text:
Vince Lombardi Trophy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Lombardi Trophy" redirects here. For the annual award to the best college football lineman or linebacker, see Lombardi Award.
Not to be confused with Lombardia Trophy.
Vince Lombardi Trophy
A Vince Lombardi Trophy on display, 2009
Sport
American football
Given for
Winning the Super Bowl, the championship game of the National Football League
History
First award
January 15, 1967; 50 years ago (1967-01-15)
First winner
Green Bay Packers
Most wins
Pittsburgh Steelers
Most recent
New England Patriots
Website
SuperBowl.com
The Vince Lombardi Trophy is the trophy awarded each year to the winning team of the National Football League's championship game, the Super Bowl. The trophy is named in honor of NFL coach Vince Lombardi.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Appearance
3 Teams with the most Vince Lombardi Trophies
4 Presentation ceremony
5 See also
6 References
History[edit]
During lunch with NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle in 1966,[1] Tiffany & Co. vice president Oscar Riedner made a sketch on a cocktail napkin of what would become the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The original trophy was produced by Tiffany & Co. in Newark, New Jersey.[2] Others have since been handcrafted by the company in Parsippany, New Jersey.[3] As of 2017, the trophy is produced at the Tiffany & Co Forrest Hills manufacturing facility in Cumberland, Rhode Island. The trophy was first awarded to the Green Bay Packers in January 15, 1967, following the 1966 regular season (when the Super Bowl's official designation was the AFL-NFL World Championship Game) after they defeated the Kansas City Chiefs, 35-10.
Even though it is a national tournament, the award was initially inscribed with the words "World Professional Football Championship". It was officially renamed in 1970 in memory of NFL head coach Vince Lombardi, after his death from cancer.[4] It was thus presented for the first time as the Vince Lombardi Trophy in Super Bowl V when the Baltimore Colts defeated the Dallas Cowboys 16-13. It has also been referred to as the "Tiffany Trophy" after the Tiffany & Co.[5][6][7]
Since Super Bowl XXX, the award has been presented to the winning team's owner on the field following the game. Previously, it was presented inside the winning team's locker room. In the case of the community-owned Packers' two titles since Super Bowl XXX, the team's President & CEO has accepted the trophy.
Unlike trophies such as the Stanley Cup and the Grey Cup, a new Vince Lombardi Trophy is made every year and the winning team maintains permanent possession of that trophy, with one notable exception being Super Bowl V's, won by the then-Baltimore Colts. The city of Baltimore retained that trophy as part of the legal settlement between the team and the city after the Colts' infamous "Midnight Mayflower" move to Indianapolis on March 29, 1984. Since then, both the relocated Colts and their replacement in Baltimore, the Ravens, have won the Super Bowl and earned trophies in their own right.
Since Super Bowl XLV, the Vince Lombardi Trophy is also prominently featured in the standardized logo design now used for all future Super Bowl games.[8]
Appearance[edit]
The Vince Lombardi Trophy stands 22 inches (56 cm) tall, weighs 7 pounds (3.2 kg) and depicts a football in a kicking position on a three concave sided stand, and is entirely made of sterling silver.[9]
Russell Wilson with Lombardi Trophy
The words "Vince Lombardi Trophy" along with the Roman numerals of that year's Super Bowl are engraved on and the NFL shield is affixed onto the base. After the trophy is awarded, it is sent back to Tiffany's to be engraved with the names of the participating teams, the date, location, and the game's final score.[10] It is then sent back to the winning team for them to keep. Smaller replicas are made for each person on the winning team.
For the first four championship games, both the NFL and the AFL logos were in the center of the trophy. Starting from Super Bowl V, only the NFL shield was on the front. Beginning with Super Bowl XXXVIII, the shield took on a frosted appearance. Starting with Super Bowl XLIII, the slightly redesigned NFL shield began appearing on the trophy, still with a frosted appearance. Other than the logo, the trophy has had no significant changes made since the first Super Bowl. While no franchise possesses all four versions, the Green Bay Packers, New England Patriots, New York Giants, and Pittsburgh Steelers have three of the four designs.
Teams with the most Vince Lombardi Trophies[edit]
Main article: List of Super Bowl champions
The Super Bowl is currently played in early February (the game originally took place in early to mid-January), culminating a season that generally begins in September of the previous calendar year. For example, Super Bowl 50, which was played on February 7, 2016, determined the league champion for the 2015 NFL season. The years shown below refer to the season, not the date that the Super Bowl was actually played.
The Pittsburgh Steelers (1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 2005, 2008) are first with six Vince Lombardi Trophies. The Dallas Cowboys (1971, 1977, 1992, 1993, 1995), the San Francisco 49ers (1981, 1984, 1988, 1989, 1994), and the New England Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016) are tied for second with 5 each. The Green Bay Packers (1966, 1967, 1996, 2010) and the New York Giants (1986, 1990, 2007, 2011) are tied for third with four each. The Oakland Raiders (1976, 1980, 1983), the Washington Redskins (1982, 1987, 1991) and the Denver Broncos (1997, 1998, 2015) are tied for fourth with three each.
Although none of these teams have ever won three straight Super Bowls, two of them have won three Lombardi trophies in four years and one twice in three years: The Dallas Cowboys (1992, 1993, 1995) and the New England Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004) and (2014, 2016). The Pittsburgh Steelers won four Super Bowls in six years (1974, 1975, 1978, 1979).
Presentation ceremony[edit]
Beginning with Super Bowl XL, a special Lombardi Trophy ceremony takes place. A former NFL player, usually a past Super Bowl MVP or notable figure of the host city's franchise, brings the Lombardi Trophy to the center of the stadium, as he walks past members of the winning team.
The players, along with the Super Bowls in which they participated in the Lombardi Trophy presentation ceremony, are listed below.
Super Bowl XL Presentation – Bart Starr (MVP, Super Bowl I and Super Bowl II)
Super Bowl XLI Presentation – Don Shula (former Miami Dolphins head coach)
Super Bowl XLII Presentation – Doug Williams (MVP, Super Bowl XXII)
Super Bowl XLIII Presentation – Joe Namath (MVP, Super Bowl III)
Super Bowl XLIV Presentation – Len Dawson (MVP, Super Bowl IV)
Super Bowl XLV Presentation – Roger Staubach (former Dallas Cowboys quarterback and MVP, Super Bowl VI)
Super Bowl XLVI Presentation – Raymond Berry (former Baltimore Colts split end)
Super Bowl XLVII Presentation – Richard Dent (MVP, Super Bowl XX)
Super Bowl XLVIII Presentation – Marcus Allen (MVP, Super Bowl XVIII)
Super Bowl XLIX Presentation – Kurt Warner (former Arizona Cardinals quarterback and MVP, Super Bowl XXXIV)
Super Bowl 50 Presentation – Terrell Davis (MVP, Super Bowl XXXII), who handed it to Joe Namath (MVP, Super Bowl III), who handed it to Lynn Swann (MVP, Super Bowl X)
Super Bowl LI Presentation – Willie McGinest, who handed it to Michael Strahan
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vince Lombardi Trophy.
Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy – NFL Championship trophy (1934–1969)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1] Let's Learn About the Vince Lombardi Trophy, Pittsburgh Post Gazette
Jump up ^ NIx, Naomi (January 7, 2014). "Original Vince Lombardi trophy comes home to Newark". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
Jump up ^ Horovitz, Bruce (January 30, 2002). "Football's super prize reaches icon status". USA Today. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Tanier, Mike (January 31, 2010). "Excess Reigns at Super Bowl and That's No Ballyhoo". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl Trophy". IX Games.
Jump up ^ Weiner, Evan (February 3, 2011). "Super Bowl XLV: Vince Lombardi wanted no part of the Super Bowl". United States Sports Academy. Retrieved February 19, 2012. The Jets apparently didn’t think too highly of the Tiffany Trophy the organization received for winning [Super Bowl III]
Jump up ^ Christl, Cliff (February 7, 2011). "Packers GM Thompson made all right moves". Rockford Register Star. Retrieved February 19, 2012. [Packers General Manager Ted] Thompson actually clapped his hands in celebration a few times, spoke a few words and helped hoist the Tiffany trophy with [President Mark] Murphy and coach Mike McCarthy
Jump up ^ "2011 logo is first of NFL's standard look". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Official Site of the National Football League. NFL.com (2007-09-18). Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
Jump up ^ George, Shannon (September 10, 2009). "Let's Learn About: The Vince Lombardi Trophy". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
[show]
v
t
e
Super Bowl
NFL
NFC
Championship
AFC
Championship
Football
Bowl games
1960s
I (1967)
II (1968)
III (1969)
1970s
IV (1970)
V (1971)
VI (1972)
VII (1973)
VIII (1974)
IX (1975)
X (1976)
XI (1977)
XII (1978)
XIII (1979)
1980s
XIV (1980)
XV (1981)
XVI (1982)
XVII (1983)
XVIII (1984)
XIX (1985)
XX (1986)
XXI (1987)
XXII (1988)
XXIII (1989)
1990s
XXIV (1990)
XXV (1991)
XXVI (1992)
XXVII (1993)
XXVIII (1994)
XXIX (1995)
XXX (1996)
XXXI (1997)
XXXII (1998)
XXXIII (1999)
2000s
XXXIV (2000)
XXXV (2001)
XXXVI (2002)
XXXVII (2003)
XXXVIII (2004)
XXXIX (2005)
XL (2006)
XLI (2007)
XLII (2008)
XLIII (2009)
2010s
XLIV (2010)
XLV (2011)
XLVI (2012)
XLVII (2013)
XLVIII (2014)
XLIX (2015)
50 (2016)
LI (2017)
LII (2018)
LIII (2019)
2020s
LIV (2020)
LV (2021)
LVI (2022)
People
Champions
Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions
Head coaches
Active head coach history
Quarterbacks
Officials
Awards, trophies, records
Super Bowl ring
Vince Lombardi Trophy
Most Valuable Players
Records
Broadcast and production
National anthem
Halftime
Commercials
USA Today Ad Meter
Adbowl
List
Broadcast
Network broadcasters
Counterprogramming
Lead-out programming
Television ratings
Super Bowl Sunday
Curse
[show]
v
t
e
National Football League awards and trophies
Team
Vince Lombardi Trophy
Lamar Hunt Trophy (AFC)
George Halas Trophy (NFC)
Individual
Most Valuable Player
Coach of the Year
Offensive Player of the Year
Defensive Player of the Year
Rookie of the Year
Comeback Player of the Year
Walter Payton Man of the Year
"Whizzer" White Man of the Year
Bert Bell Award
Art Rooney Award
Super Bowl MVP
One-time only
75th Anniversary All-Time Team (1994)
All-Decade Teams
Annual presentation
NFL Honors
NFL Top 100
Awards organizations
Kansas City Committee of 101
Maxwell Football Club
National Football League Alumni
Touchdown Club of Columbus
Washington D.C. Touchdown Club
Defunct
Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy
Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup
NEA Defensive Player of the Year
PFWA Defensive Player of the Year
NEA Rookie of the Year
UPI AFL-AFC Player of the Year
UPI NFC Player of the Year
UPI AFL-AFC Rookie of the Year
UPI NFL-NFC Rookie of the Year
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vince_Lombardi_Trophy&oldid=801285520"
Categories:
Super Bowl trophies and awards
Awards established in 1967
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
Français
한국어
עברית
ქართული
Magyar
日本語
Norsk
Português
Suomi
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 September 2017, at 19:58.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

