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Hurricane Wilma
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Hurricane Wilma
Category 5 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Hurricane Wilma shortly after its record peak strength northeast of Honduras on October 19
Formed
October 16, 2005
Dissipated
October 27, 2005
(Extratropical after October 26)
Highest winds
1-minute sustained: 185 mph (295 km/h)
Lowest pressure
882 mbar (hPa); 26.05 inHg
(Record low in the Atlantic basin)
Fatalities
87 total
Damage
$29.4 billion (2005 USD)
(Fifth-costliest hurricane in Atlantic basin; sixth-costliest in U.S history)
Areas affected
Hispaniola, Jamaica, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Honduras, Belize, Southeast Mexico, East Coast of the United States (mainly in South Florida), Bahamas, Atlantic Canada
Part of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season
History
Meteorological history
Effects
Florida
The Bahamas
Other wikis
Commons: Wilma images
Hurricane Wilma was the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Atlantic basin, as well as the most intense recorded in the western hemisphere until Hurricane Patricia in 2015. Part of the record-breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, which included three of the top ten most intense Atlantic hurricanes ever (along with #4 Rita and #7 Katrina), Wilma was the twenty-second storm, thirteenth hurricane, sixth major hurricane, fourth Category 5 hurricane, and second-most destructive hurricane of the 2005 season. A tropical depression formed in the Caribbean Sea near Jamaica on October 15, headed westward, and two days later intensified into a tropical storm which turned abruptly southward and was named Wilma. Wilma continued to strengthen, and eventually became a hurricane on October 18. Shortly thereafter, explosive intensification occurred, and in only 24 hours, Wilma became a Category 5 hurricane with wind speeds of 185 miles per hour (298 km/h).
Wilma's intensity slowly leveled off after becoming a Category 5 hurricane, and winds had decreased to 150 miles per hour (240 km/h) before it reached the Yucatán Peninsula on October 20 and 21. After crossing the Yucatán, Wilma emerged into the Gulf of Mexico as a Category 2 hurricane. As Wilma began accelerating to the northeast, gradual re-intensification occurred, and the hurricane was upgraded to Category 3 on October 24. Shortly thereafter, Wilma made landfall in Cape Romano, Florida with winds of 120 miles per hour (190 km/h). As Wilma was crossing Florida, it briefly weakened back to a Category 2 hurricane, but again re-intensified as it reached the Atlantic Ocean. The hurricane intensified into a Category 3 hurricane for the last time but dropped below that intensity while accelerating northeastward. By October 26, Wilma transitioned into an extratropical cyclone southeast of Nova Scotia.
Wilma made several landfalls, with the most destructive effects felt in the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico, Cuba, and the U.S. state of Florida. At least 62 deaths were reported, and damage total estimated at $29.4 billion (equivalent to $36.1 billion in 2017), with in the United States $21 billion ($25.8 billion in 2017).[1] As a result, Wilma is ranked as the sixth costliest hurricane in United States history. Wilma was the most recent major hurricane to make landfall in the contiguous United States until Hurricane Harvey made landfall in southern Texas on August 26, 2017, ending a record length of time – slightly over 11 years and 10 months – without any major hurricanes making landfall in the United States. Wilma was also the last hurricane to strike the state of Florida until Hurricane Hermine did so nearly 11 years later in 2016, another record. Wilma was also the last major hurricane to make landfall in Florida until Hurricane Irma made landfall in early September 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Meteorological history
2 Preparations
2.1 Cayman Islands and Central America
2.2 Mexico
2.3 Cuba
2.4 Florida
2.5 The Bahamas
3 Impact
3.1 Caribbean
3.2 Mexico
3.3 Cuba
3.4 United States
3.4.1 Florida
3.4.2 Elsewhere in the United States
3.5 Bahamas
4 Aftermath
4.1 United States
4.2 Mexico
4.3 Cuba
4.4 Retirement
5 Records and naming
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Meteorological history[edit]
Main article: Meteorological history of Hurricane Wilma
Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
A large area of disturbed weather developed across much of the Caribbean Sea during mid-October as a lower-tropospheric low interacted with a broad area of disturbed weather, aided by an upper-level low across the region. A broad area of low pressure developed on October 13 to the southeast of Jamaica, and slowly became more concentrated as upper-level wind shear gradually decreased. Dvorak classifications began on October 14, and by late October 15 the surface circulation in the system became well enough defined, with sufficiently organized deep convection, for the National Hurricane Center to designate the system as Tropical Depression Twenty-Four while located about 220 mi (350 km) east-southeast of Grand Cayman.[1]
The depression drifted southwestward because of the influence of two ridges to its north and with warm sea surface temperatures and a favorable upper-level environment, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Wilma on October 17. Initially, development was slow, due to the large size of the storm and a flat pressure gradient. However, convection gradually organized, and from October 18 through October 19, Wilma underwent explosive deepening over the open waters of the Caribbean Sea. Around 12:00 UTC on October 18, the system intensified into a hurricane. In a 30‑hour period, the pressure dropped from 982 mbar (hPa; 29.00 inHg) to the record-low of 882 mbar (hPa; 26.05 inHg), while the winds increased to 185 mph (295 km/h). During its intensification on October 19, the hurricane's eye shrank to as small as 2.3 mi (3.7 km) in diameter, becoming the smallest eye ever seen in a tropical cyclone.[1]
Play media
Satellite video of Wilma's lifespan.
