text:
Graduated cylinder
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Different types of graduated cylinder: 10mL, 25mL, 50mL and 100mL graduated cylinder
A graduated cylinder, measuring cylinder or mixing cylinder is a common piece of laboratory equipment used to measure the volume of a liquid. It has a narrow cylindrical shape. Each marked line on the graduated cylinder represents the amount of liquid that has been measured.
Contents
[hide]
1 Materials and structure
2 Common uses
3 Scales and accuracy
4 Measurement
5 Additional images
6 References
Materials and structure[edit]
Large graduated cylinders are usually made up of polypropylene for its excellent chemical resistance or polymethylpentene for its transparency, making them lighter and less fragile than glass. Polypropylene (PP) is easy to repeatedly autoclave; however, autoclaving in excess of about 121 °C (250 °F) (depending on the chemical formulation: typical commercial grade polypropylene melts in excess of 177 °C (351 °F)), can warp or damage polypropylene graduated cylinders, affecting accuracy.[1]
I H N traditional graduated cylinder (A in the image) is usually narrow and tall so as to increase the accuracy and precision of volume measurement; it has a plastic or glass bottom and a "spout" for easy pouring of the measured liquid. An additional version is wide and low.
Mixing cylinders (B in the picture) have ground glass joints instead of a spout, so they can be closed with a stopper or connect directly with other elements of a manifold.[2] With this kind of cylinder, the metered liquid does not pour directly, but is often removed using a cannula. A graduated cylinder is meant to be read with the surface of the liquid at eye level, where the center of the meniscus shows the measurement line. Typical capacities of graduated cylinders are from 10 mL to 1000 mL.
Common uses[edit]
Graduated cylinders are often used to measure the volume of a liquid. Graduated cylinders are generally more accurate and precise than laboratory flasks and beakers, but they should not be used to perform volumetric analysis;[3] volumetric glassware, such as a volumetric flask or volumetric pipette, should be used, as it is even more accurate and precise. Graduated cylinders are sometimes used to measure the volume of a solid indirectly by measuring the displacement of a liquid.
Scales and accuracy[edit]
For accuracy the volume on graduated cylinders is depicted on scales with 3 significant digits: 100mL cylinders have 1ml grading divisions while 10mL cylinders have 0.1 mL grading divisions.
Two classes of accuracy exist for graduated cylinders. Class A has double the accuracy of class B.[4] Cylinders can have single or double scales. Single scales allow to read the volume from top to bottom (filling volume) while double scale cylinders allow reading for filling and pouring (reverse scale).
Graduated cylinders are calibrated either “to contain” (indicated liquid volume inside the cylinder) and marked as "TC" or “to deliver” (indicated liquid volume poured out, accounting for liquid traces left in the cylinder) and marked “TD”.[5] Formerly the tolerances for “to deliver” and “to contain” cylinders are distinct; however now these are the same. Also, the international symbols “IN” and “EX” are more likely to be used instead of “TC” and “TD” respectively.[6]
Measurement[edit]
If the reading is done and the value calculated is set to be 40.0 mL. The precise value would be 40.0 ± 0.1 or 40.1 to 39.9 mL
If the reading is done and the value calculated is set to be 36.5 mL. The more precise value equates to 36.5 ± {\displaystyle \pm } 0.5 mL or 36.0 to 37.0 mL.
To read the volume accurately, the observation must be at an eye level and read at the bottom of a meniscus of the liquid level.[7] For example, in the picture on the bottom of the page, a 100mL graduated cylinder was used to measure the liquid. The cylinder contains 60mL liquid volume. The main reason as to why the reading of the volume is done via meniscus is due to the nature of the liquid in a closed surrounded space. By nature, liquid in the cylinder would be attracted to the wall around it through molecular forces. This forces the liquid surface to develop either a convex or concave shape, depending on the type of the liquid in the cylinder. Reading the liquid at the bottom part of a concave or the top part of the convex liquid is equivalent to reading the liquid at its meniscus.[8] From the picture, the level of the liquid will be read at the bottom of the meniscus, which is the concave. The most accurate of the reading that could be done here is reduced down to 1 mL due to the given means of measurement on the cylinder. From this, the derived error would be one tenth of the least figure. For instance, if the reading is done and the value calculated is set to be 36.5 mL. The error, give or take 0.1 mL, must be included too. Therefore, the more precise value equates to 36.5 ± {\displaystyle \pm } 0.1; 36.4 or 36.6 mL. Therefore, there are 3 significant figures can be read from the given graduated cylinder picture.[9] Another example, if the reading is done and the value calculated is set to be 40.0 mL. The precise value would be 40.0 ± {\displaystyle \pm } 0.1; 40.1 or 39.9 mL.[10]
Additional images[edit]
Two graduated cylinders. I H N traditional graduated cylinder (A in the image), and mixing cylinders (B in the picture)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [httpmjd3bebdebcueqvyuqewudwevsuh://www.2spi.com/catalog/plasticware/graduated-cylinders.php "Graduated Cylinders, Plastic - SPI Supplies"]. www.2spi.com. Retrieved 2015-06-14.
Jump up ^ http://www.elementalscientific.net/store/scripts/prodView.asp?idproduct=1239 Retrieved 15 March 2016
Jump up ^ Pradyot Patnaik (2003). "Specifications for volumetric ware". Dean's Handbook of Analytical Chemistry, 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0071410601.
Jump up ^ http://www.astm.org/Standards/E1272.htm
Jump up ^ "Graduated Cylinders Information".
Jump up ^ "Graduated Cylinders". sizes.com. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
Jump up ^ "graduated cylinder" (PDF). ohlone.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2015-06-25.
Jump up ^ "Volume Measurements with a Graduated Cylinder" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-16. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
Jump up ^ "Math Skills - Scientific Notation". www.chem.tamu.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Michael; Robinson, Mike; Taylor, Mike (2002-01-01). Maths for Advanced Chemistry. Nelson Thornes. ISBN 9780748765829. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
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Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States
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Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are nominated by the President and are then confirmed by the Senate. Presidential administrations are listed below with any unsuccessful Supreme Court nominees—that is, individuals who were nominated and who either declined their own nomination, failed the confirmation vote in the Senate, or whose nomination was withdrawn by the president.
153 people have been nominated to the U.S. Supreme Court. Thirty nominees (including one nominated for promotion) have been unsuccessful on at least the first try.
