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Robert Lopez
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This article is about the songwriter of musicals. For the American naval officer, see Robert F. Lopez. For the American writer, see Robert Lopez (writer). For the medieval historian, see Roberto Sabatino Lopez. For the rock musician, see El Vez.
Robert Lopez
Lopez receiving his Tony Award in 2004
Born
(1975-02-23) February 23, 1975 (age 43)
New York City, U.S.
Alma mater
Hunter College High School
Yale University
Occupation
Songwriter
Spouse(s)
Kristen Anderson-Lopez (m. 2003)
Children
2
Robert Lopez (born February 23, 1975) is an American songwriter of musicals, best known for co-creating The Book of Mormon and Avenue Q, and for composing the songs featured in the Disney computer-animated films Frozen and Coco. Of only fifteen people who have won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar and a Tony Award, he is the youngest and the quickest (10 years) to win all four, and, as of 2018, is the only person to have won all four awards more than once.[1]
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Awards and nominations
4.1 Academy Awards
4.2 Annie Awards
4.3 Critics' Choice Awards
4.4 Daytime Emmy Award
4.5 Drama Desk Award
4.6 Golden Globe Award
4.7 Grammy Awards
4.8 Primetime Emmy Award
4.9 Tony Awards
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Robert Lopez was born in Manhattan, to Katherine (Lowe) and Frank Lopez.[2][3] His father was director of publications for NYU Langone Medical Center.[2]
Lopez spent much of his childhood in Greenwich Village, except for one year in Massachusetts while his father was working for Clark University.[2] Upon their return to New York City when he was six years old, "it was a fluke" that he started piano lessons at Greenwich House Music School.[2] The apartment they were subletting at the time happened to have a piano; his mother asked if he was interested in taking lessons, and he said yes.[2] At age seven, his parents bought a piano for him,[2] he saw his first Broadway show,[4] and he wrote his first song.[5] At age 11, he wrote his first opening number.[4] At around age 12, he briefly drifted away from the piano and tried playing the saxophone, as well as taking courses in musical composition at other music schools.[2]
Lopez went on to Hunter College High School and then to Yale University where he graduated in 1997 with a B.A. in English (the type of academic degree expressly discussed in the second song of Avenue Q).[2][4] While at Yale, he wrote three plays (of which two were musicals) and was a member of the Yale Spizzwinks(?) a cappella group, and was influenced by professors such as Vincent Scully, John Hollander and Harold Bloom.[6] During his time at Yale, he vaguely hoped to make a living writing musicals and "had no [other] career options"; towards that end, he avoided courses that would prepare him for a career in something more secure like law or medicine.[2][4]
Career[edit]
Upon graduating from Yale, Lopez moved back in with his parents and brother in Greenwich Village, where he lived for four years until he was able to earn enough money writing songs for Theatreworks USA to rent an apartment of his own.[2] During this period, he took temporary jobs at companies like Pfizer[7] and worked as a weekend receptionist for his old music school, Greenwich House.[2]
In 1998, while participating in the BMI Lehman Engel Musical Theater Workshop, he met another aspiring songwriter, Jeff Marx. Their first project together, Kermit, Prince of Denmark, a Muppet parody of Hamlet, won the Kleban Award for lyrics, though The Jim Henson Company rejected the script, saying it did not have enough "kid appeal."[5] The story was considered for the next Muppet film by Chris Curtin in 2004, until Curtin left the Disney Company. Highlights from the unproduced musical were performed by Rick Lyon, Rebecca Jones, and Susan Blackwell at the BMI Workshop.
In 1999, Lopez and Marx, who collaborated on both music and lyrics, began work on Avenue Q, a stage musical which, using puppet characters, similar to those on Sesame Street, dealt with adult themes and ideas. The show, for which Lopez also provided the animated segments, was his first professional experience.[8] After playing Off-Broadway, the show transferred in July 2003 to Broadway's John Golden Theatre, where it proved both a critical and popular success, winning the 2004 Tony Award for Best Musical, and earning Lopez and Marx the Tony Award for Best Original Score. The Original Cast Recording was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2004.
In 2005, Lopez began working on a new musical project with his musical partner Jeff Marx, and with Matt Stone and Trey Parker, the creators of South Park,[8] a series which, in 2003, Lopez had mentioned as a partial inspiration for Avenue Q.[5] The Book of Mormon premiered on Broadway at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on March 24, 2011, following previews from February 24. The show received numerous theater accolades, including the 2011 Tony for Best Musical, as well as two more Tony Awards for Lopez: Best Original Score and Best Book of a Musical. The production's original cast recording also earned Lopez the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album.
In early 2006, Lopez collaborated with his brother, Billy, on several episodes of the Nickelodeon series Wonder Pets, for which they shared a Daytime Emmy award with the series' other composers and Music Director, Jeffrey Lesser, in 2008. In January 2007, a musical adaptation of the Disney/Pixar film Finding Nemo, which Lopez co-wrote with his wife, Kristen Anderson-Lopez, opened at Disney's Animal Kingdom theme park.
On January 18, 2007, Lopez and Marx again collaborated to write four of the songs for the hit TV show Scrubs on the show's 123rd episode titled "My Musical." TV Guide named the episode one of the best 100 TV show episodes of all time in 2009. Lopez, along with Jeff Marx, was recognized with an Emmy nomination for the song "Everything Comes Down to Poo" from the above-mentioned episode.[9] Stephanie D'Abruzzo, who originated the roles of Kate Monster and Lucy the Slut in Avenue Q, guest-starred in the episode.
In 2010, Lopez wrote the song "Bet Against the American Dream" which was featured on the NPR program "This American Life". The song was written in the style of a Broadway show tune, and parodied a scene from the musical "The Producers" to illustrate the story of a real-life hedge fund called Magnetar that made millions of dollars when the housing market collapsed.
In 2011, Lopez again worked with Matt Stone and Trey Parker on the South Park episode "Broadway Bro Down".
