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Unicorn (finance)
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A unicorn is a privately held startup company valued at over $1 billion. The term was coined in 2013 by venture capitalist Aileen Lee, choosing the mythical animal to represent the statistical rarity of such successful ventures.[1][2][3][4] A decacorn is a word used for those companies over $10 billion,[5] while hectocorn is the appropriate term for such a company valued over $100 billion. According to TechCrunch, there were 279 unicorns as of March 2018[update].[6] The largest unicorns included Ant Financial, Didi Chuxing, Uber, Xiaomi, Airbnb, Palantir, and Pinterest.[7] Dropbox is the most recent decacorn that turned into a public company on March 23, 2018.
Bill Gurley, a partner at Benchmark predicted in March 2015 and earlier that the rapid increase in the number of unicorns may "have moved into a world that is both speculative and unsustainable", that will leave in its wake what he terms "dead unicorns".[8][9][10] Also he said that the main reason of Unicorns' valuation is the "excessive amount of money" available for them.[11] Research by Stanford professors suggests the average unicorn is overvalued by 48%.[12][13]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Reasons behind the rapid growth of unicorns
1.1.1 Fast-growing strategy
1.1.2 Company buyouts
1.1.3 Increase of private capital available
1.1.4 Prevent IPO
1.1.5 Technological advancements
2 Valuation
2.1 Valuation of high-growth companies
2.1.1 Market sizing
2.1.2 Estimation of finances
2.1.3 Working back to the present
3 Trends
3.1 Sharing economy
3.2 E-commerce
3.3 Innovative business model
4 Data
4.1 Data as of March 13, 2018:[6][33]
5 Top 5 largest unicorns[6]
5.1 Uber
5.2 ANT Financial
5.3 Didi Chuxing
5.4 Xiaomi
5.5 Airbnb
6 See also
7 References
History[edit]
In 2013 when Aileen Lee originally coined the term "unicorn", there were only thirty-nine companies that were considered unicorns.[14] In a different study done by the Harvard Business Review, it was determined that startups founded between 2012 and 2015 were growing in valuation twice as fast as companies from startups founded between 2000 and 2013.[15]
Reasons behind the rapid growth of unicorns[edit]
Fast-growing strategy[edit]
Investors and venture capital firms are adopting the Get big fast (GBF) strategy for startups. GBF is a strategy where a startup tries to expand at a high rate through large funding rounds and price cutting to gain an advantage on market share and push away rival competitors as fast as possible.[16] The rapid exponential returns through this strategy seems to be attractive to all parties involved. However, there is always the cautionary note of the dot-com bubble of 2000 and the lack of long-term sustainability in value creation of the companies born from the Internet age.
Company buyouts[edit]
Many unicorns were created through buyouts from large public companies. In a low interest rate and slow-growth environment, many companies like Apple, Facebook, and Google focus on acquisitions instead of focusing on capital expenditures and development of internal investment projects.[17] Some large companies would rather bolster their businesses through buying out established technology and business models rather than creating it themselves.
Increase of private capital available[edit]
The average age of a technology company before it goes public is 11 years, as opposed to an average life of four years back in 1999.[18] This new dynamic stems from the increased amount of private capital available to unicorns and the passing of The US Jumpstart our Business Startups (JOBS) Act in 2012, which increased the amount of shareholders a company can have by a multiple of four before the company had to disclose its financials publicly. The amount of private capital invested in software companies has increased three-fold from 2013 to 2015.[19]
Prevent IPO[edit]
Through many funding rounds, companies do not need to go through an initial public offering IPO to obtain a capital or a higher valuation; they can just go back to their investors for more capital. IPOs also run the risk of devaluation of a company if the public market thinks a company is worth less than its investors.[19] A few recent examples of this situation were Square, best known for its mobile payments and financial services business, and Trivago, a popular German hotel search engine, both of which were priced below their initial offer prices by the market.[20][21] This was because of the severe over-valuation of both companies in the private market by investors and venture capital firms. The market did not agree with both companies' valuations, and therefore, dropped the price of each stock from their initial IPO range.
Investors and startups also do not want to deal with the hassle of going public because of increased regulations. Regulations like the Sarbanes-Oxley Act have implemented more stringent regulations following several bankruptcy cases in the US market that many of these companies want to avoid.[17]
Technological advancements[edit]
Startups are taking advantage of the flood of new technology of the last decade to obtain Unicorn status. With the explosion of social media and access to millions utilizing this technology to gain massive economies of scale, startups have the ability to expand their business faster than ever.[17] New innovations in technology including mobile smartphones, P2P platforms, and cloud computing with the combination of social media applications has aided in the growth of unicorns.
Valuation[edit]
The valuations that lead these start-up companies to become unicorns and decacorns are unique compared to more established companies. A valuation for an established company stems from past years' performances, while a start-up company's valuation is derived from its growth opportunities and its expected development in the long-term for its potential market.[22] Valuations for unicorns usually come from funding rounds of large venture capital firms investing in these start-up companies. Another significant final valuation of start-ups is when a much larger company buys out a unicorn and gives them that valuation. A recent examples of this is when Unilever bought Dollar Shave Club[23] and when Facebook bought Instagram[24] for $1 billion, effectively turning Dollar Shave Club and Instagram into a unicorns.
Valuation of high-growth companies[edit]
For high-growth companies looking for the highest valuations possible, it comes down to potential and opportunity. When investors of high-growth companies are deciding on whether they should invest in a company or not, they look for signs of a home run to make exponential returns on their investment along with the right personality that fits the company.[25] To give such high valuations in funding rounds, venture capital firms have to believe in the vision of both the entrepreneur and the company as a whole. They have to believe in the company can evolve from its unstable, uncertain present standing into a company that can generate and sustain moderate growth in the future.[22]
Market sizing[edit]
To judge the potential future growth of a company, there needs to be an in-depth analysis of the target market.[22] When a company or investor determines its market size, there are a few steps they need to consider to figure out how large the market really is:[26]
Defining the sub-segment of the market (no company can target 100% market share, also known as monopolization)
Top-Down market sizing[27]
Bottom-Up analysis[27]
Competitor analysis
After the market is reasonably estimated, a financial forecast can be made based on the size of the market and how much a company thinks it can grow in a certain time period.
Estimation of finances[edit]
To properly judge the valuation of a company after the revenue forecast is completed, a forecast of the operating margin, analysis of needed capital investments, and return on invested capital needs to be completed to judge the growth and potential return to investors of a company.[22] Assumptions of where a company can grow to needs to be realistic, especially when trying to get venture capital firms to give the valuation a company wants. Venture capitalists know the payout on their investment will not be realized for another five to ten years, and they want to make sure from the start that financial forecasts are realistic.[25]
Working back to the present[edit]
With the financial forecasts set, investors need to know what the company should be valued in the present day. This is where more established valuation methods become more relevant.
This includes the three most common valuation methods:[28]
Discounted Cash Flow Analysis
Market Comparable Method
Comparable Transactions
Investors can derive a final valuation from these methods and the amount of capital they offer for a percentage of equity within a company becomes the final valuation for a startup. Competitor financials and past transactions also play an important part when providing a basis for valuing a startup and finding a correct valuation for these companies.
