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Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
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Village of Arlington Heights et al. v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. et al.
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued October 13, 1976
Decided January 11, 1977
Full case name
Village of Arlington Heights, et al. v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corporation, et al.
Citations
429 U.S. 252 (more)
97 S.Ct. 555; 50 L.Ed. 450
Prior history
373 F.Supp. 208; 517 F.2d 409
Subsequent history
616 F.2d 1006
Holding
Zoning ordinance did not violate 14th amendment based on application of Disparate Impact/Purposeful Discrimination test.
Court membership
Chief Justice
Warren E. Burger
Associate Justices
William J. Brennan Jr. · Potter Stewart
Byron White · Thurgood Marshall
Harry Blackmun · Lewis F. Powell Jr.
William Rehnquist · John P. Stevens
Case opinions
Majority
Powell, joined by Burger, Stewart, Blackmun, Rehnquist, Stevens
Concur/dissent
Marshall, joined by Brennan
Dissent
White
Laws applied
U.S. Const. Amend. XIV
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp, 429 U.S. 252 (1977), was a case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States dealing with a zoning ordinance that in a practical way barred families of various socio-economic, and ethno-racial backgrounds from residing in a neighborhood. The Court held that the ordinance was constitutional because there was no proof that "discriminatory purpose was a motivating factor in the Village's decision."[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Ruling
3 Holding
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
History[edit]
A zoning ordinance in the Village of Arlington Heights, a Chicago suburb, barred the construction of multi-family housing facilities (such as apartment complexes) in the center of the neighborhood. The neighborhood was zoned for single-family dwellings without variance since 1959.
Ruling[edit]
Rather than applying a strict scrutiny test for a law that on its face is based on a suspect classification, the court applied a discriminatory intent test to determine whether the ordinance was actually based on a discriminatory intent which, in turn, would determine the constitutionality of the ordinance since the ordinance mentioned nothing about racial classifications. "When there is a proof that a discriminatory purpose has been a motivating factor in the decision, this judicial deference is no longer justified. Determining whether invidious discriminatory purpose was a motivating factor demands a sensitive inquiry into such circumstantial and direct evidence of intent as may be available."[1] The Court stated that the challenging party has the burden of showing that 1) the official action affects a protected class in greater proportion than others, and if such is established, 2) that the official action was intended to discriminate against a suspect or protected class.
Determining the intent of the official action can be difficult (outside of rare cases where racial discrimination is obvious on the face), and the court suggested that a fact intensive balancing test considering many factors including but not limited to: 1) the impact of the challenged decision (whether it disproportionately impacted one race); 2) the historical background of decisions under the official action, particularly if unequally applied in situations involving race; 3) the specific sequences of events leading up to the decision challenged in the case, including departures from normal procedures in making decisions and substantive departures, (i.e., if the decision maker would have made a different choice had the applicant been white, then race was the deciding factor); and 4) the legislative history where there are contemporary statements made by the governmental body who created the official action.
Causation Footnote 21 introduces an idea of causation to these cases. Namely, it states that the petitioner must prove respondent had 1) an improper intent (i.e. that his intent was to discriminate against another race). After this is proven, the burden of proof shifts to the respondent, who must prove that 2) the improper intent did not actually affect the outcome of his decision. Thus, the court is saying that to satisfy this test, you must prove improper intent, a disparate impact, and causation in-fact (i.e. that the improper intent is the cause of the disparate impact). If causation in-fact cannot be proven, "there would be no justification for judicial interference with the challenged decision," as "the complaining party in a case of this kind no longer fairly could attribute the injury complained of to improper consideration of a discriminatory purpose."
Holding[edit]
In applying the aforementioned test, the court upheld the ordinance. Although it may have kept minorities and other economically challenged individuals from moving into the neighborhood, all multi-family housing existed on the neighborhood borders to commercial areas, whereas here the developer wanted to place the multifamily housing units in the center of the neighborhood. Additionally, the ordinance had been in place since 1959, and had been applied the same way, allowing only multifamily housing on the border without regard to price of rent, purchase, or governmental subsidy. Furthermore, there had never been any incidences of discriminatory procedural practices because the city council had allowed a variance to the developer in the past for the same type of low income, multi-family housing. Moreover, there had been no instances of substantive departures either because since 1959, each housing proposal for multi-family complexes had been required to be built bordering commercial areas.
See also[edit]
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 429
Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co. (1926)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Dev. Corp., 429 U.S. 252 (1977)". Justia. Justia. 1977. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
Further reading[edit]
Howell, R. C. (1978). "Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.: Exclusionary Zoning—Constitutional Classism and Rassism". Howard Law Journal. 21: 256. ISSN 0018-6813.
Lotero, Robert J. (1977). "The Village of Arlington Heights: Equal Protection in the Suburban Zone". Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly. 4: 361. ISSN 0094-5617.
External links[edit]
Text of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Corp., 429 U.S. 252 (1977) is available from: [permanent dead link] Findlaw Justia
Summary of case from OYEZ
[show]
v
t
e
Arlington Heights, Illinois
Education
Public schools
Arlington Heights SD 25
Community Consolidated SD 59
Township High School District 214
John Hersey HS
Vanguard School
Arlington HS (CLOSED)
Forest View HS (CLOSED)
Prosper Heights SD 23
Wheeling SD 21
Elk Grove SD 59
Community Consolidated SD 15
Township HSD 211
Private schools
Chicago Futabakai Japanese School
Christian Liberty Academy
St. Viator High School
Colleges and universities
Harper College (in Palatine)
Other
Landmarks
Arlington Park
Northwest Community Hospital
Rolling Green Country Club
Wheeler-Magnus Round Barn
Agencies
Arlington Heights Park District
Media
Chicago Shimpo
Daily Herald
Metra stations
Arlington Heights
Arlington Park
History
Arlington Heights Air Force Station
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
This list is incomplete. Students in Arlington Heights may be assigned to other schools outside of the city limits.
