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List of superhuman features and abilities in fiction
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Many forms of fiction feature characters attributed with superhuman, supernatural, or paranormal abilities, often referred to as "superpowers" (also spelled "super powers" and "super-powers") or "powers." This tradition is especially rich in the fictional universes of various comic book stories. This is a list of many of those powers that have been known to be used. Some of these categories overlap.
Contents
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1 Origins
2 Methods
3 Powers
3.1 Superpower interaction
3.2 Personal physical powers
3.3 Mentality-based abilities
3.3.1 ESP
3.3.2 Physical or mental domination
3.4 Physics or reality manipulation
3.4.1 Elemental and environmental powers
3.4.2 Energy manipulation
3.5 Transportation and travel
3.5.1 Flight
3.5.1.1 Energy propulsion
3.5.1.2 Physical propulsion
3.6 Miscellaneous
3.6.1 Illusion
3.6.2 Shapeshifting
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Origins
Examples of ways in which a character has gained the ability to generate an effect.
Type
Examples
See also
Inhuman nature Homo mermanus; Kryptonians,[1] Saiyans, Homo superior
The character belongs to a class of wholly or partially non-human beings for whom superhuman capabilities are typical or natural. This includes, but is not limited to, characters who are aliens, demons, gods, vampires, werewolves, or hybrids.
Object-based powers Iron Man's armor;[2] Green Lantern's power ring;[3] Sauron's One Ring List of objects in the DC Universe
Powers derived from objects (also known as artifacts), such as armor, jewelry, weapons, and wands
Mutation X-Men;[4] Captain Comet;[5] Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Mutant (fictional)
These powers are a direct result of some form of either induced evolution or natural selection, usually manifested during adolescent puberty when other mental and bodily adaptations take place.
Induced (Accidental) Fantastic Four; The Flash
These powers are the result of an accident or bizarre event which altered the physiology of the individual giving him or her superhuman abilities.
Induced (Intentional) Captain America; Reverse-Flash
These powers are the intentional and deliberate result of an event intended to give the receiver powers, usually through experimental science or through purposefully recreating an accident that gave another character the same powers.
Methods
Examples of methods by which a character generates an effect.
Type
Examples
See also
Energy sourcing Carol Danvers[6] Ray;[7] Apollo;[8] Nexus[9]
Ability to draw power from large or small but abundant sources of energy, such as turning kinetic energy into physical blasts or converting solar energy into other forms. Sometimes based on proximity to source, sometimes stored for future use.
Chi Iron Fist;[10] Krillin;[11] Dragon Ball characters Qi
Many characters who train in martial arts gain superhuman capabilities by learning to harness chi or some form of life energy. This type of method generally provides extraordinary strength, speed, durability and reflexes. Also often used for superhuman awareness, energy blasts, elemental powers and sometimes invulnerability.
Magical powers Supernatural: Doctor Strange;[12] Doctor Fate;[13] Ganon; Willow Rosenberg[14]
Pseudo-supernatural: Impossible Man;[15] Mister Mxyzptlk[16] Magic in fiction
This is the ability to use magical forces to varying degrees. Often used to simulate other powers, such as mind control and elemental attacks. Not all "magical" superpowers are actually supernatural, but are based on alternative or futuristic "science".[17] For instance, Moon Knight's strength, endurance and reflexes are enhanced depending upon the phases of the moon.[18] Uncle Sam has his powers in proportion to the people's belief in the ideals of America.[19]
Telekinesis Jean Grey;[20] Maxima;[21] Battalion;[22] Prue Halliwell; Tatsumaki Psychokinesis
Ability to manipulate and control objects with the mind, often in ways not visible to the naked eye
Powers
Superpower interaction
This section refers to the ability to manipulate or otherwise interact with superpowers themselves, not "power" such as electrical power or gravitational power.
Type
Examples
Power augmentation Sage;[23] Neron;[24] Ando Masahashi
Ability to enhance or weaken the powers of others.
Power bestowal Galactus;[25] Synergy;[26] Willow Rosenberg;[27]
Ability to bestow powers or jump-start latent powers.
