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List of states and union territories of India by population
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States and union
territories of India
ordered by
Area
Population
Abbreviations
Capitals
Child Nutrition
Crime rate
Electricity penetration
Fertility rate
Forest cover
GDP (per capita)
Highest point
HIV awareness
HDI
Home ownership
Household size
Human Trafficking
Institutional delivery
Life expectancy at birth
Literacy rate
Media exposure
Number of Vehicles
Number of voters
Obesity
Open defecation
Origin of name
Places of worship
Poverty
Power capacity
Safe Drinking Water
Safety of Women
School Enrollment Rate
Sex ratio
Suicides
Tax revenues
TV ownership
Toilet availability
Transport network
Underweight people
Unemployment
Vaccination coverage
v
t
e
India is a union of 29 states and 7 union territories.[1] As of 2011, with an estimated population of 1.2 billion, India is the world's second most populous country after the People's Republic of China in the world. India occupies 2.4 percent of the world's land surface area and is home to 17.5 percent of the world's population.[2] After the Gangetic plains, the eastern and western coastal regions of the Deccan plateau are the most densely populated regions of India. The Thar desert in western Rajasthan is one of the most densely populated deserts in the world. The northern and north-eastern states along the Himalayas contain cold arid deserts with fertile valleys.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Census of India
2 States and union territories (by population)
3 Notes
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Census of India[edit]
Population density map of India.
The first population census in British India was conducted in 1872. Since India's independence in 1947, a census has been conducted every 10 years, the first occurring in 1951.[4] The census in India is conducted by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner under the Ministry of Home Affairs, and is one of the largest administrative tasks conducted by a federal government.[5]
The latest population figures are based on data from the 2011 census of India.[6] During the decade of 2001–2011, India's annual population growth rate has slowed down from 2.15 percent to 1.76 percent.[6] Based on decennial census data, Dadra and Nagar Haveli have the fastest growth rate of 55.5 percent, followed by Daman and Diu (53.5 percent), Meghalaya (27.8 percent) and Arunachal Pradesh (25.9 percent). Nagaland recorded the lowest growth rate of -0.5 percent.[7]
India has 641,000 inhabited villages and 72.2 percent of the total population reside in these rural areas.[8] Of them 145,000 villages have population size of 500–999 persons; 130,000 villages have population size of 1000–1999 and 128,000 villages have population size of 200–499. There are 3,961 villages that have a population of 10,000 persons or more.[2] India's 27.8 percent urban population lives in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations.[9] In the decade of 1991–2001, migration to major cities caused rapid increase in urban population.[10][11] On the basis of net migrants by last residence during the past decade, Maharashtra had most immigration with 2.3 million, followed by National Capital Territory of Delhi (1.7 million), Gujarat (0.68 million) and Haryana (0.67 million). Uttar Pradesh (−2.6 million) and Bihar (−1.7 million) topped the list for interstate emigration.[12] The five states of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh account for almost half (47.90 percent) of the total Indian population.[6]
While the national average for sex ratio shows an increase from 933 in 2001 to 940 in 2011,[6] the 2011 census shows a sharp decline in child sex ratio, the number of females per thousand males in a population between age group 0–6 years.[6] States such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram and Andaman and Nicobar Islands recorded an increase in child sex ratio.[6] National child sex ratio has declined from 927 in 2001 to 914 in 2011.[6] Telangana census was separated from Andhra Pradesh state census figures, after Telangana formally took birth on 2 June 2014.[13]
States and union territories (by population)[edit]
The total geographical area of India is 3,287,240 square kilometres (1,269,210 sq mi)α.[2] Population density is rounded to the nearest integer.
As per provisional census data of 2011, the total population of India is: 1,210,193,422.[6]
Rank
State or union territory
Population (2011 Census)[14]
(% of population of India)[15]
Decadal growth (2001–2011)
Rural pop.[16]
(%)
Urban pop.[16]
(%)
Area[17]
Density
Sex ratio
1 Uttar Pradesh 7008207281477000000♠207,281,477
(16.49%) 20.1% 7008155111022000000♠155,111,022
(77.72%) 7007444704550000000♠44,470,455
(22.28%) 7011240928000000000♠240,928 km2 (93,023 sq mi) 6996828000000000000♠828/km2 (2,140/sq mi) 908
2 Maharashtra 7008112372972000000♠112,372,972
(9.28%) 16.0% 7007615454410000000♠61,545,441
(54.77%) 7007508275310000000♠50,827,531
(45.23%) 7011307713000000000♠307,713 km2 (118,809 sq mi) 6996365000000000000♠365/km2 (950/sq mi) 946
3 Bihar 7008103804637000000♠103,804,637
(8.58%) 25.1% 7007920750280000000♠92,075,028
(88.70%) 7007117296090000000♠11,729,609
(11.30%) 7010941630000000000♠94,163 km2 (36,357 sq mi) 6997110199999999999♠1,102/km2 (2,850/sq mi) 916
4 West Bengal 7007913477360000000♠91,347,736
(7.55%) 13.9% 7007622136760000000♠62,213,676
(68.11%) 7007291340600000000♠29,134,060
(31.89%) 7010887520000000000♠88,752 km2 (34,267 sq mi) 6997102900000000000♠1,029/km2 (2,670/sq mi) 947
5 Madhya Pradesh 7007725975650000000♠72,597,565
(6.00%) 20.3% 7007525378990000000♠52,537,899
(72.37%) 7007200596660000000♠20,059,666
