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Excretory system
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The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body. The dual function of excretory systems is the elimination of the waste products of metabolism and to drain the body of used up and broken down components in a liquid and gaseous state. In humans and other amniotes (mammals, birds and reptiles) most of these substances leave the body as urine and to some degree exhalation, mammals also expel them through sweating.
Only the organs specifically used for the excretion are considered a part of the excretory system. In the narrow sense, the term refer to the urinary system. However, as excretion involves several functions that are only superficially related, it is not usually used in more formal classifications of anatomy or function.
As most healthy functioning organs produce metabolic and other wastes, the entire organism depends on the function of the system. Breaking down of one of more of the systems is a serious health condition, for example renal failure.
Contents
[hide]
1 Parts and their functions
1.1 Kidneys
1.2 Liver
1.3 Bile
1.4 Large intestine
1.5 Skin
1.6 Eccrine
2 Component organs
2.1 Skin
2.2 Lungs
2.3 Kidneys
2.4 Ureter
2.5 Urinary bladder
2.6 Urethra
3 Urine formation
4 Problems In The Excretory System
4.1 Kidney Stones
4.1.1 Treatment
4.2 Pyelonephritis
4.2.1 Acute Pyelonephritis
4.2.2 Chronic Pyelonephritis
4.2.3 Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis
4.2.4 Treatment
4.2.5 Epidemiology
5 Gallery
6 References
7 External links
Parts and their functions
Kidneys
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs which are present on each side of the vertebral column in the abdominal cavity. Humans have two kidneys and each kidney is supplied with blood from the renal artery. The kidneys remove from the blood the nitrogenous wastes such as urea, as well as salts and excess water, and excrete them in the form of urine. This is done with the help of millions of nephrons present in the kidney. The filtrated blood is carried away from the kidneys by the renal vein (or kidney vein). The urine from the kidney is collected by the ureter (or excretory tubes), one from each kidney, and is passed to the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder collects and stores the urine until urination. The urine collected in the bladder is passed into the external environment from the body through an opening called the urethra.
Liver
The liver detoxifies and breaks down chemicals, poisons and other toxins that enter the body. For example, the liver transforms ammonia (which is poisonous) into urea in fish, amphibians and mammals, and into uric acid in birds and reptiles. Urea is filtered by the kidney into urine or through the gills in fish and tadpoles. Uric acid is paste-like and expelled as a semi-solid waste (the "white" in bird excrements). The liver also produces bile, and the body uses bile to break down fats into usable fats and unusable waste.
Invertebrates lack a liver, but most terrestrial groups, like insects, possesses a number of blind guts that serve the similar functions. Marine invertebrates do not need the ammonia conversion of the liver, as they can usually expel ammonia directly by diffusion through the skin.
Bile
After bile is produced in the liver, it is stored in the gall bladder. It is then secreted within the small intestine where it helps to break down ethanol, fats and other acidic wastes including ammonia, into harmless substances.
Bile salts can be considered waste that is useful for the body given that they have a role in fat absorption from the stomach. They are excreted from the liver and along with blood flow they help to form the shape of the liver where they are excreted. For instance, if biliary drainage is impaired than that part of the liver will end up wasting away.
Biliary obstruction is typically due to masses blocking the ducts of the system such as tumors. The consequences of this depend on the site of blockage and how long it goes on for. There is inflammation of the ducts due to the irritation from the bile acids and this can cause infections. If rupture of the duct takes place it is very traumatic and even fatal.[1]
Large intestine
The large intestine's main function is to transport food particles through the body and expel the indigestible parts at the other end, but it also collects waste from throughout the body. The typical brown colour of mammal waste is due to bilirubin, a breakdown product of normal heme catabolism.[2] The lower part of the large intestine also extracts any remaining usable water and then removes solid waste. At about 10 feet long in humans, it transports the wastes through the tubes to be excreted.
Skin
See also: Human skin and Skin
In mammals. the skin excretes sweat through sweat glands throughout the body. The sweat, helped by salt, evaporates and helps to keep the body cool when it is warm. In amphibians, the lungs are very simple, and they lack the necessary means to the exhale like other tetrapods can. The moist, scale-less skin is therefore essential in helping to rid the blood of carbon dioxide (on the form of carbolic acid), and also allows for urea to be expelled through diffusion when submerged.[3]
In small-bodied marine invertebrates, the skin is the most important excretory organ. That is particularly true for acoelomate groups like cnidarians, flatworms and nemerteans, who have no body cavities and hence no body fluid that can be drained or purified by nephrons, which is the reason acoelomate animals are thread-like (nemertans), flat (flatworms) or only consist of a thin layer of cells around a gelatinous non-cellular interior (cnidarians).[4]
Eccrine
Like sweat glands, eccrine glands allow excess water to leave the body. The majority of eccrine glands are located mainly on the forehead, the bottoms of the feet, and the palms, although the glands are everywhere throughout the body. They help the body to maintain temperature control. Eccrine glands in the skin are unique to mammals.[citation needed]
Secretions of sweat from the eccrine glands play a large role in controlling the body temperature of humans. Regulation of body temperature, also known as thermoregulation, is very important when it comes to instances that bring the body’s temperature outside of the homeostatic temperature such as with a fever or even exercise.[5] Together these glands make up the size of about one kidney and in one day a human can perspire amounts as much as 10 liters. The two functions consist of secretion of a filtrate in response to acetylcholine and reabsorption of sodium near the duct when there is water in excess so that a sweat can be surfacing the skin.[6]
There are three parts to the eccrine sweat gland and these are the pore, the duct, and the gland. The pore is the portion that goes through the outermost layer of the skin and is typically 5-10 microns in diameter. The duct is the part of the sweat gland that connects dermis cells to the epidermis. It is composed by two layers of cells and is between 10 and 20 microns in diameter. The gland does the actual secretion and it lies deep within the dermis. The cells that make up the gland are larger in size than the duct cells and its lumen is around 20 microns in diameter.[7]
Component organs
Skin
Sweat glands in the skin secrete a fluid waste called sweat or perspiration; however, its primary functions are temperature control and pheromone release. Therefore, its role as a part of the excretory system is minimal. Sweating also maintains the level of salt in the body.