Lopez also co-wrote two songs for the Disney Channel animated series Phineas and Ferb: "Aerial Area Rug" for the episode "Magic Carpet Ride" and "Fly On the Wall," for an episode of the same name.[10]
Lopez composed a song for The Simpsons episode "A Totally Fun Thing That Bart Will Never Do Again" titled "Enjoy It While You Can" which aired on April 29, 2012.
Lopez and his wife Kristen Anderson-Lopez also wrote seven songs for Winnie the Pooh, released in 2011 by Walt Disney Animation Studios.[11] They also wrote an original song for Wreck-It Ralph before it was cut out.[12]
In 2013, Lopez and Anderson-Lopez wrote songs for Disney Animation's feature film Frozen. The song "Let It Go" won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, making Lopez the 12th person to achieve the EGOT.[13] On February 8, 2015, they won another Grammy for their work on Frozen for the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media for "Let It Go".[14]
In development for several years by Lopez and Anderson-Lopez, their romantic-comedy musical Up Here officially debuted August 9, 2015, at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego.[15][16] Lopez describes Up Here as "It's kind of like Annie Hall meets Cirque du Soleil. It's a romantic comedy with a huge theatrical twist."
Lopez and his wife wrote the musical number "Moving Pictures" for the 87th Academy Awards.[17]
It was announced in late 2015 that Lopez would be writing original songs for the revival of the cult comedy series Mystery Science Theater 3000.
Lopez and his wife were attached to write the music for the Disney film Gigantic. The film is an animated retelling of "Jack and the Beanstalk". In October 2017, it was announced that the film had been shelved.[18]
The Disney/Pixar film Coco, released in November 2017, heavily features Lopez and his Anderson-Lopez’ song "Remember Me." The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for Lopez and his wife (second time winning this category), making him the first ever double EGOT winner.
Personal life[edit]
During his participation in the 1998 Lehman Engel's Workshop, Robert Lopez met and began dating lyricist Kristen Anderson. As described in a 2003 The New York Times profile, the pair, struggling in a cash-strapped post-college period that recalls the storyline of Avenue Q's Princeton and Kate Monster, "live[d] in Astoria, Queens, [drove] a 1989 Buick and survive[d] on fast food".[19]
The couple married in 2003 and they have two daughters; Katie and Annie, who both had voice parts in Frozen.[20] They currently reside in the Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn.[21]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Academy Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
2014 Best Original Song "Let It Go" Won
2018 "Remember Me" Won
Annie Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
2012 Music in an Animated Feature Production Winnie the Pooh Nominated
2014 Frozen Won
2018 Coco Won
Critics' Choice Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
2014 Best Original Song "Let It Go" Won
2018 "Remember Me" Won
Daytime Emmy Award[edit]
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
2008 Outstanding Music Direction and Composition The Wonder Pets Won
2010 Won
Drama Desk Award[edit]
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
2003 Outstanding Lyrics Avenue Q Nominated
Outstanding Music Nominated
2011 Outstanding Lyrics The Book of Mormon Won
Outstanding Music Won
Outstanding Book of a Musical Nominated
Golden Globe Award[edit]
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
2013 Best Original Song "Let It Go" Nominated
2017 "Remember Me" Nominated
Grammy Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
2005 Best Musical Theater Album Avenue Q Nominated
2012 The Book of Mormon Won
2015 Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Frozen Won
Best Song Written for Visual Media "Let It Go" Won
Primetime Emmy Award[edit]
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
2007 Outstanding Music and Lyrics Scrubs Nominated
2015 The Comedians Nominated
87th Academy Awards Nominated
Tony Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
2004 Best Original Score Avenue Q Won
2011 Best Book of a Musical The Book of Mormon Won
Best Original Score Won
2018 Frozen Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Dana (March 5, 2018). "Oscars 2018: Robert Lopez becomes the first person in history to double EGOT". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Salamon, Julie (June 22, 2005). "Student Who Made Good on 'Avenue Q' Gives Back". New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nytimes/obituary.aspx?pid=186429624
^ Jump up to: a b c d Benson, Barbara (October 12, 2012). "Where is Robert Lopez now?". Crain's New York Business. Crain Communications Inc. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mandell, Jonathan (March 16, 2003). "THEATER: Puppets Not Suitable For Children". New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fuhrer, Zachary (February 25, 2011). "Robert Lopez '97: composer, lyricist, beatbox enthusiast". Yale Daily News. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Boroff, Philip (June 8, 2011). "Yale Composer Lopez Wins Broadway Gamble With 'Book of Mormon'". Bloomberg. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Maupin, Elizabeth (November 26, 2006). "Swimming with big fish". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on January 8, 2008. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Stage Stars Nab 2007 Emmy Nominations, Broadway.com Buzz". Broadway.com. July 19, 2007. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lopez, Robert (January 12, 2013). "Twitter Status". Twitter. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ De Brito, Deia (August 19, 2011). "Successful Disney writer 'knew what she wanted'". Charlotte Observer. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lang, Derrik J. (February 22, 2013). "Best Animated Feature: 'Brave,' 'Wreck-It Ralph' Battle For Oscar". Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ Lily Rothman (March 2, 2014). "EGOT! Frozen's Robert Lopez on Scoring His Oscar". Time. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Christopher Rosen (February 8, 2015). "Grammy Winners List For 2015 Includes Sam Smith, Pharrell, Beyoncé & More". The Huffington Post. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2015-2016 Season: Up Here". La Jolla Playhouse. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Herbert, James (July 31, 2015). "'Frozen' songwriters unveil 'Up Here,' the musical they couldn't let go". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Battersby, Matilda (February 23, 2015). "Neil Patrick Harris' best and worst jokes as Oscars 2015 host". The Independent. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Busch, Jenna (October 10, 2017). "Gigantic: Jack and the Beanstalk Film Dead at Disney". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lee, Linda (August 3, 2003). "A Night Out With Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx; When Puppets Go to Town". The New York Times. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