(27.63%) 7011308245000000000♠308,245 km2 (119,014 sq mi) 6996236000000000000♠236/km2 (610/sq mi) 931
6 Tamil Nadu 7007721389580000000♠72,138,958
(5.96%) 15.6% 7007371892290000000♠37,189,229
(51.55%) 7007349497290000000♠34,949,729
(48.45%) 7011130058000000000♠130,058 km2 (50,216 sq mi) 6996554999999999999♠555/km2 (1,440/sq mi) 995
7 Rajasthan 7007686210120000000♠68,621,012
(5.67%) 21.4% 7007515402360000000♠51,540,236
(75.11%) 7007170807760000000♠17,080,776
(24.89%) 7011342239000000000♠342,239 km2 (132,139 sq mi) 6996200999999999999♠201/km2 (520/sq mi) 926
8 Karnataka 7007611307040000000♠61,130,704
(5.05%) 15.7% 7007375525290000000♠37,552,529
(61.43%) 7007235781750000000♠23,578,175
(38.57%) 7011191791000000000♠191,791 km2 (74,051 sq mi) 6996319000000000000♠319/km2 (830/sq mi) 968
9 Gujarat 7007603836280000000♠60,383,628
(5.00%) 19.2% 7007346708170000000♠34,670,817
(57.42%) 7007257128110000000♠25,712,811
(42.58%) 7011196024000000000♠196,024 km2 (75,685 sq mi) 6996308000000000000♠308/km2 (800/sq mi) 918
10 Andhra Pradesh 7007493867990000000♠49,386,799
(4.08%) 11.1% 7007347763890000000♠34,776,389
(70.42%) 7007146104100000000♠14,610,410
(29.58%) 7011162968000000000♠162,968 km2 (62,922 sq mi) 6996303000000000000♠303/km2 (780/sq mi) 993
11 Odisha 7007419473580000000♠41,947,358
(3.47%) 14.0% 7007349512340000000♠34,951,234
(83.32%) 7006699612400000000♠6,996,124
(16.68%) 7011155707000000000♠155,707 km2 (60,119 sq mi) 6996268999999999999♠269/km2 (700/sq mi) 978
12 Telangana 7007352867570000000♠35,286,757
(2.97%) 17.87% 7007215853130000000♠21,585,313
(61.33%) 7007136086650000000♠13,608,665
(38.66%) 7011114840000000000♠114,840 km2 (44,340 sq mi) 6996307000000000000♠307/km2 (800/sq mi) 988
13 Kerala 7007333876770000000♠33,387,677
(2.76%) 4.9% 7007174455060000000♠17,445,506
(52.28%) 7007159321710000000♠15,932,171
(47.72%) 7010388630000000000♠38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi) 6996859000000000000♠859/km2 (2,220/sq mi) 1,084
14 Jharkhand 7007329662380000000♠32,966,238
(2.72%) 22.3% 7007250369460000000♠25,036,946
(75.95%) 7006792929200000000♠7,929,292
(24.05%) 7010797140000000000♠79,714 km2 (30,778 sq mi) 6996414000000000000♠414/km2 (1,070/sq mi) 947
15 Assam 7007311692720000000♠31,169,272
(2.58%) 16.9% 7007267805260000000♠26,780,526
(85.92%) 7006438875600000000♠4,388,756
(14.08%) 7010784380000000000♠78,438 km2 (30,285 sq mi) 6996397000000000000♠397/km2 (1,030/sq mi) 954
16 Punjab 7007277042360000000♠27,704,236
(2.30%) 13.7% 7007173168000000000♠17,316,800
(62.51%) 7007103874360000000♠10,387,436
(37.49%) 7010503620000000000♠50,362 km2 (19,445 sq mi) 6996549999999999999♠550/km2 (1,400/sq mi) 893
17 Chhattisgarh 7007255401960000000♠25,540,196
(2.11%) 22.6% 7007196036580000000♠19,603,658
(76.76%) 7006593653800000000♠5,936,538
(23.24%) 7011135191000000000♠135,191 km2 (52,198 sq mi) 6996189000000000000♠189/km2 (490/sq mi) 991
18 Haryana 7007253530810000000♠25,353,081
(2.09%) 19.9% 7007165314930000000♠16,531,493
(75.75%) 7006882158800000000♠8,821,588
(24.25%) 7010442120000000000♠44,212 km2 (17,070 sq mi) 6996573000000000000♠573/km2 (1,480/sq mi) 877
19 Jammu and Kashmir 7007125489260000000♠12,548,926
(1.04%) 23.7% 7006913482000000000♠9,134,820
(72.79%) 7006341410600000000♠3,414,106
(27.21%) 7011222236000000000♠222,236 km2 (85,806 sq mi) 6995570000000000000♠57/km2 (150/sq mi) 883
20 Uttarakhand 7007101167520000000♠10,116,752
(0.84%) 19.2% 7006702558300000000♠7,025,583
(69.45%) 7006309116900000000♠3,091,169
(30.55%) 7010534830000000000♠53,483 km2 (20,650 sq mi) 6996189000000000000♠189/km2 (490/sq mi) 963
21 Himachal Pradesh 7006686460200000000♠6,864,602
(0.57%) 12.8% 7006616780500000000♠6,167,805
(89.96%) 7005688704000000000♠688,704
(10.04%) 7010556730000000000♠55,673 km2 (21,495 sq mi) 6996122999999999999♠123/km2 (320/sq mi) 974
22 Tripura 7006367103200000000♠3,671,032
(0.30%) 14.7% 7006271005100000000♠2,710,051
(73.82%) 7005960981000000000♠960,981
(26.18%) 7010104860000000000♠10,486 km2 (4,049 sq mi) 6996350000000000000♠350/km2 (910/sq mi) 961
23 Meghalaya 7006296400700000000♠2,964,007
(0.24%) 27.8% 7006236897100000000♠2,368,971
(79.92%) 7005595036000000000♠595,036
(20.08%) 7010224290000000000♠22,429 km2 (8,660 sq mi) 6996131999999999999♠132/km2 (340/sq mi) 986
24 Manipurβ 7006272175600000000♠2,721,756
(0.22%) 18.7% 7006189962400000000♠1,899,624
(79.79%) 7005822132000000000♠822,132
(20.21%) 7010223270000000000♠22,327 km2 (8,621 sq mi) 6996122000000000000♠122/km2 (320/sq mi) 987
25 Nagaland 7006198060200000000♠1,980,602
(0.16%) -0.5% 7006140686100000000♠1,406,861
(71.03%) 7005573741000000000♠573,741
(28.97%) 7010165790000000000♠16,579 km2 (6,401 sq mi) 6996119000000000000♠119/km2 (310/sq mi) 931
26 Goa 7006145772300000000♠1,457,723
(0.12%) 8.2% 7005551414000000000♠551,414
(37.83%) 7005906309000000000♠906,309
(62.17%) 7009370200000000000♠3,702 km2 (1,429 sq mi) 6996394000000000000♠394/km2 (1,020/sq mi) 968
27 Arunachal Pradesh 7006138261100000000♠1,382,611
(0.11%) 25.9% 7006106916500000000♠1,069,165
(77.33%) 7005313446000000000♠313,446
(22.67%) 7010837430000000000♠83,743 km2 (32,333 sq mi) 6995170000000000000♠17/km2 (44/sq mi) 920
28 Mizoram 7006109101400000000♠1,091,014
(0.09%) 22.8% 7005529037000000000♠529,037
(48.49%) 7005561997000000000♠561,997
(51.51%) 7010210810000000000♠21,081 km2 (8,139 sq mi) 6995519999999999999♠52/km2 (130/sq mi) 975
29 Sikkim 7005607688000000000♠607,688
(0.05%) 12.4% 7005455962000000000♠455,962
(75.03%) 7005151726000000000♠151,726
(24.97%) 7009709600000000000♠7,096 km2 (2,740 sq mi) 6995859999999999999♠86/km2 (220/sq mi) 889
7001300000000000000♠NCT Delhi 7007189800000000000♠18,980,000
(1.38%) 21% 7005419319000000000♠419,319
(2.50%) 7007163339160000000♠16,333,916
(97.50%) 7009148400000000000♠1,484 km2 (573 sq mi) 6998112970000000000♠11,297/km2 (29,260/sq mi) 866
7001310000000000000♠UT1 Puducherry 7006124446400000000♠1,244,464
