text:
Red Sea Rift
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The Red Sea Rift is a spreading center between two tectonic plates, the African Plate and the Arabian Plate. It extends from the Dead Sea Transform fault system, and ends at an intersection with the Aden Ridge and the East African Rift, forming the Afar Triple Junction in the Afar Depression of the Horn of Africa.
The Red Sea Rift was formed by the divergence between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate. The rift transitioned from a continental rift to an oceanic rift.[1] Magnetic anomalies suggest that the spreading rate on either side of the Red Sea is about 1 cm/year. The African plate has a rotation rate of 0.9270 degrees/Ma, while the Arabian plate has a rotation rate of 1.1616 degrees/Ma.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Spreading model
2 Mechanism of rifting
3 Composition
4 Volcanic activity
5 Resources
6 See also
7 References
Spreading model[edit]
A two-stage spreading model explains the tectonic evolution in this region. The first major rift motion was seen in the lower/middle Eocene, followed by major seafloor spreading in the late Eocene and early Oligocene. This was followed by a period of 30 Ma of no motion, during which a large amount of evaporites were deposited. After this quiet period of deposition, a new period of activity started about five million years ago. This new phase of spreading caused considerable disturbance to the sediments that were deposited, which created an unstable situation as the crust and sediments parted and the axial trough evolved. Normal faulting along the rift valley during earthquakes shows that the extensional motion is continuing.[3]
Mechanism of rifting[edit]
A three-step process[4] has been proposed for the mechanism of rifting.
First a thermal anomaly developed in the mantle in the earliest stages of rifting, causing the rise of the asthenosphere, and the thinning of the subcrustal continental lithosphere. There have been several mechanisms proposed to achieve this, such as convective thermal thinning.
This was followed by decompressions which occurred due to uplift related to the gradual stretching and thinning of the crust as rifting continued. Stretching and thinning can take place either according to a symmetrical, pure shear, extension model, or due to an asymmetric, detachment-delamination model. Basaltic dykes are also injected during the stretching and thinning.
As the basaltic injections become restricted to a narrow axial zone. True seafloor spreading initiates with the Vine-Matthews-type magnetic anomaly stripes. Axial propagation of the oceanic rift occurs, resulting in a continuous axis of spreading. The rift may be intersected by a shear or fracture zone, which act as locked zones and prevent further propagation. Zones of compression may develop.
Composition[edit]
There is a general agreement that the axial trough of the Red Sea originated by seafloor spreading, and therefore is underlain by oceanic crust, the nature of the crust beneath the main trough and coastal plains of the Red Sea is still controversial, leading to the development of a few theories. One theory suggests that the entire Red Sea basin is underlain by oceanic crust, while another theory claims that the main trough is underlain only in part by oceanic crust. A third theory suggests that outside the axial trough, the crust has a continental composition, with the presence of basaltic dykes, while another hypothesis suggests that the lower crust in the rift consists of rift meta-sediments, in direct contact with the upper mantle. All geophysical data from the axial trough reveal seismic velocities typical for oceanic crust. The main trough, however, is characterized by a high degree of lateral variation, with abrupt changes in basement velocities from typical continental to typical oceanic signatures.[5]
Volcanic activity[edit]
The rift zone includes the island of Jabal al-Tair, formed by the basaltic stratovolcano of the same name, located northwest of the Bab al-Mandab passage at the mouth of the Red Sea, about halfway between Yemen and Eritrea. The volcano erupted on 30 September 2007, after 124 years of dormancy.
Resources[edit]
The axial deep of the rift was the location of the first known hot hydrothermal brines discovered on the sea floor. Workers from 1949 through the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot (60 °C (140 °F)) saline brines and associated metalliferous muds. The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor rift.[6]
See also[edit]
Afar Triple Junction
Gulf of Suez Rift
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McGuire, AV, and RG Bohannon. “Timing of Mantle Upwelling: Evidence for a Passive Origin for the Red Sea Rift.” Journal of Geophysical Research: … 94.No. B2 (1989): 1677–1682.
Jump up ^ McKenzie, DP, D Davies, and P Molnar. “Plate Tectonics of the Red Sea and East Africa.” Nature 226 (1970): 243–248.
Jump up ^ Girdler, RW, and P Styles. “Two Stage Red Sea Floor Spreading.” Nature 247 (1974): 7–11.
Jump up ^ Davison, IAN. “Geological Evolution of the Southeastern Red Sea Rift Margin, Republic of Yemen.” Geological Society … 106.November 1994 (1994): 1474–1493.
Jump up ^ Bonatti, Enrico, and Monique Seyler. “Crustal Underplating and Evolution in the Red Sea Rift: Uplifted Gabbro/gneiss Crustal Complexes on Zabargad and Brothers Islands.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid … 92.No. B12 (1987): 12803–12821.
Jump up ^ Degens, Egon T. (ed.), 1969, Hot Brines and Recent Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea, 600 pp, Springer-Verlag
[hide]
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Major African geological formations
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Return of the Seven
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Return of the Seven
US film poster
Directed by
Burt Kennedy
Produced by
Ted Richmond
Written by
Larry Cohen
Starring
Yul Brynner
Robert Fuller
Julián Mateos
Warren Oates
Virgilio Teixeira
Claude Akins
Elisa Montés
Jordan Christopher
Music by
Elmer Bernstein
Cinematography
Paul Vogel
Edited by
Bert Bates
Production
company
Mirisch Productions
C.B. Films
Distributed by
United Artists
Release date
19 October 1966
Running time
95 minutes
Country
United States
Spain
Language
English
Spanish
Return of the Seven (1966) (also called Return of the Magnificent Seven, and The Magnificent Seven 2) is the first sequel to the western, The Magnificent Seven (1960). Yul Brynner is the sole returning cast member from the first film, portraying Chris Adams.
Robert Fuller assumes the role of Vin from Steve McQueen.