Lungs
Main article: Lungs
One of the main functions of the lungs is to diffuse gaseous wastes, such as carbon dioxide, from the bloodstream as a normal part of respiration.
Kidneys
Main article: Kidneys
The kidney's primary function is the elimination of waste from the bloodstream by production of urine. They perform several homeostatic functions such as:-
Maintain volume of extracellular fluid
Maintain ionic balance in extracellular fluid
Maintain pH and osmotic concentration of the extracellular fluid.
Excrete toxic metabolic by-products such as urea, ammonia, and uric acid.
The way the kidneys do this is with nephrons. There are over 1 million nephrons in each kidney; these nephrons act as filters inside the kidneys. The kidneys filter needed materials and waste, the needed materials go back into the bloodstream, and unneeded materials becomes urine and is gotten rid of.
In some cases, excess wastes crystallize as kidney stones. They grow and can become painful irritants that may require surgery or ultrasound treatments. Some stones are small enough to be forced into the urethra.
Ureter
Main article: Ureters
The ureters are muscular ducts that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In the human adult, the ureters are usually 25–30 cm (10–12 in) long. In humans, the ureters arise from the renal pelvis on the medial aspect of each kidney before descending towards the bladder on the front of the psoas major muscle. The ureters cross the pelvic brim near the bifurcation of the iliac arteries (which they run over). This "pelviureteric junction" is a common site for the impaction of kidney stones (the other being the uteterovesical valve). The ureters run posteriorly on the lateral walls of the pelvis. They then curve anteriormedially to enter the bladder through the back, at the vesicoureteric junction, running within the wall of the bladder for a few centimeters. The backflow of urine is prevented by valves known as ureterovesical valves. In the female, the ureters pass through the mesometrium on the way to the bladder.
Urinary bladder
The urinary bladder is the organ that collects waste excreted by the kidneys prior to disposal by urination. It is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic) organ, and sits on the pelvic floor. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra.
Embryologically, the bladder is derived from the urogenital sinus, and it is initially continuous with the allantois. In human males, the base of the bladder lies between the rectum and the pubic symphysis. It is superior to the prostate, and separated from the rectum by the rectovesical excavation. In females, the bladder sits inferior to the uterus and anterior to the vagina. It is separated from the uterus by the vesicouterine excavation. In infants and young children, the urinary bladder is in the abdomen even when empty.
Urethra
In anatomy, the (from Greek – ourethra) is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. In humans, the urethra has an excretory function in both genders to pass.
Urine formation
Within the kidney, blood first passes through the afferent artery to the capillary formation called a glomerulus and is collected in the Bowman's capsule, which filters the blood from its contents—primarily food and wastes. After the filtration process, the blood then returns to collect the food nutrients it needs, while the wastes pass into the collecting duct, to the renal pelvis, and to the ureter, and are then secreted out of the body via the urinary bladder.
Problems In The Excretory System
Kidney Stones
Main article: Kidney stone disease
Scientifically, masses referred to as a renal calculus or nephrolith, or more commonly, “kidney stones,” are solid masses of crystals that may be a variety of shapes, sizes, and textures, that can reside within one or both of the kidneys.[8] Kidney stones form when the balance is off between the concentration of substances that pass through urine, and the substances that are supposed to dissolve them. When substances are not properly dissolved, they have the ability to build up, and form these kidney stones. These stones are most commonly made up of substances such as calcium, cystine, oxalate, and uric acid, as these are the substances that normally would dissolve within the urine. When they do not dissolve correctly and further build up, they will commonly lodge themselves in the urinary tract and in this case, are usually small enough to pass through urine. In extreme situations, however, these stones may lodge themselves within the tube that connects the kidney and the bladder, called the ureter. In this case, they become very large in size and will most likely cause great pain, bleeding, and possibly even block the flow of urine.[9] These can occur in both men and women, and studies show that around 12% of men, and 8% of women in America will develop kidney stones within their lifetime.[10]
Treatment
In those extreme situations, in which kidney stones are too large to pass on their own, patients may seek removal. Most of these treatments involving kidney stone removal are done by a urologist; a physician who specializes in the organs of the Urinary system.[11] A common way of removal is shock wave lithotripsy, in which the urologist will shock the kidney stone into smaller pieces via laser, allowing these pieces to further pass through the urine on their own, as a normal case of kidney stones. Larger, more serious cases may demand Cystoscopy, Ureteroscopy, or Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, in which the doctor will use a viewing tool or camera to locate the stone, and based on the size or situation, may either chose to continue with surgical removal, or use the shock wave lithotripsy treatment. Once the kidney stone(s) are successfully eliminated, the urologist will commonly suggest medication to prevent future recurrences.[8]
Pyelonephritis
Main article: Pyelonephritis
Pyelonephritis is a type of urinary tract infection that occurs when bacteria enters the body through the urinary tract. It causes an inflammation of the renal parenchyma, calyces, and pelvis.[12] There are three main classifications of pyelonephritis: acute, chronic and xanthogranulomatous.
Acute Pyelonephritis
In acute pyelonephritis, the patient experiences high fever, abdominal pain and pain while passing urine. Treatment for acute pyelonephritis is provided via antibiotics and an extensive urological investigation is conducted to find any abnormalities and prevent recurrence.[13]
Chronic Pyelonephritis
In chronic pyelonephritis, patients experience persistent abdominal and flank pain, high fever, decreased appetite, weight loss, urinary tract symptoms and blood in the urine. Chronic pyelonephritis can also lead to scarring of the renal parenchyma caused by recurrent kidney infections.[14]
Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is an unusual form of chronic pyelonephritis. It results in severe destruction of the kidney and causes granulomatous abscess formation. Patients infected with Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis experience recurrent fevers, anemia, kidney stones and loss of function in the affected kidney.[14]
Treatment
A urine culture and antibiotics sensitivity test is issued for patients who are believed to have pyelonephritis. Since most cases of pyelonephritis are caused from bacterial infections, antibiotics are a common treatment option. Depending on the species of the infecting organism and the antibiotics sensitivity profile of the organism, treatments may include fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, or trimethoprim individually or in combination.[15] For patients with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, treatment might include antibiotics as well as surgery. Nephrectomy is the most common surgical treatment for a majority of cases invloving xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.[16]
Epidemiology
In men, roughly 2-3 cases per 10,000 are treated as outpatients and 1 in 10,000 cases require admission to the hospital. In women, approximately 12-13 in 10,000 cases are treated as outpatients and 3-4 cases are admitted to a hospital.[17] The most common age group affected by Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is middle-aged women.[18] Infants and elderly are also at an increased risk because of hormonal and anatomical changes.[19]
Gallery
Didactic model of a mammal kidney.
