text:
Ohio (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young song)
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"Ohio"
Single by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young
from the album So Far
B-side
"Find the Cost of Freedom"
Released
June 1970
Format
Single
Recorded
May 21, 1970
Genre
Hard rock
Length
2:58
Label
Atlantic
Songwriter(s)
Neil Young
Producer(s)
Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young
Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young singles chronology
"Teach Your Children"
(1970) "Ohio"
(1970) "Our House"
(1970)
"Teach Your Children"
(1970) "Ohio"'
(1970) "Our House"
(1970)
Audio sample
file
help
"Ohio" is a protest song and counterculture anthem written and composed by Neil Young in reaction to the Kent State shootings of May 4, 1970, and performed by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.[1] It was released as a single, backed with Stephen Stills's "Find the Cost of Freedom", peaking at number 14 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 16 in Canada.[2] Although a live version of "Ohio" was included on the group's 1971 double album Four Way Street, the studio versions of both songs did not appear on an LP until the group's compilation So Far was released in 1974. The song also appeared on the Neil Young compilation albums Decade, released in 1977, and Greatest Hits, released in 2004.
The song also appears on Neil Young's Live at Massey Hall album, which he recorded in 1971 but did not release until 2007.
Contents
[hide]
1 Recording
2 Lyrics and reaction
3 Covers
4 Personnel
4.1 Additional personnel
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Recording[edit]
Young wrote the lyrics to "Ohio" after seeing the photos of the incident in Life Magazine.[3] On the evening that CSN&Y entered Record Plant Studios in Los Angeles, the song had already been rehearsed, and the quartet—with their new rhythm section of Calvin Samuels and Johnny Barbata—recorded it live in just a few takes. During the same session they recorded the single's equally direct B-side, Stephen Stills's ode to the war's dead, "Find the Cost of Freedom".
The record was mastered with the participation of the four principals, rush-released by Atlantic and heard on the radio with only a few weeks' delay. (This was despite the group already having their hit song "Teach Your Children" on the charts at the time.) In his liner notes for the song on the Decade retrospective, Young termed the Kent State incident as 'probably the biggest lesson ever learned at an American place of learning' and reported that "David Crosby cried when we finished this take."[4] Indeed, Crosby can be heard keening "Four, why? Why did they die?" and "How many more?" in the fade.
According to the notes to Greatest Hits, it was recorded by Bill Halverson on May 21, 1970, at Record Plant Studio 3 in Hollywood.
Lyrics and reaction[edit]
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The lyrics help evoke the turbulent mood of horror, outrage and shock in the wake of the shootings, especially the line "four dead in Ohio," repeated throughout the song. "Tin soldiers and Nixon coming" refers to the Kent State shootings where Ohio National Guardsmen shot and killed four students and Young's attribution of their deaths to the President of the United States, Richard Nixon, even though the National Guardsmen had not been federalized and were under orders from Ohio Governor Jim Rhodes. Crosby once stated that Young keeping Nixon's name in the lyrics was "the bravest thing I ever heard." The American counterculture took the group as its own after this song, giving the four a status as leaders and spokesmen they would enjoy to varying extent for the rest of the decade.
After the double's release, it was banned from some AM radio stations because of the challenge to the Nixon Administration in the lyrics, but received airplay on underground FM stations in larger cities and college towns. Today, the song receives regular airplay on classic rock stations. The song was selected as the 395th Greatest Song of All Time by Rolling Stone in December 2004.[5] In 2009, the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.[6]
Covers[edit]
Notable covers of the song:
1971 – The song was recorded by the Isley Brothers on their album Givin' It Back.
1993 – Paul Weller recorded a cover during the sessions for Wild Wood, and it was released as a B-side to his single "The Weaver."
1998 – The song was included as a hidden track on the album Thirty Days Out by the Montrose Avenue.
2001 – Zegota, an American punk rock band, released a 9-minute-long cover of the song.
