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United States House Committee on Rules
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Committee on Rules
114th United States Congress
Committee Logo
History
Founded
April 2, 1789 (1789-04-02)
New session started
January 3, 2015 (2015-01-03)
Leadership
Chairman
Pete Sessions (R)
Since 2013
Ranking Member
Louise Slaughter (D)
Structure
Seats
15 members
Political groups
Majority (11)
Republican (11)
Minority (4)
Democratic (4)
Website
rules.house.gov
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The Committee on Rules, or (more commonly) Rules Committee, is a committee of the United States House of Representatives. Rather than being responsible for a specific area of policy, as most other committees are, it is in charge of determining under what rule other bills will come to the floor. As such, it is one of the most powerful committees and is often described as "an arm of the leadership" and as the "traffic cop of Congress." A rule is a simple resolution of the House of Representatives, usually reported by the Committee on Rules, to permit the immediate consideration of a legislative measure, notwithstanding the usual order of business, and to prescribe conditions for its debate and amendment.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Jurisdiction
2 History
3 Members, 115th Congress
4 Subcommittees
5 Chairs, 1849–1853 and 1880–present
6 Historical members and subcommittees
6.1 Members, 114th Congress
6.2 Subcommittees
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Jurisdiction[edit]
When a bill is reported out of one of the other committees, it does not go straight to the House floor, because the House, unlike the United States Senate, does not have unlimited debate and discussion on a bill. Instead, what may be said and done to a bill is strictly limited. This limitation is performed by the Rules Committee.
When a bill is reported out of another committee with legislative jurisdiction, it is placed on the appropriate House Calendar for debate. Common practice, though, is for bills reported from committees to be considered in the Rules Committee, which will decide for how long and under what rules the full body will debate the proposition.
Consideration by the full body can be in one of two forums: the Committee of the Whole, or on the floor of the full House of Representatives itself. Different traditions govern whether the Committee of the Whole or the House itself will debate a given resolution, and the Rules Committee generally sets the forum under which a proposition will be debated and the amendment/time limitations for every measure, too. For instance, there might be a limit on the number or types of amendments (proposed changes to the bill). Amendments might only be allowed to specific sections of the bill, or no amendments might be allowed at all. Besides control over amendments, the rule issued by the Rules Committee also determines the amount of speaking time assigned on each bill or resolution. If the leadership wants a bill pushed forward quietly, for instance, there might be no debate time scheduled; if they want attention, they might allow time for lengthy speeches in support of the bill.
Between control over amendments, debate, and when measures will be considered, the Rules Committee exerts vast power in the House. As such, the majority party will usually be very keen on controlling it tightly. While most House committees maintain membership in a rough proportion to the full chamber (If the majority party controls 55% of the House, it will tend to have 55% of committee seats), membership on the Rules Committee is disproportionately in favor of the majority party.
History[edit]
The Rules Committee was formed on April 2, 1789, during the first Congress. However, it had nowhere near the powerful role it has today. Instead, it merely proposed general rules for the House to follow when debating bills (rather than passing a special rule for each bill), and was dissolved after proposing these general rules. These general rules still have a great impact on the tone of the House floor today.
The Rules Committee, for a long time, lay dormant. For the first fifty years of its existence, it accomplished little beyond simply reaffirming these rules, and its role was very noncontroversial. On June 16, 1841, it made a major policy change, reducing from 2/3 to 1/2 the fraction of votes needed in the House to close debate and vote on a bill.
In 1880, the modern Rules Committee began to emerge from the reorganization of the House Committees. When the Republican party took over the House in the election of 1880, they quickly realized the power that the Rules Committee possessed. One member, Thomas Brackett Reed (R-Maine), used a seat on the Rules Committee to vault himself to the Speakership, and gained so much power that he was referred to as "Czar Reed".
In the 1890s and 1900s, Reed and his successor, Joseph Gurney Cannon (R-Illinois) used the Rules Committee to centralize the power of the Speakership. Although their power to place members in committees and perform other functions was limited by a forced rule change in 1910, the Rules Committee retained its power. However, it ceased to function as the personal project of the Speaker, as it had originally; instead, as the seniority system took root, it was captured by a coalition of conservative Democrats and Republicans. This state of affairs would continue until the 1960s.
