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1966 FIFA World Cup
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1966 FIFA World Cup
1966 FIFA World Cup official logo
Tournament details
Host country
England
Dates
11–30 July (20 days)
Teams
16 (from 4 confederations)
Venue(s)
8 (in 7 host cities)
Final positions
Champions
England (1st title)
Runners-up
West Germany
Third place
Portugal
Fourth place
Soviet Union
Tournament statistics
Matches played
32
Goals scored
89 (2.78 per match)
Attendance
1,563,135 (48,848 per match)
Top scorer(s)
Eusébio (9 goals)
Best player
Bobby Charlton[1]
Best young player
Franz Beckenbauer
← 1962
1970 →
The 1966 FIFA World Cup was the eighth FIFA World Cup and was held in England from 11 to 30 July 1966. England beat West Germany 4–2 in the final, winning the Jules Rimet Trophy. It is England's only FIFA World Cup title. They were the fifth nation to win and the third host nation to win after Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 1934.
Notable performances were made by the two debutants Portugal, ending third, and North Korea, getting to the quarter finals after a 1–0 win against Italy. Also notable was the elimination of world champions Brazil after the preliminary round. Notably, all four semi-finalists were European, a situation occurring in only four other world cups (1934, 1982, 2006 and 2018). Portugal's Eusébio was top scorer with nine goals. The final is remembered for being the only one with a hat-trick and for its controversial third goal awarded to England.
An incident before the tournament was the theft and refinding of the trophy. The final, held at Wembley Stadium,[2] was the last to be broadcast in black and white.[3] The tournament held a FIFA record for the largest average attendance until it was surpassed by Mexico in 1970. It was boycotted by most independent countries from Africa who objected to the qualification requirements. Despite this, the number of entries for the qualifying tournament was a new record, with 70 nations.
Contents
1 Host selection
2 Qualification
2.1 African boycott
2.2 Qualified teams
3 Format
4 Summary
4.1 Group play
4.2 Quarter-finals, semi-finals, and third-place match
4.3 Final
5 Trophy incident
6 Mascot
7 Venues
8 Match officials
9 Seeding
10 Squads
11 Group stage
11.1 Group 1
11.2 Group 2
11.3 Group 3
11.4 Group 4
12 Knockout stage
12.1 Bracket
12.2 Quarter-finals
12.3 Semi-finals
12.4 Third place play-off
12.5 Final
13 Goalscorers
14 All-star team
15 Final standings
16 References
17 External links
Host selection[edit]
Main article: FIFA World Cup hosts
England was chosen as host of the 1966 World Cup in Rome, Italy on 22 August 1960, over rival bids from West Germany and Spain. This is first tournament to be held in a country that was affected directly by World War II, as the four previous tournaments were either held in countries out of war theatres or in neutral countries.
Qualification[edit]
Main article: 1966 FIFA World Cup qualification
Despite the Africans' absence, there was another new record number of entries for the qualifying tournament, with 70 nations taking part. After all the arguments, FIFA finally ruled that ten teams from Europe would qualify, along with four from South America, one from Asia and one from North and Central America.
Portugal and North Korea qualified for the first time. Portugal would not qualify again until 1986, while North Korea's next appearance was at the 2010 tournament. This was also Switzerland's last World Cup finals until 1994. Notable absentees from this tournament included 1962 semi-finalists Yugoslavia and 1962 runners up Czechoslovakia.
African boycott[edit]
Thirty-one African nations boycotted the tournament to protest a 1964 FIFA ruling that required the three second-round winners from the African zone to enter a play-off round against the winners of the Asian zone in order to qualify for the World Cup, as they felt winning their zone was enough in itself to merit qualification. They also protested against the readmission of South Africa to FIFA in 1963, despite its expulsion from CAF due to the apartheid regime in 1958.
South Africa was subsequently assigned to the Asia and Oceania qualifying group before being disqualified after being suspended again due to pressure from other African nations in October 1964. Despite this, after FIFA refused to change the qualifying format, the African teams decided anyway to pull out of the World Cup until at least one African team had a place assured in the World Cup, something which was put in place for the 1970 FIFA World Cup and all subsequent World Cup finals.[4]
The Portuguese colonies of Angola and Mozambique participated for Portugal. These colonies only got their independence in the 1970s, while most other African colonies became independent in the 1960s.
Qualified teams[edit]
The following 16 teams qualified for the final tournament.
AFC (1)
North Korea
CAF (0)
None participated
OFC (0)
None qualified
CONCACAF (1)
Mexico
CONMEBOL (4)
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Uruguay
UEFA (10)
Bulgaria
England (hosts)
France
Hungary
Italy
Portugal
Soviet Union
Spain
Switzerland
West Germany
Qualification for 1966 FIFA World Cup
FIFA members qualified for World Cup (including colonies)
FIFA members that failed to qualify
FIFA members that did not enter World Cup
Countries not members of FIFA in 1966
Format[edit]
The format of the 1966 competition remained the same as 1962: 16 qualified teams were divided into four groups of four. Each group played a round-robin format. Two points were awarded for a win and one point for a draw, with goal average used to separate teams equal on points. The top two teams in each group advanced to the knockout stage.
In the knockout games, if the teams were tied after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time were played. For any match other than the final, if the teams were still tied after extra time, lots would be drawn to determine the winner. The final would have been replayed if tied after extra time. In the event, no replays or drawing of lots was necessary.
The draw for the final tournament, taking place on 6 January 1966 at the Royal Garden Hotel in London was the first ever to be televised, with England, West Germany, Brazil and Italy as seeds.[5]
Summary[edit]
The opening match took place on Monday 11 July. With the exception of the first tournament, which commenced on 13 July 1930, every other tournament (up to and including 2018) has commenced in May or June. The final took place on 30 July 1966, the 36th anniversary of the first final. This remains the latest date that any tournament has concluded. The reason for the unusually late scheduling of the tournament appears to lie with the outside broadcast commitments of the BBC, which also had commitments to cover Wimbledon (which ran between 20 June and 2 July) and the Open Golf Championship (6 to 9 July).
Group play[edit]
Wolfgang Weber (left) and Luis Artime during the match between West Germany and Argentina in Birmingham
1966 was a World Cup with few goals as the teams began to play much more tactically and defensively. This was exemplified by Alf Ramsey's England as they finished top of Group 1 with only four goals, but having none scored against them. They also became the first World Cup winning team not to win its first game in the tournament. Uruguay were the other team to qualify from that group at the expense of both Mexico and France. All the group's matches were played at Wembley Stadium apart from the match between Uruguay and France which took place at White City Stadium.
In Group 2, West Germany and Argentina qualified with ease as they both finished the group with 5 points, Spain managed 2, while Switzerland left the competition after losing all three group matches. FIFA cautioned Argentina for its violent style in the group games, particularly in the scoreless draw with West Germany, which saw Argentinean Rafael Albrecht get sent off and suspended for the next match.[6][7]
In the northwest of England, Old Trafford and Goodison Park played host to Group 3 which saw the two-time defending champions Brazil finish in third place behind Portugal and Hungary, and be eliminated along with Bulgaria. Brazil were defeated 3–1 by Hungary in a classic encounter before falling by the same scoreline to Portugal in a controversial game. Portugal appeared in the finals for the first time, and made quite an impact. They won all three of their games in the group stage, with a lot of help from their outstanding striker Eusébio, whose nine goals made him the tournament's top scorer.
