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Economics and patents
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Patent law
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v
t
e
Patents are legal instruments intended to encourage innovation by providing a limited monopoly to the inventor (or their assignee) in return for the disclosure of the invention.[1] The underlying assumption is that innovation is encouraged because an inventor can secure exclusive rights, and therefore a higher probability of financial rewards in the market place. The publication of the invention is mandatory to get a patent. Keeping the same invention as a trade secret, rather than disclose by publication, could prove valuable well beyond the time of any limited patent term, but at the risk of congenial invention through third party.
Contents
[hide]
1 Costs, benefits, risks of the patent system to the public
1.1 Economics of probabilistic patents
2 Macroeconomic perspective
3 Microeconomic perspective
4 Innovation
5 Patent valuation
6 See also
7 Notes and references
8 External links
Costs, benefits, risks of the patent system to the public[edit]
The patent system is designed to encourage innovation. This is because patents, by conferring rights on the owner to exclude competitors from the market, presumably offer the incentive for people to study new technology.
In some fields, particularly pharmaceuticals, it is also argued that the monopoly of the patent in the market allows the owner recover the huge expenses invested in the research and development phase.[2]
While patent offices in the economically advanced world have numerous procedures in effect to determine the validity and proper scope of a patent application, nevertheless some patents still issue that are not an advance on the existing state-of-the-art, or would otherwise be invalid if challenged. The system corrects these mistakes by maintaining the right to nullify inappropriately issued patents. However, only very small fraction of patent disputes ever go to court because of high litigation costs. A study in 2005 showed that among 200,000 patents that are issued every year, only 1.5 percent of patents are ever litigated, and only 0.1 percent of patents are ever litigated to trial.[3] This means the majority of patent disputes are either overlooked or settled privately. While private settlement is a cost-effective way to balance the commercial interests of two firms, the public does not benefit from it. Because of the private nature of such settlements, there is no open discussion that would clarify the scope of rights under a particular patent and the opportunity to invalidate the patent is lost. Other competitors do not benefit, and costs across the industry are not reduced.
Economics of probabilistic patents[edit]
Economists Mark Lemley and Carl Shapiro argued that the patent granting process should be rethought because there are inherent uncertainties with the system. Uncertainty in patents can be found in the two fundamental dimensions:
uncertainty about the commercial significance of the invention being patented
uncertainty about the validity and scope of the legal right being granted.
Modeling the patents as probabilistic rights is helpful in bringing down the social costs of the system, while continuing to encourage innovation and technology dissemination.[3]
Macroeconomic perspective[edit]
The patent system affects the economy as a whole. The benefits of new results, once the research is publicly known, are available to all in the relevant field, thereby bringing advantages to all parties in that field, though reducing the direct return to the party performing the pioneering research. This reduces economic incentive for a party to conduct research and innovate.[citation needed]
The effects of patents on a given market may vary widely according to the type of market, and whether there are other barriers to entry (e.g., business methods versus regulated medications).[citation needed]
Even in socialist monopole economies, the adherence to international patent laws was or becomes strict, as the effect is reciprocal for public economy, as soon as the level of technology development in these economies creates comparable advantage.[4]
However, since patents essentially encourage innovation by giving owners the right to monopolize the market for a limited time, the public will suffer from the patents that are not innovative by paying a supracompetitive cost.
Another dilemma regarding the patent system’s effectiveness is that if the validity and scope were unclear at the issuance, it will always be corrected because other competitors will cause the case to the court and then we could either reevaluate the scope through discussion or invalidate the patent for public good. However, studies of the USPTO data showed that only very few patents are litigated to trial.[3]
Farrell and Merges (2004) pointed out that two reasons have kept individual firms accused of patent infringement from challenging the patent's holders. The first one is the public good problem, which means that once the patent is nullified, the competitors of the accused firm will benefit from the outcome. The other reason is that in many cases they can pass-through the uniform royalty costs in the form of higher prices.[5]
Microeconomic perspective[edit]
The economics surrounding a single patent, or group of patents, revolves around the balance between the expense of maintaining the patent(s), and the income derived from owning that/those patents.[6] Similarly the economics of whether to seek a patent present similar concerns with the added up-front costs of obtaining the patent.