[hide]
v
t
e
United States Fourteenth Amendment case law
[show]
Citizenship Clause
Slaughter-House Cases (1873)
Elk v. Wilkins (1884)
United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)
Perez v. Brownell (1958)
Saenz v. Roe (1964)
Afroyim v. Rusk (1967)
Rogers v. Bellei (1971)
[show]
Due Process Clause
Economic substantive
due process
Mugler v. Kansas (1887)
Allgeyer v. Louisiana (1897)
Lochner v. New York (1905)
Coppage v. Kansas (1915)
Adams v. Tanner (1917)
Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923)
Right to privacy
Meyer v. Nebraska (1923)
Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925)
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Doe v. Bolton (1973)
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)
Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)
Lawrence v. Texas (2003)
Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt (2016)
Right to abortion
United States v. Vuitch (1971)
Doe v. Bolton (1973)
Roe v. Wade (1973)
H. L. v. Matheson (1981)
City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health (1983)
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)
Hodgson v. Minnesota (1990)
Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)
Stenberg v. Carhart (2000)
Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England (2006)
Gonzales v. Carhart (2007)
Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt (2016)
Civil rights liability
under Section 1983
Monroe v. Pape (1961)
McNeese v. Board of Educ. (1963)
Pierson v. Ray (1967)
Jenkins v. McKeithen (1969)
Scheuer v. Rhodes (1974)
Wood v. Strickland (1975)
O'Connor v. Donaldson (1975)
Paul v. Davis (1976)
Imbler v. Pachtman (1976)
Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York (1978)
Procunier v. Navarette (1978)
Owen v. City of Independence (1980)
Harlow v. Fitzgerald (1982)
Felder v. Casey (1988)
Will v. Michigan Department of State Police (1989)
Gonzaga University v. Doe (2002)
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community (2003)
City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams (2005)
Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee (2009)
Ashcroft v. Iqbal (2009)
Los Angeles County v. Humphries (2010)
Connick v. Thompson (2011)
Other
Holden v. Hardy (1898)
Muller v. Oregon (1908)
Buck v. Bell (1927)
Powell v. Alabama (1932)
West Coast Hotel v. Parrish (1937)
NAACP v. Alabama (1958)
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Loving v. Virginia (1967)
Epperson v. Arkansas (1968)
In re Winship (1971)
Edwards v. Aguillard (1987)
Troxel v. Granville (2000)
Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. (2009)
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
[show]
Equal Protection Clause
United States v. Cruikshank (1876)
Pace v. Alabama (1883)
Civil Rights Cases (1883)
Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Buchanan v. Warley (1917)
Lum v. Rice (1927)
Skinner v. Oklahoma (1942)
Perez v. Sharp (1948)
Goesaert v. Cleary (1948)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla. (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
Hernandez v. Texas (1954)
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County (1964)
Katzenbach v. Morgan (1966)
Loving v. Virginia (1967)
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)
Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson (1971)
Reed v. Reed (1971)
Frontiero v. Richardson (1973)
Craig v. Boren (1976)
Milliken v. Bradley (1974)
Plyler v. Doe (1982)
Romer v. Evans (1996)
Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007)
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
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Ripoff
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the video game, see Rip-Off.
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Look up rip off in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
A ripoff (or rip-off) is a bad financial transaction. Usually it refers to an incident in which a person is overcharged for something, or receives goods or services not of the standard expected for the price. A ripoff is usually distinguished from a scam in that a scam involves wrongdoing such as fraud; a ripoff may be considered excessive, but not illegal.
Alternative uses[edit]
Love ripoff
In a related meaning, a ripoff is a blatant or unscrupulous copy or imitation. This is also known as a knockoff. Two examples are the 1988 movie Mac and Me, widely seen as a ripoff of Steven Spielberg's E.T. the Extraterrestrial, and the animated The Secret Life of Pets, widely seen as a ripoff to Pixar's Toy Story. In both senses there is an associated verb "to rip off", but the location of the preposition differs between the two meanings:
In one of his standup comedy routines, Dennis Miller jokes about seeing an ad in the National Enquirer: "Learn how to avoid ripoffs - send $5."
In South Africa 'ripping off' can be making a joke of something that a person does on a regular basis; see running gag. Another related term is "ripping on" or to "rip on" something; used to describe humorous verbal abuse directed towards a person, thing or concept. Ripping on something is typically light-hearted, but can also be cruel in nature just like any type of putdown.
In musical terminology Ripping Off is a light form of plagiarism, as in 'borrowing' an established riff, phrase or idea from a musician or song. When musicians use the term among themselves they are referring to the context of 'quoting' their influences and incorporating the licks into their personal style.
See also[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Common scams.
Rip-Off Britain
Rip Off Press
Spin-off
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Red Bull Racing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Formula One team. For the NASCAR team, see Red Bull Racing Team. For other uses, see Red Bull Racing (disambiguation).
Red Bull-TAG Heuer
Full name
Red Bull Racing
Base
Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire,
United Kingdom
Team principal(s)
Christian Horner
(Team Principal)
Helmut Marko
(Advisor to Red Bull GmbH)
Chief Technical Officer
Adrian Newey
Founder(s)
Dietrich Mateschitz
Website
www.redbullracing.com
Previous name
Jaguar Racing F1 Team
2017 FIA Formula One World Championship
Race drivers
3. Daniel Ricciardo[1]
33. Max Verstappen[1]
Test drivers
Sébastien Buemi[2]
Pierre Gasly[3]
Chassis
RB13[4]
Engine
TAG Heuer (Renault R.E.17)[4]
Tyres
Pirelli
Formula One World Championship career
First entry
2005 Australian Grand Prix
Latest entry
2017 Mexican Grand Prix
Races entered
243 (242 starts)
Constructors'
Championships
4 (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013)
Drivers'
Championships
4 (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013)
Race victories
55
Pole positions
58
Fastest laps
53
2016 position
2nd (468 pts)
Formula One portal
Red Bull Racing is a Formula One racing team, racing under an Austrian licence, based in the United Kingdom. It is one of two Formula One teams owned by beverage company Red Bull GmbH, the other being Scuderia Toro Rosso. The team won four successive Constructors' Championship titles, in 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013, becoming the first Austrian licensed team to win the title.[5] The team also produced the quadruple world champion driver of 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013, Sebastian Vettel. Managed by Christian Horner, the team has used Renault engines since 2007.[6] Red Bull Racing then used TAG Heuer-branded Renault engines starting from the 2016 season.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Origins
1.2 2005 season
1.3 2006 season
1.4 2007 season
1.5 2008 season
1.6 2009 season
1.7 2010 season
1.8 2011 season
1.9 2012 season
1.10 2013 season
1.11 2014 season
1.12 2015 season
1.13 2016 season
1.14 2017 season
2 Corporate information
2.1 Image and marketing
2.2 Finances
2.3 Red Bull Technology
2.4 Red Bull Advanced Technologies
3 Scuderia Toro Rosso
4 Fictional racing car
5 Logo history
6 Racing record
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Origins[edit]
See also: Stewart Grand Prix and Jaguar Racing
The current Red Bull team can trace its origins back to the Stewart Grand Prix outfit that made its debut in 1997. Jackie Stewart sold his team to the Ford Motor Company late in 1999, and Ford made the decision to rebrand the team Jaguar Racing, with little subsequent success over the next five years.
Red Bull's involvement in Formula One dates back to 1995, when it first sponsored the Sauber team.
The Jaguar Racing Formula One constructor and racing team was put up for sale in September 2004 when its owner, the Ford Motor Company, decided it could "no longer make a compelling business case for any of its brands to compete in F1".[7] Red Bull, an energy drinks company, agreed its purchase of Jaguar Racing on the final day of the sale, 15 November 2004.[8] BBC Sport reported that Ford asked bidders for a symbolic US$1 in return for a commitment to invest US$400 million in the team over three grand prix seasons.[8] The team continued to have access to the Cosworth engine developed for their 2005 chassis, and the operation continued under the new title. Christian Horner was installed as the new Team boss and lined up David Coulthard and Christian Klien to drive for the team.