Group 4, however, provided the biggest upset when North Korea beat Italy 1–0 at Ayresome Park, Middlesbrough and finished above them, thus earning qualification to the next round along with the Soviet Union. This was the first time that a nation from outside Europe or the Americas had progressed from the first stage of a World Cup: the next would be Morocco in 1986.
Quarter-finals, semi-finals, and third-place match[edit]
The quarter-finals provided a controversial victory for West Germany as they cruised past Uruguay 4–0; the South Americans claimed that this occurred only after the referee (who was Jim Finney, from England) had not recognised a handball by Schnellinger on the goal line and then had sent off two players from Uruguay: Horacio Troche and Héctor Silva.[8] It appeared as though the surprise package North Korea would claim another major upset in their match against Portugal at Goodison Park, when after 22 minutes they led 3–0. It fell to one of the greatest stars of the tournament, Eusébio, to change that. He scored four goals in the game and José Augusto added a fifth in the 78th minute to earn Portugal a 5–3 win.
Meanwhile, in the other two games, Ferenc Bene's late goal for Hungary against the Soviet Union, who were led by Lev Yashin's stellar goalkeeping, proved little more than a consolation as they crashed out 2–1, and the only goal between Argentina and England came courtesy of England's Geoff Hurst. During that controversial game (for more details see Argentina and England football rivalry), Argentina's Antonio Rattín became the first player to be sent off in a senior international football match at Wembley.[9] Rattín at first refused to leave the field and eventually had to be escorted by several policemen. After 30 minutes England scored the only goal of the match. This game is called el robo del siglo (the robbery of the century) in Argentina.[10]
All semi-finalists were from Europe. The venue of the first semi-final between England and Portugal was changed from Goodison Park in Liverpool to Wembley, due to Wembley's larger capacity. This larger capacity was particularly significant during a time when ticket revenue was of crucial importance.[11] Bobby Charlton scored both goals in England's win, with Portugal's goal coming from a penalty in the 82nd minute after a handball by Jack Charlton on the goal line.[12][13] The other semi-final also finished 2–1: Franz Beckenbauer scoring the winning goal with a left foot shot from the edge of the area for West Germany as they beat the Soviet Union.[14]
Portugal went on to beat the Soviet Union 2–1 to take third place. Portugal's third place remains the best finish by a team making its World Cup debut since 1934. It was subsequently equalled by Croatia in the 1998 tournament.
Final[edit]
Main article: 1966 FIFA World Cup Final
London's Wembley Stadium was the venue for the final, and 98,000 people attended. After 12 minutes 32 seconds Helmut Haller put West Germany ahead, but the score was levelled by Geoff Hurst four minutes later. Martin Peters put England in the lead in the 78th minute; England looked set to claim the title when the referee awarded a free kick to West Germany with one minute left. The ball was launched goalward and Wolfgang Weber scored, with England appealing in vain for handball as the ball came through the crowded penalty area.[15]
Elizabeth II presents the Jules Rimet Trophy to England's team captain Bobby Moore.
With the score level at 2–2 at the end of 90 minutes, the game went to extra time. In the 98th minute, Hurst found himself on the scoresheet again; his shot hit the crossbar, bounced down onto the goal line, and was awarded as a goal. Debate has long raged over whether the ball crossed the line, with the goal becoming part of World Cup history.[16] England's final goal was scored by Hurst again, as a celebratory pitch invasion began. This made Geoff Hurst the only player ever to have scored three times in a single World Cup final.[15] BBC commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme's description of the match's closing moments has gone down in history: "Some people are on the pitch. They think it's all over ... [Hurst scores] It is now!".[17]
England's total of eleven goals scored in six games set a new record low for average goals per game scored by a World Cup winning team. The record stood until 1982, when it was surpassed by Italy's twelve goals in seven games; in 2010 this record was lowered again by Spain, winning the Cup with eight goals in seven games. England's total of three goals conceded also constituted a record low for average goals per game conceded by a World Cup winning team. That record stood until 1994, when it was surpassed by Brazil's three goals in seven games. France again lowered the record to two goals in seven during the 1998 tournament, a record that has since been equalled by Italy at the 2006 tournament and by Spain's two goals in the group stage conceded during the 2010 tournament.
England received the recovered Jules Rimet trophy from Elizabeth II and were crowned World Cup winners for the first time.[15]
In this World Cup, the national anthems were played only in the final. They were not played in the earlier matches because the organisers (FIFA and the FA) feared that North Korea's presence – a socialist country that was not recognised by the United Kingdom – in the World Cup would cause problems with South Korea. A memo from the Foreign Office months before the finals began stated that the solution would be "denying the visas to North Korean players".[18]
Trophy incident[edit]
The 1966 World Cup had a rather unusual hero off the field, a dog called Pickles. In the build-up to the tournament, the Jules Rimet trophy was stolen from an exhibition display. A nationwide hunt for the icon ensued. It was later discovered wrapped in newspaper as the dog sniffed under some bushes in London. The FA commissioned a replica cup in case the original cup was not found in time. This replica is held at the English National Football Museum in Manchester, where it is on display.[19]
Mascot[edit]
World Cup Willie, the mascot for the 1966 competition, was the first World Cup mascot, and one of the first mascots to be associated with a major sporting competition. World Cup Willie is a lion, a typical symbol of the United Kingdom, wearing a Union Flag jersey emblazoned with the words "WORLD CUP".
Venues[edit]
Eight venues were used for this World Cup. The newest and biggest venue used was Wembley Stadium in west London, which was 43 years old in 1966. As was often the case in the World Cup, group matches were played in two venues in close proximity to each other. Group 1 matches (which included the hosts) were all played in London: five at Wembley, which was England's national stadium and was considered to be the most important football venue in the world; and one at White City Stadium in west London, which was used as a temporary replacement for nearby Wembley. The group stage match between Uruguay and France played at White City Stadium (originally built for the 1908 Summer Olympics) was scheduled for a Friday, the same day as regularly scheduled greyhound racing at Wembley. Because Wembley's owner refused to cancel this, the game had to be moved to the alternative venue in London. Group 2's matches were played at Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield and Villa Park in Birmingham; Group 3's matches were played at Old Trafford in Manchester and Goodison Park in Liverpool; and Group 4's matches were played at Ayresome Park in Middlesbrough and Roker Park in Sunderland.
The most used venue was Wembley, which was used for nine matches, including all six featuring England, the final and the third-place match. Goodison Park was used for five matches, Roker Park and Hillsborough both hosted four, while Old Trafford, Villa Park and Ayresome Park each hosted three matches and did not host any knockout round matches.