Power mimicry or absorption Rogue;[28] Black Alice;[29] Kakashi Hatake;[30] Peter Petrelli;[31]
Ability to copy or absorb another's powers or skills.
Power negation Leech;[32] Scrambler;[33] The Haitian;[34]
Ability to cancel the superpowers of others.
Power sensing Caliban;[35] Nemesis Kid[36]
Ability to sense or recognize superhuman powers.
Personal physical powers
"Laser vision" redirects here. For the record label in Bangladesh, see Laser Vision. For the home video format also known as "LaserVision", see LaserDisc. For the eye surgery, see LASIK.
Powers which affect an individual's body.
Type
Examples
See also
Acid generation Anarchist;[37] Man-Thing;[38] Reptile
Ability to generate acid, can be manifested through touch or as a spray (e.g. acid spit, acid blood, etc.).
Animal mimicry Animal Man;[39] Vixen[40]
Ability to take on the abilities of certain animals.
Biological manipulation Elixir;[41] Shawn Farrell
Ability to control all aspects of a living creature's biological make-up. This includes, but is not limited to, genetic alterations, physical distortion/augmentations, healing, disease, and biological functions.
Body part substitution Terror;[42] Frankenstein[43]
Ability to replace one's limbs or other body parts with those of another.
Bone manipulation Marrow;[44] Spike;[45]
Ability to manipulate the bones in one's own body. This includes, but is not limited to, the generation of new bone mass, projecting bones out from the skin or rearranging one's own bones.
Duplication (physical) Jamie Madrox;[46] Duplicate Damsel;[47] Naruto Uzumaki;[48] Self-replication
Molecular cloning
Ability to create physical duplicates of oneself.
Duplication (temporal) Flashback;[49] Damian Tryp[50] The Shrike[51]
Ability to bring past and future versions of oneself back to the present.
Echolocation Daredevil[52] Man-Bat;[53] Human echolocation
Ability to determine location of objects in the environment by use of reflected sound waves, whether generated by the character or ambient sound. Also known as sonar or radar sense.
Firebreathing Ghost Rider;[54] Etrigan the Demon;[55]
Ability to generate gases from the body and exhale fire from the mouth.
Healing factor Wolverine;[56] Lobo;[57] Claire Bennet; Healing factor
Regeneration (biology)
Ability to heal rapidly and with greater finality from any injury; the rate of recovery varies from character to character. Can sometimes result in the slowing of aging, regenerating entire human limbs and organs without hindrance from the Hayflick limit by completely removing it and immunity to illnesses and other defects.
Invisibility Invisible Woman;[58] Invisible Kid;[59] Claude Rains[60] Invisibility
Ability to render the user unseen to the naked eye or other forms of perception.
Invulnerability Emery Schaub;[61] Shaggy Man;[62] Brit[63]
Ability to be immune to one or more forms of physical, mental, and spiritual damage and influence.
Kinetic absorption Strong Guy;[64] Sebastian Shaw[65]
Ability to absorb forms of kinetic energy into oneself and utilize it in some way, such as by converting it into physical strength or using it to power energy blasts.
Superhuman longevity Romulus;[66] Eclipso;[67]
Ability to live longer than a normal human.
Matter ingestion Matter-Eater Lad[68]
Ability to consume any sort of matter without any ill effects on the user.
Merging Kleinstocks;[69] B'wana Beast;[70] Trunks;[71]
Ability to temporarily merge two or more beings into a single being, which results in a completely new and stronger being.
Pheromone manipulation Wallflower;[72] Crimson Fox[73]
Ability to generate and control pheromones which may have various effects.
Poison generation Cobra;[74] Poison Ivy;[75] Maya Herrera
Ability to assault others with one or more varieties of toxins, with widely disparate effects.
Prehensile/animated hair Medusa;[76] Spider Girl;[77] Jiraiya
Ability to animate and lengthen one's hair.
Reactive adaptation/evolution Lifeguard;[78] Doomsday;[79]
Ability to develop a resistance or immunity to whatever they were injured by or exposed to. This effect can be permanent or temporary.
Self-detonation or explosion and reformation Nitro;[80] Shrapnel;[81] Ted Sprague[82]
Ability to explode one's body mass and reform.
