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Latin peoples
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For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Latinos.
Latin peoples
Regions with significant populations
Southern Europe, Western Europe, Americas, Africa, Asia
Languages
Historically Latin
Nowadays mainly Italian, Romanian, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, and French
Religion
Christianity: Catholicism, Orthodoxism
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v
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Latin peoples, also called Romance peoples, is a term used broadly to refer to those societies heavily influenced by Roman culture that, after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, started to diverge from the spoken Vulgar Latin language, creating localized versions which nowadays make up the Romance languages.
Contents
[hide]
1 Romance languages
2 Antiquity
3 Latin Europeans
3.1 Italian people
3.2 French people
3.3 Occitan people
3.4 Portuguese people
3.5 Romanian people
3.6 Spanish people
3.7 Catalan people
3.8 Others
4 Latin Americans
5 See also
6 References
Romance languages[edit]
Main article: Romance languages
The Latin Union
Romance languages in Europe in the 20th century
Map of locations of significant use of Romance languages: Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian and Romanian
The use of Latin language first developed in the region of Latium in central Italy, while proto-Latin speakers existed since c. 1000 BC. With the rise of the Roman Empire, it spread first throughout Italy and then through southern, western, central, and southeast Europe, and northern Africa along parts of western Asia.[1]:1 After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the use of the Latin language retreated in size, but was still widely used, such as through the Catholic Church as well as by others like the Germanic Visigoths and the Catholic Frankish kingdom of Clovis.[1]:1 In part due to regional dialects of the Latin language and local environments, several languages evolved from it, the Romance languages.[1]:4 The Spanish and Portuguese languages prominently spread into North, Central, and South America through colonization.[1]:8,10 The French language has spread to most inhabited continents through colonialism.[1]:13–15 The Italian language developed as a national language of Italy beginning in the 19th century out of several similar Romance dialects.[1]:312 The Romanian language has developed primarily in the Daco-Romanian variant that is the national language of Romania, but also other Romanian variants such as Aromanian.
Historian Lucien Musset, wrote that in the case of the central Europe, the old Latin space must be considered as a single country from Swabia to Transylvania in Romania; the western parts were Germanized, the center parts were Hungarianized and only the eastern and southern parts remained Latinophones; the demographic score of the Latinised "islands" from Transilvania made Latin to survive while the "Latin islands" from Balkans disappeared slowly[2]
Antiquity[edit]
Main article: Latins (Italic tribe)
Further information: Latin League
The Latins were an ancient Italic tribe of Latium, a small region located in present-day Lazio) of central Italy, (Latium Vetus - Old Latium), in the 1st millennium BC. Though they lived in independent city-states, the Latins spoke a common language, which was Latin, held common religious beliefs, and shared a close sense of kinship, expressed in the myth that all Latins descend from Latinus. Latinus was worshiped on Mons Albanus (Monte Albano) during an annual festival attended by all Latins, including those from Rome, one of the Latin states. The Latin cities extended common rights of residence and trade to one another.
Rome's territorial ambitions united the rest of the Latins against it in 341 BC, but the final victory was on Rome's side in 338 BC. Consequently, some of the Latin states were incorporated within the Roman state, and their inhabitants were given full Roman citizenship. Others became Roman allies and enjoyed certain privileges. As Roman authority spread over the Italian Peninsula and then to the lands around the Mediterranean Sea, the term "Latin" increasingly became a purely legal term applied to anyone who had full legal rights as a citizen of the Roman state.
Latin Europeans[edit]
Main article: Romance languages
The term "Latin" is used in reference to European people whose cultures are particularly Roman-derived, generally including the use of Romance languages.[3] Strong Roman legal and cultural traditions characterize these nations. Latin Europe is a major subdivision of Europe, along with Germanic-speaking Europe and Slavic Europe.
Italian people[edit]
Main article: Italians
The original Indo-European tribes of the Italic people, such as the Latino-Faliscans, the Osco-Umbrians, the Sicels, and the Veneti, settled in neolithic times in the Italian peninsula, which was inhabited also by other non-Italic peoples such as Etruscans, Ligures, Celts and Greeks. Successively they were all united and amalgamated under the expansion of the Roman Kingdom (and, later on, the Roman Republic as well as ultimately the Roman Empire), sharing a common Latin heritage and history.
The Celtic tribes, once settled along the Po river plains, and the Greeks inhabiting the Magna Graecia and part of Sicily, are considered by scholars to have been a numerical minority in ancient Italy,[4][5][6] and were largely assimilated. After the Fall of Rome Italy was invaded by several barbarian tribes. The Germanic tribe of the Ostrogoths conquered Italy and presented themselves as upholders of Latin culture, mixing Roman culture together with Gothic culture, in order to legitimize their rule amongst Roman subjects who had a long-held belief in the superiority of Roman culture over foreign "barbarian" Germanic culture.[7]
The total number of the population of Ostrogoths who settled in Italy was small, estimated at 40,000 people, while the total population of both the Ostrogoths and their allies who occupied Italy is estimated at 100,000 people.[8] Also, the Germanic tribe of the Longobards invaded Italy, which in the meantime had been reconquered by the East Roman Empire, and conquered most of it. However, only a small number of Longobards settled in Italy, in comparison to the overwhelming majority of the indigenous Latin population.[9]
French people[edit]
Main article: French people
The French (French: Français) are a nation and ethnic group native to France that share the strongly latinized French culture and language. Although their Latin origins aren't as pronounced as other groups. Many attribute this to their Celtic origins and various Germanic influences.
Occitan people[edit]
Main article: Occitan people
The Occitan people (Occitan: Occitans) are an ethnic group native to Occitania in Southern France, as well as parts of Italy and Spain, that share a common Occitan culture, ancestry, and eventually speak the Occitan language as a mother tongue. They are related to Catalans in Spain.