London
Manchester
Wembley Stadium White City Stadium Old Trafford
Capacity: 98,600 Capacity: 76,567 Capacity: 58,000
Birmingham
London
Manchester
Liverpool
Sunderland
Middlesbrough
Birmingham
Sheffield
Villa Park
Capacity: 52,000
Liverpool
Goodison Park
Capacity: 50,151
Sheffield
Sunderland
Middlesbrough
Hillsborough Stadium Roker Park Ayresome Park
Capacity: 42,730 Capacity: 40,310 Capacity: 40,000
Match officials[edit]
Africa
Ali Kandil
Asia
Menachem Ashkenazi
North America
Arturo Yamasaki
South America
José María Codesal
Roberto Goicoechea
Armando Marques
Europe
John Adair
Tofiq Bahramov
Leo Callaghan
Joaquim Campos
Ken Dagnall
Gottfried Dienst
Jim Finney
Karol Galba
Juan Gardeazábal Garay
Rudolf Kreitlein
Concetto Lo Bello
Bertil Lööw
George McCabe
Hugh Phillips
Dimitar Rumentchev
Pierre Schwinte
Kurt Tschenscher
Konstantin Zečević
István Zsolt
Seeding[edit]
Pot 1: South American
Pot 2: European
Pot 3: Latin European
Pot 4: Rest of the World
Brazil (defending champions)
Argentina
Chile
Uruguay
England (hosts)
Hungary
Soviet Union
West Germany
France
Portugal
Spain
Italy
Bulgaria
North Korea
Mexico
Switzerland
Squads[edit]
For a list of all squads that appeared in the final tournament, see 1966 FIFA World Cup squads.
Group stage[edit]
Group 1[edit]
Main article: 1966 FIFA World Cup Group 1
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GAv
Pts
England 3 2 1 0 4 0 — 5
Uruguay 3 1 2 0 2 1 2.00 4
Mexico 3 0 2 1 1 3 0.33 2
France 3 0 1 2 2 5 0.40 1
11 July 196619:30 BST
England
0–0
Uruguay
Report
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 87,148
Referee: Istvan Zsolt (Hungary)
13 July 196619:30 BST
France
1–1
Mexico
Hausser 62' Report Borja 48'
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 69,237
Referee: Menachem Ashkenazi (Israel)
15 July 196619:30 BST
Uruguay
2–1
France
Rocha 26'
Cortés 31' Report De Bourgoing 15' (pen.)
White City Stadium, London
Attendance: 45,662
Referee: Karol Galba (Czechoslovakia)
16 July 196619:30 BST
England
2–0
Mexico
B. Charlton 37'
Hunt 75' Report
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 92,570
Referee: Concetto Lo Bello (Italy)
19 July 196616:30 BST
Mexico
0–0
Uruguay
Report
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 61,112
Referee: Bertil Lööw (Sweden)
20 July 196619:30 BST
England
2–0
France
Hunt 38', 75' Report
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 98,270
Referee: Arturo Yamasaki (Peru)
Group 2[edit]
Main article: 1966 FIFA World Cup Group 2
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GAv
Pts
West Germany 3 2 1 0 7 1 7.00 5
Argentina 3 2 1 0 4 1 4.00 5
Spain 3 1 0 2 4 5 0.80 2
Switzerland 3 0 0 3 1 9 0.11 0
West Germany were placed first due to superior goal average.
12 July 196619:30 BST
West Germany
5–0
Switzerland
Held 16'
Haller 21', 77' (pen.)
Beckenbauer 40', 52' Report
Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield
Attendance: 36,127
Referee: Hugh Phillips (Scotland)
13 July 196619:30 BST
Argentina
2–1
Spain
Artime 65', 77' Report Pirri 67'
Villa Park, Birmingham
Attendance: 42,738
Referee: Dimiter Rumentchev (Bulgaria)
15 July 196619:30 BST
Spain
2–1
Switzerland
Sanchís 57'
Amancio 75' Report Quentin 31'
Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield
Attendance: 32,028
Referee: Tofiq Bahramov (Soviet Union)
16 July 196615:00 BST
Argentina
0–0
West Germany
Report
Villa Park, Birmingham
Attendance: 46,587
Referee: Konstantin Zečević (Yugoslavia)
19 July 196619:30 BST
Argentina
2–0
Switzerland
Artime 52'
Onega 79' Report
Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield
Attendance: 32,127
Referee: Joaquim Campos (Portugal)
20 July 196619:30 BST
West Germany
2–1
Spain
Emmerich 39'
Seeler 84' Report Fusté 23'
Villa Park, Birmingham
Attendance: 42,187
Referee: Armando Marques (Brazil)
Group 3[edit]
Main article: 1966 FIFA World Cup Group 3
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GAv
Pts
Portugal 3 3 0 0 9 2 4.50 6
Hungary 3 2 0 1 7 5 1.40 4
Brazil 3 1 0 2 4 6 0.67 2
Bulgaria 3 0 0 3 1 8 0.13 0
12 July 196619:30 BST
Brazil
2–0
Bulgaria
Pelé 15'
Garrincha 63' Report
Goodison Park, Liverpool
Attendance: 47,308
Referee: Kurt Tschenscher (West Germany)
13 July 196619:30 BST
Portugal
3–1
Hungary
José Augusto 1', 67'
Torres 90' Report Bene 60'
Old Trafford, Manchester
Attendance: 29,886
Referee: Leo Callaghan (Wales)
15 July 196619:30 BST
Hungary
3–1
Brazil
Bene 2'
Farkas 64'
Mészöly 73' (pen.) Report Tostão 14'
Goodison Park, Liverpool
Attendance: 51,387
Referee: Ken Dagnall (England)
16 July 196615:00 BST
Portugal
3–0
Bulgaria
Vutsov 17' (o.g.)
Eusébio 38'
Torres 81' Report
Old Trafford, Manchester
Attendance: 25,438
Referee: José María Codesal (Uruguay)
19 July 196619:30 BST
Portugal
3–1
Brazil
Simões 15'
Eusébio 27', 85' Report Rildo 73'
Goodison Park, Liverpool
Attendance: 58,479
Referee: George McCabe (England)
20 July 196619:30 BST
Hungary
3–1
Bulgaria
Davidov 43' (o.g.)
Mészöly 45'
Bene 54' Report Asparuhov 15'
Old Trafford, Manchester
Attendance: 24,129
Referee: Roberto Goicoechea (Argentina)
Group 4[edit]
Main article: 1966 FIFA World Cup Group 4
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GAv
Pts
Soviet Union 3 3 0 0 6 1 6.00 6
North Korea 3 1 1 1 2 4 0.50 3
Italy 3 1 0 2 2 2 1.00 2
Chile 3 0 1 2 2 5 0.40 1
12 July 196619:30 BST
Soviet Union
3–0
North Korea
Malofeyev 31', 88'
Banishevskiy 33' Report
Ayresome Park, Middlesbrough
Attendance: 23,006
Referee: Juan Gardeazábal Garay (Spain)
13 July 196619:30 BST
Italy
2–0
Chile
Mazzola 8'
Barison 88' Report
Roker Park, Sunderland
Attendance: 27,199
Referee: Gottfried Dienst (Switzerland)
15 July 196619:30 BST
Chile
1–1
North Korea
Marcos 26' (pen.) Report Pak Seung-zin 88'
Ayresome Park, Middlesbrough
Attendance: 13,792
Referee: Ali Kandil (United Arab Republic)
16 July 196615:00 BST
Soviet Union
1–0
Italy
Chislenko 57' Report
Roker Park, Sunderland
Attendance: 27,793
Referee: Rudolf Kreitlein (West Germany)
19 July 196619:30 BST
North Korea
1–0
Italy
Pak Doo-ik 42' Report
Ayresome Park, Middlesbrough
Attendance: 17,829
Referee: Pierre Schwinte (France)
20 July 196619:30 BST
Soviet Union
2–1
Chile
Porkuyan 28', 85' Report Marcos 32'
Roker Park, Sunderland
Attendance: 16,027
Referee: John Adair (Northern Ireland)
Knockout stage[edit]
Main article: 1966 FIFA World Cup knockout stage
Bracket[edit]
Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final
23 July – London (Wembley)
England 1
26 July – London (Wembley)
Argentina 0
England 2
23 July – Liverpool (Goodison Park)
Portugal 1
Portugal 5
30 July – London (Wembley)
North Korea 3
England (aet) 4
23 July – Sheffield (Hillsborough Stadium)
West Germany 2
West Germany 4
25 July – Liverpool (Goodison Park)
Uruguay 0
West Germany 2
23 July – Sunderland (Roker Park)
Soviet Union 1 Third place
Soviet Union 2
28 July – London (Wembley)
Hungary 1
Portugal 2
Soviet Union 1
Quarter-finals[edit]
23 July 196615:00 BST
England
1–0
Argentina
Hurst 78' Report
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 90,584
Referee: Rudolf Kreitlein (West Germany)
23 July 196615:00 BST
West Germany
4–0
Uruguay
Haller 11', 83'
Beckenbauer 70'
Seeler 75' Report
Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield
Attendance: 40,007
Referee: Jim Finney (England)
23 July 196615:00 BST
Soviet Union
2–1
Hungary
Chislenko 5'
Porkuyan 46' Report Bene 57'
Roker Park, Sunderland
Attendance: 26,844
Referee: Juan Gardeazábal Garay (Spain)
23 July 196615:00 BST
Portugal
5–3
North Korea
Eusébio 27', 43' (pen.), 56', 59' (pen.)