The film was written by Larry Cohen and directed by Burt Kennedy, and features Warren Oates, Claude Akins, Jordan Christopher, Virgilio Teixeira and Julian Mateos (as Chico, replacing Horst Buchholz). Emilio Fernández is the villain. Fernando Rey portrays a priest. Rey was in the next film, Guns of the Magnificent Seven, as a different character.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 The Seven
2.2 Others
3 Reception
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Fifty gunmen force all of the men in a small Mexican village to ride off with them into the desert. Among the captured farmers is Chico, who years before was one of seven hired gunslingers responsible for ridding the village of a tyrannical bandit, Calvera. Chico's wife, Petra, seeks out the other members of the band of whom only two, Chris and Vin, survive. She begs them to save the village once more. To replace the deceased members of the group, Chris buys the release of Frank (a taciturn gunman) and Luis (a famous bandit), held in the local jail and recruits Colbee, a ladies' man and deadly gunman, and Manuel, a young cockfighter.
The six men discover that the missing villagers are being used as slave labor to rebuild a desert village and church as a memorial to the dead sons of wealthy rancher Lorca. In a surprise attack, the six gunmen force Lorca's men to leave, and prepare for a counterattack with Chico. The cowed farmers offer no assistance, but the seven defenders successfully repulse Lorca's initial attack. Lorca, the rancher, then gathers all of the men on his land to rout the seven men.
The situation seems bleak until Manuel discovers a supply of dynamite which the seven use in a counteroffensive. They are eventually overrun, but Chris emerges victorious from a shootout with Lorca. The rancher's gang flee, leaving Frank, Luis, and Manuel dead in the fighting. Chico plans to resettle the village on Lorca's fertile land, and Colbee remains to help teach the villagers how to defend themselves against future attacks; he also plans to pursue the available women. Chris and Vin once more ride off together.
Cast[edit]
The Seven[edit]
Yul Brynner as Chris Adams
Robert Fuller as Vin Tanner
Warren Oates as Colbee
Claude Akins as Frank
Julián Mateos as Chico
Virgilio Teixeira as Luis Emilio Delgado
Jordan Christopher as Manuel De Norte
Others[edit]
Elisa Montés as Petra, Chico's wife
Fernando Rey as Priest
Emilio Fernández as Francisco Lorca
Rodolfo Acosta as Lopez
Gracita Sacromonte as Flamenco Dancer
Carlos Casaravilla as First Peon
Ricardo Palacios as Jailer
Felisa Jiminez as Female Prisoner
Reception[edit]
Return of the Seven was critically panned. Industry journal Variety called it "unsatisfactory... plodding, cliche-ridden".[1] Composer Elmer Bernstein received an Academy Award nomination for his score, a re-recorded version of his score for The Magnificent Seven (1960).
The film earned an estimated $1.6 million in rentals during its initial release.[2]
The film was re-released in 1969 and earned rentals of $1.3 million.[3]
See also[edit]
Film in the United States portal
1960s portal
List of American films of 1966
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Reviews - Return of the Seven, Variety, retrieved 2007-05-30.
Jump up ^ "Big Rental Pictures of 1966", Variety, 4 January 1967 p 8
Jump up ^ "Big Rental Films of 1969", Variety, 7 January 1970 p 15
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Return of the Seven
Return of the Seven on IMDb
Return of the Seven at AllMovie
Return of the Seven at the TCM Movie Database
Return of the Seven at Rotten Tomatoes
The Return of The Return of The Magnificent Seven, Bob Yareham, VLC News, 12 June 2013. An article about the locations in Spain.
[show]
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The Magnificent Seven
Original films
The Magnificent Seven (1960)
Return of the Seven (1966)
Guns of the Magnificent Seven (1969)
The Magnificent Seven Ride (1972)
Remake
The Magnificent Seven (2016)
Television
The Magnificent Seven
Related articles
Chris Adams
Seven Samurai
[show]
v
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Films directed by Burt Kennedy
The Canadians (1961)
Mail Order Bride (1964)
The Rounders (1965)
The Money Trap (1965)
Return of the Seven (1966)
Welcome to Hard Times (1967)
The War Wagon (1967)
Support Your Local Sheriff! (1969)
Young Billy Young (1969)
The Good Guys and the Bad Guys (1969)
Dirty Dingus Magee (1970)
The Deserter (1971)
Support Your Local Gunfighter (1971)
Hannie Caulder (1971)
The Train Robbers (1973)
Sidekicks (1974)
All the Kind Strangers (1974)
Shootout in a One-Dog Town (1974)
The Killer Inside Me (1976)
Wolf Lake (1978)
The Alamo: 13 Days to Glory (1987)
The Trouble with Spies (1987)
Once Upon a Texas Train (1988)
Big Bad John (1990)
Suburban Commando (1991)
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Larry Cohen
Bone (1972)
Black Caesar (1973)
Hell Up in Harlem (1973)
It's Alive (1974)
God Told Me To (1976)
The Private Files of J. Edgar Hoover (1977)
It Lives Again (1978)
Full Moon High (1981)
See China and Die (1981)
Q (1982)
Special Effects (1984)
Perfect Strangers (1984)
The Stuff (1985)
It's Alive III: Island of the Alive (1987)
A Return to Salem's Lot (1987)
Deadly Illusion (1987)
Wicked Stepmother (1989)
The Ambulance (1990)
As Good as Dead (1995)
Original Gangstas (1996)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Return_of_the_Seven&oldid=812309739"
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1960s Western (genre) films
1960s sequel films
English-language films
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Films scored by Elmer Bernstein
Films directed by Burt Kennedy
United Artists films
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Seven Samurai
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Mayim Bialik
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Mayim Bialik
Bialik in 2013
Born
Mayim Chaya Bialik
(1975-12-12) December 12, 1975 (age 42)
San Diego, California, U.S.