Portuguese people[edit]
Main article: Portuguese people
Portuguese people (Portuguese: os portugueses) are a nation and ethnic group native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe. Their language is Portuguese, and their predominant religion is Christianity, mainly Roman Catholicism.[10]
Historically, the Portuguese descend from the pre-Celtic peoples who inhabited the Iberian Peninsula with the Lusitanians and the Gallaeci forming the manifold identity of the country, followed by the Italics, the Romans. Other major segments include the Suebi and the Visigoths.[11]
Romanian people[edit]
Main article: Romanians
Romanians (dated: Rumanians or Roumanians; in Romanian: români pronounced [roˈmɨnʲ] or — historically, but now a seldom-used regionalism — rumâni; dated exonym: Vlachs) are a nation and ethnic group native to Central-Eastern Europe, who form the majority of the populations of the present-day states of Romania and Republic of Moldova, sharing a common Romanian culture and speaking Romanian as their native language.
The Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians are peoples who are spread across Southeastern Europe (specifically throughout the Balkans peninsula) which are considered either subgroups or closely related ethnic groups to the Romanians found in Romania and neighbouring Republic of Moldova. Their respective languages (namely Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian) can similarly be regarded as either a series of dialects of Romanian or a very closely related group of language.
Spanish people[edit]
Main article: Spanish people
The Spanish are made up of many nationalities or ethnicities: the Castilians, Asturians, Galicians, Basques, Navarese, Valencians, Catalans, Andalusians, Aragonese, Canarians, and others.
The Roman Republic conquered Iberia during a long series of hard fought campaigns in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. As a result of the Roman conquest, the peoples of Hispania (Roman Iberia) were culturally Latinized, and over a long period of time, the indigenous languages were replaced by the Common or Vulgar Latin brought to Hispania by Roman soldiers and traders in the centuries of Roman rule. Today, Spain's languages, with the exception of Basque, stem from the Vulgar Latin that was spoken in Hispania, and which evolved into the modern Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, including Castilian.
Romance languages spoken in Spain include the official language, Castilian, and the co-official regional languages Catalan in Catalonia (called Valencian in Valencia) and Galician in Galicia.[12] Other regional languages are Asturian, Aranese Gascon, Aragonese, and Leonese. The Basque language or Euskara, the co-official language in the Basque Country, is the only surviving non-Romance language and goes back to pre-Roman times.
It is Castilian and other Romance languages of Spain, along with the country's Roman-derived legal system, the Roman Catholic Church, and the general way of life, that causes Spaniards to be labelled a Latin people.
Catalan people[edit]
Main article: Catalan people
The Catalan people are an ethnic group native to a region in northeastern Spain and southwestern France. Like the other ethnicities of Spain and France, their culture and language has Latin roots. Catalan culture and history shares a close connection with the culture and history of Occitania in southern France. The Catalan language is a Romance language and is a part of the Occitan group of languages or dialects. A Catalan nationalist movement in the autonomous community of Catalonia has been striving for Catalan independence from Spain in recent years (see: Catalan independence referendum, 2017).
Others[edit]
Among other Latin peoples we can also find the Valencians, the Aragonese people, the Andorrans, the Balearic people, the Maltese people and the Romansh people.
Latin Americans[edit]
Main articles: Latin America and Latin Americans
Map of locations of significant use of Romance languages:
Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian and Romanian
Of all world regions, the Americas (the name itself is derived from the Latinized form of the forename of Amerigo Vespucci), have been most significantly influenced by Romance-speaking European countries in regards to culture, language, religion, and genetic contribution to the population. The Latin European-influenced region of the Americas came to be called Latin America in the 19th century. The French Emperor Napoleon III is often credited with this naming.[13] The term is usually used to refer to Castilian- and Portuguese-speaking countries, namely Hispanic America and Brazil. White Latin Americans are the largest single demographic group in Latin America.[14] Together with the people of part-European ancestry they combine for approximately 80% of the population,[15] or even more.[14] A third of Latin Americans have mixed indigenous and European ancestry, notably Spanish and Portuguese because of former colonization and immigration, but also Italian ancestry because of former diaspora; however Latin is a cultural, not an ethnic label, and unmixed indigenous people are also "Latin" Americans because of their membership in the Latinized culture, as are Afro-"Latin" Americans, East Asian "Latin" Americans, (Ashkenazi) Jewish "Latin" Americans, Levantine "Latin" Americans, "Latin" Americans from other Middle Eastern nations, and European "Latin" Americans whose ancestry is from non-Latin countries such as Germanic languages-speaking, Baltic languages-speaking and Slavic languages-speaking areas of Europe.
See also[edit]
Legacy of the Roman Empire
Latin Union
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (2001). Romance Languages. London, England, UK: Routledge.
Jump up ^ Lucien Musset. — Les invasions. Le second assaut contre l'Europe chrétienne (VIIe-XI siècles), Presses Univ. France, 1965, p.195
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ P. A. Brunt, Italian manpower, 225 B.C.-A.D. 14, Oxford University Press, 1971, p. 52
Jump up ^ Beloch, Karl Julius (1977). La popolazione del mondo greco-romano (in Italian). Forni. ISBN 978-882718103-4.
Jump up ^ Luuk De Ligt, Peasants, Citizens and Soldiers: Studies in the Demographic History of Roman Italy 225 BC - AD 100. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. p. 43-44
Jump up ^ Ward-Perkins, Bryan (2006). The Fall of Rome: And the End of Civilization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 31.
Jump up ^ Jones, Michael E. (1998). The End of Roman Britain. United States: Cornell University Press. p. 267. ISBN 0-8014-8530-4.
