text:
Chicken or the egg
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This article is about the philosophical dilemma. For the dish combining both chicken meat and eggs, see oyakodon.
A chick hatching from an egg
Look up chicken-or-egg question in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The chicken or the egg causality dilemma is commonly stated as "which came first: the chicken or the egg?". The dilemma stems from the observation that all chickens hatch from eggs and all chicken eggs are laid by chickens. "Chicken-and-egg" is a metaphoric adjective describing situations where it is not clear which of two events should be considered the cause and which should be considered the effect, or to express a scenario of infinite regress. Plutarch posed the question as a philosophical matter in his essay "The Symposiacs", written in the 1st century CE.[1][2]
Contents
1 Ancient paradox
2 Scientific resolutions
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
Ancient paradox[edit]
The question represents an ancient folk paradox addressing the problem of origins and first cause.[3] Aristotle, writing in the fourth century B.C., would describe the problem. He concluded that this was an infinite sequence, with no true origin.[3] Plutarch, writing four centuries later, specifically highlighted this question as bearing on a "great and weighty problem (whether the world had a beginning)."[4] In the fifth century CE, Macrobius wrote that while the question seemed trivial, it "should be regarded as one of importance."[4]
By the end of the 16th century, the well-known question seemed to have been regarded as settled in the Christian world, based on the origin story of the Bible. In describing the creation of animals, it allows for a first chicken that did not come from an egg. However, later enlightenment philosophers began to question this solution.[4]
Scientific resolutions[edit]
Although the question is typically used metaphorically, evolutionary biology provides literal answers, made possible by the Darwinian principle that species evolve over time, and thus that chickens had ancestors that were not chickens,[4] similar to a view expressed by the Greek philosopher Anaximander when addressing the paradox.[3]
If the question refers to eggs in general, the egg came first. The first amniote egg — that is, a hard-shelled egg that could be laid on land, rather than remaining in water like the eggs of fish or amphibians — appeared around 312 million years ago.[5] In contrast, chickens are domesticated descendants of red junglefowl and probably arose little more than eight thousand years ago, at most.[6]
If the question refers to chicken eggs specifically, the answer is still the egg,[7] but the explanation is more complicated. The process by which the chicken arose through the interbreeding and domestication of multiple species of wild jungle fowl is poorly understood, and the point at which this evolving organism became a chicken is a somewhat arbitrary distinction. Whatever criteria one chooses, an animal nearly identical to the modern chicken (i.e., a proto-chicken) laid a fertilized egg that had DNA identical to the modern chicken (due to mutations in the mother's ovum, the father's sperm, or the fertilised zygote).[8][4][9][10] Put more simply by Neil deGrasse Tyson: "Which came first: the chicken or the egg? The egg — laid by a bird that was not a chicken."[11]
Alternatively, if the question refers specifically to the chicken egg as it exists today, the answer may be different. Chickens produce a protein, ovocleidin-17 (OC-17), that is expressed in the uterus and causes the formation of the thickened calcium carbonate shell around modern chicken eggs. Because OC-17 is expressed by the hen and not the egg, the bird in which the protein first arose, though having hatched from a non-reinforced egg, would then have laid the first egg having such a reinforced shell: the chicken would have preceded this first "modern" chicken egg.[9][12] This is only the case, however, if OC-17 arose after the domestication of their wild-fowl ancestors gave rise to chickens.
See also[edit]
Catch-22
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Plutarch of Chaeronea. The Symposiacs Question III. https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/plutarch/symposiacs/complete.html#section15.
Jump up ^ O'Brien, Carl Séan (2015). The Demiurge in Ancient Thought. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-107-07536-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sorensen, Roy (2003). A Brief History of the Paradox: Philosophy and the Labyrinths of the Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 4–11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Fabry, Merrill (2016-09-21). "Now You Know: Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg?". Time Magazine. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
Jump up ^ Benton, Michael J.; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (2007-01-01). "Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (1): 26–53. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl150. ISSN 0737-4038.