José Augusto 80' Report Pak Seung-zin 1'
Li Dong-woon 22'
Yang Seung-kook 25'
Goodison Park, Liverpool
Attendance: 40,248
Referee: Menachem Ashkenazi (Israel)
Semi-finals[edit]
25 July 196619:30 BST
West Germany
2–1
Soviet Union
Haller 43'
Beckenbauer 67' Report Porkuyan 88'
Goodison Park, Liverpool
Attendance: 38,273
Referee: Concetto Lo Bello (Italy)
26 July 196619:30 BST
England
2–1
Portugal
B. Charlton 30', 80' Report Eusébio 82' (pen.)
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 94,493
Referee: Pierre Schwinte (France)
Third place play-off[edit]
28 July 196619:30 BST
Portugal
2–1
Soviet Union
Eusébio 12' (pen.)
Torres 89' Report Malofeyev 43'
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 87,696
Referee: Ken Dagnall (England)
Final[edit]
Main article: 1966 FIFA World Cup Final
30 July 196615:00 BST
England
4–2 (a.e.t.)
West Germany
Hurst 18', 101', 120'
Peters 78' Report Haller 12'
Weber 89'
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 96,924
Referee: Gottfried Dienst (Switzerland)
Goalscorers[edit]
With nine goals, Eusébio was the top scorer in the tournament. In total, 89 goals were scored by 47 players, with two of them credited as own goals.
9 goals
Eusébio
6 goals
Helmut Haller
4 goals
Geoff Hurst
Ferenc Bene
Valeriy Porkujan
Franz Beckenbauer
3 goals
Luis Artime
Bobby Charlton
Roger Hunt
José Augusto
José Torres
Eduard Malofeyev
2 goals
Rubén Marcos
Kálmán Mészöly
Pak Seung-zin
Igor Chislenko
Uwe Seeler
1 goal
Ermindo Onega
Garrincha
Pelé
Rildo
Tostão
Georgi Asparuhov
Martin Peters
Héctor De Bourgoing
Gérard Hausser
János Farkas
Paolo Barison
Sandro Mazzola
Enrique Borja
Li Dong-woon
Pak Doo-ik
Yang Seung-kook
António Simões
Anatoliy Banishevskiy
Amancio
Josep Maria Fusté
Pirri
Manuel Sanchís
René-Pierre Quentin
Julio César Cortés
Pedro Rocha
Lothar Emmerich
Sigfried Held
Wolfgang Weber
1 own goal
Ivan Davidov (playing against Hungary)
Ivan Vutsov (playing against Portugal)
All-star team[edit]
Goalkeeper
Defenders
Midfielders
Forwards
Gordon Banks
George Cohen
Bobby Moore
Vicente
Silvio Marzolini
Franz Beckenbauer
Mário Coluna
Bobby Charlton
Flórián Albert
Uwe Seeler
Eusébio
Source:[20]
Final standings[edit]
Results of 1966 FIFA World Cup
Champion Runner-up 3rd place 4th place 1/4-finals Group stage

Angola and Mozambique represented Portugal.
In 1986, FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986, based on progress in the competition, overall results and quality of the opposition.[21][22] The rankings for the 1966 tournament were as follows:
R
Team
G
P
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts.
1 England 1 6 5 1 0 11 3 +8 11
2 West Germany 2 6 4 1 1 15 6 +9 9
3 Portugal 3 6 5 0 1 17 8 +9 10
4 Soviet Union 4 6 4 0 2 10 6 +4 8
Eliminated in the quarter-finals
5 Argentina 2 4 2 1 1 4 2 +2 5
6 Hungary 3 4 2 0 2 8 7 +1 4
7 Uruguay 1 4 1 2 1 2 5 −3 4
8 North Korea 4 4 1 1 2 5 9 −4 3
Eliminated in the group stage
9 Italy 4 3 1 0 2 2 2 0 2
10 Spain 2 3 1 0 2 4 5 −1 2
11 Brazil 3 3 1 0 2 4 6 −2 2
12 Mexico 1 3 0 2 1 1 3 −2 2
13 Chile 4 3 0 1 2 2 5 −3 1
France 1 3 0 1 2 2 5 −3 1
15 Bulgaria 3 3 0 0 3 1 8 −7 0
16 Switzerland 2 3 0 0 3 1 9 −8 0
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "World Cup Best Players (Golden Ball)". Topend Sports. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hurst the hero for England in the home of football". FIFA.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "1966 FIFA™ World Cup England – Final". FIFA.com.
Jump up ^ Why Africa boycotted the 1966 World Cup, BBC News, 12th July 2016
Jump up ^ "History of the World Cup Final Draw" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "History of the World Cup". fifaworldcup.webspace.virginmedia.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Alsos, Jan. "1966 – Story of England '66". Planet World Cup. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Mundial de Inglaterra 1966 – SIGUEN LOS CHOREOS A SUDAMÉRICA". Todoslosmundiales.com.ar. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Hackett, Robin (7 April 2011). "Blue is the colour". ESPNFC. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mundial de Inglaterra 1966 – EL ROBO DEL SIGLO". Todoslosmundiales.com.ar. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Vickery, Tim. "Argentina's class of '78 deserve respect". BBC Sport. Retrieved 13 February 2012. [Tim Vickery's comment (no.29):] The semi final switch – I believe this is more down to the FIFA Exec Com than to Rous – in this pre-mass TV age the box office was still important, so it was obviously tempting from a financial point of view to have the ho[m]e side play in the stadium with the biggest capacity
Jump up ^ "England's 2–1 win brings first final". Montreal Gazette. 27 July 1966. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "ENGLAND PORTUGAL 1/2 FINAL WORLD CUP 1966". YouTube. 27 December 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "West Germany Nips 10 Russians 2–1". Montreal Gazette. 26 July 1966. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c McIlvanney, Hugh (30 July 2008). "From the Vault: Hurst's hat-trick wins the World Cup". guardian.co.uk. Guardian Media Group. Archived from the original on 6 June 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Reid, Ian; Zisserman, Andrew. "Goal-directed Video Metrology" (PDF). University of Oxford. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Kenneth Wolstenholme". The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. 27 March 2002. Retrieved 22 June 2010. Kenneth Wolstenholme, who has died aged 81, was the voice of football on the BBC for almost a quarter of a century and the author of arguably the most celebrated words in British sports broadcasting, his commentary on England's last goal in the World Cup Final of 1966: "Some people are on the pitch. They think it's all over – it is now!"
