text:
Geography of Turkey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Further information: Capes of Turkey, List of cities in Turkey, List of districts of Turkey, Environmental issues in Turkey, Gulfs of Turkey, List of islands of Turkey, Category:Lakes of Turkey, Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey, Category:Mountains of Turkey, Peninsulas of Turkey, Provinces of Turkey, Geographical regions of Turkey, and Category:Rivers of Turkey
Geography of Turkey
Continent
Europe and Asia
Region
Southeastern Europe and Western Asia
Coordinates
39°00′N 35°00′E / 39.000°N 35.000°E / 39.000; 35.000
Area
Ranked 37th
• Total
783,562 km2 (302,535 sq mi)
• Land
98%
• Water
2%
Coastline
7,200 km (4,500 mi)
Borders
Total land borders: 2648 km
Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 352 km, Syria 822 km
Highest point
Mount Ağrı (Ararat)
5,137 m
Lowest point
Mediterranean Sea
0 m
Longest river
Kızılırmak
1,350 km
Largest lake
Van
3,755 km2 (1,449.81 sq mi)
Turkey is situated in Anatolia (95%) and the Balkans (5%),[1] bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria. The geographic coordinates of the country lie at: 39°00′N 35°00′E / 39.000°N 35.000°E / 39.000; 35.000
The area of Turkey is 783,562 km2 (302,535 sq mi);[2] land: 770,760 km2 (297,592 sq mi), water: 9,820 km2 (3,792 sq mi).
Turkey extends more than 1,600 km (994 mi) from west to east but generally less than 800 km (497 mi) from north to south. The total area (of about 783,562 km2 (302,535 sq mi)) consists of about 756,816 km2 (292,208 sq mi) in Western Asia (Anatolia) and about 23,764 km2 (9,175 sq mi) in Southeastern Europe (Thrace).
Anatolia (Turkish: Anadolu) is a large, roughly rectangular peninsula, situated In Asia. The Anatolian part of Turkey accounts for 95% of the country's area. It is also known as Asia Minor, Asiatic Turkey or the Anatolian Plateau. The term Anatolia is most frequently used in specific reference to the large, semiarid central plateau, which is rimmed by hills and mountains that in many places limit access to the fertile, densely settled coastal regions.
The European portion of Turkey, known as Thrace (Turkish: Trakya), encompasses roughly 5%[1] of the total area but is home to more than 10% of the total population. Istanbul, the largest city of Thrace and Turkey, has a population of 11,372,613. Thrace is separated from Anatolia (the Asian portion of Turkey) by the Bosphorus (Turkish: İstanbul Boğazı), the Sea of Marmara (Turkish: Marmara Denizi), and the Dardanelles (Turkish: Çanakkale Boğazı); which collectively form the strategic Turkish Straits that link the Aegean Sea with the Black Sea. Mount Ararat, Turkey's tallest mountain with an elevation of 5,137 m (16,854 ft), is the legendary landing place of Noah's Ark and is located in the far eastern portion of the country.
Contents
1 External boundaries
2 Regions
2.1 Black Sea Region
2.2 Marmara Region
2.3 Aegean Region
2.4 Mediterranean Region
2.5 Central Anatolia Region
2.6 Eastern Anatolia Region
2.7 Southeastern Anatolia Region
3 Geology
4 Climate
5 Land use
6 Natural hazards
7 Environment
7.1 Current issues
7.2 Ratified international agreements
7.3 Signed but unratified international agreements
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Notes
10 External links
External boundaries[edit]
Land boundaries: 2,627 km (1,632 mi) border countries: Greece 206 km (128 mi), Bulgaria 240 km (149 mi), Georgia 252 km (157 mi), Armenia 268 km (167 mi), Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan) 9 km (6 mi), Iran 499 km (310 mi), Iraq 331 km (206 mi), Syria 822 km (511 mi).
Coastline: 7,200 km (4,474 mi) Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: in the Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSR territorial sea: 6 nmi (11.1 km; 6.9 mi) in the Aegean Sea; 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi) in Black Sea and in Mediterranean Sea
Surrounded by water on three sides and protected by high mountains along its eastern border, the country generally has well-defined natural borders. Its demarcated land frontiers were settled by treaty early in the twentieth century and have since remained stable.
The boundary with Greece was confirmed by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), which resolved persistent boundary and territorial claims involving areas in Thrace and provided for a population exchange (see: War of Independence). Under the agreement, most members of the sizable Greek-speaking community of western Turkey were forced to resettle in Greece, while the majority of the Turkish-speaking residents of Thrace who were not forced out during the Balkan wars were removed to Turkey.
The boundary with Bulgaria was confirmed by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923).
Since 1991 the more than 500 km (311 mi) boundary with the former Soviet Union, which was defined in the 1921 Treaty of Moscow (1921) and Treaty of Kars, has formed Turkey's borders with the independent countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia.
The boundary with Iran was confirmed by the Treaty of Kasr-ı Şirin in 1639.
The boundary with Iraq was confirmed by the Treaty of Angora (Ankara) in 1926. Turkey's two southern neighbors, Iraq and Syria, had been part of the Ottoman Empire up to 1918. According to the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), Turkey ceded all its claims to these two countries, which had been organized as League of Nations mandates under the governing responsibility of Britain and France, respectively. Turkey and Britain agreed the boundary in the Treaty of Angora (Ankara).