Contents
[hide]
1 George Washington
2 John Adams
3 James Madison
4 John Quincy Adams
5 Andrew Jackson
6 John Tyler
7 James K. Polk
8 Millard Fillmore
9 James Buchanan
10 Andrew Johnson
11 Ulysses S. Grant
12 Rutherford B. Hayes
13 Chester A. Arthur
14 Grover Cleveland
15 Warren Harding
16 Herbert Hoover
17 Dwight D. Eisenhower
18 Lyndon B. Johnson
19 Richard Nixon
20 Ronald Reagan
21 George W. Bush
22 Barack Obama
23 Table
24 See also
25 References
26 Further reading
George Washington[edit]
George Washington nominated six inaugural candidates to the Supreme Court in 1789, including lawyer and statesman John Jay as Chief Justice, which Jay accepted. Washington officially nominated Jay on September 24, 1789, the same day he signed the Judiciary Act of 1789 (which created the position of Chief Justice) into law and he was confirmed on September 26, 1789. All of the other candidates accepted and were appointed as associate justices except for Robert H. Harrison, who declined to serve. The seat remained empty until the confirmation of James Iredell in 1790.[1]
Washington nominated William Paterson for the Supreme Court on February 27, 1793.[2] The nomination was withdrawn by the President the following day. Washington had realized that since the law establishing the positions within the Supreme Court had been passed during Paterson's term as a Senator (a post he had resigned in November 1790 after being elected Governor of New Jersey) the nomination was a violation of Article I, Section 6 of the Constitution. Washington re-nominated Paterson to the Court on March 4, 1793, after Paterson's term as Senator had expired, and Paterson was confirmed by the Senate.[2]
John Jay resigned as Chief Justice on June 29, 1795, after being elected Governor of New York. The subsequent nomination of John Rutledge as Chief Justice was rejected by a vote of 10–14 on December 15, 1795. Rutledge's strident and vocal opposition to the Jay Treaty may have been the main reason for his rejection. Because he had been a recess appointment, Rutledge served as Chief Justice for one term.[3] Washington nominated Associate Justice William Cushing to replace him as Chief Justice, but Cushing declined the role.[1] Washington then successfully appointed Oliver Ellsworth to serve as the next Chief Justice. [1]
John Adams[edit]
After Oliver Ellsworth decided to resign from the position of Chief Justice, President John Adams sought to replace Ellsworth with John Jay, who had been the first Chief Justice. Jay was formally nominated, but turned down the position. Adams then successfully nominated his Secretary of State, John Marshall.[4]
James Madison[edit]
When William Cushing died, James Madison nominated Levi Lincoln Sr. on January 2, 1811. Lincoln declined the nomination.[5] Alexander Wolcott was then nominated, but was rejected by a vote of 9–24 on February 13, 1811.[5] After John Quincy Adams declined a nomination, Madison was finally successful in filling the seat with his appointment of Joseph Story.[1]
John Quincy Adams[edit]
John Quincy Adams nominated John J. Crittenden on December 18, 1828. The Senate postponed the vote on his confirmation, by a vote of 23–17, on February 12, 1829. The Senate did not explicitly vote to "postpone indefinitely", but the resolution did have that effect.[6] President Andrew Jackson instead filled the position with John McLean.[1]
Andrew Jackson[edit]
Andrew Jackson nominated Roger B. Taney on January 15, 1835, to be an Associate Justice. A resolution was passed by a Senate vote of 24–21 on March 3, 1835, to postpone the nomination indefinitely.[7] Jackson nominated Taney again on December 28, 1835. After the political composition of the Senate changed the next year, Taney was confirmed as Chief Justice March 15, 1836.[7]
In 1837, Jackson nominated William Smith and John Catron to newly created seats. Both were confirmed, but Smith declined to serve. Later that year, President Van Buren appointed John McKinley to fill the vacancy.[1]
John Tyler[edit]
John Tyler experienced difficulty in obtaining approval of his nominees due to his lack of political support in the Senate. Tyler took office in 1841 after the death of Whig President William Henry Harrison. Tyler had been Harrison's running mate in the 1840 election, but Tyler clashed with the Congressional Whigs over issues such as the national bank, and these clashes extended to judicial nominees.[8]
John C. Spencer was nominated on January 9, 1844, and his nomination was defeated by a vote of 21–26 on January 31, 1844. Reuben H. Walworth was nominated on March 13, 1844, and a resolution to table the nomination passed on a 27–20 vote on June 15, 1844. The nomination was withdrawn from the Senate on June 17, 1844. Edward King was nominated on June 5, 1844. A resolution to table the nomination passed by a vote of 29–18 on June 15, 1844. No other action was taken on this nomination.[8]
The same day that Walworth's nomination was withdrawn, Spencer was re-submitted, but there is no record of debate and a letter from the President withdrawing the nomination was received on the same day. Walworth was then re-nominated later that same day, but the motion to act on the nomination in the Senate was objected to, and no further action was taken.[8]
Walworth and King were re-nominated on December 10, 1844, but both nominations were tabled on January 21, 1845. Walworth's nomination was withdrawn on February 6, 1845, and King's two days later. John M. Read was nominated on February 8, 1845, and there was a motion to consider the nomination in the Senate on January 21, 1845, but the motion was unsuccessful and no other action was taken.[8]
James K. Polk[edit]
After Henry Baldwin's death in 1844, James K. Polk nominated James Buchanan, who declined the nomination.[9] Polk then nominated George W. Woodward, but the Senate rejected him by a vote of 20–29.[9] Baldwin was finally replaced by Robert Cooper Grier in 1846.[1]
Millard Fillmore[edit]
Millard Fillmore made three nominations to replace John McKinley, nominating Edward A. Bradford, George Edmund Badger, and William C. Micou, but the Senate did not take action on any of the nominees. President Franklin Pierce filled the vacancy with John Archibald Campbell.[1]
James Buchanan[edit]
James Buchanan nominated Jeremiah S. Black to the court in 1861 to replace Peter Vivian Daniel. The Senate voted 25–26 against confirming him.[10] President Lincoln filled the seat with Samuel Freeman Miller in 1862.[1]
Andrew Johnson[edit]
Andrew Johnson took office after the death of Republican President Abraham Lincoln in 1865. Johnson, a former Democrat, had been Lincoln's running mate on the National Union ticket of 1864, but Johnson disagreed with Congressional Republicans on several issues, including judicial nominees.
