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Bloodletting (The Walking Dead)
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"Bloodletting"
The Walking Dead episode
Hershel Greene works on saving the life of Carl Grimes.
Episode no.
Season 2
Episode 2
Directed by
Ernest Dickerson
Written by
Glen Mazzara
Original air date
October 23, 2011 (2011-10-23)
Guest appearance(s)
IronE Singleton as Theodore "T-Dog" Douglas
Lauren Cohan as Maggie Greene
Pruitt Taylor Vince as Otis
Emily Kinney as Beth Greene
Scott Wilson as Hershel Greene
Jane McNeill as Patricia
Kelley Davis as Paula
James Allen McCune as Jimmy
Deja Dee as Mom #1
Amy Cain as Mom #2
Episode chronology
← Previous
"What Lies Ahead" Next →
"Save the Last One"
The Walking Dead (season 2)
List of The Walking Dead episodes
"Bloodletting" is the second episode of the second season and 8th episode overall of the post-apocalyptic horror television series The Walking Dead. It initially aired on AMC in the United States on October 23, 2011.[1] The episode was written by Glen Mazzara and directed by Ernest Dickerson. In this episode, Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) and Shane Walsh (Jon Bernthal) rush to save the life of Rick's son, Carl (Chandler Riggs), and discover a possible safe haven in the process.
Production commenced in Newnan, Georgia at Newnan High School in early July 2011, after attaining approval from the city council and the Coweta County School System. The episode featured guest appearances from Scott Wilson, Lauren Cohan, Emily Kinney and Pruitt Taylor Vince, amongst several other recurring actors and actresses for the series. "Bloodletting" was well received by television critics, who praised the character development in the episode. Upon airing, it gained 6.70 million viewers and garnered a 3.6 rating in the 18-49 demographic, according to Nielsen ratings.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Reception
3.1 Ratings
3.2 Critical response
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
In a flashback, Lori Grimes (Sarah Wayne Callies) is talking with other mothers about a fight she had with her husband, Rick (Andrew Lincoln). Rick's partner, Shane Walsh (Jon Bernthal), pulls up in a police cruiser and tells Lori that Rick has been severely wounded in a highway shootout. Lori then tells her and Rick's son, Carl (Chandler Riggs) the news, causing him to break down in tears.
In the present, Carl has been accidentally shot by a man named Otis (Pruitt Taylor Vince), who was hunting for deer. Otis brings Rick, Carl and Shane to a veterinarian named Hershel Greene (Scott Wilson), for whom Otis works as a farm hand. Hershel lives with his daughters Maggie (Lauren Cohan) and Beth (Emily Kinney), Beth's boyfriend Jimmy (James Allen McCune), and Otis' wife Patricia (Jane McNeill). He treats Carl, but he reveals that the bullet was broken into six fragments. Rick must donate blood to Carl in order to keep him alive.
Lori, Glenn (Steven Yeun), Carol (Melissa McBride), Daryl (Norman Reedus), and Andrea (Laurie Holden) are still searching for Carol's daughter, Sophia (Madison Lintz), when they overhear a gunshot. Meanwhile, on the highway, Dale (Jeffrey DeMunn) believes that T-Dog (IronE Singleton) has contracted a blood infection from the wound he received in the previous episode, and both search for antibiotics, but they fail to find any.
At the Greene farm, Hershel reveals that Carl needs major surgery to live, and that he will need a respirator. Otis suggests that they might find supplies at a nearby high school—where the Federal Emergency Management Agency has set up a trailer—although the place is likely overrun with walkers. Otis and Shane decide to get the supplies, while Maggie retrieves Lori from the group and brings her to the Greene home. Rick and Hershel discuss the walker epidemic; Rick believes there is no cure, while Hershel has faith that there could be one.
The group searching for Sophia returns to the highway, where Daryl reveals that he has a bag containing painkillers and doxycycline antibiotics that T-Dog can take. Shane and Otis retrieve the supplies, but are spotted by walkers. The two have no choice but to barricade themselves in the high school.
Production[edit]
Lauren Cohan, Scott Wilson and Emily Kinney make their first appearances in this episode as Maggie Greene, Hershel Greene and Beth Greene, respectively.
