing lethargy, muscle weakness, anorexia, constipation and labile emotions.[21][22]
The tertiary structure of proteins is also affected by the pH of the bathing solution. In addition, the pH of the ECF affects the proportion of the total amount of calcium in the plasma which occurs in the free, or ionized form, as opposed to the fraction that is bound to protein and phosphate ions. A change in the pH of the ECF therefore alters the ionized calcium concentration of the ECF. Since the pH of the ECF is directly dependent on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the ECF, hyperventilation, which lowers the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the ECF, produces symptoms that are almost indistinguishable from low plasma ionized calcium concentrations.[17]
The extracellular fluid is constantly "stirred" by the circulatory system, which ensures that the watery environment which bathes the body’s cells is virtually identical throughout the body. This means that nutrients can be secreted into the ECF in one place (e.g. the gut, liver, or fat cells) and will, within about a minute, be evenly distributed throughout the body. Hormones are similarly rapidly and evenly spread to every cell in the body, regardless of where they are secreted into the blood. Oxygen taken up by the lungs from the alveolar air is also evenly distributed at the correct partial pressure to all the cells of the body. Waste products are also uniformly spread to the whole of the ECF, and are removed from this general circulation at specific points (or organs), once again ensuring that there is generally no localized accumulation of unwanted compounds or excesses of otherwise essential substances (e.g. sodium ions, or any of the other constituents of the ECF). The only significant exception to this general principle is the plasma in the veins, where the concentrations of dissolved substances in individual veins differs, to varying degrees, from those in the rest of the ECF. However this plasma is confined within the waterproof walls of the venous tubes, and therefore does not affect the interstitial fluid in which the body's cell live. When the blood from all the veins in body mixes in the heart and lungs, the differing compositions cancel out (e.g. acidic blood from active muscles is neutralized by the alkaline blood homeostatically produced by the kidneys). From the left atrium onward, to every organ in the body, the normal, homeostatically regulated values of all of the ECF's components are therefore restored.
Interaction between the blood plasma, interstitial fluid and lymph[edit]
Further information: Starling equation and Microcirculation § Capillary exchange
Formation of interstitial fluid from blood.
Diagram showing the formation of lymph from interstitial fluid (labeled here as "Tissue fluid"). The tissue fluid is entering the blind ends of lymph capillaries (shown as deep green arrows)
The arterial blood plasma, interstitial fluid and lymph interact at the level of the blood capillaries. The capillaries are permeable and water can move freely in and out. At the arteriolar end of the capillary the blood pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure in the tissues.[23][11] Water will therefore seep out of the capillary into the interstitial fluid. The pores through which this water moves are large enough to allow all the smaller molecules (up to the size of small proteins such as insulin) to move freely through the capillary wall as well. This means that their concentrations across the capillary wall equalize, and therefore have no osmotic effect (because the osmotic pressure caused by these small molecules and ions – called the crystalloid osmotic pressure to distinguish it from the osmotic effect of the larger molecules than cannot move across the capillary membrane – is the same on both sides of capillary wall).[23][11]
The movement of water out of the capillary at the arteriolar end causes the concentration of the substances that cannot cross the capillary wall to increase as the blood moves to the venular end of the capillary. The most important substances that are confined to the capillary tube are plasma albumin, the plasma globulins and fibrinogen. They, and particularly the plasma albumin, because of its molecular abundance in the plasma, are responsible for the so called "oncotic" or "colloid" osmotic pressure which draws water back into the capillary, especially at the venular end.[23]
The net effect of all of these processes is that water moves out of and back into the capillary, while the crystalloid substances in the capillary and interstitial fluids equilibrate. Since the capillary fluid is constantly and rapidly renewed by the flow of the blood, its composition dominates the equilibrium concentration that is achieved in the capillary bed. This ensures that the watery environment of the body’s cells is always close to their ideal environment (set by the body's homeostats).