Jump up ^ Miao, Y-W; Peng, M-S; Wu, G-S; Ouyang, Y-N; Yang, Z-Y; Yu, N; Liang, J-P; Pianchou, G; Beja-Pereira, A (2012-12-05). "Chicken domestication: an updated perspective based on mitochondrial genomes". Heredity. 110 (3): 277–282. doi:10.1038/hdy.2012.83. ISSN 1365-2540. PMC 3668654  .
Jump up ^ Sorensen, Roy A. (1992). "The Egg came before the chicken". Mind. 101 (403): 541–542. doi:10.1093/mind/101.403.541.
Jump up ^ Breyer, Melissa (2013-02-11). "Finally answered! Which came first, the chicken or the egg?". Mother Nature Network. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
^ Jump up to: a b Zushi, Yo (27 February 2017). "Which came first: the chicken or the egg?". NewStatesman.com.
Jump up ^ "Which came first, the chicken or the egg? British scientists claim to have solved the mystery". NBCnews.com. 14 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Neil deGrasse Tyson (2013-01-28). "Just to settle it once and for all: Which came first the Chicken or the Egg? The Egg -- laid by a bird that was not a Chicken". Twitter. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
Jump up ^ "Which came first, the chicken or the egg? British scientists claim to have solved the mystery". NBCnews.com. 14 July 2010.
Further reading[edit]
Experts apply new technique to crack egg shell problem 12 July 2010 doi:10.1002/anie.201000679 10 June 2010
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicken_or_the_egg&oldid=853388744"
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List of countries by GDP (nominal)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For countries by GDP based on purchasing power parity, see List of countries by GDP (PPP).
Largest economies by nominal GDP in 2017[1]
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year.[2] Countries are sorted by nominal GDP estimates from financial and statistical institutions, which are calculated at market or government official exchange rates. Nominal GDP does not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency.[3] Such fluctuations may change a country's ranking from one year to the next, even though they often make little or no difference in the standard of living of its population.[4]
Comparisons of national wealth are also frequently made on the basis of purchasing power parity (PPP), to adjust for differences in the cost of living in different countries. PPP largely removes the exchange rate problem, but has its own drawbacks; it does not reflect the value of economic output in international trade, and it also requires more estimation than nominal GDP.[5] On the whole, PPP per capita figures are less spread than nominal GDP per capita figures.[6]
The United States is the world's largest economy with a GDP of approximately $18.56 trillion, notably due to high average incomes, a large population,[7] capital investment, moderate unemployment,[8] high consumer spending,[9] a relatively young population,[10] and technological innovation.[11] Tuvalu is the world's smallest national economy, with a GDP of about $32 million, because of its very small population, a lack of natural resources, reliance on foreign aid, negligible capital investment, demographic problems, and low average incomes.[12]
Although the rankings of national economies have changed considerably over time, the United States has maintained its top position since the Gilded Age, a time period in which its economy saw rapid expansion, surpassing the British Empire and Qing dynasty in aggregate output.[13][14] Since China's transition to a market-based economy through privatisation and deregulation,[15][16] the country has seen its ranking increase from ninth in 1978 to second to only the United States in 2016 as economic growth accelerated and its share of global nominal GDP surged from 2% in 1980 to 15% in 2016.[14][1] India has also experienced a similar economic boom since the implementation of economic liberalisation in the early 1990s.[17] When supranational entities are included, the European Union is the second largest economy in the world. It was the largest from 2004, when ten countries joined the union,[18] to 2014, after which it was surpassed by the United States.[19]
The first list includes estimates compiled by the International Monetary Fund's World Economic Outlook, the second list shows the World Bank's data, and the third list includes data compiled by the United Nations Statistics Division. The IMF definitive data for the past year and estimates for the current year are published twice a year in April and October. Several economies which are not considered to be countries (the world, the European Union, and some dependent territories) are included in the lists because they appear in the sources as distinct economies. These economies are italicized and not ranked in the charts, but are listed where applicable.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lists
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