Alma mater
University of California, Los Angeles (BS, PhD)
Occupation
Actress, neuroscientist, author
Years active
1987–present
Television
Blossom
The Big Bang Theory
Spouse(s)
Michael Stone (m. 2003; div. 2012)
Children
2
Scientific career
Fields
Neuroscience
Thesis
Hypothalamic regulation in relation to maladaptive, obsessive-compulsive, affiliative, and satiety behaviors in Prader-Willi syndrome (2007)
Doctoral advisor
James T. McCracken
Website
mayimbialik.net
groknation.com
Mayim Chaya Bialik (/ˈmaɪəm biˈɑːlɪk/ MY-əm bee-AH-lik; born December 12, 1975) is an American actress, author and neuroscientist. From 1991 to 1995, she played the title character of the NBC sitcom Blossom. Since 2010, she has played Amy Farrah Fowler-Cooper – like the actress, a neuroscientist – on the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory, a role for which she has been nominated four times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series,[1] and won a Critic's Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Acting career
3 Other works and writings
3.1 Grok Nation
3.2 Books
3.3 The New York Times Op-Ed
4 Personal life
5 Filmography
5.1 Film
5.2 Television
5.3 Web
5.4 Video games
6 Written works
7 Awards and nominations
8 References
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Mayim Chaya Bialik[2] was born on December 12, 1975, in San Diego, California,[3] to Barry (d. 2015) and Beverly (née Winkleman) Bialik.[4][5][6] Three of her four grandparents migrated from Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.[7] Bialik was raised as a Reform Jew,[7] but now considers herself to be Orthodox Jewish.[8] Her personal name, Mayim, originates in a mispronunciation of Miriam, her great-grandmother's name.[9] It also means "water" in Hebrew.[10] Hayim Nahman Bialik is her great-great-grandfather’s uncle.[11]
Bialik attended Walter Reed Junior High School (now Walter Reed Middle School) and graduated in 1993 from North Hollywood High School in North Hollywood, California.[12] While completing filming on Blossom she received acceptance offers from UCLA, Yale, and Harvard. In acknowledgment of her acting commitments, she was granted a deferred acceptance and attended UCLA.[13][14] She stated that she wanted to stay close to her parents and did not want to move to the East Coast.
Bialik earned a B.S. degree in neuroscience, with minors in Hebrew and Jewish studies,[15][16] and went on to study for a doctorate in neuroscience. She took a break from studies in 2005 to return to acting.[17] Bialik returned to earn her Ph.D. in neuroscience from UCLA, in 2007.[18] Her dissertation was an investigation of hypothalamic activity in patients with Prader–Willi syndrome, entitled "Hypothalamic regulation in relation to maladaptive, obsessive-compulsive, affiliative and satiety behaviors in Prader–Willi syndrome."[2][19][20]
Acting career[edit]
Bialik at the rehearsal for the 1989 Academy Awards
Bialik started her career as a child actress in the late 1980s. Her early roles included the horror film Pumpkinhead (1988), her first acting job,[21] and guest appearances on The Facts of Life and Beauty and the Beast. In 1988-1989, she had a recurring role on the TV comedy Webster playing Frieda, Webster's classmate, in 8 episodes. It was for her Beauty and the Beast work, in which she played a sewer-dwelling girl named Ellie who had about 10 lines of dialogue, that Bialik obtained her Screen Actors Guild (SAG) card.[22] She appeared in three episodes of MacGyver as Lisa Woodman. She appeared in Beaches (1988), playing Bette Midler's character as a young girl. She also appeared in the video for the song "Liberian Girl" by Michael Jackson. In 1990, Bialik was tied to two television pilots, Fox's Molloy and NBC's Blossom. Molloy at first produced six episodes for a tryout run, followed by the shooting of the pilot special for Blossom. The latter actually aired two weeks before Bialik's Fox series and ultimately garnered higher ratings than the former. When Molloy folded after its six episodes, Blossom premiered as a mid-season replacement on January 3, 1991, and aired until May 22, 1995.[23]
Bialik had a major part in the Woody Allen comedy film Don't Drink the Water in 1994. On September 8, 1992, Bialik was a celebrity contestant guest in the episode "Disturbing The Heavenly Peace", the first episode of the second season of the game show Where In The World Is Carmen Sandiego?. Between 1995 and 2005, Bialik mostly did voice-over work for cartoons, such as The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest, Disney's Recess and Kim Possible, Cartoon Network's Johnny Bravo, and Nickelodeon's Hey Arnold!. She appeared in the feature film Kalamazoo? (2005) and appeared in three episodes of the HBO comedy series Curb Your Enthusiasm as Jodi Funkhouser, the lesbian daughter of a friend of Larry David. Bialik also made guest appearances as a fictionalized version of herself in the series Fat Actress and made a guest appearance in an episode of Saving Grace.[24]
Bialik at the 36th Annual Gracie Awards in 2011
She had a recurring role as the high school guidance counselor in ABC Family's The Secret Life of the American Teenager. In 2009, Bialik was nominated by Clinton Kelly for a makeover on TLC's What Not To Wear.[25] She joined the cast of The Big Bang Theory as Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler. Her first appearance was in the season 3 finale as a potential love interest for the character of Sheldon Cooper (Jim Parsons). In Season 4, she began as a recurring character playing Sheldon's "friend that's a girl, but not a girlfriend." Beginning with Season 4, Episode 8, she became part of the main cast.[26] Amy is a neurobiologist, which is a field related to Bialik's real-life academic career in neuroscience. Bialik's performance in The Big Bang Theory earned her Emmy Award nominations in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. Bialik was one of seven actresses who had a "quirky" personality to audition for the role.[27] Prior to her joining the cast, in the episode "The Bat Jar Conjecture", Raj suggests recruiting the real-life Bialik to their Physics Bowl team, saying "You know who's apparently very smart is the girl who played TV's Blossom. She got a Ph.D. in neuroscience or something." She is cast as one of the guest stars on the Steve Carell 2014 improvisational sketch show Riot.[28][29][30]
In August 2014, Bialik began hosting a revival of Candid Camera on TV Land alongside Peter Funt.[31] On March 6, 2012, her book, Beyond the Sling: A Real-Life Guide to Raising Confident, Loving Children the Attachment Parenting Way, was released.[32] Her most recent movie appearance was in a Lifetime Christmas movie, The Flight Before Christmas in 2015.[33]
Other works and writings[edit]
Grok Nation[edit]
Bialik founded Grok Nation in August 2015 for people of different ages and backgrounds to have conversations on contemporary issues. It aims to engage readers in online conversations that lead to offline action, mobilizing individuals toward changing the world as a community. To grok means to understand in a profound manner. The term comes from the 1961 science fiction novel Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert A. Heinlein. Bialik had been writing on a similar area for JTA-affiliated Jewish parenting site Kveller for five years. She announced and described her new creation on the site.[34][35][36]
Books[edit]
Bialik has written two books with pediatrician Jay Gordon and one by herself. Beyond the Sling[37][38] is about attachment parenting, while Mayim's Vegan Table contains over one hundred vegan recipes written by Bialik.[39][40] Her third book, called Girling Up, is about the struggles and ways in which girls grow up while showing the scientific ways in which their bodies change.