Jump up ^ Alexander, Bryan (November 25, 2013). "'Frozen': Family affair for married songwriters". USA Today. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ryzik, Melena (February 19, 2014). "The Nominees Are Blockbusters: Oscar-Nominated Songs With Familiar Composers". The New York Times. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
External links[edit]
Robert Lopez on IMDb
Robert Lopez at the Internet Broadway Database
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Awards for Robert Lopez
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Academy Award for Best Original Song
1934–1940
"The Continental"
Music: Con Conrad
Lyrics: Herb Magidson (1934)
"Lullaby of Broadway"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Al Dubin (1935)
"The Way You Look Tonight"
Music: Jerome Kern
Lyrics: Dorothy Fields (1936)
"Sweet Leilani"
Music and lyrics: Harry Owens (1937)
"Thanks for the Memory"
Music: Ralph Rainger
Lyrics: Leo Robin (1938)
"Over the Rainbow"
Music: Harold Arlen
Lyrics: E. Y. Harburg (1939)
"When You Wish Upon a Star"
Music: Leigh Harline
Lyrics: Ned Washington (1940)
1941–1950
"The Last Time I Saw Paris"
Music: Jerome Kern
Lyrics: Oscar Hammerstein II (1941)
"White Christmas"
Music and lyrics: Irving Berlin (1942)
"You'll Never Know"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Mack Gordon (1943)
"Swinging on a Star"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Johnny Burke (1944)
"It Might as Well Be Spring"
Music: Richard Rodgers
Lyrics: Oscar Hammerstein II (1945)
"On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1946)
"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah"
Music: Allie Wrubel
Lyrics: Ray Gilbert (1947)
"Buttons and Bows"
Music: Jay Livingston
Lyrics: Ray Evans (1948)
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
Music and lyrics: Frank Loesser (1949)
"Mona Lisa"
Music and lyrics: Ray Evans and Jay Livingston (1950)
1951–1960
"In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening"
Music: Hoagy Carmichael
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1951)
"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me, Oh My Darlin')"
Music: Dimitri Tiomkin
Lyrics: Ned Washington (1952)
"Secret Love"
Music: Sammy Fain
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1953)
"Three Coins in the Fountain"
Music: Jule Styne
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1954)
"Love Is a Many Splendored Thing"
Music: Sammy Fain
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1955)
"Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)"
Music and lyrics: Jay Livingston and Ray Evans (1956)
"All the Way"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1957)
"Gigi"
Music: Frederick Loewe
Lyrics: Alan Jay Lerner (1958)
"High Hopes"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1959)
"Never on Sunday"
Music and lyrics: Manos Hatzidakis (1960)
1961–1970
"Moon River"
Music: Henry Mancini
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1961)
"Days of Wine and Roses"
Music: Henry Mancini
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1962)
"Call Me Irresponsible"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1963)
"Chim Chim Cher-ee"
Music and lyrics: Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman (1964)
"The Shadow of Your Smile"
Music: Johnny Mandel
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1965)
"Born Free"
Music: John Barry
Lyrics: Don Black (1966)
"Talk to the Animals"
Music and lyrics: Leslie Bricusse (1967)
"The Windmills of Your Mind"
Music: Michel Legrand
Lyrics: Alan and Marilyn Bergman (1968)
"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"
Music: Burt Bacharach
Lyrics: Hal David (1969)
"For All We Know"
Music: Fred Karlin
Lyrics: Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin (1970)
1971–1980
"Theme from Shaft"
Music and lyrics: Isaac Hayes (1971)
"The Morning After"
Music and lyrics: Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn (1972)
"The Way We Were"
Music: Marvin Hamlisch
Lyrics: Alan and Marilyn Bergman (1973)
"We May Never Love Like This Again"
Music and lyrics: Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn (1974)
"I'm Easy"
Music and lyrics: Keith Carradine (1975)
"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)"
Music: Barbra Streisand
Lyrics: Paul Williams (1976)
"You Light Up My Life"
Music and lyrics: Joseph Brooks (1977)
"Last Dance"
Music and lyrics: Paul Jabara (1978)
"It Goes Like It Goes"
Music: David Shire
Lyrics: Norman Gimbel (1979)
"Fame"
Music: Michael Gore
Lyrics: Dean Pitchford (1980)
1981–1990
"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)"
Music and lyrics: Burt Bacharach, Carole Bayer Sager, Christopher Cross and Peter Allen (1981)
"Up Where We Belong"
Music: Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte-Marie
Lyrics: Will Jennings (1982)
"Flashdance... What a Feeling"
Music: Giorgio Moroder
Lyrics: Keith Forsey and Irene Cara (1983)
"I Just Called to Say I Love You"
Music and lyrics: Stevie Wonder (1984)
"Say You, Say Me"
Music and lyrics: Lionel Richie (1985)
"Take My Breath Away"
Music: Giorgio Moroder
Lyrics: Tom Whitlock (1986)
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life"
Music: Franke Previte, John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz
Lyrics: Franke Previte (1987)
"Let the River Run"
Music and lyrics: Carly Simon (1988)
"Under the Sea"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Howard Ashman (1989)
"Sooner or Later (I Always Get My Man)"