Turkey's boundary with Syria has not been accepted by Syria. As a result of the Treaty of Lausanne, the former Ottoman Sanjak (province) of Alexandretta (present-day Hatay Province) was ceded to the French which administered it on behalf of the League of Nations. However, in June 1939 the people of Hatay had formed a new independent State and immediately after, the parliament voted to unite with Turkey. Since achieving independence in 1946, Syria has harbored a lingering resentment and this issue has continued to be an irritant in Syrian-Turkish relations.
Ankara
Antalya
Muğla
Edirne
Istanbul
Izmir
Konya
Sinop
Sivas
Trabzon
Bursa
Erzincan
Kars
Adana
Kayseri
Van
Diyarbakır
G.Antep
Mersin
Hatay
Kastamonu
Erzurum
Samsun
Bolu
Çanakkale
Mardin
Eskişehir
Kocaeli
Ağrı
Malatya
Balıkesir
Aydın
Hakkâri
Ordu
Tekirdağ
Rize
Kütahya
Burdur
Isparta
Uşak
Yozgat
Karaman
Zonguldak
Kırklareli
Yalova
Denizli
Manisa
Afyon
Düzce
Bartın
Karabük
Kilis
Tunceli
Iğdır
Artvin
Çankırı
Çorum
Şırnak
Ş.Urfa
Tokat
Amasya
K.Maraş
Adıyaman
Niğde
Map of Turkey
Regions[edit]
Main article: Regions of Turkey
The 1st Geography Congress, held in Ankara City between 6–21 June 1941, divided Turkey into seven regions after long discussions and work.[3] These geographical regions were separated according to their climate, location, flora and fauna, human habitat, agricultural diversities, transportation, topography, etc.[3] At the end, 4 coastal regions and 3 inner regions were named according to their proximity to the four seas surrounding Turkey, and their positions in Anatolia.[3]
Distinct contrasts between the interior and the coastal areas of Turkey are manifested in landform regions, climate, soils, and vegetation.[3] The coastal areas are divided into the Black Sea region, the Marmara region, the Aegean region, and the Mediterranean region. The interior areas are divided into three regions: Central Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia and Southeastern Anatolia.[3]
Black Sea Region[edit]
Main article: Black Sea Region, Turkey
Uzungöl near Trabzon
The Black Sea region has a steep, rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges. A few larger rivers, those cutting back through the Pontic Mountains (Doğu Karadeniz Dağları), have tributaries that flow in broad, elevated basins. Access inland from the coast is limited to a few narrow valleys because mountain ridges, with elevations of 1,525 to 1,800 meters in the west and 3,000 to 4,000 meters in the east in Kaçkar Mountains, form an almost unbroken wall separating the coast from the interior. The higher slopes facing northwest tend to be densely forested. Because of these natural conditions, the Black Sea coast historically has been isolated from Anatolia.
Running from Zonguldak in the west to Rize in the east, the narrow coastal strip widens at several places into fertile, intensely cultivated deltas. The Samsun area, close to the midpoint, is a major tobacco-growing region; east of it are numerous citrus groves. East of Samsun, the area around Trabzon is world-renowned for the production of hazelnuts, and farther east the Rize region has numerous tea plantations. All cultivable areas, including mountain slopes wherever they are not too steep, are sown or used as pasture. The mild, damp climate of the Black Sea coast makes commercial farming profitable. The western part of the Black Sea region, especially the Zonguldak area, is a center of coal mining and heavy industry.
The North Anatolian Mountains in the north are an interrupted chain of folded highlands that generally parallel the Black Sea coast. In the west, the mountains tend to be low, with elevations rarely exceeding 1,500 meters, but they rise in an easterly direction to heights greater than 3,000 meters south of Rize. Lengthy, troughlike valleys and basins characterize the mountains. Rivers flow from the mountains toward the Black Sea. The southern slopes—facing the Anatolian Plateau—are mostly unwooded, but the northern slopes contain dense growths of both deciduous and evergreen trees.
Panoramic view of the Pontic Mountains in the Black Sea Region of Turkey>
Marmara Region[edit]
Main article: Marmara Region, Turkey
View of Bursa from the hills near Mount Uludağ, the ancient Mysian Olympus
The European portion of Turkey consists mainly of rolling plateau country well suited to agriculture. It receives about 520 millimeters of rainfall annually.
Densely populated, this area includes the cities of Istanbul and Edirne. The Bosphorus, which links the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, is about twenty-five kilometers long and averages 1.5 kilometers in width but narrows in places to less than 1000 meters. There are two suspension bridges over the Bosphorus, both its Asian and European banks rise steeply from the water and form a succession of cliffs, coves, and nearly landlocked bays. Most of the shores are densely wooded and are marked by numerous small towns and villages. The Dardanelles (ancient Hellespont) strait, which links the Sea of Marmara (ancient Propontis) and the Aegean Sea, is approximately forty kilometers long and increases in width toward the south. Unlike the Bosphorus, the Dardanelles has fewer settlements along its shores. The Saros Bay is located near the Gallipoli peninsula and is unliked because of dirty beaches. It is a favourite spot among scuba divers for the richness of its underwater fauna and is becoming increasingly popular due to its vicinity to Istanbul.