Trends[edit]
Sharing economy[edit]
The sharing economy, also known as "collaborative consumption" or "on-demand economy", is based on the concept of sharing personal resources. This trend of sharing resources has made three of the top five largest unicorns (Uber, Didi Chuxing and Airbnb) become the most valuable startups in the world. The economic downturns of recent years[when?] have powered consumers to learn to be more conservative spending and the sharing economy supports this trend.[29]
E-commerce[edit]
E-commerce and the innovation of the online marketplace have been slowly taking over the needs for physical locations of store brands. A prime example of this includes the decline of malls within the United States. The sales of malls within the United States have declined from $87.46 billion in 2005 to $60.65 billion in 2015.[30] The emergence of e-commerce companies like Amazon and Alibaba (both unicorns before they went public) have decreased the need for physical locations to buy consumer goods. Many large corporations have seen this trend for a while and have tried to adapt to the e-commerce trend. Walmart recently bought Jet.com, an American e-commerce company, for $3.3 billion to try and adapt to consumer preferences.[31]
Innovative business model[edit]
In support of the sharing economy, unicorns and successful startups have built an operating model defined as "network orchestrators."[32] In this business model, there is a network of peers creating value through interaction and sharing. Network orchestrators may sell products/services, collaborate, share reviews, and build relations through their businesses. Examples of network orchestrators include all sharing economy companies (i.e. Uber, Airbnb), companies that let consumers share information (i.e. TripAdvisor, Yelp), and peer-to-peer or business-to-person selling platforms (i.e. Amazon, Alibaba).
Data[edit]
Data as of March 13, 2018:[6][33][edit]
Number of Unicorns: 279
Total Combined Valuation of Unicorns: $1 Trillion
Total Amount of Capital Raised: $205.8 Billion
Number of New Tech Unicorns in 2016: 25 (down 68% YoY)
Total Number of New Unicorns in 2016: 51
Top 5 largest unicorns[6][edit]
Three out of the top 5 most valuable unicorns are located in China. The other two unicorns are headquartered in San Francisco, California.
Uber[edit]
Current Valuation: $69 Billion (December 2017)
Total Equity Funding: $10.7 Billion
Uber, formerly known as UberCab, is a car-sharing, transportation network company that lets the consumers use its mobile app to order a car to transport them to another location (like a taxi service). Uber services are active in a total of 81 countries and 581 cities around the world.[34]
Founding Date: 2009
Founders: Garrett Camp, Oscar Salazar, Travis Kalanick
Market: Transportation
Headquarters: San Francisco, California
ANT Financial[edit]
Current Valuation: $60 Billion (February 2018)
Total Equity Funding: $4.5 Billion
ANT Financial, formerly known as Alipay, is a payment to payment company that runs the payment platform of Alibaba.
Founding Date: 2014
Founders: Jack Ma
Market: Financial Services
Headquarters: Xihu District, Hangzhou, China
Didi Chuxing[edit]
Current Valuation: $56 Billion (December 2017)
Total Equity Funding: $17 Billion
Didi Chuxing, formerly known as Didi Kuaidi, is a car-sharing, transportation network company that lets the consumers use its mobile app to order a car to transport them to another location (just like Uber). Didi Chuxing services span 400 cities with almost 400 million users in China
Founding Date: 2012
Founders: Cheng Wei, Wu Rui, Zhang Bo
Market: Transportation
Headquarters: Haidian District, Beijing, China
Xiaomi[edit]
Current Valuation: $45 Billion (July 2017)
Total Equity Funding: $1.1 Billion
Xiaomi is a Chinese electronics company that has become the 5th largest smartphone maker in the world.
Founding Date: 2010
Founders: Chuan Wang, Hong Feng, Huang Jiangji, Jiangji Wong, Lei Jun, Li Wanqiang, Lin Bin, Liu De, Wang Chuan, Zhou Guangping
Market: Hardware
Headquarters: Haidian District, Beijing, China
Airbnb[edit]
Current Valuation: $31 Billion (December 2017)
Total Equity Funding: $3.4 Billion
Airbnb, is a property-sharing, online marketplace company that lets the consumers have short-term lodging in a variety of vacation rentals, apartment rentals, hostel beds, or hotel rooms. Airbnb has over 3 million lodging listings in 65,000 cities and 191 countries.
Founding Date: 2008
Founders: Brian Chesky, Joe Gebbia, Nathan Blecharczyk
Market: Travel accommodation
Headquarters: San Francisco, California
See also[edit]
List of unicorn startup companies
List of venture capital firms
Unicorn bubble
Valuation (finance)
Venture capital financing
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rodriguez, Salvador (September 3, 2015). "The Real Reason Everyone Calls Billion-Dollar Startups 'Unicorns'". International Business Times. IBT Media Inc. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lee, Aileen (2013). "Welcome To The Unicorn Club: Learning From Billion-Dollar Startups". TechCrunch. Retrieved 26 December 2015. 39 companies belong to what we call the 'Unicorn Club' (by our definition, U.S.-based software companies started since 2003 and valued at over $1 billion by public or private market investors)... about .07 percent of venture-backed consumer and enterprise software startups
Jump up ^ Griffith, Erin & Primack, Dan (2015). "The Age of Unicorns". Fortune.com. Retrieved 26 December 2015. Subtitle: The billion-dollar tech startup was supposed to be the stuff of myth. Now they seem to be... everywhere.
Jump up ^ Chohan, Usman (2016). "It's Hard to Hate a Unicorn, Until it Gores You". The Conversation. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Daniel & Nusca, Andrew (2015). "The Unicorn List". Fortune. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c CrunchBase. "The CrunchBase Unicorn Leaderboard | TechCrunch". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2018-03-06.
Jump up ^ Frier, Sarah & Newcomer, Eric (2015). "The Fuzzy, Insane Math That's Creating So Many Billion-Dollar Tech Companies". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 26 December 2015. Subtitle: Startups achieve astronomical valuations in exchange for protecting new investors... Snapchat, the photo-messaging app raising cash at a $15 billion valuation, probably isn't actually worth more than Clorox or Campbell Soup. So where did investors come up with that enormous headline number?
Jump up ^ Winkler, Rolfe (2015). "Bill Gurley Sees Silicon Valley on a Dangerous Path". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 December 2015. (Subscription required (help)). Subtitle: Subtitle: Venture capitalist says companies hurt themselves by trying to delay going public
Jump up ^ Blodget, Henry (2008). "Tech: How To Survive Great Depression 2.0 Without Firing Everyone". Business Insider. Retrieved 26 December 2015. It seems every serious venture capital firm has now had a chat with its portfolio companies about how it[']s time to fire people... VC-extraordinaire Bill Gurley's Benchmark has had the same chat with its companies, but Bill tells peHUB that there's actually an alternative to canning half your company: Move to San Jose
Jump up ^ Griffith, Erin (2015). "Bill Gurley Predicts 'Dead Unicorns' in Startup-Land this Year". Fortune. Retrieved 26 December 2015. Subtitle: A crash would affect more than just startups. ... Bill Gurley, the prominent investor behind Uber and Snapchat, has been sounding the tech bubble alarm for months now. He's preached about the dangerous appetite for risk in the market, the alarmingly high burn rates and the excess of capital sloshing around in Silicon Valley. “There is no fear in Silicon Valley right now,” he said. “A complete absence of fear.” He added that more people are employed by money-losing companies in Silicon Valley than ever before. Will there be a crash? “I do think you’ll see some dead unicorns this year,” he said, using the term used to describe startups with valuations higher than $1 billion.
