text:
Mad as a hatter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Mad as a hatter" is a colloquial English phrase used in conversation to suggest (lightheartedly) that a person is suffering from insanity. The etymology of the phrase is uncertain, with explanations both connected and unconnected to the trade of hat-making. The earliest known appearance of the phrase is in an 1829 issue of Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Early uses
3 See also
4 References
Etymology[edit]
The origin of the saying may derive from:
Mercury poisoning of hat-makers – A popular explanation of the phrase suggests that it was connected to mercury poisoning or Korsakoff's syndrome[dubious – discuss] experienced by hat-makers as a result of the long-term use of mercury products in the hat-making trade.[1][2] In 18th and 19th century England mercury was used in the production of felt, which was used in the manufacturing of hats common of the time. A late 19th-century example of the effect occurred with hatters in Danbury, Connecticut who developed a condition known locally as the Danbury Shakes. The condition was characterized by slurred speech, tremors, stumbling, and, in extreme cases, hallucinations.[3]
An incidence of nominalization of the verb hatter, which means "To harass; to weary; to wear out with fatigue." according to Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language published in 1755. In the text he cites a passage from the work of John Dryden as an example of usage: "He's hatter'd out with pennance."[4]
Roger Crab, a 17th-century hermit who, after working for a short time as a hatter, gave all his goods to the poor and wore homemade sackcloth clothes.[1] Although this was presaged by political and religious radicalism, and was followed by a long married life.[5]
An adaptation of the Anglo-Saxon word atter meaning poison, closely related to the word adder for the poisonous Crossed Viper. Lexicographers William and Mary Morris in Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins (1977) favour this derivation because "mad as a hatter" was known before hat making was a recognized trade.[1] According to A Dictionary of Common Fallacies (1980), "'mad' meant 'venomous' and 'hatter' is a corruption of 'adder', or viper, so that the phrase 'mad as an atter' originally meant 'as venomous as a viper'."
Historical significance: Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth, and Booth was shot by Boston Corbett. Corbett spent his early life as a hat maker, and it is believed that the effects of his early life job affected his decision-making for his future. He was considered "mad as a hatter" for going against orders when he had Booth cornered in a barn in Virginia, and shooting Booth instead of taking him alive. After investigation, Corbett was forgiven for his disobedience, but left the army and went back to hat making. After a few years, Corbett was even more mad than people had once thought, and he was thrown into an insane asylum. Incidentally, Corbett managed to escape, and he was never seen again.[6]
Early uses[edit]
In a section of the January–June 1829 issue of Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, headed Noctes Ambrocianæ. No. XL1V, there is a conversation between a group of fictional characters:
NORTH: Many years – I was Sultan of Bello for a long period, until dethroned by an act of the grossest injustice; but I intend to expose the traitorous conspirators to the indignation of an outraged world.
TICKLER (aside to SHEPHERD.): He's raving.
SHEPHERD (to TICKLER.): Dementit.
ODOHERTY (to both.): Mad as a hatter. Hand me a segar.[7][8]
Canadian author Thomas Chandler Haliburton used the phrase twice in his 1835 book The clockmaker; or the sayings and doings of Samuel Slick of Slickville: "And with that he turned right round, and sat down to his map and never said another word, lookin' as mad as a hatter the whole blessed time" and "Father he larfed out like any thing; I thought he would never stop – and sister Sall got right up and walked out of the room, as mad as a hatter. Says she, Sam, I do believe you are a born fool, I vow."[7][9]
See also[edit]
Mad hatter disease
Hatmaking
The Hatter
Mad as a March hare
References[edit]
Look up mad as a hatter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rees, Nigel (1987). Why Do We Say ...?. ISBN 0-7137-1944-3.
Jump up ^ Barbara Mikkelson (13 July 2007). "Mad As a Hatter". snopes.com. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Mercury Workshop, p. 23, Ohio Indoor Air Quality Coalition, 2008. "In the late 1800’s hat makers, or hatters, used to use mercury nitrate when working with beaver fur to make felt. Over time, the hatters started exhibiting apparent changes in personality and also experienced tremors or shaking. Mercury poisoning attacks the nervous system, causing drooling, hair loss, uncontrollable muscle twitching, a lurching gait, and difficulties in talking and thinking clearly. Stumbling about in a confused state with slurred speech and trembling hands, affected hatters were sometimes mistaken for drunks. The ailment became known as 'The Danbury Shakes' in the community of Danbury where hat making was a major industry. In very severe cases, they experienced hallucinations. The term “mad as a hatter” may be a product of mercury toxicity. The practice did not completely stop until 1943."
Jump up ^ Johnson, Samuel (2005). A Dictionary of the English Language: An Anthology. Penguin. p. 289. ISBN 0-14-144157-7.
Jump up ^ The Bloodless Revolution. pp. 26–38. ISBN 0-393-05220-6.
Jump up ^ "Where did the phrase "mad as a hatter" come from?". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 2017-10-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Gary Martin. "As mad as a hatter". phrases.org. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Original text by Project Gutenberg.
Jump up ^ Original text by Google Books
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mad_as_a_hatter&oldid=814282346"
Categories:
English phrases
Hidden categories:
All accuracy disputes
Articles with disputed statements from December 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 7 December 2017, at 21:43 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: b

attrs: href title

value: i

value: p

value: input

attrs: type role id class style

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

value: label

attrs: class for

values: toctogglelabel toctogglecheckbox

value: span

attrs: class dir

values: toctitle ltr

value: li

values:
/wiki/Korsakoff%27s_syndrome
mw-redirect
Korsakoff's syndrome

values: The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2017)

values:
/wiki/Old_English_language
mw-redirect
Old English language

values:
/wiki/Mad_hatter_disease
mw-redirect
Mad hatter disease

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: wiktionary:Special:Search/mad as a hatter

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Articles with disputed statements from December 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Mad_as_a_hatter
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Mad_as_a_hatter rootpage-Mad_as_a_hatter skin-vector action-view


