text:
Hollywood Beyond
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hollywood Beyond was a British pop group from Birmingham, England.
Hollywood Beyond was the brainchild of singer-songwriter Mark Rogers. Their first single "What's the Colour of Money" reached #7 on the UK Singles Chart in 1986.[1][2] The song also hit #21 in Germany and #14 in Switzerland. The follow-up single, "No More Tears", peaked at #47 in the UK.[2]
An album for Hollywood Beyond entitled If, followed on Warner Bros. Records in 1987, produced by Bernard Edwards, Mike Thorne, and Stephen Hague. Former members include Andy Welch, Steve Elliott, Dean Loren, Mike Burns, Carol Maye, Maggie Smyth. [3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hollywood Beyond at Muze
^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 258. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ Hollywood Beyond at Trouser Press
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 136820053
LCCN: no98016205
GND: 10288012-8
MusicBrainz: 55e832a7-7bfc-4ca9-befe-5bba4c312470
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hollywood_Beyond&oldid=727514915"
Categories:
English pop music groups
Musical groups from Birmingham, West Midlands
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Српски / srpski
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 June 2016, at 13:57.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

value: p

value: sup

value: i

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/136820053

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/10288012-8

values: Category:Musical groups from Birmingham, West Midlands

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Hollywood_Beyond
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hollywood_Beyond rootpage-Hollywood_Beyond vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Bubonic plague
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the disease in general. For information about the medieval European plague, see Black Death.
Bubonic plague
A bubo on the upper thigh of a person infected with bubonic plague.
Specialty
Infectious disease
Symptoms
Fever, headaches, vomiting, swollen lymph nodes[1][2]
Usual onset
1-7 days after exposure[1]
Causes
Yersinia pestis spread by fleas[1]
Diagnostic method
Finding the bacteria in the blood, sputum, or lymph nodes[1]
Treatment
Antibiotics such as streptomycin, gentamicin, or doxycycline[3][4]
Frequency
650 cases reported a year[1]
Deaths
10% mortality with treatment[3]
[edit on Wikidata]
Bubonic plague is one of three types of bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis.[1] One to seven days after exposure to the bacteria, flu like symptoms develop.[1] These include fever, headaches, and vomiting.[1] Swollen and painful lymph nodes occur in the area closest to where the bacteria entered the skin.[2] Occasionally the swollen lymph nodes may break open.[1]
The three types of plague are the result of the route of infection: bubonic plague, septicemic plague, and pneumonic plague.[1] Bubonic plague is mainly spread by infected fleas from small animals.[1] It may also result from exposure to the body fluids from a dead plague infected animal.[5] In the bubonic form of plague, the bacteria enter through the skin through a flea bite and travel via the lymphatic vessels to a lymph node, causing it to swell.[1] Diagnosis is made by finding the bacteria in the blood, sputum, or fluid from lymph nodes.[1]
Prevention is through public health measures such as not handling dead animals in areas where plague is common.[1] Vaccines have not been found to be very useful for plague prevention.[1] Several antibiotics are effective for treatment including streptomycin, gentamicin, and doxycycline.[3][4] Without treatment it results in the death of 30% to 90% of those infected.[1][3] Death, if it occurs, is typically within ten days.[6] With treatment the risk of death is around 10%.[3] Globally there are about 650 documented cases a year which result in ~120 deaths.[1] The disease is most common in Africa.[1]
The plague is believed to be the cause of the Black Death that swept through Asia, Europe, and Africa in the 14th century and killed an estimated 50 million people.[1] This was about 25% to 60% of the European population.[1][7] Because the plague killed so many of the working population, wages rose due to the demand for labor.[7] Some historians see this as a turning point in European economic development.[7] The term bubonic plague is derived from the Greek word βουβών, meaning "groin".[8] The term "buboes" is also used to refer to the swollen lymph nodes.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Cause
3 Diagnosis
4 Treatment
5 History
5.1 First outbreak
5.2 Second outbreak
5.3 Traditional treatment
5.4 Third outbreak
6 Society and culture
6.1 Biological warfare
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Signs and symptoms
Acral necrosis of the nose, the lips, and the fingers and residual ecchymoses over both forearms in a person recovering from bubonic plague that disseminated to the blood and the lungs. At one time, the person's entire body was ecchymotic.
The best-known symptom of bubonic plague is one or more infected, enlarged, and painful lymph nodes, known as buboes. After being transmitted via the bite of an infected flea, the Y. pestis bacteria become localized in an inflamed lymph node where they begin to colonize and reproduce. Buboes associated with the bubonic plague are commonly found in the armpits, upper femoral, groin and neck region. Acral gangrene (i.e., of the fingers, toes, lips and nose) is another common symptom.
Because of its bite-based mode of transmission, the bubonic plague is often the first of a progressive series of illnesses. Bubonic plague symptoms appear suddenly a few days after exposure to the bacterium. Symptoms include:
Chills
General ill feeling (malaise)
High fever (39 °C; 102 °F)
Muscle cramps[10]
Seizures
Smooth, painful lymph gland swelling called a bubo, commonly found in the groin, but may occur in the armpits or neck, most often near the site of the initial infection (bite or scratch)
Pain may occur in the area before the swelling appears
Gangrene of the extremities such as toes, fingers, lips and tip of the nose.[11]
Other symptoms include heavy breathing, continuous vomiting of blood (hematemesis), aching limbs, coughing, and extreme pain caused by the decay or decomposition of the skin while the person is still alive. Additional symptoms include extreme fatigue, gastrointestinal problems, lenticulae (black dots scattered throughout the body), delirium, and coma.
Cause
Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) infected with the Yersinia pestis bacterium which appears as a dark mass in the gut. The foregut of this flea is blocked by a Y. pestis biofilm; when the flea attempts to feed on an uninfected host, Y. pestis from the foregut is regurgitated into the wound, causing infection.
Bubonic plague is an infection of the lymphatic system, usually resulting from the bite of an infected flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (the rat flea). In very rare circumstances, as in the septicemic plague, the disease can be transmitted by direct contact with infected tissue or exposure to the cough of another human. The flea is parasitic on house and field rats, and seeks out other prey when its rodent hosts die. The bacteria remained harmless to the flea, allowing the new host to spread the bacteria. The bacteria form aggregates in the gut of infected fleas and this results in the flea regurgitating ingested blood, which is now infected, into the bite site of a rodent or human host. Once established, bacteria rapidly spread to the lymph nodes and multiply.
Y. pestis bacilli can resist phagocytosis and even reproduce inside phagocytes and kill them. As the disease progresses, the lymph nodes can haemorrhage and become swollen and necrotic. Bubonic plague can progress to lethal septicemic plague in some cases. The plague is also known to spread to the lungs and become the disease known as the pneumonic plague.
Diagnosis
Laboratory testing is required in order to diagnose and confirm plague. Ideally, confirmation is through the identification of Y. pestis culture from a patient sample. Confirmation of infection can be done by examining serum taken during the early and late stages of infection. To quickly screen for the Y. pestis antigen in patients, rapid dipstick tests have been developed for field use.[12]
Treatment
Several classes of antibiotics are effective in treating bubonic plague. These include aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and gentamicin, tetracyclines (especially doxycycline), and the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin. Mortality associated with treated cases of bubonic plague is about 1–15%, compared to a mortality of 40–60% in untreated cases.[13]
People potentially infected with the plague need immediate treatment and should be given antibiotics within 24 hours of the first symptoms to prevent death. Other treatments include oxygen, intravenous fluids, and respiratory support. People who have had contact with anyone infected by pneumonic plague are given prophylactic antibiotics.[14] Using the broad-based antibiotic streptomycin has proven to be dramatically successful against the bubonic plague within 12 hours of infection.[15]
History
See also: Timeline of plague
First outbreak
Main article: Plague of Justinian
The first recorded epidemic affected the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and was named the Plague of Justinian after emperor Justinian I, who was infected but survived through extensive treatment.[16] [17] The pandemic resulted in the deaths of an estimated 25 million (6th century outbreak) to 50 million people (two centuries of recurrence).[18][19] The historian Procopius wrote, in Volume II of History of the Wars, of his personal encounter with the plague and the effect it had on the rising empire. In the spring of 542, the plague arrived in Constantinople, working its way from port city to port city and spreading around the Mediterranean Sea, later migrating inland eastward into Asia Minor and west into Greece and Italy. Because the infectious disease spread inland by the transferring of merchandise through Justinian’s efforts in acquiring luxurious goods of the time and exporting supplies, his capital became the leading exporter of the bubonic plague. Procopius, in his work Secret History, declared that Justinian was a demon of an emperor who either created the plague himself or was being punished for his sinfulness.[19]
Second outbreak
Main articles: Black Death and Second plague pandemic
Citizens of Tournai bury plague victims. Miniature from The Chronicles of Gilles Li Muisis (1272–1352). Bibliothèque royale de Belgique, MS 13076-77, f. 24v.
People who died of bubonic plague in a mass grave from 1720–1721 in Martigues, France
Cart to carry the dead of the 1813-1814 plague in Malta, at the Żabbar Sanctuary Museum
In the Late Middle Ages (1340–1400) Europe experienced the most deadly disease outbreak in history when the Black Death, the infamous pandemic of bubonic plague, hit in 1347, killing a third of the human population.[where?] Some historians believe that society subsequently became more violent as the mass mortality rate cheapened life and thus increased warfare, crime, popular revolt, waves of flagellants, and persecution.[20] The Black Death originated in or near China and spread from Italy and then throughout other European countries. Arab historians Ibn Al-Wardni and Almaqrizi believed the Black Death originated in Mongolia. Chinese records also showed a huge outbreak in Mongolia in the early 1330s.[21] Research published in 2002 suggests that it began in early 1346 in the steppe region, where a plague reservoir stretches from the northwestern shore of the Caspian Sea into southern Russia. The Mongols had cut off the trade route, the Silk Road, between China and Europe which halted the spread of the Black Death from eastern Russia to Western Europe. The epidemic began with an attack that Mongols launched on the Italian merchants' last trading station in the region, Caffa in the Crimea.[15] In late 1346, plague broke out among the besiegers and from them penetrated into the town. When spring arrived, the Italian merchants fled on their ships, unknowingly carrying the Black Death. Carried by the fleas on rats, the plague initially spread to humans near the Black Sea and then outwards to the rest of Europe as a result of people fleeing from one area to another.
There were many ethno-medical beliefs for avoiding the Black Death. One of the most famous was that by walking around with flowers in or around their nose people would be able to "ward off the stench and perhaps the evil that afflicted them". People believed the plague to be a punishment from God, and that the only way to be rid of the plague was to be forgiven by God.[22] One such method used was to carve the symbol of the cross onto the front door of a house with the words "Lord have mercy on us".[23]
Pistoia, a city in Italy, went as far as enacting rules and regulations on the city and its inhabitants to keep it safe from the Black Death. The rules stated that no one was allowed to visit any plague-infected area and if they did they were not allowed back into the city. Some other rules were that no linen or woollen goods were to be imported into the city and no corpses were to be buried in the city. Despite strict enforcement of the rules, the city eventually became infected.[24] People who were not infected with the plague gathered in groups and stayed away from the sick. They ate and drank with limited food and water and were not even allowed oral communication because it was believed that merely talking with one another increased the chance of passing on the disease.[25]