Jump up ^ Emerick, Judson J. (1998). The Tempietto del Clitunno near Spoleto. Pennsylvania: Penn State Press. p. 371.
Jump up ^ "Census – Final results: Portugal – 2011". Statistics Portugal. 2012. p. 530. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
Jump up ^ http://mundolusiada.com.br/colunas/opiniao-luso-descendente/visigodos-um-povo-guerreiro-da-era-lusitana-de-portugal/
Jump up ^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Spain". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-24.
Jump up ^ Chasteen, John Charles (2001). Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America. W. W. Norton. p. 156. ISBN 978-039305048-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Lizcano Fernández, Francisco (May–August 2005). "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" (PDF). Convergencia (in Spanish). Mexico: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades. 38: 185–232; table on p. 218. ISSN 1405-1435. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-20.
Jump up ^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Field Listing – Ethnic groups". Retrieved 2008-02-20.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_peoples&oldid=835678340"
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Flags of the Confederate States of America
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about historical uses of flags associated with the defunct Confederate States of America. For modern uses, see Modern display of the Confederate flag.
Confederate States of America
The first national flag of the Confederate States of America with 13 stars
Name
"The Stars and Bars"
Use
National flag
Adopted
March 4, 1861 (first 7-star version)
November 28, 1861 (final 13-star version)
Design
Three horizontal stripes of equal height, alternating red and white, with a blue square two-thirds the height of the flag as the canton. Inside the canton are white five-pointed stars of equal size, arranged in a circle and pointing outward.
Designed by
Nicola Marschall
The second national flag of the Confederate States of America
Name
"The Stainless Banner"[a]
Use
National flag
Proportion
1:2[b]
Adopted
May 1, 1863
Design
A white rectangle two times as wide as it is tall, a red quadrilateral in the canton, inside the canton is a blue saltire with white outlining, with thirteen white five-pointed stars of equal size inside the saltire.
The third national flag of the Confederate States of America.
Name
"The Blood-Stained Banner"
Use
National flag
Proportion
2:3
Adopted
March 4, 1865
Design
A white rectangle, one-and-a-half times as wide as it is tall a red vertical stipe on the far right of the rectangle, a red quadrilateral in the canton, inside the canton is a blue saltire with white outlining, with thirteen white five-pointed stars of equal size inside the saltire.[c]
Designed by
Arthur L. Rogers[13]
Three successive designs served as the official national flag of the Confederate States of America (the "Confederate States" or the "Confederacy") during its existence from 1861 to 1865.
Since the end of the American Civil War, private and official use of the Confederacy's flags, and of flags with derivative designs, has continued under philosophical, political, cultural, and racial controversy in the United States. These include flags displayed in states; cities, towns and counties; schools, colleges and universities; private organizations and associations; and by individuals.
The state flag of Mississippi features the Confederate army's battle flag in the canton, or upper left corner, the only current U.S. state flag to do so. The state flag of Georgia is very similar to the first national flag of the Confederacy, the "Stars and Bars"; a prior design incorporating the Confederate battle flag was in use from 1956 until 2001.
Contents
[hide]
1 First flag: the "Stars and Bars" (1861–1863)
2 Second flag: the "Stainless Banner" (1863–1865)
3 Third flag: the "Blood-Stained Banner" (1865)
4 Other flags
4.1 Flags of individual Confederate states
4.2 Battle flag
4.3 Naval jacks and ensigns
5 Controversy
6 Photos
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 Further reading
12 External links
First flag: the "Stars and Bars" (1861–1863)[edit]
The first official national flag of the Confederacy, often called the Stars and Bars, flew from March 4, 1861, to May 1, 1863. It was designed by German/Prussian artist Nicola Marschall in Marion, Alabama, and resembled the flag of the Austrian Empire (later Austria-Hungary, now the Republic of Austria), with which Marschall would have been familiar.[14][15] The "Stars and Bars" flag was adopted March 4, 1861, in the first temporary national capital of Montgomery, Alabama, and raised over the dome of that first Confederate capitol. Marschall also designed the Confederate army uniform.[15]
A Confederate "Stars and Bars" flag, captured by soldiers of the Union Army at Columbia, South Carolina.
One of the first acts of the Provisional Confederate Congress was to create the Committee on the Flag and Seal, chaired by William Porcher Miles, a congressman and Fire-Eater from South Carolina. The committee asked the public to submit thoughts and ideas on the topic and was, as historian John M. Coski puts it, "overwhelmed by requests not to abandon the 'old flag' of the United States." Miles had already designed a flag that later became known as the Confederate Battle Flag, and he favored his flag over the "Stars and Bars" proposal. But given the popular support for a flag similar to the U.S. flag ("the Stars and Stripes" – originally established and designed in June 1777 during the Revolutionary War), the "Stars and Bars" design was approved by the committee.[16]
When the American Civil War broke out, the "Stars and Bars" caused confusion on the battlefield at the First Battle of Bull Run because of its similarity to the U.S. flag, especially when it was hanging limp, down on the flagstaff.[17] The "Stars and Bars" was also criticized on ideological grounds for its resemblance to the U.S. flag. Many Confederates disliked the Stars and Bars, seeing it as symbolic of the centralized federal power the Confederate states were seceding from to preserve slavery.[18] As early as April 1861, a month after the flag's adoption, some were already criticizing the flag, calling it a "servile imitation" and a "detested parody" of the U.S. flag.[19] In January 1862, George William Bagby, writing for the Southern Literary Messenger, wrote that many Confederates disliked the flag. "Every body wants a new Confederate flag," Bagby wrote, also stating that "The present one is universally hated. It resembles the Yankee flag and that is enough to make it unutterably detestable." The editor of the Charleston Mercury expressed a similar view, stating that "It seems to be generally agreed that the 'Stars and Bars' will never do for us. They resemble too closely the dishonored 'Flag of Yankee Doodle' … we imagine that the 'Battle Flag' will become the Southern Flag by popular acclaim." In addition, William T. Thompson, the editor of the Savannah-based Daily Morning News also objected to the flag, due to its aesthetic similarity to the U.S. flag, which some Confederates negatively associated with emancipation and abolitionism. Thompson stated in April 1863 that he disliked the adopted flag "on account of its resemblance to that of the abolition despotism against which we are fighting."[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
Over the course of the flag's use by the Confederacy, additional stars were added to the flag's canton, eventually bringing the total number of stars on the flag to thirteen. This reflected the Confederacy's claims of having admitted Kentucky and Missouri into the Confederacy. Although they were represented in the Confederate Congress for the duration of its meetings, and had shadow governments made up of deposed former state politicians, neither state was ever fully controlled or administered by the Confederacy. The first showing of the 13-star flag was outside the Ben Johnson House in Bardstown, Kentucky; the 13-star design was also in use as the Confederate navy's battle ensign.