Jump up ^ Rob Price (2018). "Legendary investor Bill Gurley says that there's a 'systematic problem in Silicon Valley' because it's too easy to get cash". Business Insider. Retrieved 12 March 2018. There's so much easy money in the tech industry, entrepreneurs can afford not to be accountable to their investors. That "excessive amount of money," he says, can inflate a startup's valuation — even if they don't deserve it.
Jump up ^ Gornall and Strebulaev (2018). "Squaring Venture Capital Valuations with Reality". Stanford University Working Paper. Retrieved 11 March 2018. We develop a valuation model for venture capital-backed companies and apply it to 135 U.S. unicorns -- private companies with reported valuations above $1 billion. We value unicorns using financial terms from legal filings and find reported unicorn post-money valuations average 48% above fair value, with 13 being more than 100% above.
Jump up ^ Sorkin, Andrew (2017). "How Valuable Is a Unicorn? Maybe Not as Much as It Claims to Be". New York Times. Retrieved 11 March 2018. The average unicorn is worth half the headline price tag that is put out after each new valuation.
Jump up ^ Fan, Jennifer S. "Regulating Unicorns: Disclosure and the New Private Economy." BCL Rev. 57 (2016): 583.
Jump up ^ "How Unicorns Grow". Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
Jump up ^ Sterman, J. D., Henderson, R., Beinhocker, E. D., & Newman, L. I. (2007). Getting big too fast: Strategic dynamics with increasing returns and bounded rationality. Management Science, 53(4), 683-696.
^ Jump up to: a b c Howe, Neil. "What's Feeding The Growth Of The Billion-Dollar 'Unicorn' Startups?". Forbes. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
Jump up ^ "To fly, to fall, to fly again". The Economist. 2015-07-25. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
^ Jump up to: a b "Grow fast or die slow: Why unicorns are staying private". McKinsey & Company. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
Jump up ^ Demos, Telis; Driebusch, Corrie (2015-11-19). "Square's $9-a-Share Price Deals Blow to IPO Market". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
Jump up ^ Balakrishnan, Anita (2016-12-16). "Trivago IPO opens at $11.20 after pricing at $11, below its expected range". CNBC. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Valuing high-tech companies". McKinsey & Company. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
Jump up ^ "Unilever Buys Dollar Shave Club for $1 Billion". Fortune. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
Jump up ^ Raice, Shayndi; Ante, Spencer E. (2012-04-10). "Insta-Rich: $1 Billion for Instagram". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
^ Jump up to: a b MacMillan, I. C., Siegel, R., & Narasimha, P. S. (1985). Criteria used by venture capitalists to evaluate new venture proposals. Journal of Business venturing, 1(1), 119-128.
Jump up ^ Zhuo, Tx (2016-03-07). "5 Strategies to Effectively Determine Your Market Size". Entrepreneur. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
^ Jump up to: a b "Market Sizing: Is There A Market Size Formula? | B2B International". B2B International. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
Jump up ^ "Valuation methods | Venture Valuation". www.venturevaluation.com. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
Jump up ^ Newlands, Murray (July 17, 2015). "The Sharing Economy: Why it Works and How to Join". Forbes. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ho, Ky Trang. "How To Profit From The Death Of Malls In America". Forbes. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
Jump up ^ Nassauer, Sarah (2016-08-08). "Wal-Mart to Acquire Jet.com for $3.3 Billion in Cash, Stock". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
Jump up ^ "Rise of the Unicorns". Zinnov Thoughts. 2015-08-27. Retrieved 2017-04-01.
Jump up ^ Lunden, Ingrid. "CB Insights: 3,358 tech exits in 2016, 'unicorn births' down 68%". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2018-03-06.
Jump up ^ "Uber Cities". uberestimator.com. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
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Super Bowl LI halftime show
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Super Bowl LI halftime show
Date
February 5, 2017
Location
Houston, Texas
Venue
NRG Stadium
Headliner
Lady Gaga
Sponsor
Pepsi
Director
Hamish Hamilton
Producer
Ricky Kirshner
Super Bowl halftime show chronology
50
(2016) LI
(2017) LII
(2018)
The Super Bowl LI Halftime show took place on February 5, 2017, at NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas as part of Super Bowl LI. The show was headlined by Lady Gaga, who performed a medley of her songs, including newer material from her most recent studio album Joanne.
Gaga's performance was critically acclaimed, with media outlets praising the show for demonstrating her artistic and musical qualities, and some arguing that it ranked among the top Super Bowl halftime performances in history. The show was also noted for its acknowledgment of the LGBT community, the use of a swarm of lighting-equipped drones for a pre-recorded intro scene, and its perceived political undertones. With 117.5 million television viewers, the Super Bowl LI halftime show was the second most-watched Super Bowl halftime show behind Katy Perry's and had higher average viewership than the game itself.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Background
3 Development
3.1 Conception
3.2 Rehearsals
3.3 Fashion
3.4 Multimedia
3.5 Drones
4 Critical response
5 Commercial reception
6 Set list
7 Personnel
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Synopsis[edit]
NRG Stadium, where the Super Bowl LI and the halftime show took place
The halftime show started on the roof of NRG Stadium. Gaga started singing "God Bless America" as drones swarm behind her emitting red, blue and white color. She then sang Woody Guthrie's "This Land Is Your Land", followed by the ending of the Pledge of Allegiance: "One nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all". Gaga then dove from the rooftop as the drones behind formed the design of the US flag. The singer came down and stood on a tall pillar across the stage, and started singing "Poker Face" as fireworks emitted behind her. After the first verse and chorus, Gaga, who was attached to a harness, bounced from the pillar to the main stage, and was joined by her dancers to sing "Born This Way", including the track's intermediate spoken verse.
As the performance ended, Gaga headed towards one corner of the stage inside a star shaped structure, and sang "Telephone". She was carried by a dancer to the main stage where she held a keytar and sang "Just Dance". The singer proceeded to the grounds from the stage as the song completed. She reached a podium with a piano, and started singing "Million Reasons". The audience present on the field drifted off in different directions holding the light sticks in their hands. Continuing the song, she came down from the stage and hugged members of the audience. For the finale of "Bad Romance" a team of white-clad dancers strutted across the main stage. Gaga joined them wearing a football inspired costume and performed the track. As fireworks erupted heralding the end of the show, Gaga reached the edge of the stage, shouted "Super Bowl 51", dropped her microphone, and jumped off stage catching a football.