Sonic scream Banshee;[83] Black Canary[84]
Ability to generate vocal sounds of a higher amplitude than a normal human.
Vortex breath Awesome Android;[85] Kirby
Ability to inhale/exhale with superhumanly powerful strength. This can range from exhalation on par with gale-force winds to inhalation on par with the power of a gravitational vortex. In some cases, freezing temperatures can also be achieved.
Superhuman durability / endurance Luke Cage;[86] Solomon Grundy;[87] Tick;[88]
Ability to have a higher resistance to one or more forms of damage before being injured as well as the ability to exert oneself in an activity indefinitely without becoming tired or survive for long periods of time without consumption or water.
Superhuman agility / reflexes Beast;[89] Midnighter;[90] Son Gohan;[91]
Ability to react faster than a normal human and to possess greater flexibility and with higher/farther jumping capacity.
Superhuman senses Sabretooth;[92] Supergirl;[93]; Jim Ellison[94]
Ability to see, smell, taste, feel or hear more than a normal human.
Superhuman strength Hulk;[95] Blok;[96] Fuji;[97] Niki Sanders Superhuman strength
Strength level
Ability to have a level of strength much higher than normally possible given their proportions.
Vision-based powers Doctor Nemesis;[98] Superman[99]
Abilities that are based on one's eyes or ability to see.
1. Night vision Owl;[100] Doctor Mid-Nite[101] Night vision
The ability to see clearly in total darkness
2. X-ray vision Hyperion[102]
Ability to see through solid matter
3. Heat vision Gladiator;[103] Superboy-Prime;[104] Mister Majestic;[105] Heat vision
Ability to burn objects and other individuals with one's gaze
4. Telescopic vision Peepers;[106] Lar Gand;[107]
Ability to magnify and extend one's vision to various levels
5. Freeze vision Bizarro[108]
Ability to freeze objects and other individuals with one's gaze
Wallcrawling Spider-Man;[109] Knuckles the Echidna[110]
Ability to adhere to solid surfaces, including walls and ceilings
Waterbreathing Namor;[111] Aquaman[112] Water breathing
Liquid breathing
Ability to respirate through water in lieu of a gaseous medium. Not to be confused with an ability to go without breathing or to be able to breathe an alternative air supply.
Mentality-based abilities
Type
Examples
See also
Ecological empathy Storm; Swamp Thing[113]
Ability to sense the overall well-being and conditions of one's immediate environment and natural setting stemming from a psychic sensitivity to nature
Innate capability Forge;[114] Sylar
Ability to know or understand something without the need of studying or previous experience.
Omni-linguism Cypher;[115] Wonder Woman; Glorificus
Ability to understand any form of language, a natural polyglot. This can be accomplished in various ways.
Omniscience Infinity; Phantom Stranger Omniscience
Ability to know anything and everything
Superhuman mentality Leader;[116] Brainiac;[117]
Ability to have intelligence quotient far above that of a genius level. This ability can be so evolved that its user can gain psychic abilities (psychokinesis, telepathy, etc.) and resist both mind control and other psionic attacks.
Superhuman tracking Cyber;[118] Dawnstar;[119] Molly Walker[120]
Ability to track an individual or object through supernatural means; sometimes referred to as "pathfinding"
ESP
Main article: Extrasensory perception
See also: Psychic
The abilities of extra-sensory perception (ESP) and communication.
Type
Examples
See also
Astral projection Blindfold;[121] Doctor Psycho;[122] Prue Halliwell Astral projection
Also known as astral travel, this is the ability to separate and control one's astral body.
Cross-dimensional awareness Deadpool;[123] Ambush Bug[124]
Ability to detect actions and events in other dimensions. This is occasionally used in comics as an awareness of the fourth wall between the characters and the artist or audience.
Empathy Empath;[125] Raven;[126] Belldandy[127] Empathy
Ability to read or sense the emotions or control the emotions or feelings of others
Spiritual mediumship Brother Voodoo;[128] Melinda Gordon Mediumship
Ability to see and communicate with the dead (i.e., ghosts)
Precognition Destiny;[129] Nura Nal;[130] Phoebe Halliwell;[131] Precognition
Premonition
Clairvoyance
Ability to perceive the future. It may be expressed in vague dreams while asleep, other times it can be clear and can occur at will. It may also be used as a form of "danger sense" to show the user that they are being threatened and from what direction it is coming from.