"Bloodletting" was written by Glen Mazzara and directed by Ernest Dickerson.[2][3] In June 2011, it was announced that Scott Wilson, Lauren Cohan, and Pruitt Taylor Vince would appear on the second season as recurring characters.[4][5] In an interview with TV Guide, Gale Anne Hurd explained that Wilson's character, Hershel Greene, served as a patriarchal figure for the group. She continued: "He's a veterinarian with a great sense of humanity and a very unique take on the [walkers]." According to Hurd, Scott Wilson was cast because of his "tremendous scope and gravitas".[4] Hurd also stated that Cohan's character, Greene's daughter Maggie, was a woman in her twenties who eventually becomes a romantic interest for Glenn (Steven Yeun).[4] Further, Cohan added in an interview with the Philadelphia Daily News that Maggie was a Christian from a sheltered background. In preparation for her role, she spent a few months in Los Angeles, California to work with a dialect coach.[6] Emily Kinney also joined the cast as Hershel's younger daughter and Maggie's half-sister, Beth.
Principal photography commenced in Newnan, Georgia at Newnan High School in July 2011, after approval was received from the city council and the Coweta County School System. Site preparation initiated on July 1, and filming began at the gymnasium of the school over a period of four days from July 7–8 and again from July 11–12.[7] The location was temporarily renovated to mirror an abandoned Federal Emergency Management Agency camp.[7] Michael Riley, the production manager for the episode, contacted the Newnan Police Department to collaborate with producers.[7] Because of the large size of the filming location, Riley's production company notified surrounding neighborhoods, to avoid inconvenience.[7]
"Bloodletting" begins with a flashback of Rick Grimes' relationship with Lori, before she became romantically linked to Shane. In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Robert Kirkman asserted that it "speaks to Shane and his relationship to Lori and Rick in the early days."[8] He continued:
"A lot of people think of Shane as a clear villain and that he did a bad thing. But if you really analyze that situation, he’s a good guy and has done the right thing at every turn. Because he's done that, and it’s not working out for him, it’s driving him crazy. So we really wanted to show that he’s a tragic figure much more than a villainous figure. It’s just a series of unfortunate situations that have led to him slowly losing himself in this world. Popping back in time and showing his concern for Rick and how he cares for Lori and Carl, I thought that would be a good thing to do."[8]
During a scene on the road, Daryl reveals a plastic bag of Merle's drug stash he originally kept in hiding from the crew, only bringing it out to aid T-Dog's rising fever. In the bag are doxycyclin (because, Daryl explains, Merle occasionally catches the clap), painkillers, ecstasy, and methamphetamine. The meth is blue, leading to speculations that it was a reference to the famous blue meth prepared by Walter White in the television series, Breaking Bad.[9] In his interview in the after-show Talking Dead, Kirkman stated that the scene was "a little Easter egg we were doing for AMC fans."[9]
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
"Bloodletting" was first broadcast on October 23, 2011 in the United States on AMC. The episode received 6.70 million viewers and attained a 3.6 rating in the 18-49 demographic, according to Nielsen ratings.[10] An encore presentation gained an additional 2.077 million viewers and garnered a 1.0 rating in the 18-49 demographic.[10] Along with becoming the highest-rated program on basic cable for the night, "Bloodletting" became the second highest-rated program of the week on basic cable, scoring higher than the season finale of Jersey Shore, but garnering less than a game between the Miami Dolphins and the New York Jets as part of the 2011 NFL season.[11] Total viewership and ratings for the episode were moderately down from the previous episode, "What Lies Ahead", which was watched by 7.26 million viewers and attained a 3.8 rating in the 18-49 demographic, according to the Nielsen ratings.[12]
Critical response[edit]
Critics reacted positively to the interactions between Rick (Andrew Lincoln) (left) and Shane (Jon Bernthal) (right).
The episode was well received by television critics. Ology writer Josh Harrison gave the episode a nine out of ten rating, and opined that the episode was a "home run episode" for the series. Harrison continued: "Its central conflict is intense, its action is solid, and its new arrivals are engaging characters in their own right. Light on the gore and heavy on the drama—just how I like my Sunday night zombie adventures."[13] Scott Meslow from The Atlantic gave the episode a positive review, deeming it as an improvement from the previous episode, and appreciated that the episode had opened up new plot points for future episodes to come. Meslow wrote, "At the bare minimum, The Walking Dead should be exciting, and the final moments of "Bloodletting" provides more than enough action."[14] Echoing similar sentiments, Catherine Gee of The Daily Telegraph gave the episode a 3.5 out of 5 stars, and compared it to the second season premiere, opining: "It may have been a calmer episode but there was no shortage of story to chew on."[15] Joe Oesterle of Mania.com commended the opening sequence of the episode, and praised the performances of Lincoln and Bernthal. Oesterle wrote, "Andrew Lincoln and Jon Bernthal [...] gave a fine bit of acting, and I found it interesting how the character Rick started looking and walking a little bit zombish after giving blood. The scenes between the two men were moving, and if you listened close you could decipher the main differences between these two cowboy cops. Rick is bound and determined to get back to his wife and let her know their son is in mortal danger, without ever doubting his own ability to successfully complete the mission, while Shane on the other hand is not quite as automatically selfless and heroic."[16] In conclusion, Oesterle gave "Bloodletting" a 'B' grade.[16] Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode an 8.5 out of ten, signaling a "great" response. Goldman stated that it was an improvement over the last episode, and that it had a great scare moment and cliffhanger.[17] Similarly, Paste's Josh Jackson gave the episode an 8.3 out of ten rating, signifying a "commendable" rating.[18] Steve West of Cinema Blend expressed that "Bloodletting" was superior to the previous episode, opining that it was "a character strengthening episode." He continued: "Even those throwaway threads are immensely important to what’s about to go down at the Green farm."[19]
It was, by and large, a tedious hour, as most "Oh my god, will this boy die?" hours tend to be. There was some fun zombie action during the assault on the school, and we got a wince inducing surgery scene as the doctor pulled out a fragment of bullet from Carl's stomach, but in between this was a lot of talking, and little of it served much purpose beyond filling time.