A small proportion of the solution that leaks out of the capillaries is not drawn back into the capillary by the colloid osmotic forces. This amounts to between 2-4 liters per day for the body as a whole. This water is collected by the lymphatic system and is ultimately discharged into the left subclavian vein, where it mixes with the venous blood coming from the left arm, on its way to the heart.[11] The lymph flows through lymph capillaries to lymph nodes where bacteria and tissue debris are removed from the lymph, while various types white blood cells (mainly lymphocytes) are added to the fluid. In addition the lymph which drains the small intestine contains fat droplets called chylomicrons after the ingestion of a fatty meal.[16] This lymph is called chyle which has a milky appearance, and imparts the name lacteals (referring to the milky appearance of their contents) to the lymph vessels of the small intestine.[24]
Extracellular fluid may be mechanically guided in this circulation by the vesicles between other structures. Collectively this forms the interstitium, which may be considered a newly identified biological structure in the body.[25] However, there is some debate over whether the interstitium is an organ.[26]
Electrolytic constituents[edit]
Main cations:[27]
Sodium (Na+) 136–151 mM
Potassium (K+) 3.4–5.2 mM
Calcium (Ca2+) 1.4–1.5 mM
Main anions:[27]
Chloride (Cl−) 99–110 mM
Bicarbonate (HCO3−) 22–28 mM
Phosphate (HPO42−) 0.8-1.4 mM
See also[edit]
Effective circulating volume (ECV)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Tortora, G (1987). Principles of anatomy and physiology (5th ed.). New York, NY: Harper and Row. p. 693. ISBN 0-06-350729-3.
Jump up ^ Hillis, David (2012). Principles of life. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. p. 589. ISBN 978-1-4292-5721-3.
Jump up ^ Pocock, Gillian; Richards, Christopher D. (2006). Human physiology : the basis of medicine (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 548. ISBN 978-0-19-856878-0.
Jump up ^ Canavan, A; Arant, BS Jr (2009), "Diagnosis and management of dehydration in children" (PDF), Am Fam Physician, 80 (7): 692–696, PMID 19817339.
^ Jump up to: a b Hall, John (2011). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology (12th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 286–287. ISBN 978-1-4160-4574-8.
Jump up ^ Widmaier, Eric P., Hershel Raff, Kevin T. Strang, and Arthur J. Vander. "Body Fluid Compartments." Vander's Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function. 14th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2016. 400-401. Print.
Jump up ^ Tortora, Gerard (1987). Principles of anatomy and physiology (5th ed. Harper international ed.). New York: Harper & Row. pp. 61–62. ISBN 0-06-046669-3.
Jump up ^ Tortora, Gerard (1987). Principles of anatomy and physiology (5th ed. Harper international ed.). New York: Harper & Row. p. 17. ISBN 0-06-046669-3.
Jump up ^ Voet, Donald; Voet, Judith; Pratt, Charlotte (2016). Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 235. ISBN 978-1-118-91840-1.
Jump up ^ Pocock, Gillian; Richards, Christopher D. (2006). Human physiology : the basis of medicine (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-856878-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Tortora, Gerard (1987). Principles of anatomy and physiology (5th ed.). New York: Harper & Row, International. pp. 40, 49–50, 61, 268–274, 449–453, 456, 494–496, 530–552, 693–700. ISBN 0-06-046669-3.
Jump up ^ Tortora, Gerald (1987). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. p. 269. ISBN 0-06-046669-3.
Jump up ^ Tortora, Gerard (2011). Principles of anatomy and physiology (13th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-0-470-64608-3.
Jump up ^ Tortora, G; Anagnostakos, Nicholas (1987). Principles of anatomy and physiology (5th ed.). New York, NY: Harper and Row. pp. 34,621, 693–694. ISBN 0-06-350729-3.
Jump up ^ "Data". pcwww.liv.ac.uk.
^ Jump up to: a b c Stryer, Lubert (1995). Biochemistry (Fourth ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 255–256, 347–348, 697–698. ISBN 0 7167 2009 4.
^ Jump up to: a b c Macefield, Gary; Burke, David (1991). "Paraesthesiae and tetany induced by voluntary hyperventilation: increased excitability of cutaneous and motor axons". Brain. 114 (1): 527–540. doi:10.1093/brain/114.1.527.