text:
Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Twenty-fifth Amendment" redirects here. For other uses, see Twenty-fifth Amendment (disambiguation).
This article is part of a series on the
Constitution of the
United States of America
Preamble and Articles
of the Constitution
Preamble
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Amendments to the Constitution
Bill of Rights
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XXI
XXII
XXIII
XXIV
XXV
XXVI
XXVII
Unratified Amendments
Congressional Apportionment
Titles of Nobility
Corwin
Child Labor
Equal Rights
D.C. Voting Rights
History
Drafting and ratification timeline
Convention
Signing
Federalism
Republicanism
Full text of the Constitution and Amendments
Preamble and Articles I–VII
Amendments I–X
Amendments XI–XXVII
Unratified Amendments
United States portal
U.S. Government portal
Law portal
Wikipedia book
v
t
e
The Twenty-fifth Amendment (Amendment XXV) to the United States Constitution deals with succession to the Presidency and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President as well as responding to Presidential disabilities. It supersedes the ambiguous wording of Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 of the Constitution, which does not expressly state whether the Vice President becomes the President or Acting President if the President dies, resigns, is removed from office, or is otherwise unable to discharge the powers of the presidency.[1] The Twenty-fifth Amendment was adopted on February 10, 1967.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 Background
2.1 Keating–Kefauver proposal
2.2 Kennedy assassination
2.3 Bayh–Celler proposal
3 Proposal and ratification
4 Effect
4.1 Section 1: Presidential succession
4.2 Section 2: Vice Presidential vacancy
4.3 Section 3: Presidential declaration
4.4 Section 4: Vice Presidential–Cabinet declaration
4.4.1 Proposed replacing of Cabinet as entity invoking Section 4
5 Invocations
5.1 Succession to presidency
5.2 Filling vice presidential vacancies
5.2.1 1973: Appointment of Gerald Ford as Vice President
5.2.2 1974: Appointment of Nelson Rockefeller as Vice President
5.3 Acting Presidents
5.3.1 1985: George H. W. Bush
5.3.2 2002: Dick Cheney
5.3.3 2007: Dick Cheney
6 Considered Section 4 invocations
6.1 1981: Reagan assassination attempt
6.2 1987: Reagan's alleged incapacity
7 See also
8 References
9 Sources
10 External links
Text[edit]
Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.
Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.
Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.
Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.
Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.[3]
Background[edit]
The Twenty-fifth Amendment in the National Archives
Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 of the Constitution states:
In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
That clause was unclear regarding Presidential succession and inability; it did not state who had the power to declare a President incapacitated.[1] Also, it did not provide a mechanism for filling a Vice Presidential vacancy before the next Presidential election.
The prospect of presidential disability was not given much attention by the Framers in part because it was thought that the President's responsibilities would be very limited most of the time. Furthermore, in an era of eighteenth century communications technology and diplomacy, it was expected that important decisions could be made on timescales measured in weeks if not months. Moreover, throughout history up to when Constitution was drafted in the late eighteenth century, people who suffered medical trauma or distress serious enough to render them incapacitated usually either died or recovered relatively quickly. It therefore seemed reasonable to assume that short-term medical issues would not likely cause a seriously impediment to a President's ability to carry out his office's expected duties.[citation needed]
Despite these considerations, the vagueness of the original clause caused difficulties many times before the Twenty-fifth Amendment's adoption:
In 1841, President William Henry Harrison became the first U.S. President to die in office. Representative John Williams had previously suggested that the Vice President should become Acting President upon the death of the President.[4] John Tyler asserted that he had succeeded to the presidency, as opposed to only obtaining its powers and duties. He also declined to acknowledge documents referring to him as "Acting President". Although he felt his vice presidential oath negated the need for the presidential oath, Tyler was persuaded that being formally sworn-in would clear up any doubts about his right to the office. Having done so, he then moved into the White House and assumed full presidential powers. While he was often derided by opponents as "His Accidency",[5] Tyler's claim was not formally challenged, and both houses of Congress adopted a resolution confirming that Tyler was the tenth President of the United States, without any qualifiers. The precedent of full succession was thus established.[6] This became known as the "Tyler Precedent".
There had been occasions when a President was incapacitated. For example, following Woodrow Wilson's stroke no one officially assumed the Presidential powers and duties, in part because the First Lady, Edith Wilson, together with the White House Physician, Cary T. Grayson, covered up President Wilson's condition for a length of time that would likely be impossible under modern media scrutiny.[1][7] Although Wilson's true condition eventually became public knowledge, by then only a few months remained in his term and Congressional leaders were thus not sufficiently inclined to press the issue.
The office of Vice President had been vacant sixteen times due to the death or resignation of the Vice President or his succession to the presidency.[1] For example, there was no Vice President for nearly four years after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. During the impeachment of Andrew Johnson there was no Vice President to succeed him. At that time, the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 provided that the President pro tempore of the Senate would succeed Johnson if he was removed from office.[8] Had the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson resulted in Johnson being removed from office, Senator Benjamin Wade, then the President pro tempore of the Senate, would have become acting president pending a special presidential election.[9]
After having been temporarily incapacitated by several severe health problems, President Dwight D. Eisenhower attempted to clarify procedures through a signed agreement with Vice President Richard Nixon, drafted by Attorney General Herbert Brownell Jr. However, this agreement did not have legal authority.[10] Eisenhower suffered a heart attack in September 1955 and intestinal problems requiring emergency surgery in July 1956. Each time until Eisenhower was able to resume his duties, Nixon presided over Cabinet meetings and, along with Eisenhower aides, kept the executive branch functioning and assured the public that the situation was under control. However, Nixon never made any effort to formally assume the status of Acting President or President.
All of these incidents made it evident that clearer guidelines were needed.[1] There were two proposals for providing those guidelines.
Keating–Kefauver proposal[edit]
In 1963, Senator Kenneth Keating of New York proposed a Constitutional amendment which would have enabled Congress to enact legislation providing for how to determine when a President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the presidency, rather than, as the Twenty-fifth Amendment does, having the Constitution so provide.[11] This proposal was based upon a recommendation of the American Bar Association in 1960.[12]
The text of the proposal read:[13]
In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the said office shall devolve on the Vice President. In case of the inability of the President to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the said powers and duties shall devolve on the Vice President, until the inability be removed. The Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then be President, or, in case of inability, act as President, and such officer shall be or act as President accordingly, until a President shall be elected or, in case of inability, until the inability shall be earlier removed. The commencement and termination of any inability shall be determined by such method as Congress shall by law provide.
Senators raised concerns that the Congress could either abuse such authority[14] or neglect to enact any such legislation after the adoption of this proposal.[15] Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver, the Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments, a long-time advocate for addressing the disability question, spearheaded the effort until he died of a heart attack on August 10, 1963.[16][17] Senator Keating was defeated in the 1964 election, but Senator Roman Hruska of Nebraska took up Keating's cause as a new member of the Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments.[10]
Kennedy assassination[edit]
By the 1960's, medical science had advanced to the point that unlike in the eighteenth century it was increasingly frequent for people (especially those with access to the best medical care) to suffer long-term disability or incapacitaty after medical trauma or distress. Of course this did not happen after John F. Kennedy was fatally shot, but that episode clearly demonstrated the need for a clear way for determining presidential disability in the context of the Cold War.[18] The new President, Lyndon B. Johnson, had once suffered a heart attack[19] and – with the office of Vice President to remain vacant until the next term began on January 20, 1965 – the next two people in the line of succession were the 71-year-old Speaker of the House John McCormack[18][20] and the 86-year-old Senate President pro tempore Carl Hayden.[18][20] Senator Birch Bayh succeeded Kefauver as Chairman of the Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments and set about advocating for a detailed amendment dealing with presidential disability.[18]
Bayh–Celler proposal[edit]
On January 6, 1965, Senator Birch Bayh proposed S. J. Res. 1 in the Senate and Representative Emanuel Celler (Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee) proposed H. J. Res. 1 in the House of Representatives. Their proposal specified the process by which a President could be declared "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office", thereby making the Vice President an Acting President, and how the President could regain the powers of his office. Also, their proposal provided a way to fill a vacancy in the office of Vice President before the next presidential election. This was as opposed to the Keating–Kefauver proposal, which neither provided for filling a vacancy in the office of Vice President prior to the next presidential election nor provided a process for determining presidential disability. In 1964, the American Bar Association endorsed the type of proposal which Bayh and Celler advocated.[21] On January 28, 1965, President Johnson endorsed S. J. Res. 1 in a statement to Congress.[10] Their proposal received bipartisan support.[22]
On February 19, the Senate passed the amendment, but the House passed a different version of the amendment on April 13. On April 22, it was returned to the Senate with revisions.[10] There were four areas of disagreement between the House and Senate versions:
the Senate official who was to receive any written declaration under the amendment
the period of time during which the Vice President and Cabinet must decide whether they disagree with the President's declaration that he is fit to resume his duties