Psychometry Adrienne Frost;[132] Jack Hawksmoor;[133] Tuxedo Mask[134] Psychometry (paranormal)
Ability to relate details about the past or future condition of an object or location, usually by being in close contact with it
Telepathy Charles Xavier;[135] Saturn Girl;[136] Piccolo;[137] Telepathy
Ability to read the thoughts of, or to mentally communicate with others
Technopathy Black Box;[138] Cyborg Superman;[139] Drummer;[140] Micah Sanders[141]
Ability to manipulate technology. Manifested as a special form of electrical/telekinetic manipulation, a special form of "morphing" which allows physical interaction with machines, or even a psychic ability that allows for mental interface with computer data
Physical or mental domination
Type
Examples
See also
Astral trapping Shadow King
Ability to cause an astral projection to stay on the astral plane, usually in one specific place
Memory manipulation Professor X;[142] Zatanna;[143] Haitian
Ability to erase or enhance the memories of another
Mind control Karma;[144] Universo;[145] Lelouch Lamperouge;[146] Matt Parkman
The ability to alter the perceptions of others, and general ability to control the actions of others with the mind
Possession Nocturne;[147] Jericho;[148] Orochimaru;[149]
Ability to take control and inhabit the body of an individual
Psionic blast Emma Frost;[150] Martian Manhunter[151]
Ability to overload another's mind causing pain, memory loss, lack of consciousness, vegetative state or death after having created a psionic link into that individual's mind
Psychic weapons Quentin Quire;[152] Wild Thing[153]
Ability to create a weapon of psychic energy that can harm mentally and not physically
Physics or reality manipulation
These powers may be manifested by various methods, including: by some method of molecular control; by access to, or partially or fully shifting to another dimension; by manipulating the geometric dimensions of time or space; or by some other unnamed method.
Type
Examples
See also
Animation Selene[154]
Ability to bring inanimate objects to life or to free an individual from petrification
Darkness or shadow manipulation Shroud;[155] Shade;[156] Shikamaru Nara[157]
Ability to create or manipulate darkness, often by mentally accessing a dimension of dark energy (the Darkforce dimension in Marvel Comics, and the Shadowlands in DC Comics) and manipulating it
Density control Vision;[158] Thunder[159]
Ability to increase or decrease the natural density of an object or one's self
Disintegration Wither;[160] Plasmus;[161] Castiel[162]
Ability to disintegrate matter through touch, telepathy or through beams
Elemental transmutation Alchemy;[163] Metamorpho;[164] Edward Elric[165] Transmutation
The ability to alter chemical elements, changing them from one substance to another by rearranging the atomic structure. May be limited to self-transmutation
Gravity manipulation Alex Power;[166] Geo-Force[167]
Ability to manipulate or generate gravitons, or other types of gravitational interactions
Immortality Belasco;[168] Vandal Savage[169] Adam Monroe;[170] Alucard[171] Immortality
Ability to live forever. This may be complete immortality encompassing invulnerability, partial invulnerability to all but specific events (i.e., decapitation or exposure to a specific chemical such as kryptonite), or simply an inability to age normally.
