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Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
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Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
states parties
states that have signed, but not ratified
states that have not signed
Drafted
13 December 2006
Signed
30 March 2007
Location
New York
Effective
3 May 2008
Condition
20 ratifications
Signatories
161
Parties
177
Depositary
Secretary-General of the United Nations
Languages
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is an international human rights treaty of the United Nations intended to protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities. Parties to the Convention are required to promote, protect, and ensure the full enjoyment of human rights by persons with disabilities and ensure that they enjoy full equality under the law. The Convention has served as the major catalyst in the global movement from viewing persons with disabilities as objects of charity, medical treatment and social protection towards viewing them as full and equal members of society, with human rights. It is also the only UN human rights instrument with an explicit sustainable development dimension. The Convention was the first human rights treaty of the twenty-first century.[1]
The text was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 13 December 2006,[2] and opened for signature on 30 March 2007. Following ratification by the 20th party, it came into force on 3 May 2008.[3] As of April 2018, it has 161 signatories and 177 parties, which includes 172 states and the European Union (which ratified it on 23 December 2010 to the extent responsibilities of the member states were transferred to the European Union).[4] In December 2012, a vote in the United States Senate fell six votes short of the two-thirds majority required for ratification.[5] The Convention is monitored by the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Contents
1 History
2 Summary
3 Core provisions
3.1 Guiding principles of the Convention
3.2 Definition of disability
3.3 Principle of "reasonable accommodation"
3.4 Prevention of discrimination
3.5 Accessibility
3.6 Situations of risk and humanitarian emergency
3.7 Recognition before the law and legal capacity
3.8 Access to justice
3.9 Right to education
3.10 Right to health
3.11 Protecting the integrity of the person
3.12 Respect for the family
3.13 Habilitation and rehabilitation
3.14 Participation rights
3.15 Work and employment
3.16 Adequate standard of living and social protection
3.17 Right to vote
4 Countries that signed and ratified the convention
5 Countries that signed but not ratified the convention
6 Reservations
7 Optional protocol
8 Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
1981 to 1992 was the UN "Decade of Disabled Persons". In 1987, a global meeting of experts to review progress recommended that the UN General Assembly should draft an international convention on the elimination of discrimination against persons with disabilities. Draft convention outlines were proposed by Italy and subsequently Sweden, but no consensus was reached. Many government representatives argued that existing human rights documents were sufficient. Instead, non-compulsory "Standard Rules on the Equalisation of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities" were adopted by the General Assembly in 1993. In 2000, leaders of five international disability NGOs issued a declaration, calling on all governments to support a Convention. In 2001, the General Assembly, following a proposal by Mexico, established an Ad Hoc Committee to consider proposals for a comprehensive and integral convention to promote and protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities, based on a holistic approach.[6] Disability rights organisations, including the International Disability Alliance as coordinator of an ad hoc International Disability Caucus, participated actively in the drafting process, in particular seeking a role for disabled people and their organisations in the implementation and monitoring of what became the Convention.[7]
Mexico initiated negotiations, with active support from GRULAC (the Latin American regional group). When support for a Convention was foundering in 2002 due to WEOG opposition, New Zealand played a pivotal role in achieving cross-regional momentum. Acting as facilitator from 2002–03, New Zealand eventually assumed the formal role of Chair of Ad Hoc Committee and led negotiations to a consensus agreement in August 2006, working closely with other Bureau members Jordan, Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, and South Africa, as well as Korea and Mexico. The Convention became one of the most quickly supported human rights instruments in history, with strong support from all regional groups. 160 States have signed the Convention upon its opening in 2007 and 126 States ratified the Convention within its first five years. In recognition of its role in creating the Convention, as well as the quality of New Zealand's landmark national Disability Strategy, Governor-General of New Zealand Anand Satyanand received the 2008 World Disability Award on behalf of the nation.
As of 2015, for the first time in its history, the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities opened an investigation into a signatory state for breaching their convention obligations. The investigation was triggered by article 6 of the optional protocol, which provides that an investigation will be carried out once the Committee receives “reliable information indicating grave and systematic violation” of the human rights of persons with disabilities. The government of the United Kingdom is being investigated, with the final report currently due to be released in 2017.[8]
Summary[edit]
The Convention follows the civil law tradition, with a preamble, in which the principle that "all human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated " of Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action is cited, followed by 50 articles. Unlike many UN covenants and conventions, it is not formally divided into parts.