On October 20, Wilma weakened below Category 5 intensity to 155 mph (250 km/h) due to an eyewall replacement cycle, began to turn towards the northwest, and further slowed its movement. Late on October 21, Wilma made landfall on the island of Cozumel, Quintana Roo, at around 21:45 UTC with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and then again made a second landfall on the Mexican mainland six hours later and only slightly weaker. Wilma continued to slowly drift towards the north over the Yucatán Peninsula, although it weakened to a moderate hurricane while over land, it reemerged over the southern Gulf of Mexico on October 23 around 00:00 UTC. Despite Wilma spending 24 hours over land, it reëmerged with little intensity lost, and began to re-intensify shortly after. This was perhaps due to its large size and because the majority of its circulation remained over the warm waters of the northwest Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. A powerful trough turned the hurricane to the northeast and accelerated its forward motion. Its large eye remained well-organized, and Wilma intensified, despite increasing amounts of wind shear, briefly producing winds of 125 mph (200 km/h), before making landfall on Cape Romano, Florida, as a 120 mph (195 km/h) major hurricane.[1]
Wilma crossed the state in about 4.6 hours and weakened to a Category 2 hurricane, with winds of 110 mph (175 km/h), after entering the Atlantic Ocean near Jupiter, Florida. Key West received several feet of water in the low-lying areas and flooded homes. The Lower Keys also experienced an unusual flood: it occurred twice. First, as the storm approached Florida, it pushed water across the keys from south to north. As the storm finally crossed into the Everglades, all the water that had been pushed by the storm was released as Wilma crossed the peninsula. The water then raced back across the Lower Keys a second time and went back out to sea. This caused additional flooding and costly damage. Possibly due to less friction of the eyewall or moving over warm waters of the Gulf Stream, Wilma again re-intensified to reach winds of 125 mph (200 km/h) and subsequently absorbed Tropical Storm Alpha to the south, before cold air and wind shear penetrated the inner core of convection. On October 26, Wilma transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, and on the next day, the remnants of Wilma were absorbed by another extratropical storm over Atlantic Canada.[1]
Preparations[edit]
Cayman Islands and Central America[edit]
The National Hurricane Center (NHC) issued many tropical cyclone warnings and watches throughout Wilma's duration. At 09:00 UTC on October 16, a hurricane watch and tropical storm warning were posted for the Cayman Islands. A tropical storm warning was issued in Honduras from the border with Nicaragua westward to Cabo Camaron at 15:00 UTC on October 17. The hurricane watch and tropical storm warning for the Cayman Islands were both discontinued at 18:00 UTC on October 19. In Belize, another tropical storm warning became in effect at 15:00 UTC on October 19 from the border with Mexico to Belize City. On October 21, the tropical storm warning in Honduras was discontinued at 03:00 UTC, while the other in Belize was canceled twelve hours later.[1]
Mexico[edit]
Hurricane Wilma about to cross Cozumel, a small island just off the Yucatán Peninsula coast. Winds are at 150 mph (240 km/h) as the eyewall passes over the island, and hurricane-strength winds extended for 80 mi (130 km) from the storm’s center.
Quintana Roo government officials declared a red alert on the evening of Wednesday, October 19. Classes were suspended in the state's northern municipalities and residents of coastal areas were advised to take refuge farther inland; tourists in the resort city of Cancún and its adjacent islands were told to return to their places of origin or head inland while those unable to were relocated to designated hurricane shelters throughout the city. In neighboring Yucatán, classes were also suspended in 18 coastal municipalities.[2]
Cuba[edit]
In Cuba, a hurricane watch was issued from Matanzas Province westward to Pinar del Río Province and Isla de la Juventud at 21:00 UTC on October 18. Early on October 20, a tropical storm warning was posted for La Habana, Ciudad de La Habana, and Pinar del Río provinces. The hurricane watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning for Ciudad de la Habana, La Habana, and Pinar del Rio provinces at 21:00 UTC on October 22. All warnings and watches for Cuba were discontinued late on October 24.[1]
Preparations were made to evacuate four western provinces, including the Isle of Youth.[3] In all, over 760,000 people were ordered to evacuate.[4]
Florida[edit]
See also: Effects of Hurricane Wilma in Florida
Radar image of Hurricane Wilma making landfall in South Florida
The National Hurricane Center (NHC) issued many tropical cyclone warnings and watches in Florida, beginning with a hurricane watch in Florida Keys including Dry Tortugas and Florida Bay at 15:00 UTC on October 22. Six hours later, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) issued another hurricane watch for the west coast of Florida south of Longboat Key and on the east coast of Florida to the south of Titusville, including Lake Okeechobee. At 21:00 UTC on October 23, a tropical storm watch was put into effect on the west coast from Longboat Key northward to the Steinhatchee River and on the east coast from Titusville northward to Fernandina Beach. Early the following day, the hurricane watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning on the west coast and on the east coast from Jupiter Inlet southward, including Lake Okeechobee.[1]
The hurricane warning along the east coast stretching from the Jupiter Inlet southward was expended northward to Titusville at 09:00 UTC on October 23. Simultaneously, the portion of the tropical storm watch from Titusville to Flagler Beach was upgraded to a tropical storm warning. The tropical storm warning was extended further northward to St. Augustine at 03:00 UTC on October 24. Twelve hours later, the tropical storm watch was discontinued from St. Augustine to Fernandina Beach. At 17:00 UTC, the tropical storm warning from Longboat Key to the Steinhatchee River was canceled. The remainder of the hurricane warning in effect was downgraded to a tropical storm warning about 90 minutes later. By 21:00 UTC on October 24, all remaining tropical cyclone warnings and watches were discontinued.[1]
A mandatory evacuation of residents was ordered for the Florida Keys in Monroe County and those in Collier County living west or south of US 41.[5] County offices, schools and courts were closed Monday, October 24. At least 300 Keys evacuees were housed at the Monroe County shelter at Florida International University in Miami-Dade County.[6] All Collier County public schools were declared closed for Friday, October 21. The schools were closed to "allow parents and staff to prepare for the storm and potential evacuation", and also allowed "for needed preparation of schools to be used as hurricane shelters." The schools remained closed on Monday, October 24, as the hurricane made landfall.[7] Schools around Fort Myers and Tampa, as well as Sumter, Marion, Osceola, Pasco, and Polk counties, were closed on Monday, October 24. In other areas of Central Florida, schools were closed in Flagler, Lake, Orange, and Volusia counties.[8] Schools in Palm Beach and Broward counties were closed for two weeks because of extended power outages and some damage to school buildings.[9] Schools in Collier and Miami-Dade counties were closed for a little over a week, including the University of Miami.
Orange juice futures reached the highest level in six years on Wednesday, October 19, 2005, closing up 2.9 cents at US$1.118 per pound.[10] As dynamic models moved the storm's track east over Florida, oil futures eased as worries of another direct hit on the oil-producing regions of the Gulf of Mexico subsided.[11] College and professional hockey games scheduled the weekend before Wilma's landfall were rescheduled for a later time. The professional football game scheduled for Sunday was moved ahead to Friday night. A concert by the industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails, expected to have taken place Monday, October 24, was postponed and later cancelled. Key West's Fantasy Fest held around each Halloween was postponed until December.[12]
The Bahamas[edit]
At 12:00 UTC on October 23, about 24 hours before Wilma made its closest approach to the archipelago, the government of The Bahamas issued a hurricane warning for the northwestern portion of the territory, including the Abacos, Andros Island, Berry Islands, Bimini, Eleuthera, Grand Bahama, and New Providence.[1] The government of The Bahamas advised citizens to rush preparations to completion, though many failed to fully prepare, believing Wilma would pass through the region as a tropical storm. Many homes failed to board windows or apply hurricane shutters, as well. Officials ordered evacuations for the eastern and western portion of Grand Bahama island, and established multiple shelters on the island.[13] Evacuations were minimal; it is estimated that between 300 and 1,000 people left.[13][14] As most people failed to prepare sufficiently for the hurricane, hardware stores and food markets were generally well-stocked.[13]
Impact[edit]
Impact by country
Region
Deaths
Damage (USD)
The Bahamas 1 7008100000000000000♠$100 million
Cuba 4 7008700000000000000♠$700 million
Haiti 12 7005500000000000000♠$500 thousand
Jamaica 1 7007935000000000000♠$93.5 million
Mexico 8 7009750000000000000♠$7.5 billion
United States 62 7010210070000000000♠$21 billion
Total
87
$29.394 billion
Wilma was responsible for 87 total deaths and almost $29.4 billion (2005 US$) in damages.