the time before Congress meets to resolve the issue between the President, Vice President, and the Cabinet
the time limit for Congress to reach a decision[10]
On July 6, after a conference committee ironed out differences between the versions,[23] the final version of the amendment was passed by both Houses of the Congress and presented to the states for ratification.[24]
Proposal and ratification[edit]
The Congress proposed the Twenty-fifth Amendment on July 6, 1965, and the amendment was ratified by the following states:[2]
Nebraska (July 12, 1965)
Wisconsin (July 13, 1965)
Oklahoma (July 16, 1965)
Massachusetts (August 9, 1965)
Pennsylvania (August 18, 1965)
Kentucky (September 15, 1965)
Arizona (September 22, 1965)
Michigan (October 5, 1965)
Indiana (October 20, 1965)
California (October 21, 1965)
Arkansas (November 4, 1965)
New Jersey (November 29, 1965)
Delaware (December 7, 1965)
Utah (January 17, 1966)
West Virginia (January 20, 1966)
Maine (January 24, 1966)
Rhode Island (January 28, 1966)
Colorado (February 3, 1966)
New Mexico (February 3, 1966)
Kansas (February 8, 1966)
Vermont (February 10, 1966)
Alaska (February 18, 1966)
Idaho (March 2, 1966)
Hawaii (March 3, 1966)
Virginia (March 8, 1966)
Mississippi (March 10, 1966)
New York (March 14, 1966)
Maryland (March 23, 1966)
Missouri (March 30, 1966)
New Hampshire (June 13, 1966)
Louisiana (July 5, 1966)
Tennessee (January 12, 1967)
Wyoming (January 25, 1967)
Washington (January 26, 1967)
Iowa (January 26, 1967)
Oregon (February 2, 1967)
Minnesota (February 10, 1967)
Nevada (February 10, 1967)
Ratification was completed on February 10, 1967. The following states subsequently ratified the amendment:
Connecticut (February 14, 1967)
Montana (February 15, 1967)
South Dakota (March 6, 1967)
Ohio (March 7, 1967)
Alabama (March 14, 1967)
North Carolina (March 22, 1967)
Illinois (March 22, 1967)
Texas (April 25, 1967)
Florida (May 25, 1967)
The following states have not ratified the amendment:
Georgia
North Dakota[25]
South Carolina
Six days after its submission, Nebraska and Wisconsin were the first states to ratify the amendment. On February 10, 1967, Minnesota and Nevada were the 37th and 38th states to ratify, respectively. On February 23, 1967, in a ceremony in the East Room of the White House, General Services Administrator Lawson Knott certified the amendment's adoption.
Effect[edit]
Section 1: Presidential succession[edit]
John Tyler, first to succeed to the office of President. His succession was initially contested and it was unknown whether he should be considered to be president or acting president.
Section 1 codified the "Tyler Precedent" regarding when a President is removed from office, dies, or resigns. In any of these situations, the Vice President immediately becomes President.
Section 2: Vice Presidential vacancy[edit]
Further information: Vice President of the United States § Vacancies
Prior to the Twenty-fifth Amendment's adoption, a Vice Presidential vacancy remained until the next vice-presidential term began. The Vice Presidency has been vacant several times due to death, resignation, or succession to the Presidency. Often these vacancies lasted for several years.
Under Section 2, whenever there is a vacancy in the office of Vice President, the President nominates a successor who becomes Vice President if confirmed by a majority vote of both Houses of the Congress.
Section 3: Presidential declaration[edit]
Section 3 provides that when the President transmits a written declaration to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, stating that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the Presidency, and until the President sends another written declaration to the aforementioned officers declaring himself able to resume discharging those powers and duties, the Vice President discharges those powers and duties as Acting President. The Vice President does not become President and the sitting President is not removed from office.
Section 4: Vice Presidential–Cabinet declaration[edit]
Section 4 addresses the situation where an incapacitated President is unable or unwilling to provide the written declaration called for by Section 3. It allows the Vice President, together with a "majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide", to declare the President "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office" by submitting a written declaration to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. As with Section 3, the Vice President would become Acting President, not President, and the sitting President would not be removed from office. Unlike Section 3, Section 4 says that when invoked the Vice President "immediately" becomes Acting President. Section 4 is the only part of the amendment that has never been invoked.[26]
A President who is declared unable to serve under Section 4 may thereafter send a written declaration of ability to serve to the President pro tempore and the Speaker of the House. If the Acting President and a majority of the Cabinet still believe the President is incapacitated, they have four days to send a second declaration to that effect to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. If not already in session, the Congress must then assemble within 48 hours to decide the issue. If within 21 days two-thirds of each house of Congress vote that the President is incapacitated, the Vice President would "continue" to be Acting President. Should the Congress resolve the issue in favor of the President, or make no decision within the 21 days allotted, then the President would "resume" office. The use of the words "continue" and "resume" imply that the Vice President remains Acting President pending action by the Cabinet and Congress, and the legislative history of Section 4 makes it clear that its drafters meant for the Vice President to do so.[27] Otherwise, the President could simply retake power and immediately fire Cabinet members who voted to declare the President unfit, preventing the dispute from ever reaching Congress as the drafters intended.
Nothing in Section 4 limits the number of times a President may initiate the process to resume office by sending a written declaration to Congress.
Proposed replacing of Cabinet as entity invoking Section 4[edit]
On April 14, 2017, Representatives Jamie Raskin and Earl Blumenauer introduced the Oversight Commission on Presidential Capacity Act.[28] The bill would replace the Cabinet as the body that, together with the Vice President, determines whether Section 4 should be invoked. Under the bill, an eleven-member commission would conduct an examination of the President when directed to do so by a concurrent resolution of the Congress.[29]
According to Blumenauer:
It is hard to imagine a better group to work with the vice president to examine whether the president is able to discharge the duties of the office. When there are questions about the president’s ability to fulfill his or her constitutional responsibilities, it is in the country’s best interest to have a mechanism in place that works effectively.[29]
Invocations[edit]
(L–R): President Richard Nixon, First Lady Pat Nixon, Betty Ford and Gerald Ford, after President Nixon nominated Gerald Ford to be Vice President
(The White House, October 13, 1973)
Further information: Acting President of the United States § Invocations of Twenty-fifth Amendment
The Twenty-fifth Amendment has been invoked six times since its ratification. The first three times were applications of Sections 1 and 2 in the context of scandals surrounding the Nixon Administration. The latter three were applications of Section 3 regarding Presidents undergoing a medical procedure requiring general anesthesia.
Succession to presidency[edit]
Nixon's resignation letter, August 9, 1974.
President Richard Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974, resulting in Vice President Gerald Ford succeeding to the office of President.[30] Gerald Ford is the only person ever to be Vice President, and later President, without being elected to either office.[31]
Filling vice presidential vacancies[edit]
1973: Appointment of Gerald Ford as Vice President[edit]
On October 12, 1973, following Vice President Spiro Agnew's resignation two days earlier, President Richard Nixon nominated Representative Gerald Ford of Michigan to succeed Agnew as Vice President.
The United States Senate voted 92–3 to confirm Ford on November 27 and, on December 6, the House of Representatives did the same by a vote of 387–35. Ford was sworn in later that day before a joint session of the United States Congress.[32]
1974: Appointment of Nelson Rockefeller as Vice President[edit]
When Gerald Ford became President, the office of Vice President became vacant. On August 20, 1974, after considering Melvin Laird and George H. W. Bush, President Ford nominated former New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller to be the new vice president.
On December 10, 1974, Rockefeller was confirmed 90–7 by the Senate. On December 19, 1974, Rockefeller was confirmed 287–128 by the House and sworn into office later that day in the Senate chamber.[32]
Acting Presidents[edit]
1985: George H. W. Bush[edit]
On July 12, 1985, President Ronald Reagan underwent a colonoscopy, during which a villous adenoma (a pre-cancerous lesion) was discovered. When told by his physician (Dr. Edward Cattau) that he could undergo surgery immediately or in two to three weeks, Reagan elected to have it removed immediately.[33]
That afternoon, Reagan consulted with White House counsel Fred Fielding by telephone, debating whether to invoke the amendment and, if so, whether such a transfer would set an undesirable precedent. Fielding and White House Chief of Staff Donald Regan recommended that Reagan transfer power and two letters doing so were drafted: the first letter specifically invoked Section 3 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment; the second only mentioned that Reagan was mindful of this provision. At 10:32 a.m. on July 13, Reagan signed the second letter and ordered its delivery to the appropriate officers as required under the amendment.[34] Vice President George H. W. Bush was Acting President from 11:28 a.m. until 7:22 p.m., when Reagan transmitted a second letter to resume the powers and duties of the office.
Books such as The President Has Been Shot: Confusion, Disability and the 25th Amendment, by Herbert Abrams, and Reagan's autobiography, An American Life, argue President Reagan's intent to transfer power to Vice President Bush was clear. Fielding himself adds:
I personally know he did intend to invoke the amendment, and he conveyed that to all of his staff and it was conveyed to the VP as well as the President of the Senate. He was also very firm in his wish not to create a precedent binding his successor.
2002: Dick Cheney[edit]
On June 29, 2002, President George W. Bush underwent a colonoscopy and chose to invoke Section 3 of the amendment, temporarily transferring his powers to Vice President Dick Cheney. The medical procedure began at 7:09 a.m. EDT and ended at 7:29 a.m. EDT. Bush woke up twenty minutes later, but did not resume his presidential powers and duties until 9:24 a.m. EDT after the president's physician, Richard Tubb, conducted an overall examination. Tubb said he recommended the additional time to make sure the sedative had no aftereffects. Unlike Reagan's 1985 letter, Bush's 2002 letter specifically cited Section 3 as the authority for the transfer of power.[34]
2007: Dick Cheney[edit]
On July 21, 2007, President Bush again invoked Section 3 in response to having to undergo a colonoscopy, temporarily transferring his powers to Vice President Cheney. President Bush invoked Section 3 at 7:16 a.m. EDT. He reclaimed his powers at 9:21 a.m. EDT. As happened in 2002, Bush specifically cited Section 3 when he transferred the Presidential powers to the Vice President and when he reclaimed those powers.[34]