Intangibility or phasing Kitty Pryde;[172] Phantom Girl;[173]
Ability to quantum tunnel through solid matter without harm[172]
Light manipulation Monica Rambeau;[174] Doctor Light;[175] Angelus[176]
Ability to control, generate or absorb light particles
Magnetism manipulation Magneto;[177] Doctor Polaris[178]
Ability to control or generate magnetic fields
Mass manipulation Harry Leland;[179] Thom Kallor[180]
Ability to increase or decrease mass in an object
Microwave manipulation Firestar[181] Microwave
The ability to convert ambient electromagnetic energy into microwaves and manipulate it into various effects such as heat, light, and radiation
Molecular manipulation Apocalypse;[182] Firestorm;[183] Piper Halliwell
Ability to mentally manipulate the molecules of objects or one's self on a molecular level
Probability manipulation Longshot;[184] Hazard[185] Probability
Ability to alter probability, causing unlikely things to happen, or likely things not to happen
Radiation manipulation Radioactive Man;[186] Captain Atom;[187]
Ability to generate, manipulate or have immunity to toxic radiation
Reality warping Franklin Richards;[188] Lucifer[189]
Ability to change or manipulate reality itself
Resurrection Mister Immortal;[190] Resurrection Man;[191] Jack Harkness
Ability to come back to life after being killed as well, or to bring others back to life
Sound manipulation Klaw;[192] Fiddler[193] Emma Coolidge
Ability to manipulate sound
Time manipulation Tempo;[194] Zoom;[195] Hiro Nakamura
Ability to affect the flow of time by slowing, accelerating, reversing, or stopping it
Elemental and environmental powers
See also: Classical element
Ability to control or manipulate the elements of nature.
Type
Examples
See also
Air and wind manipulation Wind Dancer;[196] Red Tornado;[197] Aang
Ability to control, generate, or absorb air or wind
Animal control Tarzan; Super Commando Dhruva; Doctor Dolittle
Ability to communicate with animals, birds and even aquatic creatures and get them to perform tasks on command
Cold and ice manipulation Iceman;[198] Ice;[199] Tracy Strauss;[200] Elsa;[201] Sub-Zero
Ability to reduce the kinetic energy of atoms and thus reduce temperature, can be used to control, generate, or absorb ice
Earth and stone manipulation Petra;[202] Terra;[203] Gaara;[204] Samuel Sullivan
Ability to control earth; sand, stone, rock, lava, dirt, or other minerals
Electric manipulation Electro;[205] Black Lightning;[206] Sailor Jupiter;[207] Elle Bishop
Ability to control, generate or absorb electricity and electric phenomena
Fire and heat manipulation Pyro;[208] Fire;[209] Sailor Mars;[210] Azula; Scorpion Pyrokinesis
Ability to control the kinetic energy of atoms to generate, control or absorb fire
Plant manipulation Klara Prast;[211] Floronic Man;[212] Briar Moss
Ability to create, control, manipulate or animate plant life
Water and moisture manipulation Washout;[213] Mera;[214] Sailor Mercury; Percy Jackson
Ability to control, generate or absorb water
Weather manipulation Thor;[215] Weather Wizard;[216] Sarah Rainmaker;[217] Trisana Chandler Weather control
Ability to control or mentally affect the weather. This includes the ability to generate various natural phenomena (rain, tornadoes, lightning, ocean currents, etc.) or control the intensity of the weather.
Energy manipulation
These powers deal with energy generation, conversion and manipulation. In addition to generic energy, versions of these powers exist that deal with such things as light, sound, electricity, nuclear energy, and the Darkforce dimension.
Type
Examples
See also
Concussion beams Cyclops;[218] Darkseid[219]
Ability to generate or transform various forms of energy into a "solid" or concussive beam of energy
Energy blasts Havok[220] Starfire[221]
Ability to expel various forms of energy from the body
Energy constructs Cerise;[222] Jade;[223] Uryū Ishida
Ability to create complex shapes (such as giant boxing gloves or cages) or even functional machinery (such as fire extinguishers or laser rifles) out of solid energy
Energy conversion Bishop[224] Bunker[225]
Ability to absorb one form of energy and convert it into another form of energy
Force field generation Unus the Untouchable;[226] Argent;[227] Orihime Inoue;[228] Wyatt Halliwell Force field
Ability to project powerful fields of manipulated energy
Transportation and travel
Type
Examples
See also
Electrical transportation Atom;[229] Livewire;[230]
Ability to travel through electrical conduits (such as power lines or telephone lines). Can enter through devices such as televisions, electrical poles or computers
Omnipresence Eternity;[231] Living Tribunal
Ability to be present anywhere and everywhere simultaneously
Dimensional travel Roma;[232] Vox;[233] Access[234]
Ability to travel between two or more dimensions, realities, realms, etc.