Music and lyrics: Stephen Sondheim (1990)
1991–2000
"Beauty and the Beast"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Howard Ashman (1991)
"A Whole New World"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1992)
"Streets of Philadelphia"
Music and lyrics: Bruce Springsteen (1993)
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight"
Music: Elton John
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1994)
"Colors of the Wind"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Stephen Schwartz (1995)
"You Must Love Me"
Music: Andrew Lloyd Webber
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1996)
"My Heart Will Go On"
Music: James Horner
Lyrics: Will Jennings (1997)
"When You Believe"
Music and lyrics: Stephen Schwartz (1998)
"You'll Be in My Heart"
Music and lyrics: Phil Collins (1999)
"Things Have Changed"
Music and lyrics: Bob Dylan (2000)
2001–2010
"If I Didn't Have You"
Music and lyrics: Randy Newman (2001)
"Lose Yourself"
Music: Eminem, Jeff Bass and Luis Resto
Lyrics: Eminem (2002)
"Into the West"
Music and lyrics: Fran Walsh, Howard Shore and Annie Lennox (2003)
"Al otro lado del río"
Music and lyrics: Jorge Drexler (2004)
"It's Hard out Here for a Pimp"
Music and lyrics: Juicy J, Frayser Boy and DJ Paul (2005)
"I Need to Wake Up"
Music and lyrics: Melissa Etheridge (2006)
"Falling Slowly"
Music and lyrics: Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová (2007)
"Jai Ho"
Music: A. R. Rahman
Lyrics: Gulzar (2008)
"The Weary Kind"
Music and lyrics: Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett (2009)
"We Belong Together"
Music and lyrics: Randy Newman (2010)
2011–present
"Man or Muppet"
Music and lyrics: Bret McKenzie (2011)
"Skyfall"
Music and lyrics: Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth (2012)
"Let It Go"
Music and lyrics: Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez (2013)
"Glory"
Music and lyrics: John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn (2014)
"Writing's on the Wall"
Music and lyrics: James Napier and Sam Smith (2015)
"City of Stars"
Music: Justin Hurwitz
Lyrics: Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2016)
"Remember Me"
Music and lyrics: Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez (2017)
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Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Song
1998–2000
"When You Believe"
Music & Lyrics: Stephen Schwartz (1998)
"Music of My Heart"
Music & Lyrics: Diane Warren (1999)
"My Funny Friend and Me"
Music & Lyrics: David Hartley, Sting (2000)
2001–2010
"May It Be"
Music & Lyrics: Enya, Nicky Ryan, Roma Ryan (2001)
"Lose Yourself"
Music & Lyrics: Jeff Bass, Eminem, Luis Resto, (2002)
"A Mighty Wind"
Music & Lyrics: Christopher Guest, Eugene Levy, Michael McKean (2003)
"Old Habits Die Hard"
Music & Lyrics: Mick Jagger, David Stewart (2004)
"Hustle & Flow"
Music & Lyrics: Terrence Howard (2005)
"Listen"
Music & Lyrics: Scott Cutler, Henry Krieger, Anne Preven (2006)
"Falling Slowly"
Music & Lyrics: Glen Hansard, Markéta Irglová (2007)
"The Wrestler"
Music & Lyrics: Bruce Springsteen (2008)
"The Weary Kind"
Music & Lyrics: Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett (2009)
"If I Rise"
Music & Lyrics: Rollo Armstrong, Dido, A. R. Rahman (2010)
2011–2020
"Life's a Happy Song"
Music & Lyrics: Bret McKenzie (2011)
"Skyfall"
Music & Lyrics: Adele, Paul Epworth (2012)
"Let It Go"
Music & Lyrics: Kristen Anderson-Lopez, Robert Lopez (2013)
"Glory"
Music & Lyrics: Common, John Legend (2014)
"See You Again"
Music & Lyrics: Andrew Cedar, DJ Frank E, Wiz Khalifa, Charlie Puth (2015)
"City of Stars"
Music: Justin Hurwitz; Lyrics: Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2016)
"Remember Me"
Music & Lyrics: Kristen Anderson-Lopez, Robert Lopez (2017)
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Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics
Fred Ebb (1969)
Stephen Sondheim/Bertolt Brecht (1970)
Stephen Sondheim (1971)
John Guare (1972)
Stephen Sondheim (1973)
Al Carmines (1974)
Charlie Smalls (1975)
Edward Kleban (1976)
Martin Charnin (1977)
Carol Hall (1978)
Stephen Sondheim (1979)
Tim Rice (1980)
Stephen Sondheim/Maury Yeston (1982)
Howard Ashman (1983)
Stephen Sondheim (1984)
Roger Miller (1985)
Stephen Sondheim (1988)
David Zippel (1990)
William Finn (1991)
Susan Birkenhead (1992)
Denis Markell and Douglas Bernstein (1993)
Stephen Sondheim (1994)
Jonathan Larson (1996)
Gerard Alessandrini (1997)
Lynn Ahrens (1998)
Gerard Alessandrini (1999)
Stephen Sondheim (2000)
Mel Brooks (2001)
Jason Robert Brown (2002)
Scott Wittman and Marc Shaiman (2003)
Stephen Schwartz (2004)
Eric Idle (2005)
Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison (2006)
Steven Sater (2007)
Stew (2008)
Stephen Sondheim (2009)
John Kander and Fred Ebb (2010)
Trey Parker, Robert Lopez and Matt Stone (2011)
Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová (2012)
Tim Minchin (2013)
Robert L. Freedman and Steven Lutvak (2014)
Lin-Manuel Miranda (2015)
Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2016)
David Yazbek (2017)
Peter Kellogg (2018)
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Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music
Al Carmines/Burt Bacharach (1969)
Stephen Sondheim/Kurt Weill (1970)
Stephen Sondheim (1971)
Galt MacDermot (1972)
Stephen Sondheim (1973)
Al Carmines (1974)
Charlie Smalls (1975)
Marvin Hamlisch (1976)
Cy Coleman (1977)
Cy Coleman/Carol Hall (1978)
Stephen Sondheim (1979)
Andrew Lloyd Webber (1980)
Maury Yeston (1982)
Andrew Lloyd Webber (1983)
Jerry Herman (1984)
Larry Grossman (1985)
Rupert Holmes (1986)
Noel Gay/Claude-Michel Schönberg (1987)
Andrew Lloyd Webber (1988)
Cy Coleman (1990)
Cy Coleman (1991)
Erik Frandsen, Michael Garin, Paul Lockheart and Robert Hipkins (1992)
Marvin Hamlisch (1993)
Stephen Sondheim (1994)
Jonathan Larson (1996)
Cy Coleman (1997)
Stephen Flaherty (1998)
Jason Robert Brown (1999)
Andrew Lippa (2000)
David Yazbek (2001)
Jason Robert Brown (2002)
Marc Shaiman (2003)
Jeanine Tesori (2004)
Adam Guettel (2005)
Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison (2006)
Duncan Sheik (2007)
Stew and Heidi Rodewald (2008)
Elton John (2009)
David Bryan (2010)
Trey Parker, Robert Lopez and Matt Stone (2011)
Alan Menken (2012)
David Byrne and Fatboy Slim (2013)
Jason Robert Brown (2014)
