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Jaipur
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This article is about the metropoliton area in Rajasthan, India. For its namesake district, see Jaipur district. For other uses, see Jaipur (disambiguation).
Metropolis in Rajasthan, India
Jaipur
Metropolis
Clockwise from top: Jal Mahal, Birla Mandir, Jaipur, Albert Hall Museum, Hawa Mahal, Jantar Mantar
Nickname(s): The Pink City
Jaipur
Map of Jaipur
Jaipur
Jaipur (India)
Show map of Rajasthan Show map of India Show all
Coordinates: 26°54′N 75°48′E / 26.9°N 75.8°E / 26.9; 75.8Coordinates: 26°54′N 75°48′E / 26.9°N 75.8°E / 26.9; 75.8
Country
India
State
Rajasthan
District
Jaipur
Establishment
1727
Founded by
Jai Singh II
Named for
Jai Singh II
Government
• Type
Mayor-council
• Mayor
Ashok Lahoti[1]
Area[2]
• Total
467 km2 (180 sq mi)
Area rank
1st in Rajasthan
Elevation
431 m (1,414 ft)
Population (2011)[3]
• Total
3,046,189
• Rank
10th India
• Density
6,500/km2 (17,000/sq mi)
Demonym(s)
Jaipuri
Languages
• Official
Hindi
• Regional
Rajasthani
Time zone
IST (UTC+05:30)
Pincode(s)
3020xx
Area code(s)
+91-141
Vehicle registration
RJ-14 (Jaipur South)
RJ-45 (Jaipur North)
RJ-52 (Shahpura)
RJ-41 (Chomu)
RJ-47 (Dudu)
RJ-32 (Kotputli)
Website
jaipurmc.org
Jaipur (/ˈdʒaɪpʊər/ ( listen))[4][5][6] is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Rajasthan in Northern India. It was founded on 18 November 1727 by Jai Singh II,[7] the ruler of Amer, and after whom the city is named.[8] As of 2011, the city had a population of 3.1 million, making it the tenth most populous city in the country. Jaipur is also known as the Pink City, due to the dominant color scheme of its buildings.[9] It is located 280 km (174 miles) from the Indian capital New Delhi. Jaipur is a popular tourist destination in India and forms a part of the west Golden Triangle tourist circuit along with Delhi and Agra (240 km, 149 mi).[10] It also serves as a gateway to other tourist destinations in Rajasthan such as Jodhpur (348 km, 216 mi), Jaisalmer (571 km, 355 mi) Udaipur (421 km, 262 mi) and Mount Abu (520 km, 323 mi).
Jaipur is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Jantar Mantar and the Amer Fort. ( It is also located in the middle of Dehing rainforest, the 2nd largest expanse of tropical forest area in the world which covers much of northern india all the way to west malaysia in south and southeast Asia.)
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
2.1 Climate
3 Demographics
4 Administration and politics
5 Tourism
6 Culture
6.1 Architecture
6.2 Cuisine
6.3 Languages
7 Economy and infrastructure
7.1 Communication
7.1.1 Media
8 Transport
8.1 Roads
8.2 Rail
8.3 Metro
8.4 Air
9 Education
10 Sports
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of Jaipur
Jai Singh II, the founder of Jaipur
The city of Jaipur was founded in 1727 by Jai Singh II, the Raja of Amer who ruled from 1699 to 1743. He planned to shift his capital from Amer, 11 kilometres (7 mi) from Jaipur to accommodate the growing population and increasing scarcity of water.[8] Jai Singh consulted several books on architecture and architects while planning the layout of Jaipur. Under the architectural guidance of Vidyadhar Bhattacharya, Jaipur was planned based on the principles of Vastu shastra and Shilpa Shastra.[11] The construction of the city began in 1726 and took four years to complete the major roads, offices and palaces. The city was divided into nine blocks, two of which contained the state buildings and palaces, with the remaining seven allotted to the public. Huge ramparts were built, pierced by seven fortified gates.[8]
Jaipur is a standout amongst the most socially rich legacy urban areas in India. Established in the year 1727, the city is named after Maharaja Jai Singh II who was the primary organizer of this city. He was a Kachhwaha Rajput and ruled the region in the vicinity of 1699 and 1744.