Didactic model of a mammal Kidney and adrenal gland.
Didactic model of a mammal Kidney.
References
Jump up ^ Jubb, K.V.F (1993). Pathology of Domestic Animals. San Diego, California: Academic Press, Inc. pp. 320–361. ISBN 0-12-391606-2.
Jump up ^ Dr. Tim Kenny. "Jaundice". Patient.co.uk. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Janis, C.M.; Keller, J.C. (2001). "Modes of ventilation in early tetrapods: Costal aspiration as a key feature of amniotes" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 46 (2): 137–170. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991). Zoology. Saunders College Publishing. ISBN 978-0-03-030504-7.
Jump up ^ Charkoudian, Nisha (2003). "Skin Blood Flow in Adult Human Thermoregulation: How It Works, When It Does Not, and Why". Mayo Clinic Precedings. 78: 603–612. doi:10.4065/78.5.603.
Jump up ^ Sato, Kenzo (2005). "The physiology, pharmacology, and biochemistry of the eccrine sweat gland". Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology. 79: 51–131.
Jump up ^ Holyoke, John B. "Histologic Variations in the Structure of Human Eccrine Sweat Glands – ScienceDirect". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 18: 147–167. doi:10.1038/jid.1952.18. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
^ Jump up to: a b https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/kidney-stones/definition-facts
Jump up ^ Punnoose, Ann R.; Golub, Robert M.; Lynm, Cassio (2012). "Kidney Stones". JAMA. 307 (23). doi:10.1001/jama.2012.6217.
Jump up ^ Coe, Fredric L.; Evan, Andrew; Worcester, Elaine (2005-10-01). "Kidney stone disease". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 115 (10): 2598–2608. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 1236703  . PMID 16200192. doi:10.1172/JCI26662.
Jump up ^ "Medical Definition of Urologist". MedicineNet. Retrieved 2017-04-23.
Jump up ^ "mediLexicon". mediLexicon.
Jump up ^ Martin, Elizabeth (2015). Concise Medical Dictionary (9 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-968781-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Korkes, Fernando; Favoretto, Ricardo L.; Bróglio, Marcos; Silva, Carlos A.; Castro, Marilia G.; Perez, Marjo D. C. (2008-02-01). "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: clinical experience with 41 cases". Urology. 71 (2): 178–180. ISSN 1527-9995. PMID 18308077. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2007.09.026.
Jump up ^ Gupta, Kalpana; Hooton, Thomas M.; Naber, Kurt G.; Wullt, Björn; Colgan, Richard; Miller, Loren G.; Moran, Gregory J.; Nicolle, Lindsay E.; Raz, Raul (2011-03-01). "International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 52 (5): e103–120. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 21292654. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq257.
Jump up ^ Korkes, Fernando; Favoretto, Ricardo L.; Bróglio, Marcos; Silva, Carlos A.; Castro, Marilia G.; Perez, Marjo D. C. (2008-02-01). "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: clinical experience with 41 cases". Urology. 71 (2): 178–180. ISSN 1527-9995. PMID 18308077. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2007.09.026.
Jump up ^ Czaja, Christopher A.; Scholes, Delia; Hooton, Thomas M.; Stamm, Walter E. (2007-08-01). "Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 45 (3): 273–280. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 17599303. doi:10.1086/519268.
Jump up ^ Malek, R. S.; Elder, J. S. (1978-05-01). "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a critical analysis of 26 cases and of the literature". The Journal of Urology. 119 (5): 589–593. ISSN 0022-5347. PMID 660725. doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)57559-x.
Jump up ^ Goodman, T. R.; McHugh, K.; Lindsell, D. R. (1998-01-01). "Paediatric xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 52 (1): 43–45. ISSN 1368-5031. PMID 9536568.
External links
CLC Biology: Excretory/Urinary System
The Franklin Institute: Excretory System
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Port of New York and New Jersey
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Coordinates: 40°40′06″N 74°02′44″W / 40.66833°N 74.04556°W / 40.66833; -74.04556
Port of New York and New Jersey
Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal on Newark Bay is the busiest container terminal on the East Coast of the United States
Details
Draft depth
50 feet
Air draft
228 feet, restricted by the Verrazano Bridge
215 feet, restricted by the Bayonne Bridge
The Port of New York and New Jersey is the port district of the New York-Newark metropolitan area, encompassing the region within approximately a 25-mile (40 km) radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument. It includes the system of navigable waterways in the New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary, which runs along 650 miles (1,050 km) of shoreline in the vicinity of New York City and northeastern New Jersey, as well as the region's airports and supporting rail and roadway distribution networks. Considered one of the largest natural harbors in the world, the port is by tonnage the third largest in the United States and the busiest on the East Coast.