While Europe was devastated by the disease, the rest of the world fared much better. In India, population rose from a population of 91 million in 1300, to 97 million in 1400, to 105 million in 1500. Sub-Saharan Africa remained largely unaffected by the plagues.[26]
The next few centuries were marked by several localized or regional outbreaks of lesser severity. The Great Plague of Milan (1629–1631), the Great Plague of Seville (1647), the Great Plague of London (1665–1666), the Great Plague of Vienna (1679), Great Baltic plague (1708–1712), the Great Plague of Marseille (1720), the Great Plague of 1738, and Caragea's Plague (1813–1814) were the last major outbreaks of the bubonic plague in Europe.
Traditional treatment
Main article: Miasma theory
Medieval doctors thought the plague was created by air corrupted by humid weather, decaying unburied bodies, and fumes produced by poor sanitation. The recommended treatment of the plague was a good diet, rest, and relocating to a non-infected environment so the individual could get access to clean air. This did help, but not for the reasons the doctors of the time thought. In actuality, because they recommended moving away from unsanitary conditions, people were, in effect, getting away from the rodents that harbored the fleas carrying the infection. However, this also helped to spread the infection to new areas previously non-infected.
Third outbreak
Main article: Third plague pandemic
Directions for searchers, Poona (now Pune) plague of 1897
The plague resurfaced for a third time in the mid-19th century. Like the two previous outbreaks, this one also originated in Eastern Asia.[27] The initial outbreak occurred in China's Yunnan province in 1855.[28] The disease remained localized in Southwest China for several years before spreading. In the city of Canton, beginning in January 1894, the disease killed 80,000 people by June. Daily water-traffic with the nearby city of Hong Kong rapidly spread the plague there, killing over 2,400 within two months.[29]
From China, the plague spread to the Indian subcontinent around 1896. Over the next thirty years, India would lose 12.5 million people to the bubonic plague. The disease was initially seen in port cities, beginning with Bombay (now Mumbai), but later emerged in Poona (now Pune), Kolkata, and Karachi (now in Pakistan). By 1899, the outbreak spread to smaller communities and rural areas in many regions of India. Overall, the impact of plague epidemics was greatest in western and northern India—in the provinces then designated as Bombay, Punjab, and the United Provinces—while eastern and southern India were not as badly affected. Ultimately, more than 12 million people died from the plague in India (including present day Pakistan and Bangladesh) and China alone.
In 1899, the plague reached the islands of Hawaii.[30] The first evidence of the disease was found in Honolulu's Chinatown on Oahu.[31] It was located very close to the island's piers, and rats in cargo ships from China were able to land on the Hawaiian islands unseen. As the rats, hosts for disease-carrying fleas, made their way deeper into the city, people started to fall ill. On December 12, 1899, the first case was confirmed. The Board of Health then quickly thought of ways to prevent the disease from spreading even further inland. Their solution was to burn down any buildings in Chinatown suspected of containing a source of the disease. On December 31, 1899, the board set the first fire. They had originally planned to burn only a few targeted buildings, and thought they could control the flames as each building was finished, but the fire got out of control, burning down untargeted neighboring buildings. The resulting fire caused many of Chinatown's homes to be destroyed and an estimated 4,000 people were left homeless.[32]
From a series of images depicting the state of houses and "slum" buildings in Sydney, Australia at the time of the 1900 outbreak and the cleansing and disinfecting operations which followed.
Australia suffered 12 major plague outbreaks between 1900 and 1925 originating from shipping.[33] Research by Australian medical officers Thompson, Armstrong and Tidswell contributed to understanding the spread of Yersinia pestis to humans by fleas from infected rats.[34]
According to the World Health Organization, the pandemic was considered active until 1959, when worldwide casualties dropped to 200 per year. In 1994, a plague outbreak in five Indian states caused an estimated 700 infections (including 52 deaths) and triggered a large migration of Indians within India as they tried to avoid the plague.
Society and culture
See also: Black Death in medieval culture
The scale of death and social upheaval associated with plague outbreaks has made the topic prominent in a number of historical and fictional accounts since the disease was first recognized. The Black Death in particular is described and referenced in numerous contemporary sources, some of which, including works by Chaucer, Boccaccio, and Petrarch, are considered part of the Western canon. The Decameron, by Boccaccio, is notable for its use of a frame story involving individuals who have fled Florence for a secluded villa to escape the Black Death. First person, sometimes sensationalized or fictionalized, accounts of living through plague years have also been popular across centuries and cultures.
Later works, such as Albert Camus's novel The Plague or Ingmar Bergman's film The Seventh Seal have used bubonic plague in settings, such quarantined cities in either medieval or modern times, as a backdrop to explore a variety of concepts. Common themes include the breakdown of society, institutions, and individuals during the plague, the cultural and psychological existential confrontation with mortality, and the allegorical use of the plague in reference to contemporary moral or spiritual questions.
Biological warfare
Some of the earliest instances of biological warfare were said to have been products of the plague, as armies of the 14th century were recorded catapulting diseased corpses over the walls of towns and villages to spread the pestilence.
Later, plague was used during the Second Sino-Japanese War as a bacteriological weapon by the Imperial Japanese Army. These weapons were provided by Shirō Ishii's units and used in experiments on humans before being used on the field. For example, in 1940, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service bombed Ningbo with fleas carrying the bubonic plague.[35] During the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials, the accused, such as Major General Kiyashi Kawashima, testified that, in 1941, some 40 members of Unit 731 air-dropped plague-contaminated fleas on Changde. These operations caused epidemic plague outbreaks.[36]
See also
List of cutaneous conditions
List of epidemics
Miasma theory
Plague (disease)
Plague doctor
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t World Health Organization (November 2014). "Plague Fact sheet N°267". Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Plague Symptoms". 13 June 2012. Archived from the original on 19 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Prentice MB, Rahalison L (2007). "Plague". Lancet. 369 (9568): 1196–207. PMID 17416264. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60566-2.
^ Jump up to: a b "Plague Resources for Clinicians". 13 June 2012. Archived from the original on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Plague Ecology and Transmission". 13 June 2012. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Keyes, Daniel C. (2005). Medical response to terrorism : preparedness and clinical practice. Philadelphia [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 74. ISBN 9780781749862. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Plague History". 13 June 2012. Archived from the original on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ LeRoux, Neil (2007). Martin Luther As Comforter: Writings on Death Volume 133 of Studies in the History of Christian Traditions. BRILL. p. 247. ISBN 9789004158801. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Edman, Bruce F. Eldridge, John D. (2004). Medical Entomology a Textbook on Public Health and Veterinary Problems Caused by Arthropods (Rev.. ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p. 390. ISBN 9789400710092. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Symptoms of Plague". Brief Overview of Plague. iTriage. Healthagen, LLC. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Inglesby TV, Dennis DT, Henderson DA, et al. (May 2000). "Plague as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense". JAMA. 283 (17): 2281–90. PMID 10807389. doi:10.1001/jama.283.17.2281.
Jump up ^ "Plague, Laboratory testing". Health Topics A to Z. Archived from the original on 17 November 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Plague". Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Plague". Healthagen, LLC. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Echenberg, Myron (2002). Pestis Redux: The Initial Years of the Third Bubonic Plague Pandemic, 1894–1901. Journal of World History, vol 13,2
Jump up ^ Little, Lester K. (2007). "Life and Afterlife of the First Plague Pandemic." In: Little, Lester K. editor. (2007), Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750. Cambridge University Press. (2007). ISBN 978-0-521-84639-4 pp. 8–15
Jump up ^ McCormick, Michael (2007). "Toward a Molecular History of the Justinian Pandemic." In: Little, Lester K. editor. (2007), Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750. Cambridge University Press. (2007). ISBN 978-0-521-84639-4 pp. 290–312.
Jump up ^ Rosen, William (2007), Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe Archived 25 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. Viking Adult; pg 3; ISBN 978-0-670-03855-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Moorshead Magazines, Limited. "The Plague Of Justinian." History Magazine 11.1 (2009): 9–12. History Reference Center
Jump up ^ Cohn, Samuel K.(2002). The Black Death: End of a Paradigm. American Historical Review, vol 107, 3, pg. 703–737
Jump up ^ Sean Martin (2001). Black Death:Chapter One. Harpenden, GBR:Pocket Essentials. p. 14.
Jump up ^ "The Black Death". history.com. 2013. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Mee, Charles L., Jr (2011). "The Black Death, a bubonic plague of great dimensions-part 2". Word Focus. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
Jump up ^ "Mee, Charles L., Jr. "The Black Death, a Bubonic Plague of Great Dimensions – Part 2 | WordFocus.com." Wordfocus.com | English Vocabulary Words Derived from Latin and Greek Prefixes | Etymology. Web. 02 Dec. 2011". Wordfocus.com. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
Jump up ^ Sean Martin (2001). Black Death. Harpenden, GBR: Pocket Essentials. Chapter Two, p. 26.
Jump up ^ Reaching Out: Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction
Jump up ^ Nicholas Wade (31 October 2010). "Europe’s Plagues Came From China, Study Finds". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2010. The great waves of plague that twice devastated Europe and changed the course of history had their origins in China, a team of medical geneticists reported Sunday, as did a third plague outbreak that struck less harmfully in the 19th century.
Jump up ^ Cohn, Samuel K. (2003). The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe. A Hodder Arnold. p. 336. ISBN 0-340-70646-5.
Jump up ^ Pryor, E. G. (1975). "The Great Plague OF Hong Kong" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. Hong Kong: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland-Hong Kong Branch. 15: 69. ISSN 1991-7295. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bubonic Plague Originated in China". DNews. Archived from the original on 6 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hawaii for Visitors, retrieved on December 6, 2011". Hawaiiforvisitors.com. Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Honolulu Advertiser, retrieved on December 6, 2011". The.honoluluadvertiser.com. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Bubonic Plague comes to Sydney in 1900". Sydney Medical School – Online Museum. University of Sydney. 2012. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Thompson, J. Ashburton (1901). "A Contribution to the Aetiology of Plague". The Journal of Hygiene. London. 1 (2): 153–167. PMC 2235949  . PMID 20474113. doi:10.1017/S0022172400000152.
Jump up ^ "The Independent - 404". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Daniel Barenblatt, A Plague upon Humanity., 2004, pages 220–221.
Further reading
Alexander, John T. (2003) [First published 1980]. Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster. Oxford, UK; New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515818-0. OCLC 50253204.
Carol, Benedict (1996). Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth-Century China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2661-2. OCLC 34191853.
Biddle, Wayne (2002). A Field Guide to Germs (2nd Anchor Books ed.). New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 1-4000-3051-X. OCLC 50154403.
Little, Lester K. (2007). Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84639-4. OCLC 65361042.
Rosen, William (2007). Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire and the Birth of Europe. London, England: Viking Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-03855-8.
Scott, Susan, and C. J. Duncan (2001). Biology of Plagues: Evidence from Historical Populations. Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80150-8. OCLC 44811929.
Batten-Hill, David (2011). This Son of York. Kendal, England: David Batten-Hill. ISBN 978-1-78176-094-9.
Kool, J. L. (2005). "Risk of Person-to-Person Transmission of Pneumonic Plague". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 40 (8): 1166–1172. PMID 15791518. doi:10.1086/428617.
External links
Classification
V · T · D
ICD-10: A20.0
ICD-9-CM: 020.0
DiseasesDB: 14226
External resources
MedlinePlus: 000596