values:
row
width: 33%;

values:
nofollow
http://www.superbowl.com/
external text

values:
/wiki/Back_of_a_napkin
mw-redirect
Back of a napkin

values:
/wiki/Parsippany,_New_Jersey
mw-redirect
Parsippany, New Jersey

values:
/wiki/Baltimore_Colts
mw-redirect
Baltimore Colts

values: Edit section: Teams with the most Vince Lombardi Trophies

values:
/wiki/Doug_Williams_(American_football)
mw-redirect
Doug Williams (American football)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Active NFL head coach career Super Bowl history

values: List of quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl starts

values: List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: National Football League Most Valuable Player Award

values: National Football League Coach of the Year Award

values: Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award

values: National Football League Defensive Player of the Year Award

values: National Football League Comeback Player of the Year Award

values: Byron "Whizzer" White NFL Man of the Year Award

values: National Football League 75th Anniversary All-Time Team

values: Category:National Football League All-Decade Teams

values: Newspaper Enterprise Association NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award

values: Pro Football Writers Association NFL Defensive Player of the Year

values: NEA National Football League Rookie of the Year Award

values:
/wiki/UPI_AFL-AFC_Rookie_of_the_Year
mw-redirect
UPI AFL-AFC Rookie of the Year

values:
/wiki/UPI_NFL-NFC_Rookie_of_the_Year
mw-redirect
UPI NFL-NFC Rookie of the Year

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Vince_Lombardi_Trophy
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: 빈스 롬바르디 트로피 – Korean

values: גביע וינס לומברדי – Hebrew

values: ვინს ლომბარდის თასი – Georgian

values: ヴィンス・ロンバルディ・トロフィー – Japanese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Vince_Lombardi_Trophy rootpage-Vince_Lombardi_Trophy skin-vector action-view