Lin-Manuel Miranda (2015)
Steve Martin and Edie Brickell (2016)
David Yazbek (2017)
David Friedman (2018)
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Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical
1950–1975
South Pacific by Oscar Hammerstein II and Joshua Logan (1950)
Hello, Dolly! by Michael Stewart (1964)
Fiddler on the Roof by Joseph Stein (1965)
Company by George Furth (1971)
Two Gentlemen of Verona by John Guare and Mel Shapiro (1972)
A Little Night Music by Hugh Wheeler (1973)
Candide by Hugh Wheeler (1974)
Shenandoah by James Lee Barrett, Peter Udell and Philip Rose (1975)
1976–2000
A Chorus Line by James Kirkwood Jr. and Nicholas Dante (1976)
Annie by Thomas Meehan (1977)
On the Twentieth Century by Betty Comden and Adolph Green (1978)
Sweeney Todd by Hugh Wheeler (1979)
Evita by Tim Rice (1980)
Woman of the Year by Peter Stone (1981)
Dreamgirls by Tom Eyen (1982)
Cats by T. S. Eliot (1983)
La Cage aux Folles by Harvey Fierstein (1984)
Big River by William Hauptman (1985)
Drood by Rupert Holmes (1986)
Les Misérables by Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel Schönberg (1987)
Into the Woods by James Lapine (1988)
No Award (1989)
City of Angels by Larry Gelbart (1990)
The Secret Garden by Marsha Norman (1991)
Falsettos by William Finn and James Lapine (1992)
Kiss of the Spider Woman by Terrence McNally (1993)
Passion by James Lapine (1994)
Sunset Boulevard by Don Black and Christopher Hampton (1995)
Rent by Jonathan Larson (1996)
Titanic by Peter Stone (1997)
Ragtime by Terrence McNally (1998)
Parade by Alfred Uhry (1999)
James Joyce's The Dead by Richard Nelson (2000)
2001–present
The Producers by Mel Brooks and Thomas Meehan (2001)
Urinetown by Greg Kotis (2002)
Hairspray by Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell (2003)
Avenue Q by Jeff Whitty (2004)
The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee by Rachel Sheinkin (2005)
The Drowsy Chaperone by Bob Martin and Don McKellar (2006)
Spring Awakening by Steven Sater (2007)
Passing Strange by Stew (2008)
Billy Elliot the Musical by Lee Hall (2009)
Memphis by Joe DiPietro (2010)
The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker, Robert Lopez and Matt Stone (2011)
Once by Enda Walsh (2012)
Matilda the Musical by Dennis Kelly (2013)
A Gentleman's Guide to Love and Murder by Robert L. Freedman (2014)
Fun Home by Lisa Kron (2015)
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WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb16952942g (data)
GND: 1011515393
ISNI: 0000 0000 4453 6617
LCCN: no2005056459
MusicBrainz: f2093a7e-2d1d-4a23-aead-37415cf28448
NDL: 001175271
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Life hack
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Life hack (or life hacking) refers to any trick, shortcut, skill, or novelty method that increases productivity and efficiency, in all walks of life. The term was primarily used by computer experts who suffer from information overload or those with a playful curiosity in the ways they can accelerate their workflow in ways other than programming.
The terms hack, hacking, and hacker have a long history of ambiguity in the computing and geek communities, particularly within the free and open source software crowds.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Popularization
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The original definition of the term "hack" is "to cut with rough or heavy blows." In the modern vernacular it has often been used to describe an inelegant but effective solution to a specific computing problem, such as quick-and-dirty shell scripts and other command line utilities that filtered, munged and processed data streams like e-mail and RSS feeds.[1][2] The term was later extended to life hack, in reference to a solution to a problem unrelated to computers that might occur in a programmer's everyday life. Examples of these types of life hacks might include utilities to synchronize files, track tasks, remind oneself of events, or filter e-mail.
Popularization[edit]
The term life hack was coined in 2004 during the O'Reilly Emerging Technology Conference in San Diego, California by technology journalist Danny O'Brien to describe the "embarrassing" scripts and shortcuts productive IT professionals use to get their work done.[1][3] After his presentation, use of the term life hack spread in the tech and blogging community.[citation needed]
O'Brien and blogger Merlin Mann later co-presented a session called "Life Hacks Live" at the 2005 O'Reilly Emerging Technology conference.[4] The two also co-author a column entitled "Life Hacks" for O'Reilly's Make magazine which debuted in February 2005.[5]
The American Dialect Society voted lifehack (one word) as the runner-up for "most useful word of 2005" behind podcast.[6] The word was also added to the Oxford Dictionaries Online in June 2011.[7]
See also[edit]
43 Folders
Getting Things Done
Hipster PDA
Juggaar
Pomodoro Technique
MacGyverisms
Kludge
Rube Goldberg
Tim Ferriss
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Interview: father of "life hacks" Danny O'Brien". Lifehacker.com. 2005-03-17. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
Jump up ^ "Cory Doctorow's notes from Danny O'Brien's first Life Hacks presentation". Retrieved 2010-03-11.
Jump up ^ "O'Reilly Emerging Technology Conference 2004". Conferences.oreillynet.com. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
Jump up ^ "O'Reilly Emerging Technology Conference 2005". Conferences.oreillynet.com. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
Jump up ^ "Life hacks". Makezine.com. Archived from the original on 2012-05-27. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Words of the Year 2005.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-03-11.
Jump up ^ "'NSFW,' 'ZOMG,' and 'Twittersphere' added to dictionary". today.com. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
External links[edit]
Other examples of anti-technology life-hacks? | Ask MetaFilter
Life Hacks talk from Danny O'Brien's Oblomovka
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_hack&oldid=798768647"
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Chiasmus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For application of chiasmus on larger scale structure, see chiastic structure.
