text:
Compact disc
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"CD" redirects here. For other uses, see CD (disambiguation).
Compact Disc
The readable surface of a compact disc includes a spiral track wound tightly enough to cause light to diffract into a full visible spectrum.
Media type
Optical disc
Encoding
Various
Capacity
Typically up to 700 MiB (up to 80 minutes audio)
Read mechanism
780 nm wavelength (infrared and red edge) semiconductor laser, 1200 Kibit/s (1×)
Write mechanism
780 nm laser with a focused beam more powerful than one used for reading, 1200 Kibit/s (1×)
Standard
Red Book
Developed by
Philips, Sony
Usage
Audio and data storage
Extended from
LaserDisc
Extended to
CD-RW
Optical discs
General[show]
Optical disc
Optical disc drive
Optical disc authoring
Authoring software
Recording technologies
Recording modes
Packet writing
Optical media types[show]
Compact disc (CD): CD-DA, CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, 5.1 Music Disc, Super Audio CD (SACD), Photo CD, CD Video (CDV), Video CD (VCD), Super Video CD (SVCD), CD+G, CD-Text, CD-ROM XA, CD-i
DVD: DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-R DL, DVD+R DL, DVD-R DS, DVD+R DS, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, DVD-D, DVD-A, HVD, EcoDisc
Blu-ray Disc (BD): BD-R & BD-RE, Ultra HD Blu-ray
Blu-ray 3D
Universal Media Disc (UMD)
Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)
Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)
Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)
China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)
HD DVD: HD DVD-R, HD DVD-RW, HD DVD-RAM
High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD)
VCDHD
GD-ROM
Personal Video Disc (PVD)
MiniDisc (MD), Hi-MD
LaserDisc (LD), LD-ROM, LV-ROM
Video Single Disc (VSD)
Ultra Density Optical (UDO)
Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)
Five dimensional disc (5D DVD)
Nintendo optical disc (NOD)
Archival Disc
Professional Disc
Standards[show]
SFF ATAPI/MMC
Mount Rainier (packet writing)
Mount Fuji (layer jump recording)
Rainbow Books
File systems
ISO 9660
Joliet
Romeo
Rock Ridge / SUSP
El Torito
Apple ISO 9660 Extensions
Universal Disk Format (UDF)
ISO 13490
See also[show]
History of optical storage media
High-definition optical disc format war
v
t
e
Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed by Philips and Sony and released in 1982. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. The first commercially available Audio CD player, the Sony CDP-101, was released October 1982 in Japan.
Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres (4.7 in) and can hold up to about 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or about 700 MiB of data. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres (2.4 to 3.1 in); they are sometimes used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio, or delivering device drivers.
At the time of the technology's introduction in 1982, a CD could store much more data than a personal computer hard drive, which would typically hold 10 MB. By 2010, hard drives commonly offered as much storage space as a thousand CDs, while their prices had plummeted to commodity level. In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide.[1]
From the early 2000s CDs were increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that by 2010 the number of audio CDs being sold in the U.S. had dropped about 50% from their peak; however, they remained one of the primary distribution methods for the music industry.[2] In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Digital audio laser-disc prototypes
1.2 Collaboration and standardization
1.3 Initial launch and adoption
1.4 Further development and decline
1.5 Awards and accolades
2 Physical details
2.1 Integrity
2.2 Disc shapes and diameters
3 Logical format
3.1 Audio CD
3.2 Super Audio CD
3.3 CD-MIDI
3.4 CD-ROM
3.5 Video CD (VCD)
3.6 Super Video CD
3.7 Photo CD
3.8 CD-i
3.9 CD-i Ready
3.10 Enhanced Music CD (CD+)
3.11 Vinyl Disc
4 Manufacture
5 Writable compact discs
5.1 Recordable CD
5.2 ReWritable CD
5.2.1 Speed
6 Copy protection
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record digital information on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp.[4][5] Russell's patent application was first filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970. Following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russell's patents (then held by a Canadian company, Optical Recording Corp.) in the 1980s.[6][7][8]
The compact disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s.[9] Although originally dismissed by Philips Research management as a trivial pursuit,[10] the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the LaserDisc format struggled.[11] In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984.[12] By 1988 CD sales in the United States surpassed those of vinyl LPs, and by 1992 CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music cassette tapes.[13][14] The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, which together agreed upon and developed compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.[15]
Digital audio laser-disc prototypes[edit]
In 1974, L. Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog[16] optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm (7.9 in) and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record.[17] However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974.[16] In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm, the diagonal of an audio cassette.[16][18]
Heitaro Nakajima, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made.[19] Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using MFM modulation.[20] In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and cross-interleaved error correction code—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard compact disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in Brussels.[20] Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc"[21] in Eindhoven, Netherlands.[22]
Collaboration and standardization[edit]
Dutch inventor and Philips chief engineer Kees Schouhamer Immink was part of the team that produced the standard compact disc in 1980
Sony executive Norio Ohga, later CEO and chairman of Sony, and Heitaro Nakajima were convinced of the format's commercial potential and pushed further development despite widespread skepticism.[23]
As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology.[21] After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the IEC as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.
Philips coined the term compact disc in line with another audio product, the Compact Cassette,[18] and contributed the general manufacturing process, based on video LaserDisc technology. Philips also contributed eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM), which offers a certain resilience to defects such as scratches and fingerprints, while Sony contributed the error-correction method, CIRC.
The Compact Disc Story,[16] told by a former member of the task force, gives background information on the many technical decisions made, including the choice of the sampling frequency, playing time, and disc diameter. The task force consisted of around four to eight persons,[10][24] though according to Philips, the compact disc was "invented collectively by a large group of people working as a team."[25]
Initial launch and adoption[edit]
Philips established the Polydor Pressing Operations plant in Langenhagen near Hannover, Germany, and quickly passed a series of milestones.
The first test pressing was of a recording of Richard Strauss's Eine Alpensinfonie (An Alpine Symphony) played by the Berlin Philharmonic and conducted by Herbert von Karajan, who had been enlisted as an ambassador for the format in 1979.[26]
The first public demonstration was on the BBC television programme Tomorrow's World in 1981, when the Bee Gees' album Living Eyes (1981) was played.[27]
The first commercial compact disc was produced on 17 August 1982. It was The Visitors (1981) by ABBA.[28]
The first 50 titles were released in Japan on 1 October 1982,[29] the very first of which was a rerelease of the Billy Joel album 52nd Street.[30]
The first CD played on BBC Radio was in October 1982 on BBC Radio Scotland (Jimmy Mack programme, Followed by Ken Bruce and Eddie Mair all BBC Scotland), with the first CD played on UK independent radio station shortly after (Radio Forth, Jay Crawford Show). The CD was Dire Straits, Love over Gold. [31]
The Japanese launch was followed in March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe[32] and North America (where CBS Records released sixteen titles).[33] This 1983 event is often seen as the "Big Bang"[by whom?] of the digital audio revolution. The new audio disc was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting classical music and audiophile communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable Discman the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. One of the first CD markets was devoted to reissuing popular music whose commercial potential was already proven. An advantage of the format was the ability to produce and market boxed sets and multi-volume collections.[11] The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was Dire Straits, with their 1985 album Brothers in Arms.[34] The first major artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was David Bowie, whose 15 studio albums were made available by RCA Records in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums.[35] On February 26, 1987, the first four UK albums by The Beatles were released in mono on compact disc.[36] In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.[37]
Further development and decline[edit]
Sony CD Walkman D-E330
The CD was planned to be the successor of the vinyl record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd AES Convention.[38] In June 1985, the computer-readable CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were introduced, also developed by both Sony and Philips.[39] Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for recording music and copying music albums without defects introduced in compression used in other digital recording methods. Other newer video formats such as DVD and Blu-ray use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are backward compatible with audio CD.
By the early 2000s, the CD player had largely replaced the audio cassette player as standard equipment in new automobiles, with 2010 being the final model year for any car in the United States to have a factory-equipped cassette player.[40] With the increasing popularity of portable digital audio players, such as mobile phones, and solid state music storage, CD players are being phased out of automobiles in favor of minijack auxiliary inputs, wired connection to USB devices and wireless Bluetooth connection.[41]
Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 and 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%,[42] although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better according to figures released 30 March 2009, and CDs still continue to sell greatly.[43] As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States.[44] By 2015[update], only 24% of music in the United States was purchased on physical media, ⅔ of this consisting of CDs;[45] however, in the same year in Japan, over 80% of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats.[46]
Despite the rapidly declining sales year-over-year, the pervasiveness of the technology remains: Companies are placing CDs in pharmacies, supermarkets, and filling station convenience stores targeting buyers least able to utilize Internet-based distribution.[11]
Awards and accolades[edit]
Sony and Philips received praise for the development of the compact disc from professional organizations. These awards include