Background[edit]
Gaga after performing the US national anthem at the Super Bowl 50 on February 7, 2016
Around August 2016, media started reporting that singer Adele was in discussion with the National Football League (NFL) to perform at the Super Bowl LI halftime show, to be held on February 5, 2017, at Houston's NRG Stadium; the show was sponsored by Pepsi Zero Sugar.[1] A representative from the NFL said that "organisers are doing absolutely everything they can to try to persuade her to sign up".[2] During her Adele Live 2016 concert tour at Los Angeles, Adele clarified that although she had been offered to perform by the NFL, she had declined since she did not believe herself to be suitable for the halftime show.[3] The NFL also explained that they had not signed any musician till then and were still in discussion with several artists.[4]
In the meantime, singer Lady Gaga had announced that she would be releasing her fifth studio album, Joanne, in October 2016. Billboard reported that the NFL was discussing with the singer, based on her performance of the national anthem at the previous Super Bowl.[5] On September 29, 2016, Gaga finally confirmed on her Instagram account that she would be performing at the halftime show.[6] Fox Sports president and executive producer of the show, John Entz, confirmed Gaga's involvement adding "[She] is one of the most electric performers of our generation, and we couldn't be happier with the choice to have her headline the Super Bowl LI Halftime Show... It is going to be an incredible night."[7]
According to Emma Quigley, Pepsi's North American head of music, and Justin Toman, Pepsi sports marketing director, choosing Gaga to headline the show made sense based on her previous output and musical endeavors. They considered various parameters—social media followers, record sales, trending topic—and then shortlisted her. Toman also took into account the total time it usually takes for the show—seven minutes for set up, 12 minutes for the main show, and another seven minutes to dismantle—and believed the singer could deliver "power, punch, performance, singing, lights" within that time frame. Pepsi sponsored the halftime show for the fifth-consecutive year.[8]
Development[edit]
Conception[edit]
A long shot view of the stage during the performance of "Just Dance" in the halftime show
In October 2016, Gaga told Entertainment Weekly she wanted to give "the best show for the football fans, the ones that are watching at home". Although indecisive about the set list, the singer wanted to play a mixture of her past and recent songs. She also confirmed that the NFL had heard Joanne before its release, and decided to offer the halftime performance slot.[9] Inspiration came from previous halftime show performances by Michael Jackson, Diana Ross, and Bruce Springsteen, with Gaga remarking that she loved "all the [past shows]".[10] In December 2016, Gaga launched the "Guest of Honor" contest along with Pepsi and the NFL, which would enable her fans to win an opportunity to see the halftime show from the sidelines of the stage.[11] The singer uploaded a video titled "Fanifesto", talking about the power of fandom, and explained that one has to upload a 15–60 second video on Instagram or Twitter with the hashtags #GOHContest and #PepsiHalftime by December 15, professing their fandom for Gaga.[12]
Colin Stutz from Billboard revealed that Gaga would not be accompanied by any guest musicians for the show, which was a deviation from the shows of the past few years.[13] Pepsi confirmed in a press release that a ten-second countdown would precede Gaga's performance, where a lead-in featuring jazz singer Tony Bennett would be shown, produced by Creator's Studio.[14] Gaga confirmed planning to sing atop the dome of NRG Stadium, the idea given to her by her sister Natali Germanotta.[10][15] Her team were worried about the safety hazards associated with the stunt, although Gaga continued to pursue it. The organizers considered airlifting the singer on top of the dome before the performance, or making her appear through the "see-through" roof of the stadium, which is retractable. Gaga's lawyers worked on the logistics and the insurance associated with the stunt.[15] The US media had expected Gaga to do "something overtly political" during her performance.[16] NFL refuted news about them forbidding the singer to mention President Donald Trump during the show. A representative from the organization issued a statement saying, "The Super Bowl is a time when people really come together. Lady Gaga is focused on putting together an amazing show for fans and we love working with her on it; we aren't going to be distracted by this."[17]
Rehearsals[edit]
I really had a real sense of being in the zone for this performance, worked on it for a really long time, took months, trained hard. Every second I wanted to give the world and my fans what they deserve, a great show. Its really exciting, I wanted to enjoy the moment not just be hell bent on everything.
—Gaga on the halftime show[18]
By January 2017, Gaga started posting images on her social media accounts, showing her practicing for the show. She built a tent in her backyard where she could rehearse with her dancers.[19] The group rehearsed in it for about 1.5 week, then moved to larger venues in Hollywood for working on the rest of the show. Finally, all the equipment was sent to Houston, where the last rehearsals took place.[20] Gaga enlisted vocal coach Don Lawrence for helping her belt out the correct musical notes. Lawrence had worked with Gaga for her National Anthem performance previous year, as well as for her concert tours.[21]
A behind-the-scenes video from the rehearsals was uploaded by Pepsi, where Gaga explained that the main challenge was how to make the halftime performance different than the preceding years, but keep it still about the music. Choreographer Richy Jackson was shown in the middle of a session with the dancers, enacting the characteristic moves from the song, "Bad Romance" (2009). Jackson said that the dancers were hand-picked and were among the personnel that had worked with the singer. He further added that the show would unveil a different aspect of Gaga, since she had never got the chance to perform on a big platform like the Super Bowl.[22]
As the day for the show approached, the singer kept posting short videos from rehearsal as well as behind-the-scenes. She showed her pre-game dance routines and choreography, FaceTimeing with her grandmother, warming up for the show, and the onstage activities.[23] Toman explained that they wanted to have the general fans get "a peek into the journey to halftime, tapping into the artist fanbase—that really works. Doing a behind-the-scenes content program, giving people that glimpse of what it takes to prepare. People love that. So that really worked and we continue to do that."[8]
Fashion[edit]
After the release of Joanne Gaga had worn simplistic fashion, deviating from her previous outrageous attires. Prior to the halftime show, there was much speculation regarding her fashion for the performance.[24] Versace had created all the looks for the show, including the final look which was inspired by the label's Spring 2017 collection.[25] The singer wore a custom created, Atelier Versace, iridescent colored jumpsuit, which was beaded over with Swarovski crystals, along with high shoulder pads and matching knee length boots. The body suit facilitated swift movement onstage, aiding the mobility for the singer.[24] According to fashion expert Cameron Silver, Gaga's final look for the performance of "Bad Romance" was the "most interesting". It consisted of silver hot pants with sequins on it, with a footballer shoulder-pad like jacket. Both the dresses were deemed as a "customary nod" to Gaga's past by Billboard, who added that "It was a solid balance of glam and sexy without overdoing it [...] [The dress] gave fantasy to her fans. She looked great. She sounded great. It's like she was playing football in heels."[24] In between the performance, Gaga also wore a golden jacket which had shoulder spikes, while playing the keytar.[26]
Gaga's looks were styled by her longtime collaborator Brandon Maxwell, while her makeup was influenced by singer David Bowie's persona Ziggy Stardust.[25] Donatella Versace herself flew to Houston to help with the costumes, including dressing the singer herself before the show. Gaga's makeup was done by artist Sarah Nicole Tanno and her hair was coiffured by Frederic Aspiras. Tanno used products from Marc Jacobs' cosmetics line to give a "timeless" look for Gaga.[27] The singer wore a pair of eye masks made of crystals, extending till her temples.[26] According to Vanessa Friedman from The New York Times, choosing Versace as her fashion brand for the costumes "helped to support a subtler, arguably more powerful, message" by Gaga. She had promised to make the show about "inclusion" and to that extent, using Versace and a number of other designers like Dr. Martens and Vera Wang made it a point.[28]
Multimedia[edit]
During "Million Reasons" a field cast used Glow Motion LED Batons, creating a three-dimensional moving pixels show.