Caribbean[edit]
In Haiti, the outer bands of Wilma triggered mudslides, killing at least 12 people.[15] Damage in the country totaled around $500,000 (2005 USD).[16]
Wilma caused one death in Jamaica as a tropical depression on October 16. It pounded the island for three days ending on October 18, flooding several low-lying communities and triggering mudslides that blocked roads and damaged several homes. Almost 250 people were in emergency shelters on the island.[17] Damage on the island totaled $93.5 million (2005 USD).[18]
Mexico[edit]
The island of Cozumel is shown through the eye of Hurricane Wilma in this composite image. NOAA
At least eight deaths were reported in Mexico. Five were in the Playa del Carmen area due to a gas explosion caused by the strong winds. Four deaths also were reported in Cozumel and another in Cancún due to wind blowing a window out. Another death, caused by a falling tree, was reported in the state of Yucatán.[19]
Pictures and television reports indicated extensive structural damage throughout the Cancún area, as well as significant flooding and many downed trees, power lines and scattered debris. Several homes had also collapsed. Rainfall amounts in excess of 23 inches (590 mm) were reported in several areas, with Isla Mujeres reporting 64 inches (1,625.6 mm)—five times what Hurricane Gilbert dropped.[20] The station recorded 64.33 inches (1,633.98 mm) over 24 hours, setting a western hemisphere record for the greatest rainfall in that time period.[21] One gymnasium used as a shelter lost its roof, which forced the evacuation of more than 1,000 people staying there.[19] During the storm, waves five to eight meters high (enough to reach the third floor of many hotels) slammed against the coastline.[22] Damage was extensive as well on Cozumel, with many broken windows, fallen trees and power lines, but less structural damage. It was comparable to the scene after Hurricane Emily back in July 2005, a storm of similar intensity at landfall, but faster moving.
The governor of Quintana Roo, Félix González Canto, said in an interview: "Never in the history of Quintana Roo have we seen a storm like this."[23]
Communication was initially limited, as telephone and electric services were completely out in the affected areas; however, in downtown Cancún, some telephone communications remained intact, and tourists went out and risked their lives to contact home. There were also extensive reports of looting of many businesses in Quintana Roo, particularly in Cancún.[19]
Damage to a McDonald's in Cancún
After Wilma passed, a sense of desperation developed in the region because people were being held in shelters due to the extensive damage. Thousands of tourists remained stranded in shelters, and the priority was to send them home immediately, according to President Vicente Fox. Buses arrived in Cancún from Mérida, where tourists were hoping to find flights home. The United States embassy told tourists to go to Mérida, although the next day they had to change their announcements because Mérida had become so packed with people. The road to Mérida was very dangerous and practically impassable for taxis, yet people dealt with the exorbitant fees being charged for passage.[24]
The destruction left behind by Wilma in the Yucatán severely damaged the tourist industry there, as the storm affected some of the tourist hot spots of Mexico. Damage in Mexico totaled $7.5 billion (2005 USD, $80 billion 2005 MXN), of which $4.6 billion (2005 USD, $50 billion 2005 MXN) was from agricultural damage.[25]
Cuba[edit]
Hurricane Wilma west of Cuba on October 23
In Cuba, a bus carrying evacuees crashed, killing four people, including three foreign tourists.[26]
Coastal flooding caused by Wilma's storm surge and flooding from the outer bands was reported in many areas, particularly around Havana. More than 250 homes were heavily flooded and rescuers required scuba gear, inflatable rafts and amphibious vehicles to reach the most severely flooded areas.[27] Havana was also without power and wind damage was reported as a result of winds up to 85 mph (140 km/h).[28] Officials in Cuba estimated total damage to be about $700 million.[4]
United States[edit]
Florida[edit]
See also: Effects of Hurricane Wilma in Florida
The eye of Wilma over Florida, shortly after landfall
At least five hurricane-related deaths were reported in the United States, all in Florida, and there were at least 26 deaths indirectly related to Wilma.[29][30] Damage from Wilma was extensive and widespread over South Florida due to winds and flooding. After the hurricane had passed, a storm surge from the backwash of up to 8 ft (2.4 m) from the Gulf of Mexico inundated a large portion of the lower Keys.[31] The peak of the storm surge occurred when the eye of Wilma had already passed over the Naples area, and the sustained winds during the surge were less than 40 mph (64 km/h).[32]
Storm surge from Wilma on Key Haven, island suburb of Key West, Florida.
Hurricane Wilma caused widespread destruction of critical infrastructure, including power, water and sewer systems. Florida Power and Light, the largest electricity utility in the state, reported more than 3,241,000 customers had lost power,[33] equivalent to approximately 6,000,000 people, with most residents getting power restored in 8–15 days. Running water was restored for most residents within 2 days. Broward and Palm Beach counties were hit particularly hard by the many tornadoes in the western portion of the hurricane.[1] Most notably in downtown Fort Lauderdale, there was significant damage to older buildings, including the Broward County Courthouse, School Board Building and taller area office buildings built before the implementation of stricter building codes after Hurricane Andrew. The glass facades in a number of downtown buildings, notably the Templeton Building, were sheared off by high winds. Damage in Florida totaled $16.8 billion (2005 USD).[34]
Elsewhere in the United States[edit]
Few reports of effects from Hurricane Wilma exist in the United States outside of Florida, with minimal impact other than rain recorded in other states. Rainfall had extended into Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia; only a few areas had observed rain greater than two inches (51 mm). Although only one–two inches (25–51 mm) were reported in Georgia and South Carolina, Hurricane Wilma dropped approximately three inches (76 mm) of rain on the Outer Banks of North Carolina on October 25.[35]
The remnants of Wilma combined with a nor'easter, resulting in rainfall, snow, and strong winds across the Mid-Atlantic and New England.