In 1961, Speaker Sam Rayburn (D-Texas), acting on the wishes of the new President John F. Kennedy and the Democratic Study Group, introduced a bill to enlarge the committee from 12 members to 15, to decrease the power of the arch-conservative chairman, Howard W. Smith (D-Virginia). The bill passed, 217 votes to 212. However, it was only partially successful; the Rules Committee continued to block legislation including civil rights and education bills.
In the 1970s, however, the Rules Committee was firmly under the command of the Speaker once again. As before, its primary role is to come up with special rules, to help or obstruct the chances of legislation reported to it.
Members, 115th Congress[edit]
Majority Party
Minority Party
Republican
Democratic
Pete Sessions, Texas's 32nd, Chairman
Tom Cole, Oklahoma's 4th, Vice-Chairman
Rob Woodall, Georgia's 7th
Michael C. Burgess, Texas's 26th
Doug Collins, Georgia's 9th
Bradley Byrne, Alabama's 1st
Dan Newhouse, Washington's 4th
Ken Buck, Colorado's 4th
Liz Cheney, Wyoming's at-large
Louise Slaughter, New York's 25th, Ranking Member
James P. McGovern, Massachusetts's 2nd
Alcee Hastings, Florida's 20th
Jared Polis, Colorado's 2nd
Sources: H.Res. 6 (R), H.Res. 7 (D).
Subcommittees[edit]
The Rules Committee operates with two subcommittees, one focusing on legislative and budget matters and the other focusing on the internal operations and procedures of the House.
Subcommittee
Chair
Ranking Member
Legislative and Budget Process Rob Woodall (R-GA) Alcee Hastings (D-FL)
Rules and the Organization of the House Rich Nugent (R-FL) Jim McGovern (D-MA)
Source: House Committee on Rules Subcommittees
Chairs, 1849–1853 and 1880–present[edit]
The Committee on Rules was first a standing committee of the House, during the 31st and 32nd Congresses (1849–1853). From 1853 until 1880, the panel reverted to being a select committee (as it had been before 1849).[2]
Between 1880 and the revolt against Speaker Cannon, in March 1910, the Speaker of the House also served as Chairman of the Rules Committee.
Chair
Party
State
Years
Note
David S. Kaufman Democratic Texas 1849–1851 Died in office January 31, 1851[3]
George W. Jones Democratic Tennessee 1851–1853 [4]
Samuel J. Randall Democratic Pennsylvania 1880–1881 [5][6]
J. Warren Keifer Republican Ohio 1881–1883 [7]
John G. Carlisle Democratic Kentucky 1883–1889 [8]
Thomas B. Reed Republican Maine 1889–1891 1st term [9]
Charles F. Crisp Democratic Georgia 1891–1895 [10]
Thomas B. Reed Republican Maine 1895–1899 2nd term
David B. Henderson Republican Iowa 1899–1903 [11]
Joseph G. Cannon Republican Illinois 1903–1910 [12]
John Dalzell Republican Pennsylvania 1910–1911 [13]
Robert L. Henry Democratic Texas 1911–1917 [14]
Edward W. Pou Democratic North Carolina 1917–1919 1st term[15]
Philip P. Campbell Republican Kansas 1919–1923 [16]
Bertrand H. Snell Republican New York 1923–1931 [17]
Edward W. Pou Democratic North Carolina 1931–1934 2nd term. Died in
office April 1, 1934.
William B. Bankhead Democratic Alabama 1934–1935 [18]
John J. O'Connor Democratic New York 1935–1939 [19]
Adolph J. Sabath Democratic Illinois 1935–1947 1st term[20]
Leo E. Allen Republican Illinois 1947–1949 1st term [21]
Adolph J. Sabath Democratic Illinois 1949–1952 2nd term. Died in
office November 6, 1952.