Technical Grammy Award for Sony and Philips, 1998.[47]
IEEE Milestone award, 2009, for Philips only with the citation: "On 8 March 1979, N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken demonstrated for the international press a Compact Disc Audio Player. The demonstration showed that it is possible by using digital optical recording and playback to reproduce audio signals with superb stereo quality. This research at Philips established the technical standard for digital optical recording systems."[48]
Physical details[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Diagram of CD layers.
A polycarbonate disc layer has the data encoded by using bumps.
A shiny layer reflects the laser.
A layer of lacquer protects the shiny layer.
Artwork is screen printed on the top of the disc.
A laser beam reads the CD and is reflected back to a sensor, which converts it into electronic data
A CD is made from 1.2 millimetres (0.047 in) thick, polycarbonate plastic and weighs 15–20 grams.[49][better source needed] From the center outward, components are: the center spindle hole (15 mm), the first-transition area (clamping ring), the clamping area (stacking ring), the second-transition area (mirror band), the program (data) area, and the rim. The inner program area occupies a radius from 25 to 58 mm.
A thin layer of aluminium or, more rarely, gold is applied to the surface, making it reflective. The metal is protected by a film of lacquer normally spin coated directly on the reflective layer. The label is printed on the lacquer layer, usually by screen printing or offset printing.
CD data is represented as tiny indentations known as "pits", encoded in a spiral track moulded into the top of the polycarbonate layer. The areas between pits are known as "lands". Each pit is approximately 100 nm deep by 500 nm wide, and varies from 850 nm to 3.5 µm in length.[50] The distance between the tracks, the pitch, is 1.6 µm.[51][52][53]
A motor within the CD player spins the disc to a scanning velocity of 1.2–1.4 m/s (constant linear velocity) – equivalent to approximately 500 RPM at the inside of the disc, and approximately 200 RPM at the outside edge. (A disc played from beginning to end slows its rotation rate during playback.)
Comparison of various optical storage media
The program area is 86.05 cm2 and the length of the recordable spiral is (86.05 cm2 / 1.6 µm) = 5.38 km. With a scanning speed of 1.2 m/s, the playing time is 74 minutes, or 650 MiB of data on a CD-ROM. A disc with data packed slightly more densely is tolerated by most players (though some old ones fail). Using a linear velocity of 1.2 m/s and a narrower track pitch of 1.5 µm increases the playing time to 80 minutes, and data capacity to 700 MiB.
The pits in a CD are 500 nm wide, between 830 nm and 3,000 nm long and 150 nm deep
A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared) semiconductor laser housed within the CD player, through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. By measuring the intensity change with a photodiode, the data can be read from the disc. In order to accommodate the spiral pattern of data, the semiconductor laser is placed on a swing arm within the disc tray of any CD player. This swing arm allows the laser to read information from the centre to the edge of a disc, without having to interrupt the spinning of the disc itself.
Philips CDM210 CD Drive
The pits and lands do not directly represent the zeros and ones of binary data. Instead, non-return-to-zero, inverted encoding is used: a change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one, while no change indicates a series of zeros. There must be at least two and no more than ten zeros between each one, which is defined by the length of the pit. This in turn is decoded by reversing the eight-to-fourteen modulation used in mastering the disc, and then reversing the cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding, finally revealing the raw data stored on the disc. These encoding techniques (defined in the Red Book) were originally designed for CD Digital Audio, but they later became a standard for almost all CD formats (such as CD-ROM).
Integrity[edit]
CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. Scratches on the clear side can be repaired by refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing. The edges of CDs are sometimes incompletely sealed, allowing gases and liquids to corrode the metal reflective layer and to interfere with the focus of the laser on the pits.[54] The fungus Geotrichum candidum has been found—under conditions of high heat and humidity—to consume the polycarbonate plastic and aluminium found in CDs.[55][56]
Disc shapes and diameters[edit]
Comparison of several forms of disk storage showing tracks (not-to-scale); green denotes start and red denotes end.
* Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in ZCLV, CAA or CAV modes.
The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity and a 650 or 700 MiB (737,280,000-byte) data capacity. This capacity was reportedly specified by Sony executive Norio Ohga in May 1980 so as to be able to contain the entirety of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony on one disc.[23] This is a myth according to Kees Immink, as the code format had not yet been decided in May 1980.[10] The adoption of EFM one month later would have allowed a playing time of 97 minutes for 120 mm diameter or 74 minutes for a disc as small as 100 mm.[57] The 120 mm diameter has been adopted by subsequent formats, including Super Audio CD, DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray Disc. The 80 mm diameter discs ("Mini CDs") can hold up to 24 minutes of music or 210 MiB.
Physical size
Audio Capacity
CD-ROM Data Capacity
Definition
120 mm 74–80 min 650–700 MiB Standard size
80 mm 21–24 min 185–210 MiB Mini-CD size
80x54 mm – 80x64 mm ~6 min 10-65 MiB "Business card" size
Logical format[edit]
Audio CD[edit]
Main article: Compact Disc Digital Audio
The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the colour of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit PCM encoding at a 44.1 kHz sampling rate per channel. Four-channel sound was to be an allowable option within the Red Book format, but has never been implemented. Monaural audio has no existing standard on a Red Book CD; thus, mono source material is usually presented as two identical channels in a standard Red Book stereo track (i.e., mirrored mono); an MP3 CD, however, can have audio file formats with mono sound.
CD-Text is an extension of the Red Book specification for audio CD that allows for storage of additional text information (e.g., album name, song name, artist) on a standards-compliant audio CD. The information is stored either in the lead-in area of the CD, where there is roughly five kilobytes of space available, or in the subcode channels R to W on the disc, which can store about 31 megabytes.
Compact Disc + Graphics is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio data on the disc. The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player, but when played on a special CD+G player, it can output a graphics signal (typically, the CD+G player is hooked up to a television set or a computer monitor); these graphics are almost exclusively used to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke performers to sing along with. The CD+G format takes advantage of the channels R through W. These six bits store the graphics information.
CD + Extended Graphics (CD+EG, also known as CD+XG) is an improved variant of the Compact Disc + Graphics (CD+G) format. Like CD+G, CD+EG utilizes basic CD-ROM features to display text and video information in addition to the music being played. This extra data is stored in subcode channels R-W. Very few, if any, CD+EG discs have been published.
Super Audio CD[edit]
Main article: Super Audio CD
Super Audio CD (SACD) is a high-resolution read-only optical audio disc format that was designed to provide higher fidelity digital audio reproduction than the Red Book. Introduced in 1999, it was developed by Sony and Philips, the same companies that created the Red Book. SACD was in a format war with DVD-Audio, but neither has replaced audio CDs. The SACD standard is referred to the Scarlet Book standard.
Titles in the SACD format can be issued as hybrid discs; these discs contain the SACD audio stream as well as a standard audio CD layer which is playable in standard CD players, thus making them backward compatible.
CD-MIDI[edit]
CD-MIDI is a format used to store music-performance data, which upon playback is performed by electronic instruments that synthesize the audio. Hence, unlike the original Red Book CD-DA, these recordings are not digitally sampled audio recordings. The CD-MIDI format is defined as an extension of the original Red Book.
CD-ROM[edit]
Main article: CD-ROM
For the first few years of its existence, the CD was a medium used purely for audio. However, in 1988, the Yellow Book CD-ROM standard was established by Sony and Philips, which defined a non-volatile optical data computer data storage medium using the same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive.
Video CD (VCD)[edit]
Main article: Video CD
Video CD (VCD, View CD, and Compact Disc digital video) is a standard digital format for storing video media on a CD. VCDs are playable in dedicated VCD players, most modern DVD-Video players, personal computers, and some video game consoles.
The VCD standard was created in 1993 by Sony, Philips, Matsushita, and JVC and is referred to as the White Book standard.
Overall picture quality is intended to be comparable to VHS video. Poorly compressed VCD video can sometimes be lower quality than VHS video, but VCD exhibits block artifacts rather than analog noise and does not deteriorate further with each use.
352x240 (or SIF) resolution was chosen because it is half the vertical and half the horizontal resolution of NTSC video. 352x288 is similarly one quarter PAL/SECAM resolution. This approximates the (overall) resolution of an analog VHS tape, which, although it has double the number of (vertical) scan lines, has a much lower horizontal resolution.
Super Video CD[edit]
Main article: Super Video CD
Super Video CD (Super Video Compact Disc or SVCD) is a format used for storing video media on standard compact discs. SVCD was intended as a successor to VCD and an alternative to DVD-Video and falls somewhere between both in terms of technical capability and picture quality.
SVCD has two-thirds the resolution of DVD, and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD. One CD-R disc can hold up to 60 minutes of standard quality SVCD-format video. While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality, to accommodate very long videos. It is usually difficult to fit much more than 100 minutes of video onto one SVCD without incurring significant quality loss, and many hardware players are unable to play video with an instantaneous bit rate lower than 300 to 600 kilobits per second.
Photo CD[edit]
Main article: Photo CD
Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifications as well. They are intended to play on CD-i players, Photo CD players and any computer with the suitable software irrespective of the operating system. The images can also be printed out on photographic paper with a special Kodak machine. This format is not to be confused with Kodak Picture CD, which is a consumer product in CD-ROM format.
CD-i[edit]
Main article: Philips CD-i
The Philips Green Book specifies a standard for interactive multimedia compact discs designed for CD-i players (1993). CD-i discs can contain audio tracks which can be played on regular CD players, but CD-i discs are not compatible with most CD-ROM drives and software. The CD-i Ready specification was later created to improve compatibility with audio CD players, and the CD-i Bridge specification was added to create CD-i compatible discs that can be accessed by regular CD-ROM drives.
