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Minions (film)
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Minions
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Pierre Coffin
Kyle Balda
Produced by
Chris Meledandri
Janet Healy
Written by
Brian Lynch
Based on
Despicable Me
by Sergio Pablos
Starring
Sandra Bullock
Jon Hamm
Michael Keaton
Allison Janney
Steve Coogan
Jennifer Saunders
Pierre Coffin
Narrated by
Geoffrey Rush
Music by
Heitor Pereira
Edited by
Claire Dodgson
Production
company
Universal Pictures
Illumination Entertainment
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11) (London)[1]
July 10, 2015 (2015-07-10) (United States)[2]
Running time
91 minutes[3]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$74 million[4][5]
Box office
$1.167 billion[6]
Minions is a 2015 American computer-animated comedy film,[7] serving as a spin-off/prequel to the Despicable Me franchise. Produced by Illumination Entertainment for Universal Pictures, it was directed by Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda, written by Brian Lynch, and produced by Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy.[8] The film stars the voices of Coffin (as the Minions, including: Kevin, Stuart and Bob), Sandra Bullock, Jon Hamm, Michael Keaton, Allison Janney, Steve Coogan and Jennifer Saunders with the narration provided by Geoffrey Rush. It was first foreshadowed in the end credits of Despicable Me 2 (2013), where Kevin, Stuart and Bob, three of the Minions, are seen auditioning for the film.[9]
Minions had its premiere on June 11, 2015, in Leicester Square, London, and went into general release in the United States on July 10, 2015.[10] Critical response was mixed: some critics praised the comedic aspects of the film and the performances of Bullock and Hamm,[11] while also felt that the title characters were not able to carry the film on their own, and that the villains were flatly characterized. The film has grossed over $1.1 billion worldwide (outgrossing each of the Despicable Me films), making it the thirteenth highest-grossing film of all time, the second highest-grossing animated film and the highest-grossing non-Disney animated film.[12] A sequel is scheduled to be released on July 3, 2020.[13]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Track listing
5 Release
5.1 Marketing
5.2 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.1.1 North America
6.1.2 Outside North America
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
7 Sequel
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Minions are small, yellow creatures who have existed since the beginning of time, evolving from yellow single-celled organisms into beings who exist only to serve history's most despicable masters.[14] After rolling their leader T-Rex down a volcano, getting their caveman leader eaten by a bear, crushing a Pharaoh under the pyramids while his people survive, burning Dracula on his birthday party, and accidentally firing a cannon at Napoleon, the Minions are driven into isolation and decide to start a new life in a massive cave in the Arctic. After many years, the Minions become depressed, restless and unmotivated without a master to serve. To regain their dignity and sense of purpose, Kevin, one fearless Minion, decides to set out to find a new master and asks for help. Stuart, a musically inclined Minion and Bob, a young and inexperienced but enthusiastic Minion, are recruited.
The trio journey to New York where the year is 1968. After spending the day attempting to blend in, the Minions end up in a department store for the night, where they discover a hidden commercial broadcast for villains advertising Villain-Con; a convention for villains and supervillains in Orlando. The trio manage to hitchhike a ride with the Nelson family and impress them with their accidental villainy. Once at the convention, they see Scarlet Overkill, the first female supervillain, and they impress her enough for her to hire them. As Scarlet takes the Minions to her home in the UK, Kevin contacts the other Minions, who later find a yeti and claim him as their new boss, but accidentally kill the leader yeti, when a minion plays the tuba, and are chased out of their cave by the other yeti. They make their way to the UK to find Kevin, Bob, and Stuart.
At her home, Scarlet explains the plan to steal the Imperial State Crown from the Queen of the United Kingdom and promises to reward the Minions if they successfully steal it, threatening that she will kill them if they don't. Her husband Herb supplies them with inventions to aid in the heist, but they are nearly caught when they break into the Tower of London, which leads to a highly publicized chase that ends with Bob crashing into the Sword in the Stone and pulling it free, removing the Queen from the throne and becoming King Bob. Enraged by this, Scarlet confronts the Minions, so Bob abdicates the throne in her favor. Scarlet expresses her gratitude, but is also undeterred because she feels betrayed. Scarlet imprisons the three in a dungeon to be tortured by Herb before her coronation, but afterwards, they are left alone and escape with the intention to apologize to Scarlet.
Making their way to Westminster Abbey, the three of them interrupt the coronation by accidentally dropping a chandelier on Scarlet, who immediately orders their execution. Dozens of villains chase them and Bob and Stuart are caught while Kevin finds his way into a pub. He sees Scarlet on a television, promising that she will kill Stuart and Bob if Kevin doesn't show up by dawn. Kevin sneaks into Scarlet's home to steal weapons, but inadvertently triggers a machine Herb was building and enlarges himself. He tramples through London, rescuing his friends just as the other Minions reunite with them. Scarlet tries to eradicate them, but Kevin swallows a massive missile she fires at them. Scarlet and Herb attempt to escape with her rocket-dress, but Kevin holds onto it. The missile detonates, causing it to explode. After the Minions briefly mourn him, Kevin returns, having returned to his normal size.
The original Queen from the earlier part of the story receives her place on the throne and crown back and rewards Bob with a tiny crown for his teddy bear and Stuart an electric guitar (later replaced by a snow globe after an over-enthusiastic Stuart breaks the guitar), and she knights Kevin for his heroism. She suddenly realizes that her crown is missing, and Kevin leads a chase after Scarlet and Herb, who survived the explosion, are fleeing through the crowd with the bejeweled crown until they are suddenly frozen in place by a young Gru, who steals the crown from them and takes off in a rocket-powered motorbike while the Minions stare in awe. Bob gives his crown to the frozen Scarlet, to which she seems to show appreciation, and the Minions see Gru as their new potential master and give chase to follow him home.
In a post-credits scene, the Minions and almost everyone from the film do a dance party. They all leave and Young Gru gets left behind when the T-rex from the opening of the film shows up.
Cast[edit]
Pierre Coffin as Kevin, Stuart, Bob and The Minions[15]
Sandra Bullock as Scarlet Overkill [16]
Jon Hamm as Herb Overkill[17]
Michael Keaton as Walter Nelson[18]
Allison Janney as Madge Nelson[19]
Steve Coogan as Professor Flux and[20] The Tower Guard
Jennifer Saunders as Queen Elizabeth II[21]
Geoffrey Rush as The Narrator[22]
Steve Carell as Young Gru[23]
Katy Mixon as Tina Nelson[24]
Michael Beattie as a VNC Announcer and Walter Nelson Jr.