First national flag with 7 stars
(March 4 – May 21, 1861)
First national flag with 9 stars
(May 21 – July 2, 1861)
First national flag with 11 stars
(July 2 – November 28, 1861)
First national flag with 13 stars
(November 28, 1861 – May 1, 1863[20])
Second flag: the "Stainless Banner" (1863–1865)[edit]
Second national flag
(May 1, 1863 – March 4, 1865),[20] 2:1 ratio
Second national flag, also used as the Confederate navy’s ensign, 1.5:1 ratio
During the solicitation for a second Confederate national flag, many different types of designs were proposed, nearly all based on the battle flag, which by 1863 had become well-known and popular among those living in the Confederacy. The Confederate Congress specified that the new design be a white field "...with the union (now used as the battle flag) to be a square of two-thirds the width of the flag, having the ground red; thereupon a broad saltire of blue, bordered with white, and emblazoned with mullets or five-pointed stars, corresponding in number to that of the Confederate States."[21]
The flag is also known as the Stainless Banner, and the matter of the person behind its design remains a point of contention. On April 23, 1863, the Savannah Morning News editor William Tappan Thompson, with assistance from William Ross Postell, a Confederate blockade runner, published an editorial championing a design featuring the battle flag on a white background he referred to later as "The White Man's Flag."[6] In explaining the white background, Thompson wrote, "As a people we are fighting to maintain the Heaven-ordained supremacy of the white man over the inferior or colored race; a white flag would thus be emblematical of our cause."[1][2][3][4][7][8][9][10] In a letter to Confederate Congressman C. J. Villeré, dated April 24, 1863, a design similar to Thompson's was proposed by General P. G. T. Beauregard, "whose earlier penchant for practicality had established the precedent for visual distinctiveness on the battlefield, proposed that 'a good design for the national flag would be the present battle-flag as Union Jack, and the rest all white or all blue'....The final version of the second national flag, adopted May 1, 1863, did just this: it set the St. Andrew's Cross of stars in the Union Jack with the rest of the civilian banner entirely white."[22][23][24][25][26]
The Confederate Congress debated whether the white field should have a blue stripe and whether it should be bordered in red. William Miles delivered a speech supporting the simple white design that was eventually approved. He argued that the battle flag must be used, but for a national flag it was necessary to emblazon it, but as simply as possible, with a plain white field.[27] When Thompson received word the Congress had adopted the design with a blue stripe, he published an editorial on April 28 in opposition, writing that "the blue bar running up the centre of the white field and joining with the right lower arm of the blue cross, is in bad taste, and utterly destructive of the symmetry and harmony of the design."[1][5]
Regardless of who truly originated the design of the Stainless Banner, whether by heeding Thompson's editorials or Beauregard's letter, the Stainless Banner was officially adopted by the Confederate Congress on May 1, 1863. The flags that were actually produced by the Richmond Clothing Depot used the 1.5:1 ratio adopted for the Confederate navy's battle ensign, rather than the official 2:1 ratio.[11]
Initial reaction to the second national flag was favorable, but over time it became criticized for being "too white." The Columbia-based Daily South Carolinian observed that it was essentially a battle flag upon a flag of truce and might send a mixed message. Military officers also voiced complaints about the flag being too white, for various reasons, such as the danger of being mistaken for a flag of truce, especially on naval ships, and that it was too easily soiled.[13] Due to the flag's resemblance to one of truce, some Confederates cut off the white portion of the flag, leaving only the canton.[28]
The first official use of the "Stainless Banner" was to drape the coffin of General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson as it lay in state in the Virginia capitol, May 12, 1863.[29]
Third flag: the "Blood-Stained Banner" (1865)[edit]
Third national flag (after March 4, 1865)
Third national flag as commonly manufactured, with a square canton
The third national flag (also called the “Blood Stained Banner”) was adopted March 4, 1865. The red vertical bar was proposed by Major Arthur L. Rogers, who argued that the pure white field of the Second National flag could be mistaken as a flag of truce: when hanging limp in no wind, the flag’s “Southern Cross” canton could accidentally stay hidden, so the flag could mistakenly appear all white.
