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Knockin' on Heaven's Door
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For other uses, see Knockin' on Heaven's Door (disambiguation).
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
Single by Bob Dylan
from the album Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid
B-side
"Turkey Chase"
Released
July 13, 1973
Recorded
February 1973
Genre
Folk rock, gospel
Length
2:32
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Bob Dylan
Producer(s)
Gordon Carroll
Bob Dylan singles chronology
"George Jackson"
(1971) "Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
(1973) "A Fool Such as I"
(1973)
"George Jackson"
(1971) "Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
(1973) "A Fool Such as I"
(1973)
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" is a song written and sung by Bob Dylan, for the soundtrack of the 1973 film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid. Released as a single, it reached No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. Described by Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin as "an exercise in splendid simplicity",[1] the song, in terms of the number of other artists who have covered it, is one of Dylan's most popular post-1960s compositions.
Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart history
1.1 Weekly charts
1.2 Year-end charts
2 Cover versions
2.1 Eric Clapton version
2.2 Guns N' Roses versions
2.2.1 Charts
2.2.2 Certifications
2.3 Dunblane tribute
2.4 Other cover versions
3 Sampled version
4 Soundtrack inclusions
5 In popular culture
6 References
Chart history[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1973-74)
Peak
position
Australia KMR[3] 10
Canada RPM Top Singles[4] 10
Canada RPM Adult Contemporary[5] 6
Ireland (IRMA)[6] 9
Netherlands 51
UK (OCC) 14
US Billboard Hot 100[7] 12
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[8] 5
US Cash Box Top 100[9] 10
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1973)
Rank
Australia[10] 92
Canada[11] 93
US (Joel Whitburn's Pop Annual)[12] 104
Cover versions[edit]
Eric Clapton version[edit]
In January 1975 Eric Clapton played on Jamaican singer Arthur Louis' recording of "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" arranged in a reggae style. Subsequently, Clapton recorded his own reggae-style version of the song which was released in August 1975, two weeks after Louis's version was released as a single in July 1975.[13] Clapton's single peaked at No. 38 in the UK Singles Chart. The single was less successful in the US, only reaching No. 109 in Cash Box. Clapton's 1996 boxed set Crossroads 2: Live in the Seventies features a performance recorded in London in April 1977. The song was also performed during the Journeyman and One More Car, One More Rider world tours in 1990 and 2003. Additionally, the song has been included on several Clapton compilation albums, such as Time Pieces: The Best of Eric Clapton, Backtrackin', The Cream of Clapton and Complete Clapton.[14]
Guns N' Roses versions[edit]
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
Song by Guns N' Roses
from the album Days of Thunder (soundtrack)
Released
June 26, 1990
Genre
Hard rock, blues rock
Length
5:36
Label
Geffen
Songwriter(s)
Bob Dylan
Producer(s)
Mike Clink
Guns N' Roses
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
1992 UK picture sleeve
Single by Guns N' Roses
from the album Use Your Illusion II
Released
1992
Genre
Hard rock, blues rock
Length
5:30
Label
Geffen
Songwriter(s)
Bob Dylan
Producer(s)
Mike Clink
Guns N' Roses
Guns N' Roses singles chronology
"Live and Let Die"
(1991) "Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
(1992) "November Rain"
(1992)
"Live and Let Die"
(1991) "Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
(1992) "November Rain"
(1992)
In 1987, Guns N' Roses started including the song in their live sets. A live version of the song was released on the maxi-single of "Welcome to the Jungle" the same year. They recorded a studio version in 1990 for the soundtrack of the film Days of Thunder which reached No. 18 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart in 1990. This version was later slightly modified for the 1991 album Use Your Illusion II (basically discarding the responses in the second verse). Released as the fourth single from the album, it reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart as well as No. 12 in Australia and No. 1 in Ireland. Their performance of the song at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992 was used as the B-side for the single release and was also included on their Live Era: '87–'93 album, released in 1999.[15] The music video for this version of the song was directed by Andy Morahan.[16]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts
Chart (1992)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[17]
12
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[18]
3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[19]
1
Finland (The Official Finnish Charts)[20]
7
France (SNEP)[21]
7
Germany (Official German Charts)[22]
5
Ireland (IRMA)[23]
1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[24]
1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[25]
2
Norway (VG-lista)[26]
6
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[27]
10
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[28]
5
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[29]
2
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[30]
18
Year-end charts
Chart (1992)
Position
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[31] 20
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Australia (ARIA)[32]
Gold
Italy (FIMI)[33]
Platinum
Dunblane tribute[edit]
In 1996 and with the consent of Dylan, Scottish musician Ted Christopher wrote a new verse for "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" in memory of the schoolchildren and teacher killed in the Dunblane school massacre. This has been, according to some sources, one of the few times Dylan has officially authorized anybody to add or change the lyrics to one of his songs.[34][35] This version of the song, including children from the village singing the chorus with guitarist and producer of Dylan's album Infidels (1983), Mark Knopfler, was released on December 9 in the UK and reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart.[36] The proceeds went to charities for children.[37] The song was featured on the compilation album Hits 97, where all royalties from the song were given to three separate charities.