The most important valleys are the Kocaeli Valley, the Bursa Ovası (Bursa Basin), and the Plains of Troy (historically known as the Troad.) The valley lowlands around Bursa is densely populated.
Panoramic view of the Bosphorus strait, where Asia (in the background) and Europe (in the foreground) meet, with the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge at right>
Aegean Region[edit]
Main articles: Aegean Region, Turkey and Turkish Riviera
Beaches of Marmaris on the Turkish Riviera.
Located on the western side of Anatolia, the Aegean region has a fertile soil and a typically Mediterranean climate; with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. The broad, cultivated valley lowlands contain about half of the country's richest farmlands.
The largest city in the Aegean Region of Turkey is İzmir, which is also the country's third largest city and a major manufacturing center; as well as its second largest port after Istanbul.
Olive and olive oil production is particularly important for the economy of the region. The seaside town of Ayvalık and numerous towns in the provinces of Balıkesir, İzmir and Aydın are particularly famous for their olive oil and related products; such as soap and cosmetics.
The region also has many important centers of tourism which are known both for their historic monuments and for the beauty of their beaches; such as Assos, Ayvalık, Bergama, Foça, İzmir, Çeşme, Sardis, Ephesus, Kuşadası, Didim, Miletus, Bodrum, Marmaris, Datça and Fethiye.
Panoramic view of Paradise Bay in Bodrum, ancient Halicarnassus, the city of Herodotus and the home of the Mausoleum of Maussollos, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World>
Mediterranean Region[edit]
Main articles: Mediterranean Region, Turkey and Turkish Riviera
Beaches and marina of Kemer near Antalya on the Turkish Riviera
Toward the east, the extensive Çukurova Plain (historically known as the Cilician Plain) around Adana, Turkey's fifth most populous city, consist largely of reclaimed flood lands. In general, rivers have not cut valleys to the sea in the western part of the region. Historically, movement inland from the western Mediterranean coast was difficult. East of Adana, much of the coastal plain has limestone features such as collapsed caverns and sinkholes. Between Adana and Antalya, the Taurus Mountains rise sharply from the coast to high elevations. Other than Adana, Antalya, and Mersin, the Mediterranean coast has few major cities, although it has numerous farming villages.
Paralleling the Mediterranean coast, the Taurus Mountains (Turkish: Toros Dağları) are Turkey's second chain of folded mountains. The range rises just inland from the coast and trends generally in an easterly direction until it reaches the Arabian Platform, where it arcs around the northern side of the platform. The Taurus Mountains are more rugged and less dissected by rivers than the Pontic Mountains and historically have served as a barrier to human movement inland from the Mediterranean coast except where there are mountain passes such as the historic Cilician Gates (Gülek Pass), northwest of Adana.
Panoramic view of Alanya, inhabited since the Hittites and the medieval homeport of the Seljuk naval forces, famous today for its natural beauty and historic monuments
Central Anatolia Region[edit]
Main article: Central Anatolia Region, Turkey
Mount Erciyes near Kayseri
Stretching inland from the Aegean coastal plain, the Central Anatolia Region occupies the area between the two zones of the folded mountains, extending east to the point where the two ranges converge. The plateau-like, semi-arid highlands of Anatolia are considered the heartland of the country. The region varies in elevation from 600 to 1,200 meters from west to east. The two largest basins on the plateau are the Konya Ovası and the basin occupied by the large salt lake, Tuz Gölü. Both basins are characterized by inland drainage. Wooded areas are confined to the northwest and northeast of the plateau. Rain-fed cultivation is widespread, with wheat being the principal crop. Irrigated agriculture is restricted to the areas surrounding rivers and wherever sufficient underground water is available. Important irrigated crops include barley, corn, cotton, various fruits, grapes, opium poppies, sugar beets, roses, and tobacco. There also is extensive grazing throughout the plateau.
Central Anatolia receives little annual rainfall. For instance, the semi-arid center of the plateau receives an average yearly precipitation of only 300 millimeters. However, actual rainfall from year to year is irregular and occasionally may be less than 200 millimeters, leading to severe reductions in crop yields for both rain-fed and irrigated agriculture. In years of low rainfall, stock losses also can be high. Overgrazing has contributed to soil erosion on the plateau. During the summers, frequent dust storms blow a fine yellow powder across the plateau. Locusts occasionally ravage the eastern area in April and May. In general, the plateau experiences extreme heat, with almost no rainfall in summer and cold weather with heavy snow in winter.