Rogers lobbied successfully to have this alteration introduced in the Confederate Senate. He defended his redesign as having “...as little as possible of the Yankee blue,” and described it as symbolizing the primary origins of the people of the Confederacy, with the saltire of the Scottish flag and the red bar from the flag of France.[13]
The Flag Act of 1865, passed by the Confederate congress near the very end of the War, describes the flag in the following language:
The Congress of the Confederate States of America do enact, That the flag of the Confederate States shall be as follows: The width two-thirds of its length, with the union (now used as the battle flag) to be in width three-fifths of the width of the flag, and so proportioned as to leave the length of the field on the side of the union twice the width of the field below it; to have the ground red and a broad blue saltire thereon, bordered with white and emblazoned with mullets or five pointed stars, corresponding in number to that of the Confederate States; the field to be white, except the outer half from the union to be a red bar extending the width of the flag.[12]
Despite the passage of the Flag Act of 1865, very few of these third national flags were actually manufactured and put into use in the field, with many Confederates never seeing the flag. Moreover, the ones made by the Richmond Clothing Depot used the square canton of the second national flag rather than the slightly rectangular one that was specified by the law.[12]
Other flags[edit]
In addition to the national flags of the Confederacy, a wide variety of flags and banners were flown by Southerners during the War. Most famously, the "Bonnie Blue Flag" was used as an unofficial flag during the early months of 1861. It was flying above the Confederate batteries that first opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor, in South Carolina beginning the Civil War. The "Van Dorn battle flag" was also carried by Confederate troops fighting in the Trans-Mississippi and Western theaters of war. In addition, many military units had their own regimental flags they would carry into battle.[30]
The "Bonnie Blue Flag"—an unofficial flag in 1861
The "Van Dorn battle flag" used in the Western theaters of operation
Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia or "Robert E. Lee Headquarters Flag"
Flag of the First Corps, Army of Tennessee
Flag of the 1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles
George P. Gilliss flag, also known as the Biderman Flag, the only Confederate flag captured in California (Sacramento)
Flags of individual Confederate states[edit]
State
Flag
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
(unofficial)
Louisiana
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
Battle flag[edit]
Three versions of the flag of the Confederate States of America and the Confederate Battle Flag are shown on this printed poster from 1896. The "Stars and Bars" can be seen in the upper left. Standing at the center are Stonewall Jackson, P. G. T. Beauregard, and Robert E. Lee, surrounded by bust portraits of Jefferson Davis, Alexander Stephens, and various Confederate army officers, such as James Longstreet and A. P. Hill.
The Army of Northern Virginia battle flag was square, of various sizes for the different branches of the service: 52 inches (130 cm) square for the infantry, 38 inches (97 cm) for the artillery, and 32 inches (81 cm) for the cavalry. Its design was derived from the previous Naval Jack of the Confederacy, which was rectangular. It was used in battle beginning in December 1861 until the fall of the Confederacy. The blue on the saltire in the battle flag was navy blue, as opposed to the much lighter blue of the Naval Jack.
The Battle Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia
Battle flag of Forrest's Cavalry Corps, 1863-65
The battle flag used by the Army of the Trans-Mississippi
Cherokee Confederates reunion in New Orleans, 1903.
This flag was used by the soldiers of the Army as the official flag was too similar to the Union's flag. To avoid confusion on the battlefield, this flag was used consistently by almost the entire army.
The flag's stars represented the number of states in the Confederacy. The distance between the stars decreased as the number of states increased, reaching thirteen when the secessionist factions of Kentucky and Missouri joined in late 1861.[31]
At the First Battle of Manassas, near Manassas, Virginia, the similarity between the "Stars and Bars" and the "Stars and Stripes" caused confusion and military problems. Regiments carried flags to help commanders observe and assess battles in the warfare of the era. At a distance, the two national flags were hard to tell apart.[32] In addition, Confederate regiments carried many other flags, which added to the possibility of confusion.
After the battle, General P. G. T. Beauregard wrote that he was "resolved then to have [our flag] changed if possible, or to adopt for my command a 'Battle flag', which would be Entirely different from any State or Federal flag."[17] He turned to his aide, who happened to be William Porcher Miles, the former chairman of the Confederate Congress's Committee on the Flag and Seal. Miles described his rejected national flag design to Beauregard. Miles also told the Committee on the Flag and Seal about the general's complaints and request that the national flag be changed. The committee rejected the idea by a four to one vote, after which Beauregard proposed the idea of having two flags. He described the idea in a letter to his commanding General Joseph E. Johnston: "I wrote to [Miles] that we should have 'two' flags—a 'peace' or parade flag, and a 'war' flag to be used only on the field of battle—but congress having adjourned no action will be taken on the matter—How would it do us to address the War Dept. on the subject of Regimental or badge flags made of red with two blue bars crossing each other diagonally on which shall be introduced the stars,... We would then on the field of battle know our friends from our Enemies."[17]
The flag that Miles had favored when he was chairman of the "Committee on the Flag and Seal" eventually became the battle flag and, ultimately, the most popular flag of the Confederacy. According to Museum of the Confederacy Director John Coski, Miles' design was inspired by one of the many "secessionist flags" flown at the South Carolina secession convention in Charleston of December 1860. That flag was a blue St George's Cross (an upright or Latin cross) on a red field, with 15 white stars on the cross, representing the slaveholding states,[33][34] and, on the red field, palmetto and crescent symbols. Miles received a variety of feedback on this design, including a critique from Charles Moise, a self-described "Southerner of Jewish persuasion." Moise liked the design but asked that "...the symbol of a particular religion not be made the symbol of the nation." Taking this into account, Miles changed his flag, removing the palmetto and crescent, and substituting a heraldic saltire ("X") for the upright cross. The number of stars was changed several times as well. He described these changes and his reasons for making them in early 1861. The diagonal cross was preferable, he wrote, because "it avoided the religious objection about the cross (from the Jews and many Protestant sects), because it did not stand out so conspicuously as if the cross had been placed upright thus." He also argued that the diagonal cross was "more Heraldric [sic] than Ecclesiastical, it being the 'saltire' of Heraldry, and significant of strength and progress."[35]
According to Coski, the Saint Andrew's Cross (also used on the flag of Scotland as a white saltire on a blue field) had no special place in Southern iconography at the time, and if Miles had not been eager to conciliate the Southern Jews, his flag would have used the traditional upright "Saint George's Cross" (as used on the flag of England, a red cross on a white field). A colonel named James B. Walton submitted a battle flag design essentially identical to Miles' except with an upright Saint George's cross, but Beauregard chose the diagonal cross design.[36]
Miles' flag and all the flag designs up to that point were rectangular ("oblong") in shape. General Johnston suggested making it square to conserve material. Johnston also specified the various sizes to be used by different types of military units. Generals Beauregard and Johnston and Quartermaster General Cabell approved the design of the 12-star Confederate Battle Flag at the Ratcliffe home, which served briefly as Beauregard's headquarters, near Fairfax Court House in September 1861. The 12th star represented Missouri. President Jefferson Davis arrived by train at Fairfax Station soon after and was shown the design for the new battle flag at the Ratcliffe House. Hetty Cary and her sister and cousin made prototypes. One such 12-star flag resides in the collection of Richmond's Museum of the Confederacy and the other is in Confederate Memorial Hall in New Orleans.