Other cover versions[edit]
Two different live versions by Fairport Convention recorded in February 1974 at the Troubadour in Los Angeles were released. One on the Sandy Denny box set Who Knows Where the Time Goes in 1985, and the other on her anthology A Boxful of Treasures in 2004.[38]
A live version by Cold Chisel appears on their 1981 live album Swingshift.[39]
A live version by Television appears on their 1982 album The Blow-Up.
Danny & Dusty released a version of the song on their 1985 album The Lost Weekend.
Heaven released a version of the song on the group's 1985 album, Knockin' On Heaven's Door.[40]
Randy Crawford released a version of this song on her album Rich and Poor in 1989, featuring Eric Clapton and David Sanborn.
Vlado Kreslin released his live version on his album Pikapolonica in 1996. It was performed by Beltinška banda.
S Vremena Na Vreme released a cover on their live album Unplugged in 1997.[41]
The Brazilian singer Zé Ramalho released a Portuguese version of Dylan's song called "Batendo na Porta do Céu" in his 1997 album Antologia Acústica (Acoustic Anthology).
Warren Zevon released a version of the song on his 2003 album The Wind, shortly before his death from cancer in September of that year.
Avril Lavigne released a cover version on the bonus CD of her My World video release in 2003, as one of the B-Sides from her single "Nobody's Home" and afterwards as a Japanese bonus track for her 2011 album Goodbye Lullaby.
Larry Norman released his cover on his 2004 album Sessions. With the exception of the chorus line, the song has completely original lyrics.[42]
Roger Waters released a cover version on his album Flickering Flame: The Solo Years Volume 1.
Wyclef Jean recorded a version of the song, which was used in the 2004 documentary Ghosts of Cité Soleil.
Babyface released a version on his 2007 album Playlist.
A version by Antony and the Johnsons was included on the Bob Dylan cover album I'm Not There, which served as the soundtrack for the film of the same name.
Both Jerry Garcia Band and the Grateful Dead often covered the song in their live sets, one recorded example being the Jerry Garcia Band live album Don't Let Go
Meir Ariel, an Israeli singer, covered the song with a Hebrew version in a 1998 concert later released as an album, Doors Are Opened By Themselves. The chorus is sung in both Hebrew and English.
Bryan Ferry recorded a version of the song on his album Dylanesque.
Ján Boleslav Kladivo released a Slovak version on his 1995 debut album Nahá
Sampled version[edit]
Gabrielle's single "Rise" (2000) sampled from this song.