Jump up ^ Stryer, Lubert (1995). Biochemistry (Fourth ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 347, 348. ISBN 0 7167 2009 4.
Jump up ^ Armstrong CM, Cota G (Mar 1999). "Calcium block of Na+ channels and its effect on closing rate". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (7): 4154–7. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.4154A. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.7.4154. PMC 22436  . PMID 10097179.
^ Jump up to: a b Armstrong, C.M.; Cota, Gabriel. (1999). "Calcium block of Na+ channels and its effect on closing rate". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (7): 4154–4157. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.7.4154. PMC 22436  . PMID 10097179.
^ Jump up to: a b Harrison TR. Principles of Internal Medicine (third ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 170, 571–579.
Jump up ^ Waters, M (2009). "Hypercalcemia". InnovAiT. 2 (12). doi:10.1093/innovait/inp143.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hall, John (2011). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology (12th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 177–181. ISBN 978-1-4160-4574-8.
Jump up ^ Williams, Peter L; Warwick, Roger; Dyson, Mary; Bannister, Lawrence H. (1989). Gray’s Anatomy (Thirty-seventh ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 821. ISBN 0443 041776.
Jump up ^ Rettner, Rachel (27 March 2018). "Meet Your Interstitium, a Newfound "Organ"". Scientific American. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Is the Interstitium Really a New Organ?". The Scientist.
^ Jump up to: a b Diem, K.; Lentner, C. (1970). "Blood – Inorganic substances". in: Scientific Tables (Seventh ed.). Basle, Switzerland: CIBA-GEIGY Ltd. pp. 561–568.
External links[edit]
Britannica.com
Biology-online.org
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Jagga Jasoos
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Jagga Jasoos
Hindi
जग्गा जासूस
Directed by
Anurag Basu
Produced by
Siddharth Roy Kapur
Anurag Basu
Ranbir Kapoor
Written by
Anurag Basu
Screenplay by
Anurag Basu
Dialogues in Rhyme:
Amitabh Bhattacharya
Anurag Basu
Samrat Chakraborty
Debatma Mandal
Dialogues:
Samrat Chakraborty
Story by
Anurag Basu
Starring
Ranbir Kapoor
Katrina Kaif
Saswata Chatterjee
Saurabh Shukla
Sayani Gupta
Ivan Rodrigues
Music by
Pritam
Cinematography
Ravi Varman
Edited by
Ajay Sharma
Production
company
Disney India
Picture Shuru Entertainment
Ishana Movies
Distributed by
UTV Motion Pictures
Release date
14 July 2017 (2017-07-14)
Running time
162 minutes[1]
Country
India
Language
Hindi
Budget
₹131 crore[2]
Box office
₹83.35 crore[3]
Jagga Jasoos (English: Detective Jagga) is a 2017 Indian mystery comedy adventure film written and directed by Anurag Basu, and produced by Basu and Ranbir Kapoor. The film features Ranbir Kapoor and Katrina Kaif in lead roles, and tells the story of a teenage detective in search of his missing father. The film was released on 14 July 2017.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
5 Critical reception
5.1 India
5.2 International
6 Soundtrack
7 References
8 External links
Plot
The story of Jagga Jasoos evolves around the infamous high profile case of Purulia Arms Drop, which took place in the year 1995 allegedly to overthrow the then Communist Government of West Bengal, India. Jagga (Ranbir Kapoor), a curious and shy young boy in a quaint little town lives a happy life with his accident-prone father, Bagchi (Saswata Chatterjee). After admitting Jagga into a boarding school, his father suddenly disappears. Feeling abandoned, Jagga's only contact with his father is a VHS tape that he receives in the mail every year on his birthday. Armed with sharp detective skills, Jagga sets out to solve the mystery of his missing parent. Along the way, he finds a partner in Shruti (Katrina Kaif), an accident-prone journalist with her own international criminal case to solve. Using a few tricks he learnt from Bagchi, with Shruti embark on a mission to uncover details of his father's mysterious life and finds himself embroiled in a worldwide smuggling racket.