Lists
Per the International Monetary Fund (2017)[1] Per the World Bank (2017)[20] Per the United Nations (2016)[21][22]
Rank
Country
GDP
(US$MM)
World[19] 79,865,481
1 United States 19,390,600
— European Union[n 1][19] 17,308,862
2 China[n 2] 12,014,610
3 Japan 4,872,135
4 Germany 3,684,816
5 United Kingdom 2,624,529
6 India 2,611,012
7 France 2,583,560
8 Brazil 2,054,969
9 Italy 1,937,894
10 Canada 1,652,412
11 South Korea 1,538,030
12 Russia[n 3] 1,527,469
13 Australia 1,379,548
14 Spain 1,313,951
15 Mexico 1,149,236
16 Indonesia 1,015,411
17 Turkey 849,480
18 Netherlands 825,745
19 Saudi Arabia 683,827
20 Switzerland 678,575
21 Argentina 637,717
22 Taiwan 579,302
23 Sweden 538,575
24 Poland 524,886
25 Belgium 494,733
26 Thailand 455,378
27 Iran 431,920
28 Austria 416,845
29 Norway 396,457
30 United Arab Emirates 377,435
31 Nigeria 376,284
32 Israel 350,609
33 South Africa 349,299
34 Hong Kong 341,659
35 Ireland 333,994
36 Denmark 324,484
37 Singapore 323,902
38 Malaysia 314,497
39 Philippines 313,419
40 Colombia 309,197
41 Pakistan 303,993
42 Chile 277,042
43 Bangladesh 261,374
44 Finland 253,244
45 Egypt 237,073
46 Vietnam 220,408
47 Portugal 218,064
48 Peru 215,224
49 Czech Republic 213,189
50 Romania 211,315
51 Venezuela 210,085
52 New Zealand 201,485
53 Greece 200,690
54 Iraq 197,699
55 Algeria 178,287
56 Qatar 166,326
57 Kazakhstan 160,839
58 Hungary 152,284
59 Angola 124,209
60 Kuwait 120,351
61 Morocco 109,824
62 Ukraine 109,321
63 Ecuador 102,311
64 Puerto Rico 98,805
65 Slovakia 95,938
66 Sri Lanka 87,591
67 Ethiopia 80,874
68 Kenya 79,511
— Syria[n 4] 77,460/Na
69 Guatemala 75,661
70 Dominican Republic 75,018
71 Oman 74,274
72 Myanmar 66,537
73 Luxembourg 62,393
74 Uruguay 58,415
75 Panama 61,838
76 Costa Rica 58,056
77 Sudan 58,239
78 Bulgaria 56,943
79 Croatia 54,516
80 Belarus 54,436
81 Tanzania 51,725
82 Lebanon 51,457
83 Macau 49,802
84 Slovenia 48,868
85 Uzbekistan 47,883
86 Lithuania 47,263
87 Ghana 47,032
88 Serbia 41,471
89 Democratic Republic of the Congo 41,441
90 Azerbaijan 40,670
91 Jordan 40,487
92 Côte d'Ivoire 40,360
93 Tunisia 40,275
94 Turkmenistan 37,926
95 Bolivia 37,122
96 Bahrain 34,895
97 Cameroon 34,006
98 Libya 31,331
99 Latvia 30,319
100 Paraguay 29,619
101 El Salvador 28,023
102 Uganda 26,349
103 Estonia 25,973
104 Zambia 25,504
105 Nepal 24,472
106 Iceland 23,909
107 Papua New Guinea 23,617
108 Honduras 22,975
109 Cambodia 22,252
110 Cyprus 21,310
111 Afghanistan 20,889
112 Trinidad and Tobago 20,300
113 Bosnia and Herzegovina 17,457
114 Laos 17,152
115 Zimbabwe 17,105
116 Botswana 16,725
117 Yemen 16,511
118 Senegal 16,057
119 Georgia 15,230
120 Mali 14,998
121 Gabon 14,467
122 Jamaica 14,290
123 Nicaragua 13,692
124 Burkina Faso 13,187
125 Albania 13,001
126 Namibia 12,558
127 Mozambique 12,345
128 Mauritius 12,273
129 Malta 12,011
130 Brunei 11,963
131 Macedonia 11,416
132 Armenia 11,037
133 Mongolia 10,869
134 Madagascar 10,557
135 Equatorial Guinea 10,069
136 Chad 9,740
137 Benin 9,410
138 Guinea 9,183
139 Bahamas 9,127
140 Rwanda 8,918
141 Kosovo 8,883
142 Haiti 8,360
143 Moldova 7,945
144 Niger 7,892
145 Republic of Congo 7,799
146 Tajikistan 7,234
147 Kyrgyzstan 7,061
148 Malawi 6,261
149 Eritrea 6,050
150 Fiji 5,054
151 Mauritania 4,985
152 Barbados 4,821
153 Togo 4,797
154 Maldives 4,520
155 Montenegro 4,405
156 Swaziland 4,030
157 Sierra Leone 3,897
158 Suriname 3,665
159 Guyana 3,591
160 Burundi 3,393
161 South Sudan 2,870
162 Lesotho 2,721
163 Timor-Leste 2,716
164 Bhutan 2,321
165 Liberia 2,140
166 Djibouti 2,082
167 Central African Republic 1,992
168 Belize 1,819
169 Cape Verde 1,728
170 St. Lucia 1,717
171 San Marino 1,592
172 Antigua and Barbuda 1,535
173 Seychelles 1,479
174 Guinea-Bissau 1,295
175 Solomon Islands 1,273
176 Grenada 1,111
177 The Gambia 1,038
178 St. Kitts and Nevis 939
179 Samoa 844
180 Vanuatu 837
181 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 815
182 Comoros 659
183 Dominica 608
184 Tonga 437
185 São Tomé and Príncipe 372
186 Federated States of Micronesia 329
187 Palau 321
188 Marshall Islands 199
189 Kiribati 186
190 Tuvalu 40
191 Vatican City 2
Rank
Country
GDP
(US$MM)
World 7007806837870000000♠80,683,787
1 United States 7007193906040000000♠19,390,604
— European Union[n 1][23] 7007172776980000000♠17,277,698
2 China[n 5] 7007122377000000000♠12,237,700
3 Japan 7006487213700000000♠4,872,137
4 Germany 7006367743900000000♠3,677,439
5 United Kingdom 7006262243400000000♠2,622,434
6 India 7006259749100000000♠2,597,491
7 France 7006258250100000000♠2,582,501
8 Brazil 7006205550600000000♠2,055,506
9 Italy 7006193479800000000♠1,934,798
10 Canada 7006165304300000000♠1,653,043
11 Russia[n 3] 7006157752400000000♠1,577,524
12 South Korea 7006153075100000000♠1,530,751
13 Australia 7006132342100000000♠1,323,421
14 Spain 7006131132000000000♠1,311,320
15 Mexico 7006114991900000000♠1,149,919
16 Indonesia 7006101553900000000♠1,015,539
17 Turkey 7005851102000000000♠851,102
18 Netherlands 7005826200000000000♠826,200
19 Saudi Arabia 7005683827000000000♠683,827
20 Switzerland 7005678887000000000♠678,887