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Death.
[show]
v
t
e
Infectious diseases
Bacterial disease: Proteobacterial G−
primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109
α
Rickettsiales
Rickettsiaceae/
(Rickettsioses)
Typhus
Rickettsia typhi
Murine typhus
Rickettsia prowazekii
Epidemic typhus, Brill–Zinsser disease, Flying squirrel typhus
Spotted
fever
Tick-borne
Rickettsia rickettsii
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Rickettsia conorii
Boutonneuse fever
Rickettsia japonica
Japanese spotted fever
Rickettsia sibirica
North Asian tick typhus
Rickettsia australis
Queensland tick typhus
Rickettsia honei
Flinders Island spotted fever
Rickettsia africae
African tick bite fever
Rickettsia parkeri
American tick bite fever
Rickettsia aeschlimannii
Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection
Mite-borne
Rickettsia akari
Rickettsialpox
Orientia tsutsugamushi
Scrub typhus
Flea-borne
Rickettsia felis
Flea-borne spotted fever
Anaplasmataceae
Ehrlichiosis: Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Anaplasmosis
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
Ehrlichia ewingii
Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
Rhizobiales
Brucellaceae
Brucella abortus
Brucellosis
Bartonellaceae
Bartonellosis: Bartonella henselae
Cat-scratch disease
Bartonella quintana
Trench fever
Either B. henselae or B. quintana
Bacillary angiomatosis
Bartonella bacilliformis
Carrion's disease, Verruga peruana
β
Neisseriales
M+
Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus
Meningococcal disease, Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome, Meningococcal septicaemia
M−
Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus
Gonorrhea
ungrouped:
Eikenella corrodens/Kingella kingae
HACEK
Chromobacterium violaceum
Chromobacteriosis infection
Burkholderiales
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Melioidosis
Burkholderia mallei
Glanders
Burkholderia cepacia complex
Bordetella pertussis/Bordetella parapertussis
Pertussis
γ
Enterobacteriales
(OX−)
Lac+
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Rhinoscleroma, Klebsiella pneumonia
Klebsiella granulomatis
Granuloma inguinale
Klebsiella oxytoca
Escherichia coli: Enterotoxigenic
Enteroinvasive
Enterohemorrhagic
O157:H7
O104:H4
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Enterobacter aerogenes/Enterobacter cloacae
Slow/weak
Serratia marcescens
Serratia infection
Citrobacter koseri/Citrobacter freundii
Lac−
H2S+
Salmonella enterica
Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever, Salmonellosis
H2S−
Shigella dysenteriae/sonnei/flexneri/boydii
Shigellosis, Bacillary dysentery
Proteus mirabilis/Proteus vulgaris
Yersinia pestis
Plague/Bubonic plague
Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersiniosis
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Far East scarlet-like fever
Pasteurellales
Haemophilus:
H. influenzae
Haemophilus meningitis
Brazilian purpuric fever
H. ducreyi
Chancroid
H. parainfluenzae
HACEK
Pasteurella multocida
Pasteurellosis
Actinobacillus
Actinobacillosis
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
HACEK
Legionellales
Legionella pneumophila/Legionella longbeachae
Legionnaires' disease
Coxiella burnetii
Q fever
Thiotrichales
Francisella tularensis
Tularemia
Vibrionaceae
Vibrio cholerae
Cholera
Vibrio vulnificus
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Vibrio alginolyticus
Plesiomonas shigelloides
Pseudomonadales
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas infection
Moraxella catarrhalis
Acinetobacter baumannii
Xanthomonadaceae
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Cardiobacteriaceae
Cardiobacterium hominis
HACEK
Aeromonadales
Aeromonas hydrophila/Aeromonas veronii
Aeromonas infection
ε
Campylobacterales
Campylobacter jejuni
Campylobacteriosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome
Helicobacter pylori
Peptic ulcer, MALT lymphoma, Gastric cancer
Helicobacter cinaedi
Helicobacter cellulitis
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bubonic_plague&oldid=805949770"
Categories:
History of medieval medicine
Plague (disease)
Rabbit diseases
Rodent-carried diseases
Zoonotic bacterial diseases
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Use dmy dates from November 2011
Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from August 2017
RTT
RTTEM
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Беларуская
Brezhoneg
Čeština
Deutsch
Diné bizaad
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Íslenska
Монгол
Nederlands
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Português
Русский
Sicilianu
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
தமிழ்
Українська
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 October 2017, at 17:41.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