(0.10%) 27.7% 7005394341000000000♠394,341
(31.69%) 7005850123000000000♠850,123
(68.31%) 7008479000000000000♠479 km2 (185 sq mi) 6997259800000000000♠2,598/km2 (6,730/sq mi) 1,038
7001320000000000000♠UT2 Chandigarh 7006105545000000000♠1,055,450
(0.09%) 17.1% 7004290040000000000♠29,004
(2.75%) 7006102568200000000♠1,025,682
(97.25%) 7008114000000000000♠114 km2 (44 sq mi) 6996952000000000000♠952/km2 (2,470/sq mi) 818
7001330000000000000♠UT3 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 7005379944000000000♠379,944
(0.03%) 6.7% 7005244411000000000♠244,411
(64.33%) 7005135533000000000♠135,533
(35.67%) 7009824900000000000♠8,249 km2 (3,185 sq mi) 6995460000000000000♠46/km2 (120/sq mi) 878
7001340000000000000♠UT4 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 7005342853000000000♠342,853
(0.03%) 55.5% 7005183024000000000♠183,024
(53.38%) 7005159829000000000♠159,829
(46.62%) 7008491000000000000♠491 km2 (190 sq mi) 6996698000000000000♠698/km2 (1,810/sq mi) 775
7001350000000000000♠UT5 Daman and Diu 7005242911000000000♠242,911
(0.02%) 53.5% 7004603310000000000♠60,331
(24.84%) 7005182580000000000♠182,580
(75.16%) 7008112000000000000♠112 km2 (43 sq mi) 6997216900000000000♠2,169/km2 (5,620/sq mi) 618
7001360000000000000♠UT6 Lakshadweep 7004644290000000000♠64,429
(0.01%) 6.2% 7004141210000000000♠14,121
(21.92%) 7004503080000000000♠50,308
(78.08%) 7007320000000000000♠32 km2 (12 sq mi) 6997201300000000000♠2,013/km2 (5,210/sq mi) 946
Total India 1,210,193,422
(100%) 17.64% 833,087,662
(68.84%) 377,105,760
(31.16%) 3,287,240 km2 (1,269,210 sq mi) 382/km2 (990/sq mi) 943
Notes[edit]
For determining population density of India and the State of Jammu and Kashmir, the data excludes area of Gilgit bultistan 64,817 and Azad Jammu&Kashmir 13,297 = 78,114 km2. under Pakistani control, 5,180 km2 under Chinese control and 37,555 km2 under Chinese control in Ladakh district.[18][19]
This includes 120,849 square kilometres (46,660 sq mi) of territory controlled by Pakistan but claimed by India along with Aksai Chin and Shaksgam Valley, territories administered by the People's Republic of China but claimed by India.
^β Excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata, and Purul sub-divisions of Senapati district of Manipur.
See also[edit]
List of states and territories of India by area
Demographics of India
List of country subdivisions by population
List of most populous metropolitan areas in India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "India at a Glance: Profile". Government of India. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Area and Population". Government of India (2001). Census of India. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
Jump up ^ "India - General Profile, Land Use Classification and Land Use Pattern" (PDF). National Informatics Centre (NIC). Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 14, 2006. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
Jump up ^ "Census Organisation of India". Government of India (2001). Census of India. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
Jump up ^ "Brief history of census". Government of India (2001). Census of India. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "India Census 2011, Provisional Population Totals" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00517/India_Census_2011___517160a.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00517/India_Census_2011___517160a.pdf
Jump up ^ "Urban Agglomerations (UAs) & towns". Government of India (2001). Census of India. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
Jump up ^ Shinde, Swati (13 Sep 2008). "Migration rate to city will dip". Times of India. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
Jump up ^ "Develop towns to stop migration to urban areas: economist". Chennai, India: Hindu. Dec 3, 2005. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
Jump up ^ "Migration". Government of India (2001). Census of India. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
Jump up ^ T-party: India's 29th state Telangana is born
Jump up ^ "List of states with Population, Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011". 2011 Census of India. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ranking of States and Union territories by population size : 1991 and 2001" (PDF). Government of India (2001). Census of India. pp. 5–6. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "Provisional Population Totals". Government of India (2011). Census of India. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
Jump up ^ "Area of India/state/district". Government of India (2001). Census of India. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
Jump up ^ "J&K 2011 Population density census" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Religion PCA 2011 J&K census".
2011 Indian Census
External links[edit]
Official website of Census of India
Census of India - Density of population
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Mehrgarh
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Mehrgarh
مہرگڑھ
مهرګړ
Shown within Balochistan, Pakistan
Mehrgarh (Pakistan)
Show map of Balochistan, Pakistan Show map of Pakistan Show all
Alternate name
Mehrgahr, Merhgarh, Merhgahr
Location
Dhadar, Balochistan, Pakistan
Region
South Asia
Coordinates
29°23′N 67°37′E / 29.383°N 67.617°E / 29.383; 67.617Coordinates: 29°23′N 67°37′E / 29.383°N 67.617°E / 29.383; 67.617
History
Founded
Approximately 7000 BCE
Abandoned
Approximately 2600 BCE
Periods
Neolithic
Site notes
Excavation dates
1974–1986, 1997–2000
Archaeologists
Jean-François Jarrige, Catherine Jarrige
Succeeded by: Indus Valley Civilization
Map of Pakistan showing Mehrgarh in relation to the cities of Quetta, Kalat, and Sibi and the Kachi Plain of Balochistan.