During the rule of Sawai Ram Singh I, the city was painted pink to welcome the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII, in 1876.[12] Many of the avenues remained painted in pink, giving Jaipur a distinctive appearance and the epithet Pink city.[13] In the 19th century, the city grew rapidly and by 1900 it had a population of 160,000. The wide boulevards were paved and its chief industries were the working of metals and marble, fostered by a school of art founded in 1868.[7] The city had three colleges, including a Sanskrit college (1865) and a girls' school (1867) opened during the reign of the Maharaja Ram Singh II.[14][15]
Large areas of the city including the airport were flooded in August 1981, resulting in the death of eight people and much damage to the city's Dravyavati River.[16] The floods were caused by three days of cloud burst that produced more rain than the annual average.[17]
Geography[edit]
Climate[edit]
Jaipur has a tropical monsoon climate ( Am) under the Köppen climate classification.[18] It receives over 230 mm (90.6 in) of rainfall during an average year but most rains occur in the monsoon months between June and September. Temperatures remain relatively high during summer from April to early July having average daily temperatures of around 27.6 (82 F). During the monsoon there are frequent, heavy rains and thunderstorms, but flooding is common. The winter months of November to February are mild and pleasant, with average temperatures is 18 C and with high humidity.[19]
Demographics[edit]
Religion in Jaipur city (2011)
Religion Percent(%)
Hinduism
77.9%
Islam
18.6%
Jainism
2.4%
Other
1.2%
According to provisional report of 2011 census, Jaipur city had a population of 3,073,350.[20] The overall literacy rate for the city is 84.34%. 90.61% males and 77.41% females were literate.[20] The sex ratio was 898 females per 1,000 males. The child sex ratio stood at 854.[20] According to the 2011 census, Hindus form the majority religious group comprising 77.9% of the city's population, followed by Muslims (18.6%), Jains (2.4%) and others (1.0%).[21]
showPopulation Growth of Jaipur City
Census
Pop.
%±
1881 142,600
—
1891 158,900 11.4%
1901 160,000 0.7%
1911 137,100 -14.3%
1921 120,200 -12.3%
1931 144,200 20.0%
1941 175,800 21.9%
1951 291,000 65.5%
1961 403,400 38.6%
1971 636,800 57.9%
1981 1,004,700 57.8%
1991 1,518,200 51.1%
2001 2,322,575 53.0%
2011 3,073,350 32.3%
Source:Census of India[22][23][20]
Administration and politics[edit]
Jaipur Municipal Corporation is responsible for maintaining the city's civic infrastructure and carrying out associated administrative duties. The Municipal Corporation is headed by a mayor.[24] There are 91 wards and each ward is represented by an elected member. Jaipur Development Authority (JDA) is the nodal government agency responsible for the planning and development of Jaipur.[25] Jaipur consists of two parliamentary constituencies Jaipur and Jaipur Rural.[26] The current mayor of Jaipur is Ashok Lahoti.[1]
Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha
Tourism[edit]
See also: List of attractions in Jaipur
Jaipur is a major tourist destination in India forming a part of the Golden Triangle. In the 2008 Conde Nast Traveller Readers Choice Survey, Jaipur was ranked the 7th best place to visit in Asia.[27] According to TripAdvisor's 2015 Traveller's Choice Awards for Destination, Jaipur ranked 1st among the Indian destinations for the year.[28] The Presidential Suite at the Raj Palace Hotel, billed at US$45,000 per night, was listed in second place on CNN's World's 15 most expensive hotel suites in 2012.[29]
Jaipur Exhibition & Convention Centre (JECC) is Rajasthan’s biggest convention and exhibition centre.[30] It is famous for organising events such as Vastara, Jaipur Jewellery Show, Stonemart 2015 and Resurgent Rajasthan Partnership Summit 2015.[31]
Visitor attractions include the Hawa Mahal, Jal Mahal, City Palace, Amer Fort, Jantar Mantar, Nahargarh Fort, Jaigarh Fort, Birla Mandir, Galtaji, Govind Dev Ji Temple, Garh Ganesh Temple, Moti Dungri Ganesh Temple, Royal Gaitor cenotaphs, Sanghiji Jain temple and the Jaipur Zoo.[32] The Jantar Mantar observatory and Amer Fort are one of the World Heritage Sites.[33] Hawa Mahal is a five-storey pyramidal shaped monument with 953 windows[34] that rises 15 metres (50 ft) from its high base. Sisodiya Rani Bagh and Kanak Vrindavan are the major parks in Jaipur.[35] Raj Mandir is a notable cinema hall in Jaipur.
Birla Mandir, Jaipur
Amer Fort
Ganesh Pol of Amer Fort
Jantar Mantar
Digamber Jain temple of Sanghiji, Sanganer
Amer Fort
Jal Mahal
Hawa Mahal
Albert Hall Museum
Culture[edit]
Downtown Jaipur
Jaipur has many cultural sites like Jawahar Kala Kendra formed by Architect Charles Correa and Ravindra Manch. Government Central Museum hosts several arts and antiquities. There is a government museum at Hawa Mahal and an art gallery at Viratnagar. There are statues depicting Rajasthani culture around the city.[36][37] Jaipur has many traditional shops selling antiques and handicrafts. The prior rulers of Jaipur patronised a number of arts and crafts. They invited skilled artisans, artists and craftsmen from India and abroad who settled in the city. Some of the crafts include bandhani, block printing, stone carving and sculpture, tarkashi, zari, gota-patti, kinari and zardozi, silver jewellery, gems, kundan, meenakari and jewellery, Lakh ki Chudiya, miniature paintings, blue pottery, ivory carving, shellac work and leather ware.[9][35]
With a wonderful combination of ancient royal heritage and ultra-modern life method Jaipur displays a cool presentation of urban lifestyle.