Cast
Ranbir kapoor as Jagga[5][6]
Katrina Kaif as Shruti Sengupta
Saswata Chatterjee as Badal Bagchi, Jagga's guardian whom he calls TutiFuti.
Kiran Srinivas
Chitrak Bandyopadhyay as Debu[7]
Sayani Gupta as Little girl[8]
Saurabh Shukla as Ex IB Officer Sinha
Ivan Rodrigues as Ahuja, Mining Tycoon
Rajatava Dutta as an Inspector
Denzil Smith as a terroist
Mir Sarwar
Bijou Thaangjam
Nawazuddin Siddiqui as Two-Headed Bashir Alexander (Guest appearance)
Production
Filming took place in Cape Town, South Africa.[9] Reports from Cape Town were that the real-world romance of leads Ranbir Kapoor and Katrina Kaif and occasional arguments between the two caused some delays and resulted in scenes not having the impact intended by director Anurag Basu.[10][11] By March 20, 2014, the director had completed 20 days of filming with his leads and, being unhappy with initial efforts by actor Ranbir Kapoor,[12] intends to use the additional schedule time to re-shoot some scenes.[13] Kapoor has been simultaneously shooting for Anurag Kashyap's Bombay Velvet and Imtiaz Ali's Tamasha. The director explained, "We've to shoot Jagga Jasoos during the gaps in the shooting of Bombay Velvet. We completed one schedule. Now we'll go into a lengthy schedule from August. By the end of the year the shooting would be complete."[14] On October 21, 2014, the team started filming in Thailand. On April 20, 2016, they filmed in Darjeeling. Ravi Varman is the Director of Photography. The film was also shot in Morocco.[15]
The film was originally going to release on November 27, 2016, but due to conflicting commitments by the lead actors, the film's release date was pushed to April 2017. Then the director called back Ranbir and Katrina for re-shooting of some scenes on the set and the film is once again pushed to release on July 14, 2017.[16]
Release
The film was released on July 14, 2017 worldwide. A sneak peek of the film was released on December 19, 2016. The movie earned around 33.17 crore in its first weekend.[17]
Critical reception
Jagga Jasoos received mostly mixed-to-positive reviews from film critics.[18]
India
National Film Award winning film critic Baradwaj Rangan gave a positive review, calling it a "A mad, magical, parts-greater-than-sum musical that’s a total treat", concluding his review with "Anurag Basu has made a right-brain movie. I’m not sure it can be defended logically, and I’m not sure I care when the result is so mad, so magical.".[19] Another National Film Award winning critic, Namrata Joshi of The Hindu called the film "A comic book swamped with music", observing that "Basu is aiming at reaching out to the children and the kid in every adult" while also noting the "Broadway musical format" of the film and the "distant, exotic" locations, saying "Jagga Jasoos’s fantasy does get fantastic".[20] Tanul Thakur of The Wire, a National Award winning critic as well, wrote "There’s a good film and a solid story somewhere in Jagga Jasoos, but it can be only accessed beneath its layers of indulgence, confusion and ambition."[21] Rohit Vats of Hindustan Times rated 3.5/5 and commented "Ranbir Kapoor never drops one emotion and he is really sincere. He is the shining knight of this story, which demanded its protagonist to not look silly despite being an overgrown adolescent."[22] Nihit Bhave of The Times of India rated 3.5/5 and said, "For a film industry that adheres to certain rules of using music, Jagga Jasoos is an undeniable experiment."[23] Rohit Bhatnagar of Deccan Chronicle rated 3.5/5 with the review "The plot is so engaging that you wouldn't even mind a poker-faced Katrina tagging around with Ranbir, who completely steals the show. Only an 'Ullu Ka Pattha' would miss this adventure."[24] Ahana Bhattacharya of Koimoi rated 3.5/5 and commented "A unique and interesting story. Basu pens an intriguing tale of a father-son story. I would highly recommend watching this musical with a fresh and interesting script and nice music. This is surely one of Ranbir's best performances."