For other meanings of "chiasm", see Chiasm.
Chiasmus represented as an "X" structure. When read left to right, top to bottom, the first topic (A) is reiterated as the last, and the middle concept (B) appears twice in succession.
In rhetoric, chiasmus or, less commonly, chiasm (Latin term from Greek χίασμα, "crossing", from the Greek χιάζω, chiázō, "to shape like the letter Χ") is the figure of speech in which two or more phrases are presented, then presented again in reverse order to make a larger point. To diagram a simple chiasmus, the phrases are often labelled A B B A. For example, John F. Kennedy said, "ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country". The initial phrases your country:you are reversed in the second half of the sentence to you:your country. This is often used to urge the audience to reconsider the relationship between the repeated phrases.
In chiasmus, the clauses display inverted parallelism. Chiasmus was particularly popular in the literature of the ancient world, including Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, where it was used to articulate the balance of order within the text. For example, many long and complex chiasmi have been found in Shakespeare[1] and the Greek and Hebrew texts of the Bible.[2] It is also found throughout the Book of Mormon[3] and the Quran.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Inverted meaning
2 Conceptual chiasmus
3 Effectiveness of chiasmus
4 Thematic chiasmus
5 See also
6 Further reading
7 External links
8 Notes
Inverted meaning[edit]
But O, what damned minutes tells he o'er
Who dotes, yet doubts; suspects, yet strongly loves.
—Shakespeare, Othello 3.3
"Dotes" and "strongly loves" share the same meaning and bracket "doubts" and "suspects".
A B B A
dotes doubts suspects strongly loves
"Fair is foul, and foul is fair"
—Shakespeare, Macbeth 1.1
A B B A
fair foul foul fair
Conceptual chiasmus[edit]
Chiasmus can be used in the structure of entire passages to parallel concepts or ideas. This process, termed "conceptual chiasmus", uses a criss-crossing rhetorical structure to cause an overlapping of "intellectual space".[5] Conceptual chiasmus utilizes specific linguistic choices, often metaphors, to create a connection between two differing disciplines.[5] By employing a chiastic structure to a single presented concept, rhetors encourage one area of thought to consider an opposing area's perspective.
Effectiveness of chiasmus[edit]
Chiasmus derives its effectiveness from its symmetrical structure. The structural symmetry of the chiasmus imposes the impression upon the reader or listener that the entire argument has been accounted for.[6] In other words, chiasmus creates only two sides of an argument or idea for the listener to consider, and then leads the listener to favor one side of the argument. In former President John F. Kennedy's famous quote, "ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country",[7] the only two questions that the chiastic statement allows for are whether the listener should ask what the country can do for him, or ask what he can do for his country. The statement also proposes that the latter statement is more favorable. Thus, chiasmus gains its rhetorical efficacy through symmetrical structure causing the belief that all tenets of an argument have been evaluated.
Thematic chiasmus[edit]
The Wilhelmus, the national anthem of the Netherlands, has a structure composed around a thematic chiasmus: the 15 stanzas of the text are symmetrical, in that verses one and 15 resemble one another in meaning, as do verses two and 14, three and 13, etc., until they converge in the eighth verse, the heart of the song. Written in the 16th century, the Wilhelmus originated in the nation's struggle to achieve independence. It tells of the Father of the Nation William of Orange who was stadholder in the Netherlands under the king of Spain. In the first person, as if quoting himself, William speaks to the Dutch people and tells about both the outer conflict – the Dutch Revolt – as well as his own, inner struggle: on one hand, he tries to be faithful to the king of Spain,[8] on the other hand he is above all faithful to his conscience: to serve God and the Dutch people. This is made apparent in the central 8th stanza: "Oh David, thou soughtest shelter from King Saul's tyranny. Even so I fled this welter". Here the comparison is made between the biblical David and William of Orange as merciful and just leaders who both serve under tyrannic kings. As the merciful David defeats the unjust Saul and is rewarded by God with the kingdom of Israel, so too, with the help of God, will William be rewarded a kingdom; being either or both the Netherlands, and the kingdom of God.[9]
See also[edit]
Arch form
Antanaclasis
Antimetabole
Chiastic structure
Figure of speech
Golden line (a Latin poetic line based on an abAB structure)
Rhetoric
Russian reversal
Silver line (a Latin poetic line based on an abBA structure)
Spoonerism
Synchysis (the reverse of the chiasmus)
Transpositional pun
The Throne Verse
Contrapposto
Further reading[edit]
Lund, Nils Wilhelm (1942). Chiasmus in the New Testament, a study in formgeschichte. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. OCLC 2516087.
McCoy, Brad (Fall 2003). "Chiasmus: An Important Structural Device Commonly Found in Biblical Literature" (PDF). CTS Journal. Albuquerque, New Mexico: Chafer Theological Seminary. 9 (2): 18–34.
Parry, Donald W. (2007). Poetic Parallelisms in the Book of Mormon (PDF). Provo, Utah: Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship. ISBN 978-0-934893-36-7.
Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920). A Greek Grammar for Colleges. New York: American Book Company. p. 677. OCLC 402001.
Welch, John W. (1995). "Criteria for Identifying and Evaluating the Presence of Chiasmus". Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. Brigham Young University. 4 (2).
Welch, John W. (1999) [1981]. Chiasmus in antiquity: structures, analyses, exegesis. Provo, Utah: Research Press. ISBN 0934893330. OCLC 40126818.
External links[edit]
Look up chiasmus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Chiasmus, Rhetorical Figures, by Gideon O. Burton (Professor of Rhetoric and Composition, BYU), at humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric
Chiasmus Explained at LiteraryDevices
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Ramirez, Matthew Eric (January 2011). "Descanting on Deformity: The Irregularities in Shakespeare's Large Chiasms". Text and Performance Quarterly. 31 (1): 37–49. doi:10.1080/10462937.2010.526240.