The port is the nation's top gateway for international flights and its busiest center for overall passenger and air freight flights. There are two foreign-trade zones (FTZ) within the port. The port handled $208 billion in shipping cargo in 2011, and 3,342,286 containers and 393,931 automobiles in 2014. The largest ship, the CMA CGM Theodore Roosevelt to call at an East Coast port passed under the raised Bayonne Bridge in July 2017, signalling a new era of container capacity.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
1.1 Port district
1.2 Waterways
1.2.1 Bodies of water
1.2.2 Channels
1.2.3 Pilotage
2 History
3 Jurisdiction and regulation
4 Cargo infrastructure
4.1 Airports
4.2 Container terminals
4.3 ExpressRail
4.4 Bulk cargo and marine transfer
4.5 Car float and Cross Harbor Tunnel
4.6 Port Inland Distribution Network
4.7 America's Marine Highway
5 Cruise terminals and ferries
5.1 Cruise terminals
5.2 Ferries and sightseeing
6 Lights and lighthouses
7 Land reclamation and ocean dumping
8 Tourism and recreation
9 Economy
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Geography[edit]
NASA image of the port district
Port district[edit]
Encompassing an area within an approximate 25-mile (40 km) radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, the port district comprises all or part of seventeen counties in the region. The ten that are completely within the district are Hudson, Bergen, Essex, Union (in New Jersey), Westchester (in New York), and the five boroughs of New York City, which are coterminous with the counties of New York, Bronx, Kings, Queens, and Richmond. Abutting sections of Passaic, Middlesex, Monmouth, Morris, and Somerset in New Jersey, and Nassau and Rockland in New York are also within the district.[2][3]
Waterways[edit]
See also: Geography of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary
Bodies of water[edit]
New York Harbor is one of the world's largest natural harbors.[4] The Atlantic Ocean is to the southeast of the port. The sea at the entrance to the port is called the New York Bight; it lies between the peninsulas of Sandy Hook and Rockaway. In Lower New York Bay and its western arm, Raritan Bay, vessels orient themselves for passage to the east into Arthur Kill or Raritan River or to the north to The Narrows. To the east lies the Rockaway Inlet, which leads to Jamaica Bay. The Narrows connects to the Upper New York Bay at the mouth of the Hudson River, which is sometimes (particularly in navigation) called the North River. Large ships are able to navigate upstream to the Port of Albany-Rensselaer. To the west lies Kill van Kull, the strait leading to Newark Bay, fed by the Passaic River and Hackensack River, and the northern entrance of Arthur Kill. The Gowanus Canal and Buttermilk Channel are entered from the east. The East River is a broad strait that travels north to Newtown Creek and the Harlem River, turning east at Hell Gate before opening to Long Island Sound, which provides an outlet to the open sea.
Channels[edit]
Deepening of Kill van Kull[5]
See also: Hudson Canyon
The port consists of a complex of approximately 240 miles (386 km) of shipping channels, as well as anchorages and port facilities.[6][7][8] Most vessels require pilotage,[9][10][11] and larger vessels require tugboat assistance for the sharper channel turns.
The Ambrose leads from the sea to the Upper Bay, where it becomes the Anchorage Channel.[12] Connecting channels are the Bay Ridge, the Red Hook, the Buttermilk, the Claremont, the Port Jersey, the Kill Van Kull, the Newark Bay, the Port Newark, the Elizabeth, and the Arthur Kill. Anchorages are known as Stapleton, Bay Ridge and Gravesend.[13]
The natural depth of the harbor is about 17 feet (5 m), but it was deepened over the years, to a controlling depth of about 24 feet (7 m) in 1880.[14] By 1891, the Main Ship Channel was minimally 30 feet (9 m) deep. In 1914, Ambrose Channel became the main entrance to the port, at 40 feet (12 m) deep and 2,000 feet (600 m) wide. During World War II the main channel was dredged to 45 feet (14 m) deep to accommodate larger ships up to Panamax size. In 2016, the Army Corps of Engineers completed a $2.1 billion dredging project, deepening harbor channels to 50 feet (15 m) in order to accommodate Post-Panamax container vessels, which can pass through the widened Panama Canal as well as the Suez Canal.[15][16][17] This has been a source of environmental concern along channels connecting the container facilities in Port Newark to the Atlantic. PCBs and other pollutants lay in a blanket just underneath the soil.[18] In June 2009 it was announced that 200,000 cubic yards of dredged PCBs would be "cleaned" and stored en masse at the site of the former Yankee Stadium and at Brooklyn Bridge Park.[19] In many areas the sandy bottom has been excavated down to rock and now requires blasting. Dredging equipment then picks up the rock and disposes of it. At one point in 2005, there were 70 pieces of dredging equipment working to deepen channels, the largest fleet of dredging equipment anywhere in the world.
The channel of the Hudson is the Anchorage Channel and is approximately 50 feet deep in the midpoint of Upper Bay.[20] A project to replace two water mains between Brooklyn and Staten Island, which will eventually allowing for dredging of the channel to nearly 100 feet (30 m), was begun in April 2012.[21][22] The Army Corps has recommended that most channels in the port be maintained at 50 feet deep.[23] Dredging of the canals to 50 feet was completed in August 2016.[24][25]
The channels also include bridges that limit the heights of vessels that can use the harbor. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge has a clearance of 228 feet (69.5 m) at mean high water.[26] The Brooklyn Bridge has 135 feet (41.1 m) of clearance, while the Bayonne Bridge has been raised from 155 feet (47.2 m) to 215 feet (65.5 m).
Pilotage[edit]
The Port of New York and New Jersey grew from the original harbor at the convergence of the Hudson River and the East River at the Upper New York Bay.
The Sandy Hook Pilots are licensed maritime pilots that go aboard oceangoing vessels, passenger liners, freighters, and tankers and are responsible for the navigation of larger ships through port district.
History[edit]
New York Harbor at Upper Bay in 1999: Manhattan (left), Brooklyn (top), Jersey City (bottom), Ellis Island (left) and Liberty Island (right), Governors Island (the largest at center)
Aerial view of Upper New York Bay-Port Jersey and Newark Bay-Port Newark-Elizabeth
The estuary was originally the territory of the Lenape, a seasonally migrational people who would relocate summer encampments along its shore and use its waterways for transport and fishing. Many of the tidal salt marshes supported vast oyster banks that remained a major source of food for the region until the end of the 19th century, by which time contamination and landfilling had obliterated most of them.[27]
The first recorded European visit was that of Giovanni da Verrazzano, who anchored in The Narrows in 1524. For the next hundred years, the region was visited sporadically by ships on fishing trips and slave raids. European colonization began after Henry Hudson's 1609 exploration of the region with the establishment of New Amsterdam, the capital of the Dutch province of New Netherland at the tip of Manhattan. The British colonial era saw a concerted effort to expand the port in the triangular trade between Europe, Africa, and North America with a concentration of wharves along the mouth of the East River. After the Battle of Brooklyn, the British controlled the harbor for the duration of American Revolutionary War, and prison ships housed thousands at Wallabout Bay.