Two justices died in office during Johnson's administration, James Moore Wayne and John Catron. Congress, however, passed the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866, which provided for a gradual elimination of seats until only seven were left.[11] Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase had urged for this reduction in the hopes that it would result in an increase of the justices' salaries, which, ironically, did not happen until Congress restored the size of the court to nine members in 1871. Johnson had nominated Henry Stanbery to be an Associate Justice, but due to the reduction of seats, this nomination was nullified.[12]
Ulysses S. Grant[edit]
Ulysses S. Grant nominated Ebenezer R. Hoar to a new seat on the court. The Senate rejected this nomination by a vote of 24–33.[13]:54 Grant successfully nominated Joseph Bradley for the seat.[1]
Grant also nominated Edwin M. Stanton, former Attorney General and Secretary of War to the court.[13]:79 The nomination was eventually confirmed, but Stanton died before he was commissioned.[14] Grant then successfully nominated William Strong.[1]
Grant nominated George Henry Williams to be Chief Justice of the United States in 1873, but he later withdrew from consideration.[15] Prior to withdrawal of consideration, the Senate Judiciary Committee declined to recommend confirmation to the entire Senate.[16] Grant then nominated Caleb Cushing for Chief Justice on January 9, 1874, but despite Cushing's great learning and eminence at the bar, his anti-war record and the feeling of distrust experienced by many members of the U.S. Senate on account of his inconsistency, aroused such vigorous opposition that his nomination was withdrawn on January 13, 1874.[17] Grant was successful with his third nomination of Morrison Waite.[1]
Rutherford B. Hayes[edit]
Early in 1881, President Rutherford B. Hayes nominated Thomas Stanley Matthews for the position of Associate Justice. Matthews was a controversial nominee due to his close ties to the railroad industry,[18] and as the nomination came near the end of Hayes's term, the Senate did not act on it. However, upon succeeding Hayes, incoming President James A. Garfield (who, like Hayes, was a Republican) renominated Matthews, and the Senate confirmed him by a vote of 24 to 23, the narrowest confirmation for a successful U.S. Supreme Court nominee in history. He served on the Court until his death in 1889.[19][20]
Chester A. Arthur[edit]
In 1882, Chester A. Arthur nominated Roscoe Conkling to serve as an Associate Justice after Ward Hunt resigned.[21] Conkling was confirmed,[22] and then declined the position.[23]
After Conkling declined, Arthur nominated George F. Edmunds, who twice declined to serve.[24] Arthur then nominated Samuel Blatchford, who was confirmed and accepted.[25]
Grover Cleveland[edit]
Associate Justice Samuel Blatchford died in 1893, during the second term of Grover Cleveland.[26] This seat was traditionally held by a New Yorker. Cleveland's first two nominees were not confirmed by the Senate; the nomination of William Hornblower was rejected by the Senate by a vote of 24–30 on January 15, 1894.[1] Cleveland's follow-up nominee Wheeler Hazard Peckham, was also rejected by the Senate, 32–41, on February 16, 1894.[1]
By the tradition of Senatorial courtesy, other Senators generally deferred to a nominee's home state senators when evaluating a presidential nomination.[27] The Senators from New York were Edward Murphy, Jr. and David B. Hill;[28] Hill objected to Cleveland's nominations, and most other Senators supported Hill.[29] Hill was a rival of Cleveland's who had lost the Democratic nomination for President to him in 1892.[30]
Cleveland finally overcame Hill's opposition by nominating Edward Douglass White of Louisiana.[31] White was a sitting Senator, and Senatorial courtesy dictated that the Senate not reject one of its own.[32] White's nomination was approved; he served as an Associate Justice until 1910,[33] and as Chief Justice until his death in 1921.[34]
Warren Harding[edit]
President Warren G. Harding nominated Pierce Butler to the Supreme Court in 1922, but the Senate refused to consider his nomination, in part due to Butler's advocacy for railroad interests. However, Harding re-submitted the nomination later in the year, and Butler was confirmed in a 61–8 vote.[18]
Herbert Hoover[edit]
Main article: Herbert Hoover Supreme Court candidates
On May 7, 1930, Herbert Hoover's nomination of Appellate Judge John J. Parker for the Supreme Court was rejected by a vote of 39–41.[35] Parker was nominated to replace Edward Terry Sanford. The American Federation of Labor opposed Parker for his rulings that were favorable towards yellow dog contracts and the NAACP opposed Parker due to concerns about Parker's racial views.[36] Hoover attempted to appeal to Southern Democratic Senators to vote for Parker, who was from North Carolina, but Hoover was unable to win enough Democratic votes to make up for Republican defections.[36] Hoover's second nominee, Owen J. Roberts, was confirmed by the Senate.[1]
Dwight D. Eisenhower[edit]
Main article: Dwight D. Eisenhower Supreme Court candidates
President Dwight D. Eisenhower nominated John Marshall Harlan II in 1954, but his nomination was not reported out of the judiciary committee, in part due to opposition to his purported "ultra-liberal" views. Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in 1955, and the Senate confirmed him in a 71–11 vote.[18]
Lyndon B. Johnson[edit]
Main article: Lyndon B. Johnson Supreme Court candidates
Lyndon B. Johnson nominated Abe Fortas, then an associate justice, for Chief Justice. Fortas would have succeeded Earl Warren, who had decided to retire. Controversy ensued regarding Fortas's extrajudicial activities, and at Fortas's request, Johnson withdrew the nomination prior to a vote of the full Senate.[37] Fortas's nomination was also opposed by many senators who opposed the rulings of the Warren Court.[18] President Nixon instead filled the vacancy caused by Warren's retirement with Warren Burger.
When Johnson nominated Fortas, he also nominated Homer Thornberry to fill Fortas' seat. Since Fortas withdrew his name from the Chief Justice nomination, but maintained his seat as an Associate Justice (with Earl Warren continuing as Chief Justice), the nomination of Thornberry was void. He was never voted on by the Senate.[38]
Richard Nixon[edit]
Main article: Richard Nixon Supreme Court candidates
When Abe Fortas resigned in 1969 because of a scandal separate from his Chief Justice bid, Richard Nixon nominated Clement Haynsworth, a Southern jurist. His nomination was rejected by the Senate by a vote of 45–55 on November 21, 1969,[39] due to concerns about Haynsworth's civil rights record and perceived ethical lapses.[18] In response, Nixon nominated G. Harrold Carswell, a Southerner with a history of supporting segregation and opposing women's rights. The Senate rejected his nomination 45 to 51 on April 8, 1970, following much pressure from the Civil Rights and Feminist movements.[40] Nixon's third nominee for the Fortas vacancy was Harry Blackmun, who was confirmed by the Senate with no opposition on May 17, 1970.
Nixon was soon faced with two more Supreme Court vacancies when John Harlan and Hugo Black retired in the fall of 1971. Nixon considered nominating Arkansas lawyer Hershel Friday and California intermediate appellate judge Mildred Lillie to the high court. By tradition at the time, potential Supreme Court nominees were first disclosed to the American Bar Association's standing committee on the federal judiciary. When it became apparent that this 12-member committee would find that both were unqualified, Nixon passed over Friday and Lillie,[41] and nominated Lewis Powell and William Rehnquist. Powell was confirmed by an 89–1 vote, and Rehnquist was confirmed 68–22.[1]
Ronald Reagan[edit]
Main article: Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination
When Lewis Powell retired in July 1987, Ronald Reagan nominated Robert Bork. Bork was a member of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia at the time and known as a proponent of constitutional originalism. Bork lost confirmation by a Senate vote of 42 to 58, largely due to Bork's extreme conservative opinions on constitutional issues and his role in the Nixon Saturday Night Massacre.[42]
Reagan then announced his intention to nominate Douglas H. Ginsburg to the court. Before Ginsburg could be officially nominated, he withdrew himself from consideration under heavy pressure after revealing that he had smoked marijuana with his students while a professor at Harvard Law School.[43] Reagan then nominated Anthony Kennedy, who was confirmed by a Senate vote of 97–0.[1]
George W. Bush[edit]
Main article: Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination
In October 2005, George W. Bush nominated Harriet Miers, a corporate attorney from Texas who had served as Bush's private attorney and as White House Counsel, as an Associate Justice to replace retiring Justice Sandra Day O'Connor. Miers was widely perceived as unqualified for the position, and it later emerged that she had allowed her law license to lapse for a time. The nomination was immediately attacked by politicians and commentators from across the political spectrum. At Miers' request, Bush withdrew the nomination on October 27, ostensibly to avoid violating executive privilege by disclosing details of her work at the White House.[44] Four days later, Bush nominated Samuel Alito to the seat. Alito was confirmed by a vote of 58–42 on January 31, 2006.[1]
Barack Obama[edit]
Main article: Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination
In February 2016, Associate Justice Antonin Scalia died. The following month, President Barack Obama nominated D.C. Circuit Judge Merrick Garland to replace Scalia. However, the Senate was controlled by the Republican Party, which argued that the next president should instead appoint Scalia's successor.[45] Senate Republicans refused to hold hearings on Garland, and Garland's nomination remained before the Senate longer than any other Supreme Court nomination.[46] Garland's nomination expired with the end of the 114th United States Congress.[47]
The vacancy caused by Scalia's death remained unfilled for 422 days, making it just the second Supreme Court vacancy since the end of the Civil War to remain unfilled for more than one year.[48] On January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated federal appeals court Judge Neil Gorsuch to replace Scalia, who, after being confirmed by a vote of 54–45, almost wholly on party lines, was sworn in on April 10, 2017.