In Connecticut, strong winds felled tree limbs, trees, and electrical wires, resulting in scattered power outages in Ashford, Pomfret, and Wethersfield. Rainfall of 2 to 3 inches (51 to 76 mm) in Litchfield County caused the Housatonic River to reach a crest of 7.18 ft (2.19 m) at Falls Village late on October 26. Minor flooding was reported in the county. Strong winds in Rhode Island knocked down a large tree onto Interstate 95 in Providence, blocking a few northbound lanes. Additionally, several trees, power lines, and tree limbs were downed in Exeter, Tiverton, West Greenwich, and Woonsocket.[36]
In Massachusetts, there was between 2 and 2.5 in (51 and 64 mm) of rain, damaging winds, and coastal flooding in the eastern half of the state. Wind gusts between 44 and 47 mph (71 and 76 km/h) were common, with a gust as strong as 66 mph (106 km/h) was recorded at the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory in Milton. The strong winds downed limbs, trees, and wires, resulting in thousands of people without power. In addition, a trailer was blown over on the Bourne Bridge. A tree struck a car in Fall River, while trees fell on houses in Boxford and in Peabody. In Bridgewater, several power poles and trees were toppled. The Green Line trains were blocked in Newton after a tree fell at the Riverside Station. The towns of Hull, Marblehead, Marshfield, Nantucket, Salem, Scituate experienced coastal flooding. Several boats broke from their moorings and washed ashore.[36]
The remnants of Wilma and the nor'easter brought snowfall to southern Vermont from October 25 to October 26. Up to 20 in (510 mm) of snow was accumulated at higher elevations. In Maine, wind gusts between 55 and 65 mph (89 and 105 km/h) occurred near the coast, particularly in the Down East region. The combination of strong winds and saturated ground from prior heavy rainfall over a period of several weeks caused trees and many branches to topple. These falling trees and limbs downed many power lines, resulting in numerous electrical outages. Farther inland, the two systems left 3 to 8 in (76 to 203 mm) of snow in many areas and localized totals of 12 to 16 in (300 to 410 mm) across higher terrain. The snow brought down trees and power lines, leaving about 25,000 customers lost power for varying amounts of time during the storm.[36]
Bahamas[edit]
Main article: Effects of Hurricane Wilma in The Bahamas
While passing the Bahamas, the hurricane produced hurricane-force winds[37] and a powerful storm surge, flooding southwestern coastal areas of Grand Bahama and destroying hundreds of buildings. In western settlements on the island of Grand Bahama, graves were washed up with skeletal remains lying in the streets. Damage totaled about $100 million (2005 USD, $105 million 2007 USD), almost entirely on the western half of the island. The central portion of Grand Bahama, including in and around Freeport, reported minor to moderate damage, while the eastern end received little to no damage.[38] One child died on the island from the flooding. Elsewhere in the Bahamas, moderate damage occurred on Bimini[14] and Abaco,[39] while islands farther to the south reported minimal wind damage.[14]
Wilma struck the Bahamas during the filming of Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest. The service roads were destroyed and several trailers turned over. The two principal ships, the Black Pearl and The Flying Dutchman, were relatively undamaged and the cast and crew were evacuated on the Friday before the hurricane hit.[40]
Aftermath[edit]
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Disaster Medical Assistance Team checks a patient outside of the JFK Medical Center (Boynton Beach). The DMAT is set up in the entry way of the hospital to assist in seeing the increase flow of patients due to Hurricane Wilma.
United States[edit]
Florida's sugar industry was greatly affected; the cropping had already started and had to be halted indefinitely. Damage to sugarcane crops was critical and widespread. Citrus canker spread rapidly throughout southern Florida following Hurricane Wilma, creating further hardships on an already stressed citrus economy due to damage from Wilma and previous years' hurricanes. Citrus production estimates fell to a low of 158 million boxes for the 2005–2006 production seasons from a high of 240 million for 2003–2004.[41]
In January 2006, artists were invited to exhibit sculptures inspired by the storm in an outdoor exhibit at Fort Zachary Taylor near the new NWS hurricane and weather forecasting center in Key West, Florida.
By late-September 2010, roughly $9.2 billion had been paid for more than 1 million insurance claims that had been filed throughout Florida in relation to Hurricane Wilma.[42]
Mexico[edit]
The popular Mexican resort towns of Playa del Carmen, Cozumel, and Cancún all suffered significant damage from Wilma, causing a major loss of tourism income. The MTV Video Music Awards Latin America 2005 was to be held Wednesday, October 19 at the Xcaret Eco Park (close to Playa del Carmen) in Quintana Roo, Mexico. The 2005 edition of these awards was postponed, however, because of the approach of Hurricane Wilma toward the Mexican Riviera Maya. MTV had moved the date from October 20 to 19 in an attempt to avoid the hurricane, but eventually decided to cancel the show. The 2005 edition eventually took place using a modified format on December 22.
Cuba[edit]
The United States offered emergency aid to Cuba, and to the surprise of the State Department, the Cuban government accepted. Many times in the past, including during Hurricane Dennis, the U.S. offered aid, but the Cuban government declined. The State Department sent three damage assessors to Havana to determine their needs.[43]
Retirement[edit]
See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
Due to significant damage in Mexico and Florida, the name Wilma was officially retired in April 2006 by the World Meteorological Organization, and will never be used for an Atlantic storm again. It was replaced by Whitney in 2011.[44]
Records and naming[edit]
Most intense Atlantic hurricanes
Rank
Hurricane
Season
Pressure
hPa
inHg
1
Wilma 2005 882 26.05
2
Gilbert 1988 888 26.23
3
"Labor Day" 1935 892 26.34
4
Rita 2005 895 26.43
5
Allen 1980 899 26.55
6
Camille 1969 900 26.58
7
Katrina 2005 902 26.64
8
Mitch 1998 905 26.73
Dean 2007
10
Maria 2017 908 26.81
Source: HURDAT[45]
The storm was named "Wilma," the first time the 'W' name was used in the Atlantic Basin since alphabetical naming began in 1950. With Wilma, the 2005 hurricane season broke the record for most storms in a season previously held by the 1933 season. Moving slowly over warm water with little wind shear, Wilma strengthened steadily and became a hurricane on October 18. The thirteenth hurricane of the season, Wilma broke the record set in 1969 for most storms of hurricane strength in one season for the Atlantic Basin.
The barometric pressure measured in Wilma, 882 mbar (26.05 inHg), is currently the lowest recorded pressure for a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Basin, as well as the second-lowest pressure for any cyclone measured in the Western Hemisphere, only after Hurricane Patricia ten years later in the Eastern Pacific. It also reached its 882 mbar (26.05 inHg) pressure in a span of 24 hours, making it the fastest pressure drop of any storm in the Atlantic Basin, although Hurricane Felix of 2007 reached a greater windspeed rise in 51 hours. At its peak intensity, the eye of Wilma was about 2.3 miles (3.7 km) in diameter, the smallest known eye of a tropical cyclone.[1] In Mexico, Isla Mujeres reported 64 inches (1,625.6 mm) of rainfall—five times what Hurricane Gilbert dropped. This set a 24-hour rainfall record for the country of Mexico, and was the highest point total for rainfall from a tropical cyclone since Hurricane Mitch in 1998. Wilma is also the costliest hurricane in Mexican history.