attrs: href class

value: td

values:
/wiki/Diagnostic_method
mw-redirect
Diagnostic method

values:
/wiki/Bacterial_infection
mw-redirect
Bacterial infection

values:
/wiki/Flu_like_symptoms
mw-redirect
Flu like symptoms

values:
/wiki/Lymphatic_vessels
mw-redirect
Lymphatic vessels

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Tissue_necrosis
mw-redirect
Tissue necrosis

values:
/wiki/Xenopsylla_cheopis
mw-redirect
Xenopsylla cheopis

values:
/wiki/Blood_serum
mw-redirect
Blood serum

values: The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2017)

values: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)

values:
/wiki/Yuan_Mongolia
mw-redirect
Yuan Mongolia

values:
/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula
mw-redirect
Crimean Peninsula

values:
/wiki/Italian_plague_of_1629%E2%80%9331
mw-redirect
Italian plague of 1629–31

values:
/wiki/Caragea%27s_Plague
mw-redirect
Caragea's Plague

values:
/wiki/Eastern_Asia
mw-redirect
Eastern Asia

values:
/wiki/Province_(China)
mw-redirect
Province (China)

values:
/wiki/British_India
mw-redirect
British India

values:
/wiki/Honolulu%27s_Chinatown
mw-redirect
Honolulu's Chinatown

values:
/wiki/Sydney,_Australia
mw-redirect
Sydney, Australia

values:
/wiki/Bacteriological_warfare
mw-redirect
Bacteriological warfare

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17416264

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10807389

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.283.17.2281

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1991-7295

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20474113

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50253204

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/34191853

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50154403

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/65361042

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/44811929

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.tsoy.co.uk

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15791518

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F428617

values: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

values: width:22em;width:100%; margin:0 0 0.5em 0;

values: Template talk:Gram-negative proteobacterial diseases

values: ICD-10 Chapter I: Certain infectious and parasitic diseases

values: List of ICD-9 codes 001–139: infectious and parasitic diseases

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue

values:
/wiki/Rickettsia_parkeri
mw-redirect
Rickettsia parkeri

values:
/wiki/Rickettsia_aeschlimannii
mw-redirect
Rickettsia aeschlimannii

values:
/wiki/Meningococcal_septicaemia
mw-redirect
Meningococcal septicaemia

values:
/wiki/Peptic_ulcer
mw-redirect
Peptic ulcer

values:
/wiki/Gastric_cancer
mw-redirect
Gastric cancer

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Use dmy dates from November 2011

values: Category:Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from August 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Bubonic_plague
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: طاعون دملي – Arabic

values: Бубонная чума – Belarusian

values: طاعون خیارکی – Persian

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pes_bubo
Pes bubo – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: Тарваган тахал – Mongolian

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byllepest
Byllepest – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byllepest
Byllepest – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values: ବୁବୋନିକ୍ ପ୍ଲେଗ୍ – Odia