Red Bull Racing was not the start of Red Bull's involvement in Formula One, as they sponsored Sauber from 1995 to 2004. After setting up a Formula One team of its own, Red Bull ended its long-term partnership with the Swiss team. The drinks company also runs a young drivers programme, Red Bull Junior Team, whereby Red Bull sponsors promising young drivers. High-profile drivers who have received this backing include Enrique Bernoldi, Christian Klien, Patrick Friesacher, Vitantonio Liuzzi and Scott Speed. Red Bull also sponsors many drivers and teams competing in the GP2 Series, Formula One's "feeder" series.
2005 season[edit]
See also: 2005 FIA Formula One World Championship
Christian Klien during free practice at the 2005 United States Grand Prix
Red Bull's owner, Dietrich Mateschitz, reportedly tried to recruit former Formula One driver and BMW Motorsport chief (and fellow Austrian) Gerhard Berger to help guide the team through its debut season. However, this was never realised. For 2005, the chassis was christened the RB1. Red Bull Racing used Cosworth engines in its maiden year due to the ease of continuing with the engine Jaguar Racing used.[citation needed]
Former McLaren driver David Coulthard led the team. Coulthard was chosen for his experience, considered ideal to help lead the fledgling team. For the second car, Red Bull shared the drive between two of its young sponsored drivers: Christian Klien, who had driven for Jaguar in 2004 and 2004 F3000 champion Vitantonio Liuzzi. At first it was announced that Klien and Liuzzi would swap driving duty every four races, but by the end of the season Liuzzi had appeared only four times.
Red Bull's first year in Formula One was a massive success compared to their predecessors, Jaguar Racing. They were 6th in the Constructors' Championship for most of the season, only beaten by the fast-improving BAR Hondas at the end of the season. In a single season they amassed more points than Jaguar had in 2003 and 2004. Coulthard, after a poor 2003 and 2004 with McLaren, was a revelation for the team while Klien showed that he had vastly improved from 2004.[citation needed] Overall they scored 34 points; 24 for Coulthard, 9 for Klien and 1 for Liuzzi. Red Bull was a consistent points and occasional podium challenger for most of their debut season.
American driver Scott Speed, who rose through the ranks in the American equivalent of Red Bull Junior Team, Red Bull Driver Search, was Red Bull Racing's third driver in 2005 for the Canadian and United States Grands Prix. Speed was attractive to Red Bull because of his American nationality, which would raise the profile of both Red Bull and Formula One in America, a market where the sport has traditionally struggled to make an impact.[citation needed]
2006 season[edit]
See also: 2006 FIA Formula One World Championship
On 23 April 2005, the team announced a deal to use Ferrari engines in 2006. This coincided with a rule change mandating the use of V8 engines, making it likely that both Red Bull Racing and Ferrari would use the same specification engine. Red Bull Racing continued to use Michelin tyres, rather than the Bridgestones used by Ferrari.
Coulthard driving the RB2 at the 2006 United States Grand Prix.
On 8 November 2005, Red Bull Racing poached Adrian Newey, the highly successful McLaren technical director.[9]
On 15 December 2005, the team's second car, the Red Bull RB2, hit the track for the first time. David Coulthard completed a handful of laps of the Silverstone circuit in England, and declared the new car was a "sexy looking thing".[10] In early testing Red Bull was plagued with cooling problems and overheating of car components.[11]
At the opening race of the 2006 season in Bahrain, Christian Klien qualified eighth (ahead of Giancarlo Fisichella's Renault and both BMWs). Coulthard had problems when he flat spotted a tyre fighting with Nick Heidfeld, and finished 10th; the cooling problems returned when his Ferrari engine expired on the slowing down lap, forcing a grid penalty for the following race. In Malaysia, Coulthard made up several places from back of the grid but was forced to retire with hydraulic problems, while Klien had an opening lap incident with Kimi Räikkönen and after pitting for repairs also retired with hydraulic failure. Coulthard got a point in Australia after Scott Speed was penalised for passing him under the yellow flags. The following races were marred with retirements and lowly finishes.
Coulthard finished 3rd at Monaco, the team's first podium finish. Team boss Christian Horner said before the race that if one of his cars were to finish on the podium, he would jump into a swimming pool at the track naked. He ended up jumping into the pool wearing only a red cape. Coincidentally both Stewart Grand Prix and Jaguar Racing, the team's predecessors, also scored their maiden podiums at that race.
Robert Doornbos replaced Klien for the last three races of the 2006 season.
Coulthard scored a point at Montreal, passing Jenson Button in the closing stages of the race despite starting in last place due to an engine change that warranted a grid penalty. Klien also fared well, driving the second RB2 to 11th position. At the United States Grand Prix Klien retired along with eight other cars including Toro Rosso driver Scott Speed on the first lap after a series of first corner incidents. Coulthard finished 7th.
The team finished 7th in the FIA Constructors' Championship, with 16 points, five points ahead of the struggling Williams team. David Coulthard (14 pts) finished in 13th place in the drivers' standings, the departed Klien (2 pts) classified in 18th position. Klien's replacement, Robert Doornbos, failed to score any points.
2007 season[edit]
See also: 2007 FIA Formula One World Championship
David Coulthard driving for the team at the 2007 Canadian Grand Prix.
Mark Webber driving for RBR at the 2007 British Grand Prix. Note the special Wings for Life livery.
2007 saw the debut of the Adrian Newey designed RB3. After lengthy discussions over Red Bull Racing's obligation to continue to use Ferrari engines for 2007, the team announced on 31 August 2006 they would use Renault engines for the 2007 season,[12] the Ferrari contract being passed to Scuderia Toro Rosso.
The team announced on 7 August 2006 that it had signed Mark Webber to drive alongside David Coulthard for the 2007 season, replacing Christian Klien who ended his association with the team. Klien was replaced by Robert Doornbos for the last three races of 2006. Doornbos became the team's non-racing third driver for 2007.[13]
Despite qualifying in 7th place for his home race in Melbourne, Mark Webber finished down in 13th due to a persistent problem with a fuel flap that closed as the pit mechanics went to put the fuel in and when it was opened it remained open until the next pit stop greatly increasing drag and decreasing airflow over the rear wing. It was worse for David Coulthard however, who crashed heavily with Williams's Alexander Wurz in the late stages of the race. Malaysia was more of the same for Webber, while Coulthard retired with brake problems. However, in Bahrain the team showed improving pace and Coulthard and Webber were running 7th (with Coulthard starting from the back) and 8th respectively before reliability problems put both out of the race in quick succession. However, in testing at Barcelona Coulthard has set the fastest lap in the new configuration of the circuit (since superseded by Felipe Massa). Coulthard secured the team's first points by scoring a gritty 5th with a faulty gearbox on his closing laps in Spain, while Webber was dogged with hydraulic problems all weekend, eventually retiring from the race after failing to set a competitive lap in qualifying. The performance hike the team experienced at the Catalan track left both drivers and team optimistic about their future results, with reliability troubles being as much a focus as the increase of their already competitive pace.