Wilma was the first retired "W" name since the World Meteorological Organization started retiring names in 1954, it was the strongest Atlantic hurricane to be retired, and when it was retired, it made 2005 the season with the most retired names, with five; the old record was a three-way tie with four names retired in 1955, 1995, and 2004. Wilma was replaced with the name Whitney. Had the unnamed 2005 Azores subtropical storm been operationally recognized it would have been named Subtropical Storm Tammy, and storms forming after October 4 would have been moved one name down the list. Wilma would have consequently been given the name Alpha, in accordance with the convention to name tropical cyclones after the Greek alphabet if the scheduled list of names runs out.[46][47]
See also[edit]
Tropical cyclones portal
List of 2005 Atlantic hurricane season storms
List of Atlantic hurricanes
List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
List of Florida hurricanes (2000–present)
List of natural disasters in Haiti
List of wettest tropical cyclones
Timeline of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season
Other storms of the same name
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Richard J. Pasch; Eric S. Blake; Hugh D. Cobb III; David P. Roberts (January 12, 2006). "Hurricane Wilma Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hernandez, Silvia (October 19, 2005). "Preparan alerta roja en Quintana Roo". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved May 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Hurricane Wilma grows in strength". BBC News. October 19, 2005. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hurricane Wilma exacts losses of 704 million dollars: Cuban government". ReliefWeb. November 28, 2005. Retrieved May 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ WBBH NBC-2 Collier County issues evacuations Archived January 12, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Monroe County, Florida: Emergency Bulletins Archived October 24, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Collier County Public Schools" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-11-23.
Jump up ^ "Threat Of Wilma Closes Schools Today". WESH. October 24, 2005. Archived from the original on January 9, 2006. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Florida Schools Shut by Wilma Reopen". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. November 7, 2005. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Weather News AccuWeather.com (link dead)
Jump up ^ Will Kennedy; Angela Macdonald-Smith (October 24, 2005). "Oil Falls as Hurricane Wilma Is Expected to Miss U.S. Platforms". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ The Florida Keys; Key West Tourism Council (October 27, 2005). "Florida Keys & Key West Set to Reopen to Visitors; Fantasy Fest Rescheduled". Business Wire. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bahamas Vacation Guide (December 14, 2005). "Hurricane Wilma Ravages Grand Bahama". Archived from the original on February 2, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (2005-10-25). "Caribbean: Hurricane Wilma Emergency Appeal No. 05EA024". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
Jump up ^ "Yahoo News: Hurricane Wilma intensifies, turns deadly in Haiti", October 19, 2005
Jump up ^ Université Catholique de Louvain (2007). "EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database for the Caribbean". Archived from the original on June 21, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
Jump up ^ NDTV: Wilma nears Cayman Islands
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Hurricane Wilma kills at least 7 in Mexico", Associated Press, October 23, 2005
Jump up ^ Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Hurricane Gilbert (1988) Storm Total Graphic. Retrieved on January 26, 2007.
Jump up ^ Randall Cerveny; Valentina Davydova Belitskaya; Pierre Bessemoulin; Miguel Cortez; Chris Landsea; Thomas C. Peterson (July 2007). "A new western hemisphere 24-hour rainfall record" (PDF). Bulletin of the World Meteorological Organization. World Meteorological Organization. 56 (3): 215.
Jump up ^ El Universal. Wilma: Anticipan 30 horas más de huracán. Archived June 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on April 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Hurricane Wilma Punishes Mexican Coastline", Associated Press, October 23, 2005
Jump up ^ Sun Sentinel. Headlines. Retrieved on January 26, 2007.
Jump up ^ Servicio Meteorologico Nacional. Ciclones. Archived June 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on January 26, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Wilma pounds Florida, floods Cuba, kills 15", Yahoo UK News, October 24, 2005
Jump up ^ "Wilma Barrels Across South Florida", Associated Press, October 22, 2005
Jump up ^ Steven Brill (2009-02-09). "Wilma pummels Florida". Today.reuters.com. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
Jump up ^ "Three confirmed dead in Collier; President Bush to visit Thursday".
Jump up ^ "Hurricane Wilma Death Toll Rises To 14".
Jump up ^ Key West Citizen "Flooded cars litter the Keys" October 27, 2005
Jump up ^ Key West Citizen October 25, 2005 pp 1–2, 6
Jump up ^ "Annual Global Climate and Catastrophe Report: 2005" (PDF). AON Reinsurance Services. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 18, 2006. Retrieved June 2, 2007. . p.33.
Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center. Hurricane Wilma. Retrieved on January 26, 2007.
Jump up ^ Roth, David (April 30, 2008). "Hurricane Wilma — October 22–24, 2005". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena (PDF). National Climatic Data Center (Report). Asheville, North Carolina: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. October 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 14, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jeff Masters (2005). "Update on Hurricane Wilma — October 24, 2005". Archived from the original on September 1, 2006. Retrieved February 20, 2007.
Jump up ^ Amy Royster (December 4, 2005). "Wilma's Waves Devastate Grand Bahama Communities". Palm Beach Post.
Jump up ^ Kevin Deutsch (November 1, 2005). "Islanders Assess Damage After Sea Takes Homes". Palm Beach Post.
Jump up ^ Ted Elliott. "MOVIES Message Board — ARCHIVE 7". Wordplay Forums. Retrieved July 9, 2006.
Jump up ^ Bouffard, Kevin. "1–2 Punch Hits Citrus". Theledger.com. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
Jump up ^ Julie Patel (September 28, 2010). "Deadline for Hurricane Wilma claims approaching". Sun Sentenial. Retrieved October 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Cuba Agrees to Accept U.S. Hurricane Aid".
Jump up ^ "Dennis, Katrina, Rita, Stan, and Wilma "Retired" from List of Storm Names." NOAA. March 25, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)". Hurricane Research Division (Database). Miami, FL: National Hurricane Center. April 11, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bob King (April 11, 2006). "Wilma should've been Alpha". Palm Beach Post. Archived from the original on June 17, 2011. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Neal Dorst (May 8, 2007). "What happens if they run out of names on the list?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Wilma.
Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Wilma.
The NHC's archive on Hurricane Wilma.
Storm chaser George Kourounis documents the eye of Hurricane Wilma
U.S. Rainfall for Hurricane Wilma from HPC
Wilma pictures, satellites images
The Disaster Center's Coverage of Hurricane Wilma
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1999
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2015
872 hPa
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2004
972 hPa
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2016
884 hPa
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2004
895 hPa
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2005
882 hPa
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1979
870 hPa
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Wilma&oldid=806207195"
Categories:
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text:
Visa policy of South Korea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Visa policy of North Korea.