On November 28, 1861, Confederate soldiers in General Robert E. Lee's newly reorganized Army of Northern Virginia received the new battle flags in ceremonies at Centreville and Manassas, Virginia, and carried them throughout the Civil War. Beauregard gave a speech encouraging the soldiers to treat the new flag with honor and that it must never be surrendered. Many soldiers wrote home about the ceremony and the impression the flag had upon them, the "fighting colors" boosting morale after the confusion at the Battle of First Manassas. From then on, the battle flag grew in its identification with the Confederacy and the South in general.[37] Later, a 13th star was added for Kentucky.
The Army of Northern Virginia battle flag assumed a prominent place post-war when it was adopted as the copyrighted emblem of the United Confederate Veterans. Its continued use by the Southern Army's post-war veterans groups, the United Confederate Veterans (U.C.V.) and the later Sons of Confederate Veterans, (S.C.V.), and elements of the design by related similar female descendants organizations of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, (U.D.C.), led to the assumption that it was, as it has been termed, the soldier's flag or the Confederate battle flag.
The square "battle flag" is also properly known as the flag of the Army of Northern Virginia. It was sometimes called Beauregard's flag or the Virginia battle flag. A Virginia Department of Historic Resources marker declaring Fairfax, Virginia as the birthplace of the Confederate battle flag was dedicated on April 12, 2008, near the intersection of Main and Oak Streets, in Fairfax, Virginia.[38][39][40]
Naval jacks and ensigns[edit]
The fledgling Confederate States Navy adopted and used several types of flags, banners, and pennants aboard all CSN ships: jacks, battle ensigns, and small boat ensigns, as well as commissioning pennants, designating flags, and signal flags.[citation needed]
The First Confederate Navy jacks, in use from 1861 to 1863, consisted of a circle of seven to fifteen five-pointed white stars against a field of "medium blue." It was flown forward aboard all Confederate warships while they were anchored in port. One seven-star jack still exists today (found aboard the captured ironclad CSS Atlanta) that is actually "dark blue" in color (see illustration below, left).[citation needed]
The Second Confederate Navy Jack was a rectangular cousin of the Confederate Army's battle flag and was in use from 1863 until 1865. It existed in a variety of dimensions and sizes, despite the CSN's detailed naval regulations. The blue color of the diagonal saltire's "Southern Cross" was much lighter than the dark blue of the battle flag.[citation needed]
The First Confederate Navy Jack, 1861–1863
The Second Confederate Navy Jack, 1863–1865
The First Confederate Navy Ensign, 1861–1863
The Second Confederate Navy Ensign, 1863–1865
The first national flag, also known as the Stars and Bars (see above), served from 1861 to 1863 as the Confederate Navy's first battle ensign. It was generally made with an aspect ratio of 2:3, but a few very wide 1:2 ratio ensigns still survive today in museums and private collections. As the Confederacy grew, so did the numbers of white stars seen on the ensign's dark blue canton: seven-, nine-, eleven-, and thirteen-star groupings were typical. Even a few fourteen- and fifteen-starred ensigns were made to include states that were expected to secede but never completely joined the Confederacy.[citation needed]
The second national flag was later adapted as a naval ensign, using a shorter 2:3 ratio than the 1:2 ratio adopted by the Confederate Congress for the national flag. This particular battle ensign was the only example taken around the world, finally becoming the last Confederate flag lowered in the Civil War; this happened aboard CSS Shenandoah in Liverpool, England on November 7, 1865.
Controversy[edit]
For use of Confederate symbols in modern society and popular culture, see Modern display of the Confederate flag.
An elongated (2:1 aspect ratio) version of the Battle Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia, and similar to The Second Confederate Navy Jack, in use from 1863 until 1865, although with the darker blue field of the Army's battle flag.
Despite never having historically represented the Confederate States of America as a country, nor officially recognized as one of its national flags, the rectangular Second Confederate Navy Jack and the Battle Flag of Northern Virginia are now flag types commonly referred to as the Confederate Flag. They both have become a widely recognized symbol of the Southern United States.[41] It is also known as the rebel flag, Dixie flag, and Southern cross[42] and is often incorrectly referred to as the Stars and Bars.[43] The actual "Stars and Bars" is the first national flag, which used an entirely different design.
As of the early 21st century, the "rebel flag" has become a highly divisive symbol in the United States.[44]
Photos[edit]
Drawing in the United Confederate Veterans 1895 Sponsor souvenir album
Jefferson Davis State Historic Site & Museum. The Bonnie Blue Flag is on the right.