Red Bull Racing further strengthened their technical department by hiring Geoff Willis as Technical Director on 17 July 2007.[14]
After this, the drivers seemed to have a stroke of good luck during the unpredictable and exciting 2007 European Grand Prix in which Webber finished 3rd, his second career podium. Coulthard backed it up with a strong 5th which was made all the more impressive by the fact he started 20th on the grid after the team mistakenly kept him in the pits too long resulting in him not being able to complete another qualifying lap.
Red Bull had a strong end to the season. Webber came close to victory at the Japanese Grand Prix, but he was involved in a crash with Sebastian Vettel. During the same race, Coulthard again demonstrated his wet-weather ability and finished 4th.
At the Chinese Grand Prix, Red Bull had a competitive qualifying session. Coulthard achieving 5th on the grid, along with Webber in 9th.
2008 season[edit]
See also: 2008 FIA Formula One World Championship
David Coulthard driving for RBR at the 2008 Canadian Grand Prix.
Red Bull continued with the same drivers in 2008 and had numbers 9 and 10 on their cars after finishing 5th in the 2007 Constructors' Championship. Red Bull presented the RB4 at the Jerez circuit on 16 January and announced that Sébastien Buemi would be their test and reserve driver for 2008 combining it with his GP2 drive with the Arden International GP2 team.
After Webber retired from the opening round he went on to score 5 consecutive points finishes. David Coulthard had a tougher start to the 2008 campaign due to poor qualifying, but a 3rd place at Canada gave Red Bull their first podium since the 2007 European Grand Prix. At the half-way mark, the team had notched up 24 points – the same as their total for the 2007 season – and were locked in a fierce battle with Toyota and Renault for 4th in the Constructors' Championship. The team had also resolved the reliability problems that had dogged them the previous year.
However, as the season progressed, Red Bull failed to keep up with their competitors. Red Bull scored just 5 points in the last 10 races, and Toro Rosso – the Red Bull 'B team' – had overhauled their total by the season's end and won the rain-affected Italian Grand Prix, becoming the first Red Bull-owned team to win a race. This fact led many to claim that the Renault engine powering the Red Bull was lacking in horsepower compared to the Ferrari and Mercedes engines. For the 2009 season, Renault were allowed to equalise the difference in engine power compared to their competitors after the single year freeze in engine development from 2007.[15]
Webber notched up his 50th top ten grid position in 107 Grands Prix at the Spanish Grand Prix. Coulthard announced his retirement from Formula One at the British Grand Prix and, despite hopes for a strong final home Grand Prix, was forced to retire on the first lap, which also occurred at his final race in Brazil where he retired at the second corner.
2009 season[edit]
See also: 2009 FIA Formula One World Championship
For 2009, Red Bull Racing launched their new RB5 chassis virtually on 8 February by means of a 3D computer generated video narrated by Sebastian Vettel. The physical launch of the car was held the next day. The team secured their first pole position at the Chinese Grand Prix with Sebastian Vettel, posting the fastest time with just a single qualifying lap in Q3. Mark Webber qualified in third on the grid. The next day, Vettel won, with Webber second.[16] Vettel's victory, in rain-soaked conditions, marked Red Bull Racing's first-ever win[17] (although the team's predecessor, Stewart GP, had won the 1999 European Grand Prix courtesy of Johnny Herbert).[18]
Sebastian Vettel driving the RB5 at pre-season testing at Jerez.
In the next race at Bahrain after qualifying 3rd,[19] Vettel finished second behind Jenson Button and collected another eight world championship points.[20] At the Spanish Grand Prix, Webber and Vettel finished third and fourth respectively, after having qualified fifth and second. In Turkey, Webber and Vettel finished second and third respectively. At the British Grand Prix the car had new upgrades and Sebastian Vettel won after qualifying on pole position, ending championship leader Jenson Button's run of four straight wins. The team scored another 1–2 at the German Grand Prix with Mark Webber (who scored his first win despite being given a drive-through penalty earlier on) leading home Sebastian Vettel. Mark Webber also took his second Formula One victory at the Brazilian Grand Prix. Another 1–2 finish for the team was achieved at the season-ending Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, this time with Vettel finishing ahead of Webber.
Vettel finished second in the Drivers' Championship with 84 points, 11 behind Jenson Button. Mark Webber finished fourth with 69.5 points. The team also finished second in the Constructors' Championship with 153.5 points, 18.5 points behind Brawn GP.
2010 season[edit]
See also: 2010 FIA Formula One World Championship
For the 2010 season, the team retained both Mark Webber and Sebastian Vettel, with Renault remaining the engine supplier.
At the opening round, the Bahrain Grand Prix, Vettel took pole position while Webber qualified sixth. Vettel led the race until he slowed due to his spark-plug failure,[citation needed] while the two Ferraris and Lewis Hamilton overtook Vettel. Vettel finished fourth, and Webber finished eighth.
In Australia, Vettel again took pole, with Webber in second position. Vettel led the race and again looked set to take the race, but he reported a vibration of one of the front wheels on his car. The problem seemed to subside, and the decision was made to keep him on the track rather than pit him. A few corners later, the problem struck again, and Vettel ran off the track and subsequently retired, due to brake failure. Webber got wheelspin off the line, and gave up one position on the run to the first right-handed corner. Subsequent errors led to him dropping a few more places, and near the end of the race he crashed with Hamilton, destroying his front wing. He pitted to get a new one, and finished ninth, scoring two points.
In Malaysia, Webber took pole with Vettel in third position. Vettel managed to pass both Nico Rosberg and Webber before the first corner, leading for all bar two laps en route to his and the team's first victory of the year. Webber led the other two laps and eventually finished second, with the team moving up into third in the Constructors' Championship.
Vettel won the 2010 World Drivers' Championship at the season-ending Abu Dhabi Grand Prix.
The team once again scored pole position in China, when Vettel managed to set a faster time than Webber, who completed the front row. Webber overtook Vettel at the start, but both were overtaken by Fernando Alonso, who was later given a penalty for a false start. The race was then hit by rain and Jenson Button made the best strategy call and won the race, Vettel finished sixth whilst Webber was eighth. This left Vettel and Webber fifth and seventh in the Drivers' Championship respectively, and the team in third in the Constructors' Championship.
At the Spanish Grand Prix the two drivers were the other way around, with Webber on pole position and Vettel second on the grid. Webber won the race without too much trouble.[citation needed] Vettel, however, suffered brake problems and dropped to fourth – this became third when Hamilton had a puncture and crashed from second on the penultimate lap.
Webber took pole position again at the Monaco Grand Prix; Vettel qualified third behind Renault's Robert Kubica, but overtook him at the start. Webber won the race and Vettel finished in second place.[21] After the race, Webber was leading the championship after being in seventh after China, with Vettel in second place (this was only by countback though because both drivers were on 78 points). The team was leading the Constructors' Championship.