Frequently interspersed throughout the folded mountains, and also situated on the Anatolian Plateau, are well-defined basins, which the Turks call ova. Some are no more than a widening of a stream valley; others, such as the Konya Ovası, are large basins of inland drainage or are the result of limestone erosion. Most of the basins take their names from cities or towns located at their rims. Where a lake has formed within the basin, the water body is usually saline as a result of the internal drainage—the water has no outlet to the sea.
Panoramic view of the Fairy Chimneys in Cappadocia
Eastern Anatolia Region[edit]
Main articles: Eastern Anatolia Region, Turkey and Southeastern Anatolia Region, Turkey
Mount Ararat
Eastern Anatolia, where the Pontic and Anti-Taurus mountain ranges converge, is rugged country with higher elevations, a more severe climate, and greater precipitation than are found on the Anatolian Plateau. The western part of the Eastern Anatolia Region is known as the Anti-Taurus, where the average elevation of mountain peaks exceed 3,000 meters; while the eastern part of the region was historically known as the Armenian Highland and includes Mount Ararat, the highest point in Turkey at 5,137 meters. Many of the East Anatolian peaks apparently are recently extinct volcanoes, to judge from extensive green lava flows. Turkey's largest lake, Lake Van, is situated in the mountains at an elevation of 1,546 meters. The headwaters of three major rivers arise in the Anti-Taurus: the east-flowing Aras, which pours into the Caspian Sea; the south-flowing Euphrates; and the south-flowing Tigris, which eventually joins the Euphrates in Iraq before emptying into the Persian Gulf. Several small streams that empty into the Black Sea or landlocked Lake Van also originate in these mountains.
In addition to its rugged mountains, the area is known for severe winters with heavy snowfalls. The few valleys and plains in these mountains tend to be fertile and to support diverse agriculture. The main basin is the Muş Valley, west of Lake Van. Narrow valleys also lie at the foot of the lofty peaks along river corridors.
Southeastern Anatolia Region[edit]
Southeast Anatolia is south of the Anti-Taurus Mountains. It is a region of rolling hills and a broad plateau surface that extends into Syria. Elevations decrease gradually, from about 800 meters in the north to about 500 meters in the south. Traditionally, wheat and barley were the main crops of the region, but the inauguration of major new irrigation projects in the 1980s has led to greater agricultural diversity and development.
Panoramic view of Ani in Kars
Geology[edit]
Main article: Geology of Turkey
Topographic map of Turkey
Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of a wide variety of tectonic processes that have shaped Anatolia over millions of years and continue today as evidenced by frequent earthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions. Except for a relatively small portion of its territory along the Syrian border that is a continuation of the Arabian Platform, Turkey geologically is part of the great Alpide belt that extends from the Atlantic Ocean to the Himalaya Mountains. This belt was formed during the Paleogene Period, as the Arabian, African, and Indian continental plates began to collide with the Eurasian plate. This process is still at work today as the African Plate converges with the Eurasian Plate and the Anatolian Plate escapes towards the west and southwest along strike-slip faults. These are the North Anatolian Fault Zone, which forms the present day plate boundary of Eurasia near the Black Sea coast, and the East Anatolian Fault Zone, which forms part of the boundary of the North Arabian Plate in the southeast. As a result, Turkey lies on one of the world's seismically most active regions.[citation needed]
However, many of the rocks exposed in Turkey were formed long before this process began. Turkey contains outcrops of Precambrian rocks, (more than 520 million years old; Bozkurt et al., 2000). The earliest geological history of Turkey is poorly understood, partly because of the problem of reconstructing how the region has been tectonically assembled by plate motions. Turkey can be thought of as a collage of different pieces (possibly terranes) of ancient continental and oceanic lithosphere stuck together by younger igneous, volcanic and sedimentary rocks.
Istanbul and the Bosphorus
During the Mesozoic era (about 250 to 66 million years ago) a large ocean (Tethys Ocean), floored by oceanic lithosphere existed in-between the supercontinents of Gondwana and Laurasia (which lay to the south and north respectively; Robertson & Dixon, 2006). This large oceanic plate was consumed at subduction zones (see subduction zone). At the subduction trenches the sedimentary rock layers that were deposited within the prehistoric Tethys Ocean buckled, were folded, faulted and tectonically mixed with huge blocks of crystalline basement rocks of the oceanic lithosphere. These blocks form a very complex mixture or mélange of rocks that include mainly serpentinite, basalt, dolerite and chert (e.g. Bergougnan, 1975). The Eurasian margin, now preserved in the Pontides (the Pontic Mountains along the Black Sea coast), is thought to have been geologically similar to the Western Pacific region today (e.g. Rice et al., 2006). Volcanic arcs (see volcanic arc) and backarc basins (see back-arc basin) formed and were emplaced onto Eurasia as ophiolites (see ophiolite) as they collided with microcontinents (literally relatively small plates of continental lithosphere; e.g. Ustaomer and Robertson, 1997). These microcontinents had been pulled away from the Gondwanan continent further south. Turkey is therefore made up from several different prehistorical microcontinents.[citation needed]