text:
Transmission line
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the radio-frequency transmission line. For the power transmission line, see electric power transmission. For acoustic transmission lines, used in some loudspeaker designs, see acoustic transmission line.
Schematic of a wave moving rightward down a lossless two-wire transmission line. Black dots represent electrons, and the arrows show the electric field.
One of the most common types of transmission line, coaxial cable.
In communications and electronic engineering, a transmission line is a specialized cable or other structure designed to conduct alternating current of radio frequency, that is, currents with a frequency high enough that their wave nature must be taken into account. Transmission lines are used for purposes such as connecting radio transmitters and receivers with their antennas (they are then called feed lines or feeders), distributing cable television signals, trunklines routing calls between telephone switching centres, computer network connections and high speed computer data buses.
This article covers two-conductor transmission line such as parallel line (ladder line), coaxial cable, stripline, and microstrip. Some sources also refer to waveguide, dielectric waveguide, and even optical fibre as transmission line, however these lines require different analytical techniques and so are not covered by this article; see Waveguide (electromagnetism).
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 History
3 Applicability
4 The four terminal model
5 Telegrapher's equations
6 Input impedance of transmission line
6.1 Input impedance of lossless transmission line
6.2 Special cases of lossless transmission lines
6.2.1 Half wave length
6.2.2 Quarter wave length
6.2.3 Matched load
6.2.4 Short
6.2.5 Open
6.3 Stepped transmission line
7 Practical types
7.1 Coaxial cable
7.2 Microstrip
7.3 Stripline
7.4 Coplanar waveguide
7.5 Balanced lines
7.5.1 Twisted pair
7.5.2 Star quad
7.5.3 Twin-lead
7.5.4 Lecher lines
7.6 Single-wire line
8 General applications
8.1 Signal transfer
8.2 Pulse generation
8.3 Stub filters
9 Acoustic transmission lines
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Overview[edit]
Ordinary electrical cables suffice to carry low frequency alternating current (AC), such as mains power, which reverses direction 100 to 120 times per second, and audio signals. However, they cannot be used to carry currents in the radio frequency range,[1] above about 30 kHz, because the energy tends to radiate off the cable as radio waves, causing power losses. Radio frequency currents also tend to reflect from discontinuities in the cable such as connectors and joints, and travel back down the cable toward the source.[1][2] These reflections act as bottlenecks, preventing the signal power from reaching the destination. Transmission lines use specialized construction, and impedance matching, to carry electromagnetic signals with minimal reflections and power losses. The distinguishing feature of most transmission lines is that they have uniform cross sectional dimensions along their length, giving them a uniform impedance, called the characteristic impedance,[2][3][4] to prevent reflections. Types of transmission line include parallel line (ladder line, twisted pair), coaxial cable, and planar transmission lines such as stripline and microstrip.[5][6] The higher the frequency of electromagnetic waves moving through a given cable or medium, the shorter the wavelength of the waves. Transmission lines become necessary when the transmitted frequency's wavelength is sufficiently short that the length of the cable becomes a significant part of a wavelength.
At microwave frequencies and above, power losses in transmission lines become excessive, and waveguides are used instead,[1] which function as "pipes" to confine and guide the electromagnetic waves.[6] Some sources define waveguides as a type of transmission line;[6] however, this article will not include them. At even higher frequencies, in the terahertz, infrared and visible ranges, waveguides in turn become lossy, and optical methods, (such as lenses and mirrors), are used to guide electromagnetic waves.[6]
The theory of sound wave propagation is very similar mathematically to that of electromagnetic waves, so techniques from transmission line theory are also used to build structures to conduct acoustic waves; and these are called acoustic transmission lines.
History[edit]
Mathematical analysis of the behaviour of electrical transmission lines grew out of the work of James Clerk Maxwell, Lord Kelvin and Oliver Heaviside. In 1855 Lord Kelvin formulated a diffusion model of the current in a submarine cable. The model correctly predicted the poor performance of the 1858 trans-Atlantic submarine telegraph cable. In 1885 Heaviside published the first papers that described his analysis of propagation in cables and the modern form of the telegrapher's equations.[7]
Applicability[edit]
In many electric circuits, the length of the wires connecting the components can for the most part be ignored. That is, the voltage on the wire at a given time can be assumed to be the same at all points. However, when the voltage changes in a time interval comparable to the time it takes for the signal to travel down the wire, the length becomes important and the wire must be treated as a transmission line. Stated another way, the length of the wire is important when the signal includes frequency components with corresponding wavelengths comparable to or less than the length of the wire.
A common rule of thumb is that the cable or wire should be treated as a transmission line if the length is greater than 1/10 of the wavelength. At this length the phase delay and the interference of any reflections on the line become important and can lead to unpredictable behaviour in systems which have not been carefully designed using transmission line theory.
The four terminal model[edit]
Variations on the schematic electronic symbol for a transmission line.
For the purposes of analysis, an electrical transmission line can be modelled as a two-port network (also called a quadripole), as follows:
In the simplest case, the network is assumed to be linear (i.e. the complex voltage across either port is proportional to the complex current flowing into it when there are no reflections), and the two ports are assumed to be interchangeable. If the transmission line is uniform along its length, then its behaviour is largely described by a single parameter called the characteristic impedance, symbol Z0. This is the ratio of the complex voltage of a given wave to the complex current of the same wave at any point on the line. Typical values of Z0 are 50 or 75 ohms for a coaxial cable, about 100 ohms for a twisted pair of wires, and about 300 ohms for a common type of untwisted pair used in radio transmission.
When sending power down a transmission line, it is usually desirable that as much power as possible will be absorbed by the load and as little as possible will be reflected back to the source. This can be ensured by making the load impedance equal to Z0, in which case the transmission line is said to be matched.
A transmission line is drawn as two black wires. At a distance x into the line, there is current I(x) travelling through each wire, and there is a voltage difference V(x) between the wires. If the current and voltage come from a single wave (with no reflection), then V(x) / I(x) = Z0, where Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the line.
Some of the power that is fed into a transmission line is lost because of its resistance. This effect is called ohmic or resistive loss (see ohmic heating). At high frequencies, another effect called dielectric loss becomes significant, adding to the losses caused by resistance. Dielectric loss is caused when the insulating material inside the transmission line absorbs energy from the alternating electric field and converts it to heat (see dielectric heating). The transmission line is modelled with a resistance (R) and inductance (L) in series with a capacitance (C) and conductance (G) in parallel. The resistance and conductance contribute to the loss in a transmission line.
The total loss of power in a transmission line is often specified in decibels per metre (dB/m), and usually depends on the frequency of the signal. The manufacturer often supplies a chart showing the loss in dB/m at a range of frequencies. A loss of 3 dB corresponds approximately to a halving of the power.
High-frequency transmission lines can be defined as those designed to carry electromagnetic waves whose wavelengths are shorter than or comparable to the length of the line. Under these conditions, the approximations useful for calculations at lower frequencies are no longer accurate. This often occurs with radio, microwave and optical signals, metal mesh optical filters, and with the signals found in high-speed digital circuits.
Telegrapher's equations[edit]
Main article: Telegrapher's equations
See also: Reflections on copper lines
The telegrapher's equations (or just telegraph equations) are a pair of linear differential equations which describe the voltage ( V {\displaystyle V} ) and current ( I {\displaystyle I} ) on an electrical transmission line with distance and time. They were developed by Oliver Heaviside who created the transmission line model, and are based on Maxwell's Equations.
Schematic representation of the elementary component of a transmission line.
The transmission line model represents the transmission line as an infinite series of two-port elementary components, each representing an infinitesimally short segment of the transmission line:
The distributed resistance R {\displaystyle R} of the conductors is represented by a series resistor (expressed in ohms per unit length).
The distributed inductance L {\displaystyle L} (due to the magnetic field around the wires, self-inductance, etc.) is represented by a series inductor (in henries per unit length).
The capacitance C {\displaystyle C} between the two conductors is represented by a shunt capacitor (in farads per unit length).
The conductance G {\displaystyle G} of the dielectric material separating the two conductors is represented by a shunt resistor between the signal wire and the return wire (in siemens per unit length).
The model consists of an infinite series of the elements shown in the figure, and the values of the components are specified per unit length so the picture of the component can be misleading. R {\displaystyle R} , L {\displaystyle L} , C {\displaystyle C} , and G {\displaystyle G} may also be functions of frequency. An alternative notation is to use R ′ {\displaystyle R'} , L ′ {\displaystyle L'} , C ′ {\displaystyle C'} and G ′ {\displaystyle G'} to emphasize that the values are derivatives with respect to length. These quantities can also be known as the primary line constants to distinguish from the secondary line constants derived from them, these being the propagation constant, attenuation constant and phase constant.
The line voltage V ( x ) {\displaystyle V(x)} and the current I ( x ) {\displaystyle I(x)} can be expressed in the frequency domain as
∂ V ( x ) ∂ x = − ( R + j ω L ) I ( x ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial V(x)}{\partial x}}=-(R+j\,\omega \,L)\,I(x)}
∂ I ( x ) ∂ x = − ( G + j ω C ) V ( x ) . {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial I(x)}{\partial x}}=-(G+j\,\omega \,C)\,V(x)~\,.}
Special case of a lossless line
When the elements R {\displaystyle R} and G {\displaystyle G} are negligibly small the transmission line is considered as a lossless structure. In this hypothetical case, the model depends only on the L {\displaystyle L} and C {\displaystyle C} elements which greatly simplifies the analysis. For a lossless transmission line, the second order steady-state Telegrapher's equations are:
∂ 2 V ( x ) ∂ x 2 + ω 2 L C V ( x ) = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}V(x)}{\partial x^{2}}}+\omega ^{2}L\,C\,V(x)=0}
∂ 2 I ( x ) ∂ x 2 + ω 2 L C I ( x ) = 0 . {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}I(x)}{\partial x^{2}}}+\omega ^{2}L\,C\,I(x)=0~\,.}
These are wave equations which have plane waves with equal propagation speed in the forward and reverse directions as solutions. The physical significance of this is that electromagnetic waves propagate down transmission lines and in general, there is a reflected component that interferes with the original signal. These equations are fundamental to transmission line theory.
General case of a line with losses
In the general case the loss terms, R {\displaystyle R} and G {\displaystyle G} , are both included, and the full form of the Telegrapher's equations become:
∂ 2 V ( x ) ∂ x 2 = γ 2 V ( x ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}V(x)}{\partial x^{2}}}=\gamma ^{2}V(x)\,}
∂ 2 I ( x ) ∂ x 2 = γ 2 I ( x ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}I(x)}{\partial x^{2}}}=\gamma ^{2}I(x)\,}
where γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the (complex) propagation constant. These equations are fundamental to transmission line theory. They are also wave equations, and have solutions similar to the special case, but which are a mixture of sines and cosines with exponential decay factors. Solving for the propagation constant γ {\displaystyle \gamma } in terms of the primary parameters R {\displaystyle R} , L {\displaystyle L} , G {\displaystyle G} , and C {\displaystyle C} gives:
γ = ( R + j ω L ) ( G + j ω C ) {\displaystyle \gamma ={\sqrt {(R+j\,\omega \,L)(G+j\,\omega \,C)\,}}}
and the characteristic impedance can be expressed as
Z 0 = R + j ω L G + j ω C . {\displaystyle Z_{0}={\sqrt {{\frac {R+j\,\omega \,L}{G+j\,\omega \,C}}\,}}~\,.}
The solutions for V ( x ) {\displaystyle V(x)} and I ( x ) {\displaystyle I(x)} are:
V ( x ) = V ( + ) e − γ x + V ( − ) e + γ x {\displaystyle V(x)=V_{(+)}e^{-\gamma \,x}+V_{(-)}e^{+\gamma \,x}\,}
I ( x ) = 1 Z 0 ( V ( + ) e − γ x − V ( − ) e + γ x ) . {\displaystyle I(x)={\frac {1}{Z_{0}}}\,\left(V_{(+)}e^{-\gamma \,x}-V_{(-)}e^{+\gamma \,x}\right)~\,.}
The constants V ( ± ) {\displaystyle V_{(\pm )}} must be determined from boundary conditions. For a voltage pulse V i n ( t ) {\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {in} }(t)\,} , starting at x = 0 {\displaystyle x=0} and moving in the positive x {\displaystyle x} direction, then the transmitted pulse V o u t ( x , t ) {\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {out} }(x,t)\,} at position x {\displaystyle x} can be obtained by computing the Fourier Transform, V ~ ( ω ) {\displaystyle {\tilde {V}}(\omega )} , of V i n ( t ) {\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {in} }(t)\,} , attenuating each frequency component by e − Re  ( γ ) x {\displaystyle e^{-\operatorname {Re} (\gamma )\,x}\,} , advancing its phase by − Im  ( γ ) x {\displaystyle -\operatorname {Im} (\gamma )\,x\,} , and taking the inverse Fourier Transform. The real and imaginary parts of γ {\displaystyle \gamma } can be computed as
Re  ( γ ) = α = ( a 2 + b 2 ) 1 / 4 cos  ( a t a n 2 ( b , a ) / 2 ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} (\gamma )=\alpha =(a^{2}+b^{2})^{1/4}\cos(\mathrm {atan2} (b,a)/2)\,}
Im  ( γ ) = β = ( a 2 + b 2 ) 1 / 4 sin  ( a t a n 2 ( b , a ) / 2 ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Im} (\gamma )=\beta =(a^{2}+b^{2})^{1/4}\sin(\mathrm {atan2} (b,a)/2)\,}
where atan2 is the two-parameter arctangent, and
a ≡ ω 2 L C [ ( R ω L ) ( G ω C ) − 1 ] {\displaystyle a\equiv \omega ^{2}L\,C\,\left[\left({\frac {R}{\omega L}}\right)\left({\frac {G}{\omega C}}\right)-1\right]}
b ≡ ω 2 L C ( R ω L + G ω C ) . {\displaystyle b\equiv \omega ^{2}L\,C\,\left({\frac {R}{\omega \,L}}+{\frac {G}{\omega \,C}}\right)~\,.}
Special, low loss case
For small losses and high frequencies, the general equations can be simplified: If R ω L ≪ 1 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {R}{\omega \,L}}\ll 1} and G ω C ≪ 1 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {G}{\omega \,C}}\ll 1} then
Re  ( γ ) = α ≈ 1 2 L C ( R L + G C ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} (\gamma )=\alpha \approx {\tfrac {1}{2}}{\sqrt {L\,C\,}}\,\left({\frac {R}{L}}+{\frac {G}{C}}\right)\,}
Im  ( γ ) = β ≈ ω L C . {\displaystyle \operatorname {Im} (\gamma )=\beta \approx \omega \,{\sqrt {L\,C\,}}~.\,}
Noting that an advance in phase by − ω δ {\displaystyle -\omega \,\delta } is equivalent to a time delay by δ {\displaystyle \delta } , V o u t ( t ) {\displaystyle V_{out}(t)} can be simply computed as
V o u t ( x , t ) ≈ V i n ( t − L C x ) e − 1 2 L C ( R L + G C ) x . {\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {out} }(x,t)\approx V_{\mathrm {in} }(t-{\sqrt {L\,C\,}}\,x)\,e^{-{\tfrac {1}{2}}{\sqrt {L\,C\,}}\,\left({\frac {R}{L}}+{\frac {G}{C}}\right)\,x}.\,}
Input impedance of transmission line[edit]
Looking towards a load through a length ℓ {\displaystyle \ell } of lossless transmission line, the impedance changes as ℓ {\displaystyle \ell } increases, following the blue circle on this impedance Smith chart. (This impedance is characterized by its reflection coefficient, which is the reflected voltage divided by the incident voltage.) The blue circle, centred within the chart, is sometimes called an SWR circle (short for constant standing wave ratio).
The characteristic impedance Z 0 {\displaystyle Z_{0}} of a transmission line is the ratio of the amplitude of a single voltage wave to its current wave. Since most transmission lines also have a reflected wave, the characteristic impedance is generally not the impedance that is measured on the line.
The impedance measured at a given distance ℓ {\displaystyle \ell } from the load impedance Z L {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {L} }} may be expressed as
Z i n ( ℓ ) = V ( ℓ ) I ( ℓ ) = Z 0 1 + Γ L e − 2 γ ℓ 1 − Γ L e − 2 γ ℓ {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {in} }\left(\ell \right)={\frac {V(\ell )}{I(\ell )}}=Z_{0}{\frac {1+{\mathit {\Gamma }}_{\mathrm {L} }e^{-2\gamma \ell }}{1-{\mathit {\Gamma }}_{\mathrm {L} }e^{-2\gamma \ell }}}} ,
where γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the propagation constant and Γ L = Z L − Z 0 Z L + Z 0 {\displaystyle {\mathit {\Gamma }}_{\mathrm {L} }={\frac {\,Z_{\mathrm {L} }-Z_{0}\,}{Z_{\mathrm {L} }+Z_{0}}}} is the voltage reflection coefficient measured at the load end of the transmission line. Alternatively, the above formula can be rearranged to express the input impedance in terms of the load impedance rather than the load voltage reflection coefficient:
Z i n ( ℓ ) = Z 0 Z L + Z 0 tanh  ( γ ℓ ) Z 0 + Z L tanh  ( γ ℓ ) {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {in} }(\ell )=Z_{0}\,{\frac {Z_{\mathrm {L} }+Z_{0}\tanh \left(\gamma \ell \right)}{Z_{0}+Z_{\mathrm {L} }\,\tanh \left(\gamma \ell \right)}}} .
Input impedance of lossless transmission line[edit]
For a lossless transmission line, the propagation constant is purely imaginary, γ = j β {\displaystyle \gamma =j\,\beta } , so the above formulas can be rewritten as
Z i n ( ℓ ) = Z 0 Z L + j Z 0 tan  ( β ℓ ) Z 0 + j Z L tan  ( β ℓ ) {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {in} }(\ell )=Z_{0}{\frac {Z_{\mathrm {L} }+j\,Z_{0}\,\tan(\beta \ell )}{Z_{0}+j\,Z_{\mathrm {L} }\tan(\beta \ell )}}}
where β = 2 π λ {\displaystyle \beta ={\frac {\,2\pi \,}{\lambda }}} is the wavenumber.
In calculating β , {\displaystyle \beta ,} the wavelength is generally different inside the transmission line to what it would be in free-space. Consequently the velocity constant of the material the transmission line is made of needs to be taken into account when doing such a calculation.
Special cases of lossless transmission lines[edit]
Half wave length[edit]
For the special case where β ℓ = n π {\displaystyle \beta \,\ell =n\,\pi } where n is an integer (meaning that the length of the line is a multiple of half a wavelength), the expression reduces to the load impedance so that
Z i n = Z L {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {in} }=Z_{\mathrm {L} }\,}
for all n . {\displaystyle n\,.} This includes the case when n = 0 {\displaystyle n=0} , meaning that the length of the transmission line is negligibly small compared to the wavelength. The physical significance of this is that the transmission line can be ignored (i.e. treated as a wire) in either case.
Quarter wave length[edit]
Main article: quarter wave impedance transformer
For the case where the length of the line is one quarter wavelength long, or an odd multiple of a quarter wavelength long, the input impedance becomes
Z i n = Z 0 2 Z L . {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {in} }={\frac {Z_{0}^{2}}{Z_{\mathrm {L} }}}~\,.}
Matched load[edit]
Another special case is when the load impedance is equal to the characteristic impedance of the line (i.e. the line is matched), in which case the impedance reduces to the characteristic impedance of the line so that
Z i n = Z L = Z 0 {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {in} }=Z_{\mathrm {L} }=Z_{0}\,}
for all ℓ {\displaystyle \ell } and all λ {\displaystyle \lambda } .
Short[edit]
Standing waves on a transmission line with an open-circuit load (top), and a short-circuit load (bottom). Black dots represent electrons, and the arrows show the electric field.
Main article: stub
For the case of a shorted load (i.e. Z L = 0 {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {L} }=0} ), the input impedance is purely imaginary and a periodic function of position and wavelength (frequency)
Z i n ( ℓ ) = j Z 0 tan  ( β ℓ ) . {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {in} }(\ell )=j\,Z_{0}\,\tan(\beta \ell ).\,}
Open[edit]
Main article: stub
For the case of an open load (i.e. Z L = ∞ {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {L} }=\infty } ), the input impedance is once again imaginary and periodic
Z i n ( ℓ ) = − j Z 0 cot  ( β ℓ ) . {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {in} }(\ell )=-j\,Z_{0}\cot(\beta \ell ).\,}
Stepped transmission line[edit]
A simple example of stepped transmission line consisting of three segments.
A stepped transmission line[8] is used for broad range impedance matching. It can be considered as multiple transmission line segments connected in series, with the characteristic impedance of each individual element to be Z 0 , i {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {0,i} }} . The input impedance can be obtained from the successive application of the chain relation
Z i + 1 = Z 0 , i Z i + j Z 0 , i tan  ( β i ℓ i ) Z 0 , i + j Z i tan  ( β i ℓ i ) {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {i+1} }=Z_{\mathrm {0,i} }\,{\frac {\,Z_{\mathrm {i} }+j\,Z_{\mathrm {0,i} }\,\tan(\beta _{\mathrm {i} }\ell _{\mathrm {i} })\,}{Z_{\mathrm {0,i} }+j\,Z_{\mathrm {i} }\,\tan(\beta _{\mathrm {i} }\ell _{\mathrm {i} })}}\,}
where β i {\displaystyle \beta _{\mathrm {i} }} is the wave number of the i {\displaystyle \mathrm {i} } -th transmission line segment and ℓ i {\displaystyle \ell _{\mathrm {i} }} is the length of this segment, and Z i {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {i} }} is the front-end impedance that loads the i {\displaystyle \mathrm {i} } -th segment.
The impedance transformation circle along a transmission line whose characteristic impedance Z 0 , i {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {0,i} }} is smaller than that of the input cable Z 0 {\displaystyle Z_{0}} . And as a result, the impedance curve is off-centred towards the − x {\displaystyle -x} axis. Conversely, if Z 0 , i > Z 0 {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {0,i} }>Z_{0}} , the impedance curve should be off-centred towards the + x {\displaystyle +x} axis.
Because the characteristic impedance of each transmission line segment Z 0 , i {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {0,i} }} is often different from that of the input cable Z 0 {\displaystyle Z_{0}} , the impedance transformation circle is off-centred along the x {\displaystyle x} axis of the Smith Chart whose impedance representation is usually normalized against Z 0 {\displaystyle Z_{0}} .
Practical types[edit]
Coaxial cable[edit]
Main article: coaxial cable
Coaxial lines confine virtually all of the electromagnetic wave to the area inside the cable. Coaxial lines can therefore be bent and twisted (subject to limits) without negative effects, and they can be strapped to conductive supports without inducing unwanted currents in them. In radio-frequency applications up to a few gigahertz, the wave propagates in the transverse electric and magnetic mode (TEM) only, which means that the electric and magnetic fields are both perpendicular to the direction of propagation (the electric field is radial, and the magnetic field is circumferential). However, at frequencies for which the wavelength (in the dielectric) is significantly shorter than the circumference of the cable, transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) waveguide modes can also propagate. When more than one mode can exist, bends and other irregularities in the cable geometry can cause power to be transferred from one mode to another.
The most common use for coaxial cables is for television and other signals with bandwidth of multiple megahertz. In the middle 20th century they carried long distance telephone connections.
Microstrip[edit]
A type of transmission line called a cage line, used for high power, low frequency applications. It functions similarly to a large coaxial cable. This example is the antenna feed line for a longwave radio transmitter in Poland, which operates at a frequency of 225 kHz and a power of 1200 kW.
Main article: microstrip
A microstrip circuit uses a thin flat conductor which is parallel to a ground plane. Microstrip can be made by having a strip of copper on one side of a printed circuit board (PCB) or ceramic substrate while the other side is a continuous ground plane. The width of the strip, the thickness of the insulating layer (PCB or ceramic) and the dielectric constant of the insulating layer determine the characteristic impedance. Microstrip is an open structure whereas coaxial cable is a closed structure.
Stripline[edit]
Main article: Stripline