The production work on the show was done by designers Bruce Rodgers of Tribe Inc. and LeRoy Bennett, and lighting designer Bob Barnhart of 22 Degrees. The stage was created by All Access Staging & Productions, who had also created previous Super Bowl halftime stages. Key features of the stage consisted of a main platform, two towers, three star-shaped side stages, a piano dome and a stage lift. The towers were around 30 feet (9.1 m) tall and could be carried by carts to the field for set-up. All Access had only 4.5 weeks to create the whole piece with the main stage itself, and required 17 trucks for storage and transport.[29] The show utilized LED system from Verrents and sound by ATK Audio tek.[30] Around 5,000 LED lights were embedded in the stage, which was a record number.[29] Special effects group Strictly FX was behind all the pyrotechnics.[30]
Both Rodgers and Bennett combined the individual ideas for the show, and took inputs from Barnhart and special effects designer Mark Grega from FX. Rodgers called the stage setup as "the most intense technological and visually impactful epic possible". The show featured a field cast led by KP Terry; they used Glow Motion LED batons, creating a 3D moving pixels show.[30] A Nashville-based company, Glow Motion programmed each of the individual batons to sync with the music being played.[31] "All our field cast and staging experts, technicians and vendors [had] stepped up to support the vision, and Gaga herself, having embraced the concept early on, [had] taken on the task with more interest and heart than any other artist that I’ve worked with in the last 11 years," Rodgers concluded.[30]
Lighting for the show was supplied by Production Resource Group (PRG). Chris Conti from the company shared Barnhart's floor planning for the lighting setup, which utilized DMX512 for controlling the whole system.[32] Barnhart recalled that "[the] show was a little more complicated this year, due to the amount of scenery that we normally don't have on a halftime show", but it was better since there were no video backdrops.[33] All around the roof of NRG Stadium, an array of 36 Clay Paky Sharpy fixtures were added, which lit the Houston night skyline with light beams.[34] Barnhart also arranged a backlight array fixture, using Philips Vari-Lite VL4000 and PRG Best Boy. LED tape was used around the main production area. They were controlled by the lighting team and could light the stage from afar.[33] Director Hamish Hamilton and his crew devised their own way of capturing and transmitting the show for the live audience.[30]
Drones[edit]
See also: Quadcopter § Art
For performing on top of NRG Stadium, Gaga was accompanied by a fleet of 300 synchronized, LED-equipped "Shooting Star" quadcopter drones provided by Intel, which formed an image of the American flag behind the singer. It marked the first time that the drones had been used as part of a television broadcast.[35] According to Intel's senior vice president Josh Walden, "Gaga and the Super Bowl creative team wanted to pull off something that had never been done before... The potential for these light show drones is endless".[36] Barnhart explained that he had wanted to use drones in the Super Bowl for many years, but never encountered the correct technology until Intel's drones. With the permission from producer Ricky Kirshner, he reached out to Intel representatives and told them that he wanted to use their drone technology for a "large TV show in February. I can't give you money, but I can give you exposure". Hearing that the Super Bowl will expose the technology to over 110 million television sets across the country, Intel agreed.[33]
Since the drones did not fly indoors, Barnhart wrote a new creative segment for the opening with Gaga singing atop the roof of the stadium with the drones flying behind her.[33] The segment was filmed earlier in the week due to safety concerns regarding performing the formation over the live audience. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) had forbidden drones from being used within a 34.5 miles (55.5 km) radius of NRG Stadium (which is also located near William P. Hobby Airport). The production staff obtained special permission from the FAA in order to perform the drone acrobatics.[35][37]
The drones used for the show had a plastic and foam body for soft impacts, and were about 1 foot (0.30 m) square and weighed 8 ounces (0.50 lb). They were connected to a central computer through wireless and executed individual choreography, each being oblivious to what the other drones' position was. The computer checked the GPS signal strength and battery level of the drones, while assigning their roles accordingly. Intel had started preparing from early December 2016, working out the logistics. After coming to a consensus with the creative team, they started storyboarding the drones, finally accepting to display a star array, the American flag and the Pepsi logo.[37]
Critical response[edit]
Gaga performing "Born This Way" during the show in the Atelier Versace iridescent colored jumpsuit
Gaga's performance at the halftime show was critically acclaimed.[38] A writer for Time described the show as "among the very best in the history of the form, racing ambitiously through the artist's entire career and putting forward the qualities of the artist that just work".[39] The New Yorker review described Gaga and the show as "an astute, intense, and disciplined performance".[40] Andrew Unterberger from Billboard felt that the performance would go down as "one of the best halftime sets of the century" and that it had cemented Gaga as a "legacy artist... It was Gaga through and through, and every song felt more gratifying than the last... [R]eminding you why Gaga's pop supremacy was so inarguable not all that long ago." Unterberger noted that there was nothing "outrageous" in the show.[41]
Chris Chase of Fox Sports said that the halftime show would "go down with Michael, Prince, Beyoncé, and Bruce as the greatest ever."[42] Marguerite Ward from CNBC considered the show to be Gaga's comeback, noting how she had announced in 2015 that she would retire. "Fast forward to 2017. [Lady Gaga] is back on the global stage, gearing up for a new world tour," she added.[43] Writing for Variety, Sonia Saraiya described the show as "breathtaking" and "soar[ing]", but felt it "lacked an iconic moment or emotional button".[44] Daniel Fienberg from The Hollywood Reporter was disappointed that the show never had a "close-up or any sort of swooping medium-shot to accentuate [Gaga's] movement", and felt that "the weakly presented dive" detracted from Gaga's rendition of "God Bless America" and "This Land Is Your Land".[16]
Nico Land from Salon noted that Gaga became the first artist to refer to the LGBT community during a Super Bowl halftime show when she sang "Born This Way". Land considered this a "crucial milestone" for the community. He said that "Putting LGBT issues on the main stage at the Super Bowl served as a powerful message of queer solidarity in the face on an unprecedented wave of challenges from our government." Although Gaga did not openly criticize Trump, Land viewed the singer's opening performance was a subtle "dig" at the President. Singing "This Land Is Your Land", a protest anthem for the Women's Marches across the country following Trump's inauguration, Gaga referred to Trump's policies on immigration.[45] According to Joanna Robinson from Vanity Fair, the performance was a "dog whistle" against Trump's plans to construct a wall between United States and Mexico.[46]
At the 69th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, the halftime show was nominated in 6 categories: Outstanding Special Class Program, Outstanding Production Design for Variety, Nonfiction, Event or Award Special, Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Special, Outstanding Technical Direction, Camerawork, Video Control for a Limited Series, Movie, or Special, Outstanding Music Direction, and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special and won for Outstanding Lighting Design.[47][48] It was also the most nominations received by a halftime show at the Emmy Awards.[49]
Commercial reception[edit]
Gaga performing "Poker Face", after descending from the roof of the NRG Stadium in a harness.
