text:
Partita in A minor for solo flute (Bach)
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Partita in A minor for solo flute, BWV 1013, is a partita in four movements composed by Johann Sebastian Bach. Its date of composition is uncertain, though on the basis of its advanced playing technique, which is more demanding than in the flute part for the Fifth Brandenburg Concerto, for example, it must have been written after 1723.[1] The title, however, is the work of 20th-century editors. The title in the only surviving 18th-century manuscript is "Solo p[our une] flûte traversière par J. S. Bach".
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Movements
3 Notes
4 Further reading
5 External links
History[edit]
The discoverer of the sole surviving manuscript, Karl Straube, believed it to be an autograph and this view was accepted by Alfred Einstein. However, more recently it has been shown that it was made by two copyists. Although their names are unknown, one appears to be identical with the principal scribe of another manuscript, P 267 (containing the violin sonatas and partitas, BWV 1001–1006), which places this part of the copy of the Partita in the first half of the 1720s. The other scribe is the one now known as "Anonymus 5", an employee of Bach who must have accompanied him when Bach moved from Köthen to Leipzig in 1723. This scribe is known from authentically dated copies of the Cantatas BWV 186 (11 July 1723) and BWV 154 (9 January 1724). On the basis of watermarks and textual criticism, the greater part of the manuscript was probably copied in Leipzig in 1723–1724, while the copiyist of the first five lines of the Partita suggest it may have been begun slightly earlier, between 1722 and 1723 in Köthen.[2]
Movements[edit]
Partita in A Minor (BWV 1013)
Performed by Alex Murray
Partita for Solo Flute - 1. Allamande
Performed on a traverso by Alex Murray
Partita for Solo Flute - 2. Courente
Performed on a traverso by Alex Murray
Partita for Solo Flute - 3. Sarabande
Performed on a traverso by Alex Murray
Partita for Solo Flute - 4. Bourrée
Performed on a traverso by Alex Murray
Partita for Solo Flute - 1. Allamande
Performed on a modern flute by Scott Goff
Partita for Solo Flute - 2. Courente
Performed on a modern flute by Scott Goff
Partita for Solo Flute - 3. Sarabande
Performed on a modern flute by Scott Goff
Partita for Solo Flute - 4. Bourrée
Performed on a modern flute by Scott Goff
Problems playing these files? See media help.
The movements of the Partita are marked:
Allemande
Corrente
Sarabande
Bourrée angloise
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Christoph Wolff and Walter Emery, "Bach, §III: (7) Johann Sebastian Bach", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).
Jump up ^ Hans-Peter Schmitz, "Partita A-moll für Flauto traverso solo, BWV 1013", in Johann Sebastian Bach, Neue Ausgabe sämtlicher Werke, Serie VI, Band 3 Werke für Flöte: Kritischer Bericht, 7–9 (Kassel, Basel, Paris, London, New York: Bärenreiter, 1963): 7–8.
Further reading[edit]
Bennett, William. 2011. "William Bennett Tours the Landscape of the Bach Sarabande". Flute: The Journal of the British Flute Society 30, no. 4 (December) 16–19.
Bruderhans, Zdenek. 1980. "Allemande from J.S. Bach's Partita in A Minor for Solo Flute BWV 1013". Miscellanea Musicologica: Adelaide Studies in Musicology 11:258–66.
Castellani, Marcello. 1985. "Il Solo pour la flûte traversière di J.S. Bach: Cöthen o Lipsia?" Il flauto dolce: Rivista semestrale per lo studio e la pratica della musica antica, no. 13 (October): 15–21. Spanish version as "El Solo pour la flûte traversière de J.S. Bach: ¿Coethen o Leipzig?", translated by Antonio Torralba. Musica antiqua: Revista illustrada de música histórica, no. 6 (December–January 1986): 16–19. German version as "J. S. Bachs Solo pour la flûte traversière: Köthen oder Leipzig?", translated by Nikolaus Delius. Tibia: Magazin für Freunde alter und neuer Bläsermusik 14, no. 4 (1989): 567–73.
Graf, Peter-Lukas. 2000. "Vom Zwang der Metrik befreit: Zur Interpretation von Johann Sebastian Bachs Allemande für Soloflöte BWV 1013". Das Orchester: Zeitschrift für Orchesterkultur und Rundfunk-Chorwesen 48, no. 5:19–23.
Kobayashi, Yoshitake. 1991. "Noch einmal zu J.S. Bachs Solo pour la flûte traversière BWV 1013". Tibia: Magazin für Freunde alter und neuer Bläsermusik 16, no. 1:379–82.
Marshall, Robert L. 1981. "Zur Echtheit und Chronologie der Bachschen Flötensonaten: Biographische und stilistische Erwägungen". In Bachforschung und Bachinterpretation heute. Wissenschaftler und Praktiker im Dialog. Bericht uber das Bachfest-Symposium 1978 der Philipps-Universität Marburg, edited by Reinhold Brinkmann, 48–71. Leipzig: Neue Bachgesellschaft.
Mather, Betty Bang. 2008. "De geheimen van Bachs allemande voor fluit solo ontrafeld". Part 1. Fluit 16, no. 2 (March): 9–11.
Mather, Betty Bang. 2008. "De geheimen van Bachs allemande voor fluit solo ontrafeld". Part 2. Fluit 16, no. 3 (June): 9–12.
Mather, Betty Bang, and Elizabeth Ann Sadilek. 2004. Johann Sebastian Bach: Partita in A Minor for Solo Flute BWV 1013, with Emphasis on the Allemande—Historical Clues and New Discoveries for Performers. [US]: Falls House.
Michel, Winfried. 1992. "'Ein Ton': Das fis im zwanzigsten Takt von Bachs Flötenpartita". In Travers und controvers: Festschrift Nikolaus Delius, edited by Mirjam Nastasi, 67–87. Celle: Hermann Moeck. ISBN 3-8754-9057-6.