CD-i Ready[edit]
Main article: CD-i Ready
Philips defined a format similar to CD-i called CD-i Ready, which puts CD-i software and data into the pregap of track 1. This format was supposed to be more compatible with older audio CD players.
Enhanced Music CD (CD+)[edit]
Main article: Blue Book (CD standard)
Enhanced Music CD, also known as CD Extra or CD Plus, is a format which combines audio tracks and data tracks on the same disc by putting audio tracks in a first session and data in a second session. It was developed by Philips and Sony, and it is defined in the Blue Book.
Vinyl Disc[edit]
Main article: VinylDisc
Vinyl Disc is the hybrid of a standard audio CD and the vinyl record. The vinyl layer on the disc's label side can hold approximately three minutes of music.
Manufacture[edit]
Main article: CD manufacturing
Individual pits are visible on the micrometre scale
Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once opened, the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm, and a 15 mm diameter center hole (called a stacking ring) is created. The time it takes to "stamp" one CD is usually two to three seconds.
This method produces the clear plastic blank part of the disc. After a metallic reflecting layer (usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal) is applied to the clear blank substrate, the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press. To prepare to press a CD, a glass master is made, using a high-powered laser on a device similar to a CD writer. The glass master is a positive image of the desired CD surface (with the desired microscopic pits and lands). After testing, it is used to make a die by pressing it against a metal disc.
The die is a negative image of the glass master: typically, several are made, depending on the number of pressing mills that are to make the CD. The die then goes into a press, and the physical image is transferred to the blank CD, leaving a final positive image on the disc. A small amount of lacquer is applied as a ring around the center of the disc, and rapid spinning spreads it evenly over the surface. Edge protection lacquer is applied before the disc is finished. The disc can then be printed and packed.
Manufactured CDs that are sold in stores are sealed via a process called "polywrapping" or shrink wrapping.
The most expensive part of a CD is the jewel case. In 1995, material costs were 30 cents for the jewel case and 10 to 15 cents for the CD. Wholesale cost of CDs was $0.75 to $1.15, which retailed for $16.98.[58] On average, the store received 35 percent of the retail price, the record company 27 percent, the artist 16 percent, the manufacturer 13 percent, and the distributor 9 percent.[58] When 8-track tapes, cassette tapes, and CDs were introduced, each was marketed at a higher price than the format they succeeded, even though the cost to produce the media was reduced. This was done because the apparent value increased. This continued from vinyl to CDs but was broken when Apple marketed MP3s for $0.99, and albums for $9.99. The incremental cost, though, to produce an MP3 is very small.[59]
Writable compact discs[edit]
Recordable CD[edit]
700 MiB CD-R next to a mechanical pencil
Main article: CD-R
Recordable Compact Discs, CD-Rs, are injection-molded with a "blank" data spiral. A photosensitive dye is then applied, after which the discs are metalized and lacquer-coated. The write laser of the CD recorder changes the colour of the dye to allow the read laser of a standard CD player to see the data, just as it would with a standard stamped disc. The resulting discs can be read by most CD-ROM drives and played in most audio CD players. CD-Rs follow the Orange Book standard.
CD-R recordings are designed to be permanent. Over time, the dye's physical characteristics may change causing read errors and data loss until the reading device cannot recover with error correction methods. The design life is from 20 to 100 years, depending on the quality of the discs, the quality of the writing drive, and storage conditions. However, testing has demonstrated such degradation of some discs in as little as 18 months under normal storage conditions.[60][61] This failure is known as disc rot, for which there are several, mostly environmental, reasons.[62]
The recordable audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder. These consumer audio CD recorders use SCMS (Serial Copy Management System), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the AHRA (Audio Home Recording Act). The Recordable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-R due to lower production volume and a 3% AHRA royalty used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy.[63]
High-capacity recordable CD is a higher-density recording format that can hold 90 or 99 minutes of audio on a 12 cm (5 in) disc (compared to about 80 minutes for Red Book audio) or 30 minutes of audio on an 8 cm (3 in) disc (compared to about 24 minutes for Red Book audio).[64] The higher capacity is incompatible with some recorders and recording software.[65]
ReWritable CD[edit]
Main article: CD-RW
CD-RW is a re-recordable medium that uses a metallic alloy instead of a dye. The write laser in this case is used to heat and alter the properties (amorphous vs. crystalline) of the alloy, and hence change its reflectivity. A CD-RW does not have as great a difference in reflectivity as a pressed CD or a CD-R, and so many earlier CD audio players cannot read CD-RW discs, although most later CD audio players and stand-alone DVD players can. CD-RWs follow the Orange Book standard.
The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the United States' Audio Home Recording Act (AHRA). The ReWritable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-RW due to (a) lower volume and (b) a 3% AHRA royalty used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy.[63]
Speed[edit]
Due to technical limitations, the original ReWritable CD could be written no faster than 4x speed. High Speed ReWritable CD has a different design, which permits writing at speeds ranging from 4x to 12x. Original CD-RW drives can only write to original ReWritable CDs. High Speed CD-RW drives can typically write to both original ReWritable CDs and High Speed ReWritable CDs. Both types of CD-RW discs can be read in most CD drives. Higher speed CD-RW discs, Ultra Speed (16x to 24x write speed) and Ultra Speed+ (32x write speed) are now available.
Copy protection[edit]
Main article: CD/DVD copy protection
The Red Book audio specification, except for a simple "anti-copy" statement in the subcode, does not include any copy protection mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001,[66] attempts were made by record companies to market "copy-protected" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be ripped, or copied, to hard drives or easily converted to other formats (like FLAC, MP3 or Vorbis). One major drawback to these copy-protected discs is that most will not play on either computer CD-ROM drives or some standalone CD players that use CD-ROM mechanisms. Philips has stated that such discs are not permitted to bear the trademarked Compact Disc Digital Audio logo because they violate the Red Book specifications. Numerous copy-protection systems have been countered by readily available, often free, software.
See also[edit]
5.1 Music Disc
Compact Disc bronzing
Digipak
DualDisc
Extended Resolution Compact Disc
High Definition Compatible Digital
K2 High Definition
Longbox
SPARS code
Video Single Disc
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Compact Disc Hits 25th birthday". BBC News. 17 August 2007. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Plambeck, Joseph (30 May 2010). "As CD Sales Wane, Music Retailers Diversify". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "IFPI publishes Digital Music Report 2015". 14 April 2015. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 3,501,586 Analog to digital to optical photographic recording and playback system, March 1970.
Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 3,795,902 Method and apparatus for synchronizing photographic records of digital information, March 1974.
Jump up ^ Brier Dudley (29 November 2004). "Scientist's invention was let go for a song". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Inventor and physicist James Russell '53 will receive Vollum Award at Reed's convocation" (Press release). Reed College public affairs office. 2000. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Inventor of the Week - James T. Russell - The Compact Disc". MIT. December 1999. Archived from the original on 17 April 2003.
Jump up ^ "The History of the CD". Philips Research. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kees A. Schouhamer Immink (2007). "Shannon, Beethoven, and the Compact Disc". IEEE Information Theory Newsletter: 42–46. Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Straw, Will (2009). "The Music CD and Its Ends". Design and Culture. 1 (1).
Jump up ^ Rasen, Edward. "Compact Discs: Sound of the Future". Spin. Archived from the original on 16 December 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Billboard (March 1992). "CD Unit Sales Pass Cassettes, Majors Say". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Kozinn, Allan (December 1988). "Have Compact Disks Become Too Much of a Good Thing?". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Introducing the amazing Compact Disc (1982). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 June 2015. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2016 – via YouTube.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kees A. Schouhamer Immink (1998). "The CD Story". Journal of the AES. 46: 458–465. Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Why CDs may actually sound better than vinyl Archived 9 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine., Chris Kornelis, 27 January 2015
^ Jump up to: a b Peek, Hans B. (January 2010). "The Emergence of the Compact Disc". IEEE Communications Magazine. 48 (1): 10–17. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2010.5394021. ISSN 0163-6804. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013.
Jump up ^ McClure, Steve (8 January 2000). "Heitaro Nakajima". Billboard. p. 68. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Long Play Digital Audio Disc System". AES. Archived from the original on 25 July 2009. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "How the CD Was Developed". BBC News. 17 August 2007. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Philips Compact Disc". Philips. Archived from the original on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sony chairman credited with developing CDs dies", Fox News, 24 April 2011, archived from the original on 21 May 2013, retrieved 14 October 2012
Jump up ^ Knopper, Steve (7 January 2009). "Appetite for Self-Destruction: The Rise and Fall of the Record Industry in the Digital Age". Free Press/Simon & Schuster.
Jump up ^ "The Inventor of the CD". Philips Research. Archived from the original on 29 January 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Optical Recording" (Press release). Royal Philips Electronics. Archived from the original on 24 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Bilyeu, Melinda; Hector Cook; Andrew Môn Hughes (2004). The Bee Gees:tales of the brothers Gibb. Omnibus Press. p. 519. ISBN 978-1-84449-057-8.