Considered Section 4 invocations[edit]
While Section 4 is the only part of the amendment that has never been invoked,[35] there have been two instances in which invoking Section 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment was considered. Both involved the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan.
1981: Reagan assassination attempt[edit]
Following the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan on March 30, 1981, Vice President George H. W. Bush did not assume the presidential powers and duties as Acting President. Reagan was unable to invoke Section 3, because he was in surgery. Bush did not invoke Section 4, because he was on a plane returning from Texas. Reagan was out of surgery by the time Bush arrived in Washington.[36] In 1995, Birch Bayh, the primary sponsor of the amendment in the Senate, wrote that Section 4 should have been invoked.[37]
1987: Reagan's alleged incapacity[edit]
Upon becoming the White House Chief of Staff in 1987, Howard Baker was advised by his predecessor's staff to be prepared for a possible invocation of the Twenty-fifth Amendment[38] due to Reagan's perceived laziness and ineptitude.[39][40]
According to the PBS program American Experience,
What Baker's transition team was told by Donald Regan's staff that weekend shocked them. Reagan was "inattentive, inept", and "lazy", and Baker should be prepared to invoke the 25th Amendment to relieve him of his duties.
Reagan biographer Edmund Morris stated in an interview aired on the program,
The incoming Baker people all decided to have a meeting with him on Monday, their first official meeting with the President, and to cluster around the table in the Cabinet room and watch him very, very closely to see how he behaved, to see if he was indeed losing his mental grip.
Morris went on to explain,
Reagan who was, of course, completely unaware that they were launching a death watch on him, came in stimulated by the press of all these new people and performed splendidly. At the end of the meeting, they figuratively threw up their hands realizing he was in perfect command of himself.[39][40][41]
See also[edit]
Acting President of the United States
Presidential Succession Act
United States presidential line of succession
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The Convention". amendment25.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Mount, Steve (January 2007). "Ratification of Constitutional Amendments". ussconstitution.net. Retrieved February 24, 2007.
Jump up ^ United States Government Printing Office. "Presidential Vacancy and Disability Twenty-Fifth Amendment" (PDF). gpo.gov.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Oliver. John Tyler: Champion of the Old South. American Political Biography Press, 1990, p. 206
Jump up ^ "John Tyler became the tenth President of the United States (1841-1845) when President William Henry Harrison died in April 1841. He was the first Vice President to succeed to the Presidency after the death of his predecessor". The White House. White House Historical Association. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "John Tyler, Tenth Vice President (1841)". Senate.gov. Retrieved 2009-04-29.
Jump up ^ Schlimgen, Joan (January 23, 2012). "Woodrow Wilson – Strokes and Denial". Arizona Health Sciences Library. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Act of March 1, 1792, ch. 8, § 9, 1 Stat. 239
Jump up ^ Act of March 1, 1792, ch. 8, § 10, 1 Stat. 239
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "25th Constitutional Amendment". The Great Society Congress. Association of Centers for the Study of Congress. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ One Heartbeat Away by Birch Bayh (1968), p. 345
Jump up ^ One Heartbeat Away by Birch Bayh (1968), p. 27
Jump up ^ One Heartbeat Away by Birch Bayh (1968), p. 350
Jump up ^ One Heartbeat Away by Birch Bayh (1968), p. 30
Jump up ^ One Heartbeat Away by Birch Bayh (1968), pp. 34–35
Jump up ^ One Heartbeat Away by Birch Bayh (1968), p. 28
Jump up ^ "101.9 WKRP".
^ Jump up to: a b c d How JFK’s assassination led to a constitutional amendment, National Constitution Center, Accessed January 6, 2013
Jump up ^ What is the 25th Amendment and When Has It Been Invoked? History News Network, Accessed January 6, 2013
^ Jump up to: a b Presidential Succession During the Johnson Administration Archived 2014-01-03 at the Wayback Machine. LBJ Library, Accessed January 6, 2014
Jump up ^ One Heartbeat Away by Birch Bayh (1968), pp. 348–50
Jump up ^ "Presidential Disability: An Overview" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. July 12, 1999. p. 6. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Presidential Inability and Vacancies in the Office of the Vice President" (PDF).
Jump up ^ One Heartbeat Away by Birch Bayh (1968), pp. 354–58
Jump up ^ "With Ratification of Amendment Two Gaps in Constitution Plugged". The Florence Times. 11 February 1967. p. 5. Retrieved 2016-10-26 – via Google News.
Jump up ^ "Amendment 25".
Jump up ^ 1972-, Kalt, Brian C., (2012). Constitutional cliffhangers : a legal guide for presidents and their enemies. New Haven [Conn.]: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300123517. OCLC 842262440.
Jump up ^ H.R. 1987
^ Jump up to: a b Marcos, Cristina (April 17, 2017). "House Democrat introduces bill to amend presidential removal procedures". The Hill. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Twenty-Fifth Amendment – U.S. Constitution". FindLaw.
Jump up ^ Memorial Services in the Congress of the United States and Tributes in Eulogy of Gerald R. Ford, Late a President of the United States. Government Printing Office. 2007. p. 35. ISBN 9780160797620.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum".
Jump up ^ Altman, Lawrence (July 18, 1985). "Report that Early Test was Urged Stirs Debate on Reagan Treatment". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-03-23.
^ Jump up to: a b c Historical Invocations of the 25th Amendment Archived July 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Civil Society and the Twenty-Fifth Amendment in the Age of Trump".
Jump up ^ Baker, James (speaker). "Remembering the Assassination Attempt on Ronald Reagan". Larry King Live, March 30, 2001.
Jump up ^ Birch Bayh, "The White House Safety Net", The New York Times, April 8, 1995
Jump up ^ The White House Chief of Staff has no formal role in the Twenty-fifth Amendment being invoked.
^ Jump up to: a b "WGBH American Experience – Reagan".
^ Jump up to: a b Linkins, Jason (February 10, 2017). "Happy 50th Birthday To The 25th Amendment To The Constitution". The Huffington Post. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mayer, Jane (February 24, 2011). "Worrying About Reagan". The New Yorker. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Sources[edit]
Constitution of the United States of America
Bayh, Birch (1968). One Heartbeat Away. ISBN 978-0672511608.
Gant, Scott (1999). "Presidential Inability and the Twenty-Fifth Amendment's Unexplored Removal Provisions". Michigan State Law Review: 791.
Kilman, Johnny & Costello, George Costello (Eds) (2000). The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation'. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
"Transcript of White House press briefing re G.W. Bush temporary transfer of power to VP Cheney". CNN. June 29, 2002. Retrieved June 4, 2006.
CNN Story of White House statement regarding G.W. Bush temporary transfer of power to VP Cheney July 21, 2007.
Presidential Inability and Subjective Meaning by Adam R. F. Gustafson, Yale Law & Policy Review, Vol. 27 (2009), p. 459.
Presidential Succession and Inability: Before and After the Twenty-Fifth Amendment by John Feerick, Fordham Law Review, Vol. 79 (2011), p. 908.
The Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Its Complete History and Applications, Third Edition by John Feerick (Fordham University Press, 2013).
25th Constitutional Amendment The Great Society Congress, Association of Centers for the Study of Congress (URL accessed April 6, 2016).
Twenty-Fifth Amendment Archive Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History (URL accessed February 22, 2017).
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
CRS Annotated Constitution: Twenty-fifth Amendment
Amendment25.com
The Great Society Congress
Twenty-Fifth Amendment Archive
hide
v
t
e
United States Constitution
Articles
Preamble
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Amendments
Ratified
Bill of Rights
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Others
11
12
Reconstruction Amendments
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Pending
Congressional Apportionment
Titles of Nobility
Corwin Amendment
Child Labor
Unsuccessful
Equal Rights
District of Columbia Voting Rights
Amendment proposals in Congress
Convention to propose amendments
State ratifying conventions
Formation
History
Articles of Confederation
Mount Vernon Conference
Annapolis Convention
Philadelphia Convention
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise
Committee of Detail
Signing
Independence Hall
Syng inkstand
The Federalist Papers
Anti-Federalist Papers
Massachusetts Compromise
Virginia Ratifying Convention
Hillsborough Convention
Rhode Island ratification
Drafting and ratification timeline
Clauses
Appointments
Appropriations
Assistance of Counsel
Case or Controversy
Citizenship
Commerce
Compact
Compulsory Process
Confrontation
Congressional enforcement
Contract
Copyright and Patent
Double Jeopardy
Due Process
Equal Protection
Establishment
Exceptions
Excessive Bail
Ex post facto
Extradition
Free Exercise
Free Speech
Fugitive Slave
Full Faith and Credit
General Welfare
Guarantee
Impeachment
Import-Export
Ineligibility
Militia
Natural-born citizen
Necessary and Proper
New States
No Religious Test
Oath or Affirmation
Origination
Pardon
Petition
Postal
Presentment
Privileges and Immunities
Privileges or Immunities
Recess appointment
Recommendation
Self-Incrimination
Speech or Debate
Speedy Trial
State of the Union
Supremacy
Suspension
Take Care
Takings
Taxing and Spending
Territorial
Title of Nobility
Treaty
Trial by Jury
Vesting
Vicinage
War Powers
List of clauses
Interpretation
Concurrent powers
Constitutional law
Criminal procedure
Criminal sentencing
Dormant Commerce Clause
Enumerated powers
Equal footing
Executive privilege
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
Judicial review
Nondelegation doctrine
Preemption
Saxbe fix
Separation of church and state
Separation of powers
Taxation power
Unitary executive theory
Display
and legacy
National Archives
Charters of Freedom Rotunda
Independence Mall
Constitution Day
Constitution Gardens
National Constitution Center
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution (painting)
A More Perfect Union (film)
Worldwide influence
US Government Portal • Law Portal • Wikipedia book
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 4630548-8
LCCN: n97009365
VIAF: 179128286
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=844984772"
Categories:
1967 in American law
Amendments to the United States Constitution
History of the United States (1964–80)
United States presidential succession
Vice Presidency of the United States
1967 in American politics
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018
CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
Good articles
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Ænglisc
Беларуская
Català
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
עברית
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Українська
中文
7 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 June 2018, at 14:51 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This is a good article. Follow the link for more information.