Jaipur has its own performing arts. The Jaipur Gharana for Kathak is one of the three gharanas of the major north Indian classical dance form of Kathak.[38] The Jaipur Gharana of Kathak is known for its rapid intricate dance forms, vivacious body movements and subtle Abhinaya.[38] The Ghoomar is a popular folk dance style.[39][40][41] Tamasha is an art form where Kathputli puppet dance is shown in play form.[42] Major festivals celebrated in Jaipur include Elephant Festival, Gangaur, Makar Sankranti, Holi, Diwali, Vijayadashami, Teej, Eid, Mahavir Jayanti and Christmas. Jaipur is also famous for the Jaipur Literature Festival, the world's largest free literature festival in which country-wide authors, writers and literature lovers participate.[43]
Architecture[edit]
Amer Fort as seen from the Jaigarh fort
Ghat ki Guni Tunnel National Highway 11 Jaipur
The city was planned according to Indian Vastu shastra by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya in 1727.[44] There are three gates facing east, west, and north. The eastern gate is called Suraj pol (sun gate), the western gate is called Chand pol (moon gate) and the northern gate faces the ancestral capital of Amer.[11][45]
The city is unusual among pre-modern Indian cities in the regularity of its streets, and the division of the city into six sectors by broad streets 34 m (111 ft) wide. The urban quarters are further divided by networks of gridded streets. Five quarters wrap around the east, south, and west sides of a central palace quarter, with a sixth quarter immediately to the east. The Palace quarter encloses the Hawa Mahal palace complex, formal gardens, and a small lake. Nahargarh Fort, which was the residence of the King Sawai Jai Singh II, crowns the hill in the northwest corner of the old city.[35]
Cuisine[edit]
Typical dishes include Dal Baati Churma, Missi Roti, Gatte ki Sabzi, Ker Sangri, Makke ki Ghat, Bajre ki Ghat and Bajre ki Roti.[46] Jaipur is also known for its sweets which include Ghevar, Feeni, Mawa Kachori, Gajak, meethi thuli, Chauguni ke laddu, and Moong Thal.[47][48]
Languages[edit]
The main language of Jaipur is Rajasthani. Dhundhari, Marwari, Hindi and English are also spoken in the city.[42]
Economy and infrastructure[edit]
World Trade Park, Jaipur
In addition to its role as the provincial capital, educational, and administrative centre, the economy of Jaipur is fuelled by tourism, gemstone cutting, the manufacture of jewellery and luxury textiles, and information technology.[49] Three major trade promotion organisations have their offices in Jaipur. These are: Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry, (FICCI) the PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PHDCCI) and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) which has its regional offices here. In 2008, Jaipur was ranked 31 among the 50 Emerging Global Outsourcing cities.[50] Jaipur Stock Exchange is one of the regional stock exchanges in India and was founded in 1989.[51] Jaipur is a major hub for arts and crafts. It has many traditional shops selling antiques, jewellery, handicrafts, gems, bangles, pottery, carpets, textiles, leather and metal products. Jaipur is one of India's largest manufacturers of hand-knotted rugs.[52][53] Jaipur leg, a rubber-based prosthetic leg for people with below-knee amputations, was designed and is produced in Jaipur.[54][55]
Communication[edit]
Jaipur has offices of companies like Airtel, Vodafone, Jio, Reliance, Idea, BSNL & Tata which are providing Mobile Telephony and there are also various internet service providers in the city. Government of Rajasthan has started Free WiFi at various public places like Central Park, Jantar Mantar among others.
Media[edit]
Major daily newspapers in Jaipur include Amar Ujala,[56] Rajasthan Patrika, Dainik Bhaskar, Dainik Navajyoti and The Times of India.[57][58] The state-owned All India Radio is broadcast both on the medium wave and FM band in the city. Private FM stations include Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz), Radio City (91.1 MHz), My FM (94.3 MHz), FM Tadka 95 FM (95.0 MHz), Red FM 93.5 (93.5 MHz) and Gyan Vani (105.6 MHz). The city has a community FM channel in FM Radio 7 (90.4 MHz) by India International School Institutional Network. The public broadcaster Doordarshan (Prasar Bharati) provides a regional channel in addition to the private broadcasters.