21 Argentina 7005637590000000000♠637,590
22 Sweden 7005538040000000000♠538,040
23 Poland 7005524510000000000♠524,510
24 Belgium 7005492681000000000♠492,681
25 Thailand 7005455221000000000♠455,221
26 Iran 7005439514000000000♠439,514
27 Austria 7005416596000000000♠416,596
28 Norway 7005398832000000000♠398,832
29 United Arab Emirates 7005382575000000000♠382,575
30 Nigeria 7005375771000000000♠375,771
31 Israel 7005350851000000000♠350,851
32 South Africa 7005349419000000000♠349,419
33 Hong Kong 7005341449000000000♠341,449
34 Ireland 7005333731000000000♠333,731
35 Denmark 7005324872000000000♠324,872
36 Singapore 7005323907000000000♠323,907
37 Malaysia 7005314500000000000♠314,500
38 Philippines 7005313595000000000♠313,595
39 Colombia 7005309191000000000♠309,191
40 Pakistan 7005304952000000000♠304,952
41 Chile 7005277076000000000♠277,076
42 Finland 7005251885000000000♠251,885
43 Bangladesh 7005249724000000000♠249,724
44 Egypt 7005235369000000000♠235,369
45 Vietnam 7005223864000000000♠223,864
46 Portugal 7005217571000000000♠217,571
47 Czech Republic 7005215726000000000♠215,726
48 Romania 7005211803000000000♠211,803
49 Peru 7005211389000000000♠211,389
50 New Zealand 7005205853000000000♠205,853
51 Greece 7005200288000000000♠200,288
52 Iraq 7005197716000000000♠197,716
53 Algeria 7005170371000000000♠170,371
54 Qatar 7005167605000000000♠167,605
55 Kazakhstan 7005159407000000000♠159,407
56 Hungary 7005139135000000000♠139,135
57 Angola 7005124209000000000♠124,209
58 Kuwait 7005120126000000000♠120,126
59 Sudan 7005117488000000000♠117,488
60 Ukraine 7005112154000000000♠112,154
61 Morocco[n 6] 7005109139000000000♠109,139
62 Ecuador 7005103057000000000♠103,057
63 Slovak Republic 7004957690000000000♠95,769
64 Sri Lanka 7004871750000000000♠87,175
65 Ethiopia 7004805610000000000♠80,561
66 Dominican Republic 7004759320000000000♠75,932
67 Guatemala 7004756200000000000♠75,620
68 Kenya 7004749380000000000♠74,938
69 Oman 7004726430000000000♠72,643
70 Myanmar 7004693220000000000♠69,322
71 Luxembourg 7004624040000000000♠62,404
72 Panama 7004618380000000000♠61,838
73 Costa Rica 7004570570000000000♠57,057
74 Bulgaria 7004568320000000000♠56,832
75 Uruguay 7004561570000000000♠56,157
76 Croatia 7004548490000000000♠54,849
77 Belarus 7004544420000000000♠54,442
78 Tanzania[n 7] 7004520900000000000♠52,090
79 Lebanon 7004518440000000000♠51,844
80 Libya 7004509840000000000♠50,984
81 Macau 7004503610000000000♠50,361
82 Slovenia 7004487700000000000♠48,770
83 Uzbekistan 7004487180000000000♠48,718
84 Ghana 7004473300000000000♠47,330
85 Lithuania 7004471680000000000♠47,168
86 Turkmenistan 7004423550000000000♠42,355
87 Serbia 7004414320000000000♠41,432
88 Azerbaijan 7004407480000000000♠40,748
89 Cote d'Ivoire 7004403890000000000♠40,389
90 Tunisia 7004402570000000000♠40,257
91 Jordan 7004400680000000000♠40,068
92 Bolivia 7004375090000000000♠37,509
93 Democratic Republic of the Congo 7004372410000000000♠37,241
94 Bahrain 7004353070000000000♠35,307
95 Cameroon 7004347990000000000♠34,799
96 Latvia 7004302640000000000♠30,264
97 Paraguay 7004297350000000000♠29,735
98 Estonia 7004259210000000000♠25,921
99 Uganda 7004258910000000000♠25,891
100 Zambia 7004258090000000000♠25,809
101 El Salvador 7004248050000000000♠24,805
102 Nepal 7004244720000000000♠24,472
103 Iceland 7004239090000000000♠23,909
104 Honduras 7004229790000000000♠22,979
105 Cambodia 7004221580000000000♠22,158
106 Trinidad and Tobago 7004221050000000000♠22,105
107 Cyprus[n 8] 7004216520000000000♠21,652
108 Papua New Guinea 7004210890000000000♠21,089
109 Afghanistan 7004208150000000000♠20,815
110 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7004181690000000000♠18,169
111 Zimbabwe 7004178460000000000♠17,846
112 Botswana 7004174070000000000♠17,407
113 Laos 7004168530000000000♠16,853
114 Senegal 7004163750000000000♠16,375
115 Mali 7004152880000000000♠15,288
116 Georgia[n 9] 7004151590000000000♠15,159
117 Jamaica 7004147680000000000♠14,768
118 Gabon 7004146230000000000♠14,623
119 West Bank and Gaza 7004144980000000000♠14,498
120 Nicaragua 7004138140000000000♠13,814
121 Mauritius 7004133380000000000♠13,338
122 Namibia 7004132450000000000♠13,245
123 Albania 7004130390000000000♠13,039
124 Burkina Faso 7004128730000000000♠12,873
125 Malta 7004125380000000000♠12,538
126 Equatorial Guinea 7004124870000000000♠12,487
127 Mozambique 7004123340000000000♠12,334
128 The Bahamas 7004121620000000000♠12,162
129 Brunei Darussalam 7004121280000000000♠12,128
130 Armenia 7004115370000000000♠11,537
131 Madagascar 7004115000000000000♠11,500
132 Mongolia 7004114880000000000♠11,488
133 Macedonia 7004113380000000000♠11,338
134 Guinea 7004104910000000000♠10,491
135 Chad 7003998100000000000♠9,981
136 Benin 7003927400000000000♠9,274
137 Rwanda 7003913700000000000♠9,137
138 Republic of the Congo 7003872300000000000♠8,723
139 Haiti 7003840800000000000♠8,408
140 Moldova[n 10] 7003812800000000000♠8,128
141 Niger 7003812000000000000♠8,120
142 Kyrgyzstan 7003756500000000000♠7,565
143 Somalia 7003736900000000000♠7,369
144 Tajikistan 7003714600000000000♠7,146
145 Kosovo 7003712900000000000♠7,129