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: td

value: tr

value: th

values: Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg

attrs: href class

values: Preamble to the United States Constitution

values: Article One of the United States Constitution

values: Article Two of the United States Constitution

values: Article Three of the United States Constitution

values: Article Four of the United States Constitution

values: Article Five of the United States Constitution

values: Article Six of the United States Constitution

values: Article Seven of the United States Constitution

values: List of amendments to the United States Constitution

values: First Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Second Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Third Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment

values: History of the United States Constitution

values: Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution

values: Constitutional Convention (United States)

values: Signing of the United States Constitution

values: s:Constitution of the United States of America

values: s:Additional amendments to the United States Constitution

values: s:Portal:Unsuccessful attempts to amend the United States Constitution

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;

values: Template talk:US Constitution article series

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: National Archives and Records Administration

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution

values: United States presidential line of succession

values: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

values: President pro tempore of the United States Senate

values: United States House Committee on the Judiciary

values:
/wiki/Conference_committee
mw-redirect
Conference committee

values: -moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;

values: Edit section: Section 1: Presidential succession

values: Edit section: Section 2: Vice Presidential vacancy

values: Edit section: Section 3: Presidential declaration

values: Edit section: Section 4: Vice Presidential–Cabinet declaration

values: Edit section: Proposed replacing of Cabinet as entity invoking Section 4

values: Two women are flanked by two men in suits, standing in a room of the White House.

values:
/wiki/The_White_House
mw-redirect
The White House

values: Edit section: Filling vice presidential vacancies

values: Edit section: 1973: Appointment of Gerald Ford as Vice President

values: Joint session of the United States Congress

values: Edit section: 1974: Appointment of Nelson Rockefeller as Vice President

values: Edit section: Considered Section 4 invocations

values: Edit section: 1981: Reagan assassination attempt

values: Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan

values: Edit section: 1987: Reagan's alleged incapacity

values: United States Government Printing Office

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hnn.us/article/812

values:
nofollow
external text
http://amendment25.com/section4.php

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/842262440

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/842262440

values:
/wiki/The_Huffington_Post
mw-redirect
The Huffington Post

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter

values: commons:Category:Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.amendment25.com

values: List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution

values: Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution

values: Ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island

values:
/wiki/Guarantee_Clause
mw-redirect
Guarantee Clause

values: Oath of office of the President of the United States

values: List of clauses of the United States Constitution

values: United States constitutional criminal procedure

values: United States constitutional sentencing law

values:
/wiki/Enumerated_powers
mw-redirect
Enumerated powers

values: Separation of church and state in the United States

values: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution

values: Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States

values: United States Constitution and worldwide influence

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4630548-8

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/179128286

values: Category:Amendments to the United States Constitution

values: Category:History of the United States (1964–80)

values: Category:United States presidential succession

values: Category:Vice Presidency of the United States

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Fīf and twentigoþa Gebētung þære Grundgesetnesse þāra Geānedra Rīca American – Old English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ang
display: none;

values: Дваццаць пятая папраўка да Канстытуцыі ЗША – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Vint-i-cinquena esmena de la Constitució dels Estats Units – Catalan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: 25. Zusatzartikel zur Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten – German

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: Vigesimoquinta Enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos – Spanish

values: متمم بیست و پنجم قانون اساسی ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian

values: Vingt-cinquième amendement de la Constitution des États-Unis – French

values: 미국 수정 헌법 제25조 – Korean

values: התיקון ה-25 לחוקת ארצות הברית – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: アメリカ合衆国憲法修正第25条 – Japanese

values: 25. poprawka do Konstytucji Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Vigésima Quinta Emenda à Constituição dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese

values: Двадцать пятая поправка к Конституции США – Russian

values: Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: Двадцять п'ята поправка до Конституції США – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: 美利坚合众国宪法第二十五条修正案 – Chinese

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution rootpage-Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution skin-vector action-view