Leo E. Allen Republican Illinois 1953–1955 2nd term
Howard W. Smith Democratic Virginia 1955–1967 [22]
William M. Colmer Democratic Mississippi 1967–1973 [23]
Ray J. Madden Democratic Indiana 1973–1977 [24]
James J. Delaney Democratic New York 1977–1979 [25]
Richard W. Bolling Democratic Missouri 1979–1983 [26]
Claude D. Pepper Democratic Florida 1983–1989 Died in office
May 30, 1989[27]
Joe Moakley Democratic Massachusetts 1989–1995 [28]
Gerald B. H. Solomon Republican New York 1995–1999 [29]
David T. Dreier Republican California 1999–2007 1st term [30]
Louise M. Slaughter Democratic New York 2007–2011 [31]
David T. Dreier Republican California 2011–2013 2nd term
Pete Sessions Republican Texas 2013–present [32]
Historical members and subcommittees[edit]
Members, 114th Congress[edit]
Majority Party
Minority Party
Republican
Democratic
Pete Sessions, Texas's 32nd, Chairman
Virginia Foxx, North Carolina's 5th, Vice Chair
Tom Cole, Oklahoma's 4th
Rob Woodall, Georgia's 7th
Michael C. Burgess, Texas's 26th
Steve Stivers, Ohio's 15th
Doug Collins, Georgia's 9th
Bradley Byrne, Alabama's 1st
Dan Newhouse, Washington's 4th
Louise Slaughter, New York's 25th, Ranking Member
James P. McGovern, Massachusetts's 2nd
Alcee Hastings, Florida's 20th
Jared Polis, Colorado's 2nd
Sources: H.Res. 6 (Chairs), H.Res. 7 (D), H.Res. 17 (R) and H.Res. 22 (D).
Subcommittees[edit]
The Rules Committee operates with two subcommittees, one focusing on legislative and budget matters and the other focusing on the internal operations and procedures of the House.
Subcommittee
Chair
Ranking Member
Legislative and Budget Process Rob Woodall (R-GA) Alcee Hastings (D-FL)
Rules and the Organization of the House Rich Nugent (R-FL) Jim McGovern (D-MA)
See also[edit]
List of current United States House of Representatives committees
United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration
[hide]
v
t
e
Current United States congressional committees
Senate
(list)
Aging (Special)
Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry
Appropriations
Armed Services
Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
Budget
Commerce, Science, and Transportation
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment and Public Works
Ethics (Select)
Finance
Foreign Relations
Health, Education, Labor and Pensions
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
Indian Affairs
Intelligence (Select)
Judiciary
Narcotics (Caucus)
Rules and Administration
Small Business and Entrepreneurship
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Budget
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Library
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Standing committees, Defunct committees
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Committee on Rules". U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Rules. Retrieved November 3, 2006.
Jump up ^ A Pre-Twentieth Century look at the House Committee on Rules, by Walter J. Olezek (House of Representatives, Rules Committee Democrats website; accessed January 16, 2011)
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Kaufman, David Spangler (id: K000021)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Jones, George Washington (id: J000222)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Randall, Samuel Jackson (id: R000039)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Committee on Rules – A History (House of Representatives, Rules Committee Democrats website; accessed January 16, 2011 (confirms Randall was Chairman)
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Keifer, Joseph Warren (id: K000048)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Carlisle, John Griffin (id: C000152)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Reed, Thomas Brackett (id: R000128)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Crisp, Charles Frederick (id: C000908)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Henderson, David Bremner (id: H000478)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Cannon, Joseph Gurney (id: C000121)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Dalzell, John (id: D000016)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Henry, Robert Lee (id: H000516)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Pou, Edward William (id: P000474)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Campbell, Philip Pitt (id: C000097)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Snell, Bertrand Hollis (id: S000652)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Bankhead, William Brockman (id: B000113)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "O'Connor, John Joseph (id: O000030)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Sabath, Adolph Joachim (id: S000001)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Allen, Leo Elwood (id: A000138)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Smith, Howard Worth (id: S000554)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Colmer, William Meyers (id: C000645)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Madden, Ray John (id: M000039)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Delaney, James Joseph (id: D000211)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Bolling, Richard Walker (id: B000605)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Pepper, Claude Denson (id: P000218)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Moakley, John Joseph (id: M000834)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Solomon, Gerald Brooks Hunt (id: S000675)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Dreier, David Timothy (id: D000492)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Slaughter, Louise McIntosh (id: S000480)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Sessions, Pete (id: S000250)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
Further reading[edit]
Brauer, Carl M. "Women Activists, Southern Conservatives, and the Prohibition of Sex Discrimination in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act", 49 Journal of Southern History, February 1983 online via JSTOR
Dierenfield, Bruce J. Keeper of the Rules: Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia (1987)
Dion, Douglas, and John D. Huber. "Procedural choice and the house committee on rules." Journal of Politics (1996) 58#1 pp: 25-53. online
Jenkins, Jeffery A., and Nathan W. Monroe. "Buying negative agenda control in the us house." American Journal of Political Science (2012) 56#4 pp: 897-912. online
Jones, Charles O. "Joseph G. Cannon and Howard W. Smith: an Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the House of Representatives" Journal of Politics 1968 30(3): 617-646.