Transport[edit]
Jaipur BRTS
Jaipur Metro
Jaipur International Airport
Roads[edit]
Jaipur is located on National Highway No.8 connecting Delhi and Mumbai. National Highway 12 links Jaipur with Kota and National Highway 11 links Bikaner with Agra passing through Jaipur. RSRTC operates bus service to major cities in Rajasthan, New Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab and Gujarat. City buses are operated by Jaipur City Transport Services Limited (JCTSL)[59] of RSRTC.[60] The service operates more than 400 regular and low-floor buses. Major bus depots are located at Vaishali Nagar, Vidyadhar Nagar and Sanganer.
Jaipur BRTS was approved by the government in August 2006. Jaipur BRTS is managed by JCSTL, a special purpose vehicle formed by Jaipur Development Authority and Jaipur Nagar Nigam. In Phase I, two corridors have been proposed: a "North-South Corridor" from Sikar Road to Tonk Road and an "East-West Corridor" from Ajmer Road to Delhi Road. A section of the North-South Corridor from bypass near Harmada to Pani Pech became operational in 2010.[61][61][62]
Rail[edit]
Jaipur is the headquarters of North Western Zone of Indian Railways.[63] Jaipur Junction railway station is well connected to all major cities of India like Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, Indore, Lucknow and Ahmedabad. Other stations include Gandhinagar, Durgapura, Jagatpura, Ninad Benad and Sanganer.
Metro[edit]
Jaipur Metro commenced commercial operation on 3 June 2015.[64] Phase-1A is operational between Mansarovar and Chandpole consisting of 9 stations namely Mansarovar, New Aatish Market, Vivek Vihar, Shayam Nagar, Ram Nagar, Civil Line, Railway Station, Sindhi Camp and Chandpole.[65] Phase-1B is under construction. The estimated cost of the project is ₹550 crore (US$80 million)[66] and it is expected to be completed by 2018.
Air[edit]
Jaipur International Airport is in Sanganer, 10 km (6 miles) from the centre. The airport handled 363,899 international and 2,540,451 domestic passengers in 2015–2016.[67] Jaipur Airport also provides air cargo services. During winter, sometimes flights towards Indira Gandhi International Airport are diverted to Jaipur Airport due to heavy fog in Delhi.[68] The airport operates regular domestic services to major Indian cities including Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chandigarh, Chennai, Delhi, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Indore, Kolkata, Lucknow, Mumbai, Pune, Surat, Udaipur and Varanasi. International destinations served include Dubai, Muscat, Bangkok, Sharjah and Kuala Lumpur.
Education[edit]
Malaviya National Institute of Technology
Public and private schools in Jaipur are governed by the Central Board of Secondary Education or Rajasthan Board of Secondary Education, International Board of education and follow a "10+2" plan. This plan entails eight years of primary education and four years of secondary education. Secondary school includes two years of upper secondary education, which is more specific and diverse than the two years of lower secondary education prior to it.[69] Languages of instruction include English and Hindi. Admission to graduation colleges in Jaipur, many of which are affiliated to Rajasthan Technical University, is through the RPET. Major institutions include SMS Medical College, St Xavier's College, University of Rajasthan,[70] Indian Institute of Health Management Research, Malviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur,[71][72] Jaipur National University,[73][74][75][76][77][78] Manipal University, The LNM Institute of Information Technology and IIS University.[79][80]
Sports[edit]
The main cricket stadium in the city, Sawai Mansingh Stadium, has a seating capacity of 23,185 and has hosted national and international cricket matches.[81] Sawai Mansingh Indoor Stadium, Chaugan Stadium and Railway Cricket Ground are the other sporting arenas in the city. The city was represented in the IPL by Rajasthan Royals[82] till 2015, when they were suspended for two seasons and in Pro Kabaddi League by Jaipur Pink Panthers.[83]
See also[edit]
Gram Bharati Samiti
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Further reading[edit]
Bhatt, Kavi Shiromani; Shastry, Mathuranath (1948). Jaipur Vaibhawam (History of Jaipur written in Sanskrit). Re-published in 2002 by Kalanath Shastry, Manjunath Smriti Sansthan, Jaipur.
Khangarot, R.S., Nathawat, P.S. (1990) Jaigarh- The Invincible Fort of Amer. RBSA Publishers, Jaipur.
Sachdev, Vibhuti; Tillotson, Giles Henry Rupert (2002). Building Jaipur: The Making of an Indian City. Reaktion Books, London. ISBN 1-86189-137-7.
Sarkar, Jadunath (1984). A History of Jaipur. Orient Longman Limited, New Delhi. ISBN 81-250-0333-9.
Volwahsen, Andreas (2001). Cosmic Architecture in India: The Astronomical Monuments of Maharaja Jai Singh II, Prestel Mapin, Munich.
External links[edit]
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Jaipur.