Confederate National flag of Fort McAllister
Battle Flag of Fort McAllister
Confederate National Flag captured from Fort Jackson
Battle flag of the 11th Mississippi Infantry Regiment used at Antietam
See also[edit]
Book: Flags of the United States
Great Seal of the Confederate States of America
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ William Tappan Thompson, editor of Savannah's Daily Morning News, used a different nickname for the flag, calling it "The White Man's Flag," saying that the flag's white field symbolized the "supremacy of the white man." But it was a nickname that never gained traction with the public.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
Jump up ^ Although the officially-specified proportions were 1:2, many of the flags that actually ended up being produced used a 1.5:1 aspect ratio.[11]
Jump up ^ Although the officially-designated design specified a rectangular canton, many of the flags that ended up being produced utilized a square-shaped canton.[12]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Preble 1872, pp. 414–417
^ Jump up to: a b c Preble 1880, pp. 523–525
^ Jump up to: a b c Coski, John M. (May 13, 2013). "The Birth of the 'Stainless Banner'". The New York Times. New York: The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on 2014-01-27. Retrieved January 27, 2014. A handful of contemporaries linked the new flag design to the "peculiar institution" that was at the heart of the South's economy, social system and polity: slavery. Bagby characterized the flag motif as the "Southern Cross" – the constellation, not a religious symbol – and hailed it for pointing 'the destiny of the Southern master and his African slave' southward to 'the banks of the Amazon,' a reference to the desire among many Southerners to expand Confederate territory into Latin America. In contrast, the editor of the Savannah, Ga., Morning News focused on the white field on which the Southern Cross was emblazoned. "As a people, we are fighting to maintain the heaven-ordained supremacy of the white man over the inferior or colored races. A White Flag would be thus emblematical of our cause." He dubbed the new flag "the White Man's Flag," a sobriquet that never gained traction.
^ Jump up to: a b c Thompson, William T. (April 23, 1863). "Daily Morning News". Savannah, Georgia.
^ Jump up to: a b c Thompson, William T. (April 28, 1863). "Daily Morning News". Savannah, Georgia.
^ Jump up to: a b c Thompson, William T. (May 4, 1863). "Daily Morning News". Savannah, Georgia.
^ Jump up to: a b c Loewen, James W.; Sebesta, Edward H. (2010). The Confederate and Neo Confederate Reader: The Great Truth about the 'Lost Cause'. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-60473-219-1. OCLC 746462600. Retrieved December 5, 2013. Confederates even showed their preoccupation with race in their flag. Civil War buffs know that 'the Confederate flag' waved today was never the official flag of the Confederate States of America. Rather, it was the flag of the Army of Northern Virginia. During the war, the Confederacy adopted three official flags. The first, sometimes called 'the Stars and Bars,' drew many objections 'on account of its resemblance to that of the abolition despotism against which we are fighting,' in the words of the editor of the Savannah Morning News, quoted herein.
^ Jump up to: a b Kim, Kyle; Krishnakumar, Priya. "What you should know about the Confederate flag's evolution". Los Angeles Times (June 23, 2015). California. Archived from the original on July 12, 2015. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Wood, Marie Stevens Walker (1957). Stevens-Davis and allied families: a memorial volume of history , biography, and genealogy. p. 44. Retrieved September 1, 2015. This design was suggested by William T. Thompson, editor of the Savannah (Ga.) Morning News, who, in an editorial published April 23, 1863, stated that through this design could be attained all the...
^ Jump up to: a b Allen, Frederick. Atlanta Rising: The Invention of an International City 1946-1996. p. 67. Retrieved September 1, 2015. By modern standards, the greatest flaw of the 'Stainless Banner' was its other popular nickname, bestowed by William T. Thompson, editor of the Savannah Daily Morning News, who called it 'the White Man's Flag' and argued that it represented 'the cause of a superior race and a higher civilization contending against ignorance, infidelity, and barbarism' – a bit of racist rhetoric that is plainly unacceptable in current public discource.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Second Confederate National Flag (Flags of the Confederacy)". Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2005. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Third Confederate National Flag (Flags of the Confederacy)". Archived from the original on January 30, 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2007. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c Coski 2005, pp. 17–18
Jump up ^ "Nicola Marschall". The Encyclopedia of Alabama. April 25, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011. The flag does resemble that of the Germanic European nation of Austria, which as a Prussian artist, Marschall would have known well.
^ Jump up to: a b Hume, Edgar Erskine (August 1940). "Nicola Marschall: Excerpts from "The German Artist Who Designed the Confederate Flag and Uniform"". The American-German Review. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Coski 2005, pp. 4–5
^ Jump up to: a b c Coski 2005, p. 8
Jump up ^ "The Declarations of Causes of Seceding States". Civil War Trust. Retrieved February 23, 2016. Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery—the greatest material interest of the world. Its labor supplies the product which constitutes by far the largest and most important portions of commerce of the earth. These products are peculiar to the climate verging on the tropical regions, and by an imperious law of nature, none but the black race can bear exposure to the tropical sun. These products have become necessities of the world, and a blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization. That blow has been long aimed at the institution, and was at the point of reaching its consummation. There was no choice left us but submission to the mandates of abolition, or a dissolution of the Union, whose principles had been subverted to work out our ruin. That we do not overstate the dangers to our institution, a reference to a few facts will sufficiently prove.