Soundtrack inclusions[edit]
Film/TV show
Year
Performer
Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid 1973 Bob Dylan
Renaldo & Clara 1978 Bob Dylan & Roger McGuinn
Lethal Weapon 2 1989 Randy Crawford, Eric Clapton & David Sanborn
Days of Thunder 1990 Guns N' Roses
Shake Rattle & Roll 2 (segment "Aswang") 1990 Guns N' Roses
Rush 1991 Bob Dylan
Total Balalaika Show 1994 Leningrad Cowboys and Alexandrov Ensemble
Lawn Dogs 1997 Bob Dylan
The Dybbuk of the Holy Apple Field 1997 Roger Waters
Knockin' on Heaven's Door 1997 Selig
Treasure Planet 2002 Bob Dylan
Windstruck 2004 Youme
Be Cool 2005 Bob Dylan
Las Vegas (episode 45, "Letters, Lawyers and Loose Women") 2005 Bob Dylan
Six Feet Under (episode 61, "All Alone") 2005 Bob Dylan
ER (episode 260, "Darfur") 2006 Scoob Serious
Salvador (Puig Antich) 2006 Bob Dylan
I'm Not There 2007 Antony & the Johnsons
Supernatural (episode 35, "Houses of the Holy") 2007 Bob Dylan
Cold Case (episode 84, "Blood on the Tracks") 2007 Bob Dylan
Big Love (episode 2-08, "Kingdom Come") 2007 Bob Dylan
My Name is Earl 2008 Bob Dylan
Come Dio Comanda 2008 Antony & the Johnsons
Heaven's Door 2009 Angela Aki
Supernatural (episode 98, "Dark Side of the Moon") 2010 Bob Dylan
Lifted 2011 Uriah Shelton
Blue Bloods (Season 4, Episode 7, "Drawing Dead") 2013 Rick Devin[43]
The 100 2015 RAIGN
Sense8 (episode 9, "Death Doesn't Let You Say Goodbye") 2015 Antony & the Johnsons
Containment, episode 5, "Like a Sheep Among Wolves" 2016 RAIGN
In popular culture[edit]
Nick Talevski used the title for his book, Knocking On Heaven's Door: Rock Obituaries.[44] A version of this song was performed by Raign for the TV show "The 100"
An alternate name for the 24th episode of Neon Genesis Evangelion is "Knockin' on Heaven's Door".
The title is used as a name of a Stand, "Heaven's Door", in the fourth part of the manga "Jojo's Bizarre Adventure", Diamond is Unbreakable.
The title was used for the 12th episode of Angel Beats! and Bob Dylan along with the song was mentioned in the episode by T.K. and Hinata
Covered by The Jenerators, the song was used during a tribute to the death of cast member Miguel Ferrer of NCIS: Los Angeles at the end of the Season 8 Episode 16 "New Tricks", broadcast on March 5, 2017. Ferrer was a member of The Jenerators.[45]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Heylin, Clinton (2009). Revolution in the Air: The Songs of Bob Dylan, 1957-1973. Chicago Review Press. p. 434.
Jump up ^ Western Writers of America (2010). "The Top 100 Western Songs". American Cowboy. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1973-12-01. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Knockin' on Heaven's Door". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 77.
Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, November 10, 1973
Jump up ^ "Forum - 1970 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Jump up ^ Canada, Library and Archives (July 8, 2017). "Image : RPM Weekly".
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1999). Pop Annual. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. ISBN 0-89820-142-X.
Jump up ^ Schumacher, Michael. Crossroads: The Life and Music of Eric Clapton. Hyperion Press. p. 373.
Jump up ^ "Eric Clapton discography". allmusic.com. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
Jump up ^ "Gun N' Roses discography". allmusic.com. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
Jump up ^ Garcia, Alex S. "mvdbase.com - Guns 'n' Roses - "Knockin' on Heaven's door [live]"". Music Video DataBase. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pennanen, Timo. Sisältää hitin: levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972. Otava Publishing Company Ltd, 2003. ISBN 951-1-21053-X
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Guns N' Roses". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door". VG-lista. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door". Singles Top 100. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1992". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988-2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dunblane Knockin' on Heaven's Door". bannockburnband.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Dunblane against Guns". 1997-01-01. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 601. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Knockin' On Heaven's Door CD". BBC. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Fairport Convention: Knockin' on Heaven's Door". Mainly Norfolk: English Folk and Other Good Music. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Adrian Zupp. "Swingshift - Cold Chisel". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
Jump up ^ "Heaven". Australian Music History. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ Janjatović, Petar (2007). Ex YU rock enciklopedija 1960-2006. Belgrade: self-released. p. 218.
Jump up ^ "DONATIONS - The Solid Rock Shop". Solid Rock. Archived from the original on 2013-09-08. Retrieved 2013-09-04.