Rauterberg, Frauke. 1996. "Die Klangrede einer Soloflöte: Zur rhetorischen Dispositio in der Allemande aus J.S.Bachs Partita a-moll BWV 1013". Musica 50, No. 1 (January–February): 2–8.
Toeplitz, Uri. 1992. "Zur Sarabande aus dem Solo für die Flöte (BWV 1013) ". Bach-Jahrbuch 78:85–89.
External links[edit]
Partita for solo Flute: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
Short description by Blair Johnston.
Partita in A minor for solo flute Performed by Tommaso Benciolini (YouTube)
Partita for solo oboe in G Minor. Performed by Juan Manuel García-Cano Ruiz (YouTube) Transcription for oboe of Partita in A minor for solo flute.
[hide]
v
t
e
Chamber music and orchestral works by, and transcriptions after, Johann Sebastian Bach
Solo
Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin, BWV 1001–1006 (Partita No. 1, No. 2, No. 3)
Cello Suites, BWV 1007–1012
Partita for Solo Flute, BWV 1013
Ensemble
Six Sonatas for Violin and Harpsichord, BWV 1014–1019
Sonatas for viola da gamba and harpsichord, BWV 1027–1029
Flute Sonatas: in B minor, BWV 1030, in E♭ major, BWV 1031 (doubtful), in A major, BWV 1032, in C major, BWV 1033 (doubtful), in E minor, BWV 1034, in E major, BWV 1035
Sonata for two flutes and continuo, BWV 1039
Canonic Trio Sonata, BWV 1040
Concertos
Violin Concerto in A minor, BWV 1041
Violin Concerto in E major, BWV 1042
Concerto for Two Violins, BWV 1043
Triple Concerto, BWV 1044
Sinfonia for violin and orchestra, BWV 1045
Brandenburg Concertos, BWV 1046–1051 (No. 5)
Keyboard concertos, BWV 1052–1065
Suites
Orchestral Suites, BWV 1066–1069
Orchestral Suite in G minor, BWV 1070 (doubtful)
Fugal
The Musical Offering, BWV 1079
The Art of Fugue, BWV 1080 (discography)
Adaptations
Air on the G String
"Alphabet"
"Ave Maria"
Bach-Busoni Editions
"Everything's Gonna Be Alright"
Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring
"Lady Lynda"
"They"
Albums
Bach's Greatest Hits
Back to Bach
Jazz Sebastian Bach
Switched-On Bach
Switched-On Bach II
List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach
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List of Australian Football League team songs
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
An Australian Football League team song is traditionally sung by members of the winning team after an AFL game, and played when each team runs out onto the field prior to the beginning of the match.
The first team song was the Collingwood song "Good Old Collingwood Forever", written by player Tom Nelson in 1906 to the tune of "Goodbye, Dolly Gray", an American music hall song.[1] Other clubs have continued to rewrite other songs' lyrics to suit their team, with four of the 18 team songs having both original lyrics and music.
Club name
Name of team song
Basis for team song
First used
as team song
Writer/composer
Adelaide "The Pride of South Australia" "US Marines' Hymn" 1994 Bill Sanders
Brisbane Lions "The Pride of Brisbane Town" "La Marseillaise" 1955 Fitzroy players
Carlton "We are the Navy Blues" "Lily of Laguna" 1930 !c. 1930 Carlton players
Collingwood "Good Old Collingwood Forever" "Goodbye, Dolly Gray" 1906 Tom Nelson
Essendon "See the Bombers Fly Up" "(Keep Your) Sunny Side Up" 1959 Kevin Andrews[2]
Fremantle "Freo Way To Go" "Song of the Volga Boatmen" 1995 Ken Walther
Geelong "We Are Geelong" "The Toreador Song" 1963 John K. Watts
Gold Coast "We Are the Suns of the Gold Coast Sky"[3] Original 2010 Rosco Elliott
Greater Western Sydney "There's A Big Big Sound"[4] Original 2012 Harry Angus
Hawthorn "The Mighty Fighting Hawks" (also known as "We're A Happy Team At Hawthorn") "The Yankee Doodle Boy" 1956 !c. 1956 Chic Lander
Melbourne "It's a Grand Old Flag" "You're a Grand Old Flag" 1912 !c. 1912 George M Cohen 1906 (second verse by Keith "Bluey" Truscott)
North Melbourne "Join in the Chorus" "Wee Deoch an Doris"[5] 1920 !1920s unknown
Port Adelaide "Power to Win"[6] Original 1997 Quentin Eyers and Les Kaczmarek
Richmond "We're from Tiger Land" "Row, Row, Row" 1962 Richmond lyrics by Jack Malcolmson.