The Super Bowl LI halftime show was seen by 117.5 million television viewers in the United States, making it the second-most-watched halftime show behind Katy Perry's (2015). For the fourth year in a row, the viewership was higher than the game which was viewed by an audience of 111.3 million.[50] A total of 5.1 million tweets were made regarding Gaga's performance, including 2.2 million during the actual show, which made her the most tweeted about entertainer in the show's history. According to statistics presented by Billboard, the most tweeted moment was captured when the show ended, followed by when Gaga waved at her parents from the stage, and finally when the singer descended from the NRG Stadium roof in a harness. The set list was also included in the most tweets tabulation with "Bad Romance" getting the highest number of tweets. "Telephone" was the second-most-tweeted song followed by "Born This Way".[51]
According to Nielsen SoundScan on the day of the show, Gaga sold 150,000 digital albums and songs in the United States, up by 1,000% from the previous day. The singer sold a total of 125,000 digital song downloads, led by "Million Reasons" (45,000 up by 900%), then "Bad Romance" (13,000), "Born This Way" (12,000) and "Poker Face" (10,000). Her albums sold more than 23,000 downloads with Joanne selling over 12,000 copies, followed by The Fame Monster (2009), which sold about 6,000.[52] Gaga acquired over 24,000 listeners on music streaming website Pandora Radio. Total station adds for the singer went up by 1,391% week-by-week with a cumulative 14.8 million stations and her songs received 2.5 billion spins. All the songs performed received significant spin boosts. This was a difference from the previous halftime shows, when Coldplay was up by 225%, Bruno Mars by 62%, and Beyoncé up 60%.[38]
After the final tabulation, Gaga sold over 410,000 digital song downloads in total for the tracking week of February 9, 2017, an increase of 1,850%. "Million Reasons" re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number four becoming Gaga's 14th top-ten single. It also reached the top of the Digital Songs chart with 149,000 downloads. Other songs entering the Digital Songs chart were "Born This Way" (41,000, number seven), "Bad Romance" (39,000, number nine) "Poker Face" (34,000, number fourteen), "Just Dance" (25,000, number 26) and "Telephone" (20,000, number 39). Gaga's streaming activity increased by 196% to 41.8 million streams, led by "Million Reasons" with 3.9 million plays. Her album sales increased by 844% to 135,000 equivalent units, with Joanne soaring from number 66–2 on the Billboard 200, selling 74,000 units (48,000 traditional album purchases). Other entries in the chart included The Fame (38,000, number six), Born This Way (17,000, number 25) and Artpop (5,000, number 174).[53] Gaga reached number one on the Billboard Artist 100 chart, which measures activity across various social media websites as well as record sales.[54]
The Super Bowl performance also had an impact in Canada, where Joanne vaulted from number 54–2, with a 524% gain in album-equivalent units.[55] In the United Kingdom, Joanne's sales were up by 222%, while The Fame (2008) was up by 1,605% since the show.[56] On the UK Albums Chart, the former moved from number 88–11, with sales increasing to 5,289 copies, while the latter entered at number 38, selling 2,263 copies.[57]
Set list[edit]
The final performance of the show, "Bad Romance"
The following songs were performed during the halftime show:
"God Bless America" / "This Land Is Your Land" (pre-recorded intro)[35]
"Poker Face"
"Born This Way"
"Telephone"
"Just Dance"
"Million Reasons"
"Bad Romance"
Set list adapted from Billboard.[58]
Personnel[edit]
Credits and personnel adapted from the listing available at Live Design website.[59]
Main performer
Lady Gaga
Creative personnel
Executive Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Production Designer: Bruce Rodgers, Tribe Inc.
Co-Production Designer: LeRoy Bennett
Lighting Designer: Bob Barnhart, 22 Degrees
Vendors
Set and Staging Fabrication: All Access
Pyro and Effects: Strictly FX
On-field cast LED batons: Glow Motion Technologies
Lighting Equipment Supplier: PRG
LED Systems: VER
Sound Equipment Provider: ATK
Lighting crew
Lighting Directors: Pete Radice, David Grill, Jason Rudolph
Gaffer: Tony Ward
Best Boy: David Serralles, Kieth Berkes, Dean Brown, Joe Faretta, George Clayton
Lead Tech: Robb Minnotte
Tech: Matt Geneczko, Jeff Anderson
Network Designer: Chris Conti
Lead Spot Op: Tim Altman, George Sennerfelder, John Washburton
Lead Spot Tech: Quinn Smith
Assistant Lighting Director: Megan Seibel
Fiber Tech: Alex Ward
Art design team
Art Directors: Shelley Rodgers, Lindsey Breslauer
Set and CAD Designers: Maria Maria Garcia, Bruno Oliveira, Evan Alexander,
Assistant Art Director: Lucas Ingram
Stage video and projection crew
LED Technicians: Gary Madura, Luke Pilato, Rod Silhanek, Michael Spencer
Media Server Operator: Jason Rudolph
Media Server Technician: Tim Nauss
Intel Shooting Star drone team
Lead Technical Engineer: Daniel Gurden
Software Development Engineer (Programmer): Tobias Gurden
General Manager of Drone Light Shows: Natalie Cheung
Project Manager: Madeline Ong
Pilot In Command: Clay Coleman, Pilot In Command
Hardware Engineer: Tobi Lang
All Access Staging & Productions crew
All Access Staging Supervisor: Tim Fallon
Project Manager: Tommy Rose
Manufacturing Design: Erik Eastland
Automation Technician and Fabrication Lead: Fidel Garza
Head Carpenter: Roger Cabot
Staging Technicians: Kyle Duarte, Jesus Arroyo, Arturo Martinez, Jeff Haas, Anthony Pozos, Micky Dymond,
Staging Technician/Fabricator: Julio Roch
LED Technicians: Zack Eastland, Blake Chandler
See also[edit]
2017 in American music
2017 in American television
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Jump up ^ Robinson, Joanna (February 7, 2016). "Lady Gaga Made an Edgy Political Statement You Might Have Missed at the Super Bowl". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl LI halftime show featuring Lady Gaga". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved July 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "For Immediate Release: First Night of 2017 Creative Arts Emmy Awards are Announced" (PDF) (Press release). Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 9, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bell, Sadie (July 13, 2017). "Lady Gaga Celebrates Record 6 Emmy Nominations for Super Bowl Halftime Show". Billboard. Retrieved July 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Schwindt, Oriana (February 6, 2017). "Super Bowl LI Pulls in 111.3 Million Viewers on Fox, Shy of 2015 Ratings Record". Variety. Archived from the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Atkinson, Katie (February 6, 2017). "Lady Gaga Super Bowl Halftime Show Drives 5.1 Million Tweets". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (February 6, 2017). "Lady Gaga's Sales Surge Over 1,000% in Wake of Super Bowl Halftime Show". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 7, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith; Trust, Gary (February 16, 2017). "Lady Gaga's Super Week: Her Sales & Streaming Gains After the Big Game". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (February 16, 2017). "Lady Gaga Leaps to No. 1 on Billboard Artist 100". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Tuch, Paul (February 13, 2017). "On the Charts... This Week". FYI Music Canada. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob (February 7, 2017). "Lady Gaga's sales surge in the UK after Super Bowl Halftime Show". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jones, Alan (February 10, 2017). "Official Charts Analysis: Elbow debut at No.1 with new album Little Fictions". Music Week. Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2017. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Weatherby, Taylor (February 5, 2017). "Watch Lady Gaga's Show-Stopping Super Bowl 2017 Halftime Performance". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl LI Halftime Show Credits And Staff". Live Design. Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl LI halftime show.