“
”
– Zach Handlen of The A.V. Club[20]
Some television critics were less enthusiastic about the episode. Zack Handlen from The A.V. Club felt that the episode was inferior to the previous episode, deeming it tedious.[20] He wrote, "'Bloodletting' was a step down from last week's première, mostly because it focused more on conversations than scares. Much as I want this show to find some way to do its characters right, those conversations were bland, providing no new information beyond, hey, it would suck to have your son get shot in front of you, huh?"[20] Concluding his review, Handlen gave the episode a 'B–' grade.[20] In concurrence, Nate Rawlings of Time stated: "For an episode titled 'Bloodletting' there was surprisingly little of it last night. What we got instead were outpourings of emotion and frustration. Two entries in, and it's already clear that the show wants to strike a balance between gore and humanity."[21] Andrew Conrad of the Chicago Tribune was unhappy with the episode; he expressed disappointment with the low amount of zombie sequences, writing, "It must be a bit of a relief for the show's make-up department, but I'd like to see at least one walker every ten minutes or so."[22]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dickerson, Ernest R. (2011-10-23), Bloodletting, retrieved 2016-08-30
Jump up ^ "The Walking Dead : Bloodletting". Zap2It. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "walking dead, the on amc". The Futon Critic. Retrieved September 2, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Keck, William (June 25, 2011). "Keck's Exclusives: The Walking Dead Casts Greene Family". TV Guide. ISSN 0039-8543. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hanh, Nguyen (June 21, 2011). "Fresh Meat! Walking Dead Casts Season 2's Otis". TV Guide. ISSN 0039-8543. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gray, Ellen (October 25, 2011). "Actress Lauren Cohan has a lively time on AMC's 'The Walking Dead'". Philadelphia Daily News. Philadelphia Media Network. Archived from the original on November 12, 2011. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Melville, Elizabeth (June 15, 2011). "'Walking Dead' TV series to film at Newnan High". Newnan Times-Herald. Newnan, Georgia: The Newnan Times-Herald Inc. ISSN 0883-2536. Archived from the original on November 13, 2011. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Collis, Clark (October 24, 2011). "'Walking Dead' writer Robert Kirkman talks last night's episode: 'Bloodletting'". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Iztkoff, Dave (October 24, 2011). "Did 'The Walking Dead' Cook Up a 'Breaking Bad' Reference?". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Gorman, Bill (October 25, 2011). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'The Walking Dead' Slips, Still Tops; + NJ Housewives, 'Boardwalk Empire,' 'Homeland,' 'Dexter' & Much More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (October 25, 2011). "Cable Top 25: 'Monday Night Football,' 'The Walking Dead' and 'Jersey Shore' Top Weekly Cable Viewing". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (October 18, 2011). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'The Walking Dead' Doubles NLCS + NJ Housewives, 'Boardwalk Empire,' 'Talking Dead,' 'Dexter' & Much More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Harrison, Josh (October 23, 2011). "'The Walking Dead' Recap: "Bloodletting"". Ology. Retrieved November 17, 2011. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Meslow, Scott (October 23, 2011). "'The Walking Dead' Lurches On, Unevenly". The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gee, Catherine (October 29, 2011). "The Walking Dead: Bloodletting, FX, review". The Daily Telegraph. London, United Kingdom: Telegraph Media Group. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Oesterle, Joe (October 24, 2011). "Walking Dead: Bloodletting Review". Mania. Archived from the original on October 27, 2011. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric (October 24, 2011). "The Walking Dead: "Bloodletting" Review". IGN. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Josh (October 24, 2011). "The Walking Dead Review: Season 2, Episode 2 ("Bloodletting")". Paste. Wolfgang's Vault. ISSN 1540-3106. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ West, Steve (October 23, 2011). "The Walking Dead Watch: Episode 2 – Bloodletting". Cinema Blend. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Handlen, Zack (October 23, 2011). "Bloodletting". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Rawlings, Nate (October 24, 2011). "The Walking Dead Recap: 'Bloodletting'". Time. Time Inc. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Conrad, Andrew (October 23, 2011). "'The Walking Dead' episode 202, 'Bloodletting,' recap". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Company. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