William Jerome / James Monaco (Row, Row, Row lyrics © Peermusic Publishing sung by Bing Crosby)
St Kilda "When the Saints Go Marching In" "When the Saints Go Marching In" 1965 !c. 1965 unknown
Sydney "The Red and the White" "Notre Dame Victory March" 1961 Larry Spokes
West Coast "We're Flying High" Original 1987 Kevin Peek and Ken Walther
Western Bulldogs "Sons of the West" "Sons of the Sea" 1940 !1940s unknown
Notes[edit]
The Brisbane Lions song was originally written by a group of Fitzroy players in 1955 to the tune of the French National Anthem, "La Marseillaise". It has been used since the Brisbane Bears/Fitzroy Lions merger in 1996 with slightly adjusted lyrics; Brisbane's previous Club Song was sung to the tune of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic".[7]
The Western Bulldogs team song was originally called "Sons of the 'Scray" before Footscray changed their name to the Western Bulldogs in 1997, with the song's lyrics being slightly altered.[8]
The Fremantle Dockers' club song used from 1995 until 2011 contained a section based on "The Song of the Volga Boatmen", a Russian folk song, but most of the song was an original composition by Ken Walther. After the 2011 season, the "Volga Boatmen" section was dropped, leaving only the part written by Walther.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://mm.afl.com.au/afl_heritage/songs_history.htm#magpies Archived 23 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ see interview with Kevin Andrews on the Essendon FC website at http://www.essendonfc.com.au/video/2014-03-12/btv-the-history-of-our-song
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 25 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Traditional Scottish Songs - Wee Deoch an Doris". rampantscotland.com. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
Jump up ^ http://mm.afl.com.au/afl_heritage/songs_history.htm#lions Archived 23 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ http://mm.afl.com.au/afl_heritage/songs_history.htm#bulldogs Archived 23 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Australian_Football_League_team_songs&oldid=816887466"
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Geography of Texas
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A physical map of Texas
Geographic map of Texas
Köppen climate classification types of Texas
The geography of Texas is diverse and large. Occupying about 7% of the total water and land area of the U.S.,[1] it is the second largest state after Alaska, and is the southernmost part of the Great Plains, which end in the south against the folded Sierra Madre Oriental of Mexico. Texas is in the south-central part of the United States of America, and is considered to form part of the U.S. South and also part of the U.S. Southwest.[2]
By residents, the state is generally divided into North Texas, East Texas, Central Texas, South Texas, West Texas (and sometimes the Panhandle), but according to the Texas Almanac, Texas has four major physical regions: Gulf Coastal Plains, Interior Lowlands, Great Plains, and Basin and Range Province. This has been cited as the difference between human geography and physical geography, although the fact that Texas was granted the prerogative to divide into as many as five U.S. states may be a historical motive for Texans defining their state as containing exactly five regions.[3]
Some regions in Texas[4] are more associated with the Southeast than the Southwest (primarily East Texas, Central Texas, and North Texas), while other regions share more similarities with the Southwest (primarily far West Texas and South Texas). The upper Panhandle is considered by many to have more in common with parts of the plains Midwest than either the South or Southwest. The size of Texas prohibits easy categorization of the entire state wholly in any recognized region of the United States, and even cultural diversity among regions of the state make it difficult to treat Texas as a region in its own right.
Contents
1 Climate
2 Physical geography
2.1 Coastal Plains
2.2 North Central Plains
2.3 Great Plains
2.4 Mountains and basins
3 Geology
4 Resources
5 References
6 External links
Climate
Main article: Climate of Texas
Texas rivers map showing Captain Marcy's route though Texas in 1854.
Continental, Mountain, and Modified Marine are the three major climatic types of Texas, with no distinguishable boundaries. Modified Marine, or subtropical, dominates the majority of the state.[5] Texas has an annual precipitation range from 60.57 inches (1,538 mm) in Jasper County, East Texas, to 9.43 inches (240 mm) in El Paso. The record high of 120 °F (49 °C) was reached at Seymour on August 12, 1936, and Monahans on June 28, 1994. The low also ties at −23 °F (−31 °C) in Tulia on February 12, 1899, and Seminole on February 8, 1933.[6]
Physical geography
Texas covers a total area of 268,581 square miles (695,622 km2). The longest straight-line distance is from the northwest corner of the panhandle to the Rio Grande river just below Brownsville, 801 miles (1,289 km).[1] The width west-to-east, from El Paso to Orange, Texas, is 762 miles (1,226 km). The largest continental state is so expansive that El Paso, in the western corner of the state, is closer to San Diego, California, than to the Houston and Beaumont area, near the Louisiana state line; while Orange, on the border to Louisiana, is closer to Jacksonville, Florida than it is to El Paso. Texarkana, in the northeastern corner of the state, is about the same distance from Chicago, Illinois, as it is to El Paso, and Dalhart, in the northwestern corner of the state, is closer to the state capitals of Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Wyoming than it is to Austin, its own state capital.[7]
The geographic center of Texas is about 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Brady in northern McCulloch County. Guadalupe Peak, at 8,749 feet (2,666.7 m) above sea level, is the highest point in Texas, the lowest being sea level where Texas meets the Gulf of Mexico.[8] Texas has five state forests and 120 state parks for a total over 605,000 acres (2,450 km2).[9] There are 3,700 named streams and 15 major river systems flowing through 191,000 miles (307,000 km) of Texas. Eventually emptying into seven major estuaries, these rivers support over 212 reservoirs.[10]
With 10 climatic regions, 14 soil regions, and 11 distinct ecological regions, regional classification becomes problematic with differences in soils, topography, geology, rainfall, and plant and animal communities.[11]
Coastal Plains
Caddo Lake
The Gulf Coastal Plains extends from the Gulf of Mexico inland to the Balcones Fault and the Eastern Cross Timbers. This large area, including the Texas barrier islands, stretches from the cities of Paris to San Antonio to Del Rio but shows a large variety in vegetation. With about 20 to over 58 inches (508–1,480 mm) annual rainfall, this is a nearly level, drained plain dissected by streams and rivers flowing into estuaries and marshes. Windblown sands and dunes, grasslands, oak mottes and salt marshes make up the seaward areas.[12] National Parks include Big Thicket National Preserve, Padre Island National Seashore and the Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site.[13]
North Central Plains
Looking north at the Caprock Escarpment.
The North Central Plains are bounded by the Caprock Escarpment to the west, the Edwards Plateau to the south, and the Eastern Cross Timbers to the east. This area includes the North Central Plains around the cities of Abilene and Wichita Falls, the Western Cross Timbers to the west of Fort Worth, the Grand Prairie, and the Eastern Cross Timbers to the east of Dallas. With about 35 to 50 inches (890 to 1,270 mm) annual rainfall, gently rolling to hilly forested land is part of a larger pine-hardwood forest of oaks, hickories, elm and gum trees.[12] Soils vary from coarse sands to tight clays or shet rock clays and shales.[14]
Great Plains
Hill Country
The Great Plains include the Llano Estacado, the Panhandle, Edwards Plateau, Toyah Basin, and the Llano Uplift. It is bordered on the east by the Caprock Escarpment in the panhandle and by the Balcones Fault to the southeast. Cities in this region include Midland and Odessa, Lubbock, and Amarillo. The Hill Country is a popular name for the area of hills along the Balcones Escarpment and is a transitional area between the Great Plains and the Gulf Coastal Plains. With about 15 to 31 inches (380 to 790 mm) annual rainfall, the southern end of the Great Plains are gently rolling plains of shrub and grassland, and home to the dramatic Caprock Canyons and Palo Duro Canyon state parks.[12] The largest concentration of playa lakes in the world (nearly 22,000) is on the Southern High Plains of Texas and Eastern New Mexico.