A Student visa of the Republic of Korea
South Korea entry stamp
South Korea exit stamp
South Korea maintains a visa waiver agreement list and a designated visa-free entry list with countries not included on those lists requiring a visa to enter the country.[1][2] In addition, foreigners wishing to engage in certain activities such as diplomatic work, gainful employment, study or residence must apply for the appropriate visa prior to engaging in that activity in country.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Visa policy map
2 Visa-free entry
2.1 Special policy
3 Non-ordinary passports
4 Transit
4.1 Transit Tourism Program
4.2 30-day visa exemption
5 Nationality evaluation
6 Jeju Island
7 APEC Business Travel Card
8 South Korean visas
8.1 Working Holiday Visa (H-1)
8.2 Overseas Study (D-2) visa
8.3 Corporate Investment (D-8) visa
8.4 Foreign Language teaching (E-2) visa
8.5 Residency (F-2) visa
9 Visitor statistics
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Visa policy map[edit]
Map of countries with visa-free entry or visa waiver agreements with South Korea.
Visa-free entry[edit]
Holders of passports issued by the following 117 jurisdictions do not require a visa to enter South Korea for up to the limit listed below:[1][2]
180 days
Canada
90 days
European Union citizens (except Cyprus and Portugal)1 2
Antigua and Barbuda
Australia
Bahamas
Barbados
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Haiti
Hong Kong
Iceland
Israel
Jamaica
Japan
Kuwait
Liberia
Liechtenstein
Macau
Malaysia
Mexico
Morocco
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Norway
Panama
Peru
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Serbia
Singapore
Suriname
Switzerland
Taiwan
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
United States of America
Uruguay
Venezuela
1 - For British passport holders, only British citizens and British National (Overseas) enjoy visa-free entry.
2 - Except for French passports issued in New Caledonia.
60 days
Lesotho
Portugal
Russia
30 days
Albania
Andorra
Argentina
Bahrain
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brunei
Cyprus
Egypt
Fiji
Guyana
Honduras
Kazakhstan
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Mauritius
Micronesia
Monaco
Montenegro
Nauru
New Caledonia3
Oman
Palau
Paraguay
Qatar
Samoa
San Marino
Saudi Arabia
Seychelles
Solomon Islands
South Africa
Swaziland
Tonga
Tunisia
Tuvalu
Vatican City
3 - For French passports issued in New Caledonia.
[show]Date of visa changes
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
N/A: New Zealand[5]
N/A: Romania[6]
N/A: United Arab Emirates[7]
N/A: Uruguay[8]
12 April 1967: France[9]
17 August 1969: Tunisia
1 October 1969: Denmark, Norway[10] and Sweden
19 December 1969: United Kingdom[11]
1 April 1970: Iceland[12]
1 June 1970: Belgium, Luxembourg and Netherlands
5 September 1970: Lesotho
3 May 1972: Turkey
8 April 1972: Spain
24 January 1974: Germany
1 March 1974: Finland[13]
5 May 1975: Italy[14]
3 August 1976: Suriname
25 February 1979: Greece
6 April 1979: Mexico
25 June 1979: Austria[15]
28 June 1979: Liechtenstein and Switzerland[16]
19 September 1979: Portugal
22 October 1981: Costa Rica
9 December 1981: Thailand
25 December 1981: Colombia
4 March 1982: Dominican Republic[17]
12 June 1982: Peru
23 September 1982: Liberia
1 November 1982: Singapore
9 September 1983: Malaysia
11 March 1984: Barbados
4 September 1988: Bahamas
12 July 1989: Ireland
21 March 1990: Haiti
30 March 1990: Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis and Saint Lucia
6 July 1990: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
27 January 1991: Grenada
25 April 1991: Hungary
1 September 1993: Morocco
23 October 1993: Malta
27 November 1993: Jamaica
24 December 1993: Poland[18]
13 August 1994: Bulgaria
15 October 1994; Trinidad and Tobago
5 November 1994: Czech Republic
29 December 1994: Antigua and Barbuda
8 April 1995: Nicaragua
24 May 1995: Israel
15 July 1995: Slovakia[19]
14 February 1997: El Salvador
9 August 2001: Panama
18 August 2001: Estonia
9 May 2002: Lithuania
20 May 2002: Brazil[20]
27 June 2003: Latvia
17 December 2003: Guatemala
20 October 2004: Chile
22 December 2007: Venezuela
1 January 2014: Russia[21]
29 November 2014: Kazakhstan[22]
Cancelled
Pakistan: 1 October 2001[23][24]
Bangladesh: 15 July 2008[25]
Special policy[edit]
If traveling by air to Jeju Island via Seoul, Busan, Cheongju, Muan and Yangyang, citizens of China who are traveling as part of a tourist group with an authorized travel agent may stay in mainland South Korea for up to 5 days. They may remain in Jeju for 15 days.[1][2]
Non-ordinary passports[edit]
South Korea
Visa free access for diplomatic and service category passports
Visa free access for diplomatic passports
Holders of diplomatic or service category passports of the following countries may enter without a visa:[1]
Algeria D O
Angola D O S
Armenia D O
Azerbaijan D O S
Bangladesh D O
Belarus D O S
Belize D O
Benin D O
Bolivia D O
Cape Verde D O
Cambodia D O S
China D S
India D O
Indonesia D S
Iran D O S
Gabon D O
Georgia D O
Kyrgyzstan D O
Laos D O
Lebanon D O
Moldova D O S
Mongolia D O
Mozambique D O
Myanmar D O
Pakistan D O S
Philippines D S
Tajikistan D O
Turkmenistan D
Uzbekistan D
D: diplomatic passports
O: official passports
S: service passports
Holders of diplomatic or service category passports of the following countries enjoy an extended length of stay when compared to ordinary passports:[1]
Austria: 180 days
Argentina: 90 days
Cyprus: 90 days
Egypt: 90 days
Kazakhstan: 90 days
Paraguay: 90 days
Russia: 90 days
In addition, holders of laissez-passers issued by the United Nations are visa exempt for 30 days.[1]
Transit[edit]
In general, travelers in transit do not require a visa to transit through South Korea for less than 24 hours (for Incheon Airport) or when departing on the same calendar day (for all other airports) as long as they stay within the transit area.
Citizens of the following countries, however, must hold a Korean visa for transit:[1]
Sudan
Syria
The South Korean government has special visa waiver policies for passengers in transit, which are listed below.
Transit Tourism Program[edit]
Travelers who are in transit through Incheon International Airport can participate in an organized transit tour group within Seoul. The service is free but an entry-procedure fee of KRW 10,000 or USD 10 applies. The tour can be registered in advance or joined after the traveler's arrival, and the shortest tour lasts for an hour while the longest will not exceed 5 hours.[26]
Nationals of the following countries, as well as stateless persons and refugees, are not eligible for this service:[1]
Afghanistan
Cuba
Ghana
Iran
Iraq
Kosovo
Macedonia
Nigeria
Palestine
Sudan
Syria
30-day visa exemption[edit]
Non-visa-exempt nationals who are in transit through South Korea are visa-exempt for 30 days, provided holding a physical visa or a residence permit issued by the following countries and are arriving at South Korea from one of these countries and continuing to a third country, or arriving from a third country and continuing to one of these countries.[27][1]
Australia1
Canada
New Zealand
United States
1 - Holders of e-visas or e-resident permits are only permitted visa-free entry if they depart from Australia.