Jump up ^ Breck, John (1994). The Shape of Biblical Language: Chiasmus in the Scriptures and Beyond. Crestwood, N.Y.: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-8814-1139-3. OCLC 30893460.
Jump up ^ "Alma 36: 3-27". Retrieved 10 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Ahmadi, Mohamadnabi. "Semantic and Rhetorical Aspects of Chiasmus in the Holy Quran". Retrieved 27 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Ceccarelli, Leah (2001). Shaping Science with Rhetoric: The Cases of Dobzhansky, Schrödinger, and Wilson. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 5. ISBN 0226099067. OCLC 45276826.
Jump up ^ Lissner, Patricia (2007). Chi-thinking: Chiasmus and Cognition (PDF). University of Maryland. p. 217. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, John. "Inaugural Address". American Rhetoric. American Rhetoric. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ CF.hum.uva.nl
Jump up ^ DeLapp, Nevada Levi (2014-08-28). The Reformed David(s) and the Question of Resistance to Tyranny: Reading the Bible in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 87–89. ISBN 9780567655493.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiasmus&oldid=828266494"
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National Football League team captains
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Oakland Raiders 2nd-year captain patch
Indianapolis Colts 3rd-year captain patch
Chicago Bears 5+-year captain patch
In the National Football League, the team captain designation is a team-appointed position that designates certain players as leaders on and off the field. The captains program was implemented by the NFL Player Advisory Council established by NFL commissioner Roger Goodell in conjunction with the NFL Players Association. Starting in 2007, the league began permitting teams to name up to six players as captains.[1]
Players who have been named a team captain typically have a "C" patch on their jerseys. There is a standard design used by all teams participating in the captaincy program. The patches are in team colors and are worn on the front left or right breast (depending on other patches, etc. worn by the specific team). The number of stars filled in on the patch represents the number of consecutive years that player has been named captain by that team. If they've been named captain for longer than four years, the "C" on the patch is gold. Some teams (e.g. Pittsburgh and New England) do not have this patch on their jerseys but still designate captains. In the case of the Green Bay Packers, they would use weekly captains during the regular season, but would switch to assigning captains whenever they qualify for the playoffs.
The New York Jets suspended designated team captains after an incident involving Santonio Holmes in a 2011 game. In the 4th quarter of the final game of the 2011 season against the Miami Dolphins, Holmes appeared to get into an argument with Jets offensive tackle Wayne Hunter while the team was huddling. As a result of the argument, Holmes was benched for the remainder of the game, and the Jets ended up losing the game, which resulted in the Jets missing the postseason for the first time in three years. His leadership qualities and credibility as a captain have since been questioned. In 2015, under new head coach Todd Bowles, the Jets resumed appointing captains weekly.[2]
During special recognitions, the patch may be a different color; e.g., pink for breast cancer awareness;[3] or camouflage for military service recognition.
Because of the nature of the game, most teams include their starting quarterbacks as an offensive captain. The starting quarterback has no other responsibility or authority on field. However, he may, depending on the league or individual team, have various informal duties, such as participation in pre-game ceremonies, the coin toss, the trophy presentation, or other events outside the game. Often compared to captains of other team sports, the starting quarterback is usually the de facto team leader and a well-respected player on and off the field, even before the NFL implemented the team captain's patch in 2007.
Rules[edit]
NFL rule 18 details the guidelines for team captains. Within Rule 18, there are four articles that pertain to:
Number of Team Captains
Coin Toss Procedures
Choice on Penalty Option
Change of [Team] Captains
Coin Toss Procedures – Each team can send as many as 6 team captains to the center of the field. On each team, one captain is designated the "speaking captain" of the delegation. The visiting team or the team designated "visitor" by the referee (if no team is declared 'visitor') shall choose "heads or tails" or in the case of a special ceremony coin, the options on the face and rear of that coin.
The winner of the coin toss have 3 options, 1. Defer the choice to the second half, 2. Receive/kick the ball, 3. Choose an end zone to defend. There is strategy in employing your election. It could depend on such conditions as weather, or making an aggressive statement at the beginning of the game, or something simple as coming out of the locker room in the second half receiving the ball.
After the winning captain makes their choice, the opposing team captain chooses from the remaining 2 options.
Choice on Penalty Option(s) – The offended team captain has a choice of accepting a penalty enforcement or declining, except where said penalty is automatically "enforced by rule." In some circumstances, a team captain may elect to "decline" the penalty. This typically happens in a situation in which declining the penalty may mean that the next down should occur (3rd or 4th). A good example would be on an "offensive holding" enforcement, the defensive team might elect a "4th down and 5 yards to gain" v. a "3rd down and 15 yards to gain."
List[edit]
Players listed in bold currently wear the 5+ star all gold captain patches.