In the early 19th century, the Erie Canal (often used for grain) and Morris Canal (mostly used for anthracite) gave the port access to the American interior, leading to transshipment operations, manufacturing, and industrialization. The invention of the steam engine led to expansion of the railroads and vast terminals along the western banks of the Hudson River, complemented by an extensive network of ferries and carfloats, with a large cluster along the Harlem River.
The era of the ocean liner around the turn of the 20th century led to the creation of berths at North River piers and Hoboken.[28] This coincided with the immigration of millions, processed at Castle Clinton and later at Ellis Island, some staying in the region, others boarding barges, ships, and trains to points across the United States.[29] In 1910, the port was the busiest in the world.[30]
During the World Wars the waterfront supported shipyards and military installations such as the Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company and the Brooklyn Navy Yard and played an important role in troop transport as a Port of Embarkation. The mid-century also saw the construction of major highways such as the Belt Parkway, East River Drive, and Major Deegan Expressway along parts of the shoreline.
The era of the longshoreman, captured in the classic film On the Waterfront, faded by the 1970s as much of the waterfront became obsolete due to changing transportation patterns. The nation's first facility for container shipping, which became the prototype, opened in 1958. Expanded intermodal freight transport systems and the Interstate Highway System effected a shift to new terminals at Newark Bay.[31] Since the 1980s, sections of waterfront in the traditional harbor have been being redeveloped to include public access to the water's edge, with the creation of linear park greenways such as Hudson River Park, Hudson River Waterfront Walkway, and Brooklyn Bridge Park.[32]
Jurisdiction and regulation[edit]
The Waterfront Commission was created in 1953 to prevent racketeering
Responsibilities within the port are divided among all levels of government, from municipal to federal, as well as public and private agencies.
Established in 1921, the bi-state Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, in addition to overseeing maritime facilities, is responsible for the vehicular crossings and the rapid transit system between New York and New Jersey, several of the region's airports, and other transportation and real estate development projects.[31] The Port Authority maintains its own police force, as does the Waterfront Commission, created in 1953 to investigate, prosecute, and prevent criminal activity.[33] The United States Army Corps of Engineers, which has been involved in harbor maintenance since about 1826, when Congress passed an omnibus rivers and harbors act,[34][35] is responsible for bulkhead and channel maintenance.[34][35] The United States Coast Guard deals with issues such as floatable debris,[36] spills, vessel rescues, and counter-terrorism.[37] Both states, and some municipal governments – in particular New York City – maintain maritime police units, while the United States Park Police monitors federal properties. The National Park Service oversees some of the region's historic sites, nature reserves, and parks. As a port of entry with sections that are foreign trade zones,[38] U.S. Customs and Border Protection and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement regulate international imports and passenger arrivals and the "green lane" program, in which trusted shippers have fewer containers inspected.[39] There are two foreign trade zones in the port: FTZ 1, the first in the nation, established in 1937, on the New York side of the port; and FTZ 49, on the New Jersey side.[40][41][42] In 2010, 4,811 ships entered the harbor carrying over 32.2 million metric tons of cargo valued at over $175 billion.[43]
In March 2006, some of the passenger facilities management was to be transferred to Dubai Ports World.[44] There was considerable controversy over security and ownership by a foreign corporation, particularly one of Arab origin, of a U.S. port operation, despite the fact that the operator was British-based P&O Ports.[45] DP World later sold P&O's American operations to American International Group's asset management division, Global Investment Group, for an undisclosed sum.[46]
Seamen's Church Institute of New York and New Jersey, the Teamsters, and the International Longshoremen's Association assist and represent some of the port's mariners and dockworkers.[47]
Cargo infrastructure[edit]
Airports[edit]
Main article: Aviation in the New York metropolitan area
The airports in the Port of New York and New Jersey combine to create the largest airport system in the United States, the second in the world in terms of passenger traffic, and the first in the world in terms of total flight operations. JFK air freight cargo operations make it the busiest in the US. FedEx Express, the world's busiest cargo airline, uses Newark Liberty International Airport as its regional hub.
Container terminals[edit]
Port Newark on Newark Bay (foreground) and Port Jersey on Upper New York Bay
There are four container terminals in the port, whose combined volume makes it the largest on the East Coast,[48][49][50] the third busiest in the United States,[51] and 20th worldwide. Terminals are leased to different port operators,[52] such as A. P. Moller-Maersk Group, American Stevedoring,[53] NYCT,[54] and Global Marine Terminal.[55]
Howland Hook Marine Terminal
Port Jersey Marine Terminal
Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal, the nation's first and third busiest
Red Hook Marine Terminal
Approximately 3,200,000 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) of containers and 700,000 automobiles are handled per year.[56] In the first half of 2014, the port handled 1,583,449 containers, a 35,000-container increase above the six-month record set in 2012,[57] while the port handled a monthly record of 306,805 containers in October 2014.[58] In June 2010, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed to purchase from Bayonne 128 acres (0.52 km2) of land at the Military Ocean Terminal at Bayonne, indicating that additional container port facilities would be created.[59] The agency is expected to develop a terminal capable of handling the larger container ships to be in service once the new, wider Panama Canal opens in 2014, some of which will not pass under the Bayonne Bridge at the Kill van Kull.[60] A project to raise to the roadway of the bridge within the existing arch is underway.[61]
ExpressRail[edit]
Main article: ExpressRail
Along the Arthur Kill, the Staten Island Railway North Shore Branch line (foreground) connects the Howland Hook Marine Terminal to the Chemical Coast
ExpressRail is rail network supporting intermodal freight transport at the major container terminals of the port. The development of dockside trackage and railyards for transloading has been overseen by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey which works in partnership other public and private stakeholders. Various switching and terminal railroads, including the Conrail Shared Assets Operations (CRCX) on the Chemical Coast Secondary connect to the East Coast rail freight network carriers Norfolk Southern (NS), CSX Transportation (CSX), and Canadian Pacific (CP).[62][63] In the year period ending October 2014 the total amount of TEUs of Intermodal containers handled at the port included 391,596 rail lifts.[64] As of 2014, three ExpressRail systems (Newark, Elizabeth, and Staten Island) were in operation. Construction of a fourth, with connection to the National Docks Secondary, is underway at Port Jersey. Financed by a surcharge on all containers passing through the port by train or truck and the system in 2014 handled just over 14% of total container volume.[57]
Bulk cargo and marine transfer[edit]
Newtown Creek
While most consumer goods are transported in containers, other commodities such as petroleum and scrap metal are handled at facilities for marine transfer operations, bulk cargo, and break bulk cargo throughout the port, many along its straits and canals. At some locations, water pollution has led to inclusion on the list of Superfund sites in the United States.