External links[edit]
Horror fiction portal
Television portal
"Bloodletting" at AMC
"Bloodletting" on IMDb
"Bloodletting" at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
The Walking Dead episodes
Season 1
"Days Gone Bye"
"Guts"
"Tell It to the Frogs"
"Vatos"
"Wildfire"
"TS-19"
Season 2
"What Lies Ahead"
"Bloodletting"
"Save the Last One"
"Cherokee Rose"
"Chupacabra"
"Secrets"
"Pretty Much Dead Already"
"Nebraska"
"Triggerfinger"
"18 Miles Out"
"Judge, Jury, Executioner"
"Better Angels"
"Beside the Dying Fire"
Season 3
"Seed"
"Sick"
"Walk with Me"
"Killer Within"
"Say the Word"
"Hounded"
"When the Dead Come Knocking"
"Made to Suffer"
"The Suicide King"
"Home"
"I Ain't a Judas"
"Clear"
"Arrow on the Doorpost"
"Prey"
"This Sorrowful Life"
"Welcome to the Tombs"
Season 4
"30 Days Without an Accident"
"Infected"
"Isolation"
"Indifference"
"Internment"
"Live Bait"
"Dead Weight"
"Too Far Gone"
"After"
"Inmates"
"Claimed"
"Still"
"Alone"
"The Grove"
"Us"
"A"
Season 5
"No Sanctuary"
"Strangers"
"Four Walls and a Roof"
"Slabtown"
"Self Help"
"Consumed"
"Crossed"
"Coda"
"What Happened and What's Going On"
"Them"
"The Distance"
"Remember"
"Forget"
"Spend"
"Try"
"Conquer"
Season 6
"First Time Again"
"JSS"
"Thank You"
"Here's Not Here"
"Now"
"Always Accountable"
"Heads Up"
"Start to Finish"
"No Way Out"
"The Next World"
"Knots Untie"
"Not Tomorrow Yet"
"The Same Boat"
"Twice as Far"
"East"
"Last Day on Earth"
Season 7
"The Day Will Come When You Won't Be"
"The Well"
"The Cell"
"Service"
"Go Getters"
"Swear"
"Sing Me a Song"
"Hearts Still Beating"
"Rock in the Road"
"New Best Friends"
"Hostiles and Calamities"
"Say Yes"
"Bury Me Here"
"The Other Side"
"Something They Need"
"The First Day of the Rest of Your Life"
Season 8
Webisodes
Torn Apart
Cold Storage
The Oath
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text:
European colonisation of Southeast Asia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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European colonisation of Southeast Asia
Legend:
France (French Indochina)
Netherlands (Dutch East Indies)
Portugal (Portuguese Timor)
Spain (Spanish East Indies)
United Kingdom (Burma, Malaya and Borneo)
European colonisation of Southeast Asia began as Western influence started to enter the area around the 16th century, when the Dutch and Portuguese were attracted by the lucrative spice trade. The Portuguese arrived in Malacca, Maluku and Timor, and the Spanish established themselves beginning from their conquest of Manila which expand into a larger territory of Spanish East Indies. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch arrived in Batavia and established the Dutch East Indies, and the British established themselves in the Strait Settlements and further to British Malaya and Borneo as well in Burma. In the 19th century, the French joined their European counterparts in establishing French Indochina. By the turn of the century, all Southeast Asian nations were colonised except for Siam.
European colonisation can be split into two distinct phases: the early phase before the Industrial Revolution, and the phase marked by the Industrial Revolution. The primary motivation for the first phase was the accumulation of wealth, but in the second phase, there was a change in the role of the Europeans in Southeast Asia, and capitalistic concerns were no longer the only source of motivation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early phase
2 Spread of Christianity
3 Industrialised phase
4 Role of the Europeans
5 Impact
6 List of European colonies
6.1 Independent state
7 Notes
8 References
Early phase[edit]
Portrait of Afonso de Albuquerque, the first European to conquer a part of Southeast Asia of Malacca
In the period between the 15th to late 17th centuries, advances in cartography, shipbuilding and navigational skills gave rise to what is now called the Age of Exploration. During this time, the Europeans made many sea voyages around the world in search of new trading routes and opportunities. An early European to visit Southeast Asia was Niccolò de' Conti, who travelled there in the early 15th century.