146 Malawi 7003630300000000000♠6,303
147 Fiji 7003506100000000000♠5,061
148 Mauritania 7003502500000000000♠5,025
149 Togo 7003481300000000000♠4,813
150 Barbados 7003479700000000000♠4,797
151 Montenegro 7003477400000000000♠4,774
152 Maldives 7003459700000000000♠4,597
153 Swaziland 7003440900000000000♠4,409
154 Sierra Leone 7003377400000000000♠3,774
155 Guyana 7003367600000000000♠3,676
156 Burundi 7003347800000000000♠3,478
157 Suriname 7003332400000000000♠3,324
158 Andorra 7003301300000000000♠3,013
159 Timor-Leste 7003295500000000000♠2,955
160 Lesotho 7003263900000000000♠2,639
161 Bhutan 7003251200000000000♠2,512
162 Liberia 7003215800000000000♠2,158
163 Central African Republic 7003194900000000000♠1,949
164 Djibouti 7003184500000000000♠1,845
165 Belize 7003183800000000000♠1,838
166 Cabo Verde 7003175400000000000♠1,754
167 Saint Lucia 7003171200000000000♠1,712
168 San Marino 7003165900000000000♠1,659
169 Antigua and Barbuda 7003153200000000000♠1,532
170 Seychelles 7003148600000000000♠1,486
171 Guinea-Bissau 7003134700000000000♠1,347
172 Solomon Islands 7003130300000000000♠1,303
173 Grenada 7003111900000000000♠1,119
174 The Gambia 7003101500000000000♠1,015
175 Saint Kitts and Nevis 7002946000000000000♠946
176 Vanuatu 7002863000000000000♠863
177 Samoa 7002857000000000000♠857
178 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7002790000000000000♠790
179 Comoros 7002649000000000000♠649
180 Dominica 7002563000000000000♠563
181 Tonga 7002426000000000000♠426
182 Sao Tome and Principe 7002391000000000000♠391
183 Federated States of Micronesia 7002336000000000000♠336
184 Palau 7002292000000000000♠292
185 Marshall Islands 7002199000000000000♠199
186 Kiribati 7002196000000000000♠196
187 Nauru 7002114000000000000♠114
188 Tuvalu 7001400000000000000♠40
Rank
Country
GDP
(US$MM)
World[24] 7007756484480000000♠75,648,448
1 United States 7007186244750000000♠18,624,475
— European Union[n 1][25] 7007163326310000000♠16,332,631
2 China[n 5] 7007112182810000000♠11,218,281
3 Japan 7006493621100000000♠4,936,211
4 Germany 7006347779600000000♠3,477,796
5 United Kingdom 7006264789800000000♠2,647,898
6 France 7006246545300000000♠2,465,453
7 India 7006225964200000000♠2,259,642
8 Italy 7006185891300000000♠1,858,913
9 Brazil 7006179592500000000♠1,795,925
10 Canada 7006152976000000000♠1,529,760
11 South Korea 7006141124500000000♠1,411,245
12 Australia 7006130446300000000♠1,304,463
13 Russia[n 3] 7006124601500000000♠1,246,015
14 Spain 7006123725500000000♠1,237,255
15 Mexico 7006107691400000000♠1,076,914
16 Indonesia 7005932259000000000♠932,259
17 Turkey 7005863711000000000♠863,711
18 Netherlands 7005777227000000000♠777,227
19 Switzerland 7005668851000000000♠668,851
20 Saudi Arabia 7005639617000000000♠639,617
21 Argentina 7005545866000000000♠545,866
22 Sweden 7005514475000000000♠514,475
23 Poland 7005471402000000000♠471,402
24 Belgium 7005467955000000000♠467,955
25 Iran 7005425402000000000♠425,402
26 Thailand 7005407026000000000♠407,026
27 Nigeria 7005404649000000000♠404,649
28 Austria 7005390799000000000♠390,799
29 Norway 7005371068000000000♠371,068
30 United Arab Emirates 7005399451000000000♠399,451
31 Colombia 7005377740000000000♠377,740
32 South Africa 7005349819000000000♠349,819
33 Denmark 7005346119000000000♠346,119
34 Malaysia 7005326933000000000♠326,933
35 Singapore 7005307872000000000♠307,872
36 Israel 7005305673000000000♠305,673
37 Venezuela 7005291376000000000♠291,376
38 Philippines 7005290896000000000♠290,896
39 Egypt 7005282242000000000♠282,242
40 Hong Kong 7005274027000000000♠274,027
41 Finland 7005272217000000000♠272,217
42 Chile 7005258062000000000♠258,062
43 Pakistan 7005251255000000000♠251,255
44 Ireland 7005250814000000000♠250,814
45 Greece 7005235574000000000♠235,574
46 Portugal 7005230117000000000♠230,117
47 Iraq 7005225422000000000♠225,422
48 Kazakhstan 7005216036000000000♠216,036
49 Algeria 7005213518000000000♠213,518
50 Qatar 7005211817000000000♠211,817
51 Czech Republic 7005205270000000000♠205,270
52 Peru 7005201809000000000♠201,809
53 Romania 7005199045000000000♠199,045
54 New Zealand 7005198652000000000♠198,652
55 Vietnam 7005186205000000000♠186,205
56 Bangladesh 7005173062000000000♠173,062
57 Kuwait 7005163637000000000♠163,637
58 Angola 7005146676000000000♠146,676
59 Hungary 7005138347000000000♠138,347
60 Ukraine 7005131806000000000♠131,806
61 Morocco 7005110009000000000♠110,009
62 Puerto Rico 7005103676000000000♠103,676
63 Ecuador 7005100917000000000♠100,917
64 Slovakia 7005100249000000000♠100,249
65 Cuba 7004896890000000000♠89,689
66 Sudan 7004818940000000000♠81,894
67 Oman 7004817970000000000♠81,797
68 Belarus 7004761390000000000♠76,139
69 Azerbaijan 7004751930000000000♠75,193
70 Sri Lanka 7004749410000000000♠74,941
71 Myanmar 7004664780000000000♠66,478
72 Luxembourg 7004648740000000000♠64,874
73 Dominican Republic 7004639690000000000♠63,969
74 Uzbekistan 7004630300000000000♠63,030
75 Kenya 7004609360000000000♠60,936
76 Guatemala 7004588270000000000♠58,827
77 Uruguay 7004574710000000000♠57,471
78 Croatia 7004571370000000000♠57,137
79 Bulgaria 7004567180000000000♠56,718
80 Macau 7004555020000000000♠55,502