values: Бубонная чума – Russian

values: Бубонска куга – Serbian

values: அரையாப்பு பிளேக்கு – Tamil

values: Бубонна чума – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Bubonic_plague rootpage-Bubonic_plague vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
El Paso–Juárez
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Metropolitan Area in Texas, Chihuahua, New Mexico, United States, Mexico
El Paso–Juárez Metropolitan Area
Metropolitan Area
Nickname(s): Paso del Norte
El Paso–Juárez Metropolitan Area
Coordinates: 31°44′22″N 106°29′13″W / 31.73944°N 106.48694°W / 31.73944; -106.48694Coordinates: 31°44′22″N 106°29′13″W / 31.73944°N 106.48694°W / 31.73944; -106.48694
Countries
United States, Mexico
States
Texas, Chihuahua, New Mexico
Population
• Total
2.7 million[1]
Time zone
Mountain Standard Time (UTC-7)
• Summer (DST)
Mountain Daylight Time (UTC-6)
El Paso and Ciudad Juárez from ISS, 2014
El Paso–Juárez, also known as Juárez–El Paso, the Borderplex or Paso del Norte, is a binational metropolitan area, or conurbation, on the border between Mexico and the United States.[2] The region is centered on two large cities: Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico and El Paso, Texas, U.S. Additionally, nearby Las Cruces, New Mexico, U.S. is sometimes included as part of the region, referred to as El Paso–Juárez–Las Cruces or El Paso–Juárez–Southern New Mexico.[3] With over 2.7 million people,[4][5] this binational region is the 2nd largest metropolitan area (San Diego–Tijuana being the largest) on the United States–Mexico border.[6] The El Paso–Juárez region is the largest bilingual, binational work force in the Western Hemisphere.[7]
This region is commonly subdivided into the Juárez Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana de Juárez) and greater El Paso, as well as greater Las Cruces. These sub-regions are typically divided by state borders: Chihuahua, Texas, and New Mexico.
Contents
1 Communities
2 History
3 Geography
4 Climate
5 Economy
5.1 Regional cooperation
6 Education
7 Culture
7.1 Community contact
7.2 Parks and recreation
7.3 Crime and safety
8 Infrastructure
8.1 Healthcare
8.2 Transportation
8.3 BRT system
8.3.1 El Paso Trolley
8.3.2 Airports
8.3.3 International border crossings
9 Gallery
9.1 Pictures of El Paso, Texas
9.2 Pictures of Cd. Juárez, Chihuahua
10 See also
11 References
11.1 Sources
12 External links
Communities[edit]
Juárez is by far the largest city in the region (population 1,500,891 as of 2010). El Paso is the next largest (681,124 as of 2015), and Las Cruces is the third largest (101,643 as of 2015).[8][9]
Some of the major suburbs are Fabens, Texas; Puerto de Anapra, Chihuahua; San Elizario, Texas; Socorro, Texas; Sunland Park, New Mexico.[10] Additionally there are many smaller communities in the area including Anthony, New Mexico; Anthony, Texas; Canutillo, Texas; Chaparral, New Mexico; Horizon City, Texas; Mesilla, New Mexico; Santa Teresa, New Mexico; University Park, New Mexico; Vado, New Mexico; and Westway, Texas.[11]
History[edit]
Further information: History of El Paso, Texas
The Franklin Mountains region has had human settlement for thousands of years, as evidenced by Folsom points from hunter-gatherers found at Hueco Tanks.[12] The earliest known cultures in the region were maize farmers. At the time of the arrival of the Spanish the Manso, Suma, and Jumano tribes populated the area and today form the basis of the Mestizo culture in the area. The Mescalero Apache roamed the region as well.
Spanish explorer Don Juan de Oñate was the first European explorer to arrive at the Rio Grande near modern Juárez and El Paso in 1598, celebrating Thanksgiving Mass there on April 30, 1598 (several decades before the Pilgrims' Thanksgiving).[13] El Paso del Norte (the present-day Ciudad Juárez), was founded on the south bank of the Río Bravo del Norte (Rio Grande) in 1659 by Spanish conquistadors. The Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe became its first major settlement. Being a grassland then, agriculture flourished and vineyards and fruits constituted the bulk of the regional production. The Spanish Crown and the local authorities of El Paso del Norte had made several land concessions to bring agricultural production to the northern bank of the river in present-day El Paso. However, the Apaches dissuaded settlement and development across the river. The water provided a natural defense against them.
The Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe
El Paso became the southernmost locality of the Provincia de Nuevo Mexico (modern New Mexico). It remained largest city in New Mexico until its north side was ceded to the US in 1850. It communicated with Santa Fe and Mexico City by the Royal Road. American spies, traders and fur trappers visited the area since 1804 and some intermarried with the area's Hispanic elite.[14] Although there was no combat in the region during the Mexican War of Independence, El Paso del Norte experienced the negative effects it had on its wine trade.
The Texas Revolution (1836) was not felt in the region as the area was never considered part of Texas until 1848. Given the blurry reclamations of the Texas Republic that wanted a chunk of the Santa Fe trade, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo effectively made the settlements on the north bank of the river a formal American settlement, separate from Old El Paso del Norte on the Mexican side.[14] The present Texas-New Mexico boundary placing El Paso on the Texas side was drawn in the Compromise of 1850.[15]
The communities on both sides of the border continued to function, in large part, as a single community. The United States Senate fixed a boundary between Texas and New Mexico at the thirty-second parallel, thus largely ignoring history and topography. A military post called "The Post opposite El Paso" (meaning opposite El Paso del Norte, across the Rio Grande) was established in 1854. Further west, a settlement on Coons' Rancho called Franklin became the nucleus of the future El Paso, Texas. A year later pioneer Anson Mills completed his plan of the town, calling it El Paso and the town was incorporated in 1873.[16] During the French intervention in Mexico (1862–1867), El Paso del Norte served as a temporary stop for republican forces of rebel leader Benito Juárez until he established his government-in-exile in Chihuahua. In 1888, El Paso del Norte was renamed in honor of Juárez.
Map of El Paso in 1886.
In the later 19th century the population in the region began to grow rapidly. With the arrival of the Southern Pacific, Texas and Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe railroads in 1881, trade with the rest of the U.S. increased substantially. The area attracted newcomers ranging from businessmen and priests, to gunfighters and prostitutes. In the U.S. El Paso became known as the "Six Shooter Capital" because of its lawlessness.[16] Prostitution and gambling flourished. During World War I, the U.S. Department of the Army pressured El Paso authorities to crack down on vice, creating a tourist boom in Juárez whose vice businesses continued to thrive.
Mining and other industries gradually developed in the area. The 1920s and 1930s saw the emergence of major business development in the city partially enabled by Prohibition era bootlegging with the area becoming a significant port of entry for liquor.[16] The Depression era hit the region hard and population declined through the end of World War II. Following the war, military expansion in the area as well as oil discoveries in the Texas Permian Basin helped spur redevelopment in the mid 1900s. Disparities in wages and cost of living between the U.S. and Mexico helped encourage many businesses to establish manufacturing operations in Mexico during the mid 20th century, thus making El Paso–Juárez an attractive location for manufacturing. The signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) helped spur this trend even further.
Geography[edit]
Typical elevation in the El Paso–Juárez region is approximately 4,000 feet (1,200 m) though the Franklin Mountains which run through the region have peaks rising much higher. North Franklin Peak, for example, rises to 7,192 feet (2,192 m).[17]
The most well-known feature of the area is the Rio Grande which divides the U.S. from Mexico. The river flows through the Rio Grande Rift, which passes around the southern end of the Franklin Mountains. West of Juárez and El Paso the river turns away from the border, connecting these cities with Las Cruces, New Mexico.
Mt. Cristo Rey, a volcanic peak (an example of a pluton) rises within the Rio Grande Rift just to the west of El Paso on the New Mexico side of the Rio Grande. Other volcanic features include Kilbourne Hole and Hunt's Hole, which are Maar volcanic craters 30 miles (48 km) west of the Franklin Mountains.
The area lies in the Chihuahuan Desert, which itself is the easternmost section of the Basin and Range Region.
A panoramic view of El Paso–Juárez from the north. The Hueco Mountains can be seen toward the east, and the Juárez mountains of Mexico can be seen to the south (far right of the image).
Climate[edit]
Ciudad Juárez
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0.7
14
0
1
17
2
0.9
20
5
0.4
24
8
0.5
29
12
0.7
32
16
5.5
31
18
4.4
30
17
1.9
29
14
1.1
25
9
1
19
4
1.2
14
1
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [18] (2010-02-18),INEGI, 2006 report
showImperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0
57
32
0
63
36
0
68
41
0
75
46
0
84
54
0
90
61
0.2
88
64
0.2
86
63
0.1
84
57
0
77
48
0
66
39
0
57
34
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
The area has an arid climate because it is located in the Chihuahuan desert. Seasons are less well defined than many areas in the United States. The area experiences hot summers, cool winters and a mild spring and fall. In Juárez the average high is 31 °C (88 °F) with lows of 17 °C (63 °F). The winter high is 14 °C (57 °F) with lows of 1 °C (34 °F).[19] Because of the high altitude the region is cooler than many desert areas in Mexico and the American Southwest. Rainfall is very scarce but it is more prominent in the summer months. Snowfall is not a rare event—it normally snows once or twice every winter.
Economy[edit]
El Paso–Juárez is a major center for manufacturing and international trade. It is one of the largest ports of entry on the U.S./Mexico border.[20] The region is also the second most important trade point on the border and the 16th largest trading center in the U.S.[21][22] In 2000 approximately US$33 billion in trade took place in the region.[21]
As of 2010[update] the region holds offices for more than 70 Fortune 500 companies.[23] It is also home to more than 320 manufacturing plants (those in Juárez are commonly referred to as maquiladoras) and more than 1,100 manufacturing operations total.[21][24] The largest sectors of manufacturing are automobiles and automobile components, and consumer electronic components.[21] Apparel and textile manufacturing, though, are important sectors as well, particularly north of the border.[23] The area employs approximately 262,000 people in manufacturing with 85% of those in Juárez.[24] Many of the workers in Juárez, however, live in the United States.[23]