text:
List of last World War I veterans by country
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of the last World War I veterans to die by country. The last living veteran of World War I (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was Florence Green, a British citizen who served in the Allied armed forces, and who died 4 February 2012, aged 110.[1] The last combat veteran was Claude Choules who served in the British Royal Navy (and later the Royal Australian Navy) and died 5 May 2011, aged 110.[2] The last veteran who served in the trenches was Harry Patch (British Army) who died on 25 July 2009, aged 111. The last Central Powers veteran, Franz Künstler of Austria-Hungary, died on 27 May 2008 at the age of 107.
The total number of participating personnel is estimated by the Encyclopædia Britannica at 65,038,810. There were approximately 9,750,103 military deaths during the conflict.
Veterans, for this purpose, are defined as people who were members of the armed forces of one of the combatant nations up to and including the date of the Armistice. This policy may vary from the policy in actual use in some countries.
Contents
[hide]
1 List
2 See also
3 References
3.1 Notes
List[edit]
Country
Name
Death date
Age
Armenia[a] Senekerim Arakelian[3] 000000002000-09-09-00009 September 2000 098 ! 98 years
Austrian Empire[b] August Bischof[4] 000000002006-03-04-00004 March 2006 105 years
Australia[c] John Campbell Ross[5] 000000002009-06-03-00003 June 2009 110 years
Belgium Cyriel Barbary[d] 000000002004-09-16-000016 September 2004 105 years
Brazil Waldemar Levy Cardoso 000000002009-05-13-000013 May 2009 108 years
Bulgaria Unknown Unknown Unknown
Canada John Babcock[8] 000000002010-02-18-000018 February 2010 109 years
China Zhu Guisheng[9] 000000002002-03-05-00005 March 2002 106 years
Czechoslovakian Legions[a] Alois Vocásek[10] 000000002003-08-09-00009 August 2003 107 years
France Pierre Picault[11][e] 000000002008-11-20-000020 November 2008 109 years
German Empire Erich Kästner[12] 000000002008-01-01-00001 January 2008 107 years
Greece Unknown Unknown Unknown
The Hejaz[a] Unknown Unknown Unknown
Hungarian Kingdom[b] Franz Künstler[13] 000000002008-05-27-000027 May 2008 107 years
Indian Empire[c] Robert Francis Ruttledge[14] 000000002002-01-12-000012 January 2002 103 years
Italy Delfino Borroni[15] 000000002008-10-26-000026 October 2008 110 years
Japan Matsuda Chiaki 000000001995-11-06-00006 November 1995 099 ! 99 years
Montenegro Danilo Dajković[16] 000000001993-09-14-000014 September 1993 098 ! 98 years
Newfoundland[c] Wallace Pike[17] 000000001999-04-11-000011 April 1999 099 ! 99 years
New Zealand[c] Bright Williams[18] 000000002003-02-13-000013 February 2003 105 years
Ottoman Empire Yakup Satar[19] 000000002008-04-02-00002 April 2008 110 years
Poland[a] Stanisław Wycech[20] 000000002008-01-12-000012 January 2008 105 years
Portugal José Ladeira[21] 000000002003-05-05-00005 May 2003 107 years
Romania Gheorghe Pănculescu[22] 000000002007-01-09-00009 January 2007 103 years
Russian Empire Mikhail Krichevsky[23][24] 000000002008-12-26-000026 December 2008 111 years
Serbia Aleksa Radovanović[25] 000000002004-06-22-000022 June 2004 103 years
Siam Yod Sangrungruang[26] 000000002003-10-09-00009 October 2003 106 years
South Africa[c] Norman Kark[27][28] 000000002000-03-30-000030 March 2000 102 years
United Kingdom Florence Green[29] 000000002012-02-04-00004 February 2012 110 years
United States Frank Buckles[30] 000000002011-02-27-000027 February 2011 110 years
See also[edit]
List of last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Accorded belligerent status at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.
^ Jump up to: a b Austria and Hungary were component, technically sovereign, nations within the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e A self-governing Dominion under the British Empire.
Jump up ^ At the time of his death in 2001 at the age of 102, Paul Ooghe was widely believed to be the last surviving Belgian veteran of the conflict.[6] Barbary, who had served in the Belgian army in the final months of the war and emigrated to the United States, was only subsequently recognised.[7]
Jump up ^ Following the legal definition of a war veteran as a person having served for six months during the war years (for which Picault did not qualify), the French government officially recognized Lazare Ponticelli, who died on 12 March 2008, as the last poilu.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Blackmore, David (7 February 2012). "Norfolk First World War Veteran Dies". EDP24. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Carman, Gerry (6 May 2011). "Last man who served in two world wars dies, 110". The Age. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Juliette Funes (2013-04-11). "Montebello hosts exhibit commemorating 98th anniversary of Armenian Genocide". San Gabriel Valley Tribune. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
Jump up ^ "Autriche" (in French). Ders Des Ders. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
Jump up ^ "Australia's oldest man and Digger Jack Ross dies aged 110". The Age. Retrieved 2011-02-15.
Jump up ^ De Vuyst, Pierre (10 September 2001). "Le dernier poilu s'est éteint". La Dernière Heure. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Adieu au dernier poilu belge". La Dernière Heure. 19 September 2004. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Richard (2010-02-24). "..John Babcock, Last Canadian World War I Veteran, Dies at 109". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
Jump up ^ O'Neill, Mark (March 3, 2014). The Chinese Labour Corps. UK: Penguin Books. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Velinger, Jan (14 August 2003). "Oldest Czech legionnaire was never able to clear tarnished reputation". Radio Praha. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "france" (in French). Ders Des Ders. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
Jump up ^ "Germany's 'last' WWI veteran dies". BBC. January 2008. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
Jump up ^ "Franz Künstler, Veteran of 2 Wars, Dies at 107". The New York Times. 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
Jump up ^ "Outstanding ornithologist and a founder of Irish Wildbird Conservancy", The Irish Times, 19 January 2002 |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Delfino Borroni: Italy's last surviving veteran of the First World War". The Times. 2008-10-30. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
Jump up ^ Петнаестогодишњица упокојења Митрополита црногорско-приморског Г. Данила (1895-1993) (in Serbian). Serbian Orthodox Church. 12 September 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Last of Newfoundland's WW1 vets passes away". CBC. 19 April 1999. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "The last Great War veterans". RNZRSA. February 2003. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Yakup Satar". The Times. 3 April 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Poland's WWI veteran Stanislaw passes away". Oman Tribune. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Silva, Carlos (2005-09-07). "1643 portugueses mortos na grande guerra em França" (in Portuguese). Fórum de Genealogia. Retrieved 2010-11-21. Filipe Prista Lucas, a GRG correspondent says (translated from Portuguese) "According to the information I hold, the last Portuguese veteran of World War I died in 2003. His name was Jose Luis Ladeira, and he died on May 5, 2003, in Vale do Açor, Miranda do Corvo, 107 years old."
Jump up ^ "ROUMANIE" (in French). Ders Des Ders. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
Jump up ^ Последний в мире ветеран Первой мировой живет в Донецке (фото) (in Russian). Интернет-газета Донбасса. 2008-02-22. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
Jump up ^ "Oldest known Ukrainian Jew dies at 111". JTA. 2009-01-05. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
Jump up ^ Racić, M. (2004-06-27). "ODLAZAK POSLEDNJEG SRPSKOG SOLUNCA" (in Serbian). Kurir. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
Jump up ^ "Last WW1 veteran dies". Taipei Times. 2003-10-11. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
Jump up ^ Printing World (2000-04-17). "Longest serving Stationer dies at the wonderful age of 102". Highbeam Business. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