2002 – The song was covered by Devo on the album When Pigs Fly: Songs You Never Thought You'd Hear. The song was of particular significance to this group. Two of its founding members, Jerry Casale and Mark Mothersbaugh, were students at Kent State during the killings, Casale having witnessed the shooting and known two of the victims. Casale was not impressed by it at the time, seeing it as an opportunist song by "rich hippies...making money off of something horrible...that they didn't get."[7] In the liner notes of Decade, Young reflected in 1976, "It's ironic that I capitalized on the death of those American students."[4][dubious – discuss]
2003 – Tori Amos used the song in a bridge with her song Pancake while in tour supporting her album Scarlet's Walk in San Antonio, Texas
2003 – A live version of the song was included as a bonus track on a re-release of Mott the Hoople's self-titled first album.
2004 – The Dandy Warhols placed a version of the song on the B-sides and covers album Come on Feel the Dandy Warhols, available only through the band's website.
2007 – The song was covered by Dala on the Canadian Borrowed Tunes II: A Tribute to Neil Young tribute album. Their recording later appeared on the 2008 tribute album Cinnamon Girl – Women Artists Cover Neil Young.
2009 – The song was covered by Chris and Rich Robinson of The Black Crowes in the documentary feature film The People Speak.
2014 – The song was covered by French singer Nolwenn Leroy on her live album Ô Tour de L'Eau.
Personnel[edit]
David Crosby — vocals, rhythm guitar
Stephen Stills — vocals, guitars
Graham Nash — vocals, organ
Neil Young — vocals, guitars
Additional personnel[edit]
Calvin Samuels — bass
John Barbata — drums
See also[edit]
List of anti-war songs
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Glenn Gamboa. "Neil Young's 'Ohio' captures gravity of event - News". Ohio.com. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ RPM Weekly 100, August 22, 1970
Jump up ^ McDonough, Jimmy (2002). Shakey. New York: Anchor Books. p. 345. ISBN 0-679-75096-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Neil Young. Decade. (Reprise Records, 1977).
Jump up ^ "The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". 2004-12-09. Archived from the original on 2008-06-22. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
Jump up ^ "GRAMMY Hall Of Fame". GRAMMY.org. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ McDonough, Jimmy (2002). Shakey. New York: Anchor Books. pp. 346 fn. ISBN 0-679-75096-7.
External links[edit]
Neil Young Ohio Lyric Analysis. Accessed on March 26, 2007.
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You're Sixteen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"You're Sixteen"
Single by Johnny Burnette
from the album Johnny Burnette
B-side
"I Beg Your Pardon"
Released
October 1960
Format
7"
Recorded
September 1960, United Recorders, Hollywood, California
Genre
Rock
Length
1:56
Label
Liberty (U.S.)
London (UK)
Songwriter(s)
Robert B. Sherman, Richard M. Sherman
Producer(s)
Snuff Garrett
Johnny Burnette singles chronology
"Dreamin'"
(1960) "You're Sixteen"
(1960) "Little Boy Sad"
(1961)
"You're Sixteen" is a song written by the Sherman Brothers (Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman). It was first performed by American rockabilly singer Johnny Burnette, whose version peaked at number eight on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in December 1960 and number 3 in the U.K. in 1961.[1] The original 1960 version of "You're Sixteen" by Johnny Burnette is featured prominently on the 1973 motion picture soundtrack of the film American Graffiti.