Texas' blackland prairies were some of the first areas farmed in Texas. Highly expansive clays with characteristic dark coloration, called the Houston Black series, occur on about 1.5 million acres (6,000 km²) extending from north of Dallas south to San Antonio. The Professional Soil Scientists Association of Texas has recommended to the State Legislature that the Houston Black series be designated the State soil. The series was established in 1902.[15] National Parks in this area are the Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park and the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park.[13]
Mountains and basins
Rio Grande Valley in the Big Bend area
El Capitan
The Trans-Pecos Natural Region has less than 12 inches (300 mm) annual rainfall. The most complex Natural Region, it includes Sand Hills, the Stockton Plateau, desert valleys, wooded mountain slopes and desert grasslands. The Basin and Range Province is in West Texas, west of the Pecos River, beginning with the Davis Mountains on the east and the Rio Grande to its west and south. The Trans-Pecos region is the only part of Texas regarded as mountainous and includes seven named peaks in elevation greater than 8,000 feet (2,400 m). This region includes sand hills, desert valleys, wooded mountain slopes and desert grasslands.[12] The vegetation diversity includes at least 268 grass species and 447 species of woody plants.[16] National Parks include the Amistad National Recreation Area, Big Bend National Park, Chamizal National Memorial, Fort Davis National Historic Site, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, and the Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River.[13] This area is part of the Chihuahuan Desert.
Geology
Main article: Geology of Texas
Texas is mostly sedimentary rocks, with East Texas underlain by a Cretaceous and younger sequence of sediments, the trace of ancient shorelines east and south until the active continental margin of the Gulf of Mexico is met. This sequence is built atop the subsided crest of the Appalachian Mountains–Ouachita Mountains–Marathon Mountains zone of Pennsylvanian continental collision, which collapsed when rifting in Jurassic time opened the Gulf of Mexico. West from this orogenic crest, which is buried beneath the Dallas–Waco–Austin–San Antonio trend, the sediments are Permian and Triassic in age. Oil is found in the Cretaceous sediments in the east, the Permian sediments in the west, and along the Gulf coast and out on the Texas continental shelf. A few exposures of Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks are found in the central and western parts of the state, and Oligocene volcanic rocks are found in far west Texas, in the Big Bend area. A blanket of Miocene sediments known as the Ogallala formation in the western high plains region is an important aquifer. Texas has no active or dormant volcanoes and few earthquakes, being situated far from an active plate tectonic boundary. The Big Bend area is the most seismically active; however, the area is sparsely populated and suffers minimal damages and injuries, and no known fatalities have been attributed to a Texas earthquake.
Resources
With a large supply of natural resources, Texas is a major agricultural and industrial state, producing oil, cattle, sheep, and cotton. The state also produces poultry, eggs, dairy products, greenhouse and nursery products, wheat, hay, rice, sugar cane, and peanuts, and a range of fruits and vegetables.[17]
Asphalt-bearing rocks, mainly cretaceous limestones, occur in Bexar, Burnet, Kinney, Uvalde, and other counties.
Cement is produced in Bexar, Comal, Dallas, Ector, Ellis, El Paso, Harris, Hays, McLennan, Nolan, Nueces, Potter, and Tarrant counties. Historically, Texas' Portland cement output accounts for about 10% of the annual United States production.[citation needed]
With an abundance of various types of clays, Texas is one of the leading producers of clays.
Bituminous coal occurs primarily in Coleman, Eastland, Erath, Jack, McCulloch, Montague, Palo Pinto, Parker, Throckmorton, Wise, and Young counties of Texas. Lignite, or brown coal, occurs in deposits in the Texas Coastal Plain.
Fluorspar or fluorite is an important industrial mineral used in the manufacture of steel, aluminum, glass, and fluorocarbons. It occurs at several localities in the Trans-Pecos and Llano regions of Texas.
Collecting gemstone rock and mineral specimens has proved quite profitable. Agate, jasper, cinnabar, fluorite, topaz, calcite, opal, petrified wood, and tektites are all commonly collected.
Shaded Relief Map of the Llano Estacado.
Deposits of graphite occur in the Llano region and was previously produced in Burnet County.
Bat guano occurs in numerous caverns in the Edwards Plateau and in the Trans-Pecos region and to a more limited extent in Central Texas.
Gypsum is extensively developed in Texas where the main occurrences are in the Permian Basin, the Cretaceous Edwards Formation in Gillespie and Menard counties, and the Gulf Coast salt domes of Harris County and previously Brooks County.
Texas is the leading producer of helium solely from the Cliffside gas field near Amarillo.
Deposits of iron ore are present in northeastern Texas as well as several in Central Texas.
Elements of the Lanthanide series are commonly termed rare-earth elements. Several of the rare earths have anomalous concentrations in the rhyolitic and related igneous rocks in the Trans-Pecos area of Texas. A deposit containing several rare-earth minerals was exposed at Barringer Hill in Llano County before it was covered by the waters of Lake Buchanan.
Limestones, abundant in many parts of Texas, are used in the manufacture of lime. Plants for the production of lime are operating in Bexar, Bosque, Burnet, Comal, Deaf Smith, Hill, Johnson, Nueces, and Travis counties.
Magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate and other mineral salts are present in the Upper Permian Basin and in the underlying playas of the High Plains.
Manganese is known to occur in Precambrian rocks in Mason and Llano counties, in Val Verde County, in Jeff Davis County, and in Dickens County.
Mica is present in Precambrian pegmatite in the Llano region.
Common opal occurs on the Texas Coastal Plain.