In addition, holders of Chinese passports who also hold a physical visa or a residence permit issued by an EEA member state or Switzerland, or a group visa issued by Japan and traveling with the tour group, can also enjoy visa-free transit for 30 days.
This policy does not apply to the following nationalities:
Cuba
Iran
Macedonia
Sudan
Syria
Nationality evaluation[edit]
Under article 20 of Nationality Act, North Koreans and Sakhalin Koreans are eligible for the evaluation of nationality. The evaluation is used to determine whether one possesses South Korean nationality based on the Nationality Act of South Korea.[28]
As a part of the evaluation process, the applicant's personal history, family ties, migration history and current nationality (if any) will be examined by the Ministry of Justice. Successful applicants will be allowed to acquire South Korean nationality (in case of North Koreans) or have their South Korean nationality reinstated (for first-generation Sakhalin Koreans).[29] Descendants of first-generation Sakhalin Koreans may be eligible for South Korean nationality through either express naturalization or reinstatement.[30]
Jeju Island[edit]
All ordinary passport holders except the following can stay visa-free 30 days in Jeju Province.[31][1][32][2]
Afghanistan
Cuba
Ghana
Iran
Iraq
Kosovo
Macedonia
Nigeria
Palestine
Sudan
Syria
However, the above-mentioned nationalities are eligible if holding a Certificate of Invitation issued by Jeju Island Immigration Office, or have previous visited South Korea for 3 times since 1996 or once since 2006 while holding permanent residence permits issued by Australia, Canada, New Zealand or the United States.[1]
APEC Business Travel Card[edit]
Holders of passports issued by the following countries who possess an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) containing the "KOR" code on the reverse that it is valid for travel to South Korea can enter visa-free for business trips for up to 90 days.[1]
ABTCs are issued to nationals of:[33]
Australia
Brunei
Chile
China
Hong Kong
Indonesia
Japan
Malaysia
Mexico
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Russia
Singapore
Taiwan
Thailand
Vietnam
South Korean visas[edit]
South Korea provides visas to cover various approved activities in country.
Working Holiday Visa (H-1)[edit]
The Working Holiday Visa (H-1) is issued to young-adult foreigners in some countries which have reciprocal agreements with South Korea. Holders are allowed to stay in the country for up to one year and engage in some employment activities as well as some educational activities. However, the main purpose of the trip is intended to be vacation. People between the ages of 18 and 25 or 30, depending on the country, are eligible for a South Korean working holiday visa. A working holiday visa holder cannot be employed in certain jobs such as receptionist, dancer, singer, musician, acrobat, or in places of entertainment where they may endanger good morals and manners.[34][35]
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile[36]
Czech Republic
Denmark
France
Germany
Hong Kong
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Mexico[37]
Netherlands
New Zealand
Poland[38]
Portugal
Sweden
Taiwan
United Kingdom
United States
Overseas Study (D-2) visa[edit]
The Overseas Study (D-2) visa is issued to a foreigner who are planning to study at the undergraduate or above level of school.[39]
Due to the high cost of education and difficulty in attracting foreign students the government considered granting special work visas to parents of students on D-2 visas in 2006. Parents would have been able to remain and work in the country for up to five years.[40] In the same year it was noted that foreign students often taught illegally to keep up with their finances. Immigration law allowed D-2 visa holders only to work part-time in some businesses which paid an average of 3000W per hour. Students were allowed to work only 20 hours per week. However, students could earn 30000-50000W per hour teaching languages as tutors.[41] In 2007 over 1800 foreigners on D-2 visas were found to be working illegally. Foreigners who have a D-2 visa are prohibited from working full-time.[42] 2009 saw concern raised over Chinese nationals who overstayed their visas. There was an 11.7 times increase in overstays on the D-2 and other visas. It was also reported that "a number" of those entering on D-2 visas from China were doing so only to find a job illegally.[43] In 2010 68 illegal tutors on D-2 visas were caught by the immigration department.[44]
Corporate Investment (D-8) visa[edit]
The Corporate Investment (D-8) visa is issued to foreigners who are going to own and manage a small or medium business in South Korea or who are sent as specialists to work at businesses owned by companies outside Korea. Individuals wishing to apply for this visa on their own must invest a minimum of 50 million won.[45][46]
The amount of money required as an investment by foreigners to obtain the visa has risen over the years. In 1991 a foreign investor was required to invest only 25 million won, then in 2001 this was raised to 50 million won. In 2010 the government announced that it was looking to increase this further to 100 million for a number of reasons. Due to inflation, a rise in the cost of living and other costs they felt that 100 million was more representative of what was required as a minimum investment to start a business in Korea. However, there was also concern that some foreigners were taking advantage of the visa and using it to reside permanently in Korea without actually creating any business. Once the visa has been issued the government doesn't keep track of the investment, so some foreigners were using agents who provided the investment money for a fee in order for them to obtain the visa. Concern was raised that the increase would do nothing to deter abuse of the visa and would instead discourage foreign investment in Korea.[47] The regulations surrounding the visa and foreign business ownership have been criticized for requiring a Korean guarantor even though the foreigner has invested a large sum of money and been given permission to open nearly any business they wish.[48]
Foreign Language teaching (E-2) visa[edit]
The Foreign Language teaching (E-2) visa is issued to foreign language teachers who work in South Korea. Applicants are required to be native residents of a country whose mother tongue is the same as the language they will teach and they are also required to hold a bachelor's degree from that country. Applications are required to submit criminal background checks, health checks, sealed transcripts, verified copies of their degree, contracts and a fee to obtain the visa.[49]
In 2007 the government introduced several new regulations to the E-2 visa. Included in these were a criminal record check, health check, and consulate/embassy interview for first-time applicants.[50] In 2008 several English-speaking countries that were disqualified from applying for the E-2 visa denounced it as discriminatory. The Philippines ambassador met with Korean Immigration officials to try to persuade them to change the policy and allow teachers from The Philippines to teach English in South Korea.[51] However, the government had already indicated earlier in the year that they planned to look at expanding E-2 visas to additional countries but it required the approval of various government agencies, so there was no timeframe for when it would come to fruition.[52] In the same year, foreign instructors already working in Korea also called the rules surrounding the visa discriminatory because they were subject to health criminal and other checks, unlike other foreigners on different visas, such as ethnic Koreans born abroad or foreigners who had married Koreans. Korean Immigration responded that it was their policy to favour ethnic Koreans and that other nations and territories followed similar policies.[53] Increasing crime was cited as a reason for the regulations, but some teachers felt it was a knee-jerk reaction to a suspected pedophile who had taught in South Korea, but never had a criminal record in the first place. Immigration again claimed the right to decide how and to whom it issued visas.[54] Later in 2009, a challenge was filed with the National Human Rights Commission in Korea over the checks by law professor Benjamin Wagner.[55]