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History
Amber
Jaipur State
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Cities and towns in Jaipur district
Jaipur
Bagru
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Jamwa Ramgarh
Jobner
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in other districts
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Karauli
Kota
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Capital: Jaipur
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Forts in Rajasthan
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WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb12002519q (data)
GND: 4109106-1
LCCN: n80019671
VIAF: 146575480
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text:
Venezuelan War of Independence
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Venezuelan War of Independence
Part of Spanish American wars of independence
Date
1810–1823
(13 years)
Location
Venezuela and New Granada
Result
Venezuelan victory and independence
Belligerents
1810:
Caracas Junta
1811–1816:
Venezuela
New Granada
1816–1819:
Venezuela
Haiti[1]
1819–1823:
Gran Colombia Kingdom of Spain
Commanders and leaders
Francisco de Miranda
Simón Bolívar
Antonio Jose de Sucre
Jose Antonio Paez
Manuel Piar
Rafael Urdaneta
Santiago Mariño Juan Domingo Monteverde
Juan Manuel Cajigal
Jose Tomas Boves
Pablo Morillo
Miguel de la Torre
[show]
v
t
e
Spanish colonial campaigns
Canary Islands (1402–96)
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Argentina (1810–18)
Mexico (1810–21)
Chile (1810–26)
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Venezuela (1811–23)
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Part of a series on the
History of Venezuela
Chronology
Pre–1522
1522–1821
1821–30
1830–1908
1908–58
1948–58
1958–99
1999–present
Topics
Province of Venezuela
New Spain
Viceroyalty of New Granada
Captaincy General
War of Independence
First, Second and Third Republics, United States of Venezuela
Federal War
1902–03 crisis
Oil industry history
El Trienio Adeco
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Crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela
2014–17 protests
2017 constitutional crisis
Mother of all Protests
Venezuela portal
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The Venezuelan War of Independence (1810–1823) was one of the Spanish American wars of independence of the early nineteenth century, when independence movements in Latin America fought against rule by the Spanish Empire, emboldened by Spain's troubles in the Napoleonic Wars.
The establishment of the Supreme Caracas Junta following the forced deposition of Vicente Emparan as Captain General of the Captaincy General of Venezuela on April 19, 1810, marked the beginnings of the war. On July 5, 1811, seven of the ten provinces of the Captaincy General of Venezuela declared their independence in the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence. The First Republic of Venezuela was lost in 1812 following the 1812 Caracas earthquake and the Battle of La Victoria (1812). Simón Bolívar led an "Admirable Campaign" to retake Venezuela, establishing the Second Republic of Venezuela in 1813; but this too did not last, falling to a combination of a local uprising and Spanish royalist reconquest. Only as part of Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada in 1819-20 did Venezuela achieve a lasting independence from Spain (initially as part of Gran Colombia).
On 17 December 1819, the Congress of Angostura declared Gran Colombia an independent country. After two more years of war, the country achieved independence from Spain in 1821 under the leadership of its most famous son, Simón Bolívar. Venezuela, along with the present-day[update] countries of Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador, formed part of the Republic of Gran Colombia until 1830, when Venezuela separated and became a sovereign country.
Contents
[hide]
1 First Republic (1810–1812)
2 Second Republic (1813–1814)
3 Spanish reconquest of New Granada (1815–1816)
4 Stalemate (1816–1819)
5 Consolidation of independence
6 Aftermath
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
First Republic (1810–1812)[edit]
Main article: First Republic of Venezuela
The French invasion of Spain in 1808 led to the collapse of the Spanish Monarchy. Most subjects of Spain did not accept the government of Joseph Bonaparte, placed on the Spanish throne by his brother, Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte of France. At the same time, the process of creating a stable government in Spain, which would be widely recognized throughout the empire, took two years. (See Junta (Peninsular War).) This created a power vacuum in the Spanish possessions in America, which created further political uncertainty. On 19 April 1810 the municipal council of Caracas headed a successful movement to depose the Spanish Governor and Captain General, Vicente Emparán. A junta was established in Caracas, and soon other Venezuelan provinces followed suit. The reverberations of this act of independence could be felt throughout Venezuela almost immediately. Across Venezuela, towns and cities decided to either side with the movement based in Caracas or not, and de facto civil war ensued throughout much of Venezuela. The Caracas Junta called for a congress of Venezuelan provinces to establish a government for the region. Initially both the Junta and Congress upheld the "rights of Ferdinand VII," meaning that they recognized themselves to still be part of the Spanish Monarchy, but had established a separate government due to the French invasion of the Iberian Peninsula. As the Congress deliberated, a faction proposing outright independence quickly won favor. Persons such as Francisco de Miranda, a long-term Venezuelan expatriate, and Simón Bolívar, a young, Criollo aristocrat—both influenced by Age of Enlightenment ideas and the example of the French Revolution—led the movement. The Congress declared Venezuela's independence on 5 July 1811, establishing the Republic of Venezuela.