Hiroyuki Sanada as Dumo, the Sumo Villain[25]
Dave Rosenbaum as Fabrice
Alex Dowding as The Royal Advisor
Paul Thornley as a News Reporter
Andy Nyman as Frankie Fishlips, a Gill-man-like creature super-villain
Production[edit]
Universal Studios and Illumination Entertainment first announced in July 2012, that the Minions from Despicable Me would get their own spin-off film, then planned for a 2014 release.[26] Brian Lynch, previously known for co-writing another Illumination film, Hop (2011), as well as DreamWorks Animation's Puss in Boots (2011), was asked to write the film's screenplay, due to his prior work writing for the theme park ride Despicable Me: Minion Mayhem.[27]
On August 21, 2012, it was announced that the film would be released on December 19, 2014.[28] In February 2013, Sandra Bullock joined the cast to voice Scarlet Overkill,[16] with Jon Hamm joining two months later as her husband Herb Overkill.[17] On September 20, 2013, the film's release date was pushed back from December 19, 2014, to July 10, 2015,[29] due to Universal's satisfaction with the successful July 2013 release of Despicable Me 2[30] and desire to exploit fully the merchandising potential of a summer film.[29]
Soundtrack[edit]
Minions: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Film score by Heitor Pereira
Released
July 10, 2015
Recorded
June 23, 2015
Genre
Score
Length
67:11
Label
Back Lot Music
Heitor Pereira film scores chronology
Curious George 3: Back to the Jungle
(2015)Curious George 3: Back to the Jungle2015 Minions
(2015) The Angry Birds Movie
(2016)The Angry Birds Movie2016
The official soundtrack for the film was released on July 10, 2015, by Back Lot Music. The soundtrack also features the film's original music, composed by Heitor Pereira.[31] The only minion not to receive a character music is Stuart, though individual soundtracks focusing on him appears on all songs.
Track listing[edit]
All music composed by Heitor Pereira, except where noted.
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer
Length
1. "Universal Fanfare" Jerry Goldsmith The Minions (Pierre Coffin) 0:32
2. "Happy Together" Garry Bonner, Alan Gordon The Turtles 2:54
3. "I'm a Man" Steve Winwood, Jimmy Miller The Spencer Davis Group 3:05
4. "You Really Got Me" Ray Davies The Kinks 2:14
5. "My Generation" Pete Townshend The Who 3:16
6. "Mellow Yellow" Donovan Donovan 3:41
7. "Revolution (The Beatles)" John Lennon & Paul McCartney The Minions (Pierre Coffin) 2:22
8. "Minions Through Time" 4:34
9. "Kevin, Stuart and Bob" 2:57
10. "Minions Run Amok" 1:29
11. "Tortellini" 0:21
12. "The VNC" 1:11
13. "Minions in the U.S.A." 2:13
14. "Orlando" 0:46
15. "Scarlet Overkill" 1:07
16. "Ruby Fight" 2:58
17. "Make 'Em Laugh" Nacio Herb Brown and Arthur Freed The Minions (Pierre Coffin) 0:44
18. "Scarlet's Fortress" 3:31
19. "Traveling Tribe" 0:49
20. "Tower of London" 1:39
21. "Hair" James Rado, Gerome Ragni The Minions (Pierre Coffin) 0:54
22. "Fighting the Crown Keeper" 1:43
23. "King Bob" 0:57
24. "Theme From The Monkees (The Monkees)" Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart The Minions (Pierre Coffin) 0:29
25. "Dungeon Mayhem" 0:35
26. "Goodbye Fabrice" 2:28
27. "Minion Mission" 4:56
28. "Sneaking In" 2:34
29. "King Kong Kevin" 3:30
30. "Our Hero Is Back" 1:14
31. "Minions Victory" 2:49
32. "Greatest Renegade Unveiling (GRU)" 2:39
Total length: 67:11
Release[edit]
The film had its premiere on June 11, 2015, at Odeon Leicester Square in London, United Kingdom.[1] On June 17, 2015, it was released theatrically in Indonesia and Australia.[32] The next day, June 18, saw releases in Malaysia and Singapore,[32] and a screening at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival, in France.[33] It was released theatrically in the United Kingdom on June 26, 2015. In the United States, the film premiered on June 27, 2015, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles,[34] and went into general release theatrically on July 10, 2015.[2] It was released in China on September 13.[35]
Marketing[edit]
The first trailer for Minions was released by Illumination on November 3, 2014, through YouTube.[36] McDonald's released Minions-related Happy Meals on July 3, 2015.[37][38] A series of comics and graphic novels based on the film is being published by Titan Comics.[39] The series includes four comic book issues, two digest collections, two hardcover editions and a paperback collection.[39] Drawn by Didier Ah-koon and Renaud Collin, the series launched on June 17, 2015, with the release of the first issue of the Minions comic book and the first digest collection.[39][40] In April 2015, Pantone announced the creation of a new official Pantone color, 'Minion Yellow' (displayed at right), in partnership with Illumination Entertainment.[41]
Universal's parent company, Comcast, and its partners spent $593 million in advertisements and promotion across all media and platforms.[42] Universal spent a total of $26.1 million on TV advertisement for the film.[43] Universal described the promotional campaign as the "largest and most comprehensive" in its history.[44]
Home media[edit]
Minions was released on Blu-ray (2D and 3D) and DVD on November 16, 2015, in Europe and on December 8, 2015, in North America. The film is accompanied by three short films titled Cro Minion, Competition, and Binky Nelson Unpacified. Extras include Making Of and Minion Jingle Bells.[45]
Upon its first week of release on home media in the U.S., the film topped the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart, which tracks overall disc sales, as well as the dedicated Blu-ray Disc sales chart with 63% of unit sales coming from Blu-ray.[46]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Minions grossed $336 million in North America and $831.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of over $1.167 billion.[47] Worldwide, it is the fifth highest-grossing film of 2015,[48] the highest-grossing animated film of 2015, the second highest-grossing animated film, the 11th highest-grossing film, and the third highest-grossing film released by Universal Pictures. It topped the worldwide box office for three consecutive weekends.[49]
By breaking $1 billion worldwide, Minions became the first non-Disney animated film, third animated film after Toy Story 3 and Frozen, and the 23rd film in cinematic history to do so.[50] Needing 49 days, it became the fastest animated film to reach $1 billion, surpassing Toy Story 3 (75 days). This made Universal Pictures the first studio ever to have three films earn more than $1 billion at the worldwide box office in a single year following Furious 7 and Jurassic World.[12] Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $502.34 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it the most profitable animated film of 2015, the most profitable Universal Pictures film of all time and the second most profitable picture of that year overall, behind only Star Wars: The Force Awakens.[51]
North America[edit]
Universal Studios Florida's entrance with Minions - July 13, 2015
In the United States and Canada, Minions received the widest release for Universal Pictures, the widest of 2015, and the second widest for an animated film behind Shrek Forever After (4,386 theaters).[52] It opened simultaneously with the horror film The Gallows and the sci-fi drama Self/less, across 4,301 theaters, with box office pundits noting that the film did not face serious competition with them. Initial projections had the film open around $100–$121 million. However, Universal Pictures decided not to report box office figures for the movie.[4][5][53][54] It made $6.2 million from its Thursday night showings from 2,985 theaters, which began at 6 p.m, a record for an animated film (now held by Finding Dory),[55][56][57][58] and $46.2 million in its opening day (including Thursday previews), marking the biggest opening day for an animated film and the second biggest single-day (behind the $47.1 million Saturday gross of Shrek the Third) at that time.[59] It holds the second biggest opening day and third biggest single-day gross.[60] Through its opening weekend, it earned a total of $115.7 million, which fell in line with the projections and marked the second-highest animated movie opening of all time, at the time, only behind Shrek the Third ($121.6 million). Albeit in terms of 3D, it is the highest. It also became the fourth film of 2015 to open more than $100 million (the third by Universal) and only one of four animated films ever to achieve this milestone, the other two being Toy Story 3 ($110.3 million) and Shrek 2 ($108 million).[61][62] In its second weekend, the film fell to No. 2 earning $49.3 million (down 57%) behind newcomer superhero film Ant-Man.[63] It ended its theatrical run on December 17, 2015 playing for a total of 161 days on theaters with a total gross of $336,045,770 which is just 29.0% of its total worldwide gross.[47] It became the second highest-grossing animated film of 2015 (behind Inside Out),[64] the eight highest-grossing animated film of all time,[64] the second highest-grossing film in the Despicable Me franchise (behind Despicable Me 2),[65] the third highest-grossing Universal Pictures film of 2015,[65] the sixth highest-grossing film of 2015,[66] the sixth highest-grossing Universal Pictures film,[65] and the thirteenth highest-grossing film of all time.[67]