The grant of a patent provides the inventor temporarily with an exclusive legal right, thereby securing a means to redeem the costs of research (by charging a higher price for its invention or by license fees from others who wish to practice it).
A patent is an exclusionary right – preventing others from entering the market – and so its effect may be to increase the patent proprietor's income from that market. The major economic effect is the exclusivity period of the patent rights, when exploitation pays back for the enterprise that funded research and development. However, patenting alone does not guarantee for marketing success.
The right to exclude others from entering market with copies is, however, potentially extremely valuable as it can mean total exclusivity in that market for the duration of the patent (generally 20 years from filing). For example, worldwide sales of a patented pharmaceutical can be millions of dollars per day, whereas the generic equivalent would later sell for less than half the price.
Income improvement from a patent is difficult to measure. One may attempt to measure the difference in price between an "improved" product and its "unimproved" counterpart, or compare the price of the product with that in markets where (or when) it has not been patented. More directly measurable income is that which is received from the licensing or sale of patent rights, or from successful litigation of infringement.
Innovation[edit]
Under traditional patent doctrine, innovation is spurred by patent law in at least two ways. (1) The inventor can secure exclusive rights, and therefore working on innovation gives the inventor a higher probability of financial rewards in the market place.[7] (2) Publishing the invention, rather than keeping it a trade secret allows others to build upon the technology.[8] Both of these have been challenged based upon economic analysis. The "rewards" theory has been criticized as ignoring the risky prospective nature of the "reward",[9] and the post patent costs of cost-engineering and marketing.[8][10] The "publication of the patent as spurring innovation" branch has been criticized indicating that it produces patent thickets and encouraging others to design around existing technology rather than to build upon it.[11]
As early as 1986, empirical research into the effect of patent law on innovation found "its effects in this regard are very small in most of the industries we studied".[12] In 2013, Boldrin and Levine concluded that "while patents can have a partial equilibrium effect of improving incentives to invent, the general equilibrium effect on innovation can be negative."[13] Other patent modeling research suggests that rather than encouraging innovation, patents can hinder development, lower R&D investments, and decrease overall economic output.[14]
Patent valuation[edit]
Main article: Patent valuation
Patents are not intrinsically valuable, in the sense that a patent is not economically an "end in itself."[15] Rather, a patent claiming an invention with market demand would likely have economic value because the patent holder can exclude others from making, importing, using, and offering for sale, or selling that invention throughout the jurisdiction (the U.S.A. for example [16]) and sell the product at a monopoly price. Without alternative suppliers for the patented good or technology, the price the patentee is able to charge would likely be greater than the competitive price (the price in a competitive equilibrium). This portion of incremental profit would only be attributable to the patent and would therefore be the value of the patent.[15]
Patent value, like value of other property, may fluctuate over time, as markets change.[17] What was once a pioneering invention may be soon outsold by an unpatented (and non-infringing) competitor catering to fringe adopters with products having features even more desirable than the invention.[17] Contrarily, a strong patent grip could stagnate a narrow market as innovation is no longer justified, eventually resulting in reduced demand (for outmoded and over-priced products), and thus reduced patent value, as the market moves away.[18][19][20]
A particularly difficult question of value arises where inventors/owners use their patents to extract other advantages without actually marketing the invention (e.g., cross-licensing of related patents to avoid litigation, or suppressing a technology that could compete with the owner's other products).[21] How can one determine the value of a patented product (and the underlying patent) that has not actually been produced, let alone sold in any quantity? Furthermore, many products incorporate numerous patented inventions (owned or licensed), and may carry exclusive trademarks, making it difficult to attribute a specific value to an individual patent. Would the same invention be as valuable if owned and marketed under a weak brand?[citation needed]
In 2005, the European Commission published a comprehensive study of the value of patents for patent owners as well as for the European economy.[22] The study was in part based on a survey of 20,000 patent owners who applied for EPO patents between 1993 and 1997. The survey was performed in 2003. 9000 patent owners responded. The patent owners were asked how much effort was required to produce their inventions and how much monetary value their patents had been worth. The median effort to create the patentable invention was 1 person-year, with 10% of the patent owners requiring 2 or more person-years. The median value of the patents produced was €300,000, with 10% of patent owners reporting values of €10 million Euros or more.