Jump up ^ "Blue Bloods Music - S4E7: "Drawing Dead"". TuneFind. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
Jump up ^ Televski, Nick, Knocking On Heaven’s Door: Rock Obituaries, Omnibus Press, London 2006
Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/news/ncis-la-recap-granger-miguel-ferrer/
[show]
v
t
e
Bob Dylan singles discography
1962
"Mixed-Up Confusion" / "Corrina, Corrina"
1963
"Blowin' in the Wind" / "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right"
1965
"The Times They Are a-Changin'" / "Honey, Just Allow Me One More Chance"
"Maggie's Farm" / "On the Road Again"
"Subterranean Homesick Blues" / "She Belongs to Me"
"Like a Rolling Stone" / "Gates of Eden
"Positively 4th Street" / "From a Buick 6"
"Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window?" / "Highway 61 Revisited"
1966
"One of Us Must Know (Sooner or Later)" / "Queen Jane Approximately"
"Rainy Day Women ♯12 & 35" / "Pledging My Time"
"I Want You" / "Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues" (live with The Hawks)
"Just Like a Woman" / "Obviously 5 Believers"
1967
"Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat" / "Most Likely You Go Your Way And I'll Go Mine"
"If You Gotta Go, Go Now" / "To Ramona" (only in Europe)
1968
"Drifter's Escape" / "John Wesley Harding"
"All Along the Watchtower" / "I'll Be Your Baby Tonight"
1969
"I Threw It All Away" / "Drifter's Escape"
"Lay Lady Lay" / "Peggy Day"
"Tonight I'll Be Staying Here with You" / "Country Pie"
1970
"If Not for You" / "New Morning"
"Wigwam" / "Copper Kettle"
1971
"Watching the River Flow" / "Spanish is the Loving Tongue"
"George Jackson" (band version) / "George Jackson" (acoustic version)
1973
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" / "Turkey Chase" (instrumental from Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid)
"A Fool Such as I" / "Lily of the West"
1974
"On a Night Like This" / "You Angel You"
"Something There Is About You" / "Tough Mama"
"Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)" (live with The Band)
"All Along the Watchtower" / "It Ain't Me Babe"
1975
"Tangled Up in Blue" / "If You See Her, Say Hello"
"Million Dollar Bash" / "Tears of Rage"
"Hurricane" (Part 1) / "Hurricane" (Part 2)
1976
"Mozambique" / "Oh Sister"
"Stuck Inside of Mobile With the Memphis Blues Again" (live) / "Rita May"
1978
"Baby, Stop Crying" / "We Better Talk This Over"
"Changing of the Guards" / "Señor (Tales of Yankee Power)"
"Is Your Love In Vain?" / "We Better Talk This Over"
1979
"Maggie's Farm (live) / "All Along the Watchtower"
"Forever Young" (live) / "All Along the Watchtower" / "I Want You"
"Man Gave Names to All the Animals" / "When You Gonna Wake Up?"
"Gotta Serve Somebody" / "Trouble in Mind"
"Precious Angel" / "Trouble in Mind"
1980
"Slow Train" / "Do Right to Me Baby"
"Solid Rock" / "Covenant Woman"
"Saved" / "Are You Ready?"