Table[edit]
Failed nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States
Roger B. Taney 1835 Jackson Postponed*
John C. Spencer 1844 Tyler Rejected, 21–26†
Reuben H. Walworth 1844 Tyler Withdrawn**†
Edward King 1845 Tyler Withdrawn**†
John M. Read 1845 Tyler No Action
George W. Woodward 1845 Polk Rejected, 20–29[9]
Edward A. Bradford 1852 Fillmore No Action
George E. Badger 1853 Fillmore Postponed***
William C. Micou 1853 Fillmore No Action
Jeremiah S. Black 1861 Buchanan Rejected, 25–26
Henry Stanbery 1866 A. Johnson Nullified‡
Ebenezer R. Hoar 1869 Grant Rejected, 24–33
George Henry Williams 1873 Grant Postponed***
Caleb Cushing 1874 Grant Withdrawn
Thomas Stanley Matthews 1881 Hayes No Action*[49]
William B. Hornblower 1893 Cleveland Rejected, 24–30
Wheeler Hazard Peckham 1894 Cleveland Rejected, 32–41
John J. Parker 1930 Hoover Rejected, 39–41
Abe Fortas 1968 L.B. Johnson Withdrawn††
Homer Thornberry 1968 L.B. Johnson Nullified†‡
Clement Haynsworth 1969 Nixon Rejected, 45–55
G. Harrold Carswell 1970 Nixon Rejected, 45–51
Robert H. Bork 1987 Reagan Rejected, 42–58
Douglas H. Ginsburg 1987 Reagan Withdrawn
Harriet Miers 2005 G.W. Bush Withdrawn
Merrick Garland 2016 Obama No Action
Notes:
* Nomination re-submitted (not necessarily by same President) and confirmed.
** Nomination postponed, not formally withdrawn, but no subsequent action taken.
*** Nomination postponed, and formally withdrawn.
† Nomination withdrawn, and re-submitted a second time. Postponed with no
subsequent action.
‡ Nomination voided by the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 before consideration.
†† Nomination of Associate Justice for Chief Justice withdrawn.
†‡ Nomination for Associate Justice voided by withdrawal of Fortas's nomination.
See also[edit]
Unsuccessful nominations to the Cabinet of the United States
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Supreme Court Nominations, present-1789". United States Senate.
^ Jump up to: a b Timothy L. Hall (January 1, 2001). Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. Infobase Publishing. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-1-4381-0817-9.
Jump up ^ Melvin Urofsky; Emeritus Professor of History and Public Policy Melvin Urofsky (November 17, 2015). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge. pp. 389–. ISBN 978-1-136-74747-2.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Bernard (1993). A History of the Supreme Court. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 32–34.
^ Jump up to: a b Richard S. Conley (December 14, 2015). Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Presidency. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 419–. ISBN 978-1-4422-5765-8.
Jump up ^ Richard S. Beth (December 2009). Supreme Court Nominations: Senate Floor Procedure and Practice, 1789-2009. DIANE Publishing. pp. 5–. ISBN 978-1-4379-1994-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Finkelman (January 15, 2014). The Supreme Court: Controversies, Cases, and Characters from John Jay to John Roberts [4 Volumes]: Controversies, Cases, and Characters from John Jay to John Roberts. ABC-CLIO. pp. 191–. ISBN 978-1-61069-395-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Richard S. Beth (December 2009). Supreme Court Nominations: Senate Floor Procedure and Practice, 1789-2009. DIANE Publishing. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-1-4379-1994-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c CQ Press (September 25, 2012). Guide to Congress. SAGE Publications. pp. 350–. ISBN 978-1-4522-3532-5.
Jump up ^ CQ Press (October 6, 2009). American Political Leaders 1789-2009. SAGE Publications. pp. 51–. ISBN 978-1-4522-6726-5.
Jump up ^ Alfredo Narváez Medécigo (November 21, 2015). Rule of Law and Fundamental Rights: Critical Comparative Analysis of Constitutional Review in the United States, Germany and Mexico. Springer. pp. 102–. ISBN 978-3-319-24562-1.
Jump up ^ Charles Gardner Geyh (March 2, 2006). When Courts and Congress Collide: The Struggle for Control of America's Judicial System. University of Michigan Press. pp. 194–. ISBN 0-472-09922-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Ulysses Simpson Grant; John Y. Simon (December 1994). November 1, 1869-October 31, 1870. SIU Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-1965-7.
Jump up ^ Members of the Supreme Court of the United States, Official list on SCOTUS website
Jump up ^ Department of Justice biography: George Henry Williams
Jump up ^ Corning, Howard M. Dictionary of Oregon History. Binfords & Mort Publishing, 1956.
Jump up ^ United States Congressional serial set. US Government Printing Office. 1895. pp. 259–.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hogue, Henry B. "Supreme Court Nominations Not Confirmed, 1789-August 2010" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Stanley Matthews biography at Sixth Circuit United States Court of Appeals.
Jump up ^ Timothy L. Hall (January 1, 2001). Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. Infobase Publishing. pp. 182–. ISBN 978-1-4381-0817-9.
Jump up ^ "President Arthur has appointed ex-Senator Roscoe Conkling to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court". Donaldsonville Chief. Donaldsonville, LA. February 25, 1882. p. 2. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "The Senate has confirmed the following nominations". Valley Falls New Era. Valley Falls, KS. March 11, 1882. p. 2. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Blatchford Nominated: Mr. Conkling's Letter". Topeka Daily Capital. Topeka, KS. March 14, 1882. p. 1. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "News by Telegraph: George F. Edmunds Letter of Refusal; Edmunds' Second Refusal". Las Vegas Gazette. Las Vegas, NM. March 14, 1882. p. 1. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Judge Samuel Blatchford: The New Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States". Leavenworth Times. Leavenworth, KS. March 22, 1882. p. 4. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Justice Blatchford Dead". Philadelphia Times. Philadelphia, PA. July 8, 1893. p. 4. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Supreme Court Nominations: Presidential Nomination, the Judiciary Committee, Proper Scope of Questioning Nominees, Senate Consideration, Cloture, and the Use of the Filibuster. TheCapitol.Net: Alexandria, VA. 2010. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-58733-158-9.
Jump up ^ "The Buffalo Evening Times Remarks". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. January 28, 1894. p. 6. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Hornblower is Out; Majority of the Senate Committee Against Confirmation". Dakota Farmers' Leader. Canton, SD. January 12, 1894. p. 2. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Cleveland and Stevenson: The Ticket Nominated by the National Democratic Convention at Chicago". Weekly Star. Plymouth, PA. June 30, 1892. p. 6. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Justice White: Cleveland Springs a Surprise". San Francisco Call. San Francisco, CA. February 20, 1894. p. 1. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Pratt, Walter F. The Supreme Court Under Edward Douglass White, 1910-1921. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-57003-309-4.