81 Ethiopia 7004536380000000000♠53,638
82 Lebanon 7004496310000000000♠49,631
83 Costa Rica 7004495530000000000♠49,553
84 Slovenia 7004494910000000000♠49,491
85 Panama 7004491660000000000♠49,166
86 Lithuania 7004483920000000000♠48,392
87 Tanzania 7004480300000000000♠48,030
88 Turkmenistan 7004479320000000000♠47,932
89 Tunisia 7004474230000000000♠47,423
90 Serbia 7004438660000000000♠43,866
91 Libya 7004413190000000000♠41,319
92 Ghana 7004371770000000000♠37,177
93 Yemen 7004371310000000000♠37,131
94 Democratic Republic of the Congo 7004359090000000000♠35,909
95 Jordan 7004358270000000000♠35,827
96 Côte d'Ivoire 7004342540000000000♠34,254
97 Bahrain 7004338500000000000♠33,850
98 Bolivia 7004329960000000000♠32,996
99 Cameroon 7004320510000000000♠32,051
100 Latvia 7004312860000000000♠31,286
101 Paraguay 7004309850000000000♠30,985
102 Trinidad and Tobago 7004280690000000000♠28,069
103 Uganda 7004274650000000000♠27,465
104 Zambia 7004269630000000000♠26,963
105 Estonia 7004264850000000000♠26,485
106 El Salvador 7004251640000000000♠25,164
107 Cyprus 7004230770000000000♠23,077
108 Afghanistan 7004211220000000000♠21,122
109 Honduras 7004194970000000000♠19,497
110 Nepal 7004194890000000000♠19,489
111 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7004184910000000000♠18,491
112 Gabon 7004174120000000000♠17,412
113 North Korea 7004173960000000000♠17,396
114 Brunei 7004171040000000000♠17,104
115 Mozambique 7004170810000000000♠17,081
116 Iceland 7004170360000000000♠17,036
117 Cambodia 7004167780000000000♠16,778
118 Equatorial Guinea 7004167310000000000♠16,731
119 Papua New Guinea 7004165760000000000♠16,576
120 Georgia 7004165300000000000♠16,530
121 Botswana 7004158130000000000♠15,813
122 Senegal 7004156580000000000♠15,658
123 Zimbabwe 7004147190000000000♠14,719
124 Congo, Republic of the 7004140770000000000♠14,077
125 Jamaica 7004139270000000000♠13,927
126 Namibia 7004134290000000000♠13,429
127 Albania 7004134130000000000♠13,413
128 Chad 7004127910000000000♠12,791
129 Arab Palestinian areas 7004127660000000000♠12,766
130 Burkina Faso 7004127560000000000♠12,756
131 Mauritius 7004126160000000000♠12,616
132 Mongolia 7004120670000000000♠12,067
133 Mali 7004119790000000000♠11,979
134 Nicaragua 7004118060000000000♠11,806
135 Laos 7004117490000000000♠11,749
136 Macedonia 7004113190000000000♠11,319
137 South Sudan 7004110070000000000♠11,007
138 Armenia 7004108890000000000♠10,889
139 Madagascar 7004106740000000000♠10,674
140 Malta 7004105360000000000♠10,536
141 New Caledonia 7004102340000000000♠10,234
142 Benin 7003957500000000000♠9,575
143 Tajikistan 7003924200000000000♠9,242
144 Haiti 7003859900000000000♠8,599
145 The Bahamas 7003851000000000000♠8,510
146 Niger 7003816900000000000♠8,169
147 Moldova 7003794400000000000♠7,944
148 Rwanda 7003790300000000000♠7,903
149 Kyrgyzstan 7003740400000000000♠7,404
150 Kosovo 7003738700000000000♠7,387
151 Monaco 7003706000000000000♠7,060
152 Guinea 7003657900000000000♠6,579
153 Liechtenstein 7003585500000000000♠5,855
154 Malawi 7003572000000000000♠5,720
155 French Polynesia 7003562300000000000♠5,623
156 Bermuda 7003560100000000000♠5,601
157 Suriname 7003521000000000000♠5,210
158 Mauritania 7003509200000000000♠5,092
159 Timor-Leste 7003497000000000000♠4,970
160 Sierra Leone 7003489300000000000♠4,893
161 Montenegro 7003458800000000000♠4,588
162 Togo 7003457600000000000♠4,576
163 Fiji 7003453200000000000♠4,532
164 Swaziland 7003448200000000000♠4,482
165 Barbados 7003435300000000000♠4,353
166 Eritrea 7003385800000000000♠3,858
167 Cayman Islands 7003348000000000000♠3,480
168 Andorra 7003327800000000000♠3,278
169 Curaçao 7003315900000000000♠3,159
170 Guyana 7003308600000000000♠3,086
171 Maldives 7003303200000000000♠3,032
172 Burundi 7003286900000000000♠2,869
173 Aruba 7003266400000000000♠2,664
174 Greenland 7003244100000000000♠2,441
175 Liberia 7003212200000000000♠2,122
176 Lesotho 7003208100000000000♠2,081
177 Bhutan 7003196500000000000♠1,965
178 Cape Verde 7003185500000000000♠1,855
179 San Marino 7003184500000000000♠1,845
180 Central African Republic 7003183800000000000♠1,838
181 Belize 7003169900000000000♠1,699
182 Djibouti 7003158900000000000♠1,589
183 Seychelles 7003151100000000000♠1,511
184 Saint Lucia 7003140600000000000♠1,406
185 Somalia 7003137500000000000♠1,375
186 Zanzibar 7003128900000000000♠1,289
187 Antigua and Barbuda 7003124800000000000♠1,248
188 Guinea-Bissau 7003120900000000000♠1,209
189 Solomon Islands 7003110300000000000♠1,103
190 Sint Maarten 7003105900000000000♠1,059
191 British Virgin Islands 7002902000000000000♠902
192 Grenada 7002884000000000000♠884
193 Saint Kitts and Nevis 7002852000000000000♠852
194 The Gambia 7002851000000000000♠851
195 Samoa 7002824000000000000♠824
196 Vanuatu 7002812000000000000♠812
197 Turks and Caicos Islands 7002797000000000000♠797
198 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7002729000000000000♠729
199 Comoros 7002648000000000000♠648
200 Dominica 7002533000000000000♠533
201 Tonga 7002435000000000000♠435
202 São Tomé and Príncipe 7002337000000000000♠337
203 Federated States of Micronesia 7002308000000000000♠308