Portal creation Spot;[235] Gates[236] Interdimensional portal
Ability to create wormholes, portation "discs" or other spatial portals for transport between two non-adjacent locations
Summoning Master Pandemonium;[237] Kid Eternity;[238] Jackie Estacado;[239] Jiraiya[240] Conjuration
Evocation
Magic satchel
Ability to summon beings or objects for assistance. This may range from invoking simple implements to mighty familiar spirits.
Superhuman speed Quicksilver;[241] Flash;[242] Seta Sōjirō;[243] Sonic the Hedgehog;[244] Speedster (fiction)
Supersonic
The ability to move, run, fly, react, think, and sense at speeds much faster than a normal human. Those with this ability also have accelerated brain activity which allows them to process sensory information so fast that everything seems to be moving in slow motion while the user moves at normal speed.
Teleportation Nightcrawler;[245] Misfit;[246] Goku;[247] Teleportation
Ability to move from one place to another without occupying the space in between
Time travel Trevor Fitzroy;[248] Time Trapper;[249] Hiro Nakamura Time travel
Ability to travel back or forth through time
Flight
Main article: Flight
See also: Gliding, Levitation, and Transvection (flying)
Ability to lift off the ground, to ride air currents or to fly self-propelled through the air.
Energy propulsion
Type
Examples
Cosmic energy control Ikaris
Energy aura projection Sunfire;[250] Halo[251]
Gravitational manipulation Gravity[252]
Magical levitation Nico Minoru;[253] Raven;[254] Willow Rosenberg; Peter Pan
Magnetic levitation Polaris;[255] Static[256]
Molecular manipulation Kitty Pryde;[257] Doctor Manhattan[258]
Sonic repulsion field Siryn;[259] Tyroc[260]
Telekinetic power Vance Astrovik;[261] Sapphire[262]
Thermo-chemical energy Cannonball;[263] Jetstream[264]
Physical propulsion
Wind current control Cyclone;[265] Red Tornado[266]
Wings Warren Worthington III;[267] Northwind;[268] Rouge the Bat
Miscellaneous
The following powers could be manifested in any number of ways.
Illusion
Main article: Illusion
Ability to alter or deceive the perceptions of another. Can be sensory, a light or sound-based effect, or an alteration of mental perceptions. May overlap with reality warping when it is possible to interact with the illusions.
Examples: Mastermind;[269] King Chimera;[270] Sasuke Uchiha[271]
Shapeshifting
Main article: Shapeshifting
Ability to change appearance or body structure.
Type
Examples
Animal morphing Snowbird;[272] Beast Boy;[273] Jake Berenson
Ability to take on animal forms. May be able to take on the abilities of the altered form
Elasticity Mister Fantastic;[58] Plastic Man;[274] Monkey D. Luffy;[275] Jake the dog
Ability to stretch, deform, expand or contract one's body into any form imaginable
Inorganic Colossus;[276] Ferro Lad[277]
Ability to transform completely into an inorganic substance while retaining organic properties
Liquification Hydro-Man;[278] Aspen Matthews[279]
Ability to turn partially or completely into a liquid
Metamorphosis Mystique;[280] Clayface;[281] Voodoo[282]
Ability to change one's physical, biological form to mimic the appearance, characteristics or power set of other individuals
Density/size shifting Henry Pym;[283] Giganta;[284] Garganta;[285] Doctor Manhattan
Ability to increase or decrease one's density or size
Sublimation Amelia Voght;[286] Count Dracula
Ability to transform into a gaseous, mist, or fog-like form
Substance mimicry Absorbing Man;[287] Amazing-Man[288]
Ability to transform into any substance touched
See also
List of psychic abilities
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Degree (angle)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Degree
Unit system
Non-SI accepted unit
Unit of
Angle
Symbol
°[1][2] or deg[3]
Unit conversions
1 °[1][2] in ... ... is equal to ...
turns
1/360 turn
radians
π/180 rad
gons
10/9g
One degree (shown in red) and
eighty nine degrees (shown in blue)
A degree (in full, a degree of arc, arc degree, or arcdegree), usually denoted by ° (the degree symbol), is a measurement of a plane angle, defined so that a full rotation is 360 degrees.