Jump up ^ "World Cup fears over North Korea in 1966". BBC News. 13 June 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Atherton, Martin [2008]The Theft of the Jules Rimet Trophy: The Hidden History of the 1966 World Cup. Meyer & Meyer Verlag. p.93, Retrieved 15 September 2010 from 'The Theft of the Jules Rimet Trophy', via Google Books
Jump up ^ "All Star Team". football.sporting99.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Permanent Table" (PDF). p. 230. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "FIFA World Cup: Milestones, facts & figures. Statistical Kit 7" (PDF). FIFA. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 1966.
1966 FIFA World Cup England ™, FIFA.com
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Notes: There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only. In 1950, there was no final; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1966_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=854218781"
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values: FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1966 – Afrikaans

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values: የ1966 እ.ኤ.አ. ፊፋ የዓለም ዋንጫ – Amharic

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Shadow of the Tomb Raider
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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action-adventure video game released in 2018
Shadow of the Tomb Raider
Cover artwork featuring Lara Croft in front of a solar eclipse
Developer(s)
Eidos Montréal[a]
Publisher(s)
Square Enix
Director(s)
Daniel Chayer-Bisson
Producer(s)
Mario Chabtini
Fleur Marty
Designer(s)
Michel Leduc St-Arnaud
Heath Smith
Programmer(s)
Fédéric Robichaud
Artist(s)
Martin Dubeau
Writer(s)
Jill Murray
Composer(s)
Brian D'Oliveira
Series
Tomb Raider
Platform(s)
Microsoft Windows
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Release
14 September 2018
Genre(s)
Action-adventure
Mode(s)
Single-player
Shadow of the Tomb Raider is an action-adventure video game developed by Eidos Montréal in conjunction with Crystal Dynamics and published by Square Enix. It continues the narrative from the 2015 game Rise of the Tomb Raider and is the twelfth mainline entry in the Tomb Raider series. The game was released worldwide on 14 September 2018 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.
Set shortly after the events of Rise of the Tomb Raider, its story follows Lara Croft as she ventures through Mesoamerica and South America to the legendary city Paititi, battling the paramilitary organization Trinity and racing to stop a Mayan apocalypse she has unleashed. Lara must traverse the environment and combat enemies with firearms and stealth as she explores semi-open hubs. In these hubs she can raid challenge tombs to unlock new rewards, complete side missions, and scavenge for resources which can be used to craft useful materials.
Development began in 2015 following the completion of Rise of the Tomb Raider, lasting until July 2018. Shadow of the Tomb Raider was designed to conclude Lara's journey begun in the 2013 reboot, with a key theme being descent both through the jungle environment and into her personality. The setting and narrative was based on Mayan and Aztec mythologies, consulting historians to design the architecture and people of Paititi. The gameplay was adjusted based on both fan feedback and the wishes of Eidos Montréal, incorporating swimming and grappling while increasing difficulty tailoring. Camilla Luddington returned to provide voice and motion-capture work for Lara.
Shadow of the Tomb Raider received generally positive reviews from critics, although some criticized that the series' gameplay had become stale and lacked innovation.
Contents
1 Gameplay
2 Plot
3 Development
3.1 Plot and gameplay
3.2 Art and music design
4 Release
5 Reception
5.1 Accolades
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Gameplay[edit]
Lara Croft navigates a trap mechanism.
Shadow of the Tomb Raider is an action-adventure game played from a third-person perspective; players take the role of main protagonist Lara Croft as she explores environments across the continent of South America. The game's hub is set to be the largest in the franchise which also reveals the hidden city of Paititi. Players can participate in side quests and missions and learn about Paititi which provides a richer experience. A new barter system allows players to trade resources, salvage parts and weapons in Paititi.[3][4] There are numerous adjustments made to gameplay, which is otherwise identical to Rise. The controls for swimming have been completely revised, as Lara is now able to hold her breath underwater for a longer period of time due to the introduction of air pockets. She also gains the ability to rappel down a cliff using a rope. Stealth becomes an important part of the game, with Lara being able to disengage from combat when she escapes from enemies' line of sight by covering herself in mud, hiding in bushes or against walls.[5]
Like its predecessors, the game allows players to hunt wild animals, craft materials using the resources collected, solve puzzles and explore optional tombs. The game also features more tombs than the previous installments in the reboot series.[5] Players will now have the option to tailor their gameplay experience as exploration, puzzles and combat have their own difficulty settings.[4] A new Immersion Mode enables players to hear the background conversations of the locals in their native languages, when turned off the conversations are made in the players' chosen voice over language.[6]
Plot[edit]
In the two months since Rise of the Tomb Raider,[7] Lara Croft and her friend Jonah Maiava have dedicated themselves to stopping the activities of paramilitary organization Trinity. The two track a cell to Cozumel in Mexico that is led by Pedro Dominguez, the head of Trinity's High Council. Slipping inside nearby tombs being excavated by Trinity, Lara discovers a temple containing the Dagger of Ix Chel and references to a hidden city. Murals adorning the walls allude to the Silver Box of Chak Chel and warn of "the Cleansing", a Mayan apocalypse culminating in a permanent solar eclipse. Lara ignores the warnings and takes the Dagger to prevent Trinity from acquiring it. Dominguez catches her and reveals that by taking the Dagger, Lara has triggered the Cleansing. He takes the Dagger, intending to unite it with the Box to stop the Cleansing and use the power it grants him to remake the world in his image. Lara and Jonah escape a tsunami that destroys Cozumel and foreshadows the coming apocalypse.
Despite growing tensions between them over her actions, Lara and Jonah pursue Dominguez into the Amazon. Their plane crashes in the Peruvian jungle during the second cataclysm—a massive storm—and the two find their way to Paititi, the hidden city shown in the murals. Exploring local tombs reveals that piercing the Box with the Dagger will grant the user the power of the god Kukulkan, which must be used to halt the Cleansing. Lara witnesses Trinity soldiers being slaughtered by strange humanoid monsters. When Lara saves a boy named Etzli, she and Jonah are brought into Paititi by his mother Unuratu, queen of the city. Lara sees Dominguez is the leader of a cult dedicated to Kukulkan and Unuratu reveals he is her brother-in-law Amaru, who was taken by Trinity as a child and raised to complete the ritual and reshape the world in their image. Unuratu directs Lara to the Box, but Lara finds it is missing. Believing the cult already has the Box, Lara and Unuratu attempt to steal it, but Unuratu is captured. Lara also encounters the creatures again and learns they are the Yaaxil, guardians of the Box.