A stripline circuit uses a flat strip of metal which is sandwiched between two parallel ground planes. The insulating material of the substrate forms a dielectric. The width of the strip, the thickness of the substrate and the relative permittivity of the substrate determine the characteristic impedance of the strip which is a transmission line.
Coplanar waveguide[edit]
Main article: Coplanar waveguide
A coplanar waveguide consists of a center strip and two adjacent outer conductors, all three of them flat structures that are deposited onto the same insulating substrate and thus are located in the same plane ("coplanar"). The width of the center conductor, the distance between inner and outer conductors, and the relative permittivity of the substrate determine the characteristic impedance of the coplanar transmission line.
Balanced lines[edit]
Main article: Balanced line
A balanced line is a transmission line consisting of two conductors of the same type, and equal impedance to ground and other circuits. There are many formats of balanced lines, amongst the most common are twisted pair, star quad and twin-lead.
Twisted pair[edit]
Main article: Twisted pair
Twisted pairs are commonly used for terrestrial telephone communications. In such cables, many pairs are grouped together in a single cable, from two to several thousand.[9] The format is also used for data network distribution inside buildings, but the cable is more expensive because the transmission line parameters are tightly controlled.
Star quad[edit]
Main article: Star quad cable
Star quad is a four-conductor cable in which all four conductors are twisted together around the cable axis. It is sometimes used for two circuits, such as 4-wire telephony and other telecommunications applications. In this configuration each pair uses two non-adjacent conductors. Other times it is used for a single, balanced line, such as audio applications and 2-wire telephony. In this configuration two non-adjacent conductors are terminated together at both ends of the cable, and the other two conductors are also terminated together.
When used for two circuits, crosstalk is reduced relative to cables with two separate twisted pairs.
When used for a single, balanced line, magnetic interference picked up by the cable arrives as a virtually perfect common mode signal, which is easily removed by coupling transformers.
The combined benefits of twisting, balanced signalling, and quadrupole pattern give outstanding noise immunity, especially advantageous for low signal level applications such as microphone cables, even when installed very close to a power cable.[10][11][12][13][14] The disadvantage is that star quad, in combining two conductors, typically has double the capacitance of similar two-conductor twisted and shielded audio cable. High capacitance causes increasing distortion and greater loss of high frequencies as distance increases.[15][16]
Twin-lead[edit]
Main article: Twin-lead
Twin-lead consists of a pair of conductors held apart by a continuous insulator. By holding the conductors a known distance apart, the geometry is fixed and the line characteristics are reliably consistent. It is lower loss than coaxial cable because the wave propagates mostly in air rather than the thin dielectric. However, it is more susceptible to interference.
Lecher lines[edit]
Main article: Lecher lines
Lecher lines are a form of parallel conductor that can be used at UHF for creating resonant circuits. They are a convenient practical format that fills the gap between lumped components (used at HF/VHF) and resonant cavities (used at UHF/SHF).
Single-wire line[edit]
Unbalanced lines were formerly much used for telegraph transmission, but this form of communication has now fallen into disuse. Cables are similar to twisted pair in that many cores are bundled into the same cable but only one conductor is provided per circuit and there is no twisting. All the circuits on the same route use a common path for the return current (earth return). There is a power transmission version of single-wire earth return in use in many locations.
General applications[edit]
Signal transfer[edit]
Electrical transmission lines are very widely used to transmit high frequency signals over long or short distances with minimum power loss. One familiar example is the down lead from a TV or radio aerial to the receiver.
Pulse generation[edit]
Transmission lines are also used as pulse generators. By charging the transmission line and then discharging it into a resistive load, a rectangular pulse equal in length to twice the electrical length of the line can be obtained, although with half the voltage. A Blumlein transmission line is a related pulse forming device that overcomes this limitation. These are sometimes used as the pulsed power sources for radar transmitters and other devices.
Stub filters[edit]
See also: Distributed element filter § Stub band-pass filters
If a short-circuited or open-circuited transmission line is wired in parallel with a line used to transfer signals from point A to point B, then it will function as a filter. The method for making stubs is similar to the method for using Lecher lines for crude frequency measurement, but it is 'working backwards'. One method recommended in the RSGB's radiocommunication handbook is to take an open-circuited length of transmission line wired in parallel with the feeder delivering signals from an aerial. By cutting the free end of the transmission line, a minimum in the strength of the signal observed at a receiver can be found. At this stage the stub filter will reject this frequency and the odd harmonics, but if the free end of the stub is shorted then the stub will become a filter rejecting the even harmonics.
Acoustic transmission lines[edit]
Main article: Acoustic transmission line
An acoustic transmission line is the acoustic analogue of the electrical transmission line as a waveguide. It is typically imagined as a rigid-walled tube that is long and thin relative to the wavelength of sound present in it.
See also[edit]
Artificial transmission line
Distributed element model
Heaviside condition
Longitudinal electromagnetic wave
Propagation velocity
Radio frequency power transmission
Time domain reflectometer
Transverse electromagnetic wave
References[edit]
Part of this article was derived from Federal Standard 1037C.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jackman, Shawn M.; Matt Swartz; Marcus Burton; Thomas W. Head (2011). CWDP Certified Wireless Design Professional Official Study Guide: Exam PW0-250. John Wiley & Sons. pp. Ch. 7. ISBN 1118041615.
^ Jump up to: a b Oklobdzija, Vojin G.; Ram K. Krishnamurthy (2006). High-Performance Energy-Efficient Microprocessor Design. Springer. p. 297. ISBN 0387340475.
Jump up ^ Guru, Bhag Singh; Hüseyin R. Hızıroğlu (2004). Electromagnetic Field Theory Fundamentals, 2nd Ed. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 422–423. ISBN 1139451928.
Jump up ^ Schmitt, Ron Schmitt (2002). Electromagnetics Explained: A Handbook for Wireless/ RF, EMC, and High-Speed Electronics. Newnes. p. 153. ISBN 0080505236.
Jump up ^ Carr, Joseph J. (1997). Microwave & Wireless Communications Technology. USA: Newnes. pp. 46–47. ISBN 0750697075.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Raisanen, Antti V.; Arto Lehto (2003). Radio Engineering for Wireless Communication and Sensor Applications. Artech House. pp. 35–37. ISBN 1580536697.
Jump up ^ Ernst Weber and Frederik Nebeker, The Evolution of Electrical Engineering, IEEE Press, Piscataway, New Jersey USA, 1994 ISBN 0-7803-1066-7
Jump up ^ "Journal of Magnetic Resonance – Impedance matching with an adjustable segmented transmission line". Journal of Magnetic Resonance. 199: 104–110. Bibcode:2009JMagR.199..104Q. doi:10.1016/j.jmr.2009.04.005.
Jump up ^ Syed V. Ahamed, Victor B. Lawrence, Design and engineering of intelligent communication systems, pp.130-131, Springer, 1997 ISBN 0-7923-9870-X.
Jump up ^ The Importance of Star-Quad Microphone Cable
Jump up ^ Evaluating Microphone Cable Performance & Specifications
Jump up ^ The Star Quad Story
Jump up ^ What's Special About Star-Quad Cable?
Jump up ^ How Starquad Works
Jump up ^ Lampen, Stephen H. (2002). Audio/Video Cable Installer's Pocket Guide. McGraw-Hill. pp. 32, 110, 112. ISBN 0071386211.
Jump up ^ Rayburn, Ray (2011). Eargle's The Microphone Book: From Mono to Stereo to Surround – A Guide to Microphone Design and Application (3 ed.). Focal Press. pp. 164–166. ISBN 0240820754.
Steinmetz, Charles Proteus (August 27, 1898), "The Natural Period of a Transmission Line and the Frequency of lightning Discharge Therefrom", The Electrical World: 203–205
Grant, I. S.; Phillips, W. R., Electromagnetism (2nd ed.), John Wiley, ISBN 0-471-92712-0
Ulaby, F. T., Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics (2004 media ed.), Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-185089-X
"Chapter 17", Radio communication handbook, Radio Society of Great Britain, 1982, p. 20, ISBN 0-900612-58-4
Naredo, J. L.; Soudack, A. C.; Marti, J. R. (Jan 1995), "Simulation of transients on transmission lines with corona via the method of characteristics", IEE Proceedings. Generation, Transmission and Distribution., Morelos: Institution of Electrical Engineers, 142 (1), ISSN 1350-2360
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transmission lines.
Annual Dinner of the Institute at the Waldorf-Astoria. Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, New York, January 13, 1902. (Honoring of Guglielmo Marconi, January 13, 1902)
Avant! software, Using Transmission Line Equations and Parameters. Star-Hspice Manual, June 2001.
Cornille, P, On the propagation of inhomogeneous waves. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 23, February 14, 1990. (Concept of inhomogeneous waves propagation — Show the importance of the telegrapher's equation with Heaviside's condition.)
Farlow, S.J., Partial differential equations for scientists and engineers. J. Wiley and Sons, 1982, p. 126. ISBN 0-471-08639-8.
Kupershmidt, Boris A., Remarks on random evolutions in Hamiltonian representation. Math-ph/9810020. J. Nonlinear Math. Phys. 5 (1998), no. 4, 383-395.
Transmission line matching. EIE403: High Frequency Circuit Design. Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University. (PDF format)
Wilson, B. (2005, October 19). Telegrapher's Equations. Connexions.
John Greaton Wöhlbier, ""Fundamental Equation" and "Transforming the Telegrapher's Equations". Modeling and Analysis of a Traveling Wave Under Multitone Excitation.
Keysight Technologies. Educational Resources. Wave Propagation along a Transmission Line. May need to add "http://www.keysight.com" to your Java Exception Site list. Educational Java Applet.
Qian, C., Impedance matching with adjustable segmented transmission line. J. Mag. Reson. 199 (2009), 104–110.
External links[edit]
Transmission Line Calculator (Including radiation and surface-wave excitation losses)
Transmission Line Parameter Calculator
Interactive applets on transmission lines
SPICE Simulation of Transmission Lines
[hide]
v
t
e
Telecommunications
History
Beacon
Broadcasting
Cable protection system
Cable TV
Communications satellite
Computer network
Drums
Electrical telegraph
Fax
Heliographs
Hydraulic telegraph
Internet
Mass media
Mobile phone
Optical telecommunication
Optical telegraphy
Pager
Photophone
Prepay mobile phone
Radio
Radiotelephone
Satellite communications
Semaphore
Smartphone
Smoke signals
Telecommunications history
Telautograph
Telegraphy
Teleprinter (teletype)
Telephone
The Telephone Cases
Television
Timeline of communication technology
Undersea telegraph line
Videoconferencing
Videophone
Videotelephony
Whistled language
Pioneers
Edwin Howard Armstrong
John Logie Baird
Paul Baran
Alexander Graham Bell
Tim Berners-Lee
Jagadish Chandra Bose
Vint Cerf
Claude Chappe
Donald Davies
Lee de Forest
Philo Farnsworth
Reginald Fessenden
Elisha Gray
Erna Schneider Hoover
Charles K. Kao
Hedy Lamarr
Innocenzo Manzetti
Guglielmo Marconi
Antonio Meucci
Radia Perlman
Alexander Stepanovich Popov
Johann Philipp Reis
Nikola Tesla
Camille Tissot
Alfred Vail
Charles Wheatstone
Vladimir K. Zworykin
Transmission
media
Coaxial cable
Fiber-optic communication
Optical fiber
Free-space optical communication
Molecular communication
Radio waves
Transmission line
Network topology
and switching
Links
Nodes
Terminal node
Network switching (circuit
packet)
Telephone exchange
Multiplexing
Space-division
Frequency-division
Time-division
Polarization-division
Orbital angular-momentum
Code-division
Networks
ARPANET
BITNET
Cellular network
Computer
CYCLADES
Ethernet
FidoNet
Internet
ISDN
LAN
Mobile
NGN
NPL network
Public Switched Telephone
Radio
Telecommunications equipment
Television
Telex
WAN
Wireless
World Wide Web
Category
Portal
Authority control
GND: 4132672-6
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transmission_line&oldid=826771409"
Categories:
Signal cables
Telecommunications engineering
Transmission lines
Distributed element circuits
Hidden categories:
Use British English from June 2015
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Français
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Türkçe
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 February 2018, at 22:40.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Ladder_line
mw-redirect
Ladder line