204 Cook Islands 7002311000000000000♠311
205 Anguilla 7002311000000000000♠311
206 Palau 7002234000000000000♠234
207 Marshall Islands 7002209000000000000♠209
208 Nauru 7002182000000000000♠182
209 Kiribati 7002180000000000000♠180
210 Montserrat 7001630000000000000♠63
211 Tuvalu 7001380000000000000♠38
See also
Business and economics portal
Contents/Lists portal
List of countries by GDP (PPP)
List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe.
Jump up ^ Figures exclude Taiwan, and special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
^ Jump up to: a b c Figures exclude Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol.
Jump up ^ Data for Syria's 2014 GDP is from the September 2011 WEO Database, the latest available from the IMF.
^ Jump up to: a b Figures exclude special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
Jump up ^ Includes Western Sahara.
Jump up ^ Covers mainland Tanzania only.
Jump up ^ Data are for the area controlled by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
Jump up ^ Excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
Jump up ^ Excludes data for Transnistria.
References
^ Jump up to: a b c "World Economic Outlook Database". International Monetary Fund. 17 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "What is GDP and why is it so important?". Investopedia. IAC/InterActiveCorp. 26 February 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Moffatt, Mike. "A Beginner's Guide to Purchasing Power Parity Theory". About.com. IAC/InterActiveCorp. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Ito, Takatoshi; Isard, Peter; Symansky, Steven (January 1999). "Economic Growth and Real Exchange Rate: An Overview of the Balassa-Samuelson Hypothesis in Asia" (PDF). Changes in Exchange Rates in Rapidly Development Countries: Theory, Practice, and Policy Issues. National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Callen, Tim (28 March 2012). "Purchasing Power Parity: Weights Matter". Finance & Development. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Callen, Tim (28 March 2012). "Gross Domestic Product: An Economy's All". Finance & Development. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Vo, Lam Thuy (30 May 2012). "The World's Richest Countries and Biggest Economies, In 2 Graphics". Planet Money. National Public Radio. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Burgen, Emily et. al. (5 April 2012). "An Elusive Relation Between Unemployment and GDP Growth: Okun's Law". Economic Trends. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Vitez, Osmond. "The Importance of Consumer Spending". Houston Chronicle. Hearst Corporation. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Koesterich, Russ (16 May 2014). "America The Youthful? Yes, On a Relative Basis". BlackRock. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Landefeld, J. Steven (11 February 2008). "The Multi-Factor Productivity Residual" (PDF). Measuring Innovation’s Role in GDP & Productivity Growth. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tuvalu". Europa. European Commission. 17 February 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Matthews, Chris (5 October 2014). "5 Most Powerful Economic Empires of All Time". Fortune. Time, Inc. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Kroeber, Arthur R. (2016). China's Economy: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York, United States: Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ Kau, Michael Ying-mao (30 September 1993). "China in the Era of Deng Xiaoping: A Decade of Reform". Studies on Contemporary China. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Hu, Zuliu; Khan, Mohsin S. (April 1997). "Why Is China Growing So Fast?" (PDF). Economic Issues. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Rodrik, Dani; et al. (March 2004). "From "Hindu Growth" to Productivity Surge: The Mystery of the Indian Growth Transition" (PDF). National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "The economics of enlargement". Europa. European Commission. 30 October 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects". World Economic Outlook. International Monetary Fund. April 2018.
Jump up ^ "GDP (current US$)". World Development Indicators. World Bank. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "GDP and its breakdown at current prices in US Dollars". United Nations Statistics Division. December 2017.
Jump up ^ "United Nations Statistics Division - National Accounts". unstats.un.org.
Jump up ^ "EU GDP (current US$)". World Development Indicators. World Bank. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "All countries and regions/subregions (totals) for all years - sorted by region/subregion". United Nations. United Nations. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "All countries for all years - sorted alphabetically". United Nations. United Nations. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
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List of U.S. states by GDP