Salts occurs in large quantities in salt domes in the Texas Coastal Plain and with other evaporites in the Permian Basin of West Texas, as well as near Grand Saline, Texas.
Sands used for industrial purposes commonly have been found in the Texas Coastal Plains, East Texas, north central Texas, and Central Texas; and sand mines have opened in the Shinnery (dunes) ecosystem of northern West Texas and the eastern part of the West Wingtip.
The discovery of silver in Texas has been credited by some to Franciscans who discovered and operated mines near El Paso about 1680. Documented silver production started in the late 1880s at the Presidio Mine, in Presidio County. Texas produced 32,663,405 troy ounces of silver between 1885 and 1955
Sulfur occurs in the caprocks of salt domes in the Gulf Coastal Plain, in Permian-age bedded deposits in Trans-Pecos Texas.
In the past, uranium was produced from surface mines in Atascosa, Gonzales, Karnes, and Live Oak counties. All uranium mines are closed and Texas is no longer a producer.[18]
The Barnett Shale, located in the Fort Worth basin, has gained attention in recent years as a source of natural gas. Controversy regarding drilling and exploration rights is an issue.
References
^ Jump up to: a b "Texas Almanac". Retrieved 2016-06-25.
Jump up ^ Nova Lomax, John (March 3, 2015). "Is Texas Southern, Western, or Truly a Lone Star?". Texas Monthly. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Texas Escapes.com". Retrieved 2006-07-15.
Jump up ^ "List of Geographical Regions in Texas".
Jump up ^ "The Office of the State Climatologist". Archived from the original on 2006-07-06. Retrieved 2006-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Tx Almanac". Retrieved 2018-07-03.
Jump up ^ "StateMaster". Retrieved 2006-07-11.
Jump up ^ "Netstate". Retrieved 2006-07-11.
Jump up ^ "About.com". Archived from the original on 2013-01-01. Retrieved 2006-07-11.
Jump up ^ "Tx Parks and Wildlife". Retrieved 2006-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Tx Environmental Profiles". Archived from the original on 2008-06-03. Retrieved 2006-07-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "LoneStarInternet". Retrieved 2006-07-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Tx Environmental Profiles". Retrieved 2006-07-14.
Jump up ^ "The Rolling Plains Region". Retrieved 2013-08-20.
Jump up ^ "USDA Houston Black" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-07-14. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Tx Parks and Wildlife". Retrieved 2006-07-14.
Jump up ^ "infoplease.com". Retrieved 2006-07-14.
Jump up ^ Garner, L. Edwin. "The Handbook of Texas online". Retrieved 2006-07-11.
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Tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) chloride
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Tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) chloride
Names
IUPAC name
cobalt tris(ethylenediamine) chloride
Other names
tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) chloride
Identifiers
CAS Number
207802-43-5 Y
Properties
Chemical formula
C6H24N6Cl3Co
Molar mass 345.59
Appearance yellow-orange solid
Melting point 275 °C (527 °F; 548 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water
water
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is Y ?)
Infobox references
Tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) chloride is a coordination complex with the formula [Co(en)3]Cl3 (where "en" is the abbreviation for ethylenediamine). This complex was important in the history of coordination chemistry because of its stability and its stereochemistry. Many different salts have been described. The complex was first described by Alfred Werner who isolated this salt as yellow-gold needle-like crystals.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Synthesis and structure
2 Stereochemistry
3 Hydrates
4 References
Synthesis and structure[edit]
The compound is prepared from an aqueous solution of ethylenediamine and virtually any cobalt(II) salt, such as cobalt(II) chloride. The solution is purged with air to oxidize the cobalt(II)-ethylenediamine complexes to cobalt(III). The reaction proceeds in 95% yield, and the trication can be isolated with a variety of anions. A detailed product analysis of a large-scale synthesis revealed that one minor by-product was [Co(en)2Cl(H2NCH2CH2NH3)]Cl3, which contains a rare monodentate ethylenediamine ligand (protonated).[2]
The cation [Co(en)3]3+ is octahedral with Co-N distances in the range 1.947–1.981 Å. The N-Co-N angles are 85° within the chelate rings and 90° between nitrogen atoms on adjacent rings.[3]
Stereochemistry[edit]
Structure of the Δ-(lel)3 (or Δ-(λλλ)) isomer of [Co(en)3]3+. One of the three C2 symmetry axes is shown in red.
The point group of this complex is D3. The complex can be resolved into enantiomers that are described as Δ and Λ. Usually the resolution entails use of tartrate salts.[4] The optical resolution is a standard component of inorganic synthesis courses.[5] Because of its nonplanarity, the MN2C2 rings can adopt either of two conformations, which are described by the symbols λ and δ. The registry between these ring conformations and the absolute configuration of the metal centers is described by the nomenclature lel (when the en backbone lies parallel with the C3 symmetry axis) or ob (when the en backbone is obverse to this same C3 axis). Thus, the following diastereomeric conformations can be identified: Δ-(lel)3, Δ-(lel)2(ob), Δ-(lel)(ob)2, and Δ-(ob)3. The mirror images of these species of course exist also.[6]
Hydrates[edit]
Cationic coordination complexes of ammonia and alkyl amines typically crystallize with water in the lattice, and the stoichiometry can depend on the conditions of crystallization and, in the cases of chiral complexes, the optical purity of the cation. Racemic [Co(en)3]Cl3 is most often obtained as the di- or trihydrate. For the optically pure salt (+)-[Co(en)3]Cl3·1.5H2O, (+)-[Co(en)3]Cl3·0.5NaCl·3H2O, and (+)-[Co(en)3]Cl3·H2O are also known.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ A. Werner (1912). "Zur Kenntnis des asymmetrischen Kobaltatoms. V". Chemische Berichte. 45 (1): 121–130. doi:10.1002/cber.19120450116.
Jump up ^ Jack M. Harrowfield; Mark I. Ogden; Brian W. Skelton; Allan H. White (2005). "Alfred Werner revisited: Some subtleties of complex ion synthesis and isomerism". Comptes Rendus Chimie. 8 (2): 121–128. doi:10.1016/j.crci.2004.10.013.