Outside North America[edit]
Minions went into general release in 44 countries in the months of June and July, ahead, and along with, its North American release.[68] It was released in a total of 66 countries.[69] It earned an estimated $12.5 million in its opening weekend from four countries on 621 screens.[70] It added $37.6 million in its second weekend from 10 countries.[71] In its third weekend, it grossed $56.2 million from 26 countries, coming in second place at the international box office behind Terminator Genisys.[72] It finally topped the international box office, earning $130.7 million from 56 countries in its fourth weekend.[73] As of August 16, 2015, it is playing across 62 countries, landing in first place in 56 countries.[74] In Australia and India it landed at No. 2 where Jurassic World and Baahubali: The Beginning both took the top spot respectively the weekend it was released in.[73][75] It topped the box office for just one weekend, before Chinese film Monster Hunt surpassed it in its fifth weekend.[76] It passed the $500 million mark internationally in five weeks and six days, faster than Despicable Me 2, which took fourteen weeks and three days to reach that milestone.[75]
It had the biggest opening day of all time for an animated film in 16 countries,[69][77][78][79] Universal's biggest opening day of all time in 5 countries,[69] Universal's second-biggest opening day in Indonesia (behind Furious 7),[68] the second biggest opening day of all time in Russia and the CIS ($3.8 million),[79] and the biggest opening day of all time for all films in Venezuela.[69] Also, it set the record for the biggest opening weekend of all-time in Venezuela ($5.6 million),[73] the biggest for an animated film in 29 countries including Italy ($8.5 million), Brazil ($7 million), Argentina ($5.4 million), Portugal ($1.2 million), Indonesia and Malaysia,[70][71][73][75][80] the second biggest for an animated film in Peru with $1.9 million (behind Ice Age: Continental Drift), the biggest for Universal in France ($12.1 million) and 6 other countries, the second biggest opening of all time in Mexico ($19.7 million) and the third biggest in Russia and the CIS ($14.3 million). Albeit it is the biggest of all time in terms of admissions ahead of Furious 7.[49][73][75] In the UK, Ireland and Malta, the film received the widest release ever for an animated film — across 573 screens — and grossed $18.1 million (£11.6 million), thus achieving the biggest ever three-day opening for an animation in the UK.[71] It topped the box office there for three weekends.[81] Elsewhere, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and New Zealand all opened No. 1.[71] Other notable openings were witnessed in Germany ($9.8 million), South Korea ($6.4 million), Japan ($6 million), Spain ($6 million), Australia ($4.4 million) and Colombia ($3.3 million).[70][72][82] In China, it opened on Sunday, September 13 and earned $18.8 million on its opening day, marking the biggest opening day for an animated film ever in China; roughly 50% higher than the previous record held by Kung Fu Panda 2[83] (this record was later broken by the series' next instalment, Despicable Me 3 in 2017).[84] It went on to earn $49.8 million through its 8-day opening (Sunday to Sunday)[85] and $19.4 million for the weekend alone (Friday to Sunday).[86] It went into general releases for 30 days in China.[83]
Minions became the highest-grossing animated film of all time in 12 markets,[87] and Universal's highest-grossing film of all time in six.[88] As of July 26, it has become the most watched film of 2015 in Germany, with 4.42 million admissions (surpassing even the 3.7 million admissions of Despicable Me 2).[89] With nearly 3 million admissions and $22.35 million in box office revenue, Minions has become the highest-grossing film of 2015 in Italy and is the most viewed film in Italy this year.[90] In Russia, it emerged as the second highest-grossing film of all time with $33 million only behind Avatar.[91] It opened in its last market Greece on September 24 earning $505,000, marking the second-biggest animated film opening there behind only Ice Age: Continental Drift.[49][75] It grossed a total of $823,048,473 from overseas markets representing a huge 71.0% of its total worldwide gross[47] with the United Kingdom and Ireland ($73.1 million), China ($67.9 million) and Germany ($63.4 million) being the largest markets.[92] Outside North America, it is the highest-grossing film in the Despicable Me franchise, the eleventh highest-grossing film, the third highest-grossing Universal Pictures film and the fifth highest-grossing film of 2015.[93]
Critical response[edit]
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 56%, based on 200 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Minions' brightly colored brand of gibberish-fueled insanity stretches to feature length in their self-titled Despicable Me spinoff, with uneven but often hilarious results".[94] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 56 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[10] In CinemaScore polls, cinema audiences gave Minions an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[61]
Jesse Hassenger of The A.V. Club gave the film a C, saying "Minions has idiosyncratic roots, but it's a franchise play all the way. Finally, even 5-year-olds have their own movie that mechanically cashes in on something they loved when they were younger".[95] Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "I, too, once enjoyed the Minions, in the small doses that they came in. But the extra-strength Minions is, for better or for worse, too much of a good thing".[96] Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Brian Lynch's screenplay features a series of amusing sight gags and physical comedy that mostly hits; watching the Minions play polo while riding Corgis is an exercise in cuteness".[97] Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film two out four stars, saying "Impressive as it is that the filmmakers get so much comedic mileage out of their characters' half-intelligible prattling, the conventional dialogue is bafflingly flat".[98] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said, "While Minions explores nominally new narrative ground, it folds neatly into a series that now includes two features, various shorts, books, video games, sheet music and a theme park attraction. So, you know, different but also the same".[99]
Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film a B, saying "Minions is every bit as cute as it's supposed to be, a happily empty-headed animated frolic that rarely pauses to take a breath".[100] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film two out four stars, saying "It's not whether this prequel can mint money; that's a given. The questions is: Can the minions carry a movie all by their mischievous mini-selves? 'Fraid not".[101] Kerry Lengel of The Arizona Republic gave the film two and a half stars out of five, saying "Despite the dizzying pace of carefully calibrated incongruities, Minions somehow never generates more than the occasional chuckle".[102] Christopher Orr of The Atlantic said, "There's plenty of high-velocity comic inanity on display to keep kids happily diverted. But the movie's major flaw is an extension of its own premise: Search as they may, the minions never find a villain worthy of their subservience".[103] James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Inconsistent and undisciplined, Minions is more an adjunct to marketing than a legitimate motion picture".[104] Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail gave the film two out of four stars, saying "With its episodic stream of slapstick gags, Minions has moments of piquant absurdity, but mostly its shrill-but-cutesy anarchy works as a visual sugar rush for the preschool set".[105]
Accolades[edit]
Awards
Award
Category
Winner/Nominee
Result
People's Choice Awards[106] Favorite Movie Animated Voice Sandra Bullock Nominated
Favorite Family Film
Won
British Academy Film Awards[107] Best Animated Film Pierre Coffin & Kyle Balda Nominated
Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie
Nominated
Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie Sandra Bullock Nominated
Saturn Awards[108] Best Animated Film
Nominated
Empire Awards[109][110] Best Animated Film
Nominated
Village Voice Film Poll[111] Best Animated Feature
9th Place
Sequel[edit]
In January 2017, a sequel to the film, titled Minions 2, was scheduled to be released on July 3, 2020.[13] It will be directed again by Balda, with co-direction by Brad Ableson, and written by Lynch.[112]
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Saad, Nardine (June 29, 2015). "Sandra Bullock rocks 'Minions' heels for charity at Los Angeles premiere". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock (July 21, 2015). "'Terminator: Genisys' Gets China Release Date as Blackout Nears End". The Hollywood Reporter. (Prometheus Global Media). Retrieved July 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Minions - Official Trailer (HD) - Illumination. YouTube. November 3, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Marketwired (July 2, 2015). "The Minions Are Taking Over McDonald's Across the Globe". Marketwired. Marketwired L.P. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (July 8, 2015). "'Minions' Lines Up Biggest Promo Push In Uni's History With McDonald's And More". Deadline. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c McMillan, Graeme (April 1, 2015). "'Despicable Me' Spinoff 'Minions' Head to Comics This Summer (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Minions, Store (April 22, 2015). "Plushes Minions from the new movie". Minions-store.fr. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pantone (April 15, 2015). "Pantone Color Institute Announces PANTONE Minion Yellow". https://www.pantone.com. Retrieved October 19, 2015. External link in |work= (help)
Jump up ^ Sakoui, Anousha; Palmeri, Christopher (July 10, 2015). "'Minions' $593 Million Publicity Spree Points to Film Profit". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock (September 8, 2015). "Summer Movie Ad Buys: 'Mission: Impossible,' 'Mad Max' Get Biggest U.S. Spend". The Hollywood Reporter. (Prometheus Global Media). Retrieved September 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (July 8, 2015). "'Minions' Lines Up Biggest Promo Push In Uni's History With McDonald's And More". Deadline.com. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Minions Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. October 6, 2015. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold (December 16, 2015). "'Minions,' 'Ant-Man' Top Home-Video Sales Charts". Variety. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Minions (2015)". boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2015 worldwide grosses". Box Office Mojo. (Amazon.com). Retrieved December 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nancy Tartaglione (July 26, 2015). "China's 'Monster' No. 1 Again; 'Minions', 'Ant-Man' Lead Studios; 'Pixels' Powered By Latin America – Intl B.O. Update". Deadline.com. (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved July 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (August 28, 2015). "Box Office Milestone: 'Minions' Crosses $1B". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr (March 28, 2016). "No. 2 'Minions' – 2015 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "WIDEST RELEASES (or The 3,000+ Club)". Box Office Mojo. (Amazon.com). Retrieved July 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Anita Busch (July 10, 2015). "'Minions' Marching To $114M To $116M Weekend – Box Office Friday". Deadline.com. (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved July 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock, Rebecca Ford (July 10, 2015). "Box Office: 'Minions' Land Record $46.2M Friday". The Hollywood Reporter. (Prometheus Global Media). Retrieved July 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Anita Busch (July 10, 2015). "'Minions' Nab $6.2M In Thursday Previews – Box Office". Deadline.com. (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved July 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford (July 10, 2015). "Box Office: 'Minions' Earns Strong $6.2 Million Thursday Night". The Hollywood Reporter. (Prometheus Global Media). Retrieved July 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson (July 10, 2015). "Box Office: 'Minions' Nabs Record $6.2M Thursday". Forbes. (Forbes, Inc). Retrieved July 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford (June 17, 2016). "Box Office: 'Finding Dory' Lands Strong $9.2 Million Thursday". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson (July 11, 2015). "Box Office: 'Minions' Goes Bananas With Record $46M Friday". Forbes. (Forbes, Inc). Retrieved July 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson (June 18, 2016). "Pixar's 'Finding Dory' Finds Record-Crushing $55 Million Friday (Box Office)". Forbes. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Anita Busch (July 13, 2015). "'Minions' Is No. 2 Top Animated Opener With $115.7M – Box Office Final". Deadline.com. (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved July 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Keith Simanton (July 13, 2015). "Monday Actuals: 'Minions' Own Market". Box Office Mojo. (Amazon.com). Retrieved July 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (July 20, 2015). "'Ant-Man' & 'Minions' Smaller In Actuals; 'Trainwreck' Starts To Party – Weekend Box Office". Deadline.com. (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved July 21, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Animation". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Universal". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2015 domestic grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Domestic Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Anita Busch (June 18, 2015). "'Minions' Offshore Release Tracking Well Ahead Of 'Despicable Me 2′ – Intl Box Office". Deadline.com. (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved June 19, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Nancy Tartaglione (July 11, 2015). "'Minions' Mints $209M Overseas With 56 Markets Now Open – Saturday Update". Deadline.com. (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved July 12, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nancy Tartaglione (June 21, 2015). "'Jurassic World' Nears $1B Global; 'Inside Out', 'Minions' Highly Animated In Debuts – Intl Box Office Update". Deadline.com. (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved June 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Nancy Tartaglione (June 29, 2015). "'Terminator: Genisys' Lords Over 'Salvation'; Dinos Mighty With $84.3M More; 'Minions' Well Outpacing 'DM2′ – Intl Box Office Final". Deadline.com. (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved June 30, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Terminator' Back With $73.3M; 'Minions' Mints Higher Haul Of $56.2M – Intl Box Office Final". Deadline.com. (Penske Media Corporation). July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Nancy Tartaglione (July 13, 2015). "'Minions' Henchmen Runs Past $400M Worldwide & No. 1; 'Terminator' Generates $46.5M; 'Baahubali', China See Big Bows – Intl B. O. Update". Deadline.com. (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved July 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (August 16, 2015). "'Rogue Nation' Revs Up $46M More; 'Man From U.N.C.L.E.' Spies $12M; 'Brothers' Shows Muscle – Intl B.O. Update". Deadline.com. (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved August 17, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Nancy Tartaglione (July 27, 2015). "'Minions' Milestone: Henchmen Serve Up $500M At International Box Office". Deadline.com. (Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (July 19, 2015). "'Ant-Man' Legs It To $56.4M; China Goes On A 'Monster Hunt'; 'Minions', 'Jurassic' Rock New Milestones – Intl B.O. Update". Deadline.com. (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved July 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ philstar.com (July 13, 2015). "'Minions' nabs biggest animated film opening in PH". philstar.com. Philstar Global Corp. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Anita Busch (June 20, 2015). "'Minions' Grabs $12M In Four Markets – Intl Box Office". Deadline.com. (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved June 21, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Nancy Tartaglione (July 10, 2015). "'Minions' Crossing $200M Overseas As Records Fall In France, Russia & More". Deadline.com'. (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved July 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (August 30, 2015). "'Terminator', 'Mission: Impossible' Each Cruise Past $300M; 'Compton' Tops In UK, Germany – Intl Box Office Update". Deadline.com. (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved August 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Alex Ritman (July 21, 2015). "U.K. Box Office: 'Ant-Man' Ends 'Minions' Reign". The Hollywood Reporter. (Prometheus Global Media). Retrieved July 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (August 3, 2015). "'Rogue Nation' Puts Cruise In Control At $64.5M Offshore; Sets Career & 'M:I' Franchise Bests – Intl Box Office Final". Deadline.com. (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved August 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Nancy Tartaglione (September 13, 2015). "'Minions' $20.1M China Bow Is Biggest Opening Day Ever For An Animated Film". Deadline.com. (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved September 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (July 7, 2017). "'Despicable Me 3' Snatches Top Animated Opening Day Record In China; Lights Illumination To $5B+ Global Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (September 20, 2015). "'Scorch Trials' Heats Up $43.3M; 'Everest' Scales $28.2M – International Box Office". Deadline.com. (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved September 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock (September 20, 2015). "Box Office: 'Minions' Gobbles Up 'Pixels' in China, 'Maze Runner' Wins Foreign Race". The Hollywood Reporter. (Prometheus Global Media). Retrieved September 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "UniversalPicturesBr on Twitter: "#Minions ĂŠ oficialmente a maior bilheteria de animaĂ§ĂŁo de todos os tempos no paĂs! \o/ Tank yu! http://t.co/dksY8bIoCU"". Twitter. Retrieved July 23, 2015. External link in |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (August 9, 2015). "'Minions' Marches Past $900M At Global Box Office; Overtakes 'DM2′ Offshore". Deadline.com. (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved August 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Scott Roxborough (July 27, 2015). "German Box Office: 'Minions' Rule Over 'Magic Mike XXL,' 'Ant-Man'". The Hollywood Reporter. (Prometheus Global Media). Retrieved July 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ariston Anderson (September 14, 2015). "Italy Box Office: 'Minions' Becomes Highest Grossing Film of 2015". The Hollywood Reporter. (Prometheus Global Media). Retrieved September 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Scott Roxborough (December 23, 2015). "Hollywood's Surprise 2015 Box-Office Hits and Misses Abroad". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Minions (2015) – International Box Office". The Numbers. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "WORLDWIDE GROSSES". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Minions". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hassenger, Jesse (July 9, 2015). "Minions". The A.V. Club. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ O'Sullivan, Michael (July 19, 2015). "Review: 'Minions' delivers a lot — maybe even too much — of a good thing". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Review: 'Minions' mania still has charm". USA Today. July 9, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Tom Russo (July 9, 2015). "As star attractions, Minions fall short - Movies". The Boston Globe. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Review: Positions Wanted by Minions Experienced at Serving Evildoers". The New York Times. July 10, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Movie review: Not-so-mellow yellow critters run wild through 'Minions'". Detroitnews.com. July 9, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (July 10, 2015). "'Minions' Movie Review". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Review: 'Minions' spinoff spinning its wheels". Azcentral.com. July 9, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Minions' Charts the Evolution of Those Adorable Mini-Villains From 'Despicable Me'". The Atlantic. July 10, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ James Berardinelli (July 9, 2015). "Minions | Reelviews Movie Reviews". Reelviews.net. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Liam Lacey. "Minions: Prequel sheds light on evil origins of the villainous sidekicks". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2016 People's Choice Awards Winners Announced". Retrieved January 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "BAFTA Nominations: 'Bridge of Spies,' 'Carol' Lead Film Awards Race". Retrieved January 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The 42nd Annual Saturn Awards nominations are announced for 2016!". Saturn Awards. February 24, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nugent, John. "Jameson Empire Awards 2016: Star Wars and Mad Max lead the nominations". Empire. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk, Rebecca Lewis for. "Mad Max: Fury Road leads the pack at the 2016 Jameson Empire Awards". Metro. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg. "The Dark Horse' Wins Top Honor at Seattle Film Fest". Voice. Archived from the original on February 2, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ableson, Brad (19 July 2017). "Excited to share some news: I'm co-directing Minions 2! Proud 2 be working with @IllumEnt director Kyle Balda & writer @BrianLynch #minions2pic.twitter.com/MS5iylsFEJ". @BradAbleson. Twitter. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Minions (film)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Minions (film).
Official website
Minions on IMDb
Minions at The Big Cartoon DataBase
Minions at Box Office Mojo
Minions at Rotten Tomatoes
Minions at Metacritic
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text:
Andean civilizations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Andean civilizations were a patchwork of different cultures and peoples that developed from the Andes of Colombia southward down the Andes to northern Argentina and Chile, plus the coastal deserts of Peru and northern Chile. Archaeologists believe that Andean civilizations first developed on the narrow coastal plain of the Pacific Ocean. The Norte Chico civilization of Peru is the oldest known dating back to 3200 BCE.[1]
Despite severe environmental challenges, the Andean civilizations domesticated a wide variety of crops, some of which became of worldwide importance. The Andean were also noteworthy for monumental architecture, textile weaving, and many unique characteristics of the societies they created.