At the Turkish Grand Prix, Webber again took pole position, taking the team's run of pole positions to seven consecutive races, with Vettel third on the grid. Following the pit stops, Webber and Vettel were running first and second until lap 40, when Vettel attempted to overtake Webber, leading to a collision between the two. Webber finished third, while Vettel was forced to retire. Neither driver took 100% of responsibility while senior members of the team alluded to the thought that Webber had not provided "enough room" for Vettel.[22]
In Canada, Hamilton took pole position – the first non-Red Bull pole of the year. Webber and Vettel were second and third respectively in qualifying before the pair finished fourth and fifth in the race. The team admitted that it was a track that the car struggled with.
At the European Grand Prix in Valencia, Spain, Vettel won from pole position, leading every lap of the race. Webber collided with the Lotus of Heikki Kovalainen, flipping his Red Bull car into a somersault before landing and crashing into a tyre barrier.
At the British Grand Prix at Silverstone, Vettel took pole position but after a bad start he got a puncture and subsequently dropped to the back of the field, eventually finishing seventh. Webber, who started from second, won after leading for the entire race.
Vettel qualified in pole position in front of the two Ferraris in Germany, but finished his home race behind the pair in third place. Webber qualified in fourth, but finished in sixth behind both the McLaren cars. During the race Felipe Massa controversially let Fernando Alonso past into the lead to win the race after a message from the team. Red Bull team principal Christian Horner said: "That was the most blatant team order ever".[23] He also criticised Ferrari for not letting their drivers race each other.
At the Hungarian Grand Prix in Budapest, Vettel again took pole position and was leading until the safety car came out. He was second behind Webber, who started second, and was then given a drive through penalty for exceeding the ten car maximum distance between himself and the safety car. This cost him second place and he finished third. Webber won the race after using his super-soft tyres for over half the race to build up a lead to keep him ahead after his stop. Webber won with Fernando Alonso ten seconds behind in second place.
The Belgian Grand Prix saw Webber claim pole position, despite McLaren and Ferrari having a straight-line speed advantage. At the start, the anti-stall device on Webber's car came on, dropping the Australian to 5th. Vettel meanwhile in 3rd (after starting 4th) was chasing Jenson Button for 2nd place when he collided with the Brit at the Bus Stop. After sensing an inside passing opportunity, Vettel attempted to quickly change direction while under braking, causing the car to spear into the side of Button's McLaren. Button retired from the race, while Vettel was able to pit for repairs. He subsequently received a drive-through penalty for his action, and suffered a rear tyre puncture while attempting to overtake Vitantonio Liuzzi, finishing 15th. Webber was able to capitalise on the DNF of Button and Alonso, as well as a mistake by Renault's Robert Kubica during his pit stop, and finish 2nd, behind race winner Hamilton.
At the Italian Grand Prix in Monza, Webber had a bad start and was 9th from 4th place on the grid after the first lap. Vettel had brake binding problems for a short period, around lap 20, and he too dropped back a place but was then back on the pace. Webber was held back by Nico Hülkenberg in the latter part of the race, until he passed, and finished 6th. Vettel stayed out on soft tyres until the penultimate lap, doing better lap times than Webber and overtaking Mark when he pitted, to finish fourth.
At the Korean Grand Prix in Yeongam, Vettel gave the team its 19th pole position, while Webber started second, making it a Red Bull front row. On lap 18, Webber spun and hit the wall, and hit the Mercedes of Nico Rosberg, causing both drivers to retire. Worse was to come for the team when Vettel's engine failed just 10 laps from the finish, while he was in the lead, and the German retired and handed his lead to Fernando Alonso in the Ferrari. Red Bull had suffered their first double retirement since the 2008 Australian Grand Prix and as a result, Webber lost his championship lead and Vettel's engine failure prevented him from leading the championship for the first time in 2010, but the team still led the Constructors' Championship.
At the Brazilian Grand Prix in São Paulo, Red Bull Racing became Constructors' Champion for the first time after Sebastian Vettel and Mark Webber finished 1–2 in the race, enough to finish ahead of McLaren and Ferrari. In doing so Red Bull became the first Austrian team to win the Formula One Constructors' Championship. Team boss Christian Horner stated that the main goal had been achieved and that now his remaining aim was to win the Drivers' Championship and put the icing on the cake of Red Bull's year. In some other teams the drivers would have been told to change positions, with the purpose of improving better placed Mark Webber's chances to win the driver's title in the last race, but the team insisted that the faster driver should win the race, and kept being reluctant to give any orders of the kind "let your teammate pass" to their drivers.
In the final race at Abu Dhabi, Sebastian Vettel won the race and the Formula 1 Drivers' Championship. Red Bull finished the year with a total of 9 Grand Prix victories with five going to Sebastian Vettel and four going to Mark Webber. Red Bull claimed a total of 15 pole positions with 10 going to Vettel and five going to Webber. The team scored six fastest laps three scored by Vettel and three scored by Webber. Horner also praised the sportsmanship of both drivers stating that they conducted themselves in a well orderly and mannered fashion.[24]
2011 season[edit]
See also: 2011 FIA Formula One World Championship
Sebastian Vettel competing at the 2011 Italian Grand Prix.
Both Sebastian Vettel and Mark Webber were retained by the team for the 2011 season, as was engine supplier Renault.[25][26][27] Vettel defended his world title – becoming the ninth driver to do so – after winning eleven of the season's races, and also achieved 15 pole positions during the season, breaking Nigel Mansell's record from the 1992 season. Webber finished the season in third place in the championship, taking one victory, in the final race of the season in Brazil. The team also defended their respective title, as they finished the season with 650 points in the Constructors' Championship, 153 points ahead of the next closest team, McLaren. Premium automotive brand Infiniti joined Red Bull Racing as an official partner for the 2011 and 2012 seasons which saw Infiniti logos appear on the race car, drivers overalls and team kit.
2012 season[edit]
See also: 2012 FIA Formula One World Championship
For the 2012 season, Red Bull retained the duo of Sebastian Vettel and Mark Webber from the previous three years. Webber was signed on a one-year contract extension while Vettel continued under his current multi-year agreement, ending at the end of 2014. Vettel won the Drivers' Championship for a third consecutive time in 2012 making him the youngest triple World Champion, surpassing Ayrton Senna.[28][29]
2013 season[edit]
See also: 2013 FIA Formula One World Championship
Sebastian Vettel disobeyed team orders and made a controversial overtake on teammate Mark Webber at the 2013 Malaysian Grand Prix.