An important pillar of the economy of El Paso has been Fort Bliss and Biggs Army Airfield. Since frontier days military spending, directly and indirectly, has provided a significant source of money to El Paso and to the region as a whole. As of 2010[update] the economic impact of Fort Bliss is estimated at more than US$1 billion.[23] Fort Bliss is currently planning a US$4.5 billion expansion that will substantially impact the area economy.[24]
Call centers are additionally major employers in El Paso and neighboring communities in the U.S.[23]
A recent development that is expected to create new economic opportunities in the area is the planned creation of a full medical school in El Paso as part of the Texas Tech Health Sciences Center.[24][25]
Regional cooperation[edit]
Though the national boundaries are an important point of separation, efforts at regional planning and economic integration exist in the local governments and the business communities. Regional business advocacy groups such as El Paso Regional Economic Development Corporation and World Trade Center El Paso/Juárez serve to attract businesses to the area and market its benefits.[26] Efforts at community and environmental cooperation including the Paso del Norte Clean Cities Coalition exist as well.[27] As of 2009[update] proposals are being discussed at the regional level to create passenger rail systems connecting El Paso with Juárez.[28]
Education[edit]
The largest universities in the region are the University of Texas at El Paso and the Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez (Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez). These universities have strong ties to each other (as well as to the Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua) with formal programs of exchange for scholars and students.[29] Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso plays a major part in the region because it is one of the few stand alone Medical Schools, where they work closely with Doctors Without Borders. New Mexico State University in Las Cruces is an additional major university in the area.
Other area colleges include Universidad Tecnológica de Ciudad Juárez (Technological University of Ciudad Juárez), Western Technical College-El Paso, and Vista College (El Paso and Las Cruces). El Paso Community College and Doña Ana Community College provide supplemental higher-education opportunities for students in the region.
Culture[edit]
Community contact[edit]
Until the 1920s and 1930s the communities of Juárez and El Paso enjoyed largely unfettered access to one another, maintaining a sense of unity. Prohibition and World War II brought about more strict enforcement of the border in this region, making access between the communities more difficult. Nevertheless, the communities have continued to share ethnic and cultural bonds particularly as economic integration in the later 20th century has re-opened much of the access between the communities. Even today the cities still see themselves as a single, closely tied community.[30]
The violence in Juárez that erupted in 2008–2009 has forced the U.S. to tighten its policies regarding allowing Juárez residents access to El Paso. Tourists, workers, and students who were once allowed regular access across the border have been restricted to much tighter schedules for travel.[31]
Parks and recreation[edit]
The area is home to numerous parks and venues for outdoor recreation. The 24,000-acre (9,700 ha) Franklin Mountains State Park in El Paso is the largest urban park in the United States.[32] Other urban parks in the area include Ascarate Park (El Paso), Parque Central (Juárez), Parque Chamizal (Juárez), Preciado Park (Las Cruces), and Rio Bosque Park (Socorro, TX).
Outside the metropolitan area there are major state and national parks in the vicinity. The most well-known of these is Big Bend National Park, which is adjacent to Big Bend Ranch State Park. Closer to the cities are Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Lincoln National Forest, and Gila National Forest.
Crime and safety[edit]
Chart showing decline in the murder rate. Source: InSightCrime.org
While violent crime has been an increasingly serious issue in Cd. Juárez since the 1990s, El Paso has remained one of the safest large cities in the United States. In January 2014, El Paso was ranked as the safest large city in the United States for the fourth straight year according to the annual City Crime Rankings by CQ Press.[33] El Paso has been in the study's top three large cities with the lowest crime rates since 1997.[34] Though violent crime on the U.S. side of the border has remained very low, murders in Juárez related to the drug cartels began to grow rapidly after 2007. In 2008, officials reported more than 5,400 drug-related murders in Mexico, many in and near Juárez.[35][36] On 20 February 2009, the U.S. State Department announced in an updated travel alert that "Mexican authorities report that more than 1,800 people have been killed in the city since January 2008."[37] CNN listed the city among the ten most dangerous in the world in 2010.[38] The deteriorating situation caused drastic changes in daily life for citizens in Juárez after 2008.
After the homicide rates escalated to the point of making Cd. Juárez the most violent city in the world, the city has seen a significant and steady decline in violent crime since then.[39] In 2012, homicides were at their lowest rate since 2007 when drug violence flared between the Sinaloa cartel and the Juarez Cartel.[40] That trend has continued in 2013 when 497 homicides were reported, the lowest amount since 2007,[41] dropping Ciudad Juárez to the 37th spot of most dangerous cities.[42]
Infrastructure[edit]
Healthcare[edit]
El Paso Children's Hospital at the Medical Center of the Americas
El Paso is the medical hub of West Texas and Southern New Mexico, hosting numerous state-of-the-art medical centers. Some of the city's top hospitals include William Beaumont Army Medical Center, Sierra Medical Center, Las Palmas Medical Center, Del Sol Medical Center, Sierra Providence East Medical Center, El Paso Children's Hospital, and Providence Memorial Hospital. University Medical Center is the only level I trauma center in the region. William Beaumont Army Medical Center will be replaced by a new state of the art $650 million Fort Bliss Replacement Hospital expected to open in 2017.[43]
El Paso is also home to the Medical Center of the Americas, an integrated complex of medical facilities anchored by Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, its primary teaching hospital University Medical Center, the El Paso Psychiatric Center and by the new El Paso Children’s Hospital. It is also site to the Cardwell Collaborative biomedical research park and the Gayle Greve Hunt School of Nursing.
Transportation[edit]
Hotel Bristol and the Union Depot at El Paso, Texas (postcard, circa 1912)
El Paso is served by El Paso International Airport, Amtrak via the historic Union Depot, Interstate 10, US Highway 54 (known locally as "54", the "North-South Freeway" or officially as the Patriot Freeway), Spur 601 (Liberty Expressway), US Highway 180 and US Highway 62 (Montana Avenue), US Highway 85 (Paisano Drive), Loop 375, Loop 478 (Copia Street-Pershing Drive-Dyer Street), numerous Texas Farm-to-Market roads (a class of state highway commonly abbreviated to FM) and the city's original thoroughfare, State Highway 20, the eastern portion of which is known locally as Alameda Avenue (formerly US Highway 80). Texas 20 also includes portions of Texas Avenue in central El Paso, Mesa Street from Downtown to the West Side, and Doniphan Drive on the West Side. Northeast El Paso is connected to West El Paso by Transmountain Road(Loop 375). The city also shares four international bridges and one railbridge with Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. In 2009, El Paso was home to number 52, number 98, and number 100 of the 100 most congested roads in Texas, which are, respectively: North Zaragoza Road between Sun Fire Boulevard and Interstate 10; Lee Trevino Drive between Montana Avenue and Interstate 10; and Interstate 10 between Patriot Freeway and Loop 375.[44]
BRT system[edit]
The ViveBus BRT system opened to the public in November 2013 with the first route of 5 planned. The project was made a reality with the collaboration of the local municipal government, the private enterprise of Integradora de Transporte de Juarez (INTRA) as well as other city government agencies. Studies have shown that the current bus system averages 8 mph while the new system is projected to average 16 mph. The BRT system studies conducted by the Instituto Municipal de Investigacion Y Planeacion project a daily ridership of 40,000.
The first of the 5 routes opened to users in late 2013 and is officially named Presidencia-Tierra Nueva and has 34 stations distributed along the north to south corridor. The route starts at Avenida Francisco Villa, follows north to Eje Vial Norte-Sur then veers left at Zaragoza Blvd. and ends at Avenida Independencia and the elevated Carretera Federal 2.
El Paso Trolley[edit]
Further information: Sun Metro Mass Transit System
The El Paso Trolley is a $90 Million streetcar project slated to run 5.2 miles from Downtown El Paso to UTEP. On June 5, 2012 city council unveiled a new route creating a narrow loop for the future El Paso streetcar route which will use both Oregon and Stanton streets to connect Downtown and the UTEP area. The streetcars will travel north on Oregon Street, turn east at Glory Road/Baltimore, then south on Stanton Street. A downtown loop will travel east on Franklin Avenue, south on Kansas Street, west on Father Rahm, and north on Santa Fe Street.[45]
Airports[edit]
Airport Security Concourse at the El Paso International Airport
El Paso International Airport
El Paso International Airport, a public airport four miles northeast of downtown El Paso, has 15 gates on two concourses and is served by eight airlines and 10 direct destinations. In 2010, there were 3,065,393 commercial passengers.
Abraham González International Airport
Abraham Gonzalez International Airport is located in the southern end of Cd. Juarez. It accommodates national and international air traffic of the city of Ciudad Juárez. In 2011, Abraham González International Airport handled 673,364 passengers, and in 2012 it handled 699,394 passengers.
In 2013, Volaris initiated over 25 weekly flights departing Ciudad Juarez.[46]
Biggs Army Airfield
Horizon Airport
Dona Ana Airport
Tunnel below the Paso Del Norte Bridge
International border crossings[edit]
The first bridge to cross the Rio Grande at El Paso del Norte was built in the time of Nueva España, over 250 years ago, from wood hauled in from Santa Fe.[47] Today, this bridge is honored by the modern Santa Fe Street Bridge, and Santa Fe Street in downtown El Paso.
Several bridges serve the El Paso–Ciudad Juárez area in addition to the Paso Del Norte Bridge also known as the Santa Fe Street Bridge, including the Bridge of the Americas, Stanton Street Bridge, and the Ysleta Bridge also known as the Zaragoza Bridge.
There is also a land crossing at nearby Santa Teresa, New Mexico, and the Fabens-Caseta International Bridge in nearby Fabens, Texas.
Gallery[edit]
Pictures of El Paso, Texas[edit]
Ysleta Mission constructed in 1680 by the Spanish
The Cathedral of Saint Patrick built in 1916
Rio Grande in El Paso's upper valley
Franklin Mountains
North Franklin Mountain
Asia exhibit entrance at the El Paso Zoo
Pictures of Cd. Juárez, Chihuahua[edit]
Juárez mission and cathedral at night, constructed by the Spanish in 1659