Mehrgarh (Balochi: Mehrgaŕh; Pashto: مهرګړ; Urdu: مہرگڑھ;), sometimes anglicized as Mehergarh or Mehrgar, is a Neolithic (7000 BCE to c. 2500/2000 BCE) site located near the Bolan Pass on the Kacchi Plain of Balochistan, Pakistan, to the west of the Indus River valley.[1]
The earliest settlement at Mehrgarh, in the northeast corner of the 495-acre (2.00 km2) site, was a small farming village which was inhabited from circa 6500 BCE.[2] It is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia.[3][4] The site was discovered in 1974 by an archaeological team led by French archaeologists Jean-François Jarrige and Catherine Jarrige, and was excavated continuously between 1974 and 1986, and again from 1997 to 2000. Archaeological material has been found in six mounds, and about 32,000 artifacts have been collected.[2]
Mehrgarh is now seen as a precursor to the Indus Valley Civilization, displaying the whole sequence from earliest settlement and the start of agriculture, to the mature Harappan Civilisation.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Periods of occupation
2.1 Mehrgarh Period I (7000 BCE-5500 BCE)
2.2 Mehrgarh Period II (5500 BCE–4800 BCE) and Period III (4800 BCE–3500 BCE)
2.3 Mehrgarh Periods IV, V and VI (3500 BCE-3000 BCE)
2.4 Mehrgarh Period VII (2600 BCE-2000 BCE)
2.5 Mehrgarh Period VIII
3 Lifestyle and technology
4 Artifacts
4.1 Human figurines
4.2 Pottery
4.3 Burials
4.4 Metallurgy
5 Archaeological significance
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Sources
10 Further reading
11 External links
History[edit]
See also: Neolithic revolution, Fertile Crescent, Demic diffusion, and Dravidian peoples § Origins
Jean-Francois Jarrige argues for an independent origin of Mehrgarh. Jarrige notes "the assumption that farming economy was introduced full-fledged from Near-East to South Asia,"[5][note 1] and the similarities between Neolithic sites from eastern Mesopotamia and the western Indus valley, which are evidence of a "cultural continuum" between those sites. But given the originality of Mehrgarh, Jarrige concludes that Mehrgarh has an earlier local background," and is not a "'backwater' of the Neolithic culture of the Near East."[5]
According to Lukacs and Hemphill, while there is a strong continuity between the neolithic and chalcolithic (Copper Age) cultures of Mehrgarh, dental evidence shows that the chalcolithic population did not descend from the neolithic population of Mehrgarh,[22] which "suggests moderate levels of gene flow."[22] They wrote that "the direct lineal descendents of the Neolithic inhabitants of Mehrgarh are to be found to the south and the east of Mehrgarh, in northwestern India and the western edge of the Deccan plateau," with neolithic Mehrgarh showing greater affinity with chalocolithic Inamgaon, south of Mehrgarh, than with chalcolithic Mehrgarh.[22][note 2]
Gallego Romero et al. (2011) state that their research on lactose tolerance in India suggests that "the west Eurasian genetic contribution identified by Reich et al. (2009) principally reflects gene flow from Iran and the Middle East."[25] Gallego Romero notes that Indians who are lactose-tolerant show a genetic pattern regarding this tolerance which is "characteristic of the common European mutation."[26] According to Romero, this suggests that "the most common lactose tolerance mutation made a two-way migration out of the Middle East less than 10,000 years ago. While the mutation spread across Europe, another explorer must have brought the mutation eastward to India – likely traveling along the coast of the Persian Gulf where other pockets of the same mutation have been found."[26] They further note that "[t]he earliest evidence of cattle herding in south Asia comes from the Indus River Valley site of Mehrgarh and is dated to 7,000 YBP."[25][note 3]
Periods of occupation[edit]
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Timeline
Ancient[show]
Palaeolithic
Soanian Culture, c. 500,000 – 250,000 BCE
Neolithic
Mehrgarh, c. 7000 – c. 3000 BCE
Indus Valley Civilisation, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE
Vedic Civilization, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE
Achaemenid Empire, c. 550 – c. 330 BCE
Gedrosia, c. 542 – c. 330 BCE
Gandhara, c. 518 – c. 330 BCE
Arachosia, c. 518 – c. 330 BCE
Hindush, c. 517 – c. 330 BCE
Sattagydia, c. 516 – c. 330 BCE
Ror Dynasty, c. 489 – c. 450 BCE
Macedonian Empire, c. 329 – c. 323 BCE
Arachosia, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE
Gedrosia, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE
Paropamisadae, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE
Porus, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE
Taxiles, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE
Mauryan Empire, c. 322 – c. 200 BCE
Seleucid Empire, c. 312 – c. 63 BCE
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, c. 190 – c. 140 BCE
Indo-Greek Kingdom, c. 170 – c. 50 BCE
Indo-Scythian Kingdom, c. 110 BCE – c. 95 CE
Apracharajas, c. 25 BCE – c. 50 CE
Paratarajas, c. 120 – c. 300 CE
Classical[show]
Parthian Empire, c. 90 BCE – c. 25 CE
Indo-Parthian Kingdom, c. 25 – c. 80 CE
Kushan Empire, c. 60 – 345 CE
Sasanian Empire, c. 250 – 655 CE
Indo-Sasanians, c. 240 – 410 CE
Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom, c. 240 – 410 CE
Gupta Empire, c. 345 – c. 455 CE
Rai Dynasty, c. 415 – 644 CE
Hephthalite Empire, c. 450 – 560 CE
Brahman Dynasty, c. 641 – 725 CE
Medieval[show]
Caliphate, c. 643 – 860 CE
Rashidun Caliphate, c. 643 – 661 CE
Umayyad Caliphate, c. 670 – 860 CE
Pala Empire, c. 770 – 850 CE
Habbari Dynasty, c. 841 – 1024 CE
Kabul Shahi, c. 870 – 1010 CE
Samanid Empire, c. 905 – 999 CE
Ghaznavids, c. 999 – 1186 CE
Soomra Dynasty, c. 1024 – 1351 CE
Ghurid Dynasty, c. 1170 – 1215 CE
Delhi Sultanate, c. 1206 – c. 1526 CE
Mamluk Dynasty, c. 1206 – c. 1290 CE
Khalji Dynasty, c. 1290 – c. 1320 CE
Tugluq Dynasty, c. 1320 – c. 1413 CE
Sayyid Dynasty, c. 1414 – c. 1451 CE
Lodhi Dynasty, c. 1451 – c. 1526 CE
Mongol Empire, c. 1221 – c. 1327 CE
Chagatai Khanate, c. 1225 – c. 1485 CE
Ilkhanate, c. 1256 – c. 1353 CE
Raees Dynasty, c. 1320 – 1620 CE
Katoor Dynasty, c. 1570 – c. 1947 CE
Samma Dynasty, c. 1351 – c. 1524 CE
Arghun Dynasty, c. 1520 – c. 1554 CE
Mughal Empire, c. 1526 – c. 1707 CE
Bombay Presidency, c. 1618 – c. 1947 CE
Suri Dynasty, c. 1540 – c. 1556 CE
Tarkhan Dynasty, c. 1554 – 1591 CE
Early modern[show]
Durrani Empire, c. 1747 – c. 1826 CE
Las Bela, c. 1802 – c. 1947 CE
Misl, c. 1716 – c. 1799 CE
Maratha Empire, c. 1758 – c. 1760 CE
Sikh Empire, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE
British Raj, c. 1858 – c. 1947 CE
Independence Movement
Modern[show]
Pakistan, c. 1947 CE – present
Dominion of Pakistan, c. 1947 – 1956 CE
Islamic Republic, c. 1956 CE – present
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Archaeologists divide the occupation at the site into eight periods.