values:
/wiki/Dielectric_waveguide
mw-redirect
Dielectric waveguide

values:
/wiki/Mains_power
mw-redirect
Mains power

values:
/wiki/Lord_Kelvin
mw-redirect
Lord Kelvin

values:
/wiki/Electric_circuit
mw-redirect
Electric circuit

values:
/wiki/Electronic_schematic
mw-redirect
Electronic schematic

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Ohmic_heating
mw-redirect
Ohmic heating

values:
/wiki/Metal_mesh_optical_filters
mw-redirect
Metal mesh optical filters

values:
/wiki/Digital_circuit
mw-redirect
Digital circuit

values:
/wiki/Reflections_on_copper_lines
mw-redirect
Reflections on copper lines

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;

values:
/wiki/Maxwell%27s_Equations
mw-redirect
Maxwell's Equations

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;

values:
/wiki/Electric_conductance
mw-redirect
Electric conductance

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.268ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.483ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.511ex; height:2.509ex;

values:
/wiki/Attenuation_constant
mw-redirect
Attenuation constant

values:
/wiki/Phase_constant
mw-redirect
Phase constant

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.926ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.311ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:27.859ex; height:5.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:29.72ex; height:5.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:26.811ex; height:6.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:27.194ex; height:6.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:18.906ex; height:6.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:17.675ex; height:6.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:29.667ex; height:4.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:20.513ex; height:7.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:29.171ex; height:3.343ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:36.552ex; height:5.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:4.145ex; height:3.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.995ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;

values: {\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {out} }(x,t)\,}

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.363ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.042ex; height:3.176ex;

values: {\displaystyle e^{-\operatorname {Re} (\gamma )\,x}\,}

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.807ex; height:2.843ex;

values: {\displaystyle -\operatorname {Im} (\gamma )\,x\,}

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.146ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:43.958ex; height:3.343ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:43.579ex; height:3.343ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:32.939ex; height:6.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:28.057ex; height:6.176ex;

values: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {R}{\omega \,L}}\ll 1}

values: vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:8.141ex; height:3.843ex;

values: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {G}{\omega \,C}}\ll 1}

values: vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:8.271ex; height:3.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:33.902ex; height:6.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.883ex; height:3.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:4.69ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:2.343ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.568ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:47.172ex; height:4.509ex;

values: Edit section: Input impedance of transmission line

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.97ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.642ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.847ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:33.149ex; height:6.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:15.755ex; height:5.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:30.73ex; height:6.509ex;

values: Edit section: Input impedance of lossless transmission line

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.038ex; height:2.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:30.466ex; height:6.509ex;

values: {\displaystyle \beta ={\frac {\,2\pi \,}{\lambda }}}

values: vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:8.535ex; height:5.343ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.979ex; height:2.509ex;

values: Edit section: Special cases of lossless transmission lines

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.901ex; height:2.509ex;

values: {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {in} }=Z_{\mathrm {L} }\,}

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.524ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.429ex; height:1.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:11.587ex; height:6.343ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.264ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.108ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.334ex; height:2.843ex;

values: {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {L} }=\infty }

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.269ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.495ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.557ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:33.044ex; height:6.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.005ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.647ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.659ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.277ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:3.138ex; height:2.176ex;

values: {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {0,i} }>Z_{0}}

values: vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.297ex; height:2.843ex;

values:
/wiki/Smith_Chart
mw-redirect
Smith Chart

values:
/wiki/Long_distance_telephone
mw-redirect
Long distance telephone

values:
/wiki/Dielectric_constant
mw-redirect
Dielectric constant

values:
/wiki/Resonant_cavity
mw-redirect
Resonant cavity

values:
/wiki/Blumlein_transmission_line
mw-redirect
Blumlein transmission line

values: Edit section: Acoustic transmission lines

values:
/wiki/Propagation_velocity
mw-redirect
Propagation velocity

values:
/wiki/Time_domain_reflectometer
mw-redirect
Time domain reflectometer

values: -moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em;

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmr.2009.04.005

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1350-2360

values:
nofollow
external text
https://earlyradiohistory.us/1902wt.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
https://arxiv.org/abs/math-ph/9810020

values:
nofollow
http://cktse.eie.polyu.edu.hk/eie403/
external text

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.keysight.com

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.keysight.com/find/nw_xline

values:
/wiki/File:Telecom-icon.svg
image
Telecommunications symbol

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: navigation navbox Telecommunications padding:3px

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4132672-6

values: Category:Use British English from June 2015

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Transmission_line
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: خط نقل كهرباء – Arabic

values: Предавателна линия – Bulgarian

values: Ενσύρματο δίκτυο – Greek

values: خط انتقال – Persian

values: Երկար գիծ – Armenian

values: संचरण लाइन – Hindi

values: קו תמסורת – Hebrew

values: पारेषण वाहिनी – Marathi

values: Линия передачи – Russian

values: செலுத்து கம்பி – Tamil

values: Лінія зв'язку – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Transmission_line rootpage-Transmission_line skin-vector action-view


text:
Where Do We Go from Here (Stacy Lattisaw song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Where Do We Go from Here"
Single by Stacy Lattisaw featuring Johnny Gill
from the album What You Need
Released
1989 (1989)[1]
Format
12", 7", cassette
Genre
R&B
Length
6:05 (album version)
4:12 (single edit)[1]
Label
Motown
Songwriter(s)
LeMel Humes[2]
Producer(s)
LeMel Humes[3]
Stacy Lattisaw singles chronology
"What You Need"
(1989) "Where Do We Go from Here"
(1989) "Dance for You"
(1989)
"What You Need"
(1989) "Where Do We Go from Here"
(1989) "Dance for You"
(1989)
Johnny Gill singles chronology
Can't Wait Til Tomorrow
(1985) Can't Wait Til Tomorrow1985 Where Do We Go from Here
(1989) String Module Error: Match not found1989 Rub You the Right Way
(1990) Rub You the Right Way1990
"Where Do We Go from Here" is a song performed by American contemporary R&B singer Stacy Lattisaw, issued as the second single from her ninth studio album What You Need. The song features vocals from frequent collaborator Johnny Gill.[1] Released in 1989,[1] it peaked at #1 for two weeks on the Billboard R&B chart in 1990.[4]
Chart positions[edit]
Chart (1990)[4][5]
Peak
position
US Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales (Billboard) 20
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks (Billboard) 1
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Stacy Lattisaw With Special Guest Johnny Gill - Where Do We Go From Here at Discogs". Discogs. Zink Media. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Where Do We Go from Here - Stacy Lattisaw | Listen, Appearances, Song Review | AllMusic". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Stacy Lattisaw With Special Guest Johnny Gill - Where Do We Go From Here (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs. Zink Media. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs - 1990 Archive - Billboard Charts Archive". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Stacy Lattisaw | Awards | AllMusic". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
External links[edit]
"Where Do We Go from Here" at AllMusic
"Where Do We Go from Here" at Discogs (list of releases)
Preceded by
"It's Gonna Be Alright" by Ruby Turner Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks number one single
February 24, 1990 (1990-02-24) – March 3, 1990 (1990-03-03) Succeeded by
"Escapade" by Janet Jackson
[show]
v
t
e
Stacy Lattisaw
Studio albums
Young and in Love
Let Me Be Your Angel
With You
Sneakin' Out
Sixteen
Perfect Combination
I'm Not the Same Girl
Take Me All the Way
Personal Attention
What You Need
Singles
"When You're Young and in Love"
"Dynamite!"
"Jump to the Beat"
"Let Me Be Your Angel"
"Love on a Two Way Street"
"Attack of the Name Game"
"Hey There Lonely Boy"
"Perfect Combination" / "Heartbreak Look"
"Block Party"
"Baby It's You"
"Where Do We Go from Here"
"I Don't Have the Heart"
Related articles
Johnny Gill
Book:Stacy Lattisaw
[show]
v
t
e
Johnny Gill
Discography
Albums
Studio
Johnny Gill (1983 album)
Chemistry
Johnny Gill (1990 album)
Provocative
Let's Get the Mood Right
Still Winning
Game Changer
Collaboration
Perfect Combination
Compilation
Favorites
Singles
"Super Love"
"When Something Is Wrong with My Baby"
"Perfect Combination" / "Heartbreak Look"
"Block Party"
"Baby It's You"
"Half Crazy"
"Can't Wait Til Tomorrow"
"Rub You the Right Way"
"My, My, My"
"Fairweather Friend"
"Wrap My Body Tight"
Featured singles
"Where Do We Go from Here"
"Word to the Mutha!"
"Silent Prayer"
Related articles
New Edition
LSG
Heads of State
Stacy Lattisaw