The New York Times Op-Ed[edit]
After the Harvey Weinstein sexual misconduct allegations surfaced, Bialik penned an op-ed in The New York Times, in which she described the entertainment industry as one "that profits on the exploitation of women ... [and] the objectification of women".[41] With regard to protecting herself from sexual harassment, Bialik wrote that she dressed modestly and did not act flirtatiously with men, adding, "In a perfect world, women should be free to act however they want. But our world isn't perfect. Nothing – absolutely nothing – excuses men for assaulting or abusing women. But we can't be naïve about the culture we live in." Bialik's article drew immediate backlash from critics who said Bialik was insinuating that modesty and a conservative wardrobe can guard one against sexual assault, with Patricia Arquette tweeting, "I have to say I was dressed non provocatively at 12 walking home from school when men masturbated at me. It's not the clothes."[42] In response, Bialik stated she regretted that the piece "became what it became" and participated in a Facebook Live hosted by The New York Times to answer questions about the piece.[43]
Personal life[edit]
Bialik married Michael Stone on August 31, 2003, in a Victorian-themed ceremony that included traditional Jewish wedding customs.[44] Stone was born into a Mormon family and converted to Judaism.[45][46] Bialik and Stone have two sons, Miles (b. 2005) and Frederick (b. 2008).[47] The couple divorced in November 2012.[48]
In 2010, Bialik returned to television so that she could spend more time with her children; "I'm glad that I completed my PhD and I'm very proud of it, but the life of a research professor would not have suited my needs in terms of what kind of parenting I wanted to do."[27] In addition, Bialik had explained that her "health insurance was running out", via the COBRA program. She had sought out SAG (Screen Actor Guild) health insurance for herself, and her two sons.[citation needed]
In a 2012 interview, Bialik said she sees herself as an "aspiring Modern Orthodox".[49] Bialik has also described herself as a "staunch Zionist".[7] She is a self-professed fan of The Maccabeats, an American Orthodox Jewish a cappella group based at Yeshiva University, and appeared with her two sons lighting the menorah in the group's 2011 Hanukkah music video.[50] During the 2014 Gaza Conflict, she donated money to the IDF for armored vests.[51] She has also appeared in several YouTube cameos as Blossom and Amy Farrah Fowler asking questions about Jewish beliefs.[52] The videos are produced by Allison Josephs, Bialik's Judaism study partner, whom she encountered with the help of Partners in Torah.[53] Bialik is a celebrity spokesperson for the Holistic Moms Network.[54]
In 2014, Bialik was awarded an honorary D.H.L. degree from Boston University.[55][56]
Bialik is a vegan[57] and a founding member of the Shamayim V'Aretz Institute, a Jewish organization that advocates for the ethical treatment of animals.[58]
She said on The Late Late Show with James Corden that she identified herself as a feminist.[59]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1988 Beaches Young Cecilia "CC" Carol Bloom
1988 Pumpkinhead Christine Wallace
1990 The Kingdom Chums: Original Top Ten Petey Voice
1994 Don't Drink the Water Susan Hollander
2006 Kalamazoo? Maggie Goldman
2011 Chicago 8, TheThe Chicago 8 Nancy Kurshan
2011 The Dog Who Saved Halloween Medusa Voice
2012 Scooby-Doo! Music of the Vampire Maria Voice
2015 The Flight Before Christmas Stephanie Michelle Hunt
Television[edit]
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1987 Beauty and the Beast Ellie Episode: "No Way Down"
1988 Facts of Life, TheThe Facts of Life Jennifer Cole Episodes: "The Beginning of the Beginning" and The Beginning of the End"
1988–89 Webster Frieda Recurring role (Season 6)
1989–90 Empty Nest Laurie Kincaid Episodes: "The R.N. Who Came to Dinner" and "Harry Knows Best"
1989–90 MacGyver Lisa Woodman Recurring role (Season 5 and Season 6)
1990 Doogie Howser, M.D. Candace Episode: "Ask Dr. Doogie"
1990 Molloy Molloy Martin Lead role
1990 Murphy Brown Natalie Episode: "I Want My FYI"
1990 The Earth Day Special Herself Television special
1990–95 Blossom Blossom Russo Lead role
1991 Sea World's Mother Earth Celebration (on Nickelodeon) Herself Played a mall-a-holic who knows little about animals and nature until she hears about friends' experiences. Her neighborhood mysteriously "flies off" to Sea World where she's able to use her new knowledge and learn more facts. Also featured artist/engineer/lighting designer Remo Saraceni and blind actor/singer Tom Sullivan.