Mehrgarh Period I (7000 BCE-5500 BCE)[edit]
The Mehrgarh Period I (7000 BCE-5500 BCE) was Neolithic and aceramic, without the use of pottery. The earliest farming in the area was developed by semi-nomadic people using plants such as wheat and barley and animals such as sheep, goats and cattle. The settlement was established with simple mud buildings and most of them had four internal subdivisions. Numerous burials have been found, many with elaborate goods such as baskets, stone and bone tools, beads, bangles, pendants and occasionally animal sacrifices, with more goods left with burials of males. Ornaments of sea shell, limestone, turquoise, lapis lazuli and sandstone have been found, along with simple figurines of women and animals. Sea shells from far sea shore and lapis lazuli found as far away as present-day Badakshan, Afghanistan shows good contact with those areas. A single ground stone axe was discovered in a burial, and several more were obtained from the surface. These ground stone axes are the earliest to come from a stratified context in South Asia. Periods I, II and III are contemporaneous with another site called Kili Gul Mohammed.
The aceramic Neolithic phase in the region is now called 'Kili Gul Muhammad phase', and it is dated 7000-5000 BC. Yet the Kili Gul Muhammad site, itself, may have started c. 5500 BC.[28]
In 2001, archaeologists studying the remains of two men from Mehrgarh made the discovery that the people of the Indus Valley Civilization had knowledge of proto-dentistry from the early Harappan periods. In April 2006, it was announced in the scientific journal Nature that the oldest (and first early Neolithic) evidence for the drilling of human teeth in vivo (i.e. in a living person) was found in Mehrgarh. According to the authors, their discoveries point to a tradition of proto-dentistry in the early farming cultures of that region. "Here we describe eleven drilled molar crowns from nine adults discovered in a Neolithic graveyard in Pakistan that dates from 7,500 to 9,000 years ago. These findings provide evidence for a long tradition of a type of proto-dentistry in an early farming culture."[29]
Mehrgarh Period II (5500 BCE–4800 BCE) and Period III (4800 BCE–3500 BCE)[edit]
The Mehrgarh Period II (5500 BCE–4800 BCE) and Merhgarh Period III (4800 BCE–3500 BCE) were ceramic Neolithic, using pottery, and later chalcolithic. Period II is at site MR4 and Period III is at MR2.[2] Much evidence of manufacturing activity has been found and more advanced techniques were used. Glazed faience beads were produced and terracotta figurines became more detailed. Figurines of females were decorated with paint and had diverse hairstyles and ornaments. Two flexed burials were found in Period II with a red ochre cover on the body. The amount of burial goods decreased over time, becoming limited to ornaments and with more goods left with burials of females. The first button seals were produced from terracotta and bone and had geometric designs. Technologies included stone and copper drills, updraft kilns, large pit kilns and copper melting crucibles. There is further evidence of long-distance trade in Period II: important as an indication of this is the discovery of several beads of lapis lazuli, once again from Badakshan. Mehrgarh Periods II and III are also contemporaneous with an expansion of the settled populations of the borderlands at the western edge of South Asia, including the establishment of settlements like Rana Ghundai, Sheri Khan Tarakai, Sarai Kala, Jalilpur and Ghaligai.[2]
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Mehrgarh Periods IV, V and VI (3500 BCE-3000 BCE)[edit]
A figurine from Mehrgarh, similar to the Venus figurines
Period IV was 3500 to 3250 BCE. Period V from 3250 to 3000 BCE and period VI was around 3000 BCE.[30] The site containing Periods IV to VII is designated as MR1.[2]
Mehrgarh Period VII (2600 BCE-2000 BCE)[edit]
Somewhere between 2600 BCE and 2000 BCE, the city seems to have been largely abandoned in favor of the larger and fortified town Nausharo five miles away when the Indus Valley Civilization was in its middle stages of development. Historian Michael Wood suggests this took place around 2500 BCE.[31]
Outline of South Asian history
Palaeolithic (2,500,000–250,000 BC)[show]
Madrasian Culture
Soanian Culture
Neolithic (10,800–3300 BC)[show]
Bhirrana Culture (7570–6200 BC)
Mehrgarh Culture (7000–3300 BC)
Edakkal Culture (5000–3000 BC)
Chalcolithic (3500–1500 BC)[show]
Anarta tradition (c. 3950–1900 BC)
Ahar-Banas Culture (3000–1500 BC)
Pandu Culture (1600–1500 BC)
Malwa Culture (1600–1300 BC)
Jorwe Culture (1400–700 BC)
Bronze Age (3300–1300 BC)[show]
Indus Valley Civilisation (3300–1300 BC)
– Early Harappan Culture (3300–2600 BC)
– Mature Harappan Culture (2600–1900 BC)
– Late Harappan Culture (1900–1300 BC)
Vedic Civilisation (2000–500 BC)
– Ochre Coloured Pottery culture (2000–1600 BC)
– Swat culture (1600–500 BC)
Iron Age (1500–200 BC)[show]
Vedic Civilisation (1500–500 BC)
– Janapadas (1500–600 BC)
– Black and Red ware culture (1300–1000 BC)
– Painted Grey Ware culture (1200–600 BC)
– Northern Black Polished Ware (700–200 BC)
Pradyota Dynasty (799–684 BC)
Haryanka Dynasty (684–424 BC)
Three Crowned Kingdoms (c. 600 BC–AD 1600)
Maha Janapadas (c. 600–300 BC)
Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)
Ror Dynasty (450 BC–AD 489)
Shishunaga Dynasty (424–345 BC)
Nanda Empire (380–321 BC)
Macedonian Empire (330–323 BC)
Maurya Empire (321–184 BC)
Seleucid India (312–303 BC)
Pandya Empire (c. 300 BC–AD 1345)
Chera Kingdom (c. 300 BC-AD 1102)
Chola Empire (c. 300 BC–AD 1279)
Pallava Empire (c. 250 BC–AD 800)
Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire (c. 250 BC–c. AD 500)
Parthian Empire (247 BC– AD 224)
Middle Kingdoms (230 BC– AD 1206)[show]
Satavahana Empire (230 BC–AD 220)
Kuninda Kingdom (200 BC–AD 300)
Mitra Dynasty (c. 150 –c. 50 BC)
Shunga Empire (185–73 BC)
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Kanva Empire (75–26 BC)
Indo-Scythian Kingdom (50 BC–AD 400)
Indo-Parthian Kingdom (AD 21–c. 130)
Western Satrap Empire (AD 35–405 )
Kushan Empire (AD 60–240)
Bharshiva Dynasty (170–350)
Nagas of Padmavati (210–340)
Sasanian Empire (224–651)
Indo-Sassanid Kingdom (230–360)
Vakataka Empire (c. 250–c. 500)
Kalabhras Empire (c. 250–c. 600)
Gupta Empire (280–550)
Kadamba Empire (345–525)
Western Ganga Kingdom (350–1000)
Kamarupa Kingdom (350–1100)
Vishnukundina Empire (420–624)
Maitraka Empire (475–767)
Huna Kingdom (475–576)
Rai Kingdom (489–632)
Kabul Shahi Empire (c. 500–1026)
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Kakatiya Kingdom (1083–1323)
Zamorin Kingdom (1102–1766)
Kalachuris of Tripuri (675-1210)