During the Cenozoic folding, faulting and uplifting, accompanied by volcanic activity and intrusion of igneous rocks was related to major continental collision between the larger Arabian and Eurasian plates (e.g. Robertson & Dixon, 1984).
Present-day earthquakes range from barely perceptible tremors to major movements measuring five or higher on the open-ended Richter scale. Turkey's most severe earthquake in the twentieth century occurred in Erzincan on the night of December 28–29, 1939; it devastated most of the city and caused an estimated 160,000 deaths. Earthquakes of moderate intensity often continue with sporadic aftershocks over periods of several days or even weeks. The most earthquake-prone part of Turkey is an arc-shaped region stretching from the general vicinity of Kocaeli to the area north of Lake Van on the border with Armenia and Georgia.
Fault lines and earthquakes
Turkey's terrain is structurally complex. A central massif composed of uplifted blocks and downfolded troughs, covered by recent deposits and giving the appearance of a plateau with rough terrain, is wedged between two folded mountain ranges that converge in the east. True lowlands are confined to the Ergene Ovası (Ergene Plain) in Thrace, extending along rivers that discharge into the Aegean Sea or the Sea of Marmara, and to a few narrow coastal strips along the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea coasts.[citation needed]
Nearly 85% of the land is at an elevation of at least 450 meters; the average and median altitude of the country is 1,332 and 1,128 meters, respectively. In Asiatic Turkey, flat or gently sloping land is rare and largely confined to the deltas of the Kızıl River, the coastal plains of Antalya and Adana, and the valley floors of the Gediz River and the Büyükmenderes River, and some interior high plains in Anatolia, mainly around Tuz Gölü (Salt Lake) and Konya Ovası (Konya Plain). Moderately sloping terrain is limited almost entirely outside Thrace to the hills of the Arabian Platform along the border with Syria.
More than 80% of the land surface is rough, broken, and mountainous, and therefore is of limited agricultural value (see Agriculture, ch. 3). The terrain's ruggedness is accentuated in the eastern part of the country, where the two mountain ranges converge into a lofty region with a median elevation of more than 1,500 meters, which reaches its highest point along the borders with Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran. Turkey's highest peak, Mount Ararat (Ağrı Dağı) — 5,137 meters high — is situated near the point where the boundaries of the four countries meet.
Climate[edit]
See also: Climate of Turkey
Köppen climate types of Turkey
Turkey's diverse regions have different climates, with the weather system on the coasts contrasting with that prevailing in the interior. The Aegean and Mediterranean coasts have cool, rainy winters and hot, moderately dry summers. Annual precipitation in those areas varies from 580 to 1,300 millimeters (22.8 to 51.2 in), depending on location. Generally, rainfall is less to the east. The Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. The eastern part of that coast averages 2,500 millimeters (98.4 in) annually which is the highest precipitation in the country.
Ankara
Antalya
Istanbul
Van
Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the interior of Turkey a continental climate with distinct seasons. The Anatolian Plateau is much more subject to extremes than are the coastal areas. Winters on the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of −30 to −40 °C (−22 to −40 °F) can occur in the mountainous areas in the east, and snow may lie on the ground 120 days of the year. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1 °C (33.8 °F). Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F). Annual precipitation averages about 400 millimeters (15.7 in), with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya Ovasi and the Malatya Ovasi, where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 millimeters (11.8 in). May is generally the wettest month and July and August the driest.
The climate of the Anti-Taurus Mountain region of eastern Turkey can be inhospitable. Summers tend to be hot and extremely dry. Winters are bitterly cold with frequent, heavy snowfall. Villages can be isolated for several days during winter storms. Spring and autumn are generally mild, but during both seasons sudden hot and cold spells frequently occur.
Regions Average Temp. Record High Temp. Record Low Temp. Average Hum. Average Prec.
Marmara Region 13.5C 56.3F 44.6°C 112.3°F -27.8°C -18.0°F 71.2% 564.3 mm 22.2 in
Aegean Region 15.4°C 59.7°F 48.5°C 119.3°F -45.6°C -50.1°F 60.9% 706.0 mm 27.8 in
Mediterranean Region 16.4°C 61.5°F 45.6°C 114.1°F -33.5°C -28.3°F 63.9% 706.0 mm 27.8 in
Black Sea Region 12.3°C 54.1°F 44.2°C 111.6°F -32.8°C -27.0°F 70.9% 828.5 mm 32.6 in
Central Anatolia 10.6°C 51.1°F 41.8°C 107.2°F -36.2°C -33.2°F 62.6% 392.0 mm 15.4 in
East Anatolia 9.7°C 49.5°F 44.4°C 111.9°F -45.6°C -50.1°F 60.9% 569.0 mm 22.4 in
Southeast Anatolia 16.5°C 61.7°F 48.4°C 119.1°F -24.3°C -11.7°F 53.4% 584.5 mm 23.0 in
Climate of Turkey by Region
Land use[edit]
Land use:
arable land: 35.00