Lara infiltrates the cult's temple and overhears Amaru telling Unuratu that the Box was hidden by Andres Lopez, a missionary sent to Paititi by Trinity during the Spanish conquest of South America. Lara rescues Urunatu and realises that Amaru does not fully understand the ritual: the power of Kukulkan is not enough to prevent the apocalpyse; rather, the ritual sacrifices Kukulkan to prevent it. Unuratu is shot by Commander Rourke, Amaru's second in command. Before she dies, Unuratu implores Lara to complete the ritual, but warns her to not let the Box influence her. Lara and Jonah are attacked by Rourke and separated as they leave Paititi to decipher the next clue. Believing Jonah to be dead, Lara goes on a rampage that destroys an oil refinery and slaughters everyone there except Rourke, who escapes. She momentarily breaks down when she finds Jonah alive, but he manages to calm her down and they decipher the Box's location. Driven mad by the Box's influence, Lopez established a mission near Paititi where he trained acolytes to complete the ritual. Lara and Jonah find a secret catacomb beneath a church that leads to Lopez's tomb and the Box. Amaru finds them and forces Lara to surrender the Box. He admits that he ordered her father's death to prevent him from finding Paititi and revealing it to the world. Lara tries to persuade Amaru to use the Cleansing ritual to benefit the world. He refuses, as the Cleansing will only affect Paititi. Amaru has used his position in Trinity to manipulate them into preventing it. He leaves Lara and Jonah to escape the third cataclysm, a massive earthquake that causes a landslide and destroys the mission.
Back in Paititi, Lara and Jonah help the newly-crowned Etzli lead an assault on an underground temple complex at Paititi's center. They plan to disrupt Amaru's ceremony while avoiding the fourth and final cataclysm, a volcanic eruption that will destroy the city. Lara is forced to go on alone when Trinity cuts off Etzli's forces. She encounters the Yaaxil and their leader Crimson Fire and convinces them to help her stop Amaru. Lara takes on the symbolic role of Ix Chel while Crimson Fire is Chak Chel. While the Yaaxil kill Rourke and the Trinity High Council, Lara makes it to the temple summit. She fails to stop Amaru from piercing the Box and absorbing Kukulkan's power as the sun is blocked by an eclipse. Lara overpowers Amaru after a lengthy battle; accepting defeat, he transfers Kukulkan's power to Lara as he dies. True to Unuratu's warning, she is tempted to use the Box to revive her parents, but instead lets "Chak Chel" symbolically stab her as "Ix Chel". This sacrifices Kukulkan's spirit and stops the Cleansing. In the aftermath, Unuratu is laid to rest and Jonah decides to take a vacation. Lara stays in Paititi to help Etzli restore the city to its former glory. A post-credits scene shows Lara planning her next adventure at Croft Manor, acknowledging that her role is not to solve the world's mysteries, but to protect them.
Development[edit]
Development of Shadow of the Tomb Raider began in 2015.[8] Unlike the previous entries in the Tomb Raider reboot series which were primarily developed by Crystal Dynamics, Eidos Montréal assumed major development duties for Shadow of the Tomb Raider while Crystal Dynamics provided additional development.[1] While the studio had acted in a support role on the previous entries in the rebooted Tomb Raider series, this time Crystal Dynamics transferred into a support role.[8] Due to this transition, the staff at both Eidos Montréal and Crystal Dynamics needed to adjust, with the Eidos Montréal undergoing "growing pains" while moving from a supporting to a leading development role.[9] Similar to their work on the Deus Ex series and Thief, Eidos Montréal first gained a deep understanding of the series' basic elements, then set about building the game using both previous entries and their own design philosophies.[8]
Eidos Montréal estimated the game's development costs as between $75 and $100 million, with a separate marketing and promotion budget of $35 million, becoming the studio's largest project at the time. Studio head David Anfossi admitted the scale of the project in the modern gaming market and the need to make a profit. With the costs in mind, Eidos Montreal sought to incorporate experimental elements within multiplayer options to give the game longevity using the emerging "games as a service" trend so the game could provide post-release income and foster a large community.[8] Development was completed on 24 July 2018, with Eidos Montréal confirming that the game was declared gold (indicating that it was being prepared for duplication and release).[10]
Plot and gameplay[edit]
Camilla Luddington portrayed Lara Croft in Shadow of the Tomb Raider; the development team credited her with keeping Lara's character consistent.[11]
Shadow of the Tomb Raider was designed to evolve the narrative and gameplay elements of Lara Croft; in the 2013 reboot she was portrayed as a hunted survivor, Rise of the Tomb Raider revealed her beginning to pursue her own goals, and Shadow of the Tomb Raider was designed to show her mastering the environment. The story closes off the rebooted origin story, with Lara becoming "the tomb raider she was always meant to be."[12] Narrative director Jason Dozois defined this as being Lara's ultimate "tomb raider" persona within the reboot timeline rather than a return to the character of Lara from games prior to 2013:[13]
"We regard Lara as a classic timeless character. It's not a period piece. It's always set now, so we have to use the sensibilities of today. The reboot has been about bringing a more grounded version of Lara. Becoming the Tomb Raider is becoming this ultimate expression of this survivor timeline, and what that means for us is becoming more responsible with the use of archaeology, it's not just about possessing an object, going into a tomb, everything crumbles, and then leaving. It's about learning that archaeology is also culture, and history, and language, and that involves people."[13]
The staff also wanted to tackle the "political tension" and social impact of a rich white woman hunting artefacts in foreign lands. The story's climax will result in Lara being "humbled". The setting of Latin America was chosen to reflect this theme.[14] Lara's obsession and darker personality traits also played into this, with several scenes emphasising the sacrifices she was forced to make during her pursuit of Trinity. The destruction Lara releases when claiming a key artefact before Trinity was designed as an inversion of the traditional Tomb Raider approach, which used a similar style without consequences.[11][15] Several different post-credit scenes were considered for the game. When first released, one of the scrapped scenes was included by mistake, with a post-release patch replacing it with the intended cutscene.[16]
British actress Camilla Luddington reprised her role from the previous two games, and was able to help Eidos Montréal keep Lara's characterization consistent with the previous games.[11] As with Tomb Raider and Rise of the Tomb Raider, Luddington also provided Lara's motion capture, calling Shadow of the Tomb Raider one of the most difficult emotional performances from her time playing Lara.[17] The main antagonist was intended as Lara's emotional foe, with the jungle being her physical foe. Lara's relationship with Jonah evolved further; while in Tomb Raider they had been distant, in Rise he protected her out of loyalty to their lost friends, while in Shadow they share a strong bond which prompts Jonah to support her.[7] Due to their previous experience with cinematic storytelling, Eidos Montréal designed the narrative of Shadow of the Tomb Raider to have more cinematic moments.[11] The team needed to consider the overall concept of the reboot trilogy, and narrative threads previously left unresolved in Rise including who killed Lara's father.[13] Before recording began, the cast read through the script so the performances could be more convincing.[17]
The game's jungle setting was chosen to "complete" Lara's abilities, carrying over old skills while learning new ones to face new threats. It also acted as a visual contrast to the previous games.[13][18] While the team were restricted in story design by the overall plan, they were able to adjust the gameplay balance to bring a greater focus on puzzles compared to Rise.[13] The aim was to have Lara undergo an evolution when faced with the jungle's harsh reality, with her early confrontation with jaguars being the catalyst which starts her transformation.[13] The stealth elements—including camouflaging and the use of fear tactics—drew inspiration from films such as Rambo and Predator.[11] Swimming was incorporated into the gameplay, though the team gave it a "survival-action" feel.[15]