1993 The Hidden Room Jillie Episode: "Jillie"
1994–95 John Larroquette Show, TheThe John Larroquette Show Rachel Episodes: "The Book of Rachel", "Rachel and Ton" and "Rachel Redux"
1995–96 Adventures of Hyperman, TheThe Adventures of Hyperman Brittany Bright Voice; Main role
1996; 1999 Hey Arnold! Maria Voice; Episodes: "6th Grade Girls/The Baseball" and "Dinner for Four/Phoebe Skips"
1996 Aaahh!!! Real Monsters Cindy Voice; Episode: "Wake Me When It's Over"
1996 Real Adventures of Jonny Quest, TheThe Real Adventures of Jonny Quest Lucy / Julia Voice; Episodes: "Assault on Questworld" and "The Alchemist"
1997; 2000 Recess Kirsten Kurst Voice; Episodes: "The Break-In", "The Girl Was Trouble" and "The Ratings Game"
1997 Johnny Bravo Tour Guide Voice; Episode: "Going Batty"
1997 Extreme Ghostbusters Girl in Future Voice; Episode: "Ghost Apocalyptic Future"
1998 Welcome to Paradox Rita Episode: "Alien Jane"
2001–02 Lloyd in Space Mean Cindy Voice; Recurring role (Season 1–2)
2003 7th Heaven Cathy Episode: "Dick"
2004 Kim Possible Justine Flanner Voice; Episode: "Partners"
2005 Katbot Paula Voice; Recurring role
2005 Fat Actress Herself Episode: "The Koi Effect" and "Holy Lesbo Batman"
2005; 2007 Curb Your Enthusiasm Jodi Funkhauser Episodes: "The Bowtie", "The Ida Funkhouser Roadside Memorial" and "The TiVo Guy"
2009 Saving Grace Esther Episode: "Mooooooooo"
2009 Bones Genie Gormon Episode: "The Cinderella in the Cardboard"
2009 'Til Death Herself Episodes: "The Break-Up", "Merit Play" and "Baby Steps"
2010 The Secret Life of the American Teenager Dr. Wilameena Bink Recurring role (Season 2–3)
2010 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Herself / Expert Season 8
2010–present Big Bang Theory, TheThe Big Bang Theory Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler Guest role (Season 3)
Main role (Season 4–present)
2014 Candid Camera Host Season 38
2014 Stan Lee's Mighty 7 Lady Lightning Voice; Television film
2015 Blaze and the Monster Machines Great Sphinx Voice; Episode: "Race to the Top of the World"
2016 Star vs. the Forces of Evil Willoughby Voice; Episode: "Fetch"
2017 MasterChef Junior Guest judge Episode: "Batter Hurry Up"
Web[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2013 Untitled Web Series About a Space Traveler
Who Can Also Travel Through Time B.O.O.T.H. Voice; Episode: "Second Season Prequel"
2016 YidLife Crisis Chaya Episode: "The Double Date"
2017 Rhett & Link's Buddy System Pathologist
2017; 2018 Good Mythical Morning Herself Episodes: "What's On My Head?", "3 Monkeys Blindfold" and "Dissecting A Frog"
2018 The Super Slow Show Herself Episode: "Slow Learners"
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2003 X2: Wolverine's Revenge Bush Pilot / May Deuce Voice
Written works[edit]
Bialik, Mayim Chaya (2007). Hypothalamic regulation in relation to maladaptive, obsessive-compulsive, affiliative, and satiety behaviors in Prader-Willi syndrome (Ph.D.). University of California, Los Angeles. OCLC 732917927. Retrieved 2018-05-05 – via ProQuest. (Subscription required (help)).
Bialik, Mayim; Jay Gordon (Introduction) (2012). Beyond the Sling: A Real-Life Guide to Raising Confident, Loving Children the Attachment Parenting Way. Touchstone. ISBN 978-1451662184. [60]
Bialik, Mayim; Jay Gordon (2014). Mayim's Vegan Table: More Than 100 Great-Tasting and Healthy Recipes from My Family to Yours. Da Capo Lifelong Books. ISBN 978-0738217048. [61]
Bialik, Mayim (2017) Girling Up: How to be Strong, Smart and Spectacular. Philomel Books. ISBN 9780399548604.[62]
Bialik, Mayim (2018) Boying Up: How to be Brave, Bold and Brilliant. Philomel Books. ISBN 9780525515975.[63]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
1988 Young Artist Award Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture Comedy or Fantasy Beaches Won
1990 Young Artist Award Best Young Actress Guest Starring in a Television Series Empty Nest Nominated
1992 Young Artist Award Best Young Actress in a New Television Series Blossom
1993 Young Artist Award Outstanding Young Comedian in a Television Series
2012 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series The Big Bang Theory
Online Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Won
Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated
Satellite Award Best Supporting Actress - Series, Miniseries or Television Film
2013 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Online Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Won
Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
2014 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series
Online Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Young Hollywood Awards Best On-Screen Couple (with Jim Parsons)
TV Guide Awards Favorite Duo (with Jim Parsons)
2015 Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
2016 Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Won
2017 Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Won
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Russo, G. (2012). "Turning point: Mayim Bialik. Actress makes the shift from television to neuroscience and then back again". Nature. 485 (7400): 669–669. doi:10.1038/nj7400-669a.
^ Jump up to: a b Bialik, Mayim Chaya. "Hypothalamic regulation in relation to maladaptive, obsessive-compulsive, affiliative, and satiety behaviors in Prader-Willi syndrome" (PhD Diss., UCLA, 2007).
Jump up ^ "Mayim Bialik". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mayim Bialik: Mourning My Father's Death". Kveller. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Obituaries - Obituaries". Jewish Journal. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Berkman, Meredith (March 8, 1991). "Mayim Bialik: the young feminist". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Stein, Jason (2011). "Big Bang Theory star thought she was auditioning for a game show". Jewish Telegraph. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mayim Bialik Discusses Being Orthodox in Hollywood | Religious and Reform". The Jewish Journal. March 20, 2013. Archived from the original on March 24, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mayim Bialik's Big Bang". Haaretz. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ King, Larry (6 May 2014). "Mayim Bialik & Melissa Rauch" (Video interview). Larry King Now. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mayim Bialik: From 'Blossom' to Brachot - Jewcy". Jewcy. 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
Jump up ^ Kleid, Beth (February 8, 1993). "Television". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Carter, Alan (1993-07-16). "Blossom Flowers: Mayim Bialik Grows into Adult Roles". Ew.com. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hill, Michael E. (Sep 19, 1993). "Mayim Bialik: Playing the Role Of an American in Paris". Washington Post. p. Y.07.