Less than a century prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquerors, the Incas united most of the Andean cultures into the Inca Empire which encompasses all of what is usually called Andean civilization. The Muisca of Colombia and the Timoto Cuica of Venezuela remained outside the Inca orbit. The Inca Empire was a patchwork of languages, cultures and peoples.
Spanish rule ended or transformed many elements of the Andean civilizations, notably influencing religion and architecture.
Contents
[hide]
1 Uniqueness
2 Agriculture
3 Archaeological cultures
3.1 Caral
3.2 Chavín
3.3 Valdivia
3.4 Nazca
3.5 Moche
3.6 Tiwanaku
3.7 Chachapoyas
3.8 Wari
4 Historical cultures
4.1 Chimú
4.2 Inca Empire
4.3 Muisca
4.4 Timoto-Cuica
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Uniqueness[edit]
A quipu
Andean civilization was one of five civilizations in the world deemed by scholars to be "pristine", that is indigenous and not derivative from other civilizations.[2] Due to its isolation from other civilizations, the Indigenous people of the Andes had to come up their own, often unique solutions to environmental and societal challenges.[3]
Andean civilization lacked several characteristics distinguishing it from the pristine civilizations in the Old World. First, and perhaps most important, Andean civilizations did not have a written language. Instead, their societies used the quipu, a system of knotted and colored strings, to convey information. Few quipus survive and they have never been fully deciphered. Scholars differ on whether the knotted cords of the quipu were able only to record numerical data or could also be used for narrative communication, a true system of writing.[4] The use of the quipu dates back at least to the Wari Empire (600-1000 CE) and possibly to the much earlier Norte Chico civilization of 2,500 BCE. [5]
Andean civilizations also lacked wheeled vehicles and draft animals. People on land traveled only by foot and the transport of goods was only by humans or llama, pack animals which could carry loads of up to one fourth of their weight, a maximum of 45 kilograms (99 lb).[6] Llamas were not big or strong enough to be used for plowing or as riding animals for adults.[3]
Moreover, Andean civilizations faced severe environmental challenges. The earliest civilizations were on the hyper-arid desert coast of Peru. Agriculture was possible only with irrigation in valleys crossed by rivers coming from the high Andes, plus in a few fog oases called lomas. In the Andes, agriculture was limited by thin soils, cold climate, low or seasonal precipitation, and a scarcity of flat land. Freezing temperatures may occur in every month of the year at altitudes of more than 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), the homeland of many of the highland Andean civilizations.[7]
Finally, the Andean civilizations lacked money. Copper axe-monies (also called "naipes")[8] and Spondylus shells[9] functioned as mediums of exchange in some areas, especially coastal Ecuador, but most of the Andes area had economies organized on reciprocity and redistribution rather than money and markets. These characteristics were especially notable during the Inca Empire but originated in much earlier times.[10]
Agriculture[edit]
Agricultural terraces (andenes, were widely built and used for agriculture in the Andes
Some scholars believe that the earliest civilizations on the Peruvian coast initially relied more upon maritime resources than agriculture during the formative period of their societies.[11][12] However, as in all ancient civilizations, agriculture was the principal occupation of the great majority of the people. The greatest contribution of Andean civilization to the modern world has been the plants they domesticated. Crops grown by the Andeans were often unique to the region. Maize, which found its way to the Andes from Mexico, was often the most important crop at lower and intermediate elevations. The Andeans cultivated an estimated 70 different plants, almost as many as were cultivated in all of Europe and Asia.[13] Many of these plants are no longer cultivated, or are minor crops, but important plants which were domesticated in or near the Andes include potatoes, quinoa, tomatoes, chile peppers, cotton, coca, tobacco, pineapples, peanuts, and several varieties of beans.[14]
Animals domesticated in the Andes were llamas and guinea pigs.
The challenges of the environment required sophisticated agricultural technology.[15] Unlike the Middle East, the Andes lacked easily domesticated and large-seeded plants such as wheat and barley and large and easily domesticated animals such as horses and cattle.[16] Agriculture on the desert coast required the development of irrigation. In the mountains, the climate and steep terrain required a range of technological solutions such as terraces (andenes), exploitation of micro climates, and selective breeding. Due to the climatic uncertainties, farmers traditionally farmed several crops at several elevations and exposures. At a macro level, societies and states did the same with the vertical archipelago, establishing colonies at different elevations and locations to increase the possibilities of agricultural success.[17] [18]
Archaeological cultures[edit]
See also: Cultural periods of Peru
Caral[edit]
Main article: Norte Chico civilization
The Caral pyramids in the arid Supe Valley, some 20 km from the Pacific coast.
The Norte Chico civilization (also called Caral)[19] was a complex pre-Columbian society that included as many as 30 major population centers in what is now the Norte Chico region of north-central coastal Peru. It is the oldest known civilization in the Americas and one of the Cradles of civilization where civilization separately originated in the ancient world. It flourished between the 30th century BC and the 18th century BC. The alternative name, Caral-Supe, is derived from the Sacred City of Caral[20] in the Supe Valley, a large and well-studied Norte Chico site. Complex society in Norte Chico arose a millennium after Sumer in Mesopotamia, was contemporaneous with the Egyptian pyramids, and predated the Mesoamerican Olmec by nearly two millennia.
Chavín[edit]
Main article: Chavín culture
The Chavín culture in Peru is thought to have been primarily a religious cult. The culture apparently began in the Andes highlands and then spread outward throughout the country. The Chavín culture has very distinctive art styles, particularly in effigy pots, a number of which were in feline shapes. Chavin de Huantar was an important ritual centre for Chavin Culture, dating to around 1,500 BC.[21][22]
Valdivia[edit]
Main article: Valdivia culture
The Valdivia Culture is one of the oldest settled cultures recorded in the Americas. It emerged from the earlier Las Vegas culture and thrived on the Santa Elena peninsula near the modern-day town of Valdivia, Ecuador between 3500 BC and 1800 BC.
Nazca[edit]
Main article: Nazca culture
The Nazca culture (also Nasca) was the archaeological culture that flourished from 100 to 800 AD beside the dry southern coast of Peru in the river valleys of the Rio Grande de Nazca drainage and the Ica Valley (Silverman and Proulx, 2002). Having been heavily influenced by the preceding Paracas culture, which was known for extremely complex textiles, the Nazca produced an array of beautiful crafts and technologies such as ceramics, textiles, and geoglyphs (most commonly known as the Nazca lines). They also built an impressive system of underground aqueducts, known as puquios, that still function today. The Nazca Province in the Ica Region was named for this people.
Moche[edit]
The Moche culture is world-renowned for its pottery, in picture a Condor from about 300 AD.