[25] Raya Ghosh of Times Now rated 3.5/5 and commented "Ranbir's performance is effortless and the entire film rests on his shoulders with adequate support from Saswata Chatterjee for whom brilliant, even, would be an understatement."[26] Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com rated 3.5/5 and said, "Jagga Jasoos revels in its lavish imagination, meddlesome inquiries and delicious bongness, never once pausing to catch a breath or make sense."[27] Jhinuk Sen of Catch News rated 3.5/5 and said, "All is hunky dory – the on-screen chemistry, some great supporting characters, excellently choreographed action sequences – till the 'un-realism' gets a little hard to swallow, even with the sprinkles of rainbows and optimism."[28]
National Award winning critic Saibal Chatterjee, and Raja Sen, of NDTV India rated 3/5 and 4/5 respectively with reviews, "Jagga Jasoos has memorable madcap moments stemming principally from its free-flowing mix of music, dance, situational and slapstick comedy and wildly improbable action. Even if this film might feel like an epic misfire at times, Anurag Basu's deliciously zany, ambitious adventure drama, when it is on song, has an oddly bewitching quality." and "Basu has always been a storyteller with excellent imagery, but the way he has embraced the madcap is something else. The detailing is a thing of beauty."[29] Ananya Bhattacharya of India Today rated 3/5 and commented "Jagga and Shruti get their wings in director Anurag Basu's masterpiece, but having said that, Jagga Jasoos is not free from its flaws. It took Basu three years to finish this film. While the details and the hard work are visible in every shot in the film, the story gives in to cliches in the second half."[30] Stutee Ghosh of The Quint rated 3/5 and said "Jagga Jasoos is a poor attempt. It tries its hand at something new, and gets it right. But the slow and indulgent pace will ensure that the film isn’t everyone’s cup of tea."[31] Sameeksha of News18 India rated 3/5 and commented, "A delightful story straight out of an adventurous comic book." [32]
Rachit Gupta of Filmfare rated 2.5/5 and said,"Jagga Jasoos could not have been so much more. But it just feels like a long and winding screenplay that tries to fit in too many foolish and lavish ideas."[33] Madhuri of Filmibeat rated 2.5/5 and said, "The writing exudes joyful abandon and warmth initially. However, it soon starts faltering at places and you do end up losing your attention. Too many subplots dilute the main crux of the film and suddenly you find yourself craving for that warmth that's been missing for a while." [34] Sarita A Tanwar of Daily News & Analysis rated 2/5 and said "Despite the novel treatment and outstanding aesthetics, this Ranbir Kapoor-Katrina Kaif film's a mistake!".[35] Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express rated only 1.5/5 and said, "Trouble is, in its zeal to put together novel locations and exotic hot spots, ‘Jagga Jasoos’ forgets to give us a story. The good-looking leads are left to fend for themselves in a sinking plot."[36]
International
Shilpa Jamkhandikar of Reuters called the film "a rousing musical that pays tribute to Tintin and Feluda, and combines Disney's musical tradition with a whimsical style reminiscent of Wes Anderson's work." [37] Areebah Shahid writing for Pakistani website, Bolo Jawan rated the film 4.5/5 saying, "Every frame is a visual treat and speaks volumes about the effort put into making Jagga Jasoos the theatrical marvel that it is." She applauds the director and the cast stating, "...with Jagga Jasoos Anurag Basu and his team have created magic on the big screen." [38]
Soundtrack
Jagga Jasoos
Soundtrack album by Pritam
Released
TBA
Recorded
2014–2017
Genre
Feature film Soundtrack
Label
T-Series
Pritam chronology
Tubelight
(2017) Jagga Jasoos
(2017) Jab Harry Met Sejal
(2017)
The film is said to be a Musical and will have a lot of songs. There will be total of 29 songs in the film and will be part of the narrative.[39][40] Ranbir Kapoor will be seen singing most of his dialogues rather than saying them.[41] T-Series will release the film soundtrack album.[42]
No.