Jump up ^ Biography Archived June 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. - official website of Mayim Bialik
Jump up ^ Jacobson, Judie. "Q&A with Mayim Bialik". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved on 15 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Alumni Stories – Notable Alumni". Uclalumni.net. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Biography". Mayim Bialik. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hypothalamic regulation in relation to maladaptive, obsessive-compulsive, affiliative, and satiety behaviors in Prader–Willi syndrome (Book, 2007)". [WorldCat.org]. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
Jump up ^ "Life After Child Stardom – Not by the Numbers". Abcnews.go.com. 2006-11-24. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Pierce, Leonard (2009-01-28). "Mayim Bialik: Random Roles". The A.V. Club. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ "How Did You Get Your SAG-AFTRA Card?" TV Guide. January 13, 2014. p. 10.
Jump up ^ Patterson, Jean. "Young 'Blossom' Fans Soon Can Purchase Her Fashions". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 2014-09-08.
Jump up ^ "Mayim Bialik Learns What Not to Wear". Celebrity-babies.com. 2010-11-15. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ [1], additional text.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (2010-11-15). "'Bang Theory' ups Mayim Bialik to Regular". deadline.com. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Perricone, Kathleen (2012-08-28). "Why Mayim Bialik returned to TV after getting her PhD | Goddess: Celebrity Moms and Dads - Yahoo Celebrity". Omg.yahoo.com. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kroeger, Jake (April 8, 2014). "Fox Improv Show RIOT Will Feature Steve Carell, Jason Alexander, Cheryl Hines". Nerdist. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Geddes, Robin (April 8, 2014). "Steve Carell, Big Bang Theory's Mayim Bialik for new Fox series Riot". Digital Spy. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (April 8, 2014). "Exclusive: Steve Carell and Cheryl Hines Among Celebrity Guests in Fox Improv Series Riot". TV Line. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Big Bang Theory' Star Mayim Bialik to Host 'Candid Camera' Reboot". TheWrap. July 24, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Weaver, Stephanie (March 5, 2012). "Actress Mayim Bialik writes book on 'attachment parenting'". USA Today.
Jump up ^ "The Flight Before Christmas (TV Movie 2015)". IMDb. 1 December 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Big Bang Theory Star Mayim Balik Launches Lifestyle Site GrokNation - Great Ideas : People.com". People Great Ideas. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mayim Bialik launches own website". The Times of Israel. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gabe Friedman (August 11, 2015). "Mayim Bialik Launches Her Own Website, GrokNation". The Forward. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Beyond the Sling: A Real-Life Guide to Raising Confident, Loving Children the Attachment Parenting Way: Ph.D. Mayim Bialik Ph.D., Dr. Jay Gordon: 9781451662184: Amazon.com: Books. ASIN 1451662181. CS1 maint: ASIN uses ISBN (link)
Jump up ^ "Beyond The Sling - Mayim Bialik - Simon and Schuster". Retrieved March 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Writing". Mayim Bialik. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mayim's Vegan Table: More than 100 Great-Tasting and Healthy Recipes from My Family to Yours: Mayim Bialik, Jay Gordon: 9780738217048: Amazon.com: Books. ASIN 0738217042. CS1 maint: ASIN uses ISBN (link)
Jump up ^ Bialik, Mayim (October 13, 2017). "Mayim Bialik: Being a Feminist in Harvey Weinstein's World". The New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sheth, Sonam (October 14, 2017). "The Big Bang Theory' star's op-ed about Harvey Weinstein sparks outrage on Twitter". Business Insider. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ The Associated Press (October 16, 2017). "Mayim Bialik Discusses Weinstein Comments After Backlash". The New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mayim Bialik Shares Jewish Wedding Story". CelebrityBrideGuide.com. 2009-06-01. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bialik, Mayim (2011-03-09). "Mayim Bialik's Husband, Mike, was a Mormon". Kveller.com. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bialik, Mayim. "From Mormon to Jew - Kveller, Jewish Family & Children". Kveller.com. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Allin, Olivia (May 21, 2012). "Mayim Bialik talks about attachment parenting, sharing a family bed". ontheredcarpet.com.
Jump up ^ ""Big Bang Theory" star Mayim Bialik and husband to divorce after nine years". CBS News. 23 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Marla (May 2012). "Geek Love, Parenting, and Judaism". Jewish Federation of Rockland County. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bialik, Mayim (9 December 2011). "Mayim's Miracle Maccabeats Debut". kveller.com. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Big Bang' star Mayim Bialik helps send bulletproof vests to IDF". The Washington Times. 2013-07-30.
Jump up ^ "'Science vs. Religion: Mayim Bialik and the Other Big Bang Theory'". Jew in the City. October 31, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mayim Bialik to Guest Star on a Very Special Jew in the City!". Jewinthecity.com. 2009-05-20. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Meet Mayim Bialik: Actress and Holistic Mom". Holistic Moms Network. 2009-07-07. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ BU to Award Doctor of Humane Letters to Big Bang Theory Star - website of Boston University
Jump up ^ Mayim Bialik: My Honorary Degree From Boston University - website Kveller.com
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: Mayim Bialik Gets Her Eco On At The Go Green Expo In Los Angeles". Ecorazzi.com. 2010-01-20. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Shamayim V'Aretz Institute - A Center For Jewish Spirituality and Leadership - Leadership". Shamayimvaretz.com. 2013-03-21. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Watch The Late Late Show - #Cleavagegate: Mayim Bialik Flashes Hers to Piers Morgan trailer -AT&T U-verse". Retrieved March 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "About the book - BEYOND THE SLING". Mayimbialik.net. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
Jump up ^ "Mayim's Vegan Table". Mayimbialik.net. 2014-01-19. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
Jump up ^ "Detroit Free Press". ‘Big Bang Theory’ star shares her wisdom in ‘Girling Up’. Retrieved 2017-05-28.