1981
"Heart of Mine" / "Let It Be Me"
"Dead Man, Dead Man" / "Lenny Bruce"
1983
"Union Sundown" / "Angel Flying too Close to the Ground"
"I and I" / "Angel Flying too Close to the Ground"
"Sweetheart Like You" / "Union Sundown"
1984
"Jokerman" / "Isis"
1985
"Tight Connection to My Heart (Has Anybody Seen My Love)" / "We Better Talk this Over"
"When the Night Comes Falling from the Sky" / "Emotionally Yours"
1986
"Band of the Hand" / "Joe's Death" (Michael Rubini)
"Got My Mind Made Up" / "The Usual"
1988
"Silvio" / "Driftin' too Far from the Shore"
1989
"Everything Is Broken" / "Death is Not the End"
"Slow Train" (live with The Grateful Dead)
1990
"Political World" / "Ring Them Bells" (only in the UK and Australia)
"Most of the Time" / "Most of the Time (edit piece)
"Unbelievable" / "10,000 Men"
1991
"Series of Dreams" / "Seven Curses"
"Blind Willie McTell" / "It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry" (from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1-3)
"Step it Up and Go" — (no b-side)
1993
"My Back Pages" (with Roger McGuinn, Tom Petty, Neil Young, Eric Clapton, George Harrison) — (no b-side)
1995
"Dignity" (live on MTV Unplugged) / "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall" (live version)
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" / "John Brown" (both live on MTV Unplugged)
1998
"Not Dark Yet" / "Tombstone Blues" (live) / "Ballad of a Thin Man" (live) / "Boots of Spanish Leather" (live)
"Love Sick" / "Tombstone Blues" (live)
2000
"Things Have Changed" / "Make You Feel My Love" (live) / "Hurricane" / "Song to Woody" (live)
2006
"Someday Baby" / "Someday Baby" (edit piece)
"Rollin' and Tumblin'" / "Not Dark Yet" / "High Water (for Charley Patton)"
2007
"Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)" (Mark Ronson remix version) / "Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)" (album version)
2008
"Dreamin' of You" (edit piece) / "Dreamin' of You" (album version)
2009
"Beyond Here Lies Nothin'" / "Down Along the Cove" (live)
"I Feel a Change Comin' On" / "I Feel a Change Comin' On" (edit piece)
"Must Be Santa" / "'Twas the Night Before Christmas"
2010
"The Times They Are a-Changin'" (demo version) / "Like a Rolling Stone"
2012
"Duquesne Whistle"
2013
"Wigwam" (demo version) / "Thirsty Boots"
[show]
v
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e
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Promo singles
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Videos and DVDs
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Preceded by
"A Different Beat" by Boyzone UK Singles Chart number-one single
21 December 1996 (1 week) Succeeded by
"2 Become 1" by Spice Girls
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March on Washington Movement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The March on Washington Movement (MOWM), 1941–1946, organized by activists A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin[1] as a tool to produce a mass march on Washington, D.C., was designed to pressure the U.S. government into desegregating the armed forces and providing fair working opportunities for African Americans. When President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 in 1941, prohibiting discrimination in the defense industry under contract to federal agencies, Randolph and collaborators called off the march.
Randolph continued to promote non-violent actions to advance goals for African Americans. Future civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. and other younger men were strongly influenced by Randolph and his ideals and methods.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 State of the nation
1.2 Purpose of the march
2 Leadership
2.1 Women in the movement
3 Chronology
4 Media effect
5 Communist appeal
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Notes
7.2 Bibliography
8 External links
Background[edit]
State of the nation[edit]
In the lead-up to the United States' entry into World War II, African Americans resented calls to "defend democracy" against Nazi racism while having to deal with discrimination in all sectors of life and business in the United States, especially the South, where they had been disenfranchised since the turn of the century and oppressed by Jim Crow laws.[2]
By the fall of 1940, the American economy was emerging from the Depression. The defense boom benefited whites, but black workers were denied opportunities because of widespread racial discrimination in employment. Some government training programs excluded blacks based on their being refused entry to defense industries, and many skilled black workers with proper training were unable to gain employment.[3] In 1940 the president of the North American Aviation Co. was quoted as saying, "While we are in complete sympathy with the Negro, it is against company policy to employ them as aircraft workers or mechanics ... regardless of their training.... There will be some jobs as janitors for Negroes."[4] It was in this climate that activists began to develop the March on Washington Movement.