Jump up ^ "And 25 Years Ago Philips Introduced the CD". GeekZone. Archived from the original on 12 September 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "Sony History: A Great Invention 100 Years On". Sony. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Giles, Jeff (1 October 2012). "How Billy Joel's '52nd Street' Became the First Compact Disc released". Ultimate Classic Rock. Townsquare Media, LLC. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.hificorner.co.uk Archived 4 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Philips celebrates 25th anniversay of the Compact Disc" Archived 2 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine., Philips Media Release, 16 August 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Kaptainis, Arthur (5 March 1983). "Sampling the latest sound: should last a lifetime". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. E11.
Jump up ^ Maxim, 2004
Jump up ^ The New Schwann Record & Tape Guide Volume 37 No. 2 February 1985
Jump up ^ JON PARELES (February 25, 1987). "NOW ON CD'S, FIRST 4 BEATLES ALBUMS". New York Times.
Jump up ^ MAC Audio News. No. 178, November 1989. pp 19-21 Glenn Baddeley. November 1989 News Update. Melbourne Audio Club Inc.
Jump up ^ "Experiments Toward an Erasable Compact Disc". Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
Jump up ^ The world's first CD-R was made by the Japanese firm Taiyo Yuden Co., Ltd. in 1988 as part of the joint Philips-Sony development effort.
Jump up ^ Williams, Stephen (4 February 2011). "For Car Cassette Decks, Play Time Is Over". New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "As Digital Content Moves into Cars, CD Players Begin to Move Out.", Journal of Transportation, 8 November 2008, archived from the original on 8 October 2016
Jump up ^ Smith, Ethan (2 January 2009). "Music Sales Decline for Seventh Time in Eight Years: Digital Downloads Can't Offset 20% Plunge in CD Sales". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "CD Baby Payouts Surge « Indie Music Stop". Indiemusicstop.wordpress.com. 30 March 2009. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Buying CDs continues to be a tradition in Japan - Tokyo Times". 23 August 2013. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Friedlander, Joshua P. (2015). "News and Notes on 2015 Mid-Year RIAA Shipment and Revenue Statistics" (PDF). Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Sisaro, Ben. "Music Streaming Service Aims at Japan, Where CD Is Still King." New York Times 11 June 2015: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Technical Grammy Award". Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "IEEE CD Milestone". IEEE Global History Network. Archived from the original on 26 November 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Q. How Do You Calculate Moment of Inertia?". Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2009. a typical disc with ... weight of 15 grams ... maximum allowed weight (20 g)
Jump up ^ "Compact Disc". Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Sharpless, Graham (July 2003). "Introduction to CD and CD-ROM" (PDF). Deluxe Global Media Services Ltd. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "IEC 60908 Audio recording - Compact disc digital audio system". Archived from the original on 6 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "ISO/IEC 10149 Information technology -- Data interchange on read-only 120 mm optical data disks (CD-ROM)". Archived from the original on 6 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Council on Library and Information Resources: Conditions that Affect CDs and DVDs Archived 15 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Fungus eats CD". Nature. 2001. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Fungus 'eats' CDs". BBC. June 2001. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Tim Buthe and Walter Mattli, The New Global Rulers: The Privatization of Regulation in the World Economy, Princeton University Press, Feb. 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Neil Strauss (5 July 1995). "Pennies That Add Up to $16.98: Why CD's Cost So Much – New York Times". Nytimes.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Amy HarmonPublished: 12 October 2003 (12 October 2003). "MUSIC; What Price Music?". Nytimes.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "CD-R Unreadable in Less Than Two Years". cdfreaks.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2007.
Jump up ^ "CD-R ROT". PC-Active.com via archive.org. Archived from the original on 4 February 2005. Retrieved 1 February 2007.
Jump up ^ "5. Conditions That Affect CDs and DVDs — Council on Library and Information Resources". www.clir.org. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Andy McFadden (8 August 2007). "CD-Recordable FAQ". Archived from the original on 20 September 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "Understanding CD-R & CD-RW". Osta.org. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "CD-Recordable FAQ – Section 3". 9 January 2010. Archived from the original on 18 November 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013. Small quantities of 90-minute and 99-minute blanks have appeared [...] Indications are that many recorders and some software don't really work with the longer discs.
Jump up ^ Campaign For Digital Rights (5 December 2001). "Copy Protected CDs (via Archive.org)". Archived from the original on 5 December 2001.
Further reading[edit]
Ecma International. Standard ECMA-130: Data Interchange on Read-only 120 mm Optical Data Disks (CD-ROM), 2nd edition (June 1996).
Pohlmann, Kenneth C. (1992). The Compact Disc Handbook. Middleton, Wisconsin: A-R Editions. ISBN 0-89579-300-8.
Peek, Hans et al. (2009) Origins and Successors of the Compact Disc. Springer Science+Business Media B.V. ISBN 978-1-4020-9552-8.
Peek, Hans B., The emergence of the compact disc, IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan. 2010, pp. 10–17.
Nakajima, Heitaro; Ogawa, Hiroshi (1992) Compact Disc Technology, Tokyo, Ohmsha Ltd. ISBN 4-274-03347-3.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Compact disc (category)
Video How Compact Discs are Manufactured
CD-Recordable FAQ Exhaustive basics on CDs
Philips history of the CD (cache)
Patent History (CD Player) – published by Philips in 2005
Patent History CD Disc – published by Philips in 2003
Sony History, Chapter 8, This is the replacement of Gramophone record ! (第8章 レコードに代わるものはこれだ) – Sony website in Japanese
Popularized History on Soundfountain
[show]
v
t
e
Compact disc
Discs
CD
CD-DA
Red Book
CD-R
Orange Book
CD-ROM
Yellow Book
CD-RW
CD-MRW
CD-MO
CD-i
Green Book
CD-Text
CD+
Blue Book
CD+EG
CD+G (Karaoke)
Gold CD
MiniCD
Mixed Mode CD
Photo CD
Beige Book
PMCD
shaped CD
business card CD
SVCD
VCD
White Book
Technology
Rainbow Books
CD authoring
CD burning
CD copy protection
CD emulation
CD manufacturing
CD ripping
CD rot
CD bronzing
CD subcode
C2 error
CD-i Ready
4ch CD-DA
El Torito
ISO 9660
Joliet
Romeo
Rock Ridge
ISO 13490
UDF
XRCD
Hardware/Software/Content
CD Case
CD drive
CD player
Portable CD player
CD recorder
CD ripper
CD single
Mini CD single
Court cases
Orange-Book-Standard
Lists
CD copy protection schemes
CD player manufacturers
Optical disc authoring software
Variants based on CD
5.1 Music Disc
Black Book
CD Video
Video Single Disc
cDVD
CDVU+
DD-CD
Purple Book
DSD-CD
DualDisc
HDCD
Hybrid DVD-Audio
Hybrid SACD
Scarlet Book
MovieCD
MP3 CD
Picture CD
VinylDisc
See also
Blu-ray
DVD
HD DVD
LaserDisc
MiniDisc
SACD
UMD
WORM
Category
Commons
Wiktionary
[show]
v
t
e
Physical audio recording formats
Analog
Phonautogram (1857)
Phonograph cylinder (1877)
Phonograph record (1894)
Wire recording (1898)
Sound-on-film (1919)
Tefifon (1936)
Reel-to-reel tape (1940s)
SoundScriber (1945)
Gray Audograph (1945)
Dictabelt (1947)
LP record (1948)
On-the-ribs recordings (late 1940s)
RCA tape cartridge (1958)
Fidelipac (1959)
Stereo-Pak (1962)
Compact Cassette (1963)
8-track (1964)
PlayTape (1966)
Mini-Cassette (1967)
Microcassette (1969)
Steno-Cassette (1971)
Elcaset (1976)
Picocassette (1985)
Digital
Soundstream (1976)
X80/ProDigi (1980)
Compact disc (1982)
DASH (1982)
Digital Audio Tape (1987)
ADAT (1991)
MiniDisc (1992)
NT (1992)
Digital Compact Cassette (1992)
DA-88 (1993)
High Definition Compatible Digital (1995)
5.1 Music Disc (1997)
Super Audio CD (1999)
DVD-Audio (2000)
USB flash drive (as audio format) (2004)
Hi-MD (2004)
slotMusic (2008)
BD-Audio (2008)
HFPA (2013)
[show]
v
t
e
Music technology
Music technology
Mechanical
Electrical
Electronic and digital
Sound recording
Audio channel
Audio console (mixing board)
Binaural recording
Digital audio workstation (DAW)
Effects unit
Equalizer
Headphones
Microphone
Microphone preamplifier
Monitor speaker
Multitrack recording
Music production
Music sequencer
Outboard gear
Recording media
Phonograph record
Magnetic tape
Compact cassette
Compact disc
DAT
Hard disk
MiniDisc
MP3
Opus
Analog recording
8-track cartridge
Amplifier
Cassette deck
Comparison of analog and digital recording
Experimental musical instrument
Phonograph
Player piano
Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
Tape recorder
Playback transducers
Loudspeaker
Headphones
Monitor speaker
PA system
Sound reinforcement system
Speaker enclosure
Subwoofer
Digital audio
Digital recording
Digital signal processing
Live music
Audio console
Bass amplifier
Effects unit
Foldback
Guitar amplifier
Keyboard amplifier
PA system
Radio
Reverberation
Sound reinforcement system
Electronic music
Chiptune
Circuit bending
Drum machine
Electronic drums
Electronic musical instrument
MIDI
MIDI controller
Music workstation
Sampler
Sequencer
Sound module
Synthesizer
Theremin
Software
Digital audio editor
Digital audio workstation
GarageBand
ProTools
Scorewriter
Software effect processor
Software sampler
Software synthesizer
Professions
Audio engineer
DJ
Guitar technician
Mixing engineer
Monitor engineer
Piano tuner
Record producer
Re-recording mixer
Sound designer
Sound follower
Sound operator
Sound recording engineer
Tape op
People and organizations
Audio Engineering Society
Goji Electronics
Institute of Broadcast Sound
Lejaren Hiller
IRCAM
Max Mathews
Musical Electronics Library
Professional Lighting and Sound Association
Robert Moog
SMPTE
STEIM
Related topics
Audiophile
High fidelity
Home audio
Home cinema
Music store
Professional audio store
New Interfaces for Musical Expression (NIME)
Vehicle audio
Authority control
LCCN: sh86000125
GND: 4522869-3
NDL: 00575736
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&oldid=819324047"
Categories:
Compact disc
120 mm discs
Rotating disc computer storage media
Audio storage
Digital audio storage
Video storage
Consumer electronics
Audiovisual introductions in 1982
Joint ventures
Dutch inventions
Japanese inventions
Information technology in the Netherlands
Science and technology in the Netherlands
Science and technology in Japan
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use dmy dates from April 2015
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2017
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles needing additional references from May 2016
All articles needing additional references
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
አማርኛ
العربية
Aragonés
ܐܪܡܝܐ
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Boarisch
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Kapampangan
ქართული
Қазақша
Коми
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nāhuatl
Nederlands
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Олык марий
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
پښتو
ភាសាខ្មែរ
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Саха тыла
Scots
Shqip
Sicilianu
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Soomaaliga
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Vèneto
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
ייִדיש
粵語
Žemaitėška
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 January 2018, at 19:11.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/CD_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
CD (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