Arthur Kill, along its shore the Bayway Refinery and the Chemical Coast
Kill van Kull at Constable Hook
Gowanus Canal in South Brooklyn
Newtown Creek, East River at Greenpoint and Hunter's Point
Passaic River from Newark Bay to Passaic
South Brooklyn Marine Terminal[65]
Car float and Cross Harbor Tunnel[edit]
Main article: New York New Jersey Rail
NYNJ Rail western end
At one time nearly 600,000 railcars were transferred annually by barge between the region's extensive rail facilities. Today approximately 1,600 cars are "floated" on the remaining car float in the port. The New York New Jersey Rail, LLC transfers freight cars across the Upper Bay between the Greenville Yard in Jersey City and the 65th Street Yard and the Bush Terminal Yard in Brooklyn.[66] At the Greenville end, CSX Transportation operates through Conrail's North Jersey Shared Assets Area along the National Docks Secondary. At Brooklyn, end connections are made to the New York and Atlantic Railway's Bay Ridge Branch and the South Brooklyn Railway. The 2.5-mile (4.0 km) crossing takes approximately 45 minutes. The equivalent truck trip would be 35 to 50 miles (80 km) long.[67]
Freight rail has never used the New York Tunnel Extension under the Hudson Palisades, Hudson River, Manhattan, and East River due to electrified lines and lack of ventilation. Overland travel crosses the Hudson River 140 miles (225 km) to the north using a right of way known as the Selkirk hurdle. The Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel is a proposed rail tunnel under the Upper Bay. The western portal would be located at Greenville Yard, while the eastern portal is undetermined and a source of controversy.[68]
In May 2010, the Port Authority announced that it would purchase the Greenville Yard and build a new barge-to-rail facility there, as well as improve the existing railcar float system. The barge-to-rail facility is expected to handle an estimated 60,000 to 90,000 containers of solid waste per year from New York City, eliminating up to 360,000 trash truck trips a year. The authority's board authorized $118.1 million for the project.[69] The National Docks Secondary rail line is being upgraded in anticipation of expanded volumes.
In September 2014, the PANYNJ announced a $356 million capital project to upgrade and expand the facility, including Roll-on/roll-off operations. Expected to be operational about July 2016, an initial capacity of at least 125,000 cargo container lifts a year is projected.[70]
Port Inland Distribution Network[edit]
The Port Inland Distribution Network involves new or expanded transportation systems for redistribution by barge and rail for the shipped goods and containers that are delivered at area ports in an effort to curtail the use of trucks and their burden on the environment, traffic, and highway systems. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ), New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT), and Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC), are involved in initiatives to review and develop this network.[71][72][73] To instantiate PIDN, the PANYNJ signed an agreement November 29, 2003 with the Port of Albany to provide twice weekly barge service. By 2014, the service had been discontinued.[74]
America's Marine Highway[edit]
America's Marine Highway is a similar US Dept.of Transportation initiative to capitalize on US waterways for the transport of goods.[75][76] In 2016, MARAD made a grant of $1.6 million to improve the terminal at Red Hook as part of the Marine Highway program.[77] Barges carrying containers on a route between Red Hook and Newark began operation in September 2016.[78]
In 2010, a private sector service provider began short sea shipping of aggregate products with a barge service between Tremley Point, Linden on the Arthur Kill and the Port of Salem to address a critical, yet weak link in freight transport with ports in the Delaware Valley.[76]
Cruise terminals and ferries[edit]
Cruise terminals[edit]
Cruise terminal on the Hudson
The golden age of the North Atlantic ocean liner lasted from the end of the 19th century to the post–World War II period, after which innovations in air travel became commercially viable. Many berths for the great ships that lined the North River (Hudson River) were more or less abandoned by the 1970s. Nowadays most travel is recreational. While many cruises are to points in the Caribbean, there are also ships calling at the port that sail transatlantically and to the Southern Hemisphere, notably RMS Queen Mary 2. The passenger cruise ship terminals in the port are located in the traditional, or "inner", harbor.
Cape Liberty Cruise Port, MOTBY, Upper Bay[79]
Brooklyn Cruise Terminal, Buttermilk Channel, Upper Bay[80]
New York Passenger Ship Terminal, Hudson River[81]
Ferries and sightseeing[edit]
New York Water Taxi ferries moored at Erie Basin in Red Hook, Brooklyn
There has been continuous ferry service between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan since the 18th century. Travelling across the Upper Bay between South Ferry and St. George Ferry Terminal, the free Staten Island Ferry transports on average 75,000 passengers per day.