Kalachuris of Kalyani (1156–1184)
Chutiya Kingdom (1187–1673)
Deva Kingdom (c. 1200–c. 1300)
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Mehrgarh Period VIII[edit]
The last period is found at the Sibri cemetery, about 8 kilometers from Mehrgarh.[2]
Lifestyle and technology[edit]
Early Mehrgarh residents lived in mud brick houses, stored their grain in granaries, fashioned tools with local copper ore, and lined their large basket containers with bitumen. They cultivated six-row barley, einkorn and emmer wheat, jujubes and dates, and herded sheep, goats and cattle. Residents of the later period (5500 BCE to 2600 BCE) put much effort into crafts, including flint knapping, tanning, bead production, and metal working.[32] Mehrgarh is probably the earliest known center of agriculture in South Asia.[33]
The oldest known example of the lost-wax technique comes from a 6,000-year-old wheel-shaped copper amulet found at Mehrgarh. The amulet was made from unalloyed copper, an unusual innovation that was later abandoned.[34]
Artifacts[edit]
Human figurines[edit]
The oldest ceramic figurines in South Asia were found at Mehrgarh. They occur in all phases of the settlement and were prevalent even before pottery appears. The earliest figurines are quite simple and do not show intricate features. However, they grow in sophistication with time and by 4000 BC begin to show their characteristic hairstyles and typical prominent breasts. All the figurines up to this period were female. Male figurines appear only from period VII and gradually become more numerous. Many of the female figurines are holding babies, and were interpreted as depictions of the "mother goddess". However, due to some difficulties in conclusively identifying these figurines with the "mother goddess", some scholars prefer using the term "female figurines with likely cultic significance".[35][36][37]
Pottery[edit]
Evidence of pottery begins from Period II. In period III, the finds become much more abundant as the potter's wheel is introduced, and they show more intricate designs and also animal motifs.[2] The characteristic female figurines appear beginning in Period IV and the finds show more intricate designs and sophistication. Pipal leaf designs are used in decoration from Period VI.[38] Some sophisticated firing techniques were used from Period VI and VII and an area reserved for the pottery industry has been found at mound MR1. However, by Period VIII, the quality and intricacy of designs seem to have suffered due to mass production, and due to a growing interest in bronze and copper vessels.[30]
Burials[edit]
There are two types of burials in the Mehrgarh site. There were individual burials where a single individual was enclosed in narrow mud walls and collective burials with thin mud brick walls within which skeletons of six different individuals were discovered. The bodies in the collective burials were kept in a flexed position and were laid east to west. Child bones were found in large jars or urn burials (4000~3300 BCE).[39]
Metallurgy[edit]
Metal finds have dated as early as Period IIB, with a few copper items.[2][38]
Archaeological significance[edit]
Mehrgarh is now seen as a precursor to the Indus Valley Civilization. According to Ahmad Hasan Dani, professor emeritus of archaeology at Quaid-e-Azam University in Islamabad, "discoveries at Mehrgarh changed the entire concept of the Indus civilization [...] There we have the whole sequence, right from the beginning of settled village life."
See also[edit]
Indus Valley Civilization and the list of Indus Valley Civilization sites
List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization
Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization
Bhirrana
Mundigak — archaeological site in Kandahar Province
Hadda — archaeological site in Nangarhar Province
Surkh Kotal — archaeological site in Baghlan Province
Mes Aynak — archaeological site in Logar Province
Sheri Khan Tarakai — archaeological site in Bannu
Mohenjo-daro — archaeological site in Sindh
Harappa — archaeological site in Punjab
Bolan Pass
Nausharo
Pirak
Chanhudaro
Quetta
List of Stone Age art
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ According to Gangal et al. (2014), there is strong archeological and geographical evidence that neolithic farming spread from the Near East into north-west India.[6][7] Gangal et al. (2014):[6] "There are several lines of evidence that support the idea of connection between the Neolithic in the Near East and in the Indian subcontinent. The prehistoric site of Mehrgarh in Baluchistan (modern Pakistan) is the earliest Neolithic site in the north-west Indian subcontinent, dated as early as 8500 BCE.[18][8]

Neolithic domesticated crops in Mehrgarh include more than 90% barley and a small amount of wheat. There is good evidence for the local domestication of barley and the zebu cattle at Mehrgarh [19],[9] [20],[10] but the wheat varieties are suggested to be of Near-Eastern origin, as the modern distribution of wild varieties of wheat is limited to Northern Levant and Southern Turkey [21].[11] A detailed satellite map study of a few archaeological sites in the Baluchistan and Khybar Pakhtunkhwa regions also suggests similarities in early phases of farming with sites in Western Asia [22].[12] Pottery prepared by sequential slab construction, circular fire pits filled with burnt pebbles, and large granaries are common to both Mehrgarh and many Mesopotamian sites [23].[13] The postures of the skeletal remains in graves at Mehrgarh bear strong resemblance to those at Ali Kosh in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran [19].[9] Clay figurines found in Mehrgarh resemble those discovered at Teppe Zagheh on the Qazvin plain south of the Elburz range in Iran (the 7th millennium BCE) and Jeitun in Turkmenistan (the 6th millennium BCE) [24].[14] Strong arguments have been made for the Near-Eastern origin of some domesticated plants and herd animals at Jeitun in Turkmenistan (pp. 225–227 in [25]).[15]