Article 1 defines the purpose of the Convention:
to promote, protect and ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all persons with disabilities, and to promote respect for their inherent dignity
Articles 2 and 3 provide definitions and general principles such as communication including Braille, sign language, plain language and nonverbal communication, reasonable accommodation and universal design.
Articles 4–32 define the rights of persons with disabilities and the obligations of states parties towards them. Many of these mirror rights affirmed in other UN conventions such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights or the Convention Against Torture, but with specific obligations ensuring that they can be fully realised by persons with disabilities.
Rights specific to this convention include the rights to accessibility including the information technology, the rights to live independently and be included in the community (Article 19), to personal mobility (article 20), habilitation and rehabilitation (Article 26), and to participation in political and public life, and cultural life, recreation and sport (Articles 29 and 30).
In addition, parties to the Convention must raise awareness of the human rights of persons with disabilities (Article 8), and ensure access to roads, buildings, and information (Article 9).
Articles 33–39 govern reporting and monitoring of the convention by national human rights institutions (Article 33) and Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Article 34).
Articles 40–50 govern ratification, entry into force, and amendment of the Convention. Article 49 also requires that the Convention be available in accessible formats.
Core provisions[edit]
Guiding principles of the Convention[edit]
There are eight guiding principles that underlie the Convention:
Respect for inherent dignity, individual autonomy including the freedom to make one's own choices, and independence of persons
Non-discrimination
Full and effective participation and inclusion in society
Respect for difference and acceptance of persons with disabilities as part of human diversity and humanity
Equality of opportunity
Accessibility
Equality between men and women
Respect for the evolving capacities of children with disabilities and respect for the right of children with disabilities to preserve their identities
Definition of disability[edit]
Article 2 (Definitions) does not include a definition of disability. The Convention adopts a social model of disability, but does not offer a specific definition. The Convention's preamble (e) explains that the Convention recognises:
"...that disability is an evolving concept and that disability results from the interaction between persons with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others"
Article one (Purpose) further offers that:
"Persons with disabilities include those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others." However, the use of the term "include" should not be interpreted as excluding those who have short term or fluctuating conditions.
Principle of "reasonable accommodation"[edit]
The Convention defines "reasonable accommodation" to be "necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments not imposing a disproportionate or undue burden, where needed in a particular case, to ensure to persons with disabilities the enjoyment or exercise on an equal basis with others of all human rights and fundamental freedoms" at the Article 2 and demands this all aspects of life including inclusive education.
Prevention of discrimination[edit]
The Article 8 of Convention stresses the awareness raising to foster respect for the rights and dignity against discrimination:
To raise awareness throughout society, including at the family level, regarding persons with disabilities, and to foster respect for the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities.
To combat stereotypes, prejudices and harmful practices relating to persons with disabilities, including those based on sex and age, in all areas of life.
To promote awareness of the capacities and contributions of persons with disabilities.
Initiating and maintaining effective public awareness campaigns designed: (i) to nurture receptiveness to the rights of persons with disabilities. (ii) to promote positive perceptions and greater social awareness towards persons with disabilities. (iii) to promote recognition of the skills, merits and abilities of persons with disabilities, and of their contributions to workplace and the labour market.
Encouraging all organs of the mass media to portray persons with disabilities in a manner consistent with the purpose of the present Convention.
Promoting awareness-training programmes regarding persons with disabilities and the rights of persons with disabilities.
Accessibility[edit]
The Convention stresses that persons with disabilities should be able to live independently and participate fully in all aspects of life. To this end, States Parties should take appropriate measures to ensure that persons with disabilities have access, to the physical environment, to transportation, to information and communications technology, and to other facilities and services open or provided to the public. Accessibility can be grouped into three main groups. 1. physical accessibility 2. service accessibility 3. accessibility to communication and information
Situations of risk and humanitarian emergency[edit]
Article 11 of the Convention affirms that States Parties shall take, in accordance with their obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law and international human rights law, all necessary measures to ensure the protection and safety of persons with disabilities in situations of armed conflict, humanitarian emergencies and the occurrence of natural disaster.
Recognition before the law and legal capacity[edit]
Article 12 of the Convention affirms the equal recognition before the law and legal capacity of the persons with disabilities.