Service on the East River ended in the early 20th century and on the Hudson River in the 1960s. It has been restored and grown significantly since the 1980s providing regular service to points in Manhattan, mostly below 42nd Street. Major terminals are Hoboken Terminal, Battery Park City Ferry Terminal at World Financial Center, Paulus Hook Ferry Terminal, Weehawken Port Imperial, Pier 11/Wall Street, West Midtown Ferry Terminal, and the East 34th Street Ferry Landing. There also are numerous ferry slips that each serve one route only, including the historic Fulton Ferry. In addition to regular and rush hour routes, there are excursions, trips, and seasonal service to Gateway National Recreation Area beaches. Sightseeing boats circumnavigate Manhattan or make excursions into the Upper New York Bay.[82]
Circle Line Downtown[83]
Circle Line Sightseeing[84]
Ellis Island and Liberty Island[85][85][86][87]
Governor's Island Ferry[88] (seasonal)
Liberty Water Taxi[89]
New York Water Taxi[90]
NY Waterway[91]
New York Beach Ferry
SeaStreak[92]
Staten Island Ferry[93]
Lights and lighthouses[edit]
Sandy Hook Light, the oldest continuously operating and standing lighthouse in the United States
Stepping Stones Lighthouse
There are both historic and modern lighthouses throughout the port, some of which have been decommissioned[94][95]
Ambrose Light, Lower Bay (dismantled 2008)
Bergen Point Light, Newark Bay (replaced)
Blackwell Island Light, Roosevelt Island, East River (retired 1940)
Chapel Hill Rear Range Light, Sandy Hook Bay (deactivated 1957)
Conover Beacon (front range light), Leonardo
Coney Island (Nortons Point) Light, Lower New York Bay, Sea Gate, Brooklyn
Elm Tree Beacon Light, The Narrows, New Dorp, Staten Island
Execution Rocks Light, Long Island Sound
Fort Tompkins Light, The Narrows, Staten Island (retired)
Fort Wadsworth Light, The Narrows, Brooklyn
Great Beds Light, Raritan Bay, South Amboy
Kings Point Light, Long Island Sound, Great Neck
Kingsborough Community College Light, Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn
Little Gull Island Light, Long Island Sound
Little Red Lighthouse (Jeffrey's Hook Lighthouse), Fort Washington, Manhattan
Navesink Twin Lights, Sandy Hook Bay, Highlands
New Dorp Light, The Narrows, Staten Island Swash Channel (retired)
North Brother Island Light, East River
Old Orchard Shoal Light, Gedney Channel, lLower Bay
Princes Bay Light, Staten Island
Robbins Reef Light, Constable Hook, Upper Bay,
Romer Shoal Light, Lower Bay near Sandy Hook Bay
Sandy Hook Light, Sandy Hook
Staten Island Light Lighthouse Hill, Staten Island
Statue of Liberty, Liberty Island, Upper Bay (until 1902)
Stepping Stones Light, Long Island Sound, near City Island
Stony Point light, Hudson River
Throgs Neck Light, Throggs Neck, East River (decommissioned)
Titanic Memorial, South Street Seaport, East River,
West Bank Light, Ambrose Channel, Lower Bay (range front)
Whitestone Point Light, Whitestone Point, southerly side of East River
Land reclamation and ocean dumping[edit]
Battery Park City is one of many sites throughout the port built on land fill
Channelization and landfilling began in the colonial era and continued well into the 20th century.[96] Early materials were shellfish and other refuse, and later construction debris from projects such as the New York City Subway and Pennsylvania Station. Rubble from the bombing of London was transported for ballast during World War II. New land has been created throughout the port, including large swaths that are now Battery Park City, Ellis Island, Liberty State Park, Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, and the Meadowlands Sports Complex.[97][98][99]
From 1924 until 1986, sewerage sludge was hauled by tugboat and barge to a point 12 miles (19 km) offshore in the Atlantic. From 1986 to 1992 it was dumped at a site 106 nautical miles from Atlantic City, after which ocean dumping was banned.[100][101][102] Barges were also used to transport waste to Fresh Kills Landfill, the world's largest, which operated from 1948 to 1991. Both operations were known to be detrimental to Long Island and Jersey Shore beaches, notably the 1987 Syringe Tide.[103][104]
Tourism and recreation[edit]
The Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island recall the era of transatlantic immigration to America
Harbor-related historic sites, promenades, and nature preserves within the port district include:
South Street Seaport
USS Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum (Pier 86)
Gateway National Recreation Area
Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island and Governor's Island
Hudson River Park, Hudson River Waterfront Walkway, Brooklyn Bridge Park
Liberty State Park and Communipaw Terminal
Battery Park and Castle Clinton
Hackensack Meadowlands, Riverwalk, and Environment Center
Pier 63, New York Central Railroad 69th Street Transfer Bridge, and 79th Street Boat Basin
Gantry Plaza State Park
Manhattan Waterfront Greenway
Hoboken Terminal
City Island
Economy[edit]
In 2014, the port handled 3,342,286 containers and 393,931 automobiles.[105]
In January through June 2015, the top 10 imports that went through the port of New York and New Jersey were:[106]
Petroleum: $6.78 billion
Appliances: $3,80 billion
Vehicles: $2.59 billion
Plastics: $1.72 billion
Electronics: $1.46 billion
Chemicals: $1.45 billion
Oils and perfumes: $928.7 million
Pharmaceuticals: $897.5 million
Optical and photographic: $801.8 million
Pearls and precious gems and metals: $562.4 million
See also[edit]
Timeline of Jersey City, New Jersey-area railroads
Rail freight transportation in New York City and Long Island
List of bridges, tunnels, and cuts in Hudson County, New Jersey
New York tugboats
Vision 2020: New York City Comprehensive Waterfront Plan
New York Harbor Storm-Surge Barrier
List of ports in the United States
List of North American ports
List of world's busiest container ports
Marine life of New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary
Port of Paulsboro
United States container ports
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^ Jump up to: a b Strunsky, Steve (August 5, 2014). "Port reports record container volume for first half of 2014". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
Jump up ^ "NY-New Jersey cargo sets record for October". North Jersey Media Group. December 5, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jersey Journal file photo. "Bayonne board votes to sell land at Harbor to Port Authority". NJ.com. Retrieved 2012-08-03.