attrs: href title

value: th

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

values: High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc

values:
/wiki/Personal_Video_Disc
mw-redirect
Personal Video Disc

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Data_storage_device
mw-redirect
Data storage device

values:
/wiki/Enhanced_Music_CD
mw-redirect
Enhanced Music CD

values:
/wiki/Philips_Research
mw-redirect
Philips Research

values: Edit section: Digital audio laser-disc prototypes

values:
/wiki/Error_correction
mw-redirect
Error correction

values: Edit section: Collaboration and standardization

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Industrial_process
mw-redirect
Industrial process

values: Edit section: Initial launch and adoption

values: The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2017)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

values:
/wiki/European_classical_music
mw-redirect
European classical music

values: Edit section: Further development and decline

values:
/wiki/Vinyl_record
mw-redirect
Vinyl record

values:
/wiki/Backward_compatible
mw-redirect
Backward compatible

values:
/wiki/Audio_format
mw-redirect
Audio format

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2016)

values: noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact

values:
/wiki/Spin_coated
mw-redirect
Spin coated

values: This is a photomicrograph of the pits at the inner edge of a CD-ROM; 2 second exposure under visible fluorescent light.

values:
/wiki/Near_infrared
mw-redirect
Near infrared

values:
/wiki/Semiconductor_laser
mw-redirect
Semiconductor laser

values:
/wiki/Non-return-to-zero,_inverted
mw-redirect
Non-return-to-zero, inverted

values:
/wiki/Beethoven%27s_Ninth_Symphony
mw-redirect
Beethoven's Ninth Symphony

values:
/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc
mw-redirect
Blu-ray Disc

values:
/wiki/Sampling_rate
mw-redirect
Sampling rate

values:
/wiki/Mono_sound#Mirrored_mono
mw-redirect
Mono sound

values:
/wiki/Lead-in_(CD)
mw-redirect
Lead-in (CD)

values:
/wiki/Compact_Disc_%2B_Graphics
mw-redirect
Compact Disc + Graphics

values:
/wiki/CD_%2B_Extended_Graphics
mw-redirect
CD + Extended Graphics

values:
/wiki/Audio_storage
mw-redirect
Audio storage

values:
/wiki/Panasonic_Corporation
mw-redirect
Panasonic Corporation

values:
/wiki/CD-i_Bridge
mw-redirect
CD-i Bridge

values:
/wiki/Session_(CD)
mw-redirect
Session (CD)

values:
/wiki/Gramophone_record
mw-redirect
Gramophone record

values:
/wiki/CD_manufacturing
mw-redirect
CD manufacturing

values:
/wiki/CD_recorder
mw-redirect
CD recorder

values:
/wiki/CD/DVD_copy_protection
mw-redirect
CD/DVD copy protection

values:
/wiki/Compact_Disc_bronzing
mw-redirect
Compact Disc bronzing

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.google.com/patents/US3501586

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.google.com/patents/US3795902

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1109%2FMCOM.2010.5394021

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0163-6804

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sony.net/Fun/SH/1-20/h5.html

values:
/wiki/Ultimate_Classic_Rock
mw-redirect
Ultimate Classic Rock

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.hificorner.co.uk

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.cd-testing.com/#i17

values:
nofollow
http://www.cdrfaq.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.cdrfaq.org/faq03.html

values:
nofollow
http://uk.eurorights.org/issues/cd/bad/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Gold_Compact_Disc
mw-redirect
Gold Compact Disc

values: List of Compact Disc and DVD copy protection schemes

values: List of compact disc player manufacturers

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Audio_recording_format
mw-redirect
Audio recording format

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Music technology (electronic and digital)

values:
/wiki/Audio_channel
mw-redirect
Audio channel

values:
/wiki/Audio_console
mw-redirect
Audio console

values:
/wiki/Compact_cassette
mw-redirect
Compact cassette

values: Comparison of analog and digital recording

values:
/wiki/Speaker_enclosure
mw-redirect
Speaker enclosure

values:
/wiki/Electronic_drums
mw-redirect
Electronic drums

values:
/wiki/Digital_audio_editor
mw-redirect
Digital audio editor

values:
/wiki/Monitor_engineer
mw-redirect
Monitor engineer

values:
/wiki/Piano_tuner
mw-redirect
Piano tuner

values:
/wiki/Sound_designer
mw-redirect
Sound designer

values:
/wiki/Sound_operator
mw-redirect
Sound operator

values:
/wiki/Sound_recording
mw-redirect
Sound recording

values:
/wiki/Institute_of_Broadcast_Sound
mw-redirect
Institute of Broadcast Sound

values: Professional Lighting and Sound Association

values: Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4522869-3

values: Category:Rotating disc computer storage media

values: Category:Audiovisual introductions in 1982

values: Category:Information technology in the Netherlands

values: Category:Science and technology in the Netherlands

values: Category:Science and technology in Japan

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2017

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2016

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Compact_disc
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserskyf
Laserskyf – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values: قرص مضغوط – Arabic

values: ܩܘܪܨܐ ܚܠܝܨܐ – Aramaic

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values: কমপ্যাক্ট ডিস্ক – Bangla

values:
https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Belarusian
be
be
interlanguage-link-target

values: Кампакт-дыск – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Компактдиск – Bulgarian

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd
Cd – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Greek
el
el
interlanguage-link-target

values: لوح فشرده – Persian

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values: 콤팩트 디스크 – Korean

values:
https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Armenian
hy
hy
interlanguage-link-target

values: सघन चक – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values: תקליטור – Hebrew

values:
https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Georgian
ka
ka
interlanguage-link-target

values: Ықшам дискі – Kazakh

values: Компакт диск – Komi

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values: Компактен диск – Macedonian

values: കോംപാക്റ്റ് ഡിസ്ക് – Malayalam

values: စီဒီဓါတ်ပြား – Burmese

values: कम्प्याक्ट डिस्क – Newari

values: コンパクトディスク – Japanese

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values: Компакт-диск – Eastern Mari

values: ਕਮਪੈਕਟ ਡਿਸਕ – Punjabi

values: كېښكلى ټيكلى (CD) – Pashto

values: ស៊ីឌី – Khmer

values: Компакт-диск – Russian

values: Компакт-диискэ – Sakha

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: සංයුක්ත තැටිය – Sinhala

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values: Компакт-диск – Serbian

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-levy
CD-levy – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: కంపాక్ట్ డిస్క్ – Telugu

values: แผ่นซีดี – Thai

values: Компакт-диск – Ukrainian

values: کمپیکٹ ڈسک – Urdu

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Cantonese
zh-yue
zh-yue
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD
CD – Chinese
zh
zh
interlanguage-link-target