Contents
1 Chart history
1.1 Weekly charts
1.2 Year-end charts
2 Personnel
3 Ringo Starr version
4 Chart history
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
5 Other covers
6 References
7 External links
Chart history[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1960-61)
Peak
position
UK Record Retailer Chart 3
US Billboard Hot 100[2] 8
US Cash Box Top 100[3] 7
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1961)
Rank
UK Record Retailer[4] 48
US Cash Box[5] 45
Personnel[edit]
The personnel on the Johnny Burnette version included:
Johnny Burnette - vocal
Bobby Gibbons - guitar
Vincent Terri - guitar
Red Callender - bass
Ernie Freeman - piano
Jerry Allison - drums
Alvin Dinkin - viola
Stanley Harris - viola
Dave Berman - violin
Herman Clebanoff - violin
Harold Dicterow - violin
Ben "Benny" Gill - violin
Irma Newman - violin
Joe Stepansky - violin
Darrel Terwilliger - violin
Gerald Vinci - violin
unknown - backing vocals
Ringo Starr version[edit]
"You're Sixteen"
UK picture sleeve
Single by Ringo Starr
from the album Ringo
B-side
"Devil Woman"
Released
3 December 1973 (US)
8 February 1974 (UK)
Format
7"
Recorded
September 1973
Genre
Rock and roll, country
Length
2:46
Label
Apple
Songwriter(s)
Robert B. Sherman, Richard M. Sherman
Producer(s)
Richard Perry
Ringo Starr singles chronology
"Photograph"
(1973) "You're Sixteen"
(1973) "Oh My My"
(1974)
Ringo track listing
show
10 tracks
Side one
"I'm the Greatest"
"Have You Seen My Baby"
"Photograph"
"Sunshine Life for Me (Sail Away Raymond)"
"You're Sixteen"
Side two
"Oh My My"
"Step Lightly"
"Six O'Clock"
"Devil Woman"
"You and Me (Babe)"
Ringo Starr's version was released as a single in the US,[nb 1] on 3 December 1973, and in the UK,[nb 2] on 8 February 1974.[8] In January 1974, the song, taken from the album Ringo, hit number one. The latter performance reunited Ringo Starr with his former Beatles bandmate Paul McCartney. McCartney is credited on the liner notes of the album Ringo as having played the solo on a kazoo. But reviewer Michael Verity has quoted the song's producer, Richard Perry, as revealing it wasn't actually a kazoo. “In fact, the solo on ‘You’re Sixteen,’ which sounds like a kazoo or something, was Paul singing very spontaneously as we played that track back, so he’s singing the solo on that.”[9] In any case, Starr's version remains one of the few #1 singles to feature a 'kazoo-sound' solo. Harry Nilsson sang backing vocals on Starr's version. Nicky Hopkins is heard playing the piano, including his going up and down the scale in the instrumental fade of the song. Also, the Ringo Starr version was in 6/8 time, compared to the original, which was in 2/4 time. In addition, in Ringo's version, the melody and the chords were different, in the Bridge Section, which led to a minor key, while the original version used all major keys.
The 1978 video of Starr's version features Carrie Fisher as Starr's love interest, though at the time Carrie Fisher was 22 years old (born 1956).
In 2017, the song was connected to the Roy Moore controversy when Breitbart editor Joel Pollak, during an interview on CNN, said: "You know, in 1973, Ringo Starr hit No. 1 on the billboard charts with the song 'You're 16, You're Beautiful and You're Mine,'" Pollak said. "(Starr) was 30-something at the time, singing about a 16-year-old. You want to take away Ringo Starr's achievement?"[10]
Chart history[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1973–74)
Peak
position
Australian Kent Music Report[11] 6
Belgium 10
Canada RPM Top Singles[12] 2
Canada RPM Adult Contemporary[12] 13
Ireland (IRMA)[13] 2
Germany 19
Japan 74
Netherlands 6
New Zealand Listener Chart[14] 1
Norway 6
Switzerland 6
UK Singles Chart 4
US Billboard Hot 100[2] 1
US Billboard Easy Listening 2
US Cash Box Top 100[15] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Rank
Canada[16] 32
UK[17] 28
US Billboard Hot 100[18] 31
US Cash Box[19] 18
Other covers[edit]
The song title has been the subject of musical parody by various performers, from Australian punk rock band Frenzal Rhomb's "She's Sixty, She's Beautiful and She's Mine" to Australian singer-songwriter Paul Kelly's "You're 39, You're Beautiful and You're Mine". A reference to "You're Sixteen" is made in the title of Cold Chisel's EP You're Thirteen, You're Beautiful, and You're Mine.
An instrumental version of the song was used in the film "some Kind of Wonderful", (1987), where the older generation was dancing to the tune, until a group of motorcyclists arrive interrupting the reception with their own younger generation tune.
References[edit]
Footnotes
Jump up ^ US Apple 1870[6]
Jump up ^ UK Apple R 5995[7]
Citations
Jump up ^ You're Sixteen Chart Positions Retrieved June 16, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Top 100 1/07/61". tropicalglen.com.
Jump up ^ "Sixties City - Pop Music Charts - Every Week Of The Sixties". www.sixtiescity.net.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1961". tropicalglen.com.