Even before the Congress began its sessions in November 1810, a civil war started between those who supported the juntas, and eventually independence, and royalists who wanted to maintain the union with Spain. Two provinces, Maracaibo Province and Guayana Province, and one district, Coro, never recognized the Caracas Junta and remained loyal to the governments in Spain. Military expeditions to bring Coro and Guayana under the control of the Republic failed. In 1811 an uprising in Valencia against the Republic was successfully suppressed. By 1812 the situation increasingly became aggravated for the young Republic. It was short of funds, Spanish Regency set up a blockade (although it was easily bypassed by British and American merchant ships), and on 26 March 1812, a devastating earthquake hit republican areas. In these desperate moments, Miranda was given dictatorial powers, nevertheless he was unable to stem the royalist advance headed by Captain Domingo de Monteverde. By midyear, after the Battle of San Mateo, the Republic collapsed. Miranda capitulated to Monteverde and signed an armistice on 25 July 1812.
Second Republic (1813–1814)[edit]
Main article: Second Republic of Venezuela
Bolívar and other republicans continued the resistance from other parts of the Spanish South America and the Caribbean, or organized guerrilla movements in the interior of the country. In 1813 Bolívar joined the army of United Provinces of New Granada. After winning a series of battles, Bolívar received the approval of the New Granadan Congress to lead a liberating force into Venezuela in what became known as the Admirable Campaign. At the same time, Santiago Mariño invaded from the northeast in an independently organized campaign. Both forces quickly defeated the royalist troops in various battles, such as Alto de los Godos. Bolívar entered Caracas on 6 August 1813, proclaiming the restoration of the Venezuelan Republic and his supreme leadership of it, something which was not fully recognized by Mariño based in Cumaná, although the two leaders did cooperate militarily.
In the viceroyalties of La Plata and New Granada the Creoles displaced the Spanish authorities with relative ease, as Caracas had done at first. The autonomous movement swept through New Granada, but the country remained politically disunited. Bogotá inherited the role of capital from Spain, but the royalists were entrenched in southern Colombia (Popayán and Pasto). Cali was a bastion of the independence movement just north of royalist territory. Cartagena declared independence not only from Spain but also from Bogotá. Bolívar arrived in Cartagena and was well received, as he was later in Bogotá, where he joined the army of the United Provinces of New Granada. He recruited a force and invaded Venezuela from the southwest, by crossing the Andes (1813). His chief lieutenant was the headstrong José Félix Ribas. In Trujillo, an Andean province, Bolívar emitted his infamous Decree of War to the Death with which he hoped to get the pardos and any mantuano who was having second thoughts on his side. At the time that Bolívar was victorious in the west, Santiago Mariño and Manuel Piar, a pardo from the Dutch island of Curaçao, were successfully fighting royalists in eastern Venezuela. Quickly losing ground (much as Miranda had a year earlier) Monteverde took refuge in Puerto Cabello, and Bolívar occupied Caracas, re-establishing the Republic, with two "states", one in the west headed by Bolívar and one in the east headed by Mariño.
But neither the successful invasions nor Bolívar's decree were provoking a massive enrollment of pardos in the cause of Independence. Rather it was the other way around. In the llanos, a populist Spanish immigrant caudillo, José Tomás Boves, initiated a widespread pardo movement against the restored Republic. Bolívar and Ribas held and defended the mantuano-controlled center of Venezuela. In the east, the royalists started recovering territory. After suffering a setback, Mariño and Bolívar joined their forces, but they were defeated by Boves in 1814. Republicans were forced to evacuate Caracas and flee to the east, where, in the port of Carúpano, Piar was still holding out. Piar, however, did not accept Bolívar's supreme command, and once again Bolívar left Venezuela and went to New Granada (1815). (See Bolívar in New Granada).
Resistance to the Republic this time came from the people of the vast southern plains, the Llaneros, who organized under the command of Spanish immigrant, José Tomás Boves. The war was transformed. The Llaneros had a dislike for the urban and elite Criollos who led the independence movement. Boves's Llanero army routinely killed white Venezuelans.[2] Negroes were supplied with maps and lists of rebel plantations by royalists. The Llanero army routed the patriots in the center of the country. Finally Boves marched towards Caracas, forcing the Republicans to flee to the east of the country, ending the second republic. Boves died shortly thereafter in battle, but the country had been returned to royalist control.