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Compact_disc rootpage-Compact_disc skin-vector action-view


text:
The Man Who Sold the World
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the song. For the album, see The Man Who Sold the World (album).
"The Man Who Sold the World"
Song by David Bowie
from the album The Man Who Sold the World
Released
4 November 1970 (US)
April 1971 (UK)
Recorded
Trident and Advision Studios, London
18 April - 22 May 1970
Genre
Psychedelic rock, folk rock
Length
3:55
Label
Mercury Records
Songwriter(s)
David Bowie
Producer(s)
Tony Visconti
The Man Who Sold the World track listing
"She Shook Me Cold"
(7) "The Man Who Sold the World"
(8) "The Supermen"
(9)
"The Man Who Sold the World" is a song written and performed by David Bowie. It is the title track of his third album, with the same name, which was released in the US in November 1970 and in the UK in April 1971. The song has been covered by a number of other artists, notably by Lulu, who had a UK No. 3 hit with her version in 1974, and Nirvana, whose 1993 performance of the song for the television program MTV Unplugged introduced it to a new audience.
The song was reworked by Bowie, featuring a heavy bassline, güiro as percussion and a notably darker mood, for performances in concerts from 1995 to 1997, including the 1995 MTV Europe Music Awards. Bowie later returned to playing the original version in the 2000s.
Contents
[hide]
1 Inspiration and explanation
2 Other releases by Bowie
3 Bowie personnel
4 Cover versions
4.1 Lulu
4.1.1 Lulu Personnel
4.2 Midge Ure
4.3 Richard Barone
4.4 Nirvana
4.4.1 Nirvana personnel
4.5 Five Years (1969–1973)
4.6 Other covers
5 References
6 External links
Inspiration and explanation[edit]
The persona in the song has an encounter with a kind of doppelgänger, as suggested in the second chorus where "I never lost control" is replaced with "We never lost control".[1] Beyond this, the episode is unexplained: as James E. Perone wrote,
Bowie encounters the title character, but it is not clear just what the phrase means, or exactly who this man is. … The main thing that the song does is to paint – however elusively – the title character as another example of the societal outcasts who populate the album.[2]
In common with a number of tracks on the album, the song's themes have been compared to the horror-fantasy works of H. P. Lovecraft.[3] The lyrics are also cited as reflecting Bowie's concerns with splintered or multiple personalities, and are believed to have been partially inspired by the poem "Antigonish" by William Hughes Mearns:[4]
“
Last night I saw upon the stair
A little man who wasn’t there
He wasn’t there again today
Oh, how I wish he’d go away…
”
In the BBC Radio 1 special programme "ChangesNowBowie", broadcast on 8 January 1997, Bowie was interviewed by Mary Anne Hobbs and was asked about the song. He commented: "I guess I wrote it because there was a part of myself that I was looking for. Maybe now that I feel more comfortable with the way that I live my life and my mental state (laughs) and my spiritual state whatever, maybe I feel there's some kind of unity now. That song for me always exemplified kind of how you feel when you're young, when you know that there's a piece of yourself that you haven't really put together yet. You have this great searching, this great need to find out who you really are."[5]
Other releases by Bowie[edit]
"The Man Who Sold the World" appeared as the B-side on the American single release of the song "Space Oddity" (1973 rerelease) and British single "Life on Mars?" (1973). It also appears on various Bowie compilations such as Sound + Vision (1989), The Best of David Bowie 1969/1974 (1997), Best of Bowie (2002), The Platinum Collection (2006), Nothing Has Changed (2014), and Bowie Legacy (2016).
Bowie performed the song on Saturday Night Live in December 1979, with Klaus Nomi and Joey Arias. A portion of this show is included in the film The Nomi Song.
A new studio version of the song, recorded by Bowie in 1995 and mixed by Brian Eno, appears as a B-side on the CD single "Strangers When We Meet". This version also appears on the bonus disc that followed some versions of Outside - Version 3. It was this arrangement that appeared in Bowie's 2016 stage musical, Lazarus.
A live version recorded at BBC Radio Theatre, London, on 27 June 2000 was released on the bonus disc accompanying the first releases of Bowie at the Beeb in 2000.
A November 2003 live performance from the Reality Tour is featured on the A Reality Tour DVD, released in 2004, as well as the A Reality Tour album, released in 2010.
Bowie personnel[edit]
David Bowie – vocals, acoustic guitar, organ
Mick Ronson – electric guitar
Tony Visconti – bass guitar, backing vocals
Woody Woodmansey – drums, percussion
Cover versions[edit]
Lulu[edit]
"The Man Who Sold the World"
Single by Lulu
B-side
"Watch That Man"
Released
11 January 1974 (1974-01-11)
Format
7" single
Recorded
July 1973
Label
Polydor
Songwriter(s)
David Bowie
Producer(s)
David Bowie, Mick Ronson
Lulu singles chronology
"Make Believe World"
(1972) "The Man Who Sold the World"
(1974) "The Man with the Golden Gun"
(1974)
"Make Believe World"
(1972) "The Man Who Sold the World"
(1974) "The Man with the Golden Gun"
(1974)
The song was covered by the Scottish singer Lulu in 1974, who, according to biographer David Buckley, performed it in "a sleazy, almost Berlin cabaret style".[6] Lulu would recall Bowie inviting her to a concert he gave after which he met her in his hotel room saying: "I want to make an MF of a record with you [because] you're a great singer." Lulu - "I didn't think it would happen but [Bowie] followed up two days later. He was übercool at the time and I just wanted to be led by him. I loved everything he did. I didn't think 'The Man Who Sold the World' was the greatest song for my voice, but it was such a strong song in itself. I had no idea what it was about. In the studio Bowie kept telling me to smoke more cigarettes, to give my voice a certain quality."[7] Bowie produced the Lulu recording of "The Man Who Sold the World" with Mick Ronson during the July 1973 Pin Ups sessions and also contributed guitar, saxophone and backing vocals. The remainder of the band included Ronson on guitar, Trevor Bolder on bass, Mike Garson on piano, and Aynsley Dunbar on drums.[8]
Lulu's "The Man Who Sold the World" was released as a single on 11 January 1974 having been introduced by Lulu on the TOTP broadcast of 10 January 1974: the track only made its Top 50 debut (at #27) on the chart dated 26 January 1974 following a reprise performance by Lulu on TOTP two days earlier on 24 January 1974, with a third TOTP performance by Lulu on 7 February 1974 broadcast facilitating a boost from No. 13 to No. 5 on the chart dated 9 February 1974. In her TOTP performances in support of "The Man Who Sold the World" Lulu has been characterized as "dressed and sounding exactly like a diminutive Bowie".[9] Lulu performed the song in the second-season finale of French and Saunders.
Lulu's chart positions
Chart (1974)
Position
Belgian Singles Chart (Ultratop)[10] 24
Netherlands Singles Chart[10] 10
Irish Singles Chart[11] 8
UK Singles Chart (Official Chart Company)[12] 3
Lulu Personnel[edit]
Lulu – lead vocals
David Bowie – sax, backing vocals
Mick Ronson – guitars
Trevor Bolder – bass guitar
Mike Garson – piano
Aynsley Dunbar – drums
Midge Ure[edit]
Midge Ure covered this song in a 1982 studio release, which appeared on the Party Party Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (released 3 December 1982) and promotional 7" single (backed with "Band Of Gold" by Modern Romance). The track was subsequently re-recorded/re-mixed and released as a B-side to Midge Ure's If I Was 12" single (released 13 September 1985). This later version is featured as the title song of the 2015 video game Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain.
Richard Barone[edit]
The song was covered by American singer Richard Barone in 1987 on his proto-chamber pop album, Cool Blue Halo. Using cello, acoustic guitar and symphonic percussion in a live setting.
Nirvana[edit]
"The Man Who Sold the World"
Promotional single by Nirvana
from the album MTV Unplugged in New York
Released
1 November 1994
Recorded
18 November 1993 at Sony Music Studios in New York City
Length
4:20
Label
DGC Records
Songwriter(s)
David Bowie
Producer(s)
Alex Coletti, Scott Litt, Nirvana
MTV Unplugged in New York track listing
[show]
13 tracks
"About a Girl"
"Come as You Are"
"Jesus Doesn't Want Me for a Sunbeam"
"The Man Who Sold the World"
"Pennyroyal Tea"
"Dumb"
"Polly"
"On a Plain"
"Something in the Way"
"Plateau"
"Oh, Me"
"Lake of Fire"
"All Apologies"
"Where Did You Sleep Last Night"
Music video
"The Man Who Sold the World" on YouTube
In his journals, Kurt Cobain of the American grunge band Nirvana ranked the album The Man Who Sold the World at number 45 in his top 50 favourite albums.[13] A live rendition of the song was recorded by the band in 1993 during their MTV Unplugged appearance, and it was released on their MTV Unplugged in New York album the following year. The song was also released as a promotional single for the album,[14] and received considerable airplay on alternative rock radio stations. It was also thrown into heavy rotation on music video stations such as MTV. Nirvana regularly covered the song during live sets after their memorable acoustic performance up until lead singer Cobain's death in 1994. In 2002, the song was re-released on Nirvana's self-titled "best of" compilation.
Bowie said of Nirvana's cover: "I was simply blown away when I found that Kurt Cobain liked my work, and have always wanted to talk to him about his reasons for covering 'The Man Who Sold the World' and that "it was a good straight forward rendition and sounded somehow very honest. It would have been nice to have worked with him, but just talking with him would have been real cool".[15] Bowie called Nirvana's cover "heartfelt," noting that "until this [cover], it hadn't occurred to me that I was part of America's musical landscape. I always felt my weight in Europe, but not [in the US]."[16] In the wake of its release, Bowie bemoaned the fact that when he performed the number himself he would encounter "kids that come up afterwards and say, 'It's cool you're doing a Nirvana song.' And I think, 'Fuck you, you little tosser!'"[17]
On 14 February 2016, surviving Nirvana band members Krist Novoselic, Dave Grohl and Pat Smear teamed up with Beck to perform "The Man Who Sold the World" at a pre-Grammy Awards party, in tribute to Bowie, with Beck performing the vocals.[18] In 2017, to mark what would have been Kurt Cobain's 50th birthday, the Phonographic Performance Limited released a list of the top twenty most played Nirvana songs on the TV and radio in the UK in which "The Man Who Sold the World" was ranked at number six.[19]
A louder electric guitar cover appears on the bands 'Live and Loud' set list.
Nirvana's chart positions
Chart (1995)
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[20] 40
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[21] 22
French Airplay Chart[22] 34
Poland (LP3)[23] 1
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[24] 6
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[25] 12
US Radio Songs (Billboard)[26] 39
Chart (2012)
Position
UK Rock and Metal (Official Charts Company)[27] 13
Chart (2013)
Position
France (SNEP)[28] 149
Nirvana personnel[edit]
Kurt Cobain – vocals, lead guitar
Pat Smear – rhythm guitar
Krist Novoselic – bass guitar
Dave Grohl – drums
Lori Goldston – cello
Five Years (1969–1973)[edit]
The song appears on the compilation album Five Years (1969–1973). "Metrobolist" was the album's original title, planned for release by Bowie as a gatefold presentation, with hand drawn title accompanying cartoon-style drawings front and back, opening up to display a double sleeve photo-spread inside. But the only substantial evidence "Metrobolist" was ever proposed as a Mercury record company product are labels with the title “Metrobolist” printed on surviving tape boxes.[29]
Other covers[edit]
Lea Laven as "Mies Joka Myi Maailman" on her album Niin (1974).
Midge Ure on the film soundtrack Party Party (1982). This version is also included on No Regrets: The Very Best of Midge Ure, and the compilations The David Bowie Songbook and Starman: Rare and Exclusive Versions of 18 Classic David Bowie Songs, CD premium from the March 2003 issue of Uncut magazine. This version is also played during the opening scene and end credits of the video game Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain.