The team was renamed Infiniti Red Bull Racing for the 2013 season following the announcement that premium automotive brand Infiniti had become Title Partner and Vehicle Performance Partner of the team.[30][31] Infiniti Red Bull continued with drivers Sebastian Vettel and Mark Webber for the fifth consecutive season. As with 2012, Webber was signed on a single year contract while Vettel continued to honour his current multi-year agreement.[29][32]
In Australia, the first race of the season, Vettel placed the new RB9 on pole position but struggled in the race finishing in 3rd place behind title rivals of 2012, Kimi Räikkönen and Fernando Alonso whilst teammate Webber finished in sixth place. In Malaysia the team went better with Vettel again putting the RB9 on pole, but unlike in Australia winning the race, albeit under heavy controversy. Vettel won the race after breaking the 'Multi 21' protocol, despite the 1–2 result the race was soured by Vettel's actions. In China, the third race of the season, Vettel qualified in 9th whilst Webber qualified 14th after an issue with his fuel pick up led him to having to stop the car on track. Infiniti Red Bull failed to give the FIA a 1-litre fuel sample therefore placing Webber at the back of the grid. The downfall of his performance was matched when a collision and then a dislodged wheel nut led to Webber not completing the race. Vettel finished in 4th, retaining his lead in the World Championship. In Bahrain, the fourth race of the season, Vettel qualified in second place behind Nico Rosberg. Webber qualified fifth but after a 3 place grid penalty started the race in seventh. In the race Webber failed to improve on his qualifying position finishing 7th whilst his teammate won the race in a dominating fashion. After the fourth race of the season, Infiniti Red Bull finished the first round of flyaway races leading both the Drivers' and Constructors' World Championships. Sebastian Vettel extended his contract with Infiniti Red Bull Racing until the end of 2015, despite interests in racing for Ferrari and Mercedes. At the British Grand Prix, Mark Webber announced his retirement from Formula One at the end of the season, having signed a deal with Porsche in the FIA World Endurance Championship for 2014.[33] It was then announced before the Italian Grand Prix that Daniel Ricciardo, the Toro Rosso driver, would replace Webber for the 2014 season, ending talk of Lotus's Kimi Räikkönen taking Webber's seat.
At the Italian Grand Prix, Vettel secured the team's 50th pole position, and 40th Grand Prix victory.[34][35] At the Indian Grand Prix, Vettel sealed the Drivers' Championship title, and in doing so, won the Constructors' Championship for Infiniti Red Bull Racing for the fourth consecutive year.[36]
2014 season[edit]
See also: 2014 FIA Formula One World Championship
Daniel Ricciardo won three races in 2014 with the Red Bull RB10.
Infiniti Red Bull started the season with reigning World Champion Sebastian Vettel and Daniel Ricciardo who replaced Mark Webber after he had announced in 2013 that he would be moving to Porsche in the World Endurance Championship for 2014.[37][38]
At the Australian Grand Prix, Ricciardo had qualified second on his first race for the team while Vettel qualified a rather distant 13th being at least 1.8 seconds off pole-sitter Lewis Hamilton. In the race itself Ricciardo finished second while Vettel retired after just three laps due to a power unit failure. However, after the race Ricciardo was disqualified for being in violation of the FIA's new rule of capping fuel use at 100 kg per hour in each race. He thus lost his podium finish. Red Bull appealed this decision on 14 April, but lost their case.
At the Malaysian Grand Prix Vettel qualified second while Ricciardo qualified fifth. On lap 49 Ricciardo had to retire due to a technical failure while Vettel went on to finish third and earn his first podium finish of the season. Ricciardo was hit with a ten-place grid penalty for the Bahrain Grand Prix, due to an unsafe release by Red Bull at one of his pit stops. At the Bahrain Grand Prix Ricciardo qualified third, but dropped to 13th due to his ten-place grid penalty from the previous week. Vettel qualified 11th. Ricciardo managed to finish fourth, obtaining his first championship points of the season. Vettel finished sixth. At the Chinese Grand Prix, under harsh weather conditions, Ricciardo qualified 2nd, with Vettel qualifying third. Ricciardo finished in 4th again, nearly 25 seconds ahead of his teammate Vettel, who finished 5th.
Ricciardo would go on to obtain the first podium finish in his career as a Formula One driver at the Spanish Grand Prix, after qualifying third, over a second behind polesitter Lewis Hamilton. Vettel did not participate in Q3 due to problems with his gearbox, which ultimately needed to be replaced, incurring a five-place grid penalty. Despite starting from the 15th position, Vettel managed to finish the race in 4th, setting the fastest lap of the race in the process. In Canada, Ricciardo won the race, achieving his first career victory in Formula One.
After an Austrian Grand Prix with poor results, including Vettel's retirement, Red Bull's boss Christian Horner described the performance of the Renault engine as "unacceptable."[39] He also mocked Renault in an interview with Servus TV by saying that "the big difference between Mercedes and Renault is that when a driver with a Mercedes engine pushes the overtake button his car goes faster. When our drivers, which have a Renault engine, push the button, the car stops!"[40]
2015 season[edit]
See also: 2015 FIA Formula One World Championship
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2016)
Daniil Kvyat and Daniel Ricciardo at the 2015 Malaysian Grand Prix
Daniel Ricciardo returned for a second season with the team. At the previous year's Japanese Grand Prix, the team announced that Vettel would leave at the conclusion of the 2014 season. He was replaced by Daniil Kvyat for 2015, who had spent a single season with the junior Toro Rosso team.[41]
At the Australian Grand Prix Ricciardo qualified 7th while Kvyat qualified 13th. Kvyat failed to start the race due to a gearbox failure, whilst Ricciardo finished the race in sixth, a lap down from the race winner, Lewis Hamilton. The team scored their best finish in Hungary, where Ricciardo and Kvyat finished 2-3. They had a chance to win a single F1 race in United States Grand Prix but it was ruined by some mistakes made by the drivers allowing both Mercedes to pass them and Lewis Hamilton won the race and clinching his third F1 World Championship.
2016 season[edit]
See also: 2016 FIA Formula One World Championship
For 2016, Red Bull Racing used Renault engines branded as TAG Heuer.[42] The team announced on 17 March 2016, one day before the Australian Grand Prix weekend, that they had formed a new technology partnership with Aston Martin, for the new season.[43]
At the Chinese Grand Prix, Red Bull recorded their first podium of the season with Daniil Kvyat finishing third behind Sebastian Vettel and Nico Rosberg.
Daniil Kvyat and Max Verstappen traded places ahead of the Spanish Grand Prix, with Verstappen promoted to Red Bull Racing and Kvyat returning to Scuderia Toro Rosso.[44] Verstappen eventually won the Spanish Grand Prix, becoming the youngest ever Grand Prix winner.
Together Daniel Ricciardo and Max Verstappen won two races during the 2016 season with the Red Bull RB12.
2016 in general was a much stronger season for Red Bull Racing than 2015, especially after Max Verstappen replaced Daniil Kvyat. This may be because Daniel Ricciardo was pushed much more by Verstappen than he was by Kvyat, Ricciardo stating he has learnt from Verstappen's driving techniques in order to improve as a driver.[45] Red Bull would go on to collect podium finishes with Max Verstappen in Austria and Silverstone, with Daniel Ricciardo in Monaco, Budapest and in Singapore, with both Verstappen and Ricciardo being on the podium in Germany and Malaysia. Daniel Ricciardo collected his 4th career victory in Malaysia after Lewis Hamilton's engine failure. Verstappen had challenged for the victory but was compromised due to an incident at the start between Sebastian Vettel and Nico Rosberg leading to Verstappen referring to Vettel as 'crazy'.[46] This incident was the latest flare-up between Vettel and Max Verstappen after the two disagreed over a first corner collision at the Belgian Grand Prix which resulted in Max failing to score at a race where he started on the front row, outqualifying his teammate for only the 2nd time, and large numbers of Dutch fans had travelled to see him race.[47]
Towards the end of the Brazilian Grand Prix Verstappen dropped to 14th after changing back to wet tyres. He then gained an incredible 11 places in the closing 16 laps finishing on the podium in third.