^ Jump up to: a b D. Witiak, J. C. Clardy, and D. S. Martin, Jnr. (1972). "The Crystal Structure of (+)-D-tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) nitrate". Acta Crystallographica. B28 (9): 2694–2699. doi:10.1107/S056774087200679X. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ J. A. Broomhead, F. P. Dwyer, J. W. Hogarth (1960). "Resolution of the Tris(Ethylenediamine)Cobalt(III) Ion". Inorganic Syntheses. VI: 183–186. doi:10.1002/9780470132371. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Girolami, G. S.; Rauchfuss, T. B. and Angelici, R. J., Synthesis and Technique in Inorganic Chemistry, University Science Books: Mill Valley, CA, 1999 ISBN 0-935702-48-2
Jump up ^ von Zelewsky, A. "Stereochemistry of Coordination Compounds" John Wiley: Chichester, 1995 ISBN 047195599X.
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Systematic review
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the academic journal, see Systematic Reviews.
Systematic reviews are types of literature reviews that collect and critically analyze multiple research studies or papers, using methods that are selected before one or more research questions are formulated, and then finding and analyzing studies that relate to and answer those questions in a structured methodology.[1] They are designed to provide a complete, exhaustive summary of current literature relevant to a research question. Systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials are key in the practice of evidence-based medicine,[2] and a review of existing studies is often quicker and cheaper than embarking on a new study.
An understanding of systematic reviews, and how to implement them in practice, is highly recommended for professionals involved in the delivery of health care. Besides health interventions, systematic reviews may examine clinical tests, public health interventions, environmental interventions,[3] social interventions, adverse effects, and economic evaluations.[4][5] Systematic reviews are not limited to medicine and are quite common in all other sciences where data are collected, published in the literature, and an assessment of methodological quality for a precisely defined subject would be helpful.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
2 Stages
3 Research fields
3.1 Medicine and biology
3.2 Social sciences
3.3 Business and economics
4 Strengths and weaknesses
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Characteristics[edit]
A systematic review aims to provide a complete, exhaustive summary of current literature relevant to a research question. The first step in conducting a systematic review is to create a structured question to guide the review.[7] The second step is to perform a thorough search of the literature for relevant papers. The Methodology section of a systematic review will list all of the databases and citation indexes that were searched such as Web of Science, Embase, and PubMed and any individual journals that were searched. The titles and abstracts of identified articles are checked against pre-determined criteria for eligibility and relevance to form an inclusion set. This set will relate back to the research problem. Each included study may be assigned an objective assessment of methodological quality preferably by using methods conforming to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement (the current guideline)[8] or the high quality standards of Cochrane.[9]
Systematic reviews often, but not always, use statistical techniques (meta-analysis) to combine results of eligible studies, or at least use scoring of the levels of evidence depending on the methodology used. An additional rater may be consulted to resolve any scoring differences between raters.[6] Systematic review is often applied in the biomedical or healthcare context, but it can be applied in any field of research. Groups like the Campbell Collaboration are promoting the use of systematic reviews in policy-making beyond just healthcare.
A systematic review uses an objective and transparent approach for research synthesis, with the aim of minimizing bias. While many systematic reviews are based on an explicit quantitative meta-analysis of available data, there are also qualitative reviews which adhere to standards for gathering, analyzing and reporting evidence.[10] The EPPI-Centre has been influential in developing methods for combining both qualitative and quantitative research in systematic reviews.[11] The PRISMA statement[12] suggests a standardized way to ensure a transparent and complete reporting of systematic reviews, and is now required for this kind of research by more than 170 medical journals worldwide.[13]
Developments in systematic reviews during the 21st century included realist reviews and the meta-narrative approach, both of which addressed problems of methods and heterogeneity existing on some subjects.[14][15]
Stages[edit]
A visualisation of data being 'extracted' and 'combined' in a Cochrane systematic review.[16]
The main stages of a systematic review are:
Defining a question and agreeing an objective method.[16]
A search for relevant data from research that matches certain criteria. For example, only selecting research that is good quality and answers the defined question.[16]
'Extraction' of relevant data. This can include how the research was done (often called the method or 'intervention'), who participated in the research (including how many people), how it was paid for (for example funding sources) and what happened (the outcomes).[16]
Assess the quality of the data by judging it against criteria identified at the first stage.[16]
Analyse and combine the data (using complex statistical methods) which give an overall result from all of the data. This combination of data can be visualised using a blobbogram (also called a forest plot).[16] The diamond in the blobbogram represents the combined results of all the data included. Because this combined result uses data from more sources than just one data set, it's considered more reliable and better evidence, as the more data there is, the more confident we can be of conclusions.[16]
Once these stages are complete, the review may be published, disseminated and translated into practice after being adopted as evidence.
Research fields[edit]
Medicine and biology[edit]
The Cochrane is a group of over 37,000 specialists in healthcare who systematically review randomised trials of the effects of prevention, treatments and rehabilitation as well as health systems interventions. When appropriate, they also include the results of other types of research. Cochrane Reviews are published in The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews section of the Cochrane Library. The 2015 impact factor for The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was 6.103, and it was ranked 12th in the “Medicine, General & Internal” category.[17] There are six types of Cochrane Review:[18][19][20][21]
Intervention reviews assess the benefits and harms of interventions used in healthcare and health policy.
Diagnostic test accuracy reviews assess how well a diagnostic test performs in diagnosing and detecting a particular disease.
Methodology reviews address issues relevant to how systematic reviews and clinical trials are conducted and reported.
Qualitative reviews synthesize qualitative and quantitative evidence to address questions on aspects other than effectiveness.[10]
Prognosis reviews address the probable course or future outcome(s) of people with a health problem.
Overviews of Systematic Reviews (OoRs) are a new type of study in order to compile multiple evidence from systematic reviews into a single document that is accessible and useful to serve as a friendly front end for the Cochrane Collaboration with regard to healthcare decision-making.