States Parties should:
reaffirm that persons with disabilities have the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
recognize that persons with disabilities enjoy legal capacity on an equal basis with others in all aspects of life.
take appropriate measures to provide access by persons with disabilities to the support they may require in exercising their legal capacity.
ensure that all measures that relate to the exercise of legal capacity provide for appropriate and effective safeguards to prevent abuse in accordance with international human rights law. Such safeguards shall ensure that measures relating to the exercise of legal capacity respect the rights, will and preferences of the person, are free of conflict of interest and undue influence, are proportional and tailored to the person's circumstance, apply for the shortest time possible and are subject to regular review by a competent, independent and impartial authority or judicial body. The safeguards shall be proportional to the degree to which such measures affect the person's rights and interests.
Access to justice[edit]
Article 13 of the Convention affirms the effective access to justice for persons with disabilities, stating that:
States parties shall ensure effective access to justice for persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others, including through the provision of procedural and age-appropriate accommodations, in order to facilitate their effective role as a direct and indirect participants, including as witnesses, in all legal proceeding, including at investigative and other preliminary stages.
In order to help to ensure effective access to justice for persons with disabilities, states Parties shall promote appropriate training for those working in the field of administration of justice, including police and prison staff. This Article together with the Article 12 are cited by the "Handbook on prisoners with special needs"[9] by United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
Right to education[edit]
The Convention states that persons with disabilities should be guaranteed the right to inclusive education at all levels, regardless of age, without discrimination and on the basis of equal opportunity.
States Parties should ensure that:
children with disabilities are not excluded from free and compulsory primary education, or from secondary education;
adults with disabilities have access to general tertiary education, vocational training, adult education and lifelong learning;
persons with disabilities receive the necessary support, within the general education system, to facilitate their effective education; and
effective individualized support measures are put in place to maximize academic and social development.
States Parties should take appropriate measures, such as:
endorsing the learning of Braille, alternative script, augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of communication and orientation and mobility skills, and facilitating peer support and mentoring;
supporting the learning of sign language and promoting the linguistic identity of the deaf community;
advocating that education of persons, particularly children, who are blind and/or deaf, is delivered in the most appropriate languages and means of communication for the individual; and
employing teachers, including teachers with disabilities, who are qualified in sign language and/or Braille, and to train education professionals and staff about disability awareness, use of augmentative and alternative modes and formats of communication, and educational techniques and materials to support persons with disabilities.
Right to health[edit]
Article 25 specifies that "persons with disabilities have the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health without discrimination on the basis of disability."[10]
Protecting the integrity of the person[edit]
Article 17 of the Convention states that every person with disabilities has a right to respect for his or her physical and mental integrity on an equal basis with others.
Respect for the family[edit]
Article 23 of the Convention prohibits compulsory sterilization of disabled persons[11] and guarantees their right to adopt children.
Habilitation and rehabilitation[edit]
Article 26 of the Convention affirms that "States Parties shall take effective and appropriate measures, including through peer support, to enable persons with disabilities to attain and maintain maximum independence, full physical, mental, social and vocational ability, and full inclusion and participation in all aspects of life. To that end, States Parties shall organize, strengthen and extend comprehensive habilitation and rehabilitation services and programmes, particularly in the areas of health, employment, education and social services, in such a way that these services and programmes:
Begin at the earliest possible stage, and are based on the multidisciplinary assessment of individual needs and strengths;
Support participation and inclusion in the community and all aspects of society, are voluntary, and are available to persons with disabilities as close as possible to their own communities, including in rural areas.
States Parties shall promote the development of initial and continuing training for professionals and staff working in habilitation and rehabilitation service.
States Parties shall promote the availability, knowledge and use of assistive devices and technologies, designed for persons with disabilities, as they relate to habilitation and rehabilitation.
Participation rights[edit]
The Convention on the Right of Persons with Disabilities recognised that "disability results from the interaction between persons with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others" and that "persons with disabilities continue to face barriers in their participation as equal members of society."
The Convention makes participation of the disabled one of its principles, stating "The principles of the present Convention shall be:...Full and effective participation and inclusion in society", subsequently enshrining the right of disabled to participate fully and equally in the community, education, all aspect of life (in the context of habilitation and rehabilitation), political and public life, cultural life, leisure and sports.[12]
States Parties should take appropriate measure such as:
To enables persons with disabilities to have the opportunity to develop and utilize their creative, artistic and intellectual potential, not only for their own benefit, but also for the enrichment of society.
In accordance with international law, to ensure that law protecting intellectual property rights do not constitute an unreasonable or discriminatory barrier to access by persons with disabilities to cultural materials.
So that persons with disabilities should be entitled, on an equal basis with others, to recognition and support of their specific cultural and linguistic identity, including sign languages and deaf culture.