Moffett, Kenneth W. "Parties and Procedural Choice in the House Rules Committee." Congress & the Presidency (2012) 39#1
Race, A. "House Rules and Procedure." in New Directions in Congressional Politics (2012): 111+
Robinson, James Arthur. The House rules committee(1963)
Schickler, Eric; Pearson, Kathryn. "Agenda Control, Majority Party Power, and the House Committee on Rules, 1937-52," Legislative Studies Quarterly (2009) 34#4 pp 455-491
Woods, Clinton Jacob, “Strange Bedfellows: Congressman Howard W. Smith and the Inclusion of Sex Discrimination in the 1964 Civil Rights Act,” Southern Studies, 16 (Spring–Summer 2009), 1–32.

External links[edit]
Government of the United States portal
Official website of the committee (Archive)
House Rules Committee. Legislation activity and reports, Congress.gov.
House Rules Committee Hearings and Meetings Video. Congress.gov.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_Committee_on_Rules&oldid=797508804"
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Total internal reflection
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Total internal reflection of a laser beam in a block of acrylic
Total internal reflection is the phenomenon which occurs when a propagated wave strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger than a particular critical angle with respect to the normal to the surface. If the refractive index is lower on the other side of the boundary and the incident angle is greater than the critical angle, the wave cannot pass through and is entirely reflected. The critical angle is the angle of incidence above which the total internal reflection occurs. This is particularly common as an optical phenomenon, where light waves are involved, but it occurs with many types of waves, such as electromagnetic waves in general or sound waves. When a wave reaches a boundary between different materials with different refractive indices, the wave will in general be partially refracted at the boundary surface, and partially reflected. However, if the angle of incidence is greater (i.e. the direction of propagation is closer to being parallel to the boundary) than the critical angle – the angle of incidence at which light is refracted such that it travels along the boundary – then the wave will not cross the boundary, but will instead be totally reflected back internally. This can only occur when the wave in a medium with a higher refractive index (n1) reaches a boundary with a medium of lower refractive index (n2). For example, it will occur with light reaching air from glass, but not when reaching glass from air.
Total internal reflection in a semi-circular acrylic block
Contents
[hide]
1 Optical description
2 Critical angle
3 Derivation of evanescent wave
4 Frustrated total internal reflection
5 Phase shift upon total internal reflection
6 Applications
7 Examples in everyday life
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Optical description[edit]
Total internal reflection of light can be demonstrated using a semi-circular block of glass or plastic. A "ray box" shines a narrow beam of light (a "ray") onto the glass medium. The semi-circular shape ensures that a ray pointing towards the centre of the flat face will hit the curved surface at a right angle; this will prevent refraction at the air/glass boundary of the curved surface. At the glass/air boundary of the flat surface, what happens will depend on the angle. If θc is the critical angle, then the following scenarios depict what will happen according to the size of the incident angle.
If θ ≤ θc, the ray will split; some of the ray will reflect off the boundary, and some will refract as it passes through. This is not total internal reflection.
If θ > θc, the entire ray reflects from the boundary. None passes through. This is called total internal reflection. TIR is the abbreviation.
This physical property makes optical fibers useful and prismatic binoculars possible. It is also what gives diamonds their distinctive sparkle, as diamond has an unusually high refractive index.
Critical angle[edit]
Illustration of Snell's law, n 1 sin  θ i = n 2 sin  θ t {\displaystyle n_{1}\sin \theta _{i}=n_{2}\sin \theta _{t}} .