The Cochrane Collaboration provides a handbook for systematic reviewers of interventions which "provides guidance to authors for the preparation of Cochrane Intervention reviews."[9] The Cochrane Handbook outlines eight general steps for preparing a systematic review:[9]
Defining the review question(s) and developing criteria for including studies
Searching for studies
Selecting studies and collecting data
Assessing risk of bias in included studies
Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses
Addressing reporting biases
Presenting results and "summary of findings" tables
Interpreting results and drawing conclusions
The Cochrane Handbook forms the basis of two sets of standards for the conduct and reporting of Cochrane Intervention Reviews (MECIR - Methodological Expectations of Cochrane Intervention Reviews)[22]
The Cochrane Collaboration logo visually represents how results from some systematic reviews can be explained.[23] The lines within illustrate the summary results from an iconic systematic review showing the benefit of corticosteroids, which 'has probably saved thousands of premature babies'.[24]
Social sciences[edit]
The quasi-standard for systematic review in the social sciences is based on the procedures proposed by the Campbell Collaboration, which is one of a number of groups promoting evidence-based policy in the social sciences. The Campbell Collaboration "helps people make well-informed decisions by preparing, maintaining and disseminating systematic reviews in education, crime and justice, social welfare and international development.[25] It is a sister initiative of Cochrane. The Campbell Collaboration was created in 2000 and the inaugural meeting in Philadelphia, USA, attracted 85 participants from 13 countries.[26]
Business and economics[edit]
Due to the different nature of research fields outside of the natural sciences, the aforementioned methodological steps cannot easily be applied in business research. Early attempts to transfer the procedures from medicine to business research have been made by Tranfield et al. (2003).[27] A step-by-step approach has been developed by Durach et al.: Based on the experiences they have made in their own discipline, these authors have adapted the methodological steps and developed a standard procedure for conducting systematic literature reviews in business and economics.[28]
Strengths and weaknesses[edit]
While systematic reviews are regarded as the strongest form of medical evidence, a review of 300 studies found that not all systematic reviews were equally reliable, and that their reporting can be improved by a universally agreed upon set of standards and guidelines.[29] A further study by the same group found that of 100 systematic reviews monitored, 7% needed updating at the time of publication, another 4% within a year, and another 11% within 2 years; this figure was higher in rapidly changing fields of medicine, especially cardiovascular medicine.[30] A 2003 study suggested that extending searches beyond major databases, perhaps into grey literature, would increase the effectiveness of reviews.[31]
Roberts and colleagues highlighted the problems with systematic reviews, particularly those conducted by the Cochrane, noting that published reviews are often biased, out of date and excessively long.[32] They criticized Cochrane reviews as not being sufficiently critical in the selection of trials and including too many of low quality. They proposed several solutions, including limiting studies in meta-analyses and reviews to registered clinical trials, requiring that original data be made available for statistical checking, paying greater attention to sample size estimates, and eliminating dependence on only published data.
Some of these difficulties were noted early on as described by Altman: "much poor research arises because researchers feel compelled for career reasons to carry out research that they are ill equipped to perform, and nobody stops them."[33] Methodological limitations of meta-analysis have also been noted.[34] Another concern is that the methods used to conduct a systematic review are sometimes changed once researchers see the available trials they are going to include.[35] Bloggers have described retractions of systematic reviews and published reports of studies included in published systematic reviews.[36][37][38]
Systematic reviews are increasingly prevalent in other fields, such as international development research.[39] Subsequently, a number of donors – most notably the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and AusAid – are focusing more attention and resources on testing the appropriateness of systematic reviews in assessing the impacts of development and humanitarian interventions.[39]
See also[edit]
Critical appraisal
Evidence-based research
Further research is needed
Literature review
Peer review
Review journal
Generalized model aggregation (GMA)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "systematic review". GET-IT glossary. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "What is EBM?". Centre for Evidence Based Medicine. 2009-11-20. Archived from the original on 2011-04-06. Retrieved 2011-06-17.
Jump up ^ Bilotta, Gary S.; Milner, Alice M.; Boyd, Ian (2014). "On the use of systematic reviews to inform environmental policies". Environmental Science & Policy. 42: 67–77. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2014.05.010.
Jump up ^ Systematic reviews: CRD's guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. York: University of York, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, 2008. ISBN 978-1-900640-47-3. Retrieved 2011-06-17.[page needed]
Jump up ^ Petticrew M, Roberts H. Systematic reviews in the social sciences. Wiley Blackwell, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Herman J. Ader; Gideon J. Mellenbergh; David J. Hand (2008). "Methodological quality". Advising on Research Methods: A consultant's companion. Johannes van Kessel Publishing. ISBN 978-90-79418-02-2. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Standards for Systematic Reviews of Comparative Effectiveness, Research; Eden, J; Levit, L; Berg, A; Morton, S (2011). "Finding What Works in Health Care: Standards for Systematic Reviews". PMID 24983062.
Jump up ^ "PRISMA". Prisma-statement.org. Retrieved 2013-08-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c Higgins JPT; Green S (eds.). "Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions, version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011)". The Cochrane Collaboration. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Bearman, Margaret; Dawson, Phillip (2013). "Qualitative synthesis and systematic review in health professions education". Medical Education. 47 (3): 252–60. doi:10.1111/medu.12092. PMID 23398011.
Jump up ^ Thomas, J.; Harden, A; Oakley, A; Oliver, S; Sutcliffe, K; Rees, R; Brunton, G; Kavanagh, J (2004). "Integrating qualitative research with trials in systematic reviews". BMJ. 328 (7446): 1010–2. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7446.1010. PMC 404509  . PMID 15105329.
Jump up ^ Liberati, Alessandro; Altman, Douglas G.; Tetzlaff, Jennifer; Mulrow, Cynthia; Gøtzsche, Peter C.; Ioannidis, John P. A.; Clarke, Mike; Devereaux, P. J.; Kleijnen, Jos; Moher, David (2009). "The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration". PLoS Medicine. 6 (7): e1000100. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100. PMC 2707010  . PMID 19621070.