Work and employment[edit]
Article 27 requires that States Parties recognize the right of persons with disabilities to work, on an equal basis of others; this includes the right to the opportunity to gain a living by work freely chosen or accepted in a labour market and work environment that is open, inclusive and accessible to persons with disabilities. And that States Parties shall safeguard and promote the realization of the right to work, including for those who acquire a disability during the course of employment, by taking appropriate steps, including through legislation, to inter alia:
Prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability with regard to all matters concerning all forms of employment, continuance of employment, career advancement and safe and healthy working conditions;
Protect the rights of persons with disabilities, on an equal basis with others, to just and favourable conditions of work, including equal opportunities and equal remuneration for work of equal value, safe and healthy working conditions, including protection from harassment, and the redress of grievances;
Ensure that persons with disabilities are able to exercise their labour and trade union rights on an equal basis with others;
Enable persons with disabilities to have effective access to general technical and vocational guidance programmes, placement services and vocational and continuing training;
Promote employment opportunities and career advancement for persons with disabilities in the labour market, as well as assistance in finding, obtaining, maintaining and returning to employment;
Promote opportunities for self-employment, entrepreneurship, the development of cooperative and starting one's own business.
Ensure that reasonable accommodation is provided to persons with disabilities in the workplace.
Promote the acquisition by persons with disabilities of work experience in the open labour market.
Promote vocational and professional rehabilitation, job retention and return-to-work programmes for persons with disabilities.
States Parties shall ensure that persons with disabilities are not held in slavery or in servitude, and are protected, on an equal basis with others, from forces or compulsory labour.
Adequate standard of living and social protection[edit]
Article 28 requires that States Parties recognize the right of persons with disabilities to an adequate standard of living for themselves and their families, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions, and shall take appropriate steps to safeguard and promote the realization of this rights without discrimination on the basis of disability.
States Parties recognize the right of persons with disabilities to social protection and to the enjoyment of that rights without discrimination on the basis of disability, and shall take appropriate steps to safeguard and promote the realization of the rights, including measures;
To ensure equal access by persons with disabilities to clean water service, and to ensure access to appropriate and affordable service, device and other assistance for disability-related needs.
To ensure access by persons with disabilities, in particular women and girls with disabilities and older persons with disabilities, to social protection programmes and poverty reduction programmes.
To ensure access by persons with disabilities and their families living in situations of poverty to assistance from the State with disability-related expenses, including adequate training, counselling, financial assistance and respite care.
To ensure access by persons with disabilities to public housing programmes.
To ensure equal access by persons with disabilities to retirement benefits and programmes.
Right to vote[edit]
ISG TopVoter, a machine designed specifically to be used by voters with disabilities.
Article 29 requires that all Contracting States protect "the right of persons with disabilities to vote by secret ballot in elections and public referendums".[13] According to this provision, each Contracting State should provide for voting equipment which would enable disabled voters to vote independently and secretly. Some democracies, e.g., the US, Japan, Netherlands, Slovenia, Albania or India allow disabled voters to use electronic voting machines or electronic aides which help disabled voters to fill the paper ballot. In others, among them Azerbaijan, Kosovo, Canada, Ghana, United Kingdom, and most of African and Asian countries, visually impaired voters can use ballots in Braille or paper ballot templates. Many of these and also some other democracies, Chile for example, use adjustable desks so that voters on wheelchairs can approach them. Some democracies only allow another person to cast a ballot for the blind or disabled voter. Such arrangement, however, does not assure secrecy of the ballot.
Article 29 also requires that Contracting States ensure "that voting procedures, facilities and materials are appropriate, accessible and easy to understand and use." In some democracies, i.e. Sweden and the US, all the polling places already are fully accessible for disabled voters.
Countries that signed and ratified the convention[edit]
El Salvador
Guatemala
Mexico
France
United Kingdom
Belgium
Canada
Peru
Argentina
Bolivia
Venezuela
Russia
China
Afghanistan
Irak
Iran
Pakistan
South Korea
Korea
Vietnam
Australia
Ghana
Countries that signed but not ratified the convention[edit]
United States of America
Chad
Libya
Uzbekistan
Reservations[edit]
A number of parties have made reservations and interpretative declarations to their application of the Convention.[14]
Australia does not consider itself bound to stop forcibly medicating those labeled mentally ill when it is considered a last resort.[14]
El Salvador accepts the Convention to the extent that it is compatible with its constitution.[14]
Japan declares that paragraph 4 of Article 23 of the Convention is interpreted not to apply to a case where a child is separated from his or her parents as a result of deportation in accordance with its immigration law.