Jump up ^ Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. London: Virgin Books. p. 183. ISBN 9780753508435.
Jump up ^ Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. London: Virgin Books. p. 182. ISBN 9780753508435.
Jump up ^ Harry, Bill (2004). The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia. London: Virgin Books. pp. 182, 183. ISBN 9780753508435.
Jump up ^ Michael Verity, “Number 1 With A Bullet: Ringo Starr’s ‘You’re Sixteen’”[permanent dead link] Retrieved May 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gore, Leada (November 27, 2017). "Breitbart editor uses 1973 Ringo Starr song to defense Roy Moore". AL.com. http://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2017/11/breitbart_editor_uses_1973_rin.html. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (doc)|format= requires |url= (help). Australian Chart Book, St Ives, N.S.W. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
^ Jump up to: a b "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – You're Sixteen". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand, 9 Mar 1974
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Top 100 2/02/74". tropicalglen.com.
Jump up ^ Canada, Library and Archives (17 July 2013). "Image: RPM Weekly".
Jump up ^ "Top Discs of '74 (BRMB)". Record Mirror. 11 January 1975. p. 6.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1974/Top 100 Songs of 1974". www.musicoutfitters.com.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1974". tropicalglen.com.
External links[edit]
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Sangam literature
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Agastyar, Father and Chairman of first Tamil Sangams, Madurai, Pandiya Kingdom
The Sangam literature (Tamil: சங்க இலக்கியம், Sanga ilakkiyam) is the ancient Tamil literature of the period in the history of ancient southern India (known as the Thamizhagam or the Tamilagam) spanning from c. 300 BCE to 300 CE (Akananuru (1, 15, 31, 55, 61, 65, 91, 97, 101, 115, 127, 187, 197, 201, 211, 233, 251, 265, 281, 311, 325, 331, 347, 349, 359, 393, 281, 295), Kurunthogai (11), Natrinai (14, 75) are dated before 180 BCE).[1][2][3][4][5] This collection contains 2381 poems in Tamil composed by 473 poets, some 102 of whom remain anonymous.[6] Most of the available Sangam literature is from the Third Sangam,[7] this period is known as the Sangam period, which refers to the prevalent Sangam legends claiming literary academies lasting thousands of years, giving the name to the corpus of literature.[8][9][10] Sangam literature is primarily secular, dealing with everyday themes in a Tamilakam context.[11]
The poems belonging to Sangam literature were composed by Tamil poets, both men and women, from various professions and classes of society. These poems were later collected into various anthologies, edited, and with colophons added by anthologists and annotators around 1000 AD. Sangam literature fell out of popular memory soon thereafter, until they were rediscovered in the 19th century by scholars such as Arumuga Navalar, C. W. Thamotharampillai and U. V. Swaminatha Iyer.
Topics in Sangam literature
Sangam literature
Akattiyam Tholkāppiyam
Patiṉeṇmēlkaṇakku
Eṭṭuthokai
Aiṅkurunūṟu Akanaṉūṟu
Puṟanāṉūṟu Kalittokai
Kuṟuntokai Natṟiṇai
Paripāṭal Patiṟṟuppattu
Pattuppattu
Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai Kuṟiñcippāṭṭu
Malaipaṭukaṭām Maturaikkāñci
Mullaippāṭṭu Neṭunalvāṭai
Paṭṭiṉappālai Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai
Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai
Patiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakku
Nālaṭiyār Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai
Iṉṉā Nāṟpatu Iṉiyavai Nāṟpatu
Kār Nāṟpatu Kaḷavaḻi Nāṟpatu
Aintiṇai Aimpatu Tiṉaimoḻi Aimpatu
Aintinai Eḻupatu Tiṉaimalai Nūṟṟu Aimpatu
Tirukkuṛaḷ Tirikaṭukam
Ācārakkōvai Paḻamoḻi Nāṉūṟu
Ciṟupañcamūlam Mutumoḻikkānci
Elāti Kainnilai
Related topics
Sangam Sangam landscape
Tamil history from Sangam literature Ancient Tamil music
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Sangam literature deals with emotional and material topics such as love, war, governance, trade and bereavement.[12] Some of the greatest Tamil scholars, like Thiruvalluvar, who wrote on ethics, and on the various issues of life like virtue, wealth and love, or the Tamil poet Mamulanar, who explored historical incidents that happened in India, lived during the Sangam period.[13][14]
The Indologist Kamil Zvelebil quotes A. K. Ramanujan: "In their antiquity and in their contemporaneity, there is not much else in any Indian literature equal to these quiet and dramatic Tamil poems. In their values and stances, they represent a mature classical poetry: passion is balanced by courtesy, transparency by ironies and nuances of design, impersonality by vivid detail, austerity of line by richness of implication. These poems are not just the earliest evidence of the Tamil genius."[15]
Contents
1 Compilation of literature
2 Classification
3 Environmental classifications
4 Tamil Sangams
5 Rediscovery
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Bibliography
8 External links
Compilation of literature[edit]
The available literature from this period was categorized and compiled in the 10th century into two categories based roughly on chronology. The categories are patiṉeṇmēlkaṇakku ("the Major Eighteen Anthology Series") comprising ettuthogai ("the Eight Anthologies") and the pattuppāṭṭu ("ten Idylls") and patiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakku ("the Minor Eighteen Anthology Series").