The critical angle is the angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction is 90°. The angle of incidence is measured with respect to the normal at the refractive boundary (see diagram illustrating Snell's law). Consider a light ray passing from glass into air. The light emanating from the interface is bent towards the glass. When the incident angle is increased sufficiently, the transmitted angle (in air) reaches 90 degrees. It is at this point no light is transmitted into air. The critical angle θ c {\displaystyle \theta _{c}} is given by Snell's law,
n 1 sin  θ i = n 2 sin  θ t {\displaystyle n_{1}\sin \theta _{i}=n_{2}\sin \theta _{t}\quad } .
Rearranging Snell's Law, we get incidence
sin  θ i = n 2 n 1 sin  θ t {\displaystyle \sin \theta _{i}={\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}\sin \theta _{t}} .
To find the critical angle, we find the value for θ i {\displaystyle \theta _{i}} when θ t = {\displaystyle \theta _{t}=} 90° and thus sin  θ t = 1 {\displaystyle \sin \theta _{t}=1} . The resulting value of θ i {\displaystyle \theta _{i}} is equal to the critical angle θ c {\displaystyle \theta _{c}} .
Now, we can solve for θ i {\displaystyle \theta _{i}} , and we get the equation for the critical angle:
θ c = θ i = arcsin  ( n 2 n 1 ) , {\displaystyle \theta _{c}=\theta _{i}=\arcsin \left({\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}\right),}
If the incident ray is precisely at the critical angle, the refracted ray is tangent to the boundary at the point of incidence. If for example, visible light were traveling through acrylic glass (with an index of refraction of approximately 1.50) into air (with an index of refraction of 1.00), the calculation would give the critical angle for light from acrylic into air, which is
θ c = arcsin  ( 1.00 1.50 ) = 41.8 ∘ {\displaystyle \theta _{c}=\arcsin \left({\frac {1.00}{1.50}}\right)=41.8{}^{\circ }} .
Light incident on the border with an angle less than 41.8° would be partially transmitted, while light incident on the border at larger angles with respect to normal would be totally internally reflected.
If the fraction n 2 / n 1 {\displaystyle {n_{2}}/{n_{1}}} is greater than 1, then arcsine is not defined—meaning that total internal reflection does not occur even at very shallow or grazing incident angles.
So the critical angle is only defined when n 2 / n 1 {\displaystyle {n_{2}}/{n_{1}}} is less than or equal to 1.
Refraction of light at the interface between two media, including total internal reflection.
Derivation of evanescent wave[edit]
An important side effect of total internal reflection is the appearance of an evanescent wave beyond the boundary surface. Essentially, even though the entire incident wave is reflected back into the originating medium, there is some penetration into the second medium at the boundary. The evanescent wave appears to travel along the boundary between the two materials, leading to the Goos-Hänchen shift.
If a plane wave, confined to the xz plane, is incident on a dielectric with an angle θ I {\displaystyle \theta _{I}} and wavevector k I {\displaystyle \mathbf {k_{I}} } then a transmitted ray will be created with a corresponding angle of transmittance as shown in the figure above. The transmitted wavevector is given by:
k T = k T sin  ( θ T ) x ^ + k T cos  ( θ T ) z ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {k_{T}} =k_{T}\sin(\theta _{T}){\hat {x}}+k_{T}\cos(\theta _{T}){\hat {z}}}
If n 1 > n 2 {\displaystyle n_{1}>n_{2}} , then sin  ( θ T ) > 1 {\displaystyle \sin(\theta _{T})>1} since in the relation sin  ( θ T ) = n 1 n 2 sin  ( θ I ) {\displaystyle \sin(\theta _{T})={\frac {n_{1}}{n_{2}}}\sin(\theta _{I})} obtained from Snell's law, n 1 n 2 sin  ( θ I ) {\displaystyle {\frac {n_{1}}{n_{2}}}\sin(\theta _{I})} is greater than one for θ I > θ C {\displaystyle \theta _{I}>\theta _{C}}
As a result of this cos  ( θ T ) {\displaystyle \cos(\theta _{T})} becomes complex:
cos  ( θ T ) = 1 − sin 2  ( θ T ) = i sin 2  ( θ T ) − 1 {\displaystyle \cos(\theta _{T})={\sqrt {1-\sin ^{2}(\theta _{T})}}=i{\sqrt {\sin ^{2}(\theta _{T})-1}}}
The electric field of the transmitted plane wave is given by E T = E 0 e i ( k T ⋅ r − ω t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {E_{T}} =\mathbf {E_{0}} e^{i(\mathbf {k_{T}} \cdot \mathbf {r} -\omega t)}} and so evaluating this further one obtains:
E T = E 0 e i ( k T ⋅ r − ω t ) = E 0 e i ( x k T sin  ( θ T ) + z k T cos  ( θ T ) − ω t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {E_{T}} =\mathbf {E_{0}} e^{i(\mathbf {k_{T}} \cdot \mathbf {r} -\omega t)}=\mathbf {E_{0}} e^{i(xk_{T}\sin(\theta _{T})+zk_{T}\cos(\theta _{T})-\omega t)}}
and
E T = E 0 e i ( x k T sin  ( θ T ) + z k T i sin 2  ( θ T ) − 1 − ω t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {E_{T}} =\mathbf {E_{0}} e^{i(xk_{T}\sin(\theta _{T})+zk_{T}i{\sqrt {\sin ^{2}(\theta _{T})-1}}-\omega t)}} .