The early Europeans were drawn to Southeast Asia by the spice trade. There was a great demand for oriental spices at the time in European markers. The spices from Southeast Asia included pepper, cloves, nutmeg, mace and cinnamon. The spice trade was extremely lucrative and the early Europeans were highly motivated to secure a direct trade route in spices between Europe and Asia.
The spice trade was made possible by the maritime trade route. In 1498, the Portuguese navigator, Vasco da Gama, sailed round the Cape of Good Hope and opened up a sea route from Europe to India. Bringing home samples of exotic oriental products, da Gama greatly increased European interest in the new trade route and the new trade route quickly facilitated the expansion of trade. Eventually, the Dutch wrestled control of it from the Portuguese in the 17th century, and in the 18th century, the British gained control of it from the Dutch. Nevertheless, the spice route greatly increased trading activities, deepened the economic relations between Europe and Southeast Asia and as a result, more European merchants found their way to Southeast Asia.[1]
Wars between Dutch fleet and Portuguese armada as part of the Dutch–Portuguese War in 1606 to gain control of Malacca
Portugal was the first European power to establish a bridgehead on the lucrative maritime Southeast Asia trade route, with the conquest of the Sultanate of Malacca in 1511. The Netherlands and Spain followed and soon superseded Portugal as the main European powers in the region. In 1599, Spain began to colonise the Philippines. In 1619, acting through the Dutch East India Company, the Dutch took the city of Sunda Kelapa, renamed it Batavia (now Jakarta) as a base for trading and expansion into the other parts of Java and the surrounding territory. In 1641, the Dutch took Malacca from the Portuguese.[note 1] Economic opportunities attracted Overseas Chinese to the region in great numbers. In 1775, the Lanfang Republic, possibly the first republic in the region, was established in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, as a tributary state of the Qing Empire; the republic lasted until 1884, when it fell under Dutch occupation as Qing influence waned.[note 2]
Spread of Christianity[edit]
Two Spanish missionaries baptising a Moro convert to Roman Catholicism in Spanish East Indies, circa 1890.
During the 16th century, the Europeans viewed Muslim control of the eastern and southern parts of Europe with concern, as both a religious threat as well as an obstacle to trade. To counter this Muslim threat, the Europeans aimed to spread Christianity across the known world. At the same time, they also searched for profitable trading opportunities. This explained why the Portuguese and Spanish came to Southeast Asia and how they managed to establish their trading ports in strategic locations. By the time the British and the Dutch came to Southeast Asia, trade had become the dominant motive, and religion was less important. Aside from Islam being a widely important religion in Southeast Asia, Buddhism and Hinduism were also popular amongst the Southeast Asian population. A key reason for this could be because of the fact that India and China were neighbours to Southeast Asia.[citation needed]
Industrialised phase[edit]
The arrival of British in Mandalay on 28 November 1885 after the Third Anglo-Burmese War, marking the beginning of British rule in Burma.
The 17th century saw the formation of powerful trading companies such as the British East India Company and its Dutch counterpart VOC (initials for its Dutch name, Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie). This was because the ships needed for the maritime spice trade were too expensive for individual merchants to acquire, and the sea route presented numerous challenges which delayed the recovery of initial financial costs. Sea voyages were dangerous and, before the advent of steam engines, depended on the wind which meant that the journeys were long and unpredictable.
The British East India Company led by Josiah Child, had little interest or impact in the region, and were effectively expelled following the Siam–England war (1687). Britain, in the guise of the British East India Company, turned their attention to the Bay of Bengal following the Peace with France and Spain (1783). During the conflicts, Britain had struggled for naval superiority with the French, and the need of good harbours became evident. Penang Island had been brought to the attention of the Government of India by Francis Light. In 1786, the settlement of George Town was founded at the northeastern tip of Penang Island by Captain Francis Light, under the administration of Sir John Macpherson; this marked the beginning of British expansion into the Malay Peninsula.[2][note 3]
In the latter half of the 18th century, however, Europe experienced a massive advancements in science, industry and technology, and this created a tremendous gap in the power relations between the Europeans and people in other parts of the world, including Southeast Asia. This period also saw the initial stages of growing industrialisation that would increase European demand for raw materials. Southeast Asia happened to be rich in the resources needed.