Benito Juárez monument located in central Juárez
View of the Plaza De La Mexicanidad in north central Juárez
Lake view from Parque Central
Sand dunes of Samalayuca
See also[edit]
Transborder agglomeration
San Diego–Tijuana
Laredo-Nuevo Laredo
Reynosa–McAllen Metropolitan Area
Matamoros–Brownsville Metropolitan Area
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Borderplex Alliance –". El Paso Regional Economic Development Corporation. 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
Jump up ^ Bean, Frank D.; Chanove, Roland; Cushing, Robert G.; Garza, Rodolfo de la; Freeman, Gary P.; Haynes, Charles W.; Spener, David (July 1994). "Illegal Mexican Migration & the United States/Mexico Border: The Effects of Operation Hold the Line on El Paso/Juárez" (PDF). Population Research Center: The University of Texas at Austin. p. 7.
"Pharmacy". Texas Alcalde. The University of Texas. 87 (5): 24. May 1999.
Let's Go (2003), p. 447.
Jump up ^ "El Paso-Juarez-Las Cruces Binational Health Council (BHC)". Texas Department of State Health Services. Retrieved 24 Feb 2010.
"About The Region". El Paso Regional Economic Development Corporation. Retrieved 24 Feb 2010.
"El Paso–Cd. Juárez–Las Cruces". Pan-American Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2010-03-16. Retrieved 24 Feb 2010.
Michie (1992)
Jump up ^ "El Paso–Juárez–Las Cruces" (PDF). elpasotexas.gov. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "2 Cities and 4 Bridges Where Commerce Flows". The New York Times. March 28, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 411 – Fascinating Facts". Guest Life: El Paso/Juarez and Southern New Mexico. Retrieved 17 Feb 2010.
Jump up ^ "2 Cities and 4 Bridges Where Commerce Flows –". The New York Times. March 28, 2007. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2008 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2010-02-09. Retrieved 18 Feb 2010.
Jump up ^ "Table 4: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in New Mexico, Listed Alphabetically: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 (SUB-EST2008-04-35)". US Census Bureau, Population Division. 2009-07-01. Archived from the original on 2009-07-07. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
Jump up ^ Sandau-Beckler, Pat (2003). "El Paso County Familias Primero: Family Group Conferencing 2003 Project Evaluation" (PDF). American Humane Association. p. 2. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Press Releases: January 2009 – Posts". El Paso County, Texas. January 2009.
"Dona Ana County". Archived from the original on 2009-02-01.
Jump up ^ "Hueco Tanks". Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Archived from the original on 2007-11-22.
Jump up ^ Leon C. Metz (1993). El Paso Chronicles: A Record of Historical Events in El Paso, Texas. El Paso: Mangan Press. ISBN 0-930208-32-3.
^ Jump up to: a b El Paso, A Borderlands History, by W.H. Timmons, pp. 74, 75
Jump up ^ Griffin, Roger A.: Compromise of 1850 from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 18 Feb 2010. Texas State Historical Association.
^ Jump up to: a b c El Paso, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online
Jump up ^ Baird, David; Peterson, Eric; Schlecht, Neil E. (2007). Frommer's Texas. Frommer's. p. 348. ISBN 9780470082980.
Jump up ^ "MSN Weather UK | Today's UK weather forecast and world weather". Weather.uk.msn.com. 2017-02-01. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
Jump up ^ "Weather Averages: Ciudad Juárez, Mex". MSN. Retrieved 18 Feb 2010.
Jump up ^ Schmandt, Jurgen (1990). The New urban infrastructure: cities and telecommunications. New York: Praeger Publishers. p. 55. ISBN 0-275-93591-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "About". World Trade Center El Paso/Juárez. Archived from the original on 2010-04-23. Retrieved 18 Feb 2010.
Jump up ^ "Maquiladora Industry". El Paso Regional Economic Development Corporation. Retrieved 18 Feb 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "El Paso: Economy". Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 24 Feb 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cook, Bob (7 Oct 2009). "Manufacturing in the El Paso/Juarez Region: The electronics and medical device sectors are growing quickly in this region despite safety concerns". Industry Week.
Jump up ^ "El Paso Campus". Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center. Retrieved 24 Feb 2010.
Jump up ^ "El Paso Regional economic Development Corporation". El Paso Regional Economic Development Corporation. Retrieved 25 Feb 2010.
"World Trade Center El Paso/Juárez". World Trade Center El Paso/Juárez. Retrieved 25 Feb 2010. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Paso del Norte Clean Cities Coalition" (PDF). Paso del Norte Clean Cities Coalition. Retrieved 25 Feb 2010.
Jump up ^ Daniels, Bruce (30 September 2009). "Juarez, El Paso Agree To Work on Rail Connection". Albuquerque Journal.
"New Mexico Rail Passenger Study". ATR Institute. Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 25 Feb 2010.
Jump up ^ Randall (1995), p. 162.
Jump up ^ Hidalgo (1984), p. 3.
Jump up ^ Grinberg, Emanuella (20 May 2009). "El Paso school a haven along violent border". CNN.
Jump up ^ "Franklin Mountains State Park" (PDF). Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Retrieved 18 Feb 2010.
Jump up ^ "City Crime Rankings 2014 –". CQ Press. 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-01-08. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Body count starts anew in Mexico after record 2008 toll". CNN. January 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Latin American Herald Tribune - November Was Mexico's Bloodiest Month of Calderon Presidency". www.laht.com.
Jump up ^ "Travel Alert". U.S. Department of State. 2009-02-20. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
Jump up ^ Kermeliotis, Teo (10 April 2010). "The world's most dangerous cities?". CNN.
Jump up ^ "Juarez shedding violent image, statistics show". CNN. 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
Jump up ^ Booth, William (August 20, 2012). "In Mexico's Murder City the war appears over". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Homicide rates in Juarez dropping but do residents feel safer?". KVIA. 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
Jump up ^ "Juarez falls to No.37 on world's most violent cities list". El Paso Times. 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-01-17. Retrieved 2014-01-16.
Jump up ^ "New $1B Beaumont Hospital, EPCC Add to Ft. Bliss Expansion -". El Paso Developmental News. August 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Texas' Most Congested Roads". www.texastribune.org. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
Jump up ^ "Council Chooses Streetcar Route -". El Paso Developmental News. June 6, 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Inicia Volaris operaciones en Ciudad Juárez - INFO7".
Jump up ^ Paul Horgan, Great River: The Rio Grande in North American History. Volume 1, Indians and Spain. Vol. 2, Mexico and the United States. 2 Vols. in 1, 1038 pages – Wesleyan University Press 1991, 4th Reprint, ISBN 0-8195-6251-3
Sources[edit]
Grassley, Charles E., ed. (1996). Threat To U.s. Trade And Finance From Drug Trafficking And International Organized Crime: Hearing Before The Committee On Finance, U.s. Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7881-8145-0.
Hidalgo, Margarita Guadalupe Hidalgo (1984). Language attitudes and language use in Cd. Juarez, Mexico. Center for Inter-American and Border Studies at the University of Texas at El Paso.
Let's Go Inc. (2003). Let's Go Southwest USA Adventure (3rd ed.). MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-312-31998-4.
Michie, Donald A. (1992). El Paso, Juarez and Las Cruces Fact Book. El Paso, TX: The University of Texas at El Paso. Institute for Manufacturing and Materials Management.
Randall, Stephen J.; Konrad, Herman W. (1995). NAFTA in transition. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary Press. ISBN 978-1-895176-63-6.
External links[edit]
El Paso Regional Economic Development Corporation
show
v
t
e
State of Texas
Austin (capital)
Topics
Architecture
Climate
Cuisine
Geography
Government
Healthcare
History
Languages
Law
Literature
Media
Newspapers
Radio
TV
National Historic Landmarks
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks
National Register of Historic Places Sites
Sports
Symbols
Texans
Tourist attractions
Transportation
Seal of Texas
Society
Culture
Crime
Demographics
Economy
Education
Gambling
Politics
Regions
Ark‑La‑Tex
Big Bend
Blackland Prairies
Brazos Valley
Central Texas
Coastal Bend
Concho Valley
Cross Timbers
Deep East Texas
East Texas
Edwards Plateau
Golden Triangle
Hill Country
Llano Estacado
Northeast Texas
North Texas
Osage Plains
Panhandle
Permian Basin
Piney Woods
Rio Grande Valley
Southeast Texas
South Plains
South Texas
Texoma
Trans-Pecos
West Texas
Metropolitan
areas
Abilene
Amarillo
Austin–Round Rock
Beaumont–Port Arthur
Brownsville–Harlingen
College Station–Bryan
Corpus Christi
Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington
El Paso
Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land
Killeen–Temple
Laredo
Longview
Lubbock
McAllen–Edinburg–Mission
Midland
Odessa
San Angelo
San Antonio–New Braunfels
Sherman–Denison
Texarkana
Tyler
Victoria
Waco
Wichita Falls
Counties
See: List of counties in Texas
show
v
t
e
State of New Mexico
Santa Fe (capital)
Topics
Index
Census-designated places
Cuisine
Bizcochito
Chile
Culture
Delegations
Geography
Government
History
Nuevo México
Territory
Landmarks
Military
National Guard
Civil War
World War II
Music
New Mexico music
New Mexicans
Hispanos
Pueblos and Tribes
Paleontology
Symbols
Tourist attractions
Transportation
Seal of New Mexico
Society
Crime
Demographics
Economy
Education
Politics
Regions
Apachian zone
Central New Mexico
Chicoma Mountain
Chihuahuan Desert
Colorado Plateau
Eastern New Mexico
Llano Estacado
Manzano Mountains
Mogollon Plateau
Northern New Mexico
Permian Basin
Rio Grande
Rocky Mountains
San Juan Basin
San Luis Valley
Sandia Mountains
Shortgrass prairie
Sangre de Cristo Mountains
Wheeler Peak (highest point)
Southwestern New Mexico
Cities
Alamogordo
Albuquerque (Metropolitan Area)
Artesia
Carlsbad
Clovis
Corrales
Deming
Española
Farmington
Gallup
Grants
Hobbs
Las Cruces
Las Vegas
Los Alamos
Los Lunas
Lovington
Portales
Raton
Rio Rancho
Roswell
Ruidoso
Santa Fe
Silver City
Socorro
Sunland Park
Taos
Tucumcari
Counties
See: List of counties in New Mexico
Bernalillo
Catron
Chaves
Cibola
Colfax
Curry
De Baca
Doña Ana
Eddy
Grant
Guadalupe
Harding
Hidalgo
Lea
Lincoln
Los Alamos
Luna
McKinley
Mora
Otero
Quay
Rio Arriba
Roosevelt
San Juan
San Miguel
Sandoval
Santa Fe
Sierra
Socorro
Taos
Torrance
Union
Valencia
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Paso–Juárez&oldid=856214914"
Categories:
Twin cities
Ciudad Juárez
Geography of El Paso, Texas
Las Cruces, New Mexico
Metropolitan areas of Mexico
Metropolitan areas of Texas
Binational metropolitan areas
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from December 2016
Articles with permanently dead external links
Articles with dead external links from September 2017
Articles with dead external links from July 2018
Articles with short description
Coordinates on Wikidata
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 August 2018, at 17:29 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: class style