Jump up ^ "Today Took Office: Edward Douglass White is now Chief Justice". Evening Telegram. Garden City, KS. December 19, 1910. p. 4. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Chief Justice Dead; Served 21 Years on Supreme Bench". Evening News Journal. Wilmington, DE. May 19, 1921. p. 1. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Kenneth W. Goings (1990). The "Naacp Comes of Age": The Defeat of Judge John J. Parker. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-32585-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Watson Jr., Richard L. (September 1963). "The Defeat of Judge Parker: A Study in Pressure Groups and Politics". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 50 (2): 213–234. JSTOR 1902754.
Jump up ^ John Massaro (1990). Supremely Political: The Role of Ideology and Presidential Management in Unsuccessful Supreme Court Nominations. SUNY Press. pp. 36–. ISBN 978-0-7914-0301-3.
Jump up ^ George C. Edwards, III; Stephen J. Wayne (July 3, 2013). Presidential Leadership: Politics and Policy Making. Cengage Learning. pp. 384–. ISBN 978-1-285-96118-7.
Jump up ^ Archie Vernon Huff (1995). Greenville: The History of the City and County in the South Carolina Piedmont. Univ of South Carolina Press. pp. 410–. ISBN 978-1-57003-045-1.
Jump up ^ John W. Dean (February 1, 2002). The Rehnquist Choice: The Untold Story of the Nixon Appointment That Redefined the Supreme Court. Simon and Schuster. pp. 19–. ISBN 978-0-7432-2979-1.
Jump up ^ Anna R. Hayes (June 1, 2009). Without Precedent: The Life of Susie Marshall Sharp. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 316–. ISBN 978-0-8078-8781-3.
Jump up ^ Norman Vieira; Leonard Gross (1998). Supreme Court Appointments: Judge Bork and the Politicization of Senate Confirmations. SIU Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-2204-6.
Jump up ^ Martin A. Lee (August 13, 2013). Smoke Signals: A Social History of Marijuana - Medical, Recreational and Scientific. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-0261-9.
Jump up ^ Andrew Wroe; Jon Herbert (November 18, 2009). Assessing the George W. Bush Presidency: A Tale of Two Terms. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-0-7486-3149-0.
Jump up ^ "Where Republican Senators Stand on the Supreme Court Nomination", New York Times, March 29, 2016, retrieved March 31, 2016
Jump up ^ Hurley, Lawrence (July 19, 2016). "Supreme Court nominee out in cold as election heats up". Reuters. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jess Bravin, President Obama’s Supreme Court Nomination of Merrick Garland Expires, Wall Street Journal (January 3, 2017).
Jump up ^ DeSilver, Drew (26 February 2017). "Long Supreme Court vacancies used to be more common". Gallup. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Resubmitted by President Garfield after Hayes' term expired. Confirmed by the United States Senate.
Further reading[edit]
Table of Supreme Court Nominations, from the Senate Judicial Committee
Supreme Court Nominations Not Confirmed, 1789–2004
Supreme Court Official Nominations
Beth, Richard S, Supreme Court Nominations: Senate Floor Procedure and Practice, 1789–2009. DIANE Publishing, 2009.
Jacobstein, J. Myron; Mersky, Roy M. (1993). The Rejected: Sketches of the 26 Men Nominated for the Supreme Court but Not Confirmed by the Senate. Toucan Valley. ISBN 978-0963401748.
[show]
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Little House on the Prairie (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Little House on the Prairie
Also known as
Little House: A New Beginning
Genre
Western
Drama
Based on
Little House on the Prairie by Laura Ingalls Wilder
Developed by
Blanche Hanalis
Directed by
William F. Claxton
Maury Dexter
Victor French
Michael Landon
Leo Penn
Starring
Michael Landon
Melissa Gilbert
Karen Grassle
Melissa Sue Anderson
Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush
Matthew Labyorteaux
Richard Bull
Katherine "Scottie" MacGregor
Alison Arngrim
Jonathan Gilbert
Kevin Hagen
Dabbs Greer
Victor French
Merlin Olsen
Kyle Richards
Dean Butler
Linwood Boomer
Shannen Doherty
Theme music composer
David Rose
Composer(s)
David Rose
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
9
No. of episodes
204 (+ 4 specials) (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Michael Landon
Ed Friendly
Producer(s)
John Hawkins
William F. Claxton
Running time
48-49 minutes
Production company(s)
Ed Friendly Productions
NBC
Distributor
Worldvision Enterprises
CBS Television Distribution (USA)
NBCUniversal International Television Distribution (non-USA and Cozi airings)
MGM Worldwide Television Distribution (non-USA airings)
Release
Original network
NBC
Picture format
NTSC
Audio format
Monaural
Original release
September 11, 1974 (1974-09-11) – March 21, 1983 (1983-03-21)
Chronology
Preceded by
Little House on the Prairie (film)
Followed by
Little House on the Prairie: A Look Back to Yesterday
Related shows
Father Murphy
Little House on the Prairie (known as Little House: A New Beginning in its final season) is an American western drama television series, starring Michael Landon, Melissa Gilbert, Karen Grassle, and Melissa Sue Anderson, about a family living on a farm in Walnut Grove, Minnesota, in the 1870s and 1880s. The show is an adaptation of Laura Ingalls Wilder's best-selling series of Little House books. Television producer and NBC executive Ed Friendly became aware of the story in the early 1970s. He asked Michael Landon to direct the pilot movie. Landon agreed on the condition that he could also play Charles Ingalls.
The regular series was preceded by the two-hour pilot movie, which first aired on March 30, 1974. The series premiered on the NBC network on September 11, 1974, and last aired on May 10, 1982. During the 1982–83 television season, with the departure of Landon and Grassle, the series was broadcast with the new title Little House: A New Beginning.
In 1997, TV Guide ranked the two-part episode "I'll Be Waving As You Drive Away" at 97 on its 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time list.[1]
A film adaptation of the pilot movie is currently underway at Paramount Pictures,[2] with Sean Durkin as the director, Scott Rudin as the producer, and Abi Morgan as the screenwriter.[3]
Contents
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Notable guest stars
3 Production notes
4 Themes
5 Spin-offs and sequels
5.1 Little House: A New Beginning
5.2 Movie specials
6 Broadcast history
7 Reception
7.1 Nielsen ratings
7.2 Accolades
7.3 Popularity in Spain
8 Other media
8.1 Syndication
8.2 DVD, Blu-ray and Digital Copy releases
8.3 List of releases
9 Announced film adaptation
10 References
11 External links
Premise[edit]
Main article: List of Little House on the Prairie episodes
Based on the autobiographical "Little House" stories, episodes of Little House on the Prairie usually concern members of the Ingalls family, who live on a small farm near the village of Walnut Grove, Minnesota. Many episodes concern the maturation of the family's second daughter, Laura. However, episodes also focus on other family and community members, providing a depiction of life in a small agrarian community in late nineteenth-century America. The show's central characters are Charles Ingalls (farmer and mill worker), his wife Caroline, and their three daughters, Mary, Laura, and Carrie, though the family expands with the birth of daughter Grace and adoption of son Albert in season five, as well as the adoption of birth siblings Cassandra and James at the end of season seven (a son, Charles "Freddy" Jr., was also born, but died as an infant).