permanent crops: 4.00
other: 61.00(2011)
Irrigated land: 53,400 km² (2012)
Total renewable water resources: 211.6 km2 (2012)
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Ararat 5,166 m
Natural hazards[edit]
Very severe earthquakes, especially on the North Anatolian Fault and East Anatolian Fault, occur along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara in the west to Lake Van in the east. On August 17, 1999, a 7.4-magnitude earthquake struck northwestern Turkey, killing more than 17,000 and injuring 44,000.
Map of earthquakes in Turkey 1900-2017
Map showing the Anatolian Plate, the North Anatolian Fault and East Anatolian Fault in Turkey.
Environment[edit]
Category:Environment of Turkey
Current issues[edit]
Main article: Environmental issues in Turkey
Water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosphorus ship traffic.
Ratified international agreements[edit]
Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands.
Signed but unratified international agreements[edit]
Environmental Modification.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of Turkey.
Geography of Europe
Lakes of Turkey
Geographical name changes in Turkey
Flora and Vegetation of Turkey
References[edit]
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Geology:
Bergougnan, H. (1976) Dispositif des ophiolites nord-est anatoliennes, origine des nappes ophiolitiques et sud-pontiques, jeu de la faille nord-anatolienne. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Série D: Sciences Naturelles, 281: 107–110.
Bozkurt, E. and Satir, M. (2000) The southern Menderes Massif (western Turkey); geochronology and exhumation history. Geological Journal, 35: 285–296.
Rice, S.P., Robertson, A.H.F. and Ustaömer, T. (2006) Late Cretaceous-Early Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Eurasian active margin in the Central and Eastern Pontides, northern Turkey. In: Robertson, (Editor), Tectonic Development of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 260, London, 413–445.
Robertson, A. and Dixon, J.E.D. (1984) Introduction: aspects of the geological evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. In: Dixon and Robertson (Editors), The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17, 1–74.
Ustaömer, T. and Robertson, A. (1997) Tectonic-sedimentary evolution of the north Tethyan margin in the Central Pontides of northern Turkey. In: A.G. Robinson (Editor), Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region. AAPG Memoir, 68, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 255–290.
This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/.
This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b [1]
Jump up ^ UN Demographic Yearbook, accessed April 16, 2007
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Worldofturkey.com: Regions of Turkey
External links[edit]
National Mapping Agency of Turkey
show
v
t
e
Turkey articles
History
Pre-Turkish era
Prehistory of Anatolia & Thrace
Classical Anatolia & Thrace
Neo-Assyrian Empire
Byzantine Anatolia
Seljuq era
Sultanate of Rum
Mongol invasions of Anatolia
Ilkhanate
Ottoman era
Osman's Dream
Rise
Interregnum
Conquest of Constantinople
Classical Age
Transformation
Sultanate of Women
Köprülü era
Old Regime
Tulip period
Decline and modernization
Tanzimat
First Constitutional Era
Defeat and dissolution
Second Constitutional Era
Partition
Republican era
War of Independence
One-party period
Multi-party period
By topic
Anatolian peoples
Constitutional
Economic
Military
Thracians
Timeline of Turkish history
Turkic migration
Geography
Capes
Cities
Districts
Earthquakes
Environmental issues
Gulfs and bays
Islands
Lakes
Metropolitan municipalities
Mountains
Peninsulas
Provinces
Regions
Rivers
Places
Anatolia
Thrace (Eastern)
Turkish Riviera
Çukurova
Politics
Cabinet
Elections
Foreign relations
Military
Parliament
President
Prime Minister
Legal system
Constitution
Constitutional Court
Law enforcement
Official gazette
Controversies
Deep state
Conspiracy theories in Turkey
EU accession
Kemalism
Neo-Ottomanism
Ottomanism
Political parties
Secularism
Northern Syria Security Belt
Northern Cyprus
Economy
Banks
central bank
Borsa Istanbul (stock exchange)
Companies
EU Customs Union
Industries
Lira (currency)
Southeastern Anatolia Project
Tourism
Transport
aviation
railways
Rankings
Society
Crime
Education
Languages
Turkish
Culture
Architecture
Ottoman architecture
Art
Cinema
Coat of arms
Cuisine
wine
Dance
Drama (TV)
Festivals
Folklore
Human rights
LGBT
Literature
Media
newspapers
radio stations
TV
Music
Names
Public holidays
Religion
Islam
Smoking
Sport
Theatre
Demographics
Turkish people
list
Population
diaspora
immigration
Muhacir
Minorities
Arabs
Armenians
Bosniaks
Circassians
Kurds
Symbols
Anthem
Emblem
Flag
Motto
Presidential seal
Outline
Index
Book
Category
Portal
show
v
t
e
Geography of Asia
Sovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States with
limited recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies and
other territories
British Indian Ocean Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong
Macau
show
v
t
e
Geography of Europe
Sovereign states
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Vatican City
States with limited
recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Transnistria
Dependencies and
other entities
Åland
Faroe Islands
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
Svalbard
Other entities
European Union
show
v
t
e
Climate of Asia
Sovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States with
limited recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies and
other territories
British Indian Ocean Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong
Macau
show
v
t
e
Climate of Europe
Sovereign states
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Vatican City
States with limited
recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Transnistria
Dependencies and
other entities
Åland
Faroe Islands
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
Svalbard
Other entities
European Union
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Turkey&oldid=855154596"
Categories:
Geography of Turkey
Hidden categories:
Articles containing Turkish-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007
Articles lacking in-text citations from October 2012
All articles lacking in-text citations
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the World Factbook
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
বাংলা
Български
Bosanski
Català
Cymraeg
Dansk
Español
فارسی
Français
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Shqip
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Türkçe
Українська
Zazaki
中文
24 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 August 2018, at 09:13 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Capes_of_Turkey
mw-redirect
Capes of Turkey