Jump up ^ "Grok Nation". Mayim answers questions about her new book‘Boying Up’. Retrieved 2018-05-15.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Mayim Bialik
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mayim Bialik.
Official website
Grok Nation
Mayim Bialik on IMDb
Mayim Bialik at AllMovie
Mayim Bialik on kveller
Interview with Mayim Bialik, September, 2017, Jackson Sun, accessed September 17, 2017.
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Sensory memory
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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During every moment of an organism's life, sensory information is being taken in by sensory receptors and processed by the nervous system. Sensory information is stored in sensory memory just long enough to be transferred to short-term memory.[1] Humans have five traditional senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch. Sensory memory (SM) allows individuals to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimulus has ceased.[2] A common demonstration of SM is a child's ability to write letters and make circles by twirling a sparkler at night. When the sparkler is spun fast enough, it appears to leave a trail which forms a continuous image. This "light trail" is the image that is represented in the visual sensory store known as iconic memory. The other two types of SM that have been most extensively studied are echoic memory, and haptic memory; however, it is reasonable to assume that each physiological sense has a corresponding memory store. Children for example have been shown to remember specific "sweet" tastes during incidental learning trials but the nature of this gustatory store is still unclear.[3]
U.S. Route 129 in Tennessee on Black Friday (shopping), automobile light trails
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
2 Types
2.1 Iconic memory
2.2 Echoic memory
2.3 Haptic memory
3 Relationship with other memory systems
4 See also
5 References
Characteristics[edit]
SM is considered to be outside of cognitive control and is instead an automatic response. The information represented in SM is the "raw data" which provides a snapshot of a person's overall sensory experience. Common features between each sensory modality have been identified; however, as experimental techniques advance, exceptions and additions to these general characteristics will surely evolve. The auditory store, echoic memory, for example, has been shown to have a temporal characteristic in which the timing and tempo of a presented stimulus affects transfer into more stable forms of memory.[4] Four common features have been identified for all forms of SM:[4]
The formation of a SM trace is only weakly dependent on attention to the stimulus.[5]
The information stored in SM is modality specific. This means for example, that echoic memory is for the exclusive storage of auditory information, and haptic memory is for the exclusive storage of tactile information.
Each SM store represents an immense amount of detail resulting in very high resolution of information.
Each SM store is very brief and lasts a very short period of time. Once the SM trace has decayed or is replaced by a new memory, the information stored is no longer accessible and is ultimately lost. All SM stores have slightly different durations which is discussed in more detail on their respective pages.
It is widely accepted that all forms of SM are very brief in duration; however, the approximated duration of each memory store is not static. Iconic memory, for example, holds visual information for approximately 250 milliseconds.[6] The SM is made up of spatial or categorical stores of different kinds of information, each subject to different rates of information processing and decay. The visual sensory store has a relatively high capacity, with the ability to hold up to 12 items.[7] Genetics also play a role in SM capacity; mutations to the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a nerve growth factor, and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, responsible for synaptic plasticity, decrease iconic and echoic memory capacities respectively.[8][9]
Types[edit]
Iconic memory[edit]
Iconic memory. The mental representation of the visual stimuli are referred to as icons (fleeting images.) Iconic memory was the first sensory store to be investigated with experiments dating back as far as 1740. One of the earliest investigations into this phenomenon was by Ján Andrej Segner, a German physicist and mathematician. In his experiment, Segner attached a glowing coal to a cart wheel and rotated the wheel at increasing speed until an unbroken circle of light was perceived by the observer. He calculated that the glowing coal needed to make a complete circle in under 100ms to achieve this effect, which he determined was the duration of this visual memory store. In 1960, George Sperling conducted a study where participants were shown a set of letters for a brief amount of time and were asked to recall the letters they were shown afterwards. Participants were less likely to recall more letters when asked about the whole group of letters, but recalled more when asked about specific subgroups of the whole. These findings suggest that iconic memory in humans has a large capacity, but decays very rapidly [10]. In a 2001 experiment, Vogel et al. presented a display of between 3 and 12 objects. After 900ms, a second display was presented that was either the same or had one object changed. The result was that the participants ability to decide if the two displays were identical was almost perfect with four objects, but steadily declined as the number of items in the display increased above four. This determined the capacity to be around four items.[11] Another study set out to test the idea that visual sensory memory consists of coarse-grained and fine-grained memory traces using a mathematical model to quantify each. The study suggested that the dual-trace model of visual memory out performed single-trace models [12].
Echoic memory[edit]
Echoic memory represents SM for the auditory sense of hearing. Auditory information travels as sound waves which are sensed by hair cells in the ears. Information is sent to and processed in the temporal lobe. The echoic sensory store holds information for 2–3 seconds to allow for proper processing. The first studies of echoic memory came shortly after Sperling investigated iconic memory using an adapted partial report paradigm.[13] Today, characteristics of echoic memory have been found mainly using a mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm which utilizes EEG and MEG recordings.[14] MMN has been used to identify some of the key roles of echoic memory such as change detection and language acquisition. Change detection, or the ability to detect an unusual or possibly dangerous change in the environment independent of attention, is key to the survival of an organism.[14] One study focusing on echoic sensory changes suggested that when a sound is presented to a subject, it is enough to shape an echoic memory trace that can be compared to a physically different sound. Change-related cortical responses were detected in the superior temporal gyrus using EEG [15]. With regards to language, a characteristic of children who begin speaking late in development is reduced duration of echoic memory.[16] In short, "Echoic memory is a fast-decaying store of auditory information."[17] In the case of damage to or lesions developing on the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, or hippocampus, echoic memory will likely be shortened and/or have a slower reaction time.[18]
Haptic memory[edit]
Haptic memory represents SM for the tactile sense of touch. Sensory receptors all over the body detect sensations such as pressure, itching, and pain. Information from receptors travel through afferent neurons in the spinal cord to the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe in the brain. This pathway comprises the somatosensory system. Evidence for haptic memory has only recently been identified resulting in a small body of research regarding its role, capacity, and duration.[19] Already however, fMRI studies have revealed that specific neurons in the prefrontal cortex are involved in both SM, and motor preparation which provides a crucial link to haptic memory and its role in motor responses.[20]
Relationship with other memory systems[edit]
SM is not involved in higher cognitive functions such as consolidation of memory traces or comparison of information.[21] Likewise, the capacity and duration of SM cannot be influenced by top-down control; a person cannot consciously think or choose what information is stored in SM, or how long it will be stored for.[4] The role of SM is to provide a detailed representation of our entire sensory experience for which relevant pieces of information can be extracted by short-term memory (STM) and processed by working memory (WM).[2] STM is capable of storing information for 10–15 seconds without rehearsal while working memory actively processes, manipulates, and controls the information. Information from STM can then be consolidated into long-term memory where memories can last a lifetime. The transfer of SM to STM is the first step in the Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model which proposes a structure of memory.