The Near East is separated from the Indus Valley by the arid plateaus, ridges and deserts of Iran and Afghanistan, where rainfall agriculture is possible only in the foothills and cul-de-sac valleys [26].[16] Nevertheless, this area was not an insurmountable obstacle for the dispersal of the Neolithic. The route south of the Caspian sea is a part of the Silk Road, some sections of which were in use from at least 3,000 BCE, connecting Badakhshan (north-eastern Afghanistan and south-eastern Tajikistan) with Western Asia, Egypt and India [27].[17] Similarly, the section from Badakhshan to the Mesopotamian plains (the Great Khorasan Road) was apparently functioning by 4,000 BCE and numerous prehistoric sites are located along it, whose assemblages are dominated by the Cheshmeh-Ali (Tehran Plain) ceramic technology, forms and designs [26].[16] Striking similarities in figurines and pottery styles, and mud-brick shapes, between widely separated early Neolithic sites in the Zagros Mountains of north-western Iran (Jarmo and Sarab), the Deh Luran Plain in southwestern Iran (Tappeh Ali Kosh and Chogha Sefid), Susiana (Chogha Bonut and Chogha Mish), the Iranian Central Plateau (Tappeh-Sang-e Chakhmaq), and Turkmenistan (Jeitun) suggest a common incipient culture [28].[18] The Neolithic dispersal across South Asia plausibly involved migration of the population ([29][19] and [25], pp. 231–233).[15] This possibility is also supported by Y-chromosome and mtDNA analyses [30],[20] [31]."[21]
Jump up ^ Genetic research shows a complex pattern of human migrations.[7] Kivisild et al. (1999) note that "a small fraction of the West Eurasian mtDNA lineages found in Indian populations can be ascribed to a relatively recent admixture."[23] at ca. 9,300 ± 3,000 years before present,[24] which coincides with "the arrival to India of cereals domesticated in the Fertile Crescent" and "lends credence to the suggested linguistic connection between the Elamite and Dravidic populations."[24] Singh et al. (2016) investigated the distribution of J2a-M410 and J2b-M102 in South Asia, which "suggested a complex scenario that cannot be explained by a single wave of agricultural expansion from Near East to South Asia,"[7] but also note that "regardless of the complexity of dispersal, NW region appears to be the corridor for entry of these haplogroups into India."[7]
Jump up ^ Gallego romero et al. (2011) refer to (Meadow 1993):[25] Meadow RH. 1993. Animal domestication in the Middle East: a revised view from the eastern margin. In: Possehl G, editor. Harappan civilization. New Delhi (India): Oxford University Press and India Book House. p 295–320.[27]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Stone age man used dentist drill".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Sharif, M; Thapar, B. K. (1999). "Food-producing Communities in Pakistan and Northern India". In Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson. History of civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 128–137. ISBN 978-81-208-1407-3. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
Jump up ^ UNESCO World Heritage. 2004. ". Archaeological Site of Mehrgarh
Jump up ^ Hirst, K. Kris. 2005. "Mehrgarh". Guide to Archaeology
^ Jump up to: a b Jean-Francois Jarrige Mehrgarh Neolithic Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine., Paper presented in the International Seminar on the "First Farmers in Global Perspective," Lucknow, India, 18–20 January 2006
^ Jump up to: a b Gangal 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Singh 2016.
Jump up ^ Possehl GL (1999) Indus Age: The Beginnings. Philadelphia: Univ. Pennsylvania Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Jarrige JF (2008) Mehrgarh Neolithic. Pragdhara 18: 136–154
Jump up ^ Costantini L (2008) The first farmers in Western Pakistan: the evidence of the Neolithic agropastoral settlement of Mehrgarh. Pragdhara 18: 167–178
Jump up ^ Fuller DQ (2006) Agricultural origins and frontiers in South Asia: a working synthesis. J World Prehistory 20: 1–86
Jump up ^ Petrie, CA; Thomas, KD (2012). "The topographic and environmental context of the earliest village sites in western South Asia". Antiquity. 86: 1055–1067. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00048249.
Jump up ^ Goring-Morris, AN; Belfer-Cohen, A (2011). "Neolithization processes in the Levant: the outer envelope". Curr Anthropol. 52: S195–S208. doi:10.1086/658860.
Jump up ^ Jarrige C (2008) The figurines of the first farmers at Mehrgarh and their offshoots. Pragdhara 18: 155–166
^ Jump up to: a b Harris DR (2010) Origins of Agriculture in Western Central Asia: An Environmental-Archaeological Study. Philadelphia: Univ. Pennsylvania Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Hiebert FT, Dyson RH (2002) Prehistoric Nishapur and frontier between Central Asia and Iran. Iranica Antiqua XXXVII: 113–149
Jump up ^ Kuzmina EE, Mair VH (2008) The Prehistory of the Silk Road. Philadelphia: Univ. Pennsylvania Press
Jump up ^ Alizadeh A (2003) Excavations at the prehistoric mound of Chogha Bonut, Khuzestan, Iran. Technical report, University of Chicago, Illinois.
Jump up ^ Dolukhanov P (1994) Environment and Ethnicity in the Ancient Middle East. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Jump up ^ Quintana-Murci, L; Krausz, C; Zerjal, T; Sayar, SH; Hammer, MF; et al. (2001). "Y-chromosome lineages trace diffusion of people and languages in Southwestern Asia". Am J Hum Genet. 68: 537–542. doi:10.1086/318200. PMC 1235289  . PMID 11133362. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ Quintana-Murci, L; Chaix, R; Spencer Wells, R; Behar, DM; Sayar, H; et al. (2004). "Where West meets East: the complex mtDNA landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian corridor". Am J Hum Genet. 74: 827–845. doi:10.1086/383236. PMC 1181978  . PMID 15077202. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c Coningham & Young 2015, p. 114.
Jump up ^ Kivisild 1999, p. 1331.
^ Jump up to: a b Kivisild 1999, p. 1333.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gallego Romero 2011, p. 9.
^ Jump up to: a b Rob Mitchum (2011), Lactose Tolerance in the Indian Dairyland, ScienceLife
Jump up ^ Gallego Romero 2011, p. 12.
Jump up ^ Mukhtar Ahmed, Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History. Volume II: A Prelude to Civilization. Amazon, 2014 ISBN 1495941302 p387
Jump up ^ Coppa, A. et al. 2006. "Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry: Flint tips were surprisingly effective for drilling tooth enamel in a prehistoric population." Nature. Volume 440. 6 April 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Maisels, Charles Keith. Early Civilizations of the Old World. Routledge. pp. 190–193.
Jump up ^ Wood, Michael (2005). In Search Of The First Civilizations. BBC Books. p. 257. ISBN 978-0563522669. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Possehl, Gregory L. 1996. "Mehrgarh." Oxford Companion to Archaeology, edited by Brian Fagan. Oxford University Press
Jump up ^ Meadow, Richard H. (1996). David R. Harris, ed. The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia. Psychology Press. pp. 393–. ISBN 978-1-85728-538-3. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Thoury, M.; et al. (2016). "High spatial dynamics-photoluminescence imaging reveals the metallurgy of the earliest lost-wax cast object". Nature Communications. 7: 13356. doi:10.1038/ncomms13356.