Malta interprets the right to health in Article 25 of the Convention as not implying any right to abortion. It also reserves the right to continue to apply its own election laws around accessibility and assistance.[14]
Mauritius does not consider itself bound by the Article 11 obligation to take all necessary measures to protect people with disabilities during natural disasters, armed conflict or humanitarian emergencies, unless permitted by domestic legislation.[14]
The Netherlands interprets the right to life in Article 10 within the framework of its domestic laws. It also interprets Article 25(f), which bars the discriminatory denial of health care, as permitting a person to refuse medical treatment, including food or fluids.[14]
Poland interprets Articles 23 and 25 as not conferring any right to abortion.[14]
The United Kingdom has reservations relating to the right to education, immigration, service in the armed forces and an aspect of social security law.[14]
Optional protocol[edit]
states parties
states that signed, but have not ratified
states that have not signed
The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is a side-agreement to the Convention which allows its parties to recognise the competence of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to consider complaints from individuals.[15] The text is based heavily on the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.
The Optional Protocol entered into force with the Convention on 3 May 2008.[3] As of October 2017, it has 92 signatories and 92 parties.[16]
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities[edit]
The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is a body of human rights experts tasked with monitoring the implementation of the Convention. It initially consisted of 12 independent human rights experts, with half elected for a two-year term and half elected for four-years.[17] Thereafter members will be elected for four-year terms, with half the members elected every two years. As the Convention has achieved 80 ratifications, the Committee will be expanded to 18 members.[17]
See also[edit]
Ableism
Americans with Disabilities Act
Augmentative and alternative communication
Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
Disability and poverty
Disability Discrimination Act 1995
Disability rights movement
Handicap International
Information technology
International Day of People with Disability
International Disability and Development Consortium
International Disability Alliance
Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities
International human rights law
International Year of Disabled Persons
National human rights institutions
Nothing About Us Without Us
Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness
Psychiatric survivors movement
Reasonable accommodation
Transgenerational design
Universal design
World report on disability
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "General Assembly Adopts Groundbreaking Convention, Optional Protocol on Rights of Persons with Disabilities" (Press release). New York: United Nations. 13 December 2006.
Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 61 Resolution 106. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities A/RES/61/106 13 December 2006. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Landmark UN treaty on rights of persons with disabilities enters into force". Scoop. 2008-05-05. Retrieved 2008-06-28.
Jump up ^ "UN Treaty Collection: parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: List of parties". United Nations. 2016-10-12. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
Jump up ^ Helderman, Rosalind S. (4 December 2012). "Senate rejects treaty to protect disabled around the world". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
Jump up ^ O'Reilly, A. (2003) A UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: The Next Steps Paper presented at the General Assembly Meeting of Rehabilitation International Arab Region, 8–9 March 2003, Kingdom of Bahrain.
Jump up ^ Handicap International UK - UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Jump up ^ "UN inquiry considers alleged UK disability rights violations". The Guardian. 2015-10-20. Retrieved 2016-08-12.
Jump up ^ Handbook on prisoners with special needs, pp. 47-48
Jump up ^ Article 25
Jump up ^ Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (A/HRC/22/53) states that persons especially with psychological disability are often subjected to unhuman treatment or medical abuses (para 57-70)
Jump up ^ Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Jump up ^ Ron McCallum, 'Participating in Political and Public life' (2011) 32 AltLJ 80. http://www.altlj.org/news-and-views/opinion/92-participating-in-political-and-public-life
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&clang=_en Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Declarations and Reservations. UN Treaties Collection. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
Jump up ^ Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities , Article 1.
Jump up ^ "UN Treaty Collection: Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities". United Nations. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
^ Jump up to: a b Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Article 34.