Classification[edit]
Sangam poems falls into two categories: the "inner field" (akam – அகம்), and the "outer field" (puṟam – புறம்) as described even in the first available Tamil grammar, the Tolkāppiyam.
The "inner field" topics refer to personal or human aspects, such as love and intimate relationships, and are dealt with metaphorically and abstractly. The "outer field" topics discuss all other aspects of human experience such as heroism, courage, ethics, benevolence, philanthropy, social life, and customs.
The division into agam and puram is not rigid, but depends upon the interpretation used in a specific context.
Environmental classifications[edit]
Main article: Sangam landscape
Sangam literature illustrates the thematic classification scheme first described in the Tolkāppiyam. The classification ties the emotions involved in akam poetry to a specific landscape. These landscapes are called tiṇai (திணை). These are: kuṟiñci (குறிஞ்சி), mountainous regions; mullai (முல்லை), forests; marutam (மருதம்), agricultural land; neytal (நெய்தல்) coastal regions; pālai (பாலை) deserts. In addition to the landscape based tiṇais, kaikkiLai and perunthinai are used for unsolicited love and unsuited love respectively.
Similar tiṇais pertain to puram poems as well, though these categories are based on activity rather than landscape: vetchi, karanthai, vanchi, kanchi, uzhignai, nochchi, thumbai, vaagai, paataan, and pothuviyal.
Tamil Sangams[edit]
Main article: Tamil Sangams
According to the compilers of the Sangam works such as Nakkeeran, the Tamil Sangams were academies, where Tamil poets and authors are said to have gathered periodically to publish their works. The legends claim that the Pandyan dynasty of the mythical cities of "South Madurai", Kapatapuram, and Madurai, patronized the three Sangams.[citation needed]
While these claims of the Sangams and the description of sunken land masses Kumari Kandam have been dismissed as frivolous by historiographers,[16] "Sangam literature" is still the preferred term for referring to the collection of Tamil works from the period 200 BC to 200 AD. Noted historians like Kamil Zvelebil have stressed that the use of 'Sangam literature' to describe this corpus of literature is a misnomer and Classical literature should be used instead.[17][needs update]
Sangam
Place of Organisation
Chairman
Kingdom
Books
First Thenmadurai Agastya Pandiya No books survived
Second Kapatapuram Earlier - Agastya
Later - Tolkāppiyar (a disciple of Agastaya) Pandiya Tolkāppiyam (author - Tolkāppiyar)
Third Madurai Nakkeerar Pandiya covers entire corpus of Sangam Literature
Rediscovery[edit]
The works of Sangam literature were lost and forgotten for several centuries before they were brought to light by several Tamil scholars, such as Arumuka Navalar, C. W. Thamotharampillai and U. V. Swaminatha Iyer.[18][19] They painstakingly collected and catalogued numerous manuscripts in various stages of deterioration. Navalar and Pillai hailed from Jaffna. Navalar brought the first Sangam text into print; this was the Thirumurukaattuppadai of Pattupattu (one of The Ten Idylls), in 1851. Pillai brought out the first of the Eight Anthologies (Ettuththokai) of the Sangam classics, the Kaliththokai, in 1887. Swaminathaiyar published his first print of Paththupattu in 1889. Together, these scholars printed and published Tholkappiyam, Nachinarkiniyar urai (1895), Tholkappiyam Senavariyar urai, (1868), Manimekalai (1898), Silappatikaram (1889), Pattuppāṭṭu (1889), and Purananuru (1894), all with scholarly commentaries. They published more than 100 works in all, including minor poems. J V Chellaiah of Jaffna College did the entire translation of the Pattuppāṭṭu in English in 1945.