Red Bull Racing finished 2nd in the Constructors' Championship that year, with Daniel Ricciardo taking 3rd in the Drivers' Championship.[48]
2017 season[edit]
See also: 2017 FIA Formula One World Championship
In 2017, Red Bull Racing retained their 2016 driver lineup and continued using TAG Heuer-branded Renault engines. In the first race in Australia, Ricciardo retired on lap 25, in a weekend plagued with problems for him, while Verstappen finished 5th.
Max Verstappen during the 2017 Australian Grand Prix
Verstappen has suffered various reliability issues with the car, registering three retirements due to the engine and once due to an electric problem at the Canadian Grand Prix. He has also been involved in three first lap collisions that have ended in retirement.
As of the Mexican Grand Prix, the team have won three races; Ricciardo won the Azerbaijan Grand Prix after starting tenth, while Verstappen won the Malaysian Grand Prix and the Mexican Grand Prix. Moreover, Verstappen and Ricciardo finished second and third at the Japanese Grand Prix. In the Drivers' Championship, Ricciardo is currently fourth and Verstappen sixth. The team is currently third in the Constructors' Championship. On 25 September 2017, it was announced that Aston Martin would become Red Bull Racing's title sponsor from 2018.[49]
Corporate information[edit]
Image and marketing[edit]
A distinctive RBR helmet-shaped stand.
Red Bull have been very vocal about wanting to make F1 'fun' again. One way in which they went about doing that was by employing Mark Gallagher, who was head of marketing for nine years at Jordan, itself an exciting brand in the late 1990s.[50] Red Bull also started The Red Bulletin, a satirical magazine that is released four times per race weekend and distributed to the paddock and to members of the public from behind the main grandstand at each track.[citation needed]
In the 2006 Monaco Grand Prix, they supported the movie Superman Returns, which continues the line of marketing events begun by the Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith promotion of 2005 (in the 2005 race, the pit crew dressed up as clone troopers) and the Ocean's Twelve promotion of 2004 when the team ran under the Jaguar Racing banner. When David Coulthard finished third in the 2006 race, he donned a Superman cape for his appearance on the podium.
Finances[edit]
The Red Bull Technology factory, home of Red Bull Racing since 2004.
Red Bull Racing had revenue of $285.4 million and expenses of $284.4 million in 2011. The revenue came from prize money ($88.8 million), sponsors ($59.7 million), and the remainder from Red Bull. Expenses included $112.8 million in research and development and $82.7 million in salaries for 605 employees.[51]
Red Bull Technology[edit]
Red Bull Technology Ltd.
Type
Private company (subsidiary of Red Bull GmbH and Red Bull Racing)
Industry
Automotive
Founded
Milton Keynes, 2005
Founder
Dietrich Mateschitz, Helmut Marko and Christian Horner
Headquarters
Milton Keynes, England
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Christian Horner
Products
Transmissions, simulators, hydraulic manifolds and KERS
Services
High performance engineering
Parent
Red Bull GmbH
Website
www.infiniti-redbullracing.com
Red Bull Technology is the subsidiary set up to design, engineer and build the cars for Red Bull Racing, and previously its sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso. Red Bull Technology was regarded as a loop-hole to allow Red Bull to run two teams with the same car, which had been prohibited in Formula One since the 1980s. Complaints were issued to the FIA from rival teams, but they were discarded by the sport's governing body.[52] Neither Red Bull Racing nor Scuderia Toro Rosso denied they ran fundamentally the same chassis, but claimed the separate development programs, different engines and in their opinion that the chassis was designed by neither team made it legal.[53]
The regulations were changed in 2010 to forbid the use of identical cars between teams, and Toro Rosso no longer has its cars produced by Red Bull Technology. Toro Rosso now designs and builds their own cars, having built the necessary infrastructure in-house.[54]
Red Bull Technology also supplied Scuderia Toro Rosso as official gearbox supplier from 2006 to present and KERS supplier from 2011 to present and Team Lotus – later Caterham F1 – as official gearbox supplier from 2011 to 2014 and KERS supplier from 2012 to 2014.
Red Bull Technology uses rFactor Pro driving simulation software.[55][56][57]
Red Bull Advanced Technologies[edit]
Red Bull Advanced Technologies (RBAT) is the commercial technology and engineering services arm of Red Bull Racing. The company is based in the United Kingdom, in a dedicated facility, adjacent to the Red Bull Racing Formula One facilities.
Red Bull Advanced Technologies in collaboration with Aston Martin have developed the Aston Martin Valkyrie sports car.[58]
Scuderia Toro Rosso[edit]
Main article: Scuderia Toro Rosso
In the autumn of 2005, Red Bull announced that they had purchased the Minardi Formula One team, and it would be known as Scuderia Toro Rosso (Italian for Team Red Bull) from 2006 onwards. Scuderia Toro Rosso (STR) operates as a separate team, but the two share certain technical resources. In 2006 STR used a chassis based on the 2005 Red Bull Racing Red Bull RB1 chassis, originally designed by Jaguar Racing, and Minardi's contracted supply of rev-limited V10 Cosworth engines. It was widely speculated that the 2007 chassis for both teams would be essentially the same Adrian Newey design, although Red Bull were careful to announce that the "STR2 will be built by Red Bull Technology, and Toro Rosso will fully own the intellectual rights of the car".[59] Formula One teams are not allowed to use another team's chassis. STR has been used as a 'B' team for Red Bull Racing, allowing the company to work with more drivers. As of the 2010 season this arrangement was outlawed, and the STR5 is the first Toro Rosso car designed and built in-house.[60]
In 2006, RBR driver Vitantonio Liuzzi was given a full-time seat with Scuderia Toro Rosso alongside another Red Bull sponsored driver, Scott Speed. Liuzzi retained his seat in STR for the 2007 season. Sebastian Vettel replaced Speed in the middle of the 2007 season, and Sébastien Bourdais replaced Liuzzi at STR for the 2008 season. Against expectation, Toro Rosso performed well during the 2008 season and Sebastian Vettel won the 2008 Italian Grand Prix. This meant that Toro Rosso actually took their first win before Red Bull Racing, and helped to secure Vettel a drive with Red Bull Racing for 2009, when he also took that team's first win.