Other essential characters include the Oleson family: Nels, proprietor of the town's general store, Oleson's Mercantile; his malicious, gossiping wife, Harriet, who runs the Mercantile with him; and their three children, Nellie, Willie, and Nancy; Isaiah Edwards, Grace Snider Edwards and their three children; the Garvey family, Jonathan, Alice, and Andy; Rev. Robert Alden; Lars Hanson, the town's founder and proprietor of the town's mill; and Dr. Hiram Baker, the town's physician. Teacher-turned-lawyer Adam Kendall is introduced at the end of season four and later weds Mary Ingalls, and Almanzo Wilder is introduced in season six and later weds Laura Ingalls.
Cast and characters[edit]
Melissa Gilbert as Laura Ingalls, 1975
Main article: List of Little House on the Prairie characters
Melissa Gilbert has the most appearances of the series, a total of 190 of the 204 episodes. Michael Landon appeared in all but four episodes of seasons one through eight, but departed from being a regular part of the cast when the show was retooled as Little House: A New Beginning (season nine).
Main cast[edit]
Michael Landon as Charles Ingalls
Karen Grassle as Caroline Quiner Ingalls (seasons 1–8, one Post-series movie)
Melissa Gilbert as Laura Ingalls Wilder
Melissa Sue Anderson as Mary Ingalls Kendall (seasons 1–7, 8)
Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush as Carrie Ingalls (seasons 1–8)
Matthew Labyorteaux as Albert (Quinn) Ingalls (seasons 5–9, one Post-series movie)
Richard Bull as Nels Oleson
Katherine "Scottie" MacGregor as Harriet Oleson
Alison Arngrim as Nellie Oleson Dalton (seasons 1-7, 9)
Jonathan Gilbert as Willie Oleson
Victor French as Isaiah Edwards (seasons 1–3, 6, 8–9, two Post-series movies)
Bonnie Bartlett as Grace Snider Edwards (seasons 1–3, 6)
Kevin Hagen as Dr. Hiram Baker
Dabbs Greer as Rev. Robert Alden
Charlotte Stewart as Eva Beadle Simms (seasons 1–4)
Karl Swenson as Lars Hanson (seasons 1–5)
Radames Pera as John (Sanderson, Jr.) Edwards (seasons 2 & 3)
Brian Part as Carl (Sanderson) Edwards (seasons 2 & 3)
Kyle Richards as Alicia (Sanderson) Edwards (seasons 2–3, 6, 8)
Merlin Olsen as Jonathan Garvey (seasons 4–7)
Hersha Parady as Alice Garvey (seasons 4–6)
Patrick Labyorteaux as Andrew "Andy" Garvey (seasons 4–7)
Linwood Boomer as Adam Kendall (seasons 4–8)
Ketty Lester as Hester-Sue Terhune (seasons 5–9)
Wendi and Brenda Turnbaugh as Grace Ingalls (seasons 5–8)
Dean Butler as Almanzo Wilder (seasons 6–9, three post series movies)
Lucy Lee Flippin as Eliza Jane Wilder (seasons 6–8)
Allison Balson as Nancy Oleson (seasons 8 & 9, three Post-series movies)
Jason Bateman as James (Cooper) Ingalls (seasons 7 & 8)
Missy Francis as Cassandra (Cooper) Ingalls (seasons 7 & 8)
Shannen Doherty as Jenny Wilder (season 9, three post series movies)
Steve Tracy as Percival Dalton, character Nellie Oleson's husband, in the early 1980's.
Notable guest stars[edit]
Many actors, who were either well-known or went on to become famous, guest-starred on the show.
Willie Aames (episode 3.15)
Anne Archer (episode 1.17)
Hermione Baddeley (3 episodes)
Jonathan Banks (episode 6.16)
Billy Barty (2 episodes)
Peter Billingsley (episode 8.12)
Dirk Blocker (episode 1.9)
Ray Bolger (2 episodes, S5)
Ernest Borgnine (episode 1.13/14)
Christopher Bowman (episodes 5.9, 5.18)
Todd Bridges (episode 3.18)
Red Buttons (episode 1.19)
Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash (episode 3.1)
Charles Cioffi (episode 5.22)
Michael Conrad (episode 4.8)
Keith Coogan (episode 7.15)
James Cromwell (episode 7.1)
David Faustino (episode 7.5)
Gil Gerard (episode 4.4)
Louis Gossett, Jr. (episode 2.18)
Moses Gunn as Joe Kagan (5 episodes)
Jerry Hardin (episode 5.23)
Melora Hardin (episodes 8.1/2, Look Back to Yesterday)
Mariette Hartley (episode 2.19)
John Hillerman (episode 5.8)
Rance Howard (episode 3.13)
Ernie Hudson (episode 8.8)
Rick Hurst (episode 1.3)
John Ireland (episode 3.4)
Burl Ives (episode 3.10)
Ford Rainey (episodes 2.2, 4.21)
Richard Jaeckel (episodes 2.18, 7.17/18)
Jack Kruschen (episode 8.6)
Katy Kurtzman (episodes 3.19, 4.16)
Charles Lane (episode 9.3)
Sheila Larken (episode 9.13)
Robert Loggia (episode 9.4)
Mike Lookinland (episode 4.4)
Chuck McCann (episode 1.11)
Vera Miles (episode 9.19)
Richard Mulligan (episode 2.21)
Patricia Neal (episode 2.7)
James Olson (episode 6.10)
Sean Penn (uncredited student extra)
Eddie Quillan (7 episodes)
Anne Ramsey (episode 5.1)
Nick Ramus (episode 4.13)
Kim Richards (episode 1.7)
James B. Sikking (episode 3.17)
Queenie Smith (5 episodes)
Madeleine Stowe (episode 7.6)
Robert Torti (episode 8.6)
Mitch Vogel (episode 1.23)
M. Emmet Walsh (episode 8.8)[4]
Collin Wilcox (episode 4.7)
Harris Yulin (episode 1.20)
and three of Landon's children:
Michael Landon, Jr. (episode 3.20)
Leslie Landon (4 guest episodes)
Shawna Landon (Little House Years / episode 9.15; both uncredited)
Production notes[edit]
Of the 204 episodes, Michael Landon directed the largest number at 87; producer William F. Claxton handled the majority of the remaining shows at 68, while co-star Victor French helmed 18. Maury Dexter (who was often an assistant director) and Leo Penn directed the remaining episodes at 21 and 3 episodes respectively.
Interior shots were filmed at Paramount studios in Los Angeles, while exteriors were largely filmed at the nearby Big Sky Ranch in Simi Valley, where the town of Walnut Grove had been constructed. Many other filming locations were also used during the course of the series including Old Tucson Studios and various locations in Sonora, California. Many of the exterior shots of Walnut Grove and the other Minnesota towns shown in the series have noticeable mountain terrain in the background of the scenes. In actuality the southern Minnesota landscape, where the show is supposed to take place, there are no tall mountains.
The series theme song was titled The Little House and was written and conducted by David Rose. The ending theme music, also written by Rose, originally appeared as a piece of incidental music in a later-season episode of Michael Landon's previous long-running series, Bonanza.
Themes[edit]
Little House explored many different themes including frequently portrayed ones of adoption, alcoholism, faith, poverty, blindness, and prejudice of all types including racism. Some plots also include subjects such as drug addiction (i.e. morphine), leukemia, child abuse, and even rape. Although predominantly a drama, the program has many lighthearted and comedic moments as well.