Jump up ^ Ashley, Mike (2010-11-11). "Collecting Crime: London Mystery Magazine - Part Two". Crime Time. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
Jump up ^ "Last surviving veteran of First World War dies aged 110". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
Jump up ^ Courson, Paul (2011-02-28). "Last living U.S. World War I veteran dies". CNN. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
[show]
v
t
e
Longevity
Terminology
Centenarian
Super
Cognitive epidemiology
Elderly
Life expectancy
Life extension
Maximum life span
Old age
Immortality
Ageless
Biological immortality
Digital immortality
Eternal youth
Issues
Anti-aging movement
Longevity claims
Longevity escape velocity
Longevity insurance
Longevity myths
Longevity risk
Living and
notable centenarians
(over age 100)
By career
Activists, non-profit leaders, and philanthropists
Actors, filmmakers, and entertainers
Artists, painters and sculptors
Authors, poets, and journalists
Businesspeople
Educators, school administrators, social scientists, and linguists
Explorers
Jurists and practitioners of law
Medical professionals
Military commanders
Musicians, composers, and music patrons
Philosophers and theologians
Politicians and civil servants
Religious figures
Royalty and nobility
Scientists and mathematicians
Sportspeople
Miscellaneous
Supercentenarians
(over age 110)
By continent
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Oceania
South America
By country
Australia
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
United States
Oldest people
List of oldest living people
List of the verified oldest people
men
women
Miscellaneous
Last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars
European
American
Canadian
Last surviving World War I veterans by country
Surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War
List of notable surviving veterans of World War II
Last survivors of historic events
Oldest twins
Longest marriages
List of longest-reigning monarchs
See also
Ageing
Biodemography of human longevity
Earliest known life forms
FOXO3 longevity gene
Gerontology
Immortality in fiction
Life extension-related topics
Senescence
[show]
v
t
e
World War I
Home fronts
Theatres
European
Balkans
Western Front
Eastern Front
Italian Front
Middle Eastern
Gallipoli
Sinai and Palestine
Caucasus
Persia
Mesopotamia
South Arabia
African
South West
East
Kamerun
Togoland
North
Asian and Pacific
Tsingtao
German New Guinea and Samoa
At sea
North Atlantic U-boat campaign
Mediterranean
North Sea
Baltic
Indian, Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans
Papeete
Madras
Penang
Cocos
Coronel
Falkland Islands
Más a Tierra
Principal
participants
(people)
Entente powers
Belgium
Brazil
China
France
French Empire
Greece
Italy
Japan
Montenegro
Portuguese Empire
Romania
Russia
Russian Empire
Russian Republic
Serbia
United Kingdom
British Empire
United States
Central Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
Timeline
Pre-War conflicts
Scramble for Africa (1880–1914)
Russo-Japanese War (1905)
First Moroccan (Tangier) Crisis (1905–06)
Agadir Crisis (1911)
Italo-Turkish War (1911–12)
French conquest of Morocco (1911–12)
First Balkan War (1912–13)
Second Balkan War (1913)
Prelude
Origins
Sarajevo assassination
Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
July Crisis
Autumn 1914
Battle of the Frontiers
Battle of Cer
First Battle of the Marne
Siege of Tsingtao
Battle of Tannenberg
Battle of Galicia
Battle of the Masurian Lakes
Battle of Kolubara
Battle of Sarikamish
Race to the Sea
First Battle of Ypres
1915
Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
Second Battle of Ypres
Battle of Gallipoli
Second Battle of Artois
Battles of the Isonzo
Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive
Great Retreat
Second Battle of Champagne
Kosovo Offensive
Siege of Kut
Battle of Loos
1916
Erzurum Offensive
Battle of Verdun
Lake Naroch Offensive
Battle of Asiago
Battle of Jutland
Battle of the Somme
first day
Brusilov Offensive
Baranovichi Offensive
Battle of Romani
Monastir Offensive
Battle of Transylvania
1917
Capture of Baghdad
First Battle of Gaza
Zimmermann Telegram
Second Battle of Arras
Second Battle of the Aisne
Kerensky Offensive
Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
Battle of Mărășești
Battle of Caporetto
Southern Palestine Offensive
Battle of Cambrai
Armistice of Erzincan
1918
Operation Faustschlag
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Spring Offensive
Second Battle of the Marne
Battle of Baku
Hundred Days Offensive
Vardar Offensive
Battle of Megiddo
Third Transjordan attack
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
Battle of Vittorio Veneto
Battle of Aleppo
Armistice of Salonica
Armistice of Mudros
Armistice of Villa Giusti
Armistice with Germany
Other conflicts
Mexican Revolution (1910–20)
Somaliland Campaign (1910–20)
Libyan resistance movement (1911–43)
Maritz Rebellion (1914–15)
Zaian War (1914–21)
Indo-German Conspiracy (1914–19)
Senussi Campaign (1915–16)
Volta-Bani War (1915–17)
Easter Rising (1916)
Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition (1916)
Kaocen Revolt (1916–17)
Central Asian Revolt (1916-17)
Russian Revolution (1917)
Finnish Civil War (1918)
Post-War conflicts
Russian Civil War (1917–21)
Ukrainian–Soviet War (1917–21)
Armenian–Azerbaijani War (1918–20)
Georgian–Armenian War (1918)
German Revolution (1918–19)
Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–20)
Hungarian–Romanian War (1918–19)
Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19)
Estonian War of Independence (1918–20)
Latvian War of Independence (1918–20)
Lithuanian Wars of Independence (1918–20)
Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)
Egyptian Revolution (1919)
Polish–Ukrainian War (1918–19)
Polish–Soviet War (1919–21)
Irish War of Independence (1919–21)
Turkish War of Independence
Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)
Turkish–Armenian War (1920)
Iraqi revolt (1920)
Polish–Lithuanian War (1920)
Vlora War (1920)
Franco-Syrian War (1920)
Soviet–Georgian War (1921)
Irish Civil War (1922–23)
Aspects
Opposition
Pacifism
Anti-war movement
Deployment
Schlieffen Plan (German)
Plan XVII (French)
Warfare
Military engagements
Naval warfare
Convoy system
Air warfare
Cryptography
Room 40
Horse use
Poison gas
Railways
Strategic bombing
Technology
Trench warfare
Total war
Christmas truce
Last surviving veterans
Civilian impact
Atrocities
Prisoners
Casualties
Economic history
1918 flu pandemic
Destruction of Kalisz
Rape of Belgium
German occupation of Belgium
German occupation of Luxembourg
German occupation of northeastern France
Ober Ost
Ottoman people
Armenian Genocide
Assyrian genocide
Pontic Greek genocide
Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
Blockade of Germany
Women
Australia
Popular culture
German prisoners of war in the United States
Agreements
Partition of the Ottoman Empire
Sykes–Picot Agreement
Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
French-Armenian Agreement
Damascus Protocol
Paris Peace Conference
Venizelos–Tittoni agreement
Treaties
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Treaty of Lausanne
Treaty of London
Treaty of Neuilly
Treaty of St. Germain
Treaty of Sèvres
Treaty of Trianon
Treaty of Versailles
Consequences
Aftermath
"Fourteen Points"
League of Nations
World War I memorials
Centenary
outbreak
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_last_World_War_I_veterans_by_country&oldid=822214491"
Categories:
Military personnel of World War I
People of World War I
World War I by country
Lists of World War I veterans
Lists of military veterans
Last living survivors
World War I-related lists
Hidden categories:
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
CS1 uses Serbian-language script (sr)
CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)
CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)
CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)
CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
Français
Nederlands
Português
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Suomi
ไทย
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 January 2018, at 02:00.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Trench_Warfare
mw-redirect
Trench Warfare