Purpose of the march[edit]
The March on Washington Movement was an attempt to pressure the United States government and President Franklin D. Roosevelt into establishing policy and protections against employment discrimination as the nation prepared for war. A. Philip Randolph was the driving force behind the movement, with allies from the NAACP and other civil rights organizations. He had formed and led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters beginning in 1925. His leadership in the March on Washington Movement, in which organizing middle and lower class members would be so important, was based on his strong experience in grassroots and union organizing.[5] Randolph's independence from white sources of power was shown when he said of the movement, "If it costs money to finance a march on Washington, let Negroes pay for it. If any sacrifices are made for Negro rights in national defense, let Negroes make them...."[6]
Leadership[edit]
Randolph's leadership and strategy defined the nature of the March on Washington Movement. His reliance on grassroots activism and African-American media and organizations was influenced by his childhood. His father was an African Methodist Episcopal (AME) preacher, and Randolph heard numerous parishioners complain about the state of race relations and discrimination. He and his brother were privately tutored, and raised to believe that they were "as intellectually competent as any white".[7] On September 26, 1942, after the MOWM had succeeded in gaining an Executive Order against discrimination in industry, Randolph reiterated that the fight would continue despite these gains. He said, "Unless this war sound the death knell to the old Anglo-American empire systems, the hapless story of which is one of exploitation for the profit and power of a monopoly-capitalist economy, it will have been fought in vain."[8]
Women in the movement[edit]
The Women's Auxiliary was a group of mostly wives and relatives of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. They were active within the MOWM primarily in fundraising and community efforts, as well as working broadly to promote ideas of "concepts of black manhood, female respectability, and class consciousness."[9]
Chronology[edit]
Early lobbying efforts to desegregate the military previous to 1941 did not persuade President Roosevelt to take action. On September 27, 1940, the first delegation composed of A. Philip Randolph, Walter White (NAACP), and T. Arnold Hill (National Urban League), met with President Roosevelt and his top officials. The delegation presented a memorandum demanding immediate integration of all blacks in the armed services. The White House issued a statement saying, "The policy of the War Department is not to intermingle colored and white enlisted personnel in the same regimental organizations."[10] The armed forces were not integrated until 1948, under President Harry S. Truman.
Concerned that traditional meetings were not effective, on January 25, 1941, A. Philip Randolph officially proposed a March on Washington to "highlight the issue."[11] In the following months, chapters of the MOWM began to organize for a mass march scheduled for July first of that year. During the spring, organizers estimated they could attract 100,000 marchers for the event.
A week before the march was to take place, Mayor Fiorello La Guardia of New York City met with MOWM leadership to inform them of the president's intentions to issue an executive order establishing the first Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) that would prohibit discrimination in federal vocational and training programs.[citation needed] Before the order was signed, the MOWM demanded also that it included a provision for desegregation of war industries. Roosevelt agreed and issued Executive Order 8802, which prohibited discrimination in federal vocational and training programs, and in employment in defense industries contracting with the government. Given this major victory, Randolph agreed to cancel the march. He continued the March on Washington Movement as a way to maintain an organization that could track and lobby for progress, and hold the FEPC to its mission.[12]
The MOWM continued rallies throughout the summer on these issues, but the high water mark had passed. The movement's continued call for nonviolent civil disobedience alienated some black organizations, such as the NAACP, whose leaders withdrew some support. Although organized to bring about the 1941 march on Washington, the MOWM operated until 1947; its representatives collaborated with other groups to continue pressure on the federal government.[11] In 1943 Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9346, which expanded coverage of the FEPC to federal agencies beyond those in defense.
Randolph continued to promote non-violent actions to advance goals for African Americans. Future civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. and other younger men were strongly influenced by his methods.[citation needed]
Media effect[edit]
While mainstream media had a role in reporting on the movement, African-American media outlets covered it most thoroughly. Early in the spring of 1941, black newspapers expressed skepticism of the movement's ambitious goals to attract tens of thousands of marchers. The Chicago Defender worried whether even "2,000 Negroes would march".[13]
Their tone changed, however, as the date of the march approached. By May, black newspapers reported on growing support for the march; The Amsterdam News of New York City ran the front page headline: "100,000 in March to Capitol."[13] If it was simply a tactic of bluffing, the same tactic was shared by black press as a whole. The Chicago Defender by that time reported "50,000 preparing for a March for jobs and justice".[13]
Communist appeal[edit]
The MOWM had an uneasy relationship with communist organizations in the U.S. Communists supported the idea of a proletariat uprising but "they constantly drew a line between the 'job-march' and its 'war-mongering leadership.'"[14] Randolph used various tactics to avoid having communists be part of the March on Washington Movement, as he knew it caused difficulties in gaining support for the larger goals of African Americans. He restricted membership to African Americans; although black Communists might participate, only a small percentage of the disciplined Communist party members were black.[14]
See also[edit]
Social movements
BlackPast.org
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Simkin 1997.
Jump up ^ Garfinkel 1969.
Jump up ^ Pfeffer 1990, p. 46.