Residency (F-2) visa[edit]
The Residency (F-2) visa is issued to spouses of Korean nationals or holders of the F-5 permanent residency visa. Applicants must provide documents proving financial ability and relationship.[56] The visa is also issued to refugees who gain permanent residence status in Korea.[57]
Concern was raised in 2008 that "unqualified foreigner teachers" were using F visas like the F-2 to gain employment in Korea.[58] The government passed a law in 2009 that would change the visas issued to government employees of foreign countries from E7 to F2.[59] In 2010 the government announced that foreigners who invested over US$500,000 on Jeju Island can also obtain an F-2 residency visa.[60] It was also announced in 2010 that foreigners already on certain visas would be given an opportunity to change their visa to an F-2 visa after meeting certain criteria and accruing a certain number of points.[61][62]
Visitor statistics[edit]
Most visitors arriving to South Korea were from the following countries of nationality:[63]
[show]Country/Territory
2016
2015
2014
2013
China 01 8,067,722 01 5,894,170 01 6,126,865 01 4,326,869
Japan 02 2,297,893 02 1,837,782 02 2,280,434 02 2,747,750
United States 03 866,186 03 767,613 03 770,305 03 722,315
Taiwan 04 833,465 05 518,190 04 643,683 04 544,662
Hong Kong 05 650,676 04 523,427 05 558,377 06 400,435
Philippines 06 556,745 06 403,622 07 434,951 05 400,786
Thailand 07 470,107 07 371,769 06 466,783 07 372,878
Malaysia 08 311,254 08 223,350 08 244,520 08 207,727
Indonesia 09 295,461 09 193,590 09 208,329 09 189,189
Vietnam 10 251,402 10 162,765 10 141,504 10 117,070
Total 11 17,241,823 11 13,231,651 11 14,201,516 11 12,175,550
See also[edit]
South Korea portal
Visa requirements for South Korean citizens
Republic of Korea passport
Foreign relations of South Korea
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l "Country information (visa section)". Timatic. International Air Transport Association (IATA) through Olympic Air. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Foreigners". Korea Immigration Services. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Visa". Korea Immigration Services. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Immigration". Hi Korea. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Under visa waiver agreement from 30 September 1994
Jump up ^ Under visa waiver agreement from 13 March 2016
Jump up ^ Under visa waiver agreement from 21 September 2016
Jump up ^ Under visa waiver agreement from 10 January 2013
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ "UK Treaties Online".
Jump up ^ [3]
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Jump up ^ [9]
Jump up ^ [10]
Jump up ^ [11]
Jump up ^ [12]
Jump up ^ [13]
Jump up ^ Was applied under visa waiver agreement from 8 June 1985
Jump up ^ Countries under Visa Waiver Agreements
Jump up ^ Was applied under visa waiver agreement from 17 March 1983
Jump up ^ Transit tours
Jump up ^ Tourists in transit to Third Countries
Jump up ^ Evaluation for nationality
Jump up ^ Determination of Nationality of Koreans with North Korean Nationality
Jump up ^ Determination of Nationality of Korean Russians
Jump up ^ "Korea Visa & Passports - Official Korea Tourism Organization".
Jump up ^ Special Entry Arrangements for the Jeju island
Jump up ^ "ABTC Summary - APEC Business Travel Card".
Jump up ^ Korea Working Holiday 2014
Jump up ^ General Permit Information
Jump up ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chile - Foreign Minister Muñoz participates in the signing of agreements with the Republic of Korea".
Jump up ^ ROK and Mexico Hold their 6th High-Level Policy Consultation
Jump up ^ Korea, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of. "Press > Press Releases".
Jump up ^ "Overseas Study (D-2)". Hi Korea. 20 July 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Kim Tong-hyung (10 July 2006). "Foreign Students' Parents to Get Work Permit". The Korea Times. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Kang Shin-who (22 November 2006). "Foreign Students Teach Illegally to Survive". The Korea Times. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Kang Shin-who (24 January 2008). "Korea Denies Entry to Thais Most". The Korea Times. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "SOUTH KOREA: 13% of Chinese students stay illegally". The Dong-A Ilbo. 28 June 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Kang Shin-who (29 January 2010). "Illegal Foreign Tutors on Rise". The Korea Times. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Corporate Investment (D-8)". Hi Korea. 20 July 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
Jump up ^ John Redmond (2 December 2008). "Obtaining D8 Visa". The Korea Times. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Cathy Rose A. Garcia (17 August 2010). "Foreigners piqued by capital requirements". The Korea Times. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Cathy Rose A. Garcia (24 April 2010). "Tax, Visa Pose Hurdles for Foreign Entrepreneurs". The Korea Times. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Foreign Language teaching (E-2)". Hi Korea. 20 July 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Kim Soe-jung (3 December 2007). "New visa rules may force some to return home". JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "RP to Korea: Let Pinoys teach English in schools". GMA Network Inc. 10 July 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Yoon Won-sup; Kang Shin-who (22 January 2008). "Immigration Office Plans to Ease Visa Rule". The Korea Times. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Kang Shin-who (5 October 2008). "Foreign Teachers Say Visa-Rule Biased". The Korea Times. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Kang Shin-who (8 January 2009). "New Visa Law Angers Foreign Teachers Here". The Korea Times. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Kim Mi-ju; Kate Leaver (5 February 2009). "Visa rules for foreign English teachers challenged". JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Residency (F-2)". Hi Korea. 20 July 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Teri Weaver (19 November 2006). "Some household workers in South Korea may lose base access". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Kang Shin-who (19 October 2008). "Ethnic Koreans Face Tougher Screening". The Korea Times. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Park Si-soo (8 January 2009). "Foreigners at Government Agencies Will Get Privileged Visa Status". The Korea Times. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Kwon Mee-yoo (31 January 2010). "Application for Korean Citizenship Simplified". The Korea Times. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Immigrations Gets Easier for Professionals". The Chosun Ilbo. 1 February 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Notice from Ministry of Justice No. 10 - 025". Hi Korea. 11 February 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
Jump up ^ [14]
External links[edit]
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values: 대한민국의 비자 정책 – Korean

values: Güney Kore'nin vize politikası – Turkish

values: Chính sách thị thực Hàn Quốc – Vietnamese

values: 韩国签证政策 – Chinese

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