In certain cases,[which?][23] patents may be valued using the techniques developed for financial options, as applied via a real options framework.[24] The key parallel is that a patent provides its owner the right to exclude others from using the underlying invention, so both patents and stock options represent a right to exploit an asset in the future, and to exclude others from using it. The patent (option) will have value to the buyer (owner) only to the extent that the expected price in the future exceeds the opportunity cost of earning just as much in a risk-less alternative. Thus patent rights can be thought of as corresponding to a call option and may be valued correspondingly.[clarification needed][23] See Option pricing approaches under Business valuation for further discussion.
See also[edit]
Software patent debate
Prizes as an alternative to patents
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ "[1]" http://www.uspto.gov/web/menu/intro.html → Article 1, Section 8 of the United States Constitution
Jump up ^ Werth, Barry (2013). "Tale of Two Drugs". MIT Technology Review. 116 (6). Archived from the original on 10 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lemley, Mark A.; Shapiro, Carl (2005). "Probabilistic Patents" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 19 (2): 75–98. doi:10.1257/0895330054048650. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2005.
Jump up ^ Langinier, Corinne; GianCarlo, Moschini. "Chapter 3: The Economics of Patents: An Overview". In Newman, Scott; Rothschild, Max Frederick. Intellectual Property Rights and Patenting in Animal Breeding and Genetics (PDF). Oxford, England: CABI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85199-838-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2004.
Jump up ^ Farrell, Joseph; Merges, Robert P. (2004). "Incentives to Challenge and Defend Patents: Why Litigation Won't Reliably Fix Patent Office Errors and Why Administrative Patent Review Might Help". Berkeley Technology Law Journal. 19 (1): 943–970, page 956. Archived from the original on 10 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Kryazhimskii, Arkadii; Watanabe, Chihiro; Tou, Y. (2002). "Dynamic model of market of patents and equilibria in technology stocks". Computers & Mathematics with Applications. 44 (7): 979–995. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.199.4968  . doi:10.1016/s0898-1221(02)00208-0.
Jump up ^ Rich, Giles S. (1972). "Laying the Ghost of the 'Invention' Requirement". American Intellectual Property Law Quarterly Journal. 1 (1): 26–45, page 26.
^ Jump up to: a b Spulber, Daniel E. (2014). "Patents are the Foundation of the Market for Inventions" (PDF). Northwestern University School of Law. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Kitch, Edmund W. (1977). "The Nature and Function of the Patent System" (PDF). Journal of Law & Economics. 20 (2): 265–267, page 266. doi:10.1086/466903. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Daily, James E.; Kieff, F. Scott (2013). "Anything Under The Sun Made By Humans: Patent Law Doctrines As Endogenous Institutions For Commercializing Innovation" (PDF). Emory Law Journal. 62 (4): 967–981, page 973 ff. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Hargreaves, Ian (2011). Digital opportunity: a review of intellectual property and growth: an independent report (PDF). London: Intellectual Property Office, United Kingdom. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Mansfield, Edwin (1986). "Patents and innovation: an empirical study" (PDF). Management Science. 32 (2): 173–181, page 180. doi:10.1287/mnsc.32.2.173. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Boldrin, Michele; Levine, David K. (2013). "The Case Against Patents" (PDF). The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 27 (1): 3–22, page 3. doi:10.1257/jep.27.1.3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Torrance, Andrew W.; Tomlinson (2009). "Patents and the Regress of Useful Arts" (PDF). Columbia Science and Technology Law Review. 10: 130–168. SSRN 1411328  . Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Torres, Fernando. "Thee Patent Value Guide: General Principles". Archived from the original on 16 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "What is a patent?". United States Patent and Trademark Office.
^ Jump up to: a b Reitzig, Markus (2003). "What determines patent value?-Insights from the semiconductor industry". Research Policy. 32 (1): 13–26. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00193-7.
Jump up ^ Sheremata, Willow A. (1997). "Barriers to innovation: A monopoly, network externalities, and the speed of innovation". The Antitrust Bulletin. 42 (4): 937–972, pages 962–963.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, Carl (1999). "Exclusivity in Network Industries" (PDF). George Mason Law Review. 7: 673–683, pages 675–677. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2004.
Jump up ^ Park, Jae Hun (2010). Patents and Industry Standards. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-84980-011-2.