Spanish reconquest of New Granada (1815–1816)[edit]
Main article: Spanish reconquest of New Granada
In Spain, anti-French forces had liberated the country, and the restored Ferdinand VII sent a large expeditionary force to Venezuela and New Granada under Pablo Morillo, who had distinguished himself during Spain's War of Independence. The traditional image of the Venezuelan llanos swarming with caudillos like Boves exaggerates the situation. Boves was the only significant pro-Spain caudillo and he was acting in concert with Francisco Tomás Morales, who was a regular officer of Spain. In the Battle of Urica, Boves was killed and Morales took command and carried out mopping up operations against the remaining patriot resistance, which included the capture and execution of Ribas. As was still common in the early 19th century, Morales had his head boiled in oil (to preserve it) and sent to Caracas. (See the Execution of Miguel Hidalgo in Mexico.) Morillo arrived in Venezuela and began operations with Morales.
Royalist forces under Morillo and Morales captured Cartagena and Bogotá in 1816. Before leaving for New Granada Morillo had decommissioned most of the irregular forces that had fought under Boves, except those that he took to New Granada. With little prospects, some pardos and llaneros began to join the rebellions that were breaking out against Spanish rule in the broad plains of southern Venezuela. In the meantime, Bolívar chose to sail to Jamaica to enlist British aid, which was refused. From there, he went to Haiti, which had been the first Latin American republic to become independent. With the support of the Haitian president Alexandre Pétion and with the naval aid of Luis Brión, another émigré, who was a merchant from Curaçao, Bolívar returned to Margarita Island, a secure republican redoubt, but his command of the republican forces was still not firm. Mariño, who had come back with Bolívar from Haiti, headed his own expeditions and succeeded in temporarily capturing Cumaná in 1817. With Brión supplying a small fleet, Bolívar sailed west along the Venezuelan coast to Ocumare de la Costa (the Expedition of Los Cayos), where, in fulfillment of Pétion's request, he officially proclaimed the end of slavery (although this went unheeded). Morales, back in Venezuela after subduing New Granada, attacked the republican expeditionary force with an army that vastly outnumbered the republicans. Bolívar fled, sailing once again to Haiti with Brión. However, Piar and Gregor MacGregor, a Scottish soldier of fortune, who had previously been active in New Granada, managed to escape with their forces into the interior of the country, defeating Moreles at El Juncal in September 1816 before moving south to Guayana.
Boves's locally raised Llanero army was replaced in 1815 by a formal expedition sent from Spain under the leadership of Pablo Morillo. It was the largest expedition the Spanish had ever sent to the Americas. Venezuela's proximity to Cuba, Puerto Rico and Spain made it the first target of the royalist counterattack. The Llaneros were either demobilized or incorporated into the expeditionary units. The republican patriots found themselves once more dispersed, and again the war took a local character. Different patriot guerrilla bands formed, but could not agree on a united leadership, much less a united strategy. One group of patriots launched an expedition to eastern Venezuela that ended in failure. Bolívar thereafter sought to join forces with Manuel Piar, another patriot leader but differences between them prevented a united republican front. Bolívar then went to the Llanos where he joined forces with José Antonio Páez, but a failed attack on central Venezuela forced Bolivar to retreat back to Apure. Morillo counterattacked successfully but was defeated at the Battle of Las Queseras del Medio. A long-term stalemate ensued in which the royalists controlled the highly populated, urban north and the republicans the vast, under-populated plains of the south.
Stalemate (1816–1819)[edit]
Bolívar and Brión returned and tried in 1817 to capture Barcelona, where the Spaniards repulsed them. In the meantime, Piar and Mariño had occupied defenceless Angostura (a city at the narrowest and deepest part of the Orinoco River, hence its name, subsequently changed to Ciudad Bolívar), to where Bolívar headed and was chosen as supreme leader of the independence movement. (It was at this time that Bolívar ordered the addition of a new star for Guayana to the seven stars on the Venezuelan flag, which represented the number of provinces that originally had favored independence. Since Bolívar played a central role in the symbolism of the Venezuelan government led by Chávez, this long-forgotten change was revived in the 2006 revision to the flag.) Once in Guayana, Bolívar quickly cashiered Piar, who had been trying (or was accused of trying—historians still debate this) to form a pardo force of his own, by having him arrested and executed after a court martial in which Brión was one of the judges. British veterans of the Napoleonic wars began arriving in Venezuela, where they formed the nucleus of what later became known as the British Legion. Morillo returned to Caracas and Morales was given troops to dominate eastern Venezuela, which he did successfully. Francisco de Paula Santander, a New Granadan who had retreated to the llanos after Morillo's invasion, met with Bolívar and agreed to join forces. Morillo's other lieutenant, the second in command of the expeditionary force, Miguel de la Torre, was ordered to put down a significant rebellion in the llanos of Apure led by José Antonio Páez. At the time in the Southern Cone of South America, José de San Martín had concluded the liberation of Chile with the essential support of the Chilean Bernardo O'Higgins.