Jump up ^ Coski, John M. (May 13, 2013). "The Birth of the 'Stainless Banner'". The New York Times. New York: The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on 2014-01-27. Retrieved January 27, 2014. "Every body wants a new Confederate flag," wrote George Bagby, editor of The Southern Literary Messenger, in January 1862. "The present one is universally hated. It resembles the Yankee flag and that is enough to make it unutterably detestable." The editor of the "Charleston Mercury" echoed Bagby in his criticism and in his solution: "It seems to be generally agreed that the 'Stars and Bars' will never do for us. They resemble too closely the dishonored Flag of Yankee Doodle … we imagine that the Battle Flag will become the Southern Flag by popular acclaim." As early as April 1861, critics denounced the Stars and Bars as a "servile imitation" and a "detested parody" of the Stars and Stripes.
^ Jump up to: a b "Confederate States of America government". Retrieved October 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Coski & The Second Confederate National Flag, Flags of the Confederacy
Jump up ^ Bonner, Robert E., "Flag Culture and the Consolidation of Confederate Nationalism." Journal of Southern History, Vol. 68, No. 2 (May 2002), 318-319. See also: John M. Coski, The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem (2005), p. 16 [1]; Bvt. Major-General Edward D. Townsend, Saving the Union: My Days with Lincoln and Stanton (Annotated) [2]; William Parker Snow, Lee and His Generals (1867), p.260 [3].
Jump up ^ “Gen. Beauregard suggested the flag just adopted, or else a field of blue in place of the white.” -"Letter from Richmond" by the Richmond correspondent of the Charleston Mercury, May 5, 1863, p.1, c.1.
Jump up ^ John M. Coski, "The Birth of the Stainless Banner," New York Times Opinionator, (May 13, 2013). "Some congressmen and newspaper editors favored making the Army of Northern Virginia battle flag (in a rectangular shape) itself the new national flag. But Beauregard and others felt the nation needed its own distinctive symbol, and so recommended that the Southern Cross be emblazoned in the corner of a white field."
Jump up ^ J. Michael Martinez, William D. Richardson, Ron McNinch-Su, eds., Confederate Symbols in the Contemporary South, University Press of Florida (2000), p.98 [4].
Jump up ^ Letter of Beauregard to Villere (April 24, 1863), Daily Dispatch (Richmond, VA), May 13, 1863 [5]
Jump up ^ Coski 2005, pp. 16–17
Jump up ^ Coski 2005, p. 18
Jump up ^ John D. Wright, The Language of the Civil War, p.284; John M. Coski, The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem (2005), p. 17.
Jump up ^ North & South – The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society, Volume 11, Number 2, Page 30, Retrieved April 16, 2010, "The Stars and Bars" Archived July 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Coski 2005, p. 11
Jump up ^ Gevinson, Alan. "The Reason Behind the 'Stars and Bars". Teachinghistory.org. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Coski, John M. (2009). The Confederate Battle Flag. Harvard University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-674-02986-6. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Coski 2005, p. 5
Jump up ^ Coski 2005, p. 5: "describes the 15 stars and the debate on religious symbolism."
Jump up ^ Coski 2005, pp. 6–8
Jump up ^ Coski 2005, p. 10
Jump up ^ Birthplace of the Confederate Battle Flag. The Historical Marker Database.
Jump up ^ "37 New Historical Markers for Virginia's Roadways" (PDF). Notes on Virginia. Virginia Department of Historic Resources (52): 71. 2008. B-261: Birthplace of the Confederate Battle Flag
Jump up ^ "2008 Virginia Marker Dedication: Birthplace of the Confederate Battle Flag". Retrieved October 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Chapman, Roger (2011). Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices. M.E. Sharpe. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7656-2250-1. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Leonard, Ian (June 21, 2015). "What is the Confederate flag and what does it stand for?". Daily Mirror. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Coski 2005, pp. 58
Jump up ^ The Associated Press (July 10, 2015). "Confederate flag removed: A history of the divisive symbol". Oregon Live.
Bibliography[edit]
Library resources about
Flags of the Confederate States of America
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Bonner, Robert. Colors and Blood: Flag Passions of the Confederate South. Princeton University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-691-11949-X.
Coski, John M. (2005). The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem. United States of America: First Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01722-1.
Katcher, Phillip and Scollins, Rick. Flags of the American Civil War 1: Confederate. (Osprey Men-At-War Series), Osprey Publishing Company, 1993. ISBN 1-85532-270-6.
Madaus, H. Michael. Rebel Flags Afloat: A Survey of the Surviving Flags of the Confederate States Navy, Revenue Service, and Merchant Marine. Flag Research Center, 1986, Winchester, MA. ISSN 0015-3370. (Eighty-page, all Confederate naval flags issue of "The Flag Bulletin," magazine #115.)
Marcovitz, Hal. The Confederate Flag, American Symbols and Their Meanings. Mason Crest Publishers, 2002. ISBN 1-59084-035-6.
Martinez, James Michael; Richardson, William Donald; McNinch-Su, Ron (2000). Confederate Symbols in the Contemporary South. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. pp. 284–285. ISBN 0-8130-1758-0.
Preble, George Henry (1872). Our Flag: Origin and Progress of the Flag of the United States of America, with an Introductory Account of the Symbols, Standards, Banners and Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations. Albany: Joel Munsell. OCLC 612597989.
Preble, George Henry (1880). History of the Flag of the United States of America: And of the Naval and Yacht-Club Signals, Seals, and Arms, and Principal National Songs of the United States, with a Chronicle of the Symbols, Standards, Banners, and Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations (2nd revised ed.). Boston: A. Williams and Company. OCLC 645323981.
Further reading[edit]
50 Facts You May Not Know About the Confederate Flag, by J. D. Manchester, Starling and Black Publications, ISBN 9781515099222
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of the Confederate States of America.
Confederate Flags at DMOZ
Symbols of Battle: Civil War Flags at Google Cultural Institute
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