Don't Worry About What 'Joanne' Songs Lady Gaga Is Gonna Perform at the Super Bowl Billboard
Super Bowl LI Halftime Show 2017 Staging Technical Drawings Live Design
Super Bowl LI Halftime Show Set Drawings Live Design
Will Lady Gaga's Drones Win a Lion? Intel Explains How It Pulled Off Its Fantastical Super Bowl Stunt Adweek
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As I Lay Dying (The Vampire Diaries)
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"As I Lay Dying"
The Vampire Diaries episode
Episode no.
Season 2
Episode 22
Directed by
John Behring
Written by
Turi Meyer
Al Septien
Michael Narducci
Production code
2J5272
Original air date
May 12, 2011
Recurring/Guest appearances
Daniel Gillies (Elijah Mikaelson)
Joseph Morgan (Klaus Mikaelson)
Bianca Lawson (Emily Bennett)
Marguerite MacIntyre (Elizabeth Forbes)
Episode chronology
← Previous
"The Sun Also Rises" Next →
"The Birthday"
The Vampire Diaries (season 2)
List of The Vampire Diaries episodes
"As I Lay Dying" is the 22nd episode and last of the second season of The CW television series, The Vampire Diaries and the 44th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on May 12, 2011. The episode was written by Turi Meyer, Al Septien and Michael Narducci and directed by John Behring.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Feature Music
3 Reception
3.1 Ratings
3.2 Reviews
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Elena (Nina Dobrev) tries to deal with Jenna’s (Sara Canning) death while Damon (Ian Somerhalder) asks for her forgiveness for feeding her his blood. He admits that he was wrong for doing this but Elena tells him that she needs her time. Damon returns to the Salvatore house and tries to kill himself but Stefan (Paul Wesley) stops him and locks him at the basement telling him that they will find a cure for the werewolf bite.
Elijah (Daniel Gillies) demands from Klaus (Joseph Morgan) to keep his word and tell him where the bodies of their family are but Klaus is not willing to reveal him that info right away. In the meantime, Stefan calls Alaric (Matt Davis) to inform him that Damon is dying and he asks for his help. Then Stefan goes to Bonnie (Kat Graham) so they can ask the dead witches how they can cure Damon. Emily Bennett (Bianca Lawson) talks via Bonnie and tells Stefan that there is nothing he can do but through their conversation, Stefan can see that she is lying. Bonnie comes back and tells Stefan that she heard the witches saying Klaus' name.
Elena, Caroline (Candice Accola) and Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) try to have a normal day after everything that happened but Stefan comes to tell Elena about Damon and that he needs to go and find Klaus for the cure. In the meantime, Damon starts having illusions because of the werewolf bite. Stefan gets to Alaric's apartment to find Klaus and ask for his help. Klaus arrives with Elijah and while Elijah waits for Klaus to tell him where the rest of his family is, Klaus stabs him with the dagger to “reunite” him with the family.
While Stefan tries to get the cure, Alaric keeps Damon company when Liz (Marguerite MacIntyre) arrives wanting to talk to Damon. Alaric warns her that it is not a good time to do so but she does not listen. Liz gets into the basement cell but Damon knocks her down and escapes searching for Elena. Alaric calls Jeremy, Bonnie and Caroline to find Damon before he finds Elena because he is in bad shape and he will hurt her. Jeremy finds him and the moment he tries to call Alaric, Liz comes and shoots him in her attempt to shoot Damon. Caroline and Bonnie arrive and try to help Jeremy but he is gone. Bonnie takes him to the cave and asks from the dead witches to help her bring him back to life. The witches are angry with her and tell her that there will be consequences if she brings him back to life, but they eventually help her and Jeremy comes back to life. Caroline tells Liz that Jeremy is fine and she also tells her that she is still her daughter and nothing changed even if she is a vampire now.
Klaus shows Stefan that his blood (hybrid blood) is the cure to the werewolf bite but he wants to make a deal with Stefan first before give it to him; if Stefan wants to save his brother he has to do whatever Klaus tells him for ten years. Stefan agrees to the deal even if he does not want to. After the agreement, Klaus starts feeding him human blood to make him a ripper again and when he is sure that Stefan will follow him, he gives Katherine the cure and compels her to take it to Damon letting her go.
In the meantime, Elena finds Damon wandering and tries to help him but he bites her thinking that she is Katherine. He stops in time before he kills her and Elena takes him back to the Salvatore house. Damon admits that he loves her and Elena kisses him when Katherine arrives with Klaus’ blood. Damon drinks it and gets healed while Katherine informs them that Stefan sacrificed everything to save his brother and he will leave town with Klaus.
The episode ends with Jeremy seeing Vicky (Kayla Ewell) and Anna’s (Malese Jow) ghosts.
Feature Music[edit]
In "As I Lay Dying" we can hear the songs:[1]
"Ship of Fools" by Jamie Dunlap, Marc Ferrari, Molly Pasutti and Scott Nickoley
"Turn To Stone" by Ingrid Michaelson
"Speakers" by Days Difference
"Holding A Heart" by Girl Named Toby
"I Should Go" by Levi Kreis
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
In its original American broadcast, "As I Lay Dying" was watched by 2.86 million; slightly up by 0.02 from the previous episode.[2]
Reviews[edit]
"As I Lay Dying" received positive reviews.