See also[edit]
Literature portal
Tamiḻakam
First Sangam
Second Sangam
Tamil Sangams
List of Sangam poets
References[edit]
Jump up ^ There are some who claim earlier dates (up to 600 BCE). Others cite as late as 2BCE. The date of 300 BCE may represent a middle-of-the road consensus view; e.g. see the well-received textbook Ancient India, Upinder Singh, 2009, p. 15. However, it is quite likely that the songs existed in oral tradition well before this date.
Jump up ^ Kamil Veith Zvelebil, Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature, p. 12
Jump up ^ K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, A History of South India, OUP (1955) p. 105
Jump up ^ Classical Tamil Archived 7 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ T.S. Subramanian (2009-07-10). "Jain History of Tamil Nadu vandalised". Retrieved 2011-06-03. The six Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions of the 2nd century B.C. on the brow of five caverns on the Kazhugumalai hill near Mankulam, 38 km from Madurai, are the most ancient ones in Tamil Nadu and establish the historical facts that the Pandyan king Nedunchezhiyan ruled in the 2nd century B.C. and that Sangam literature dates back to the same period.
Jump up ^ George L. Hart III, The Poems of Ancient Tamil, U of California P, 1975.
Jump up ^ Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ (1965-01-01). Shilappadikaram: (The Ankle Bracelet). New Directions Publishing. ISBN 9780811200011.
Jump up ^ Irayanaar Agapporul dated to c 750 AD first mentioned the Sangam legends. An inscription of the early tenth century AD mentions the achievements of the early Pandya kings of establishing a Sangam in Madurai. See K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, A History of South India, OUP (1955) p. 105
Jump up ^ "The latest limit of Ettutokai and Pattupattu may be placed around 700 AD...." – Vaiyapuri Pillai, History of Tamil language and literature p. 38.
Jump up ^ "...the Tamil language of these brief records achieved a flowering during the first centuries of the Common Era, culminating in the emergence of a poetic corpus of very high quality [...] To this corpus the name sangam poetry was added soon afterwards...." Burton Stein, A History of India (1998), Blackwell p. 90.
Jump up ^ The Only religious poems among the shorter poems occur in paripaatal. The rest of the corpus of Sangam literature deals with human relationship and emotions. See K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India, OUP (1955) pp. 330–335
Jump up ^ Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India – Abraham, Shinu Anna, Asian Perspectives – Volume 42, Number 2, Fall 2003, pp. 207–223 University of Hawaii Press
Jump up ^ Morality and Ethics in Public Life by Ravindra Kumar p.92
Jump up ^ Essays on Indian Society by Raj Kumar p.71
Jump up ^ Kamil Zvelebil 1975, p. 115.
Jump up ^ The Hindu : Book Review : Resurrecting Lemuria
Jump up ^ Kamil Zvelebil., The Smile of Murugan
Jump up ^ A library of palmyra manuscripts Archived 13 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature", Kamil V. Zvelebil
Bibliography[edit]
Kamil Zvelebil (1973). The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-03591-5.
Kamil Zvelebil (1975). Tamil Literature. Handbook of Oriental Studies. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-04190-7.
P. Meenakshi Sundaram (1965). History of Tamil Literature. Annamalai University.
External links[edit]
Varalaaru.com – Monthly web magazine on South Indian History and Literature
Sangam Literature Translations and Explanations
sangamtranslationsbyvaidehi.com Great Overview and Detailed Translations of all Sangam Literature in English by Vaidehi Herbert
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