Fictional racing car[edit]
Main article: Red Bull X2010
The Red Bull X2010, originally named Red Bull X1, is a fictional car featured in the video games Gran Turismo 5 and Gran Turismo 6. The prototype vehicle was made to answer Kazunori Yamauchi's question: "If you built the fastest racing car on land, one that throws aside all rules and regulations, what would that car look like, how would it perform, and how would it feel to drive?". The vehicle was designed by Adrian Newey in conjunction with Yamauchi. It features enclosed wheels and a "fan element" to increase low and medium-speed downforce, much like a Chaparral 2J.[61]
Logo history[edit]
First "Red Bull Racing" team logo. (used 2005 to 2012)
"Infiniti Red Bull Racing" team logo while sponsored by Infiniti. (used 2013 to 2015)
The team's current logo. (used 2016 onward)
Racing record[edit]
Main article: Red Bull Racing Grand Prix results
(Bold indicates championships won.)
Year
Name
Car
Engine
Tyres
No.
Drivers
Points
WCC
2005
Red Bull Racing[62] RB1 Cosworth TJ2005 3.0 V10 M 14.
15.
15. David Coulthard
Christian Klien
Vitantonio Liuzzi 34 7th
2006
Red Bull Racing[62] RB2 Ferrari 056 2.4 V8 M 14.
15.
15. David Coulthard
Christian Klien
Robert Doornbos 16 7th
2007
Red Bull Racing RB3 Renault RS27 2.4 V8 B 14.
15. David Coulthard
Mark Webber 24 5th
2008
Red Bull Racing RB4 Renault RS27 2.4 V8 B 9.
10. David Coulthard
Mark Webber 29 7th
2009
Red Bull Racing RB5 Renault RS27 2.4 V8 B 14.
15. Mark Webber
Sebastian Vettel 153.5 2nd
2010
Red Bull Racing RB6 Renault RS27-2010 2.4 V8 B 5.
6. Sebastian Vettel
Mark Webber 498 1st
2011
Red Bull Racing RB7 Renault RS27-2011 2.4 V8 P 1.
2. Sebastian Vettel
Mark Webber 650 1st
2012
Red Bull Racing RB8 Renault RS27-2012 2.4 V8 P 1.
2. Sebastian Vettel
Mark Webber 460 1st
2013
Infiniti Red Bull Racing RB9 Renault RS27-2013 2.4 V8 P 1.
2. Sebastian Vettel
Mark Webber 596 1st
2014
Infiniti Red Bull Racing RB10 Renault Energy F1-2014 1.6 V6 t P 1.
3. Sebastian Vettel
Daniel Ricciardo 405 2nd
2015
Infiniti Red Bull Racing RB11 Renault Energy F1-2015 1.6 V6 t P 3.
26. Daniel Ricciardo
Daniil Kvyat 187 4th
2016
Red Bull Racing RB12 TAG Heuer 1.6 V6 t P 3.
26.
33. Daniel Ricciardo
Daniil Kvyat
Max Verstappen 468 2nd
2017
Red Bull Racing RB13 TAG Heuer 1.6 V6 t P 3.
33. Daniel Ricciardo
Max Verstappen 340* 3rd*
* Season still in progress.
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Red Bull extend Vettel contract". GP Update. 21 August 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Collantine, Keith (7 June 2010). "Webber signs with Red Bull for 2011". F1 Fanatic. Keith Collantine. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Webber re-signs with Red Bull for 2012". Formula1.com. Formula One Administration. 27 August 2010. Archived from the original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Vettel to stay at Red Bull until 2014". Formula1.com. Formula One Administration. 14 March 2011. Archived from the original on 16 March 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
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Jump up ^ "Infiniti to become title partner of Red Bull Racing from 2013" (PDF). Red Bull Racing. Red Bull. 25 November 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Webber to stay at Red Bull for 2013". Formula1.com. Formula One Administration. 10 July 2012. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Formula One: Mark Webber to retire at end of season". ABC News 24. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Front-row lockout in Monza as Seb claims team's 50th pole". Red Bull Racing. Red Bull Racing Limited. 7 September 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "MONZA MAGIC AS SEB TAKES TEAM'S 40TH WIN". Red Bull Racing. Red Bull Racing Limited. 8 September 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sebastian Vettel wins fourth F1 world title at the Indian GP". BBC Sport. BBC. 27 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Formula One: Mark Webber to retire at end of season". Retrieved 6 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Red Bull to confirm Daniel Ricciardo as Mark Webber's replacement for 2014 season". SkySports F1. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
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Jump up ^ Demoen, Grégory (24 June 2014). "Horner égratigne encore le V6 turbo Renault" [Horner attacks more the Renault V6 turbo] (in French). Fi.com. Retrieved 25 June 2014. La grande différence entre le Mercedes et le Renault, c'est que lorsqu'un pilote équipé d'un bloc Mercedes appuie sur le bouton pour doubler, sa voiture va plus vite. Quand nos pilotes, qui ont un moteur Renault, poussent sur le bouton, la voiture s'arrête !
Jump up ^ Estrada, Chris; Smith, Luke (3 October 2014). "Sebastian Vettel leaving Red Bull at end of season, Ferrari-bound; Daniil Kvyat to replace him". MotorSportsTalk. NBC Sports. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
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Jump up ^ Barretto, Lawrence; Rencken, Dieter (17 March 2016). "Aston Martin makes return to Formula 1 with Red Bull tie-up". autosport.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "New line-up for Spain". redbullracing.com. Red Bull Racing. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ricciardo learning from Verstappen's driving techniques". en.f1i.com. 26 September 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Verstappen hits out at "ridiculous" Vettel move". www.motorsport.com. 2 October 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Max Verstappen hits out at Kimi Raikkonen and Sebastian Vettel after Belgian GP". www.skysports.com/f1. 5 September 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
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Jump up ^ "Driving Future Innovation". Red Bull Racing. 25 September 2017. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Got wings?". The Guardian. 28 February 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Sylt, Christian; Morrison, Mac (2 September 2013). "Empire". Autoweek. Detroit, Michigan: Crain Communications Inc. 63 (18): 53–56. ISSN 0192-9674.
Jump up ^ Noble, Jonathan (6 April 2007). "Stewards reject Spyker protest". Autosport. Haymarket Media. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "F1 Teams threaten legal action against each other". bitsofnews.com. 7 February 2007. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Toro Rosso F1 car unveiled". Autocar. Haymarket Media. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Driving Red Bull's rFactor Pro Simulator". VirtualR. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
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Jump up ^ John Smith, Luke (March 6, 2017). "Aston Martin Valkyrie, Red Bull Racing hypercar's new name unveiled". Express. Northern and Shell Media. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Noble, Jonathan (3 January 2007). "Berger confident STR2 will get green light". autosport.com. Haymarket Publications. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "First own-design for Toro Rosso". gpupdate.net. GPUpdate. 1 February 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Gran Turismo 5's Red Bull X1 Prototype Revealed (w/Specs!)". GTPlanet. GTPlanet Networks. 18 October 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Red Bull still British". sibiul.ro. 2 June 2006. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red Bull Racing.
Official website
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Coordinates: 52°00′29″N 0°41′33″W / 52.00806°N 0.69250°W / 52.00806; -0.69250
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Although World Championship races held in 1952 and 1953 were run to Formula Two regulations, constructors who only participated during this period are included herein to maintain Championship continuity.
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