This 1980s R&B/soul music song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_Do_We_Go_from_Here_(Stacy_Lattisaw_song)&oldid=789946886"
Categories:
1989 songs
1989 singles
Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles
Stacy Lattisaw songs
Johnny Gill songs
Motown singles
1980s R&B song stubs
Hidden categories:
Music infoboxes with Module:String errors
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Articles with hAudio microformats
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 10 July 2017, at 16:56.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: Stacy Lattisaw - Where Do We Go from Here single cover.jpg

value: i

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.discogs.com/master/229295

values: List of number-one R&B singles of 1990 (U.S.)

values: Template talk:Stacy Lattisaw (page does not exist)

values:
Stacy_Lattisaw
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values:
/wiki/Let_Me_Be_Your_Angel
mw-redirect
Let Me Be Your Angel

values: Block Party (Stacy Lattisaw and Johnny Gill song)

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Heads_of_State_(group)
mw-redirect
Heads of State (group)

values: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

values:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

values: Category:Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles

values: Category:Music infoboxes with Module:String errors

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Where_Do_We_Go_from_Here_Stacy_Lattisaw_song rootpage-Where_Do_We_Go_from_Here_Stacy_Lattisaw_song skin-vector action-view


text:
Stock nomenclature
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For guidelines on the use of Stock nomenclature in Wikipedia articles, see Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry) § Use of Stock nomenclature.
Stock nomenclature for inorganic compounds is a widely used system of chemical nomenclature developed by the German chemist Alfred Stock and first published in 1919. In the "Stock system", the oxidation states of some or all of the elements in a compound are indicated in parentheses by Roman numerals.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Style
2 Examples
2.1 Mixed-valence compounds
3 See also
4 References
Style[edit]
Contrary to the usual English style for parentheses, there is no space between the end of the element name and the opening parenthesis: for AgF, the correct style is "silver(I) fluoride" not "silver (I) fluoride".
Where there is no ambiguity about the oxidation state of an element in a compound, it is not necessary to indicate it with Roman numerals: hence for NaCl, sodium chloride will suffice; sodium(I) chloride(−I) is unnecessarily long and such usage is very rare.
Examples[edit]
FeCl2: iron(II) chloride
FeCl3: iron(III) chloride
K[MnO4]: potassium manganate(VII) (rarely used except in pre-university education, potassium permanganate is ubiquitous)
[Co(NH3)6]3+: hexaamminecobalt(III)
Mixed-valence compounds[edit]
Co3O4: cobalt(II,III) oxide. Co3O4 is a mixed-valence compound that is more accurately described as CoIICoIII2O4, i.e. [Co2+][Co3+]2[O2−]4.[3]
Sb2O4: antimony(III,V) oxide. Sb2O4 is better formulated as SbIIISbVO4, i.e. [Sb3+][Sb5+][O2−]4.
See also[edit]
IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Clugston, M.; Flemming, R. (2000). Advanced Chemistry. Oxford University Press. pp. 214–215. ISBN 978-0199146338.
Jump up ^ Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2008). Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 213. ISBN 978-0131755536.
Jump up ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1118. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.

This chemistry-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_nomenclature&oldid=748998488"
Categories:
Chemical nomenclature
Chemistry stubs
Hidden categories:
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Euskara
Nederlands
Slovenščina
ไทย
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 November 2016, at 18:18.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: b

values:
/wiki/Roman_numeral
mw-redirect
Roman numeral

value: sup

value: p

values:
/wiki/Mixed-valence_compound
mw-redirect
Mixed-valence compound

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Template_talk:Chem-stub
mw-redirect
Template talk:Chem-stub

values: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

values:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Stock_nomenclature
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: การเรียกชื่อสารเคมีตามระบบสต็อก – Thai

values: Номенклатура Штока – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Stock_nomenclature rootpage-Stock_nomenclature skin-vector action-view