Director Daniel Chayer-Bisson described redesigning the established level design as "a nightmare", because they had to take into account player experimentation and potential sequence breaking when implementing new mechanics such as climbing onto overhangs and using the grappling line.[7] During surveys of the fan base, the team heard wishes both for harder puzzles and the removal of visual climbing aids such as white surfaces. As removing them outright would have made the game intimidating for newcomers, they created the scaling difficulty settings as a compromise. Shadow of the Tomb Raider was made inviting for newcomers as the opening section acted as both a narrative introduction and a tutorial for Lara's abilities.[13] The overall verticality of environments and its impact on mechanics such as swimming and grappling reflected the game's theme of "descent".[11]
Art and music design[edit]
The setting and narrative took inspiration from Mayan and Incan mythology, including its recurring focus on sun worship, sacrifice, and the ages of mankind.[18] The Mayan influence was chosen due to that culture's fixation on astronomy and dates.[19] During the initial design pitch, the designers wanted Lara to discover a real lost tomb with people living around it, a concept previously limited by the technology available at the time. During their research, they chose the city of Paititi due to its historic precedent over purely fictional locations such as El Dorado.[7] The culture of Paititi was based on the supposition that elements of Mesoamerican cultures could have migrated into Peru.[19] The culture and people of Paititi were based on historic accounts of the Maya, Aztec and Inca peoples. The clothing of the people were based on historic examples and accounts.[14][18] The team consulted historians to ensure their cultural depictions were accurate and respectful.[15]
The music for Shadow of the Tomb Raider was composed by Brian D'Oliveira. While following the musical styles established since the 2013 reboot, the team also added new esthetic elements, incorporating the local culture and the darker portrayal of both Lara and her mission. D'Oliveira was brought on due to his ability with South American instruments, and during recording at his Montreal studios worked with native musicians to achieve the right sound for each location. Martin Stig Andersen worked as Ambient Sound Designer, who focused on the sound transition for underwater segments. The team brought back "The Instrument", a specially-designed percussion instrument created for the 2013 reboot's soundtrack by Matt McConnell. The Instrument was used to help convey the primal aspects of Lara's character, in addition to referencing her adventure on Yamatai in the 2013 game.[20]
Release[edit]
On 15 March 2018, Square Enix confirmed that a sequel to Rise of the Tomb Raider was in development and scheduled to be released on 14 September 2018 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.[21][22][23][24] The Windows version was developed by Nixxes Software, who had worked on several earlier Tomb Raider games for the platform.[2] On the same day, a teaser trailer was released showing Lara Croft in a mountainous environment. The game was revealed on 27 April 2018 with a trailer, screenshots, and a one hour demo to members of the press.[25] A season pass was also announced, which gives players access to seven "paths" which include new narratives, missions, tombs, weapons, outfits and skills.[26] None of these would contain additional story content, which was complete with the base release.[13]
Reception[edit]
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic (PS4) 76/100[27]
(XONE) 83/100[28]
(PC) 77/100[29]
Review scores
Publication
Score
Destructoid 7.5/10[31]
EGM 8/10[33]
GameSpot 6/10[34]
GamesRadar+ [32]
IGN 9/10[30]
PC Gamer (US) 84/100[35]
VideoGamer.com 7/10[36]
Shadow of the Tomb Raider received "generally favorable" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic.
EGM gave a positive review, and said that the game "manages to separate itself from the pack by excelling in everything that makes this genre what it is".[33] Lucy O'Brien of IGN stated that "With a story that manages to satisfactorily tread the line between high-concept fun and grounded character exploration, Shadow of the Tomb Raider meaningfully wraps up the journey Lara began in 2013 and convincingly leaves her in a place resembling where she was when we were first introduced to her more than 20 years ago".[30] Andy Kelly from PC Gamer (US) found the game having "a greater focus on raiding tombs" and "massively improved stealth combat" that make it one of the Lara Croft's "best modern adventures".[35] GamesRadar+ called it as "the strongest entry in the rebooted trilogy".[32] Brett Makedonski of Destructoid compared the game's themes to Uncharted and Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, praised the graphics, platforming and Challenge Tombs, but criticized the lack of combat sections from the previous games and the story narrative. He concluded that Shadow of the Tomb Raider was "solid and definitely has an audience. There could be some hard-to-ignore faults, but the experience is fun".[31]
Conversely, VideoGamer's Josh Wise wrote "the game's power ebbs as the main quest is bloated with distraction", and the writing is "still patchy and dull", though he praised the platforming, setting and the Challenge Tombs.[36] Edmond Tran of GameSpot also gave a mixed review, criticizing the game's side quests and Lara's character development while praising the story missions, graphics, environments and explorable tombs.[34]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref
2018 Golden Joystick Awards Best Audio Design Pending [37]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Additional work by Crystal Dynamics.[1] Microsoft Windows port by Nixxes Software.[2]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Don't expect another big Deus Ex game anytime soon". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on 31 March 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "We're working on Shadow of the Tomb Raider". Nixxes Software. Nixxes Software. 30 April 2018. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Moyse, Chris (23 July 2018). "New video reveals Shadow of the Tomb Raider's hub world". Destructoid. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Sanchez, Miranda (29 June 2018). "E3 2018: Shadow of the Tomb Raider Looks To Make Exploration And Puzzles More Meaningful". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Favis, Elise (27 April 2018). "Six Things We Learned While Playing Shadow Of The Tomb Raider". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (24 July 2018). "E3 2018: Shadow Of The Tomb Raider's Immersion Mode Lets You Hear Background Conversations In Native Languages". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mejio, Ozzie (15 August 2018). "Shadow of the Tomb Raider interview: Lara Croft's evolution, Trinity, Jonah, and more". Shacknews. Gamerhub. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dring, Christopher (11 May 2018). "Eidos Montreal: "We have to try new models for single-player games"". GamesIndustry.biz. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Phipps, Brett (11 May 2018). "How Shadow of the Tomb Raider's developers are making a better Lara Croft". Trusted Reviews. TI Media. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Gwaltney, Javy (24 July 2018). "Shadow Of The Tomb Raider Has Gone Gold". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Siegler, Dylan (27 April 2018). "Shadow of the Tomb Raider Developer Interview". Attack of the Fanboy. Attack of the Fanboy. Archived from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
Jump up ^ Torres, Alan (30 April 2018). "Cast, Crew Discuss 'Shadow of the Tomb Raider's' Peruvian Jungles, Storytelling". Variety. Penske Business Media, LLC. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Wen, Alan (13 August 2018). "Shadow of the Tomb Raider interview: 90s Lara is history". VG247. Videogaming247 Ltd. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Winkie, Luke (14 June 2018). "'Shadow of the Tomb Raider' to Tackle Incongruity of White, Rich Croft Adventures". Variety. Penske Business Media, LLC. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Brightman, James (1 May 2018). "Lara Must Confront Her Dark Side to Become The Tomb Raider". Shacknews. Gamerhub. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