View of Commercial Square (now known as Raffles' Square) in Singapore circa 1900.
The last quarter of the 19th century was a period when the European economies experienced the full effects of the Industrial Revolution. During this time, there was extensive use of machines to manufacture goods which increased production. This led to a growing accumulation of surplus goods. The manufacturers were thus compelled to find overseas markets to sell their products and increase their profits. One solution was to develop markets in new territories such as Southeast Asia that could use their manufactured goods. This led to the next phase of establishing colonial territories that could be retained as monopoly markets by the Europeans.
However, industrialisation took place against increasing competition among the European powers. This was encouraged by changes in the continental balance of power. The Napoleonic Wars unseated French power. The commercial and naval powers of Britain, which were unrivalled for a time, started to erode later on. Competition among European powers led to the practice of carving up the world into spheres of influence. There was also the need to fill ‘vacuums’ of territories that would otherwise fall under the influence of another competing European power.
The British temporarily possessed Dutch territories during the Napoleonic Wars; and Spanish areas in the Seven Years' War. In 1819, Stamford Raffles established Singapore as a key trading post for Britain in their rivalry with the Dutch. However, their rivalry cooled in 1824 when an Anglo-Dutch treaty demarcated their respective interests in Southeast Asia. British rule in Burma began with the first Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826).
British logging in North Borneo in 1926
Early United States entry into what was then called the East Indies (usually in reference to the Malay Archipelago) was low key. In 1795, a secret voyage for pepper set sail from Salem, Massachusetts on an 18-month voyage that returned with a bulk cargo of pepper, the first to be so imported into the country, which sold at the extraordinary profit of seven hundred per cent.[3] In 1831, the merchantman Friendship of Salem returned to report the ship had been plundered, and the first officer and two crewmen murdered in Sumatra. The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 obligated the Dutch to ensure the safety of shipping and overland trade in and around Aceh, who accordingly sent the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army on the punitive expedition of 1831. President Andrew Jackson also ordered America's first Sumatran punitive expedition of 1832, which was followed by a punitive expedition in 1838. The Friendship incident thus afforded the Dutch a reason to take over Ache; and Jackson, to dispatch diplomatist Edmund Roberts,[4] who in 1833 secured the Roberts Treaty with Siam. In 1856 negotiations for amendment of this treaty, Townsend Harris stated the position of the United States:
The United States does not hold any possessions in the East, nor does it desire any. The form of government forbids the holding of colonies. The United States therefore cannot be an object of jealousy to any Eastern Power. Peaceful commercial relations, which give as well as receive benefits, is what the President wishes to establish with Siam, and such is the object of my mission.[5]
From the end of the 1850s onwards, while the attention of the United States shifted to maintaining their union, the pace of European colonisation shifted to a significantly higher gear.
Plywood factory in Sabang off Sumatra, Dutch East Indies, image taken before 1927
This phenomenon, denoted New Imperialism, saw the conquest of nearly all Southeast Asian territories by the colonial powers. The Dutch East India Company and British East India Company were dissolved by their respective governments, who took over the direct administration of the colonies. Only Siam did not experience foreign rule, though Siam, too, was greatly influenced by the politics of the Western powers. The Monthon reforms of the late 19th century continuing up till around 1910, imposed a Westernised form of government on the country's partially independent cities called Mueang, such that the country could be said to have successfully colonised itself.[6] Western powers did, however, continue to interfere in both internal and external affairs.[7][8]
By 1913, the British had occupied Burma, Malaya and the northern Borneo territories, the French controlled Indochina, the Dutch ruled the Netherlands East Indies while Portugal managed to hold on to Portuguese Timor. In the Philippines, the 1872 Cavite Mutiny was a precursor to the Philippine Revolution (1896–1898). When the Spanish–American War began in Cuba in 1898, Filipino revolutionaries declared Philippine independence and established the First Philippine Republic the following year. In the Treaty of Paris of 1898 that ended the war with Spain, the United States gained the Philippines and other territories; in refusing to recognise the nascent republic, America effectively reversed her position of 1856. This led directly to the Philippine–American War, in which the First Republic was defeated; wars followed with the Republic of Zamboanga, the Republic of Negros and the Republic of Katagalugan, all of which were also defeated.
A workshop in Hanoi, French Indochina circa 1935
The Long Depression also intensified the competition among the European powers. This period of prolonged economic recession saw severe price deflation as well as factors unfavourable to trade. The European governments responded to this crisis by promoting home industries and minimising trade with other European countries. However, as domestic markets and export opportunities quickly became saturated, finding new markets for manufactured goods became more urgent. New colonies overseas, not exposed to the same economic conditions, provided the perfect solution.