Some of the episodes written by Michael Landon were recycled storylines from ones that he had written for Bonanza. Season two's "A Matter of Faith" was based on the Bonanza episode "A Matter of Circumstance"; season five's "Someone Please Love Me" was based on the Bonanza episode "A Dream To Dream"; season seven's "The Silent Cry" was based on the Bonanza episode "The Sound of Sadness"; season eight's "He Was Only Twelve" was based on the Bonanza episode "He Was Only Seven"; and season nine's "Little Lou" was based on the Bonanza episode "It's A Small World".
Spin-offs and sequels[edit]
Little House: A New Beginning[edit]
When Michael Landon decided to leave the show (though he stayed on as executive producer and occasional writer and director), season nine was renamed, the focus was put on the characters of Laura and Almanzo, and more characters were added to the cast. A new family, the Carters (Stan Ivar as John, Pamela Roylance as Sarah, Lindsay Kennedy as older son Jeb, and David Friedman as younger son Jason), move into the Ingalls house. Meanwhile, Almanzo and Laura take in their niece, Jenny Wilder, when Almanzo's brother dies and raise her alongside their daughter, Rose. The Wilders appear prominently in some episodes, while in others they appear only in early scenes used to introduce the story or its characters. The explanation given for the original characters' absence was that they moved to Burr Oak, Iowa, to pursue a promising life. The show lost viewers, and this version of the series was canceled after one season. However, the show lived on for another 1.5 years in movie format.
Movie specials[edit]
Three made-for-television post-series movies followed during the 1983-84 television season: Little House: Look Back to Yesterday (1983), Little House: The Last Farewell (1984), and Little House: Bless All the Dear Children (1984).
In The Last Farewell, Charles and Caroline decide to visit Walnut Grove. They learn that a railroad tycoon actually holds the deed to the township, and he wants to take it over for his own financial gain. Despite their best efforts, the townspeople are unable to drive the businessman away. At a town meeting, John Carter offers a supply of explosives that he has. Each man takes turn blowing up his own building in an emotional farewell to the town.[5]
When asked why the set was blown up, the show's producer, Kent McCray, said that when the series started, he made an agreement with the property owners that at the end of the series he would put the acreage back to its original state. When the production crew were estimating the cost of dismantling all the buildings, Michael Landon thought for a while and said, "What if we blow up the town? That would get the buildings all in pieces and you can bring in your equipment to pick up the debris and cart it away." He then said that he would write it where they blow up all the buildings, except for the little house and the church. Both McCray and Landon wept as the town blew up.[6]
Bless All the Dear Children was filmed prior to The Last Farewell, but ended up being the last of the three movies to air.[7] Given its Christmas-related content, NBC opted to air it during the following Christmas season.
Two other Little House movies were made in conjunction with the Landon series: the 1974 pilot for the program and The Little House Years (1979), a Thanksgiving special/clip show that aired in the middle of season six.
Broadcast history[edit]
For the first two seasons, the show was aired on Wednesday nights at 8pm ET/7pm CT, to moderate ratings. In 1976, the series became a Monday night staple on NBC; after the move, it remained in the top 30 for the rest of its run.
Reception[edit]
Nielsen ratings[edit]
Season 1 (1974–75): #13[8]
Season 2 (1975–76): Not in top 30[9]
Season 3 (1976–77): #15
Season 4 (1977–78): #7[10]
Season 5 (1978–79): #14[11]
Season 6 (1979–80): #16[12]
Season 7 (1980–81): #10[13]
Season 8 (1981–82): #24 (Tied with: The Facts of Life)
Season 9 (1982–83): #28
Accolades[edit]
1978: Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography in Entertainment Programming for a Series, Ted Voigtlander, episode "The Fighter"[14]
1979: Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Series, Ted Voigtlander, episode "The Craftsman"[14]
1979: Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series, David Rose, episode "The Craftsman"
1980: TP de Oro, Spain, Mejor Actriz Extranjera (Best Foreign Actress), Melissa Sue Anderson[citation needed]
1981: Western Writers of America Spur Award for Best TV Script, Michael Landon, episode "May We Make Them Proud"[citation needed]
1982: Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore), David Rose, episode "He Was Only Twelve" (Part 2)
1983: Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Drama Series, Melissa Gilbert
1984: Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Drama Series, Melissa Gilbert
Popularity in Spain[edit]
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, La Casa de la Pradera (Little House on the Prairie) was one of Spanish Television's most popular series. In 1976 Karen Grassle (Caroline Quiner Ingalls) won Spanish television's prestigious TP de Oro award for best foreign actress, and the series itself won for best foreign series; Melissa Sue Anderson (Mary Ingalls) won the TP de Oro in 1980 thanks in part to the enhanced profile she received as a result of her visit to Spain and her appearance on Spanish Television's 625 Lineas program in early 1979. The continued popularity of the show led to the appearance of Katherine MacGregor (Harriet Oleson) on 625 Lineas and Ding Dong in 1980.
Other media[edit]
Syndication[edit]
The show remains popular in syndicated reruns and has been on the air in the U.S. continuously since its original run. In addition to airing on local stations, it has been airing multiple times each day on INSP[15] and Hallmark Channel.[16] In the past, it has aired on TV Land and TBS. As of September 19, 2016, the show is currently airing on COZI TV four times daily, with the exception of Seasons eight and nine.
In the U.S., television syndication rights are currently owned by CBS Television Distribution. Originally, NBC licensed these rights to Worldvision Enterprises, since networks could not own syndication arms at the time. As a result of corporate changes, Paramount Domestic Television and CBS Paramount Domestic Television would inherit the rights via Spelling Entertainment, finally passing to CTD in 2007. In Canada, reruns of the series began airing weeknights on CTS, a Christian-based network, as of September 1, 2008.
Because of its historical context and its connection to the book series, it is deemed acceptable for use by the FCC to meet federal E/I programming guidelines. The show is typically stripped (run five days a week) in syndication, which is enough to completely cover a TV station's E/I requirements and more.
NBC owns ancillary rights and thus is the worldwide licensor for DVD rights as well. Sister company NBCUniversal International Television and MGM Worldwide Television Distribution distributes the series internationally.
DVD, Blu-ray and Digital Copy releases[edit]
The entire series has been released on standard-definition DVD, high-definition Blu-ray, and on both standard and high-definition Digital Copy. In addition, some individual episodes have been released on DVD and VHS. Starting with Season 7, the Blu-ray's are only available exclusively through Amazon.com.
There are multiple DVD sets which are noticeably different from one another. The original DVD sets sold in the U.S. and Canada were released under license from NBCUniversal by Imavision Distribution, a company based in Quebec. A majority of the episodes in the original North American DVD versions had scenes cut from the episodes—these were derived from the syndicated television versions by Worldvision Enterprises, the series' former distributor. Other episodes were time-compressed and are NTSC-converted video prints from UK PAL masters, while others were derived from 16MM syndication prints, also from Worldvision. Only a handful of episodes in the original sets were in their original uncut versions. The episodes in these original sets are also known to have relatively poor video quality, such as tracking lines, as well as audio problems, though the quality issues are not as pronounced in the first few seasons as they are in the later seasons. The first three seasons of the old sets notably are also missing closed-captioning.