Main article: Moche (culture)
The Moche civilization (alternately, the Mochica culture, Early Chimu, Pre-Chimu, Proto-Chimu, etc.) flourished in northern Peru from about 100 AD to 800 AD, during the Regional Development Epoch. While this issue is the subject of some debate, many scholars contend that the Moche were not politically organized as a monolithic empire or state. Rather, they were likely a group of autonomous polities that shared a common elite culture, as seen in the rich iconography and monumental architecture that survive today. They are particularly noted for their elaborately painted ceramics, gold work, monumental constructions (huacas) and irrigation systems.[23] Moche history may be broadly divided into three periods – the emergence of the Moche culture in Early Moche (AD 100–300), its expansion and florescence during Middle Moche (AD 300–600), and the urban nucleation and subsequent collapse in Late Moche (AD 500–750).[24]
Tiwanaku[edit]
Main article: Tiwanaku
Tiwanaku (Spanish: Tiahuanaco and Tiahuanacu) is an important Pre-Columbian archaeological site in western Bolivia, South America. Tiwanaku is recognized by Andean scholars as one of the most important precursors to the Inca Empire, flourishing as the ritual and administrative capital of a major state power for approximately five hundred years. The ruins of the ancient city state are near the south-eastern shore of Lake Titicaca in the La Paz Department, Ingavi Province, Tiwanaku Municipality, about 72 km (45 mi) west of La Paz. The site was first recorded in written history by Spanish conquistador and self-acclaimed "first chronicler of the Indies" Pedro Cieza de León. Leon stumbled upon the remains of Tiwanaku in 1549 while searching for the Inca capital Qullasuyu.[25] Some have hypothesized that Tiwanaku's modern name is related to the Aymara term taypiqala, meaning "stone in the center", alluding to the belief that it lay at the center of the world.[26] However, the name by which Tiwanaku was known to its inhabitants may have been lost, as the people of Tiwanaku had no written language.[27][28]
Chachapoyas[edit]
Main article: Chachapoyas culture
The Chachapoyas, or the 'Cloud people', were an Andean civilization living in the cloud forests of the Amazonas region of present-day northern Peru. The Incas conquered the Chachapoyas shortly before the arrival of the Spanish in Peru. The first firm evidence of the existence of their existence dates back to around 700 AD, although it is possible that they built a settlement called Gran Pajáten where some ceramics have been dated to 200 BC. The largest Chacapoyan site discovered so far is Kuelap. A number of mummified burial sites have also been discovered.[29]
Wari[edit]
Main article: Wari culture
The Wari (Spanish: Huari) were a Middle Horizon civilization that flourished in the south-central Andes and coastal area of modern-day Peru, from about AD 500 to 1000. (The Wari culture is not to be confused with the modern ethnic group and language known as Wari', with which it has no known link.) Wari, as the former capital city was called, is located 11 km (6.8 mi) north-east of the modern city of Ayacucho, Peru. This city was the center of a civilization that covered much of the highlands and coast of modern Peru. The best-preserved remnants, beside the Wari Ruins, are the recently discovered Northern Wari ruins near the city of Chiclayo, and Cerro Baul in Moquegua. Also well-known are the Wari ruins of Pikillaqta ("Flea Town"), a short distance south-east of Cuzco en route to Lake Titicaca.
Historical cultures[edit]
Chimú[edit]
Main article: Chimú culture
Chimú gold adornments. 1300 AD Larco Museum, Lima-Perú
The Chimú were the residents of Chimor, with its capital at the city of Chan Chan, a large adobe city in the Moche Valley of present-day Trujillo, Peru. The culture arose about 900 AD. The Inca ruler Tupac Inca Yupanqui led a campaign which conquered the Chimú around 1470 AD.[30]
This was just fifty years before the arrival of the Spanish in the region. Consequently, Spanish chroniclers were able to record accounts of Chimú culture from individuals who had lived before the Inca conquest. Similarly, Archaeological evidence suggest Chimor grew out of the remnants of Moche culture; early Chimú pottery had some resemblance to that of the Moche. Their ceramics are all black, and their work in precious metals is very detailed and intricate.
Inca Empire
Inca society
Education · Religion · Mythology
Architecture · Engineering · Roads
Army · Agriculture · Cuisine
Inca history
Kingdom of Cusco · Inca Empire
(Civil War · Spanish conquest)
Neo-Inca State
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Inca Empire[edit]
Main article: Inca Empire
The Inca Empire, or Incan Empire[31] (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.[32] The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century, and the last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572. From 1438-1533 AD, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the Andean mountain ranges, including large parts of modern Ecuador, Peru, western and south central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, north and north-central Chile, and southern Colombia into a state comparable to the historical empires of the Old World.
Muisca[edit]
La balsa Muisca (The Muisca raft), a pre-Columbian gold sculpture representing the Muisca's offerings of gold in the Guatavita Lake
Main article: Muisca Confederation
See also: List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites
The Muisca were the Chibcha-speaking people that formed the Muisca Confederation in the central highlands of present-day Colombia. They were encountered by the troops of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, in name of the Spanish Empire at the time of the conquest in the spring of 1537. The Muisca comprised two confederations: Hunza (present-day Tunja) was located in the northern area, whose sovereign was the zaque; and Bacatá the southern area, whose sovereign was the zipa. Both confederations were located in the highlands of modern-day Cundinamarca and Boyacá (Altiplano Cundiboyacense) in the central area of Colombia's Eastern Ranges.
Timoto-Cuica[edit]
Main article: Timoto-Cuica people
Timoto–Cuica people compromised primarily of two tribes, the Timotes and the Cuicas, that inhabited in the Andean region of western Venezuela.[33] They were closely related to the Muisca people of the Andes, who spoke a Chibcha language. The Timoto-Cuicas were not only composed of the Timoto and the Cuica tribes, but also the Mucuchíes, the Migures, the Tabayes, and the Mucuñuques. Timoto-Cuica society was complex with pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields. They also stored water in tanks.[33] Their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs. They were peaceful, for the most part, and depended on growing crops. Regional crops included potatoes and ullucos.[34] They left behind works of art, particularly anthropomorphic ceramics, but no major monuments. They spun vegetable fibers to weave into textiles and mats for housing. They are credited with having invented the arepa, a staple in Venezuelan and Colombian cuisine.
See also[edit]
Amazonas before the Inca Empire
Guaman Poma
History of Peru
Pambokancha, religious site
Population history of American indigenous peoples
Quipu
Tumi
Quechua people
Kogi people
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Shady Solis, Ruth; Jonathan Haas; Winifred Creamer (27 April 2001). "Dating Caral, a Preceramic Site in the Supe Valley on the Central Coast of Peru". Science. 292 (5517): 723–726. doi:10.1126/science.1059519. PMID 11326098.
Jump up ^ Upton, Gary and von Hagen, Adriana (2015), Encyclopedia of the Incas, New York: Rowand & Littlefield, p. 2. Some scholars cite 6 or 7 pristine civilizations.