values:
/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey
mw-redirect
List of cities in Turkey

values:
/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Turkey
mw-redirect
List of districts of Turkey

attrs: href title

values:
/wiki/Peninsulas_of_Turkey
mw-redirect
Peninsulas of Turkey

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Southeastern_Europe
mw-redirect
Southeastern Europe

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: List of countries and dependencies by area

values:
/wiki/Land_borders
mw-redirect
Land borders

values:
/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_River
mw-redirect
Kızıl River

values:
/wiki/The_Balkans
mw-redirect
The Balkans

values:
/wiki/Anatolian_Plateau
mw-redirect
Anatolian Plateau

values:
/wiki/Summit_(topography)
mw-redirect
Summit (topography)

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne_(1923)
mw-redirect
Treaty of Lausanne (1923)

values:
/wiki/Balkan_wars
mw-redirect
Balkan wars

values: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

values: Geography of Turkey is located in Turkey

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Regions_of_Turkey
mw-redirect
Regions of Turkey

values:
/wiki/Black_Sea_Region,_Turkey
mw-redirect
Black Sea Region, Turkey

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; overflow:hidden; width:auto; max-width:1008px;

values:
/wiki/Marmara_Region,_Turkey
mw-redirect
Marmara Region, Turkey

values:
/wiki/Aegean_Region,_Turkey
mw-redirect
Aegean Region, Turkey

values:
/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Maussollos
mw-redirect
Mausoleum of Maussollos

values:
/wiki/Seljuk_Sultanate_of_Rum
mw-redirect
Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

values:
/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region,_Turkey
mw-redirect
Central Anatolia Region, Turkey

values: Panoramic view of the Fairy Chimneys in Cappadocia

values:
/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region,_Turkey
mw-redirect
Eastern Anatolia Region, Turkey

values:
/wiki/Armenian_Highland
mw-redirect
Armenian Highland

values: Edit section: Southeastern Anatolia Region

values: File:20110419 Ani North Walls Turkey Panorama.jpg

values:
/wiki/Himalaya_Mountains
mw-redirect
Himalaya Mountains

values:
/wiki/Paleogene_Period
mw-redirect
Paleogene Period

values:
/wiki/Tectonic_plates
mw-redirect
Tectonic plates

values:
/wiki/Eurasian_plate
mw-redirect
Eurasian plate

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Subduction_zone
mw-redirect
Subduction zone

values:
/wiki/Maeander_River
mw-redirect
Maeander River

values: text-align: center; background-color: rgb(204, 153, 51);

values: text-align: center; background-color: rgb(192, 154, 124);

values:
/wiki/Mediterranean_Region
mw-redirect
Mediterranean Region

values: text-align: center; background-color: rgb(143, 177, 172);

values: text-align: center; background-color: rgb(188, 137, 190);

values:
/wiki/Central_Anatolia
mw-redirect
Central Anatolia

values: text-align: center; background-color: rgb(201, 185, 116);

values:
/wiki/East_Anatolia
mw-redirect
East Anatolia

values: text-align: center; background-color: rgb(151, 199, 137);

values:
/wiki/Southeast_Anatolia
mw-redirect
Southeast Anatolia

values: text-align: center; background-color: rgb(208, 172, 132);

values: border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:85%;

values: Edit section: Ratified international agreements

values:
/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty
mw-redirect
Antarctic Treaty

values: International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

values:
/wiki/Hazardous_Wastes
mw-redirect
Hazardous Wastes

values:
/wiki/Ozone_Layer_Protection
mw-redirect
Ozone Layer Protection

values: Edit section: Signed but unratified international agreements

values:
/wiki/Environmental_Modification
mw-redirect
Environmental Modification

values:
/wiki/Lakes_of_Turkey
mw-redirect
Lakes of Turkey

values:
/wiki/Flora_and_Vegetation_of_Turkey
mw-redirect
Flora and Vegetation of Turkey

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes

values: Copyright status of work by the U.S. government

values:
nofollow
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/
external text

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.hgk.msb.gov.tr/english/
external text

values: width:1%;padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; font-weight: normal;

values:
/wiki/Prehistory_of_Thrace
mw-redirect
Prehistory of Thrace

values: Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire

values: Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

values: One-party period of the Republic of Turkey

values: Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey

values: Military history of the Republic of Turkey

values: List of largest cities and towns in Turkey

values: Accession of Turkey to the European Union

values: Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Geography_of_Northern_Cyprus
mw-redirect
Geography of Northern Cyprus

values: Geography of the Palestinian territories

values:
/wiki/Geography_of_South_Ossetia
mw-redirect
Geography of South Ossetia

values: Geography of the British Indian Ocean Territory

values:
/wiki/Geography_of_Christmas_Island
mw-redirect
Geography of Christmas Island

values: Geography of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/Geography_of_Monaco
mw-redirect
Geography of Monaco

values:
/wiki/Geography_of_the_Netherlands
mw-redirect
Geography of the Netherlands

values:
/wiki/Geography_of_Transnistria
mw-redirect
Geography of Transnistria

values:
/wiki/Geography_of_Gibraltar
mw-redirect
Geography of Gibraltar

values:
/wiki/Geography_of_Guernsey
mw-redirect
Geography of Guernsey

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Afghanistan
mw-redirect
Climate of Afghanistan

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Bahrain
mw-redirect
Climate of Bahrain

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Bangladesh
mw-redirect
Climate of Bangladesh