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/August_Bischof
mw-redirect
August Bischof

values:
/wiki/Matsuda_Chiaki
mw-redirect
Matsuda Chiaki

values: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

values:
/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire
mw-redirect
Austro-Hungarian Empire

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://dersdesders.free.fr/france.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7210346.stm

values:
nofollow
http://novosti.dn.ua/details/58826/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 33em; -webkit-column-width: 33em; column-width: 33em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: List of centenarians (activists, non-profit leaders and philanthropists)

values: List of centenarians (actors, filmmakers and entertainers)

values: List of centenarians (artists, painters and sculptors)

values: List of centenarians (authors, poets and journalists)

values: List of centenarians (educators, school administrators, social scientists and linguists)

values: List of centenarians (jurists and practitioners of law)

values: List of centenarians (medical professionals)

values: List of centenarians (military commanders)

values: List of centenarians (musicians, composers and music patrons)

values: List of centenarians (philosophers and theologians)

values: List of centenarians (politicians and civil servants)

values: List of centenarians (religious figures)

values: List of centenarians (royalty and nobility)

values: List of centenarians (scientists and mathematicians)

values: List of North American supercentenarians

values: List of South American supercentenarians

values: List of supercentenarians from the United States

values: Last surviving United States war veterans

values: List of last surviving Canadian war veterans

values: List of surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War

values: List of last survivors of historical events

values: List of people with the longest marriages

values: Index of topics related to life extension

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
navbox-abovebelow hlist
2
background-color:#DCDCDC;

values: Military operations in North Africa during World War I

values: Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I

values: Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I

values: Military history of Italy during World War I

values: History of the United Kingdom during the First World War

values: Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

values: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

values: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)

values: List of military engagements of World War I

values: German occupation of Belgium during World War I

values: German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I

values: German occupation of north-east France during World War I

values: German prisoners of war in the United States

values: Centenary of the outbreak of World War I

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Military personnel of World War I

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:CS1 uses Serbian-language script (sr)

values: Category:CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)

values: Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)

values: Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)

values: Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Anexo:Veteranos de la I Guerra Mundial – Spanish

values: Liste des derniers anciens combattants de la Première Guerre mondiale – French

values: Laatste veteranen van de Eerste Wereldoorlog – Dutch

values: Veteranos da Primeira Guerra Mundial ainda vivos – Portuguese

values: Старейшие ветераны Первой мировой войны – Russian

values: List of surviving veterans of World War I – Simple English

values: Списак последњих преживелих ветерана Првог светског рата по државама – Serbian

values: Luettelo viimeisistä ensimmäisen maailmansodan veteraaneista maittain – Finnish

values: รายชื่อทหารผ่านศึกคนสุดท้ายในสงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง – Thai

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_last_World_War_I_veterans_by_country rootpage-List_of_last_World_War_I_veterans_by_country skin-vector action-view