Emma Fraser from TV Overmind gave the episode an A+ rating saying that the season finale was epic. "After last weeks bloodbath it was hard to see how The Vampire Diaries team would top that level of emotion and tension, and leave us with a finale that was as epic as last years. I’m pretty sure they just did that and then some. [...] There is still much to process from this finale including the all round terrific performances and excellent work from all of The Vampire Diaries team. I thought it would be hard to top last weeks episode and the season 1 finale but I think they did it."[3]
E. Reagan of The TV Chick gave the episode an A rating saying that it was a great finale and set up for the next season. "The last few episodes have been stellar for sure. [...] There were some great moments in this episode that tugged the heart strings: Stefan’s sacrifice for his brother (a little questionable though), Caroline and her mom, Bonnie and Jeremy, Alaric as a caregiver, everything Elena and Damon. Really good stuff."[4]
Carrie Raisler from The A.V. Club gave the episode a B+ rating saying that having The Sun Also Rises as the penultimate episode of the season was a big risk since the epic confrontation paid off all of the fan anticipation before the finale. "Although not everything in the finale worked, there was a heck of a lot of good. [...] Overall, I think this was a really good episode of The Vampire Diaries, if not quite as powerful as last season’s finale or even last week’s episode. There are two main ways to approach a finale: the wrap up or the set up. This, unquestionably, was a set up episode, which makes perfect sense considering the show thrives on forward momentum."[5]
Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic rated the episode with 5/5 saying that the season finale was all about choice. "And the answer [to how Damon would be saved] was an exchange I never saw coming, just one of many choices that highlighted "As I Lay Dying.""[6]
Robin Franson Pruter from Forced Viewing rated the episode with 4/4 saying that it was another excellent season finale. "What makes The Vampire Diaries a strong show is that the characters don’t seem as if they’re being manipulated by a behind the scenes puppet-master to create drama. The drama stems naturally from the characters themselves. [...] The Vampire Diaries also manages to maintain its premise without becoming stale. The love triangle is still there, but, with Stefan as a Ripper, the dynamics will be different. Consistently having character-driven plots and keeping a premise fresh are two qualities great shows often fail at achieving. That The Vampire Diaries does show these qualities is rarely appreciated."[7]
Diana Steenbergen of IGN rated the episode with 9/10 saying that the episode seemed almost calm compared to last week's. "To judge just by the death count would be a mistake however; the bombs that were dropped in the season finale may not have resulted in any (permanent) deaths, but the consequences promise to be far-reaching."[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "As I Lay Dying - Music". Heard on TV. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (May 13, 2011). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'American Idol,' 'Big Bang,' 'Community,' 'Rules,' 'Mentalist,' 'Office,' 'Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Up; 'Bones' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fraser, Emma (May 13, 2011). "The Vampire Diaries 2.22 "As I Lay Dying" Review". TV Overmind. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ E. Reagan (May 13, 2011). "REVIEW: The Vampire Diaries "As I Lay Dying"". The TV Chick. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Raisler, Carrie (May 13, 2011). "The Vampire Diaries: "As I Lay Dying"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Richenthal, Matt (May 12, 2011). "The Vampire Diaries Season Finale Review: The Choices We Make...". TV Fanatic. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Franson Pruter, Robin (December 27, 2013). "Robin Franson Pruter reviews THE VAMPIRE DIARIES, S2E22: As I Lay Dying". Forced Viewing. Archived from the original on April 29, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Steenbergen, Diana (May 13, 2011). "The Vampire Diaries: "As I Lay Dying" Review". IGN. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
External links[edit]
ThinkHeroTV's review for "As I Lay Dying" on YouTube
[hide]
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t
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"Pilot"
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"Haunted"
"162 Candles"
"History Repeating"
"The Turning Point"
"Bloodlines"
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"Children of the Damned"
"Fool Me Once"
"A Few Good Men"
"There Goes the Neighborhood"
"Let the Right One In"
"Under Control"
"Miss Mystic Falls"
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Season 2
"The Return"
"Brave New World"
"Bad Moon Rising"
"Memory Lane"
"Kill or Be Killed"
"Plan B"
"Masquerade"
"Rose"
"Katerina"
"The Sacrifice"
"By the Light of the Moon"
"The Descent"
"Daddy Issues"
"Crying Wolf"
"The Dinner Party"
"The House Guest"
"Know Thy Enemy"
"The Last Dance"
"Klaus"
"The Last Day"
"The Sun Also Rises"
"As I Lay Dying"
Season 3
"The Birthday"
"The Hybrid"
"The End of the Affair"
"Disturbing Behavior"
"The Reckoning"
"Smells Like Teen Spirit"
"Ghost World"
"Ordinary People"
"Homecoming"
"The New Deal"
"Our Town"
"The Ties That Bind"
"Bringing Out the Dead"
"Dangerous Liaisons"
"All My Children"
"The Departed"
Season 4
"Growing Pains"
"Memorial"
"The Rager"
"The Five"
"The Killer"
"We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes"
"My Brother's Keeper"
"We'll Always Have Bourbon Street"
"O Come, All Ye Faithful"
"After School Special"
"Catch Me If You Can"
"A View to a Kill"
Season 5
"I Know What You Did Last Summer"
"True Lies"
"Original Sin"
"For Whom the Bell Tolls"
"Monster's Ball"
"Handle with Care"
"Death and the Maiden"
"Dead Man on Campus"
"The Cell"
"Fifty Shades of Grayson"
"500 Years of Solitude"
"The Devil Inside"
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
"No Exit"
"Gone Girl"
"While You Were Sleeping"
"Rescue Me"
"Resident Evil"
"Man on Fire"
"What Lies Beneath"
"Promised Land"
"Home"
Season 6
"I'll Remember"
"Yellow Ledbetter"
"Welcome to Paradise"
"Black Hole Sun"
"The World Has Turned and Left Me Here"
"The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get"
"Do You Remember the First Time?"
"Fade Into You"
"I Alone"
Season 7
"Gods and Monsters"
Season 8
"I Was Feeling Epic"
Characters
Elena Gilbert
Katherine Pierce
Stefan Salvatore
Damon Salvatore
Related
Awards and nominations
Novel series
L. J. Smith
Original Vampires
The Originals
episodes
season 1
2
3
4
characters
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As_I_Lay_Dying_(The_Vampire_Diaries)&oldid=802494330"
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Rare disease assumption
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The rare disease assumption is a mathematical assumption in epidemiologic case-control studies where the hypothesis tests the association between an exposure and a disease. It is assumed that, if the prevalence of the disease is low, then the odds ratio approaches the relative risk.
Case control studies are relatively inexpensive and less time consuming than cohort studies.[citation needed] Since case control studies don't track patients over time, they can't establish relative risk. The case control study can, however, calculate the exposure-odds ratio, which, mathematically, is supposed to approach the relative risk as prevalence falls.
Some authors[who?] state that if the prevalence is 10% or less, the disease can be considered rare enough to allow the rare disease assumption. Unfortunately, the magnitude of discrepancy between the odds ratio and the relative risk is dependent not only on the prevalence, but also, to a great degree, on two other factors.
The following example will illustrate this difficulty clearly. Consider a standard table showing the association between two binary variables with frequencies a = true positives = 49,005,929, b = false positives = 50,994,071, c = false negatives = 50,994,071 and d = true negatives = 849,005,929. In this case the odds ratio (OR) is equal to 16 and the relative risk (RR) is equal to 8.65. Although the prevalence in our example equals 10% it is very difficult to apply the rare disease assumption because OR and RR can hardly be considered to be approximately the same. However, in this example the disease is not particularly "rare"; a 10% prevalence value means 1 in 10 people would have it. As the prevalence drops lower and lower, OR approaches the RR much more closely. This is one of the most problematic aspects of the rare disease assumption, since there is no threshold prevalence below which a disease is considered "rare", and thus no strict guideline to determine when the assumption applies.
Positive
Negative
True
49,005,929 849,005,929
False
50,994,071 50,994,071
References[edit]
Greenland S, Thomas DC (September 1982). "On the need for the rare disease assumption in case-control studies". Am. J. Epidemiol. 116 (3): 547–53. PMID 7124721.
Cummings P, Koepsell TD (September 2001). "On the need for the rare disease assumption in some case-control studies". Inj. Prev. 7 (3): 254. doi:10.1136/ip.7.3.254-a. PMC 1730752  . PMID 11565997.
Greenland S, Thomas DC, Morgenstern H (December 1986). "The rare-disease assumption revisited. A critique of "estimators of relative risk for case-control studies"". Am. J. Epidemiol. 124 (6): 869–83. PMID 3776970.
Bjerre LM, LeLorier J (February 2000). "Expressing the magnitude of adverse effects in case-control studies: "the number of patients needed to be treated for one additional patient to be harmed"". BMJ. 320 (7233): 503–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7233.503. PMC 1127536  . PMID 10678870.

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