Jump up ^ Garfinkel 1969, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Miller 2005, p. 63.
Jump up ^ Garfinkel 1969, p. 5.
Jump up ^ Pfeffer 1990, p. 7.
Jump up ^ Randolph 1942.
Jump up ^ Chateauvert 1998.
Jump up ^ Garfinkel 1969, p. 34.
^ Jump up to: a b Kindig.
Jump up ^ Garfinkel 1969, p. 61.
^ Jump up to: a b c Garfinkel 1969, pp. 57-58.
^ Jump up to: a b Garfinkel 1969, p. 48.
Bibliography[edit]
Chateauvert, Melinda (1998). Marching together : women of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252066367. OCLC 36252874. Retrieved Oct 14, 2014.
Garfinkel, Herbert (1969). When Negroes March: The March on Washington Movement in the Organizational Politics for FEPC. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 0252066367. OCLC 23078.
Kindig, Jessie. "March on Washington Movement (1941–1947)". blackpast.org. Online Encyclopedia of Significant People and Places in African American History. Retrieved Oct 14, 2014.
Lucander, David. Winning the War for Democracy: The March on Washington Movement, 1941-1946 (University of Illinois Press; 2014) 320 pages
Miller, Calvin Craig (2005). A. Philip Randolph and the African American labor movement. Greensboro, N.C.: Morgan Reynolds Pub. ISBN 1931798508. OCLC 57010183.
Pfeffer, Paula (1990). A. Philip Randolph, Pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement. Baton Rouge, LA.: Louisiana State University Press. OCLC 47008060.
Randolph, A. Philip (September 26, 1942). "The March on Washington Movement: Excerpts from keynote address to the Policy Conference of the March on Washington Movement". http://www.umd.edu. University of Maryland. Archived from the original on Sep 27, 2013. External link in |website= (help) [A. Philip Randolph's Speech]
Simkin, John (September 1997). "March on Washington in 1941". http://spartacus-educational.com. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014. External link in |website= (help)
External links[edit]
MOWM Call and program (A. Philip Randolph's Speech)
“March on Washington Movement (1941–1947)”at the Online Encyclopedia of Significant People and Places in African American History (Blackpast.org)
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Hexagonal prism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Uniform Hexagonal prism
Type Prismatic uniform polyhedron
Elements F = 8, E = 18, V = 12 (χ = 2)
Faces by sides 6{4}+2{6}
Schläfli symbol t{2,6} or {6}x{}
Wythoff symbol 2 6 | 2
2 2 3 |
Coxeter diagrams

Symmetry D6h, [6,2], (*622), order 24
Rotation group D6, [6,2]+, (622), order 12
References U76(d)
Dual Hexagonal dipyramid
Properties convex, zonohedron

Vertex figure
4.4.6
In geometry, the hexagonal prism is a prism with hexagonal base. This polyhedron has 8 faces, 18 edges, and 12 vertices.[1]
Since it has eight faces, it is an octahedron. However, the term octahedron is primarily used to refer to the regular octahedron, which has eight triangular faces. Because of the ambiguity of the term octahedron and the dissimilarity of the various eight-sided figures, the term is rarely used without clarification.
Before sharpening, many pencils take the shape of a long hexagonal prism.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 As a semiregular (or uniform) polyhedron
2 Volume
3 Symmetry
4 As part of spatial tesselations
5 Related polyhedra and tilings
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
As a semiregular (or uniform) polyhedron[edit]
If faces are all regular, the hexagonal prism is a semiregular polyhedron, more generally, a uniform polyhedron, and the fourth in an infinite set of prisms formed by square sides and two regular polygon caps. It can be seen as a truncated hexagonal hosohedron, represented by Schläfli symbol t{2,6}. Alternately it can be seen as the Cartesian product of a regular hexagon and a line segment, and represented by the product {6}×{}. The dual of a hexagonal prism is a hexagonal bipyramid.
The symmetry group of a right hexagonal prism is D6h of order 24. The rotation group is D6 of order 12.