See also[edit]
Intermediate-term memory
Memory
Visual memory
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Carlson, Neil R. (2010). Psychology the science of behavior. Pearson Canada Inc. p. 232. ISBN 9780205645244.
^ Jump up to: a b Coltheart, Max (1980). "Iconic memory and visible persistence". Perception & Psychophysics. 27 (3): 183–228. doi:10.3758/BF03204258.
Jump up ^ Laureati, M.; E. Pagliarini; J. Mojet; E. Köster (April 2011). "Incidental learning and memory for food varied in sweet taste in children". Food Quality and Preference. 22 (3): 264–270. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2010.11.002.
^ Jump up to: a b c Winkler, Istvan; Nelson Cowan (2005). "From Sensory to Long-Term Memory Evidence from Auditory Memory Reactivation Studies". Experimental Psychology. 52 (1): 3–20. doi:10.1027/1618-3169.52.1.3.
Jump up ^ Persuh, Marjan; Genzer, Boris; Melara, Robert D. (2012-05-07). "Iconic memory requires attention". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 6. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00126. ISSN 1662-5161. PMC 3345872  . PMID 22586389.
Jump up ^ Walsh, David; Larry Thompson (1978). "Age Differences in Visual Sensory Memory". Journal of Gerontology. 33 (3): 383–387. doi:10.1093/geronj/33.3.383. PMID 748430.
Jump up ^ Irvine, Elizabeth (2011). "Rich Experience and Sensory Memory". Philosophical Psychology. 24 (2): 159–176. doi:10.1080/09515089.2010.543415.
Jump up ^ Javitt, Daniel; Mitchell Steinscheider; Charles Schroeder; Joseph Arezzo (October 1996). "Role of cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in auditory sensory memory and mismatch negativity generation: implications for schizophrenia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 93: 11962–11967. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11962.
Jump up ^ Beste, Christian; Daniel Schneider; Jörg Epplen; Larissa Arning (February–March 2011). "The functional BDNF Val66Met polymorphism affects functions of pre-attentive visual sensory memory processes". Neuropharmacology. 60 (2-3): 467–471. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.10.028. PMID 21056046.
Jump up ^ Sperling, G. (1960). The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 74(11), 1-29. doi:10.1037/h0093759
Jump up ^ Eysenck, Michael. Fundamentals of Cognition 2nd edition. Psychology Press, 2012. New York, NY. 132. Print.
Jump up ^ Cappiello, M., & Zhang, W. (2016). A dual-trace model for visual sensory memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 42(11), 1903-1922. doi:10.1037/xhp0000274
Jump up ^ Darwin; Turvey, Crowder (1972). "An auditory analogue of the sperling partial report procedure: Evidence for brief auditory storage" (PDF). Cognitive Psychology. 3: 255–267. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90007-2. Retrieved 2011-03-09.
^ Jump up to: a b Sabri; Kareken, Dzemidzic; Lowe, Melara (2003). "Neural correlates of auditory sensory memory and automatic change detection". NeuroImage. 21 (1): 69–74. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.08.033. PMID 14741643.
Jump up ^ Inui, K., Urakawa, T., Yamashiro, K., Otsuru, N., Takeshima, Y., Nishihara, M., & ... Kakigi, R. (2010). Echoic memory of a single pure tone indexed by change-related brain activity. BMC Neuroscience, 11135-144. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-11-135
Jump up ^ Grossheinrich, Nicola; Stefanie Kademann; Jennifer Bruder; Juergen Bartling; Waldemar Von Suchodoletz (January 2010). "Auditory sensory memory and language abilities in former late talkers: A mismatch negativity study". Psychophysiology. 47 (5): 822–830. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.00996.x.
Jump up ^ Schacter, Daniel L (2009–2011). PYCHOLOGY. Catherine Woods. p. 226. ISBN 978- 1 - 4- 292- 3719- 2.
Jump up ^ Claude, Alain; David L. Woods; Robert T. Knight (23 November 1998). "A distributed cortical network for auditory sensory memory in humans". Brain Research. 812 (1-2): 23–37. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00851-8. PMID 9813226. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Dubrowski, Carnahan, Shih (2009), "Evidence for Haptic Memory", Third Joint EuroHaptics conference and Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems
Jump up ^ D'Esposito, M.; D. Ballard; E. Zarahn; G. K. Aguirre (2002-03-15). "The Role of Prefrontal Cortex in Sensory Memory and Motor Preparation: An Event-Related fMRI Study". NeuroImage. 11 (5): 400–408. doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0571. PMID 10806027.
Jump up ^ Dick, A. O. (1974). "Iconic memory and its relation to perceptual processing and other memory mechanisms". Perception & Psychophysics. 16 (3): 575–596. doi:10.3758/BF03198590.
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