It is not an SI unit, as the SI unit of angular measure is the radian, but it is mentioned in the SI brochure as an accepted unit.[4] Because a full rotation equals 2π radians, one degree is equivalent to π/180 radians.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Subdivisions
3 Alternative units
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
See also: Decans
A circle with an equilateral chord (red). One sixtieth of this arc is a degree. Six such chords complete the circle.
The original motivation for choosing the degree as a unit of rotations and angles is unknown. One theory states that it is related to the fact that 360 is approximately the number of days in a year.[5] Ancient astronomers noticed that the sun, which follows through the ecliptic path over the course of the year, seems to advance in its path by approximately one degree each day. Some ancient calendars, such as the Persian calendar, used 360 days for a year. The use of a calendar with 360 days may be related to the use of sexagesimal numbers.
Another theory is that the Babylonians subdivided the circle using the angle of an equilateral triangle as the basic unit and further subdivided the latter into 60 parts following their sexagesimal numeric system.[6][7] The earliest trigonometry, used by the Babylonian astronomers and their Greek successors, was based on chords of a circle. A chord of length equal to the radius made a natural base quantity. One sixtieth of this, using their standard sexagesimal divisions, was a degree.
Aristarchus of Samos and Hipparchus seem to have been among the first Greek scientists to exploit Babylonian astronomical knowledge and techniques systematically.[8][9] Timocharis, Aristarchus, Aristillus, Archimedes, and Hipparchus were the first Greeks known to divide the circle in 360 degrees of 60 arc minutes.[10] Eratosthenes used a simpler sexagesimal system dividing a circle into 60 parts.
The division of the circle into 360 parts also occurred in ancient India, as evidenced in the Rigveda:[11]
Twelve spokes, one wheel, navels three.
Who can comprehend this?
On it are placed together
three hundred and sixty like pegs.
They shake not in the least.
—  Dirghatamas, Rigveda 1.164.48
Another motivation for choosing the number 360 may have been that it is readily divisible: 360 has 24 divisors,[note 1] making it one of only 7 numbers such that no number less than twice as much has more divisors (sequence A072938 in the OEIS).[12][13] Furthermore, it is divisible by every number from 1 to 10 except 7.[note 2] This property has many useful applications, such as dividing the world into 24 time zones, each of which is nominally 15° of longitude, to correlate with the established 24-hour day convention.
Finally, it may be the case that more than one of these factors has come into play. According to that theory, the number is approximately 365 because of the apparent movement of the sun against the celestial sphere and that it was rounded to 360 for some of the mathematical reasons cited above.
Subdivisions[edit]
For many practical purposes, a degree is a small enough angle that whole degrees provide sufficient precision. When this is not the case, as in astronomy or for geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude), degree measurements may be written using decimal degrees, with the degree symbol behind the decimals; for example, 40.1875°.
Alternatively, the traditional sexagesimal unit subdivisions can be used. One degree is divided into 60 minutes (of arc), and one minute into 60 seconds (of arc). Use of degrees-minutes-seconds is also called DMS notation. These subdivisions, also called the arcminute and arcsecond, are respectively represented by a single and double prime. For example, 40.1875° = 40° 11′ 15″, or, using quotation mark characters, 40° 11' 15". Additional precision can be provided using decimals for the arcseconds component.
The older system of thirds, fourths, etc., which continues the sexagesimal unit subdivision, was used by al-Kashi and other ancient astronomers, but is rarely used today. These subdivisions were denoted[citation needed] by writing the Roman numeral for the number of sixtieths in superscript: 1I for a "prime" (minute of arc), 1II for a second, 1III for a third, 1IV for a fourth, etc. Hence the modern symbols for the minute and second of arc, and the word "second" also refer to this system.[citation needed]
Alternative units[edit]
See also: Measuring angles
A chart to convert between degrees and radians
In most mathematical work beyond practical geometry, angles are typically measured in radians rather than degrees. This is for a variety of reasons; for example, the trigonometric functions have simpler and more "natural" properties when their arguments are expressed in radians. These considerations outweigh the convenient divisibility of the number 360. One complete turn (360°) is equal to 2π radians, so 180° is equal to π radians, or equivalently, the degree is a mathematical constant: 1° = π⁄180.