text:
Seven Seconds (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Seven Seconds
Genre
Crime drama
Created by
Veena Sud
Based on
The Major
by Yuri Bykov
Starring
Clare-Hope Ashitey
Beau Knapp
Michael Mosley
David Lyons
Russell Hornsby
Raúl Castillo
Patrick Murney
Zackary Momoh
Michelle Veintimilla
Regina King
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
10 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Veena Sud
Gavin O'Connor
Lawrence Bender
Kevin Kelly Brown
Alex Reznik
Dan Nowak
Producer(s)
Jonathan Filley
Shana Fishcer Huber
Running time
54–80 minutes
Production company(s)
KMF Films
Bender Brown Productions
Filmtribe
Fox 21 Television Studios
Distributor
20th Television
Release
Original network
Netflix
Original release
February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23) – present
External links
Website
Seven Seconds is an American crime drama web television series that follows the people involved in investigating the death of a young black boy and the boy’s family as they reel after the loss.[1] Veena Sud is the series' creator and executive producer/showrunner,[2] and Gavin O'Connor is the director and executive producer.[3] The series, produced by Fox 21 Television Studios,[4] is based on the Russian movie The Major (2013), written and directed by Yuri Bykov.[5] The first season, consisting of 10 episodes, was released on Netflix on February 23, 2018.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 Episodes
4 Production
4.1 Development
4.2 Casting
4.3 Marketing
5 Reception
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Brenton Butler—a black teenager from Jersey City—is accidentally hit and critically injured by a car driven by a white police officer. Police are called to the scene, assume he is dead, and a cover-up ensues. Racial tensions explode in the face of injustice and the absence of quick resolution of the case.[7]
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Clare-Hope Ashitey as K.J. Harper
Beau Knapp as Peter Jablonski
Michael Mosley as Joe “Fish” Rinaldi
David Lyons as Mike DiAngelo
Russell Hornsby as Isaiah Butler
Raúl Castillo as Felix Osorio
Patrick Murney as Manny Wilcox
Zackary Momoh as Seth Butler
Michelle Veintimilla as Marie Jablonski
Regina King as Latrice Butler
Recurring[edit]
Corey Champagne as Kadeuce Porter
Nadia Alexander as Nadine MacAllister
Coley Mustafa Speaks as Messiah
Adriana DeMeo as Teresa
Jeremy Davidson as James Connelly
Gretchen Mol as Sam Hennessy
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
1
"Pilot" Gavin O'Connor Veena Sud February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)
2
"Brenton's Breath" Jonathan Demme Veena Sud February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)
3
"Matters of Life and Death" Jon Amiel J. David Shanks February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)
4
"That What Follows" Tanya Hamilton Dan Nowak February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)
5
"Of Gods and Men" Coky Giedroyc Shalisha Francis February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)
6
"Until It Do" Ernest Dickerson Francesca Sloane February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)
7
"Boxed Devil" Ed Bianchi Rhett Rossi February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)
8
"Bailed Out" Dan Attias Evangeline Ordaz February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)
9
"Witnesses for the Prosecution" Victoria Mahoney John Lopez February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)
10
"A Boy and a Bike" Ed Bianchi Veena Sud & Shalisha Francis February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)
Production[edit]
Official poster
Development[edit]
On October 18, 2016, it was announced that Netflix had given the production a one season series order consisting of 10 episodes. The series was created by Veena Sud with Gavin O'Connor attached to direct. Sud and O’Connor were expected to executive produce alongside Lawrence Bender, Kevin Brown, and Alex Reznik. Production companies involved with the show include Fox 21 TV Studios.[8][9]
Casting[edit]
On October 25, 2016, it was announced that David Lyons and Beau Knapp had joined the show as series regulars.[10]
On November 17, 2016, Russell Hornsby, Raul Castillo, and Zackary Momoh joined the main cast.[11] Later that month, Michael Mosley and Patrick Murney were cast as series regulars as well.[12]
On December 1, 2016, it was confirmed that Regina King had been cast in the series regular role of Latrice Butler.[13] A few weeks later, Clare-Hope Ashitey was cast in the series' lead role of K.J. Harper.[14]
Marketing[edit]
On January 24, 2018, Neflix released the official trailer for the series and a collection of first look images.[15]
Reception[edit]
The series received a positive reception from critics upon its premiere especially for the acting performances. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, Seven Seconds is certified fresh holding a 77% approval rating, with an average rating of 6.05 out of 10 based on 39 reviews.[16] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the series a score of 68 out of 100 based on 20 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[17]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Netflix's 'Seven Seconds' Releases an Eye-Catching, Brutally Effective Teaser". Collider. December 21, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Netflix Nears Series Order For Racially Charged Drama From 'The Killing' Creator, 'The Accountant' Director & Fox 21". Deadline. October 18, 2016. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gavin O'Connor Working on Veena Sud Netflix Project". Slashfilm. October 5, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Netflix Nears Series Order For Racially Charged Drama From 'The Killing' Creator, 'The Accountant' Director & Fox 21". Deadline. October 18, 2016. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Netflix Nears Series Order For Racially Charged Drama From 'The Killing' Creator, 'The Accountant' Director & Fox 21". Deadline. October 16, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Seven Second Teaser Netflix HD". Youtube. December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Aurthur, Kate. "Everything You Need To Know About TV And Movies In 2018". BuzzFeed. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (October 19, 2016). "Netflix Nears Series Order For Racially Charged Drama From 'The Killing' Creator, 'The Accountant' Director & Fox 21". Deadline. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate (October 18, 2016). "Netflix Nears Series Order for Veena Sud Racial Crime Drama 'Seven Seconds'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (October 25, 2016). "'Seven Seconds': David Lyons & Beau Knapp To Co-Star In Netflix Drama Series". Deadline. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (November 18, 2016). "'Seven Seconds': Russell Hornsby, Raul Castillo & Zackary Momoh Cast In Netflix Series". Deadline. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (November 30, 2016). "'Seven Seconds': Michael Mosley & Patrick Murney Cast In Netflix Series". Deadline. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (December 1, 2016). "'Seven Seconds': Regina King Joins Netflix Series". Deadline. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate (December 15, 2016). "Netflix Crime Drama 'Seven Seconds' Taps 'Children of Men' Actress to Star (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (January 24, 2018). "'Seven Seconds' Trailer: Regina King Seeks Justice In Netflix Crime Anthology Series". Deadline. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Seven Seconds. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Seven Seconds. Metacritic. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
External links[edit]
Seven Seconds on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Netflix original series
Current
Since 2013
House of Cards
Orange Is the New Black
Since 2014
BoJack Horseman
Since 2015
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
Chef's Table
Daredevil
Grace and Frankie
Residue
Sense8
Club de Cuervos
Project Mc2
Dinotrux
Narcos
The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show
Master of None
Jessica Jones
F Is for Family
Making a Murderer
Real Rob
Since 2016
Degrassi: Next Class
Fuller House
Lego Friends: The Power of Friendship
Flaked
Lost & Found Music Studios
The Ranch
Kong: King of the Apes
Marseille
Voltron: Legendary Defender
Word Party
World of Winx
Stranger Things
Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh
Last Chance U
Beat Bugs
Ask the StoryBots
Kulipari: An Army of Frogs
Easy
Luke Cage
Skylanders Academy
The Crown
3%
Luna Petunia
The OA
Travelers
Trollhunters
Since 2017
One Day at a Time
A Series of Unfortunate Events
Frontier
Santa Clarita Diet
Abstract: The Art of Design
Ultimate Beastmaster
Legend Quest
Buddy Thunderstruck
Iron Fist
Julie's Greenroom
Ingobernable
13 Reasons Why
Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Return
Bill Nye Saves the World
Dear White People
Cable Girls
Spirit Riding Free
Anne with an E
El Chapo
Free Rein
GLOW
Castlevania
Friends from College
Ozark
The Worst Witch
Atypical
True and the Rainbow Kingdom
Greenhouse Academy
The Confession Tapes
American Vandal
Neo Yokio
Jack Whitehall: Travels with My Father
Big Mouth
The Magic School Bus Rides Again
Suburra
Mindhunter
Super Monsters
Cuando conocí al Chapo: La historia de Kate del Castillo
Beyond Stranger Things
Blazing Transfer Student
The Punisher
Shot in the Dark
Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters
She's Gotta Have It
Dark
Wormwood
The Toys That Made Us
Since 2018
The End of the F***ing World
Devilman Crybaby
My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman
Trolls: The Beat Goes On!
Llama Llama
The New Legends of Monkey
Altered Carbon
Dirty Money
Queer Eye
First Team: Juventus
The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale
Seven Seconds
Ugly Delicious
B: The Beginning
Flint Town
Girls Incarcerated
A.I.C.O. -Incarnation-
Nailed It!
On My Block
Wild Wild Country
Alexa & Katie
O Mecanismo
Requiem
Sword Gai: The Animation
Lost Song
Troy: Fall of a City
The Boss Baby: Back in Business
Continuations
Arrested Development (season 4, 2013)
The Killing (season 4, 2014)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (season 6, 2014)
Trailer Park Boys (seasons 8–11, 2014–17)
DreamWorks Dragons (seasons 3–8, 2015–18)
Longmire (seasons 4–6, 2015–17)
Black Mirror (seasons 3–4, 2016–17)
Lovesick (seasons 2–3, 2016–18)
The Last Kingdom (season 2, 2017)
Glitch (season 2, 2017)
Ended
Lilyhammer (2012–14)
Hemlock Grove (2013–15)
Turbo FAST (2013–16)
VeggieTales in the House (2014–16)
Marco Polo (2014–16)
All Hail King Julien (2014–17)
The Adventures of Puss in Boots (2015–18)
Richie Rich (2015)
Bloodline (2015–17)
Between (2015–16)
Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp (2015)
Popples (2015–16)
Care Bears and Cousins (2015–16)
W/ Bob & David (2015)
Atelier (2015)
Dawn of the Croods (2015–17)
Chelsea Does (2016)
Love (2016–18)
Lego Bionicle: The Journey to One (2016)
Netflix Presents: The Characters (2016)
Chelsea (2016–17)
Lady Dynamite (2016–17)
Hibana: Spark (2016)
Paranoid (2016)
The Get Down (2016–17)
StoryBots Super Songs (2016)
Haters Back Off (2016–17)
Roman Empire: Reign of Blood (2016)
Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life (2016)
Captive (2016)
White Rabbit Project (2016)
Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency (2016–17)
Crazyhead (2016)
Chasing Cameron (2016)
Edgar Rice Burroughs’ Tarzan and Jane (2017)
We're Lalaloopsy (2017)
Disjointed (2017–18)
Five Came Back (2017)
Girlboss (2017)
The Keepers (2017)
Gypsy (2017)
Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later (2017)
The Defenders (2017)
Alias Grace (2017)
Godless (2017)
VeggieTales in the City (2017)
A StoryBots Christmas (2017)
Damnation (2017–18)
Collateral (2018)
Everything Sucks! (2018)
Upcoming
Lost in Space (2018)
Spy Kids: Mission Critical (2018)
The Letdown (2018)
3 Below (2018)
Baki (2018)
Luis Miguel (2018)
Chilling Adventures of Sabrina (2018)
Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee (season 10, 2018)
Disenchantment (2018)
Distrito Salvaje (2018)
Dr. Seuss' Green Eggs and Ham (2018)
Harvey Street Kids (2018)
Hilda (2018)
Insatiable (2018)
Kingdom (2018)
Kiss Me First (2018)
Knights of the Zodiac: Saint Seiya (2018)
La Casa de las Flores (2018)
Maniac (2018)
Safe (2018)
Samantha! (2018)
The Ballad of Buster Scruggs (2018)
The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants (2018)
The Rain (2018)
The Umbrella Academy (2018)
Untitled Michelle Wolf variety show (2018)
Carmen Sandiego (2019)
Jinn (2019)
Messiah (2019)
Top Boy (season 3, 2019)
The Last Kids on Earth (2019)
Wizards (2019)
Best Worst Weekend Ever (TBA)
Chambers (TBA)
Cursed (TBA)
Dead To Me (TBA)
Ghoul (TBA)
Nightflyers (TBA)
Norm Macdonald Has a Show (TBA)
Paradise, P.D. (TBA)
Quicksand (TBA)
Raising Dion (TBA)
Ratched (TBA)
The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance (TBA)
The Eddy (TBA)
The Forgiving Earth (TBA)
The Good Cop (TBA)
The Green Beret’s Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse (TBA)
The Haunting of Hill House (TBA)
The Innocents (TBA)
The Kominsky Method (TBA)
The Politician (TBA)
The Prince of Peoria (TBA)
The Spy (TBA)
The Witcher (TBA)
Tidelands (TBA)
Tuca & Bertie (TBA)
Unbelievable (TBA)
Wanderlust (TBA)
Watership Down (TBA)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_Seconds_(TV_series)&oldid=835406995"
Categories:
2018 American television series debuts
2010s American television series
American crime drama television series
American television series based on Danish television series
English-language television programs
Netflix original programming
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television
Television programs based on films
Jersey City, New Jersey
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
Italiano
Polski
Português
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 April 2018, at 14:44.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values:
/wiki/Crime_drama
mw-redirect
Crime drama

values:
/wiki/Yuri_Bykov_(director)
mw-redirect
Yuri Bykov (director)

values: text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values:
/wiki/Jersey_City
mw-redirect
Jersey City

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6297682/
external text

values: List of original programs distributed by Netflix

values: A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series)

values:
/wiki/O_Mecanismo
mw-redirect
O Mecanismo

values: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)

values: Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency (TV series)

values: Chilling Adventures of Sabrina (TV series)

values:
/wiki/Wizards_(2019_TV_series)
mw-redirect
Wizards (2019 TV series)

values:
/wiki/Dead_To_Me_(TV_series)
mw-redirect
Dead To Me (TV series)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:2018 American television series debuts

values: Category:2010s American television series

values: Category:American crime drama television series

values: Category:American television series based on Danish television series

values: Category:Television series by 20th Century Fox Television

values: Category:Television programs based on films

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Seven_Seconds_(TV_series)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: Seven Seconds (serie televisiva) – Italian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Seven_Seconds_TV_series rootpage-Seven_Seconds_TV_series skin-vector action-view