External links[edit]
Text of the Convention (HTML)
Text of the Convention (accessible PDF)
List of parties
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities - Official monitoring body
UN Enable
Procedural history note and audiovisual material on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
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Diet drink
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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Diet (alternatively marketed as sugar-free, zero-calorie or low-calorie) drinks are sugar-free, artificially sweetened versions of fizzy beverages with virtually no calories. They are generally marketed toward health-conscious people, diabetics, athletes, and other people who want to lose weight, improve physical fitness, or reduce their sugar intake.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Sweetening
2.1 Aspartame
2.2 Cyclamates
2.3 Saccharin
2.4 Sucralose and acesulfame potassium; "sugar-free" soft drinks
2.5 Stevia
3 Amount of artificial sweeteners in diet soft drinks
4 Health concerns
5 Nomenclature
6 Reduced-calorie drinks
7 Consumption
8 Regulation
9 See also
10 References
History[edit]
The beginning of the diet drink or refreshment era was in 1952, when Kirsch Bottling in Brooklyn, New York launched a sugar-free ginger ale called No-Cal.[1] It was designed for diabetics, not dieters, and distribution remained local. Royal Crown Cola placed an announcement in an Atlanta newspaper in 1958 announcing a diet product, Diet Rite. In 1962, Dr Pepper released a diet(etic) version of its soft drink, although it sold slowly due to the misconception that it was meant solely for diabetic consumption. In 1963, The Coca-Cola Company joined the diet soft drink market with Tab, which proved to be a huge success. Tab was originally sweetened with cyclamates and saccharin.
Tab, Diet Rite, and Fresca (a grapefruit-flavored drink introduced by Coca-Cola) were the only brand-name diet refreshments on the market until Pepsi released Patio Diet Cola in 1963 and renamed Diet Pepsi the following year. Diet 7 Up was released in 1963 under the name Like. It was discontinued in 1969 due to the US government ban of cyclamate sweetener. After reformulation, it was reintroduced as Diet 7 Up in 1970.[2] It was renamed Sugar Free 7 Up in 1973 then back to Diet 7 Up in 1979. Coca-Cola countered by releasing Diet Coke in 1982. After the release of Diet Coke, Tab took a backseat on the Coca-Cola production lines; Diet Coke could be more easily identified by consumers as associated with Coca-Cola than Tab. Additionally, a study was released claiming that saccharin was a possible carcinogen, leading to Coca-Cola's decision to decrease production of Tab. Prompted by the rising popularity of soft drinks, in the mid-1980s some of those in the alcohol industry began to follow their lead with some beer companies putting sugar-free beer on the market.
By the early 1990s, a wide array of companies had their own diet refreshments on supermarket shelves. Tab made a comeback during the late 1990s, after new studies demonstrated that saccharin is not an important factor in the risk of cancer. Nevertheless, The Coca-Cola Company has maintained its 1984 reformulation, replacing some of the saccharin in Tab with NutraSweet.
By 2002, some beverage companies had diversified to include such flavors as vanilla and lemon among their products, and diet drinks were soon being produced with those flavors as well (see Diet Vanilla Coke, Diet Pepsi Vanilla). By 2004, several alcohol companies had released sugar-free or "diet" alcoholic products too.[1]
Sweetening[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Multiple artificial sweeteners can be used to give diet soft drinks a sweet taste without sugar. Sometimes two sweeteners are used in the same beverage. Opinion is mixed as to the taste of these beverages: some think they lack the taste of their sugar-sweetened counterparts, while others think the taste is similar. Some also note an unusual non-sugary aftertaste.[citation needed] Some[who?] feel the opposite—that diet drinks have no aftertaste and that drinks sweetened by high fructose corn syrup have a gritty, over-sweet aftertaste[citation needed].
Diet Coke is the number one selling diet soft drink in the world.
Aspartame[edit]
Aspartame, commonly known by the brand name NutraSweet, is one of the most commonly used artificial sweeteners. The 1982 introduction of aspartame-sweetened Diet Coke accelerated this trend. Today, at least in the United States, "diet" is nearly synonymous with the use of aspartame in beverages.
Cyclamates[edit]
The first artificial sweeteners used in diet soft drinks were cyclamates (often synergistically with saccharin). While many say these cyclamate-sweetened beverages had a more pleasant taste than the diet drinks that followed them, the Food and Drug Administration banned cyclamates in the United States in 1970 on evidence that they caused cancer in lab rats. Cyclamates are still used in many countries outside of the United States.
Saccharin[edit]
Once cyclamates were banned, American producers turned to saccharin. When used by itself, saccharin was often criticized for having a bitter taste and "chemical" aftertaste. Some products, such as Coca-Cola's Tab, attempted to rectify this by adding a small amount of sugar. In 1977, the FDA was petitioned to ban saccharin, too, as a carcinogen, but a moratorium was placed on the ban until studies were conducted. The ban was lifted in 1991, but by that time, virtually all diet soft drink production had shifted to using aspartame. Perhaps the most notable holdout is Tab, which also uses some aspartame in its formula.