Title
Lyrics
Singer(s)
Length
1. "Ullu Ka Pattha" Amitabh Bhattacharya Arijit Singh, Nikhita Gandhi 3:31
2. "Galti Se Mistake" Amitabh Bhattacharya Arijit Singh, Shubhanshu Kesharwani, Amit Mishra 3:23
3. "Jhumritalaiyya" Neelesh Misra Arijit Singh, Mohan Kanan 3:59
4. "Phir Wahi" Amitabh Bhattacharya Arijit Singh 4:13
5. "Musafir" Amitabh Bhattacharya Tushar Joshi 4:42
6. "Khaana Khaake" Amitabh Bhattacharya Pritam, Amitabh Bhattacharya, Tushar Joshi, Geet Sagar, June Banerjee, Antara Mitra, Amit Mishra, Ashwin M. Prabhu, Aroh Mehta, Ananya Wadkar, Sunny M.R. 3:19
References
Jump up ^ "Jagga Jasoos clocks 1 hours 29 minutes". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
Jump up ^ http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3562/
Jump up ^ Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Jagga Jasoos. Bollywood Hungama (2017-07-15). Retrieved on 2017-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Jagga Jasoos finally has a release date; Ranbir Kapoor – Katrina Kaif film to release in July". CatchNews.com. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
Jump up ^ staff (13 June 2014). "Playing detective in Cape Town". The Indian Express. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Bhanage, Mihir (9 April 2014). "Multiple films with character name as title this year". The Times of India. TNN. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "IMDB Cast List". imdb.com.
Jump up ^ "Ranbir Kapoor is outstanding: Sayani Gupta". indianexpress.com/.
Jump up ^ "Ranbir-Katrina enjoying privacy while shooting 'Jagga Jasoos' in Cape Town". India TV News. 6 June 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
Jump up ^ staff (28 January 2014). "Katrina Kaif-Ranbir delay film: They have pushed dates of 'Jagga Jasoos' together ahead". Daily News & Analysis. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ staff (29 January 2014). "Katrina and Ranbir deferring Jagga Jasoos?". India Today. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Thakker, Namrata (20 March 2014). "Ranbir Kapoor fails to impress Anurag Basu on the sets of Jagga Jasoos!". Bollywood Life. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Pathak, Ankur (20 March 2014). "'Jagga Jasoos' on rewind mode". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Chopra, Rukmini (10 July 2014). "Anurag Basu opens up about delay in Ranbir Kapoor and Katrina Kaif starrer Jagga Jasoos". Bollywood Life. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bollywood Movie Jagga Jasoos Shooting Locations". www.bollylocations.com. Retrieved 2017-06-02.
Jump up ^ "Ranbir-Katrina's 'Jagga Jasoos' to release in April". The Hindu. Press Trust of India. 8 August 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-09.
Jump up ^ Tuteja, Joginder (2017-07-17). "Ranbir Kapoor & Katrina Kaif's Jagga Jasoos Has A Good 1st Weekend". Koimoi. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
Jump up ^ Sharma, Dipti (2017-07-14). "Jagga Jasoos box office collection day 3: Ranbir Kapoor film suffers from high budget". The Indian Express. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
Jump up ^ ""Jagga Jasoos"… A mad, magical, parts-greater-than-sum musical that's a total treat". Baradwaj Rangan. 2017-07-15. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Jagga Jasoos' review: A comic book swamped with music". The Hindu. 2017-07-14. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Jagga Jasoos' is Beautiful but Confused".
Jump up ^ "Jagga Jasoos movie review: Ranbir Kapoor, Katrina Kaif's fairytale is a treat for sore eyes". Hindustan Times. 2017-07-14. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jagga Jasoos Review {4.5/5}: Anurag Basu's unique vision makes this otherwise predictable story thoroughly watchable". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Jagga Jasoos movie review: Perfect tale of adventure and untold history". Deccan Chronicle. 2017-07-14. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
Jump up ^ Bhattacharya, Ahana (2017-07-14). "Jagga Jasoos Movie Review - Ranbir Kapoor, Katrina Kaif". Koimoi. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Jagga Jasoos movie review". TimesNow.