Here & Now on the album Fantasy Shift (1983).
Električni Orgazam on the album Les Chansones Populaires (1983).
Ed Kuepper on the album The Exotic Mail Order Moods of Ed Kuepper (1995).
Simple Minds on the covers album Neon Lights (2001).
3 Melancholy Gypsys sampled the Nirvana version in their song "2010". which appears on the Living Legends album Legendary Music, Vol. 1.
Jordis Unga on Rock Star INXS, also released as a digital single.
Cocosuma on BowieMania: Mania, une collection obsessionelle de Beatrice Ardisson (2007).
Apoptygma Berzerk uses the guitar melody for a live rendition of the song Mourn, which can be heard on the album APBL2000 (2001).
Cross Canadian Ragweed have also covered the song on various occasions.
Meat Puppets have also covered this song.
John Cougar Mellencamp performed it as a bonus track on his album The Kid Inside (1983).
Mohsen Namjoo used the main riff on the song Morq-e Sheidâ.
Artist Jeremy Deller uses the song, as performed by the Melodians Steel Orchestra (a steel band from South London), as part of the soundtrack for his 2013 short film English Magic.[30]
Kamyaniy Gist covered this song in Ukrainian (album «70/80», 2015). Source.
Actor Gary Oldman, who was a close friend of Bowie's, performed it in tribute on February 8, 2016 at the Roxy Theatre in Los Angeles.
March 29, 2016 Michael Stipe of R.E.M. performs the song on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon accompanied by only a piano in tribute to David Bowie.[31][32]
October 31, 2016 Bubbles from Trailer Park Boys released a cover. Source
References[edit]
Jump up ^ King, Maureen, "Future Legends: David Bowie and Science Fiction", in Morrison, Michael A. (ed.) (1997). Trajectories of the Fantastic: Selected Essays from the Fourteenth International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts. Westport, CT: Greenwood. p. 131. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Perone, James E. (2007). The Words and Music of David Bowie. Westport, CT: Praeger. pp. 15–6.
Jump up ^ Roy Carr & Charles Shaar Murray (1981). Bowie: An Illustrated Record: p. 38.
Jump up ^ David Buckley (1999). Strange Fascination - David Bowie: The Definitive Story: p.100; Allmusic review. allmusic.com. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Wallace, Grant (27 June 1999). "ChangesNowBowie Transcript - Radio 1". Retrieved 19 January 2013.
Jump up ^ David Buckley (1999). Op. cit: p. 196.
Jump up ^ Spitz, Marc (2009). Bowie: a Biography (1st US ed.). New York: Crown Publishing Group. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-307-39396-8.
Jump up ^ Roy Carr & Charles Shaar Murray (1981). Op. cit.: p. 118.
Jump up ^ Bartlett, Neil (1988). Who Was That Man: a present for Mr Oscar Wilde. London: Serpent's Tail. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-85242-123-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Lulu - The Man Who Sold the World - peak chart positions dutchcharts.com. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Lulu - Irish Singles Chart peak positions irishcharts.ie. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Lulu - UK Singles Chart peak positions officialcharts.com. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Kurt's Journals - His Top 50 Albums. http://www.nirvanaclub.com. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Nirvana - The Man Who Sold the World discogs.com. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
Jump up ^ St Thomas, Kurt and Smith, Troy. Nirvana: The Chosen Rejects. St Martin's Griffin (2004). pp. 191. ISBN 0-312-20663-1.
Jump up ^ Gundersen, Edna (14 September 1995), "Cover Story: Bowie, beyond fame and fashion", USA Today: D1,2
Jump up ^ Nicholas Pegg (2000). The Complete David Bowie: pp. 138-139.
Jump up ^ Beck and living Nirvana members honour David Bowie at pre-Grammy party nme.com. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
Jump up ^ 20 most-played Nirvana songs revealed to mark Kurt Cobain’s 50th birthday planetrock.com. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Nirvana – The Man Who Sold the World" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 7984." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "InfoDisc : Accès direct à ces Artistes (The user must select "Nirvana" from the dropdown list)". Infodisc.fr. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "THE MAN WHO SOLD THE WORLD". Polskie Radio. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nirvana Chart History (Alternative Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Nirvana Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Nirvana Chart History (Radio Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Official Rock & Metal Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Nirvana – The Man Who Sold the World" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ Five Years (1969–1973) companion book (2015) p. 8.
Jump up ^ Louisa Buck, "Jeremy Deller's English Magic", The Daily Telegraph, 10 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Michael Stipe covers David Bowie’s “The Man Who Sold the World” on Fallon — watch". Consequence of Sound. March 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Michael Stipe: The Man Who Sold the World". YouTube. March 30, 2016.
External links[edit]
"The Man Who Sold the World" cover by Nirvana Official music video (Live at MTV Unplugged) on YouTube
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
David Bowie singles
1960s
"Liza Jane"
"I Pity the Fool"
"You've Got a Habit of Leaving"
"Can't Help Thinking About Me"
"Do Anything You Say"
"I Dig Everything"
"Rubber Band"
"The Laughing Gnome"
"Love You till Tuesday"
"Space Oddity"
"Ragazzo solo, ragazza sola"
1970s
"The Prettiest Star"
"Memory of a Free Festival"
"Holy Holy"
"Moonage Daydream"
"Hang On to Yourself"
"Changes"
"Starman"
"John, I'm Only Dancing"
"The Jean Genie"
"Drive-In Saturday"
"Time"
"Life on Mars"
"Let's Spend the Night Together"
"Sorrow"
"Rebel Rebel"
"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide"
"Diamond Dogs"
"1984"
"Knock on Wood"
"Rock 'n' Roll with Me"
"Young Americans"
"Fame"
"Golden Years"
"TVC 15"
"Suffragette City"
"Stay"
"Sound and Vision"
"Be My Wife"
"'Heroes'"
"Beauty and the Beast"
"Breaking Glass"
"Boys Keep Swinging"
"DJ"
"Yassassin"
"Look Back in Anger"
"John, I'm Only Dancing (Again)"
1980s
"Alabama Song"
"Crystal Japan"
"Ashes to Ashes"
"Fashion"
"Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps)"
"Up the Hill Backwards"
"Under Pressure"
"Wild Is the Wind"
"The Drowned Girl"
"Cat People (Putting Out Fire)"
"Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy"
"Let's Dance"
"China Girl"
"Modern Love"
"Without You"
"White Light/White Heat"
"Blue Jean"
"Tonight"
"This Is Not America"
"Loving the Alien"
"Dancing in the Street"
"Absolute Beginners"
"Underground"
"As the World Falls Down"
"Magic Dance"
"When the Wind Blows"
"Day-In Day-Out"
"Time Will Crawl"
"Never Let Me Down"
"Under the God"
"Heaven's in Here"
"Tin Machine" / "Maggie's Farm (live)"
"Prisoner of Love"
1990s
"Fame '90"
"You Belong in Rock n' Roll"
"Baby Universal"
"One Shot"
"Real Cool World"
"Jump They Say"
"Black Tie White Noise"
"Miracle Goodnight"
"The Buddha of Suburbia"
"Ziggy Stardust"
"The Hearts Filthy Lesson"
"Strangers When We Meet" / "The Man Who Sold the World (live)"
"Hallo Spaceboy"
"Telling Lies"
"Little Wonder"
"Dead Man Walking"
"Seven Years in Tibet"
"Pallas Athena"
"I'm Afraid of Americans"
"I Can't Read"
"Without You I'm Nothing"
"Thursday's Child"
"The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell"
2000s
"Survive"
"Seven"
"Slow Burn"
"Everyone Says 'Hi'"
"I've Been Waiting for You"
"Shadow Man"
"New Killer Star"
"Just for One Day (Heroes)"
"Never Get Old"
"Rebel Never Gets Old"
2010s
"Where Are We Now?"
"The Stars (Are Out Tonight)"
"The Next Day"
"Valentine's Day"
"Love Is Lost"
"'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore"
"Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)"
"Blackstar"
"Lazarus"
"I Can't Give Everything Away"
"Life on Mars? (2016 Mix)"
Discography
Book:David Bowie Book:Bowie singles and songs
Category:David Bowie
[show]
v
t
e
Lulu
Studio albums
Something to Shout About
Love Loves to Love Lulu
Lulu's Album
New Routes
Melody Fair
Lulu
Heaven and Earth and the Stars
Don't Take Love for Granted
Lulu
Take Me to Your Heart Again
Independence
Together
Back on Track
A Little Soul in Your Heart
Making Life Rhyme
Compilation albums
The Most of Lulu
The Greatest Hits
Selected singles
"Shout"
"Can't Hear You No More"
"Here Comes the Night"
"Call Me"
"To Sir With Love"
"Morning Dew"
"Boom Bang-a-Bang"
"Oh Me Oh My (I'm a Fool for You Baby)"
"Everybody Clap"
"The Man Who Sold the World"
"The Man with the Golden Gun"
"I Could Never Miss You (More Than I Do)"
"My Boy Lollipop"
"Nellie the Elephant"
"Relight My Fire" (with Take That)
"How 'Bout Us"
"Where the Poor Boys Dance"
"We've Got Tonight" (with Ronan Keating)
"Put a Little Love in Your Heart"
"Run Rudolph Run"
Related articles
Discography
Eurovision Song Contest 1969
UK
Here Come the Girls
Book:Lulu
[show]
v
t
e
Nirvana
Kurt Cobain
Krist Novoselic
Dave Grohl
Aaron Burckhard
Chad Channing
Dale Crover
Jason Everman
Dave Foster
Dan Peters
Pat Smear
Studio albums
Bleach
Nevermind
In Utero
Live albums
MTV Unplugged in New York
From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah
Live at Reading
Compilation albums
Incesticide
Nirvana
Sliver: The Best of the Box
Icon
Box sets
Singles
With the Lights Out
Nevermind: The Singles
Extended plays
Blew
Hormoaning
Singles
"Love Buzz"
"Sliver"
"Smells Like Teen Spirit"
"Come as You Are"
"Lithium"
"In Bloom"
"Heart-Shaped Box"
"All Apologies"/"Rape Me"
"Pennyroyal Tea"
"About a Girl"
"You Know You're Right"
Promotional
singles
"On a Plain"
"All Apologies" (Unplugged)
"The Man Who Sold the World"
"Where Did You Sleep Last Night"
"Lake of Fire"
"Aneurysm" (live)
"Drain You" (live)
Split singles
"Candy/Molly's Lips"
"Here She Comes Now/Venus in Furs"
"Puss/Oh, the Guilt"
Other songs
"Do Re Mi"
"Dumb"
"I Hate Myself and Want to Die"
"Marigold"
"Negative Creep"
"Old Age"
"Polly"
"Sappy"
"Something in the Way"
"Spank Thru"
Videos
Live! Tonight! Sold Out!!
MTV Unplugged in New York
Live at Reading
Live at the Paramount
Live and Loud
Related
Articles
Discography (Bootlegs)
Awards and nominations
Songs
Concerts
"Smells Like Nirvana"
Frances Bean Cobain
Suicide of Kurt Cobain
12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief
Verse Chorus Verse
Bands
Dain Bramage
Eyes Adrift
Fecal Matter
Flipper
Foo Fighters
Melvins
The No WTO Combo
Scream
Sweet 75
Them Crooked Vultures
Queens of the Stone Age
Books
Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana
Heavier Than Heaven
Journals
Letters to Kurt
Albums
Nevermind It's an Interview
The "Priest" They Called Him
Smells Like Bleach: A Punk Tribute to Nirvana
Newermind: A Tribute to Nirvana
In Utero, in Tribute, in Entirety
Whatever Nevermind
Doused in Mud, Soaked in Bleach
Montage of Heck: The Home Recordings
Films and
documentaries
1991: The Year Punk Broke
Teen Spirit: The Tribute to Kurt Cobain
Hype!
Kurt & Courtney
Classic Albums: Nirvana – Nevermind
Last Days
Nirvana – A Classic Album Under Review – In Utero
Kurt Cobain: About a Son
Kurt Cobain: Montage of Heck
Soaked in Bleach
Autopsy: The Last Hours of...Kurt Cobain
Book
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_Who_Sold_the_World&oldid=834356952"
Categories:
1970 songs
1974 singles
David Bowie songs
Lulu (singer) songs
Nirvana (band) songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Tony Visconti
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
Use British English from January 2014
Use dmy dates from January 2014
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Flanders
Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles
Singlechart called without artist
Singlechart called without song
Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs
Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock
Singlechart usages for Billboardradiosongs
Singlechart usages for UKrock
Singlechart usages for France
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Čeština
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenčina
Svenska
Tiếng Việt
8 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 April 2018, at 08:49.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: colspan class style