Sucralose and acesulfame potassium; "sugar-free" soft drinks[edit]
Recently, two other sweeteners have been used with increasing frequency: sucralose (marketed as Splenda) and acesulfame potassium ("Sunett" or "Ace K"). The K in "Ace K" represents the chemical symbol for potassium. Acesulfame potassium is usually combined with aspartame, sucralose, or saccharin rather than alone and its use is particularly common among smaller beverage producers (e.g. Big Red). Diet Rite is the non-aspartame diet soft drink brand with the highest sales today; it uses a combination of sucralose and acesulfame potassium.
Advocates say drinks employing these sweeteners have a more natural sugar-like taste than those made just with aspartame, and do not have a strong aftertaste. The newer aspartame-free drinks can also be safely consumed by phenylketonurics, because they do not contain phenylalanine. Critics say the taste is not better, merely different, or note that the long-term health risks of all or certain artificial sweeteners is unclear.
The widespread, though not universal, agreement that the newest formulations taste much more "normal" (sugar-like) than the older diet soft drinks have prompted some producers, such as Jones Soda, to abandon the "diet" label entirely in favor of "sugar-free", implying that the taste is good enough to drink even when not trying to lose weight. (This idea was first floated by Diet Coke in 1984, with the tagline, "Just For the Taste of It.")
In 2005, The Coca-Cola Company announced it would produce a sucralose-containing formulation of Diet Coke known as Diet Coke with Splenda, but that it would continue to produce the aspartame version as well. There were also rumors that a sugar-free version of Coca-Cola Classic, also sweetened with sucralose, was being formulated as well. This formulation was eventually called Coca-Cola Zero, though it is sweetened with aspartame in conjunction with acesulfame potassium.
Stevia[edit]
Initially launched in Argentina in 2013, Coca-Cola Life is made with a mix of stevia and sugar as its sweeteners. Pepsi has also released a variant of their cola sweetened with stevia and sugar, called Pepsi Next.
Amount of artificial sweeteners in diet soft drinks[edit]
The table below displays milligrams of sweetener in an 8-ounce serving of bottled or canned soft drink as provided by the manufacturers. To determine the amount in a 12-ounce can, multiply these numbers by 1.5. Fountain drinks may contain different sweeteners or different amounts of the same sweeteners.[3][4]
Beverage
Saccharin (mg)
Aspartame (mg)
Acesulfame K (mg)
Sucralose (mg)
Phosphoric Acid (mg)
Diet Coke 0 125 125
30 30
0 43 43
Diet Coke, caffeine free 0 125 125
0 0 0
Diet Coke with Splenda 0 0 0 40 40
0
Coke Zero 0 58 58
31 31
38 38
28 28
Diet Pepsi[4] 0 111 111
7 7
0 0
Caffeine Free Diet Pepsi[4] 0 118 118
0 0 0
Diet Pepsi Lime[4] 0 83 83
21 21
0 0
Diet Pepsi Vanilla[4] 0 83 83
21 21
0 0
Pepsi One[4] 0 0 30 30
40 40
0
Pepsi Max[4] 0 77 77
20 20
0 0
Pepsi Next[4] 0 0 7 7
17 17
0
Diet Dr. Pepper 0 123 123
0 0 0
Diet Mountain Dew 0 57 57
18 18
18 18
0
Sprite Zero 0 50 50
34 34
0 0
Fresca 0 50 50
34 34
0 0
Tab 64 64
19 19
0 0 0
Barq's Diet Root Beer 0 66 66
41 41
0 0
Health concerns[edit]
Many consumers are concerned about possible health effects of sugar substitutes and caffeine overuse.[5][6] The effectiveness of diet soft drinks as a weight loss tool has also been called into question.
Changing the food energy intake from one food will not necessarily change a person's overall food energy intake or cause a person to lose weight. One study[7] at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, reported by Sharon Fowler at the ADA annual meeting, actually suggested the opposite, where consumption of diet drinks correlated with weight gain. While Fowler did suggest that the undelivered expected calories from diet drinks may stimulate the appetite, the correlation does not prove that consumption of diet drinks caused the weight gain. The ADA has yet to issue an updated policy concerning diet drinks.