Using the fact that k T = ω n 2 c {\displaystyle k_{T}={\frac {\omega n_{2}}{c}}} and Snell's law, one finally obtains
E T = E 0 e − κ z e i ( k x − ω t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {E_{T}} =\mathbf {E_{0}} e^{-\kappa z}e^{i(kx-\omega t)}}
where κ = ω c ( n 1 sin  ( θ I ) ) 2 − n 2 2 {\displaystyle \kappa ={\frac {\omega }{c}}{\sqrt {(n_{1}\sin(\theta _{I}))^{2}-n_{2}^{2}}}} and k = ω n 1 c sin  ( θ I ) {\displaystyle k={\frac {\omega n_{1}}{c}}\sin(\theta _{I})} .
This wave in the optically less dense medium is known as the evanescent wave. It is characterized by its propagation in the x direction and its exponential attenuation in the z direction. Although there is a field in the second medium, it can be shown that no energy flows across the boundary. The component of Poynting vector in the direction normal to the boundary is finite, but its time average vanishes. Whereas the other two components of Poynting vector (here x-component only) and their time averaged values are in general found to be finite (i.e. nonzero).
When a glass of water is held firmly, ridges making up the fingerprints are made visible by frustrated total internal reflection. Light tunnels from the glass into the ridges through the very short air gap.[1]
It is important to note that the Goos-Hänchen effect only occurs for linearly polarized light[2]. If the light is circularly or elliptically polarized, it will undergo the analogous Imbert–Fedorov effect.
Frustrated total internal reflection[edit]
See also: Attenuated total reflectance
Under ordinary conditions, the evanescent wave transmits zero net energy across the interface. However, if a third medium with a higher refractive index than the low-index second medium is placed within less than several wavelengths distance from the interface between the first medium and the second medium, the evanescent wave will be different from the usual one, and it will pass energy across the second into the third medium. (See evanescent wave coupling.) This process is called "frustrated" total internal reflection (FTIR) and is very similar to quantum tunneling. The quantum tunneling model is mathematically analogous if one thinks of the electromagnetic field as being the wave function of the photon. The low index medium can be thought of as a potential barrier through which photons can tunnel.
The transmission coefficient for FTIR is highly sensitive to the spacing between the third medium and the second medium (the function is approximately exponential until the gap is almost closed), so this effect has often been used to modulate optical transmission and reflection with a large dynamic range.
Phase shift upon total internal reflection[edit]
A lesser-known aspect of total internal reflection is that the reflected light has an angle dependent phase shift between the reflected and incident light. Mathematically this means that the Fresnel reflection coefficient becomes a complex rather than a real number. This phase shift is polarization dependent and grows as the incidence angle deviates further from the critical angle toward grazing incidence.
The polarization dependent phase shift is long known and was used by Fresnel to design the Fresnel rhomb which allows one to transform circular polarization to linear polarization and vice versa for a wide range of wavelengths (colors), in contrast to the quarter wave plate. The polarization dependent phase shift is also the reason why TE and TM guided modes have different dispersion relations.