value: i

value: small

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: Edit section: Inspiration and explanation

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;

values: vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;

values: margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;

values:
/wiki/Life_on_Mars%3F
mw-redirect
Life on Mars?

values: The Platinum Collection (David Bowie album)

values:
/wiki/Bowie_Legacy
mw-redirect
Bowie Legacy

values: Strangers When We Meet (David Bowie song)

values:
/wiki/Electronic_organ
mw-redirect
Electronic organ

values:
/wiki/Backing_vocals
mw-redirect
Backing vocals

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values:
/wiki/Music_single
mw-redirect
Music single

values:
/wiki/Official_Chart_Company
mw-redirect
Official Chart Company

values: The Man Who Sold the World (Nirvana).jpg

values:
/wiki/Promotional_single
mw-redirect
Promotional single

values: text-align: left; display: none; background: transparent;

values:
/wiki/Grammy_Awards
mw-redirect
Grammy Awards

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/UK_Rock_Chart
mw-redirect
UK Rock Chart

values: Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique

values:
/wiki/Rock_Star_INXS
mw-redirect
Rock Star INXS

values:
/wiki/John_Cougar_Mellencamp
mw-redirect
John Cougar Mellencamp

values: uk:Кам'яний Гість

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmusic.com/song/t3557514

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.nirvanaclub.com

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nme.com/news/nirvana/91505

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
David_Bowie_singles
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps) (song)

values: I've Been Waiting for You (Neil Young song)

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/To_Sir_With_Love_(song)
mw-redirect
To Sir With Love (song)

values:
/wiki/The_Man_Who_Sold_the_World_(song)
mw-redirect
The Man Who Sold the World (song)

values: The Man with the Golden Gun (soundtrack)

values:
/wiki/We%27ve_Got_Tonight
mw-redirect
We've Got Tonight

values: United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1969

values: nowraplinks vcard collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
Nirvana
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values: List of awards and nominations received by Nirvana

values: Smells Like Bleach: A Punk Tribute to Nirvana

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Song recordings produced by Tony Visconti

values: Category:Use British English from January 2014

values: Category:Use dmy dates from January 2014

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Flanders

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles

values: Category:Singlechart called without artist

values: Category:Singlechart called without song

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardradiosongs

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/The_Man_Who_Sold_the_World
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: The Man Who Sold the World (píseň) – Czech

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values: The Man Who Sold the World (τραγούδι) – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: مردی که دنیا را فروخت – Persian

values: The Man Who Sold the World (chanson) – French

values: The Man Who Sold the World (brano musicale) – Italian

values: The Man Who Sold the World (שיר) – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: The Man Who Sold the World (lied) – Dutch

values: The Man Who Sold the World (sang) – Norwegian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Songen The Man Who Sold the World – Norwegian Nynorsk

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: The Man Who Sold the World (utwór) – Polish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: The Man Who Sold the World (canção) – Portuguese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: The Man Who Sold the World (sång) – Swedish

values: The Man Who Sold the World (bài hát) – Vietnamese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Man_Who_Sold_the_World rootpage-The_Man_Who_Sold_the_World skin-vector action-view