During the mid-19th century, the Europeans had certain goals which they regarded as important in the humanitarian sense. One of these goals was expressed in the slogan, ‘The White Man's Burden’ (taken from a line in a poem by Rudyard Kipling), which was the mission to ‘civilise’ (uplift, advance) the ‘less fortunate’ and ‘less gifted’ people of Southeast Asia. Towards this end, they implemented policies providing educational and healthcare services. However, this humanitarian concern was influenced by political concerns, and sometimes arose more out of cultural arrogance than genuine sympathy.
Sometimes, the acquisition of colonies was an attempt to revive declining political and economic status rather than a show of power. France was preoccupied with expanding her colonial empire to recover from her humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian war. Britain, having lost her dominance in the world economy to newly industrialised countries such as Germany (Prussia united all the German states to form Germany in 1871 after the victory in the Franco-Prussian war) and the United States, saw empire-building as a necessary recourse. It was generally assumed that the establishment of colonies to protect existing trade links would prevent further decline of the European powers.
Role of the Europeans[edit]
In the early phase, European control in Southeast Asia was largely confined to the establishment of trading posts. These trading posts were used to store the oriental products obtained from the local traders before they were exported to the European markets. Such trading posts had to be located along major shipping routes and their establishments had to be approved by the local ruler so that peace would prevail for trade to take place. Malacca, Penang, Batavia and Singapore were all early trading posts.
The role of the Europeans changed, however, in the industrialised phase as their control expanded beyond their trading posts. As the trading posts grew due to an increase in the volume of trade, demand for food supplies and timber (to build and repair ships) also increased. To ensure a reliable supply of food and timber, the Europeans were forced to deal with the local communities nearby. These marked the beginnings of territorial control. A good example is the case of Batavia. There, the Dutch extended control over parts of western Java and later to central Java and the east where rice was grown and timber found.
To ensure that trade flourish, the Europeans had to maintain political stability. Sometimes, they interfered with the internal affairs of the natives to maintain peace. The Europeans also tried to impose their culture on their colonies.
Impact[edit]
Colonial rule had had a profound effect on Southeast Asia. While the colonial powers profited much from the region's vast resources and large market, colonial rule did develop the region to a varying extent. Commercial agriculture, mining and an export based economy developed rapidly during this period. The introduction Christianity bought by the colonist also have profound effect in the societal change.
Increased labor demand resulted in mass immigration, especially from British India and China, which brought about massive demographic change. The institutions for a modern nation state like a state bureaucracy, courts of law, print media and to a smaller extent, modern education, sowed the seeds of the fledgling nationalist movements in the colonial territories. In the inter-war years, these nationalist movements grew and often clashed with the colonial authorities when they demanded self-determination.
The expansion of European dominance through colonialism was considered extraordinary as it affected the entirety of Southeast Asia significantly. Later on, more common features would emerge, such as the rise of nationalist movements, the Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia, and later the Cold War that engulfed many parts of the region. Taken altogether, it can be said that a common core of historical experiences existed, and that this core defined the region, thus justifying the use of the term ‘Southeast Asia’ to describe the region as a single entity.
List of European colonies[edit]
British Burma (1824–1948, merged with India by the British from 1886 to 1937)
French Indochina (1887–1953, now the countries of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos), including:
French Laos (1893-1953)
French Cambodia (1863-1953)
Annam (now Vietnam) (1883-1953)
Malaya (now part of Malaysia):
Portuguese Malacca (1511–1641)
Dutch Malacca (1641–1824)
British Malaya, included:
Straits Settlements (1826–1946)
Penang – British colony (1786–1957)
Singapore – British colony (1819–1963)
Malacca – British colony (1824–1957)
Federated Malay States (1895–1946)
Unfederated Malay States (1885-1946)
Federation of Malaya (under British rule, 1948–1963)
British Borneo (now part of Malaysia), including:
Labuan (1848–1946)
North Borneo (1882–1941)
Crown Colony of North Borneo (1946–1963)
Crown Colony of Sarawak (1946–1963)
British Brunei (1888–1984, British protectorate)
Philippines:
Spanish East Indies (1565–1898, 2nd longest European occupation in Asia, 333 years),
British Manila (1762-1764 , Shortly British occupation in Philippines, 2 years)
Insular Government of the Philippine Islands and Commonwealth of the Philippines, United States of America colony (1898–1946)
Portuguese Timor (1702–1975, now East Timor)
Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) – Dutch colony from 1602–1949 (included Netherlands New Guinea until 1962)
Independent state[edit]
Siam (now Thailand) – was the only independent state in Southeast Asia, but had Britain sphere of influence in the north and south and France in the Northeast and East.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ For fifty or sixty years, the Portuguese enjoyed the exclusive trade to China and Japan. In 1717, and again in 1732, the Chinese government offered to make Macao the emporium for all foreign trade, and to receive all duties on imports; but, by a strange infatuation, the Portuguese government refused, and its decline is dated from that period. (Roberts, 2007 PDF image 173 p. 166)
Jump up ^ Other experiments in republicanism in adjacent regions were the Japanese Republic of Ezo (1869) and the Republic of Taiwan (1895).