Jump up ^ Upinder Singh (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. pp. 130–. ISBN 9788131711200. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Sarah M. Nelson (February 2007). Worlds of gender: the archaeology of women's lives around the globe. Rowman Altamira. pp. 77–. ISBN 978-0-7591-1084-7. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Sharif, M; Thapar, B. K. (January 1999). "Food-producing Communities in Pakistan and Northern India". History of civilizations of Central Asia. pp. 254–256. ISBN 9788120814073. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Upinder Singh (1 September 2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. pp. 103–105. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Dibyopama, Astha; et al. (2015). "Human Skeletal Remains from Ancient Burial Sites in India: With Special Reference to Harappan Civilization". Korean J Phys Anthropol. 28 (1): 1–9. doi:10.11637/kjpa.2015.28.1.1.
Sources[edit]
Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE, Cambridge University Press
Gangal, Kavita; Sarson, Graeme R.; Shukurov, Anvar (2014), "The Near-Eastern Roots of the Neolithic in South Asia", PLoS ONE, 9 (5): e95714, Bibcode:2014PLoSO...995714G, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095714, PMC 4012948  , PMID 24806472
Kivisild; et al. (1999), "Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages" (PDF), Curr. Biol., 9 (22): 1331–1334, doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3, PMID 10574762, archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2005
Singh, Sakshi (2016), "Dissecting the influence of Neolithic demic diffusion on Indian Y-chromosome pool through J2-M172 haplogroup", Sci. Rep., 6: 19157, Bibcode:2016NatSR...619157S, doi:10.1038/srep19157, PMC 4709632  , PMID 26754573
Further reading[edit]
Mehrgarh
Jarrige, J. F. (1979). "Excavations at Mehrgarh-Pakistan". In Johanna Engelberta Lohuizen-De Leeuw. South Asian archaeology 1975: papers from the third International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, held in Paris. Brill. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-90-04-05996-2. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
Jarrige, Jean-Franois, Mehrgarh Neolithic
Jarrige, C, J. F. Jarrige, R. H. Meadow, G. Quivron, eds (1995/6), Mehrgarh Field Reports 1974-85: From Neolithic times to the Indus Civilization.
Jarrige J. F., Lechevallier M., Les fouilles de Mehrgarh, Pakistan : problèmes chronologiques [Excavations at Mehrgarh, Pakistan: chronological problems] (French).
Lechevallier M., L'Industrie lithique de Mehrgarh (Pakistan) [The Lithic industry of Mehrgarh (Pakistan)] (French)
Niharranjan Ray; Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (1 January 2000). "Pre-Harappan Neolithic-Chalcolothic Settlement at Mehrgarh, Baluchistan Pakistan". A sourcebook of Indian civilization. Orient Blackswan. pp. 560–. ISBN 978-81-250-1871-1. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
Santoni, Marielle, Sibri and the South Cemetery of Mehrgarh: Third Millennium Connections between the Northern Kachi Plain (Pakistan) and Central Asia
Lukacs, J. R., Dental Morphology and Odontometrics of Early Agriculturalists from Neolithic Mehrgarh, Pakistan
Barthelemy De Saizieu B., Le Cimetière néolithique de Mehrgarh (Balouchistan pakistanais) : apport de l'analyse factorielle [The Neolithic cemetery of Mehrgarh (Balochistan Pakistan): Contribution of a factor analysis] (French).
Indus Valley Civilization
Gregory L. Possehl (2002). The Indus civilization: a contemporary perspective. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
Jane McIntosh (2008). The ancient Indus Valley: new perspectives. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-907-2. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
Kenoyer, Jonathan M.; Miller, Heather M. L. (1999). "Metal Technologies of the Indus Valley Tradition in Pakistan and Western India". In Vincent C. Pigott. The archaeometallurgy of the Asian old world. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology. pp. 123–. ISBN 978-0-924171-34-5. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
South Asia
Bridget Allchin; Frank Raymond Allchin (1982). The rise of civilization in India and Pakistan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-28550-6. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
Kenoyer, J. Mark (2005). Kimberly Heuston, ed. The Ancient South Asian World. Oxford University Press. pp. 30–35. ISBN 0-19-517422-4. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
Sinopoli, Carla M. (February 2007). "Gender and Archaeology in South and Southwest Asia". In Sarah M. Nelson. Worlds of gender: the archaeology of women's lives around the globe. Rowman Altamira. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-0-7591-1084-7. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (2002). Peter N. Peregrine, Melvin Ember, ed. Encyclopedia of Prehistory: South and Southwest Asia. Springer. pp. 153–. ISBN 978-0-306-46262-7. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
South Asia paleoanthropology
Kenneth A. R. Kennedy (2000). God-apes and fossil men: paleoanthropology of South Asia. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11013-1. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
Michael D. Petraglia; Bridget Allchin (2007). The evolution and history of human populations in South Asia: inter-disciplinary studies in archaeology, biological anthropology, linguistics and genetics. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-5561-4. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
Central Asia
J. G. Shaffer; B. K. Thapar; et al. (2005). History of civilizations of Central Asia. UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-102719-2. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
Global history
Steven Mithen (30 April 2006). After the ice: a global human history, 20,000-5000 BC. Harvard University Press. pp. 408–. ISBN 978-0-674-01999-7. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
India
Avari, Burjor, India: The Ancient Past: A history of the Indian sub-continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200, Routledge.
Singh, Upinder, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th century, Dorling Kindersley, 2008, ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0
Lallanji Gopal, V. C. Srivastava, History of Agriculture in India, up to c. 1200 AD.
Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A history of India. Routledge. pp. 21–. ISBN 978-0-415-32919-4. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
Burton Stein (4 March 2015). "Ancient Days: The Pre-Formation of Indian Civilization". In David Arnold. A History of India. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
Indo-Aryans
Jim G. Shaffer; Diane A Lichtenstein (1995). George Erdösy, ed. The Indo-Aryans of ancient South Asia: Language, material culture and ethnicity. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 130–. ISBN 978-3-11-014447-5. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mehrgarh.
Archaeological Site of Mehrgarh, UNESCO
Mehrgarh Neolithic by Jean-François Jarrige
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mehrgarh&oldid=841343136"
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values: Edit section: Mehrgarh Period I (7000 BCE-5500 BCE)

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https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrgarh
Mehrgarh – Afrikaans
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Mehrgarh – German
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Mehrgarh – Spanish
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Mehrgarh – Esperanto
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