Jump up ^ "Will open a port not new housing BLRA sells waterfront property to Port Authority for 235M". Hudson Reporter. 2010-08-04. Retrieved 2012-08-03.
Jump up ^ "Bayonne Bridge Navigational Clearance Program". PANYNJ. Retrieved 2013-04-12.
Jump up ^ "Local Rail" (PDF). PANYNJ. Retrieved 2014-12-11.
Jump up ^ "The Port Authority ExpressRail System". PANYNJ. Retrieved 2014-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Loaded Containers in TEUs and Total ExpressRail Lifts by Month". PANYNJ. October 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-09.
Jump up ^ "The Port Authority of NY & NJ Port Guide". Seaportsinfo.com. Archived from the original on 2011-12-11. Retrieved 2012-08-03.
Jump up ^ NYNJ Railroad Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ NYRR 10-K SEC filing for 2003
Jump up ^ "Cross Harbor Freight Program - Studies & Reports - The Port Authority of NY & NJ". Crossharborstudy.com. 2001-09-11. Retrieved 2012-08-03.
Jump up ^ "PORT AUTHORITY BOARD APPROVES PURCHASE AND REDEVELOPMENT OF GREENVILLE YARDS, INCLUDING A BARGE-TO-RAIL FACILITY TO TAKE TRUCKS OFF THE ROAD" (Press release). PANYNJ. May 18, 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
Jump up ^ "PANYNJ board approves Greenville Yard redevelopment". RT&S. September 18, 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Fact Sheet Port Inland Distribution Network" (PDF). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. July 2004. Retrieved 2013-07-31. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Port Authority Launches Unique Cargo Distribution System by Establishing First Regional Port in Upstate New York". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. December 13, 2002. Retrieved 2013-07-31.
Jump up ^ Rodrigue, Jean-Paul. "Port Inland Distribution Network of the Port of New York and New Jersey". Geography of Transport Systems. Hofstra University. Archived from the original on 2013-10-07. Retrieved 2013-07-31.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Eric (May 23, 2014). "Barges could bring new cargo traffic to Albany port". Albany Times Union.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Transportation Secretary LaHood Announces Corridors, Projects and Initiatives Eligible for Funding as Part of America's Marine Highway" (Press release). UDDOT Maritime Administration. August 22, 2010. Retrieved 2013-07-31.
^ Jump up to: a b "Application for the Designation of the New Jersey Marine Highway Platform as a Marine Highway Project" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Transportation. June 11, 2010. Retrieved 2013-07-31.
Jump up ^ Strong, Kim (Oct 26, 2016). "New York Harbor and Container and Trailer on Barge Service (Awarded $1,632,296)". marad.dot.gov. DOT MARAD. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Morley, Hugh R. (September 14, 2016). "Container-on-barge launches across NY-NJ port harbor". JOC. Retrieved 20 June 2017. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Cape Liberty Cruise Port
Jump up ^ Brooklyn Cruise Terminal Archived 2010-08-23 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ New York Passenger Terminal Archived 2011-11-07 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Brief history of ferries in Port of New York Archived 2006-01-05 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ *Circle Line Downtown
Jump up ^ Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises
^ Jump up to: a b Ellis Island and Liberty Island Ferry Map
Jump up ^ Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island information at Star Cruises; Accessed August 31, 2010
Jump up ^ "Hornblower Cruises". Statuecruises.com. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ Governor's Island Ferry
Jump up ^ Statue Cruises|Liberty Water Taxi
Jump up ^ New York Water Taxi
Jump up ^ NY Waterway
Jump up ^ SeaStreak Official site
Jump up ^ Staten Island Ferry
Jump up ^ "Historic Light Station Information and Photography: New Jersey". United States Coast Guard Historian's Office.
Jump up ^ "Historic Light Station Information and Photography: New York". United States Coast Guard Historian's Office.
Jump up ^ Lobell, Jarrett A.. (2010-07-13) Archaeology Magazine - The Hidden History of New York's Harbor - Archaeology Magazine Archive. Archive.archaeology.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-15.
Jump up ^ "HISTORIC FILL OF THE JERSEY CITY QUADRANGLE HISTORIC FILL MAP HFM-53" (PDF). New State Department of Environmental Protection. 2004. Retrieved 2014-08-31.
Jump up ^ "Is Liberty a Jersey Girl". New Jersey Society of Professional Land Surveyors. February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://untappedcities.com/2013/10/09/the-man-made-areas-of-nyc-governors-island-ellis-island-freshkills-park-battery-park-marble-hill-u-thant-island/
Jump up ^ "Reilly in New York to Mark End of Sewage Sludge Dumping". United States Environmental Protection Agency. June 30, 1992. Archived from the original on April 22, 2014. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Research & Articles on Ocean Dumping Ban Act (1988) by". BookRags.com. Retrieved 2012-08-03.
Jump up ^ Gold, Allan R. (1991-03-18). "New Jersey Ends Practice Of Dumping Sludge in Sea". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Alfonso Narvaez (8 December 1987). "New York City to Pay Jersey Town $1 Million Over Shore Pollution". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
Jump up ^ "A Summary of the Proposed Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan". New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary Program. February 1995. Archived from the original on 2005-05-24. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
Jump up ^ Strunsky, Steve (February 2, 2015). "Port of N.Y. and N.J. handled record cargo volume in 2014". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
Jump up ^ 10 tops imports to PortNYNJ 2015
External links[edit]
Official homepage
PANYNJ Rail terminal and intermodal facilities
New York Sector for US Coast Guard (Home Port website)
2012 Port Guide (PDF), PANYNJ, archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2012
Economic Impact of New York-New Jersey Port/Maritime Industry for 2010 (PDF) (Report). PANYNJ. October 2011.
New York-New Jersey Harbor & Estuary Program
Maritime Association of the Port of New York and New Jersey (Schedule of latest ship departures and related information)
NY Times 2004 slide show of port facilities and activities
"Infrasstucure Report Card". American Society of Civil Engineers. April 2017.
http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2018/06/money_for_nothing_working_the_docks_sometimes_mean.html
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