Jump up ^ Lada, Jenni (21 September 2018). "Shadow Of The Tomb Raider Ending Changed By Day-One Patch". Siliconera. Curse LLC. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Gamerhub (12 June 2018). E3 2018: Camilla Luddington Talks Shadow of the Tomb Raider (Video). YouTube.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tzika, Katerina (26 July 2018). "Shadow of the Tomb Raider Interview: Predator Lara, Revamped Stealth Mechanics, Lara's Obsession, and More". SegmentNext. SegmentNext. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Interview: On Creating Fear In The Jungle Of Shadow Of The Tomb Raider". The Sixth Axis. The Sixth Axis. 10 August 2018. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "Shadow of the Tomb Raider Music". Shadow of the Tomb Raider. Square Enix. 8 August 2018. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "Shadow of the Tomb Raider Officially Announced". IGN. Ziff Davis. 15 March 2018. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Frank, Allegra (14 March 2018). "Shadow of the Tomb Raider reveal incoming — but source code leaks the details". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Good, Owen S. (15 March 2018). "Shadow of the Tomb Raider trailer teases a trip to Mayan pyramids". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Schreier, Jason. "Shadow of the Tomb Raider Will Be Out This Fall [Update: Trailer]". Kotaku. Univision Communications. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Gray, Kate; Boyle, Emma. "Shadow of the Tomb Raider release date, news and trailers". TechRadar. Future plc. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Season Pass". Tomb Raider website. Square Enix. Archived from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Shadow of the Tomb Raider for PlayStation 4 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "Shadow of the Tomb Raider for Xbox One Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Shadow of the Tomb Raider for PC Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b O'Brien, Lucy (10 September 2018). "Shadow of the Tomb Raider Review". IGN. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Makedonski, Brett (10 September 2018). "Shadow Of The Tomb Raider Review - I guess this is growing up". Destructoid. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Weber, Rachel (10 September 2018). "SHADOW OF THE TOMB RAIDER REVIEW: "JUMP SCARES, HUMAN SACRIFICE, AND A LARA THAT HAS STRAIGHT UP LOST HER SH*T"". Gamesradar+. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Plessas, Nick (10 September 2018). "Shadow of the Tomb Raider review". EGM. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Tran, Edmond (10 September 2018). "Shadow Of The Tomb Raider Review - Guerilla Girl". GameSpot. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Kelly, Andy (10 September 2018). "Shadow of the Tomb Raider Review". Pc Gamer. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Wise, Josh (10 September 2018). "Shadow of the Tomb Raider review". VideoGamer. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "Golden Joysticks 2018 nominees announced, voting open now". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
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Power of the purse
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The power of the purse is the ability of one group to manipulate and control the actions of another group by withholding funding, or putting stipulations on the use of funds. The power of the purse can be used positively (e.g. awarding extra funding to programs that reach certain benchmarks) or negatively (e.g. removing funding for a department or program, effectively eliminating it). The power of the purse is most often utilized by forces within a government that do not have direct executive power, but have control over budgets and taxation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Canada
2 United Kingdom
3 United States
4 Other uses
5 See also
6 References
Canada[edit]
Further information: fiscal federalism
In colonial Canada, the fight for "responsible government" in the 1840s centered on question of whether elected parliaments or appointed governors would have control over the purse strings, mirroring earlier fights between Parliament and the Crown in Britain.
After confederation, the phrase "power of the purse" took on a particular meaning. It now primarily refers to the federal government's superior tax-raising abilities compared to the provinces, and the consequent ability of the federal government to compel provincial governments to adopt certain policies in exchange for transfer payments. Most famously, the Canada Health Act sets rules that provinces adhere to receive health transfers (the largest such transfers). Opponents of this arrangement refer to this situation as the "fiscal imbalance", while others argue for the federal government's role in setting minimum standards for social programs in Canada.
United Kingdom[edit]
The power of the purse's earliest examples in a modern sense occurred in the English Parliament, which gained the exclusive power to authorise taxes and thus could control the nation's cash flow. Through this power, Parliament slowly subverted the executive strength of the crown; King Charles II was limited in his powers to engage in various war efforts by a refusal by Parliament to authorise further taxes and by his inability to secure loans from foreign nations, making him much less powerful.
In recent years as a result of devolution, funding for devolved issues to the Scottish Parliament as well as the Welsh and Northern Irish assemblies has been determined through the Barnett Formula. This formula determines the overall budget of the devolved parliaments for devolved issues proportionally relative to spending on those issues in England. As a result, while responsibility for funding of devolved matters rests with the devolved bodies themselves, they in effect must enact policies of a broadly similar cost to those decided by the UK parliament for England and maintain that broad proportionality in order to ensure the long term financial viability of such policies.
United States[edit]
In the federal government of the United States, the power of the purse is vested in the Congress as laid down in the Constitution of the United States, Article I, Section 9, Clause 7 (the Appropriations Clause) and Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 (the Taxing and Spending Clause).
The power of the purse plays a critical role in the relationship of the United States Congress and the President of the United States, and has been the main historic tool by which Congress has limited executive power. One of the most prominent examples is the Foreign Assistance Act of 1974, which eliminated all military funding for the government of South Vietnam and thereby ended the Vietnam War. Other recent examples include limitations on military funding placed on Ronald Reagan by Congress, which led to the withdrawal of United States Marines from Lebanon.
The power of the purse in military affairs was famously subverted during the Iran-Contra scandal in the 1980s.[1] Congress denied further aid to the Contras in Nicaragua. Unwilling to accept the will of Congress, members of the Reagan administration solicited private donations, set up elaborate corporate schemes and brokered illegal arms deals with Iran in order to generate unofficial funds that could not be regulated by Congress.
More recently, budget limitations and using the power of the purse formed a controversial part of discussion regarding Congressional opposition to the Iraq War. On March 23, 2007, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a supplemental war budget that imposed a timeline on the presence of American combat troops in Iraq, but the legislation was not passed.
The power of the purse has also been used to compel the U.S. states to pass laws, in cases where Congress does not have the desire or constitutional power to make it a federal matter. The most well-known example of this is regarding the drinking age, where Congress passed a law to withhold 10% of federal funds for highways in any state that did not raise the age to 21. The law was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in the South Dakota v. Dole case. Congress was not allowed to change the drinking age directly because the 21st Amendment (which ended Prohibition in the U.S.) gave control of alcohol to the states. In 2009, Congress considered similar legislation regarding texting while driving.
This power was curtailed somewhat in a case regarding the Affordable Care Act, in which the Supreme Court ruled in June 2012 that the law's withholding of all existing Medicaid funding for states that failed or refused to expand their Medicaid programs to cover the uninsured poor was "unduly coercive", despite the fact that the federal government would pay the entirety of the states' expansion for the first years, and 90% thereafter. It was left unclear what percentage would be considered acceptable.
Other uses[edit]
In the US Congress or Senate, the chairperson of a legislative committee may refuse to give funding to a senator or other delegate or representative, or deny his or her appropriations bill or amendment a vote, because he or she refused to support a bill which the chairperson wanted (a tit-for-tat retaliation). While typically applied to "pork barrel" spending for special interests, it may also block funding for genuine needs of a constituency or the general public.
The administration or student government at a college or university may revoke some or even all funding for a student newspaper or student radio station, because it has printed or aired an editorial or a news article or segment critical of it. This is also an example of censorship.
See also[edit]
Purse
Taxing and Spending Clause
Tax choice
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Barrett Seaman;Alessandra Stanley (Jul 9, 1984). "Cutting Off Nicaragua's Contras". TIME. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Power_of_the_purse&oldid=812183413"
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This page was last edited on 26 November 2017, at 13:30 (UTC).
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