These original North American DVD sets included interviews with former cast members Alison Arngrim, Dabbs Greer and Dean Butler. For the original movies & complete series sets, Imavision provided numerous additional special features including additional interviews with many of the cast members such as Melissa Gilbert and Melissa Sue Anderson and specials highlighting Michael Landon, the casting of the show, and more. Imavision also released a French-language version of the series. Both versions are in NTSC color and coded for all regions. Later copies of these original sets were distributed by Lionsgate Home Entertainment following their acquisition of Imavision, but these should not be confused with the Lionsgate re-releases described below. The DVD sets sold in the United Kingdom were released by Universal Playback (a Universal Studios Home Entertainment label); this version is in PAL color and coded for region 2. Unlike the original North American DVD sets, the UK version contains mostly uncut episodes.
In 2014, Lionsgate Home Entertainment began re-releasing the series in North America on DVD, and also for the first time, in high definition on Blu-ray, as well as Digital Copy through providers such as Vudu and Amazon Video. These new releases, which are stated to come direct from the original broadcast masters, contain mostly uncut episodes and are remastered to have superior picture and sound. The Blu-rays, with their high bitrate, high definition 1080p picture (as opposed to standard definition picture on the DVDs) currently provide the best viewing experience of the show that is commercially available. The first six seasons on Blu-ray notably also contain lossless audio as opposed to the compressed audio on the DVDs. Starting with Season 7, Lionsgate chose to only release the remaining Blu-ray's exclusively through Amazon.com. In the process, they made several other changes to the Blu-ray's including compressing the audio (though with a relatively high bitrate), simplifying the on-screen disc menus, and eliminating the slipcovers and included Digital Copy codes that had been present for the previous seasons.
The newer Lionsgate remastered sets all contain English, French, and Spanish audio as well as English subtitles. They do not include the special features present on the earlier non-remastered releases, but rather seasons 1 through 6 each contain a roughly 15 minute segment of a special called "The Little House Phenomenon". Season 1 also contains the original Pilot movie. Season 7 contains no special features. Seasons 8 & 9 contain the three post-series movie specials as extras, with "Look Back to Yesterday" and "The Last Farewell" appearing on Season 8, and "Bless All The Dear Children" appearing on Season 9. Some fans of the show have been perplexed as to why Lionsgate did this, both because all of the movies take place after the Season 9 timeline, and also because they included "The Last Farewell" on Season 8 when that is considered by fans to be the end to the show given its significant and memorable ending. Lionsgate's decision as to which movies to include on which season appears to have been based on broadcast order rather than production order, since "Bless All The Dear Children" was the last episode broadcast even though "The Last Farewell" was the last one produced. None of the available releases of the series contain "Little House Years", which was a three-hour Thanksgiving special aired during Season 6 that largely consisted of flashback clips.
While the re-releases are substantially better than what was previously available, there are a handful of episodes that still were released in edited form or contain other problems. The most significant of these, affecting all formats of the remastered releases, include over 3 minutes missing from the Season 7 episode, "Divorce, Walnut Grove Style," almost 4 minutes missing from Season 9's "Home Again," and extremely low volume of the townspeoples' singing on the English audio of the last scene of the final movie, "The Last Farewell."[17]
List of releases[edit]
Name
No. of
episodes
Originally aired
DVD release dates
Remastered DVD & Blu-ray release date
Digital Copy release date
Region 1
Region 2
Region 1
Region 1
Season 1 24 1974–1975 July 8, 2003 July 25, 2005 March 25, 2014 March 25, 2014
Season 2 22 1975–1976 July 8, 2003 March 27, 2006 May 6, 2014 May 6, 2014
Season 3 22 1976–1977 November 4, 2003 March 10, 2008 September 9, 2014 September 9, 2014
Season 4 22 1977–1978 February 17, 2004 May 26, 2008 January 20, 2015 September 9, 2014
Season 5 24 1978–1979 June 29, 2004 August 4, 2008 April 14, 2015 September 9, 2014
Season 6 24 1979–1980 October 26, 2004 May 3, 2010 July 14, 2015 September 9, 2014
Season 7 22 1980–1981 February 15, 2005 July 17, 2010 October 6, 2015 (DVD)
December 22, 2015 (Blu-ray) September 9, 2014
Season 8 22 1981–1982 June 14, 2005 March 20, 2011 January 19, 2016 (DVD)
March 22, 2016 (Blu-ray) September 9, 2014
Season 9 22 1982–1983 November 1, 2005 January 20, 2012 April 19, 2016 September 9, 2014
3-Movie
Box Set 3 movies 1983–1984 November 28, 2006 None (but is in Complete set) September 13, 2016 (DVD only) September 13, 2016
The Complete
Television Series 204 1974–1984 November 11, 2008 October 7, 2015 (Dutch import) October 6, 2015 (DVD only) September 9, 2014
Announced film adaptation[edit]
Main article: Little House on the Prairie (feature film)
In October 2012, Sony Pictures announced that a film based on the series's pilot is under development, with Scott Rudin as the producer.[18] However, the film was later on turnaround to Paramount Pictures in 2016, where the film resumed development.[19] [20] It has Sean Durkin as the director and Abi Morgan as the screenwriter, although Rudin is still the film’s producer. [21] No actors have been selected or joined the cast yet.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Special Collectors' Issue: 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time". TV Guide (June 28 – July 4). 1997. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "'Little House on the Prairie' Movie Lands at Paramount (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
Jump up ^ "Little House On The Prairie set for big screen reboot by Paramount". Mail Online. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
Jump up ^ "Little House on the Prairie Season 8 Episode 8 Chicago". TV.com. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Last Farewell Summary". CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Parker, Lennon. "The REAL story of the destruction of Walnut Grove". Prairie Fans. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Melissa (2009). Prairie Tale: A Memoir (pp. 141-142). Simon Spotlight Entertainment.
Jump up ^ "TV Ratings - 1974".
Jump up ^ "TV Ratings - 1975".
Jump up ^ "TV Ratings - 1977".
Jump up ^ "TV Ratings - 1978".
Jump up ^ "TV Ratings - 1979".
Jump up ^ "TV Ratings - 1980".
^ Jump up to: a b "Ted Voigtlander, 75; Won Emmys for 'Little House' Cinematography". Los Angeles Times. December 11, 1988. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Shows Archive - INSP TV - Family-Friendly Entertainment - TV Shows and Movies". www.insp.com.
Jump up ^ "Hallmark Channel Removes Happy Days for Dramas; Sitcom Stars on Talk Shows (Week of April 29, 2013) - SitcomsOnline.com News Blog". sitcomsonline.com.
Jump up ^ "Blu-ray.com forum - Little House on the Prairie: Seasons 1-10".
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (2016-01-26). "'Little House on the Prairie' Movie in the Works at Paramount". Variety. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
Jump up ^ Dawn, Randee. "Grab your bonnets! 'Little House on the Prairie' is heading to the big screen". TODAY.com. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
Jump up ^ Lee, Benjamin (2016-01-27). "Little House on the Prairie movie back in development". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
Jump up ^ "'Little House on the Prairie' Movie Lands at Paramount (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little House on the Prairie (TV series).
Television in the United States portal
1970s portal
1980s portal
Little House on the Prairie on IMDb
Little House: Look Back to Yesterday on IMDb
Little House: The Last Farewell on IMDb
Little House: Bless All the Dear Children on IMDb
The Illustrated Little House on the Prairie Episode Guide
Little House on the Prairie Official Website
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values: Little House on the Prairie (feature film)

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Simon Spotlight Entertainment

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values: List of Little House on the Prairie books

values: Beyond the Prairie: The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder

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Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal

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