Jump up ^ "PRISMA Endorsers". www.prisma-statement.org. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Pawson, R.; Greenhalgh, T.; Harvey, G.; Walshe, K. (2005). "Realist review - a new method of systematic review designed for complex policy interventions". Journal of Health Services Research & Policy. 10: 21–34. doi:10.1258/1355819054308530. PMID 16053581.
Jump up ^ Greenhalgh, Trisha; Potts, Henry W.W.; Wong, Geoff; Bark, Pippa; Swinglehurst, Deborah (2009). "Tensions and Paradoxes in Electronic Patient Record Research: A Systematic Literature Review Using the Meta-narrative Method". Milbank Quarterly. 87 (4): 729–88. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00578.x. JSTOR 25593645. PMC 2888022  . PMID 20021585.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Animated Storyboard: What Are Systematic Reviews?". cccrg.cochrane.org. Cochrane Consumers and Communication. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
Jump up ^ The Cochrane Library. 2015 impact factor. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) Retrieved 2016-07-20.
Jump up ^ Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer program]. Version 5.2. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2012.
Jump up ^ The Cochrane Library
Jump up ^ Silva, Valter; Grande, Antonio Jose; Carvalho, Alan Pedrosa Viegas de; Martimbianco, Ana Luiza Cabrera; Riera, Rachel (2015). "Overview of systematic reviews - a new type of study. Part II". Sao Paulo Medical Journal. 133 (3): 206–17. doi:10.1590/1516-3180.2013.8150015. PMID 25388685.
Jump up ^ Silva, Valter; Grande, Antonio José; Martimbianco, Ana Luiza Cabrera; Riera, Rachel; Carvalho, Alan Pedrosa Viegas (2012). "Overview of systematic reviews - a new type of study: Part I: Why and for whom?". Sao Paulo Medical Journal. 130 (6): 398–404. doi:10.1590/S1516-31802012000600007. PMID 23338737.
Jump up ^ "Methodological Expectations of Cochrane Intervention Reviews (MECIR)". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ anonymous. "Animated Storyboard: What Are Systematic Reviews? | Cochrane Consumers and Communication". cccrg.cochrane.org. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Our logo | Cochrane". www.cochrane.org. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
Jump up ^ "About Us". The Campbell Collaboration. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "History - Campbell". www.campbellcollaboration.org. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
Jump up ^ Tranfield, D., Denyer, D. & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British Journal of Management, 14, 207–222.
Jump up ^ Durach, C.F., Kembro, J. & Wieland, A. (2017). A New Paradigm for Systematic Literature Reviews in Supply Chain Management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 53 (4), 67–85.
Jump up ^ Moher, David; Tetzlaff, Jennifer; Tricco, Andrea C; Sampson, Margaret; Altman, Douglas G (2007). "Epidemiology and Reporting Characteristics of Systematic Reviews". PLoS Medicine. 4 (3): e78. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040078. PMC 1831728  . PMID 17388659.
Jump up ^ Shojania, Kaveh G.; Sampson, M; Ansari, M. T.; Ji, J; Doucette, S; Moher, D (2007). "How Quickly Do Systematic Reviews Go Out of Date? A Survival Analysis". Annals of Internal Medicine. 147 (4): 224–33. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-4-200708210-00179. PMID 17638714.
Jump up ^ Savoie, Isabelle; Helmer, Diane; Green, Carolyn J.; Kazanjian, Arminée (2003). "Beyond Medline". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. 19 (1): 168–78. doi:10.1017/S0266462303000163. PMID 12701949.
Jump up ^ Roberts, I.; Ker, K.; Edwards, P.; Beecher, D.; Manno, D.; Sydenham, E. (2015). "The knowledge system underpinning healthcare is not fit for purpose and must change". BMJ. 350: h2463. doi:10.1136/bmj.h2463. PMID 26041754.
Jump up ^ Altman, D G (1994). "The scandal of poor medical research". BMJ. 308 (6924): 283–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6924.283. PMC 2539276  . PMID 8124111.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, S (1994). "Meta-analysis/Shmeta-analysis". American Journal of Epidemiology. 140 (9): 771–8. PMID 7977286.
Jump up ^ Page, Matthew J; McKenzie, Joanne E; Kirkham, Jamie; Dwan, Kerry; Kramer, Sharon; Green, Sally; Forbes, Andrew (2014). "Bias due to selective inclusion and reporting of outcomes and analyses in systematic reviews of randomised trials of healthcare interventions". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (10): MR000035. doi:10.1002/14651858.MR000035.pub2. PMID 25271098.
Jump up ^ "Retraction Of Scientific Papers For Fraud Or Bias Is Just The Tip Of The Iceberg". IFL Science!. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Retraction and republication for Lancet Resp Med tracheostomy paper". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "BioMed Central retracting 43 papers for fake peer review". Retraction Watch.
^ Jump up to: a b Hagen-Zanker, Jessica; Duvendack, Maren; Mallett, Richard; Slater, Rachel; Carpenter, Samuel; Tromme, Mathieu (January 2012). "Making systematic reviews work for international development research". Overseas Development Institute.
External links[edit]
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Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York.
Cochrane Collaboration
Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre (EPPI-Centre), University of London
MeSH: Review Literature—articles about the review process
MeSH: Review [Publication Type] - limit search results to reviews
PubMed search: "Review Literature" [MAJR]
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement, "an evidence-based minimum set of items for reporting in systematic reviews and meta-analyses"
Animated Storyboard: What Are Systematic Reviews? - Cochrane Consumers and Communication Group
What are Systematic reviews?[1] - Video by Cochrane Consumers and Communication Group
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Jump up ^ Nunn, Jack (2015-10-01), English: This video explains why systematic reviews are important and how they are done. This includes an explanation of how the effects of interventions are compared in order to provide evidence., retrieved 2016-06-01
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