Jump up ^ Company agent John Crawfurd used the census taken in 1824 for a statistical analysis of the relative economic prowess of the peoples there, giving special attention to the Chinese: The Chinese amount to 8595, and are landowners, field-labourers, mechanics of almost every description, shopkeepers, and general merchants. They are all from the two provinces of Canton and Fo-kien, and three-fourths of them from the latter. About five-sixths of the whole number are unmarried men, in the prime of life : so that, in fact, the Chinese population, in point of effective labour, may be estimated as equivalent to an ordinary population of above 37,000, and, as will afterwards be shown, to a numerical Malay population of more than 80,000! (Crawfurd image 48. p.30)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "About the Silk Road". UNESCO. Retrieved 6 April 2018. Throughout history, Eurasia was criss-crossed with communication routes and paths of trade, which gradually linked up to form what are known today as the Silk Roads; routes across both land and sea, along which silk and many other goods were exchanged between people from across the world. Maritime routes were an important part of this network, linking East and West by sea, and were used for the trade of spices in particular, thus becoming known as the Spice Routes.
Jump up ^ Crawfurd, John (August 2006) [First published 1830]. "Chapter I — Description of the Settlement.". Journal of an Embassy from the Governor–general of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China. Volume 1 (2nd ed.). London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley. image 52, p. 34. OCLC 03452414. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Trow, Charles Edward. "Introduction". The old shipmasters of Salem. New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. xx–xxiii. OCLC 4669778.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Edmund (Digitized 12 October 2007). "Introduction". Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat: In the U.S. Sloop-of-War Peacock During the Years 1832–34. Harper & Brothers. OCLC 12212199. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "1b. Harris Treaty of 1856" (exhibition). Royal Gifts from Thailand. National Museum of Natural History. 14 March 2013 [speech delivered 1856]. Retrieved 9 February 2014. Credits
Jump up ^ Murdoch, John B. (1974). "The 1901–1902 Holy Man's Rebellion" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. Siam Heritage Trust. JSS Vol.62.1e (digital): 38. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
Jump up ^ de Mendonha e Cunha, Helder (1971). "The 1820 Land Concession to the Portuguese" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. Siam Society. JSS Vol. 059.2g (digital). Retrieved 6 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Oblas, Peter B. (1965). "A Very Small Part of World Affairs" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. Siam Society. JSS Vol.53.1e (digital). Retrieved 7 September 2013.
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text:
Bury Me in a Free Land
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Bury Me in a Free Land" is a poem by Frances Harper, an African American abolitionist and poet.
Frances Harper (1825-1911) was an African-American poet who was involved in the movement to abolish slavery. Her poem "Bury Me in a Free Land" evokes of the horrors of slavery.
Make me a grave where'er you will,
In a lowly plain, or a lofty hill;
Make it among earth's humblest graves,
But not in a land where men are slaves.
I could not rest if around my grave
I heard the steps of a trembling slave;
His shadow above my silent tomb
Would make it a place of fearful gloom.
I could not rest if I heard the tread
Of a coffle gang to the shambles led,
And the mother's shriek of wild despair
Rise like a curse on the trembling air.
I could not sleep if I saw the lash
Drinking her blood at each fearful gash,
And I saw her babes torn from her breast,
Like trembling doves from their parent nest.
I'd shudder and start if I heard the bay
Of bloodhounds seizing their human prey,
And I heard the captive plead in vain
As they bound afresh his galling chain.
If I saw young girls from their mother's arms
Bartered and sold for their youthful charms,
My eye would flash with a mournful flame,
My death-paled cheek grow red with shame.
I would sleep, dear friends, where bloated might
Can rob no man of his dearest right;
My rest shall be calm in any grave
Where none can call his brother a slave.
I ask no monument, proud and high,
To arrest the gaze of the passers-by;
All that my yearning spirit craves,
Is bury me not in a land of slaves.

This article related to a poem is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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African American

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values: Category:Articles lacking sources from December 2009

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View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
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Visit the main page

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