Jump up ^ Andersen, Birgitte; Rosli, Ainurul Afizah (2009). "Economic Strategies and Patent Governance of UK Software Firms: A Study on Financial Benefits, Reputation and Positioning" (PDF). 4th Annual Conference of the EPIP Association, Bologna, 24-25.09/2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Gambardella, Alfonso; et al. (9 May 2005). "Study on Evaluation the Knowledge Economy – What are Patents Actually Worth?" (PDF). European Commission, Directorate-General for Internal Market. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b See for example: Pitkethly, Robert (1997), The Valuation of Patents: A review of patent valuation methods with consideration of option based methods and the potential for further research (PDF), Judge Institute Working Paper WP 21/97, Cambridge, England: The Judge Institute of Management Studies, archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2014 ; and Reitzig, Markus (2006). "Chapter 15: Valuing patents and patent portfolios from a corporate perspective: theoretical considerations, applied needs and future challenges". In Bosworth, Derek L.; Webster, Elizabeth. The Management of Intellectual Property. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84542-112-0.
Jump up ^ See Aswath Damodaran: Applications Of Option Pricing Theory To Equity Valuation and Option Pricing Applications in Valuation; Fernando Torres MSc. Conceptual Patent Value Framework, The Patent Value Guide.
External links[edit]
Henderson, David R. (2002). "Patents". Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (1st ed.). Library of Economics and Liberty. OCLC 317650570, 50016270, 163149563
Economic Development and Patents and Competition and Patents on the WIPO web site
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text:
Nigeria national under-17 football team
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Nigeria U-17
Nickname(s)
Golden Eaglets
Association
Nigeria Football Association
Confederation
CAF (Africa)
Head coach
Emmanuel Amuneke[1]
Captain
Kelechi Nwakali
Home stadium
Abuja Stadium
FIFA code
NGA
First colours
Second colours
Africa U-17 Cup of Nations
Appearances
8 (first in 1995)
Best result
Champions, 2001, 2007
FIFA U-17 World Cup
Appearances
11 (first in 1985)
Best result
Champions, 1985, 1993, 2007, 2013, 2015
Nigeria national under-17 football team
Medal record
U-17 World Cup
1985 China Team
1993 Japan Team
2007 South Korea Team
2013 United Arab Emirates Team
2015 Chile Team
The Golden Eaglets are Nigeria's national under-17 football team.[2]
Contents
1 History
2 Honours
3 Competitive record
3.1 FIFA U-17 World Cup record
3.2 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations record
4 Staff
4.1 Management
4.2 Sports
4.3 Medical
5 Current squad
5.1 Other players
6 Notable former players
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
The team won the maiden edition of FIFA U-17 World Cup in 1985 at China, the 1985 Edition tournament was sponsored by Kodak (when it was known as the U-16 tournament), 1993, 2007, 2013, and 2015 (Becoming only the second team since Brazil to win it back to back); making them the first team ever to win the junior world cup five times.[3] They also won the African Under-17 Championship in 2001 and 2007, and were runners-up in 1995.
After the 2007 victory there was some discussion as to whether the success should be rewarded in the form of cash, or if longer-term investments were more suitable for teenage players. It was pointed out that some previous players had found themselves reduced to poverty due to injury or mismanagement of their funds.[3]
Heading into the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup, head coach Henry Nwosu was replaced by John Obuh, coach of Kwara United.[4]
Although Nigeria failed to qualify for the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup, they participated again in the 2013 edition of the tournament. Planning was thrown into disarray however in August when key members of the team was determined by MRI scanning to be overage and excluded from the team.[5] In their first match, the team defeated the defending champions Mexico with a 6-1 score. They only failed to defeat Sweden in the group stage, but they did so in the semi-finals. In the final match they faced and defeated Mexico for a second time, obtaining their fourth U-17 World Cup and becoming the national team to win the most U-17 tournaments so far.