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Bhutan
mw-redirect
Climate of Bhutan

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Brunei
mw-redirect
Climate of Brunei

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Cambodia
mw-redirect
Climate of Cambodia

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_China
mw-redirect
Climate of China

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_East_Timor
mw-redirect
Climate of East Timor

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Georgia_(country)
mw-redirect
Climate of Georgia (country)

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Iran
mw-redirect
Climate of Iran

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Iraq
mw-redirect
Climate of Iraq

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Israel
mw-redirect
Climate of Israel

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Japan
mw-redirect
Climate of Japan

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Jordan
mw-redirect
Climate of Jordan

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Kazakhstan
mw-redirect
Climate of Kazakhstan

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_North_Korea
mw-redirect
Climate of North Korea

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_South_Korea
mw-redirect
Climate of South Korea

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Kuwait
mw-redirect
Climate of Kuwait

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Kyrgyzstan
mw-redirect
Climate of Kyrgyzstan

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Laos
mw-redirect
Climate of Laos

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Lebanon
mw-redirect
Climate of Lebanon

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Malaysia
mw-redirect
Climate of Malaysia

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_the_Maldives
mw-redirect
Climate of the Maldives

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Mongolia
mw-redirect
Climate of Mongolia

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Myanmar
mw-redirect
Climate of Myanmar

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Nepal
mw-redirect
Climate of Nepal

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Oman
mw-redirect
Climate of Oman

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Qatar
mw-redirect
Climate of Qatar

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Singapore
mw-redirect
Climate of Singapore

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Sri_Lanka
mw-redirect
Climate of Sri Lanka

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Syria
mw-redirect
Climate of Syria

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Tajikistan
mw-redirect
Climate of Tajikistan

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Thailand
mw-redirect
Climate of Thailand

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Turkmenistan
mw-redirect
Climate of Turkmenistan

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Uzbekistan
mw-redirect
Climate of Uzbekistan

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Vietnam
mw-redirect
Climate of Vietnam

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Yemen
mw-redirect
Climate of Yemen

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Abkhazia
mw-redirect
Climate of Abkhazia

values: Climate of the Republic of Artsakh (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Northern_Cyprus
mw-redirect
Climate of Northern Cyprus

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_South_Ossetia
mw-redirect
Climate of South Ossetia

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Taiwan
mw-redirect
Climate of Taiwan

values: Climate of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Christmas_Island
mw-redirect
Climate of Christmas Island

values: Climate of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Hong_Kong
mw-redirect
Climate of Hong Kong

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Macau
mw-redirect
Climate of Macau

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Andorra
mw-redirect
Climate of Andorra

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Austria
mw-redirect
Climate of Austria

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Belarus
mw-redirect
Climate of Belarus

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Belgium
mw-redirect
Climate of Belgium

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina
mw-redirect
Climate of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Bulgaria
mw-redirect
Climate of Bulgaria

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Croatia
mw-redirect
Climate of Croatia

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_the_Czech_Republic
mw-redirect
Climate of the Czech Republic

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Denmark
mw-redirect
Climate of Denmark

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_France
mw-redirect
Climate of France

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Germany
mw-redirect
Climate of Germany

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Latvia
mw-redirect
Climate of Latvia

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Liechtenstein
mw-redirect
Climate of Liechtenstein

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Lithuania
mw-redirect
Climate of Lithuania

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Luxembourg
mw-redirect
Climate of Luxembourg

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Moldova
mw-redirect
Climate of Moldova

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Monaco
mw-redirect
Climate of Monaco

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Montenegro
mw-redirect
Climate of Montenegro

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_the_Netherlands
mw-redirect
Climate of the Netherlands

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Norway
mw-redirect
Climate of Norway

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Poland
mw-redirect
Climate of Poland

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Portugal
mw-redirect
Climate of Portugal

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_San_Marino
mw-redirect
Climate of San Marino

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Slovakia
mw-redirect
Climate of Slovakia

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Slovenia
mw-redirect
Climate of Slovenia

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Sweden
mw-redirect
Climate of Sweden

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Switzerland
mw-redirect
Climate of Switzerland

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Ukraine
mw-redirect
Climate of Ukraine

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Vatican_City
mw-redirect
Climate of Vatican City

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Transnistria
mw-redirect
Climate of Transnistria

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_the_Faroe_Islands
mw-redirect
Climate of the Faroe Islands

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Guernsey
mw-redirect
Climate of Guernsey

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_the_Isle_of_Man
mw-redirect
Climate of the Isle of Man

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Jersey
mw-redirect
Climate of Jersey

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_the_European_Union
mw-redirect
Climate of the European Union

values: Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007

values: Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from October 2012

values: Category:All articles lacking in-text citations

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the World Factbook

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: جغرافيا تركيا – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values: তুরস্কের ভূগোল – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: География на Турция – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: جغرافیای ترکیه – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: तुर्की का भूगोल – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: גאוגרפיה של טורקיה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Географија на Турција – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: География Турции – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values: جوگرافیای تورکیا – Central Kurdish

values: Географија Турске – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values: Географія Туреччини – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Geography_of_Turkey rootpage-Geography_of_Turkey skin-vector action-view