The year 1818 saw a stalemate between the patriots based in Angostura (and free-wheeling in part of the llanos) and Morillo (entrenched in Caracas, triumphant in eastern Venezuela, and operating in the llanos as far as Apure). This is the time during which (according to Marx), Bolívar dilly-dallied and lost one skirmish after another, also saying that European officers in Angostura were egging him on to attack the center of Venezuela. (Bolívar did attempt to do so, but suffered defeat at La Puerta.) At the time James Rooke did in fact command over 1,000 European soldiers within Bolívar's army in Venezuela. But Morillo had larger forces, and not just of Spanish line troops but also of pardos still loyal to the Spanish crown.
In 1819 Bolívar proclaimed the republic of Great Colombia, which included Venezuela and New Granada. New volunteers arrived in Venezuela, though most, like those that preceded them, were in essence mercenaries probably under the illusion that there were fortunes to be made in Venezuela, which was hardly the case. There is no evidence that the British government was backing them, but since Spain was no longer a British ally, it wasn’t hindering them either. In Europe, generally, Bolívar's name was known as was the Spanish American movement for independence, which had the sympathy of every liberal-minded person, as did the independence of Greece, then also in the process of emancipation. Morillo had his hands full and pardos were starting to look towards patriot leaders. Campaigns in eastern Venezuela began turning the tide for independence and in the llanos Páez defeated Morillo and Morales in Apure. This cleared the way for Bolívar and Santander to invade New Granada, where, in Pantano de Vargas, the Spaniards were defeated in a battle in which the British Legion played a central role and its commander, Rooke, was killed in action. In the battle of Boyacá (1819), Spanish power was crushed in New Granada, except in the south. Páez occupied Barinas and, from New Granada, Bolívar invaded Venezuela.
Consolidation of independence[edit]
Main article: Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada
Detail of The Battle of Carabobo (1887) by Martín Tovar y Tovar. Federal Capitol of Venezuela.
In 1819, to break this impasse Bolívar invaded New Granada, which had been reconquered by Morillo's expeditionary force three years earlier. Bolívar decisively defeated the royalists at Boyacá. With the liberation of New Granada, the republicans had a significant base from which to attack Morillo's forces. A republican Congress at Angostura (today Ciudad Bolívar), which already had a small New Granada delegation, declared the union of New Granada and Venezuela in a Republic of Colombia (the Gran Colombia of contemporary accounts) to present a united front against the Spanish Monarchy.
In 1821, the Gran Colombian army won a decisive victory at the second Battle of Carabobo, after which the only cities in the hands of the royalist forces were Cumaná, which fell shortly thereafter, and Puerto Cabello, which managed to resist a siege before finally capitulating in October 1823.
Aftermath[edit]
The Spanish sent a fleet in 1823 to reconquer the country but were defeated at the Battle of Lake Maracaibo.[3] In the following years Venezuelan forces, as part of the army of Gran Colombia, continued campaigning under the leadership of Bolívar to liberate the southern parts of New Granada and Ecuador. Once this was accomplished, Gran Colombia continued its fight against the Spanish in Peru and Bolivia, completing the efforts of Chilean and Argentine patriots, such as José de San Martín, who liberated southern South America.
See also[edit]
Spanish American wars of independence portal
Venezuela portal
Military career of Simón Bolívar
Simón Bolívar
Eulalia Ramos
Spanish American wars of independence
Latin American wars of independence
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Arana, M., 2013, Bolivar, New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 9781439110195, pp. 186
Jump up ^ Parma, Alessandro. A First-Hand Impreof the Venezuelan Opposition VenezuelaAnalysis.com. 25 November 2005.
Jump up ^ Global Alliance for Public Relations and Communication Management. Venezuela, 13.
Further reading[edit]
Harvey, Robert. Liberators: Latin America`s Struggle For Independence, 1810-1830. John Murray, London (2000). ISBN 0-7195-5566-3
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Gran Colombian independence
Background
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values: Guerra d'independència de Veneçuela – Catalan

values: Unabhängigkeitskriege in Venezuela – German

values: Guerra de Independencia de Venezuela – Spanish

values: جنگ استقلال ونزوئلا – Persian

values: Guerre d'indépendance du Venezuela – French

values: Guerra d'indipendenza del Venezuela – Italian

values: ომი ვენესუელის დამოუკიდებლობისათვის – Georgian

values: Den venezuelanske uavhengighetskrigen – Norwegian

values: Războiul de Independență al Venezuelei – Romanian

values: Венесуэльская война за независимость – Russian

values: Рат за независност Венецуеле – Serbian

values: Venezuelanski rat za nezavisnost – Serbo-Croatian

values: Venezuelanska självständighetskriget – Swedish

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