The team were again the subject of age cheating accusations when 26 members, almost half, of the squad failed MRI tests in 2016.[6]
Honours[edit]
Africa U-17 Cup of Nations
Winners (2): 2001, 2007
Runners-up (2): 1995, 2013
Third (1): 2003
FIFA U-17 World Cup
Winners (5): 1985, 1993, 2007, 2013, 2015
Runners-up (3): 1987, 2001, 2009
Competitive record[edit]
FIFA U-17 World Cup record[edit]
FIFA U-17 World Cup record
Year
Round
Position
GP
W
D*
L
GS
GA
1985 Champions 1st 6 5 1 0 10 2
1987 Runners-up 2nd 6 3 2 1 7 5
1989 Quarter-Finals 6th 4 2 2 0 7 0
1991 Did Not Qualify
1993 Champions 1st 6 6 0 0 20 3
1995 Quarter-Finals 7th 4 2 1 1 6 4
1997 Did Not Qualify
1999
2001 Runners-up 2nd 6 5 0 1 14 5
2003 Group Stage 11th 3 1 1 1 3 3
2005 Did Not Qualify
2007 Champions 1st 7 6 1 0 16 4
2009 Runners-up 2nd 7 5 1 1 17 7
2011 Did Not Qualify
2013 Champions 1st 7 6 1 0 26 5
2015 Champions 1st 7 6 0 1 23 5
2017 Did Not Qualify
Total 11/17 5 Titles 63 47 10 6 149 43
Africa U-17 Cup of Nations record[edit]
African U-17 Championship
Year
Round
Position
GP
W
D*
L
GS
GA
1995 Runners-up 2nd 5 4 0 1 13 5
1997 Did not qualify - - - - - - -
1999 Group stage 6th 3 1 1 1 5 5
2001 Champions 1st 5 3 2 0 13 4
2003 Third Place 3rd 5 4 0 1 9 2
2005 Group stage 6th 3 1 1 1 8 6
2007 Champions 1st 5 5 0 0 15 1
2009 Did not qualify - - - - - - -
2011 Did not qualify - - - - - - -
2013 Runners-up 2nd 5 3 1 1 18 5
2015 Fourth place 4th 5 2 1 2 7 6
2017 Did not qualify - - - - - - -
Total 8/12 2 titles 36 23 6 7 88 34
A gold background colour indicates that Nigeria won the tournament.
*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.
Staff[edit]
Management[edit]
Team Coordinator: Suleiman Abubakar
Secretary: Egbaiyelo Tayo
Media Coordinator: Morakinyo Abodunrin
Sports[edit]
Head Coach: Garba Manu[7]
Assistant Coaches: Nduka Ugbade[7] and Emmanuel Amuneke[7]
Goalkeeper Coach: Emeka Amadi[7]
Medical[edit]
Doctor: Olarinoye Ayodeji
Physiotherapist: Oyegunna Gabriel
Equipment Manager: Mohammed Kafa Usman
Current squad[edit]
List of players named for the 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup:[8]
No.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club
16 1GK
Akpan David Udoh
(1999-07-18) 18 July 1999 (age 19) 4
21 1GK
Chisom Chiaha
1 1GK
Amos Innocent Benjamin
(1998-12-22) 22 December 1998 (age 19) 1 0
2 2DF
Lazarus John
(1998-06-06) 6 June 1998 (age 20)
3 2DF
Musa Oyemeike Chibogwu
(1998-12-31) 31 December 1998 (age 19) 4 0 Sunshine Stars
5 2DF
Godwin Okachukwu Igwe
(1999-12-12) 12 December 1999 (age 18) 3 0
16 2DF
ASUToMbechukwu Ibe
14 2DF
Ejike Ikwu
2DF
Zakari Lukman Hilaru
(1998-12-23) 23 December 1998 (age 19) 8 1
6 2DF
Uzama Douglas
(1998-12-07) 7 December 1998 (age 19) 8 1 Karamone
4 3MF
Dali Duru
12 December 1999 (age 16) 8 6 Hurstville City Minotaurs FC
3MF
Michael Dogo Kingsley
(1999-08-26) 26 August 1999 (age 18)
8 3MF
Samuel Chukwueze
3 Arsenal
18 3MF
Ikechukwu Okechukwu Leonard
6 4
11 3MF
Chinedu Madueke
12 3MF
Chukwudi Agor
1
13 3MF
Joel Osikel
10 3MF
Kelechi Nwakali
(1998-06-05) 5 June 1998 (age 20) 2 Arsenal
9 4FW
Victor Osimhen
(1998-12-29) 29 December 1998 (age 19) 10 VfL Wolfsburg
15 4FW
Udochukwu Anumudu
1
7 4FW
Funsho Bamgboye
1 Aspire Academy
17 4FW
Christian Ebere
(1998-04-04) 4 April 1998 (age 20) 2
19 4FW
Okoli Anthony Chibuike
(1999-07-27) 27 July 1999 (age 19) 8 4
20 4FW
Orji Okwonkwo