Volume[edit]
As in most prisms, the volume is found by taking the area of the base, with a side length of a {\displaystyle a} , and multiplying it by the height h {\displaystyle h} , giving the formula:[3]
V = 3 3 2 a 2 × h {\displaystyle V={\frac {3{\sqrt {3}}}{2}}a^{2}\times h}
Symmetry[edit]
The topology of a uniform hexagonal prism can have geometric variations of lower symmetry, including:
Symmetry
D6h, [2,6], (*622)
C6v, [6], (*66)
D3h, [2,3], (*322)
D3d, [2+,6], (2*3)
Construction
{6}×{},
t{3}×{},
s2{2,6},
Image
Distortion

As part of spatial tesselations[edit]
It exists as cells of four prismatic uniform convex honeycombs in 3 dimensions:
Hexagonal prismatic honeycomb[1]
Triangular-hexagonal prismatic honeycomb
Snub triangular-hexagonal prismatic honeycomb
Rhombitriangular-hexagonal prismatic honeycomb
It also exists as cells of a number of four-dimensional uniform 4-polytopes, including:
truncated tetrahedral prism
truncated octahedral prism
Truncated cuboctahedral prism
Truncated icosahedral prism
Truncated icosidodecahedral prism
runcitruncated 5-cell
omnitruncated 5-cell
runcitruncated 16-cell
omnitruncated tesseract
runcitruncated 24-cell
omnitruncated 24-cell
runcitruncated 600-cell
omnitruncated 120-cell
Related polyhedra and tilings[edit]
showUniform hexagonal dihedral spherical polyhedra
Symmetry: [6,2], (*622)
[6,2]+, (622)
[6,2+], (2*3)
{6,2} t{6,2} r{6,2} t{2,6} {2,6} rr{6,2} tr{6,2} sr{6,2} s{2,6}
Duals to uniforms
V62 V122 V62 V4.4.6 V26 V4.4.6 V4.4.12 V3.3.3.6 V3.3.3.3
This polyhedron can be considered a member of a sequence of uniform patterns with vertex figure (4.6.2p) and Coxeter-Dynkin diagram . For p < 6, the members of the sequence are omnitruncated polyhedra (zonohedrons), shown below as spherical tilings. For p > 6, they are tilings of the hyperbolic plane, starting with the truncated triheptagonal tiling.
show*n32 symmetry mutations of omnitruncated tilings: 4.6.2n
Sym.
*n32
[n,3]
Spherical
Euclid.
Compact hyperb.
Paraco.
Noncompact hyperbolic
*232
[2,3]
*332
[3,3]
*432
[4,3]
*532
[5,3]
*632
[6,3]
*732
[7,3]
*832
[8,3]
*∞32
[∞,3]

[12i,3]

[9i,3]

[6i,3]

[3i,3]
Figures
Config.
4.6.4 4.6.6 4.6.8 4.6.10 4.6.12 4.6.14 4.6.16 4.6.∞ 4.6.24i 4.6.18i 4.6.12i 4.6.6i
Duals
Config.
V4.6.4 V4.6.6 V4.6.8 V4.6.10 V4.6.12 V4.6.14 V4.6.16 V4.6.∞ V4.6.24i V4.6.18i V4.6.12i V4.6.6i
See also[edit]
Family of uniform prisms
Polyhedron
Coxeter
Tiling
Config.
2.4.4
3.4.4
4.4.4
5.4.4
6.4.4
7.4.4
8.4.4
9.4.4
10.4.4
11.4.4
12.4.4
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Pugh, Anthony (1976), Polyhedra: A Visual Approach, University of California Press, pp. 21, 27, 62, ISBN 9780520030565 .
Jump up ^ Simpson, Audrey (2011), Core Mathematics for Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge University Press, pp. 266–267, ISBN 9780521727921 .
Jump up ^ Wheater, Carolyn C. (2007), Geometry, Career Press, pp. 236–237, ISBN 9781564149367 .
External links[edit]
Uniform Honeycombs in 3-Space VRML models
The Uniform Polyhedra
Virtual Reality Polyhedra The Encyclopedia of Polyhedra Prisms and antiprisms
Weisstein, Eric W. "Hexagonal prism". MathWorld.
Hexagonal Prism Interactive Model -- works in your web browser
This polyhedron-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hexagonal_prism&oldid=810321813"
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