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Three-World Model

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values: Lys van lande volgens BBP (nominaal) – Afrikaans

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values: قائمة الدول حسب الناتج المحلي الإجمالي – Arabic

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values: Ümumi Daxili Məhsul üzrə ölkələrin reytinqi – Azerbaijani

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values: عومومی داخیلی محصول اوزره اؤلکه‌لرین لیستی – South Azerbaijani

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values: জিডিপির ভিত্তিতে রাষ্ট্রসমূহের তালিকা (মনোনীত) – Bangla

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values: ЭТП буйынса илдәр исемлеге (номинал) – Bashkir

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values: Спіс краін паводле ВУП (намінал) – Belarusian

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values: नॉमिनल जीडीपी के अनुसार बिस्व के देस सभ के लिस्ट – Bhojpuri

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values: Списък на страните по БВП (по номинална стойност) – Bulgarian

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values: Llista de països per PIB (nominal) – Catalan

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values: Liste der Länder nach Bruttoinlandsprodukt – German

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values: Κατάλογος χωρών ανά ΑΕΠ (ονομαστικό) – Greek

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values: Anexo:Países por PIB (nominal) – Spanish

values: Listo de landoj laŭ MEP (ĝenerale) – Esperanto

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values: Lista de países por PIB nominal – Galician

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values: Daftar negara menurut PDB (nominal) – Indonesian

values: Lönd eftir landsframleiðslu (nafnvirði) – Icelandic

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values: Lîsteya welatên têrbûna berhemên hundurîn – Kurdish

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values: Sąrašas:Šalys pagal nominalųjį BVP – Lithuanian

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values: Országok GDP szerinti listája (nominális) – Hungarian

values: Список на земјите по БДП (номинален) – Macedonian

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values: ജി.ഡി.പി. പ്രകാരമുള്ള രാജ്യങ്ങളുടെ പട്ടിക – Malayalam

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values: د هېوادونو لړليک د کورنيو توليداتو د ټوليز ارزښت له مخې – Pashto

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values: List vun de Länner na dat Bruttobinnenlandprodukt – Low German

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values: Lista państw świata według PKB nominalnego – Polish

values: Lista de países por PIB nominal – Portuguese

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values: List of countries by GDP (nominal) – Simple English

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values: Zoznam štátov podľa hrubého domáceho produktu – Slovak

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values: Daptar nagara dumasar GDP (nominal) – Sundanese

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values: Luettelo valtioista bruttokansantuotteen mukaan – Finnish

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values: Tala ng mga bansa ayon sa GDP (nominal) – Tagalog

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values: மொத்த உள்நாட்டு உற்பத்தி அடிப்படையில் நாடுகள் பட்டியல் – Tamil

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values: దేశాల జాబితా – నామినల్ జి.డి.పి. క్రమంలో – Telugu

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values: รายการประเทศเรียงตามผลิตภัณฑ์มวลรวมในประเทศ (ราคาตลาด) – Thai

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values: Ülkelerin GSYİH'ya (nominal) göre sıralanışı – Turkish

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values: Список країн за ВВП (номінал) – Ukrainian

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values: فہرست ممالک بلحاظ خام ملکی پیداوار – Urdu

values: مىللى دارامەت بويىچە دۆلەت تەرتىپى – Uyghur

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values: Danh sách quốc gia theo GDP danh nghĩa – Vietnamese

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values: 各经济实体国内生产总值列表 – Wu Chinese

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values: 各国国内生产总值列表 (国际汇率) – Chinese

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