In an independent study by researchers with the Framingham Heart Study in Massachusetts, consumption of any kind of soft drink correlated with increased incidence of metabolic syndrome. Of the 9,000 males and females studied, these drinkers were at 48% higher risk for metabolic syndrome, which involves weight gain and elevated blood sugar. No significant difference in these findings was observed between sugary and diet soft drinks. The researchers surmised that diet drinkers were less likely to consume healthy foods, and that drinking diet beverages flavored with artificial sweeteners more than likely increases cravings for sugar-flavored sweets.[8]
Another study was conducted "of 263,925 adults aged 51–70, individuals who drank soda were 30% more likely to be diagnosed with depression over a period of 10 years" It was also stated that "The link was stronger for diet soda than regular soda".[9]
Nomenclature[edit]
In countries outside of the United States, United Kingdom and Canada, the term "light" is often used instead of "diet"; sometimes, even in countries that do not speak English, the word "light" in English is used (e.g., "Coca-Cola Light" in Spain).[10] The formulation of these is slightly different than the "diet"-named versions and thus the taste is slightly different.
Reduced-calorie drinks[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In an effort to profit on the surging popularity of low-carbohydrate diets, Coca-Cola and Pepsico both released reduced-calorie versions of their flagship colas in 2004. The products contain approximately half the sugar of the regular versions. The Pepsi variant, Pepsi Edge, is sweetened with sucralose and corn syrup. The sweetening of the Coca-Cola variant, Coca-Cola C2, is a combination of corn syrup, aspartame, acesulfame potassium and sucralose. Pepsi discontinued Edge in 2005, citing lackluster sales. Coca-Cola soon followed suit. Pepsi then released Pepsi Max in 2012.
Half of the sugar of a can of regular cola still exceeds the daily sugar allowance of some popular low-carbohydrate diets. It is possible that these soft drinks were targeted to so-called "carb-conscious consumers", who are paying attention to their carbohydrate intake but not trying to drastically reduce it.
Consumption[edit]
According to a study by the National Center for Health Statistics, about one-fifth of the US population ages 2 years and over consumed diet drinks on a given day in 2009‒2010, and 11% consumed 16 fluid oz. of diet drinks or more. Overall, the percentage consuming diet drinks was higher among females compared with males. The percentage consuming diet drinks was similar for females and males at all ages except among 12- to 19-year-olds, where a higher percentage of females than males consumed diet drinks. A higher percentage of non-Hispanic white people consumed diet drinks compared with non-Hispanic black and Hispanic people. The study included calorie-free and low-calorie versions of soft drinks, fruit drinks, energy drinks, sports drinks, and carbonated water.[11]
Regulation[edit]
Diet soda is defined in US law as a food of minimal nutritional value.[12]
See also[edit]
Drink portal
List of brand name soft drinks products
List of soft drink flavors
List of soft drink producers
List of soft drinks by country
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Benjamin Siegel "Sweet Nothing: The Triumph of Diet Soda", American Heritage, June/July 2006.
Jump up ^ "Cadbury Global :: Our Brands :: History of our Brands". Cadbury.com. Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
Jump up ^ Franz, Mary MS, RD, LD. Diabetes Self-Management, "AMOUNTS OF SWEETENERS IN POPULAR DIET SODAS" http://static.diabetesselfmanagement.com/pdfs/DSM0310_012.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Official Site for PepsiCo Beverage Information | Find". Pepsicobeveragefacts.com. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
Jump up ^ "Coffee Health Risks – Harvard Health Publications". Health.harvard.edu. 31 May 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
Jump up ^ "Sweetener scrutiny: Are sugar substitutes a helpful tool or an ineffective crutch? - amednews.com". Ama-assn.org. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
Jump up ^ "Drink More Diet Soda, Gain More Weight? Overweight Risk Soars 41% With Each Daily Can of Diet Soft Drink" By Daniel J. DeNoon
Jump up ^ "Exploring a Surprising Link Between Obesity and Diet Soda" By TARA PARKER-POPE (24 July 2007).
Jump up ^ Gunnars, Kris. "Is Diet Soda Bad For You? The Truth About Diet Drinks." Authority Nutrition, 18 September 2016, authoritynutrition.com/why-is-diet-soda-bad-for-you/. Accessed 11 March 2017.
Jump up ^ coca cola light – Google Search
Jump up ^ Fakhouri, T.H.I., et al. (2012). Consumption of Diet Drinks in the United States, 2009–2010. Hyattsville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.
Jump up ^ "Foods of Minimal Nutritional Value". www.fns.usda.gov. Appendix B of 7 CFR Part 210. Food and Nutrition Service, United States Department of Agriculture. 13 September 2013. Retrieved 2017-08-04.
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Diet drinks
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diet_drink&oldid=842848768"
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