^ Jump up to: a b McEwan 2006, p. 5.
Jump up ^ McEwan, Gordon F. (2006). The Incas: New Perspectives. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 183–185. ISBN 978-0-393-33301-5.
Jump up ^ Hirst, K. Kris. "Quipu--South America's Ancient Undeciphered Writing System". ThoughtCo. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Llamas as Pack Animals". Buckhorn Llama Co. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Guillet, David and others (1987), "Terracing and Irrigation in the Peruvian Highlands," Current Anthropology, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 409-410. Downloaded from JSTOR.
Jump up ^ Smith, M.E. (1993). "Axe-Monies and Their Relatives" by Dorothy Hosler; Heather Lechtman; Olaf Holm. (Review). Ethnohistory, 40(1), p. 148-149
Jump up ^ Carter, Benjamin. "Spondylus in South American Prehistory" in Spondylus in Prehistory: New Data and Approaches. Ed. Fotis Ifantidis and Marianna Nikolaidou. BAR International Series 2216. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2011: 63-89.
Jump up ^ Fagan, Brian M. (1996), The Oxford Guide to Archaeology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 343
Jump up ^ Moseley, Michael. "The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization: An Evolving Hypothesis". The Hall of Ma'at. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
Jump up ^ Moseley, Michael (1975). The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization. Menlo Park: Cummings. ISBN 0-8465-4800-3.
Jump up ^ Stevens, William K., "Rediscovering the Lost Crops of the Inca," The New York Times, October 31, 1989
Jump up ^ Piperno, Dolores r. (2011), "The Origins of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Patterns, Process, and new Developments," Current Anthropology, Vol. 52, No. 54, pp. S457-S459 Downloaded from JSTOR.
Jump up ^ D'Altroy, Terence N. (2003). The Incas. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 28–32. ISBN 978-0-631-17677-0.
Jump up ^ Diamond, Jared (1999), Guns. Germs, and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies, New York: W. W. Norton & Co., pp. 83-113
Jump up ^ D'Altroy 2002, pp. 27-35.
Jump up ^ McEwan 2006, pp. 23-27, 83-85.
Jump up ^ The name is disputed. English-language sources use Norte Chico (Spanish: "Little North") per Haas et al. (2004). Caral or Caral-Supe are more likely to be found in Spanish language sources per Shady. This article follows usage in recent English-language sources and employs Norte Chico, but the title is not definitive. Peruvian Norte Chico should not be confused with the Chilean region of the same name.
Jump up ^ "Sacred City of Caral-Supe". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-09.
Jump up ^ "Chavín de Huántar, Peru - A Pre-Columbian World Heritage Treasure". Global Heritage Fund. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Chavin Culture". About.com archeology. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Beck, Roger B.; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S.; Naylor, Phillip C.; Ibo Shabaka, Dahia (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. ISBN 0-395-87274-X.
Jump up ^ Bawden, G. 2004. "The Art of Moche Politics", in Andean Archaeology. (ed. H. Silverman). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Jump up ^ Kolata, Alan L. (December 15, 1993). The Tiwanaku: Portrait of an Andean Civilization. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-55786-183-2. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Kelley, David H.; Milone, Eugene F. (November 19, 2004). Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-95310-6. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Holly (October 20, 2008). Frommers 500 Places to See Before They Disappear (500 Places). Frommers. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-470-18986-3. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "Profile: Fabricio R. Santos - The Genographic project". Genographic Project. National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2011-07-05. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
Jump up ^ "The Chachapoyas Culture of Peru". Wordpress. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Kubler, George. (1962). The Art and Architecture of Ancient America, Ringwoods: Penguin Books London Ltd., pp. 247-274
Jump up ^ Also Inka Empire; see Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift for more information regarding this spelling difference
Jump up ^ Terence D'Altroy, The Incas, pp. 2–3.
^ Jump up to: a b Mahoney 89
Jump up ^ "Venezuela." Archived 2011-09-04 at the Wayback Machine. Friends of the Pre-Columbian Art Museum. (retrieved 9 July 2011)
Further reading[edit]
Besom, Thomas. Of Summits and Sacrifice: An Ethnohistoric Study of Inka Religious Practices (University of Texas Press; 2010) 230 pages; combines archaeological and textual data in study of practices of human sacrifice and mountain worship.* Burger, Richard L. Machu Picchu; Unveling the Mystery of the Inca. Yale University Press, 2004.
Cobo, F.B. Inca Religion and Customs. 1609
Conrad, Geoffery. Religion and Empire; The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism. Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Curl, John. Ancient American Poets: The Sacred Hymns of Pachacutec. Tempe AZ: Bilingual Press, 2005. ISBN 1-931010-21-8 http://red-coral.net/Pach.html
Dobyns, Henry F. and Paul L. Peru: A Cultural History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.
Eeckhout, Peter. Ancient Peru's Power Elite. National Geographic Research and Exploration. March 2005. Pp. 52–56.
Frost, Peter. Lost Outpost of the Inca. National Geographic. February 2004. Pp. 66–69.
Hyslop, John. Inka settlement planning. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990. ISBN 0-292-73852-8
MacQuarrie, Kim. The Last Days of the Incas. Simon & Schuster, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7432-6049-7.
Malpass, Michael A. Daily life in the Inca Empire. Greenwood Publishing Corp., 1996
Malpass, Michael A. and Sonia Alconini, eds. Distant Provinces in the Inka Empire: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Inka Imperialism (University of Iowa Press; 2010) 355 pages; Research on Inca conquest in the central and northern coasts of Peru, in Ecuador, and in other regions far from Cuzco.
Mancall, Peter C. (ed.). Travel Narratives from the Age of Discovery. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Mann, Charles. C (2005). 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. Knopf.
Prescott, William H. Conquest of Peru. The Book League of America. New York: 1976.
Prescott, William H. History of the Conquest of Mexico & History of the Conquest of Peru. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2000.
Reinhard, Johan The Ice Maiden: Inca Mummies, Mountain Gods, and Sacred Sites in the Andes. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2005.
Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, Maria. History of the Inca Realm. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Sullivan, L.E. Native Religions and Cultures of Central and South America: Anthropology of the Sacred. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002
Steele, P.R. Handbook of Inca mythology. Santa Barbara ABC-CLIO, 2004
External links[edit]
Peru Cultural Society
Inca Emuseum @ Minnesota State University
Peruvian National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology, and History
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Quechua language

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Pre-Columbian America

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Inca civilization

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Guatavita Lake

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Guaman Poma

values: Population history of American indigenous peoples

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//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1059519

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//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11326098

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values: Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas

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values: List of Indigenous peoples of South America

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Shuar people

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values: Portal:Indigenous peoples of North America

values: Ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas

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values: আন্দীয় সভ্যতা – Bangla

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