[36]
Team
Offensive captain(s)
Defensive captain(s)
Special teams captain(s)
Arizona Cardinals[4] Carson Palmer, Larry Fitzgerald Frostee Rucker, Patrick Peterson Phil Dawson
Atlanta Falcons[5] Appointed weekly
Baltimore Ravens[6] Appointed weekly
Buffalo Bills[7] Eric Wood, Tyrod Taylor Kyle Williams, Lorenzo Alexander Steven Hauschka
Carolina Panthers[8] Cam Newton, Ryan Kalil, Greg Olsen Luke Kuechly, Thomas Davis, Julius Peppers, Kurt Coleman None
Chicago Bears[9] Mike Glennon, Josh Sitton Jerrell Freeman, Quintin Demps, Akiem Hicks Sherrick McManis
Cincinnati Bengals[10] Appointed weekly
Cleveland Browns[11] Joe Thomas Christian Kirksey, Jamie Collins, Jamar Taylor Britton Colquitt
Dallas Cowboys[12] Dak Prescott, Jason Witten Sean Lee, Tyrone Crawford, Orlando Scandrick Dan Bailey
Denver Broncos[13] Demaryius Thomas, Trevor Siemian Von Miller, Aqib Talib Brandon McManus
Detroit Lions[14] Appointed weekly
Green Bay Packers[15] Appointed weekly
Houston Texans[16] Appointed weekly
Indianapolis Colts[17] Andrew Luck None Adam Vinatieri
Jacksonville Jaguars[18] Brandon Linder, Marcedes Lewis Paul Posluszny, Telvin Smith Arrelious Benn
Kansas City Chiefs[19] Alex Smith, Travis Kelce Justin Houston, Eric Berry, Dustin Colquitt, Tyreek Hill
Los Angeles Chargers[20] Philip Rivers, Antonio Gates, Matt Slauson Brandon Mebane, Melvin Ingram None
Los Angeles Rams[21] Todd Gurley, Andrew Whitworth Alec Ogletree, Connor Barwin, Trumaine Johnson Johnny Hekker
Miami Dolphins[22] Kenny Stills, Mike Pouncey Cameron Wake, Ndamukong Suh Michael Thomas
Minnesota Vikings[23] Kyle Rudolph, Sam Bradford, Riley Reiff Everson Griffen, Brian Robison, Terence Newman None
New England Patriots[24] Tom Brady, Rob Gronkowski, David Andrews Dont'a Hightower, Devin McCourty, Duron Harmon Matthew Slater
New Orleans Saints[25] Drew Brees, Zach Strief, Max Unger Cameron Jordan, A. J. Klein Craig Robertson
New York Giants[26] Eli Manning Jonathan Casillas Zak DeOssie
New York Jets[27] Appointed weekly
Oakland Raiders[28] Rodney Hudson, Derek Carr Khalil Mack, Reggie Nelson None
Philadelphia Eagles[29] Carson Wentz, Jason Peters Malcolm Jenkins, Brandon Graham Chris Maragos
Pittsburgh Steelers[30] Ben Roethlisberger Cameron Heyward Appointed weekly
San Francisco 49ers[31] Appointed weekly
Seattle Seahawks[32] Russell Wilson Kam Chancellor, Bobby Wagner Jon Ryan
Tampa Bay Buccaneers[33] Jameis Winston, Mike Evans Gerald McCoy, Lavonte David, Kwon Alexander Josh Robinson
Tennessee Titans[34] Delanie Walker, Marcus Mariota Jurrell Casey, Brian Orakpo Wesley Woodyard
Washington Redskins[35] Trent Williams, Kirk Cousins D.J. Swearinger Niles Paul
References[edit]
Jump up ^ * Darlington, Jeff (September 6, 2012). "NFL captains: 'C' patch comes with varied roles, responsibilities". National Football League. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/new-york/nfl/story/_/id/7411183/source-captain-santonio-holmes-quit-new-york-jets-loss
Jump up ^ "NFL supports Breast Cancer Awareness Month". National Football League. September 28, 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-27.
Jump up ^ Scott Allen, "Arizona Cardinals: Team captains announced", raisingzona.com, September 5, 2017
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Camille Powell, "NFL's Newest Promotion", TheWashingtonPost.com, October 3, 2007
Jump up ^ "Quick Hits: Taylor cleared, will start Sunday; Team captains announced". Retrieved 2017-09-06.
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ "Chicago Bears announce 2017 team captains", bearswire.usatoday.com, September 4, 2017
Jump up ^ https://www.cincyjungle.com/2017/9/7/16265000/bengals-not-expected-to-name-captains-heading-into-week-1
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ Doster, Aaron. “Dallas Cowboys Select 2017 Team Captains.” FOX Sports, 6 September 2017
Jump up ^ Aric DiLalla, "Broncos name team captains", denverbroncos.com, September 7, 2017
Jump up ^ Justin Rogers, "Ndamukong Suh one of six Detroit Lions players named captain", mlive.com, September 6, 2013
Jump up ^ [4]
Jump up ^ Dale Robertson, "Texans won’t have permanent captains to start season", Ultimate Texans blog, September 5, 2014
Jump up ^ "Colts Vote Captains", Colts.Com, December 5, 2012
Jump up ^ [5]
Jump up ^ "Chiefs’ Alex Smith, Dwayne Bowe among team captains for opener", KansasCity.com, September 6, 2013
Jump up ^ http://www.chargers.com/news/2017/09/07/chargers-trying-something-different-captains-2017
Jump up ^ [6]
Jump up ^ http://www.sun-sentinel.com/sports/miami-dolphins/fl-sp-dolphins-team-captains-20170914-story.html
Jump up ^ http://vikingswire.usatoday.com/2017/09/10/vikings-announce-captains-for-2017-season/
Jump up ^ "Your 2017 #Patriots captains: Andrews, Brady, Gronkowski, Harmon, Hightower, McCourty, Slater". New England Patriots Twitter. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ [7]
Jump up ^ [8]
Jump up ^ Metro: Todd Bowles has new plan for Jets' team captains... well, not really. Retrieved on 9 September 2015.
Jump up ^ http://m.raiders.com/news/article-1/Oakland-Raiders-Vote-Name-Four-Captains-For-2017-Season/3c6f652b-a5d7-4674-ae57-2d8cfed53343
Jump up ^ https://www.bleedinggreennation.com/2017/9/8/16277826/philadelphia-eagles-five-captains-2017-nfl-season-carson-wentz-jason-peters-malcolm-jenkins-graham
Jump up ^ http://pit.247sports.com/Bolt/Pittsburgh-Steelers-announce-2017-team-captains-106947305
Jump up ^ [9]
Jump up ^ http://www.seahawks.com/news/2017/09/06/seahawks-name-team-captains-2017
Jump up ^ [10]
Jump up ^ http://m.titansonline.com/news/article-4/Titans-Name-Six-Captains-for-2017-Including-Tim-Shaw/57b9eb26-c2cb-46d6-942e-e45178e731c2
Jump up ^ http://m.redskins.com/news/article-1/Four-Announced-As-2017-Redskins-Team-Captains/b4b051d3-bda4-46ae-b26c-caa538965fb2
Jump up ^ http://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/2015-nfl-rulebook/#rule18
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