Jump up ^ "Jagga Jasoos Review: Ranbir-Katrina's breezy, breakneck adventure". Rediff. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Jagga Jasoos movie review: Ranbir shines in a movie that hits all the right notes". CatchNews.com. Retrieved 2017-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Jagga Jasoos Movie Review: Ranbir Kapoor Does The Heavy Lifting, Katrina Kaif Plays Second Fiddle". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Jagga Jasoos Movie Review: Ranbir Kapoor and Katrina Kaif in a thrilling ride". Retrieved 2017-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Jagga Jasoos Review: Brave Attempt, But Not Everyone's Cup of Tea". The Quint. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Jagga Jasoos Review: An Adventure Straight Out of a Comic Book". News18. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Movie Review: Jagga Jasoos". filmfare.com. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Jagga Jasoos Movie Review: Ranbir Kapoor Is Magic But The Film Is Not 'Tukka Laga Nishaane Pe'!". www.filmibeat.com. 2017-07-14. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
Jump up ^ "'Jagga Jasoos' Review: Despite the novel treatment and outstanding aesthetics, this Ranbir Kapoor-Katrina Kaif film's a mistake! | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". dna. 2017-07-14. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Jagga Jasoos movie review: Ranbir Kapoor and Katrina Kaif are left to fend for themselves in a sinking plot". The Indian Express. 2017-07-14. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Movie Review: Jagga Jasoos".
Jump up ^ "Film Review: Jagga Jasoos". bolojawan.com. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Pritam eager to come out with music album". Retrieved 14 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "OMG! Ranbir Kapoor, Katrina Kaif starrer Jagga Jasoos to feature 29 songs". Bollywood Hungama. 9 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Shah, Karan (24 July 2015). "Jagga Jasoos the musical: Ranbir Kapoor to sing rather than say dialogues in the conventional way!". bollywoodlife.com. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "T-Series acquires music rights of 'Jagga Jasoos', 'Kick' and 'Happy New Year'". The Indian Express. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
External links
India portal
2010s portal
Film portal
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Jagga Jasoos on Facebook
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Adjustment (psychology)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In psychology, adjustment refers to the behavioural process of balancing conflicting needs, or needs against obstacles in the environment. Humans and animals regularly do this, for example, when they are stimulated by their physiological state to seek food, they eat (if possible) to reduce their hunger and thus adjust to the hunger stimulus. Adjustment disorder occurs when there is an inability to make a normal adjustment to some need or stress in the environment.
In general, the adjustment process involves four parts:
a need or motive in the form of a strong persistent stimulus
the thwarting or nonfulfillment of this need
varied activity, or exploratory behaviour accompanied by problem solving
some response that removes or at least reduces the initiating stimulus and completes the adjustment.[1]
Adjustment in life is very crucial. It is because the one who fails to adjust in life invites- 1. Mental stress which paves way for- 2. Decline in health 3. Worse work efficiency and 4.Sometimes even exclusion from society (because the one who cannot control his desires and needs becomes greedy and can commit any crime such as robbery or even murder to fulfill his needs)
Some methods of adjustment are given as below- 1.compensation-By compensation we mean by the act in which a person if not being well at one aspect or sphere of life performs good at some other aspect. Say for example a child who is not good at academics may devote his whole academic life in sports activities such that he becomes an eminent player. 2. Rationalization- Putting the blame of own failure on some other person or thing. Such as cursing the destiny for meeting an accident on fast driving. 3. Identification-some times a person who is underachieved boasts in front of people of some of his relative or friend who is extremely accomplished. This is called identification. In colleges the kids often boast of their father's status. 4. Projection-Living own dreams through some loved one (mostly child). Putting own dreams on others. Say for example in earlier times when women were confined to 4 walls of the house but they wanted to do something in their life and were not allowed to do so, today make and even force their daughters to do something in life and live their dreams in name of their daughters. 5. Day dream-Day dreaming gives relaxation to every one and at some hour of the day we all use this mechanism. We imagine ourselves as what we desire to be.
See also[edit]
Psychological adaptation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Adjustment (psychology) at Encyclopædia Britannica
Yogita Singh (B.Ed. Student at IP University), Edited the article
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Adjustment (psychology)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adjustment_(psychology)&oldid=779002795"
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