(1998-01-19) 19 January 1998 (age 20) 1
Other players[edit]
Players used for 2015 African Under-17 Championship and qualification:[9]
No.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club
1GK
Abdallah Suleiman Mai Ashafa
(1999-02-19) 19 February 1999 (age 19) Dabo
21 1GK
Emeka Nwokoecha
(1998-08-02) 2 August 1998 (age 20)
2DF
Gabriel Osho
(1998-08-14) 14 August 1998 (age 19) 1 Reading
3 2DF
Usman Abass
(1998-07-10) 10 July 1998 (age 20) 4 0 FS Metta
4 2DF
Saddam Awal
(1998-11-24) 24 November 1998 (age 19)
2DF
Chibueze Sunday Kanu
(1998-09-14) 14 September 1998 (age 19)
15 2DF
Bamidele Samuel Ayodeji
(1998-09-03) 3 September 1998 (age 19)
20 3MF
Ikechukwu Okechukwu Leonard
(1998-10-07) 7 October 1998 (age 19) 3 2
Adeyemi Adeyinka
(1998-05-06) 6 May 1998 (age 20)
23 4FW
Maduka Emmanuel
(1999-11-08) 8 November 1999 (age 18) 1 1
2DF
Mohammed Anas
(1998-06-19) 19 June 1998 (age 20) 4 0
3MF
Promise Orji
(1998-12-28) 28 December 1998 (age 19)
7 3MF
Suleiman Abdullahi
(1998-03-22) 22 March 1998 (age 20)
15 2DF
Bamidele Samuel Ayodeji
(1998-09-03) 3 September 1998 (age 19)
3MF
Jack Ipalibo
(1998-04-06) 6 April 1998 (age 20) 2 0
Nuhu Umar
(1998-12-20) 20 December 1998 (age 19)
4FW
Okoli Anthony Chibuike
(1999-07-27) 27 July 1999 (age 19) 8 4
Ernest Agenor
(1998-04-15) 15 April 1998 (age 20)
11 4FW
Christian Charles
(1998-02-20) 20 February 1998 (age 20)
19 4FW
Suleiman Muhammed
(2000-02-15) 15 February 2000 (age 18)
14 4FW
Nazifi Yahaya
(2000-12-16) 16 December 2000 (age 17)
Notable former players[edit]
Macauley Chrisantus
John Obi Mikel
Philip Osondu
David Nworah Ifeanyi
Celestine Babayaro
Mohammed Aliyu
Sani Emmanuel
Terry Envoh
Omoh Ojabu
James Obiorah
Stanley Okoro
Wilson Oruma
Nwankwo Kanu
Nduka Ugbade
Victor Ikpeba
Kelechi Iheanacho
Austin Okocha
Samuel Okwaraji
See also[edit]
Super Eagles (Nigeria national football team)
Flying Eagles (Nigeria national under-20 football team)
African U-17 Championship
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Emmanuel Amunike named Nigeria U17 coach". Goal.com. 25 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Fifa U17 World Cup: Champions Nigeria must avoid stereotypes in modern age | The National". Thenational.ae. 2013-11-09. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nigeria: Golden Eaglets - Return of the Argonauts". Archived from the original on 6 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Egbokhan, John (13 August 2009). "Nwosu predicts doom for Eaglets". Retrieved 15 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Okeleji, Oluwashina (19 August 2013). "Nigeria U-17 players fail age tests ahead of the World Cup". BBC. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nigeria's under-17 squad wiped out as half are older than 17". BBC. 5 August 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Jonathan splashes cash on Golden Eaglets". Premiumtimesng.com. 2013-05-22. Retrieved 2013-06-03.
Jump up ^ "Amuneke Picks Nwakali, Osimhen, 19 others For Chile". 9 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "CAF - Competitions - 11TH EDITION OF THE AFRICAN U-17 CHAMPIONSHIP - Match Details". www.cafonline.com. Confederation of African Football.
External links[edit]
Official website of the Nigerian Football Federation
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1985: Nigeria
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