The turn (or revolution, full circle, full rotation, cycle) is used in technology and science. One turn is equal to 360°.
With the invention of the metric system, based on powers of ten, there was an attempt to replace degrees by decimal "degrees"[note 3] called grad or gon, where the number in a right angle is equal to 100 gon with 400 gon in a full circle (1° = 10⁄9 gon). Although that idea was abandoned by Napoleon, grades continued to be used in several fields and many scientific calculators support them. Decigrades (1⁄4,000) were used with French artillery sights in World War I.
An angular mil, which is most used in military applications, has at least three specific variants, ranging from 1⁄6,400 to 1⁄6,000. It is approximately equal to one milliradian (c. 1⁄6,283). A mil measuring 1⁄6,000 of a revolution originated in the imperial Russian army, where an equilateral chord was divided into tenths to give a circle of 600 units. This may be seen on a lining plane (an early device for aiming indirect fire artillery) dating from about 1900 in the St. Petersburg Museum of Artillery.
Conversion of common angles
Turns
Radians
Degrees
Gradians (Gons)
0 0 0° 0g
1/24 π/12 15° 16 2/3g
1/12 π/6 30° 33 1/3g
1/10 π/5 36° 40g
1/8 π/4 45° 50g
1/2π 1 c. 57.3° c. 63.7g
1/6 π/3 60° 66 2/3g
1/5 2π/5 72° 80g
1/4 π/2 90° 100g
1/3 2π/3 120° 133 1/3g
2/5 4π/5 144° 160g
1/2 π 180° 200g
3/4 3π/2 270° 300g
1 2π 360° 400g
See also[edit]
Compass
Geographic coordinate system
Gradian
Meridian arc
Square degree
Square minute
Square second
Steradian
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The divisors of 360 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 24, 30, 36, 40, 45, 60, 72, 90, 120, 180, and 360.
Jump up ^ Contrast this with the relatively unwieldy 2520, which is the least common multiple for every number from 1 to 10.
Jump up ^ These new and decimal "degrees" must not be confused with decimal degrees.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ HP 48G Series – User's Guide (UG) (8 ed.). Hewlett-Packard. December 1994 [1993]. HP 00048-90126, (00048-90104). Retrieved 2015-09-06.
Jump up ^ HP 50g graphing calculator user's guide (UG) (1 ed.). Hewlett-Packard. 2006-04-01. HP F2229AA-90006. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
Jump up ^ HP Prime Graphing Calculator User Guide (UG) (PDF) (1 ed.). Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. October 2014. HP 788996-001. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
Jump up ^ Bureau International des Poid et Mesures (2006). "The International System of Units (SI)" (8 ed.). Archived from the original on 2009-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Degree". MathWorld.
Jump up ^ Jeans, James Hopwood (1947). The Growth of Physical Science. p. 7.
Jump up ^ Murnaghan, Francis Dominic (1946). Analytic Geometry. p. 2.
Jump up ^ Rawlins, Dennis. "On Aristarchus". DIO - The International Journal of Scientific History.
Jump up ^ Toomer, Gerald J. Hipparchus and Babylonian astronomy.
Jump up ^ "2 (Footnote 24)". Aristarchos Unbound: Ancient Vision / The Hellenistic Heliocentrists' Colossal Universe-Scale / Historians' Colossal Inversion of Great & Phony Ancients / History-of-Astronomy and the Moon in Retrograde! (PDF). DIO - The International Journal of Scientific History. 14. March 2008. p. 19. ISSN 1041-5440. Retrieved 2015-10-16.
Jump up ^ Dirghatamas. Rigveda. pp. 1.164.48.
Jump up ^ Brefeld, Werner. "Divisibility highly composite numbers".
Jump up ^ Brefeld, Werner (2015). (not defined). Rowohlt Verlag. pp. Not yet published.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Degree (angle).
"Degrees as an angle measure". , with interactive animation
"Degree". at MathWorld
Gray, Meghan; Merrifield, Michael; Moriarty, Philip (2009). "° Degree of Angle". Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.
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