Applications[edit]
Mirror like effect
Total internal reflection is the operating principle of optical fibers[3], which are used in endoscopes and telecommunications.[4]
Total internal reflection is the operating principle of automotive rain sensors, which control automatic windscreen/windshield wipers.
Another application of total internal reflection is the spatial filtering of light.[5]
Prisms in binoculars use total internal reflection, rather than reflective coatings, to fold optical paths and show erect images.
Some multi-touch screens use frustrated total internal reflection in combination with a camera and appropriate software to pick up multiple targets.
Gonioscopy employs total internal reflection to view the anatomical angle formed between the eye's cornea and iris[6][7].
A gait analysis instrument, CatWalk XT,[8] uses frustrated total internal reflection in combination with a high speed camera to capture and analyze footprints of laboratory rodents.
Optical fingerprinting devices use frustrated total internal reflection in order to record an image of a person's fingerprint without the use of ink.
A total internal reflection fluorescence microscope uses the evanescent wave produced by TIR to excite fluorophores close to a surface. This is useful for the study of surface properties of biological samples.[9]
Total internal reflection is the operating principle of LED Light Panels. This technology utilizes LGPs (Light Guide Plates) as the vehicle for transmitting light over large areas. By etching a grid pattern on the second surface of the LGP, frustrated total internal reflection occurs allowing the light to escape the LGP as visible illumination.
Diamonds shine brightly due to total internal reflection.
Total internal reflection (TIR) are used on lighting industry to manage narrow distribution (NEMA classification) for floodlight.
Examples in everyday life[edit]
Total internal reflection can be seen at the air-water boundary.
Total internal reflection can be observed while swimming, when one opens one's eyes just under the water's surface. If the water is calm, its surface appears mirror-like. Diamonds used for jewelry are normally shaped in such a way as to maximize the amount of light that is totally internally reflected from the back side of the diamond. [10]The very high refractive index of diamond gives a small critical angle allowing almost all the light entering the diamond to be reflected back for optimized diamond cuts such as the brilliant.
See also[edit]
Total external reflection
References[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document "Federal Standard 1037C" (in support of MIL-STD-188).
Jump up ^ Ehrlich, Robert (1997). Why toast lands jelly-side down: zen and the art of physics demonstrations. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. p. 182. ISBN 0-691-02891-5. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Xu, Yadong; Chan, C. T.; Chen, Huanyang (2015-03-03). "Goos-Hänchen effect in epsilon-near-zero metamaterials". Scientific Reports. 5 (1). Bibcode:2015NatSR...5E8681X. ISSN 2045-2322. doi:10.1038/srep08681.
Jump up ^ Boundless (2016-05-26). "Total Internal Reflection and Fiber Optics". Boundless.
Jump up ^ "BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Total internal reflection". Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ Moreno, Ivan; J. Jesus Araiza; Maximino Avendano-Alejo (2005). "Thin-film spatial filters" (PDF). Optics Letters. 30 (8): 914–916. Bibcode:2005OptL...30..914M. PMID 15865397. doi:10.1364/OL.30.000914.
Jump up ^ OD, By Emily Bruce, OD, Rodney Bendure, OD, Sarah Krein, OD, and Nathan Lighthizer,. "Zoom in on Gonioscopy". Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ "Gonioscopy - Glaucoma Associates of Texas". Glaucoma Associates of Texas. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ "Gait analysis system and software for rodents | CatWalk". Noldus.com. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Axelrod, D. (1 April 1981). "Cell-substrate contacts illuminated by total internal reflection fluorescence". The Journal of Cell Biology. 89 (1): 141–145. PMC 2111781  . PMID 7014571. doi:10.1083/jcb.89.1.141.
Jump up ^ "Total Internal Reflection: Diamonds & Fiber Optics". laser.physics.sunysb.edu. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Total internal reflection.
FTIR Touch Sensing
Multi-Touch Interaction Research
Georgia State University
Total Internal Reflection by Michael Schreiber, Wolfram Demonstrations Project
Total Internal Reflection – St. Mary's Physics Online Notes
Bowley, Roger (2009). "Total Internal Reflection". Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.
TE,TM Reflection Coefficients – interactive phase and magnitude plots
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Total_internal_reflection&oldid=801054546"
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