values: shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux

value: span

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Metropolitan_Area
mw-redirect
Metropolitan Area

values:
/wiki/File:ElPaso-Juarez-EO.jpg
image
Satellite view of El Paso–Juárez

values: El Paso–Juárez Metropolitan Area is located in the US

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
/wiki/Mountain_Standard_Time
mw-redirect
Mountain Standard Time

values:
/wiki/Mountain_Daylight_Time
mw-redirect
Mountain Daylight Time

values:
/wiki/Ju%C3%A1rez_Metropolitan_Area
mw-redirect
Juárez Metropolitan Area

values:
/wiki/Greater_El_Paso
mw-redirect
Greater El Paso

values:
/wiki/Greater_Las_Cruces
mw-redirect
Greater Las Cruces

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Puerto de Anapra, Chihuahua (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Mescalero_Apache
mw-redirect
Mescalero Apache

values:
/wiki/Don_Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate
mw-redirect
Don Juan de Oñate

values:
/wiki/French_intervention_in_Mexico
mw-redirect
French intervention in Mexico

values:
/wiki/Chihuahua,_Chihuahua
mw-redirect
Chihuahua, Chihuahua

values:
/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad
mw-redirect
Southern Pacific Railroad

values:
/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe
mw-redirect
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe

values:
/wiki/Department_of_the_Army
mw-redirect
Department of the Army

values:
/wiki/Prohibition_era
mw-redirect
Prohibition era

values:
/wiki/Depression_era
mw-redirect
Depression era

values:
/wiki/North_Franklin_Peak
mw-redirect
North Franklin Peak

values:
/wiki/Rio_Grande_Rift
mw-redirect
Rio Grande Rift

values:
/wiki/Hunt%27s_Hole
mw-redirect
Hunt's Hole

values:
/wiki/Maar_volcanic_crater
mw-redirect
Maar volcanic crater

values:
/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Region
mw-redirect
Basin and Range Region

values: margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; overflow:hidden; width:auto; max-width:2008px;

values: Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart

values: padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; color: red

values: padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; color: blue

values: padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em

values: width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%

values: infobox collapsible collapsed mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver

values:
/wiki/Arid_climate
mw-redirect
Arid climate

values:
/wiki/American_Southwest
mw-redirect
American Southwest

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values: Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso Campus

values: Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso

values:
/wiki/Medical_School
mw-redirect
Medical School

values:
/wiki/Doctors_Without_Borders
mw-redirect
Doctors Without Borders

values:
/wiki/Big_Bend_Ranch_State_Park_(Texas)
mw-redirect
Big Bend Ranch State Park (Texas)

values:
/wiki/Sinaloa_cartel
mw-redirect
Sinaloa cartel

values:
/wiki/Juarez_Cartel
mw-redirect
Juarez Cartel

values:
nofollow
http://elpasochildrens.org//
external text

values: University Medical Center (El Paso, Texas)

values:
/wiki/Level_I_trauma_center
mw-redirect
Level I trauma center

values:
nofollow
http://hmjvftbliss.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.mcamericas.org//
external text

values:
nofollow
http://mcamericas.org/tech-park//
external text

values:
/wiki/Texas_Tech_Health_Sciences_Center
mw-redirect
Texas Tech Health Sciences Center

values:
/wiki/Interstate_10_(Texas)
mw-redirect
Interstate 10 (Texas)

values:
/wiki/U.S._Highway_54_(Texas)
mw-redirect
U.S. Highway 54 (Texas)

values:
/wiki/Spur_601_(Texas)
mw-redirect
Spur 601 (Texas)

values:
/wiki/U.S._Highway_180_(Texas)
mw-redirect
U.S. Highway 180 (Texas)

values:
/wiki/U.S._Highway_62_(Texas)
mw-redirect
U.S. Highway 62 (Texas)

values:
/wiki/U.S._Highway_85_(Texas)
mw-redirect
U.S. Highway 85 (Texas)

values:
/wiki/Loop_375_(Texas)
mw-redirect
Loop 375 (Texas)

values:
/wiki/State_Highway_20_(Texas)
mw-redirect
State Highway 20 (Texas)

values:
/wiki/U.S._Highway_80_(Texas)
mw-redirect
U.S. Highway 80 (Texas)

values:
/wiki/Transmountain_Road
mw-redirect
Transmountain Road

values:
/wiki/Sun_Metro_Mass_Transit_System
mw-redirect
Sun Metro Mass Transit System

values:
/wiki/Air_traffic
mw-redirect
Air traffic

values:
nofollow
http://donaanacounty.org/works/airport/
external text

values: Edit section: International border crossings

values:
/wiki/Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a
mw-redirect
Nueva España

values: Bridge of the Americas (El Paso – Ciudad Juárez)

values: Edit section: Pictures of El Paso, Texas

values: Cathedral Church of Saint Patrick in El Paso

values: Edit section: Pictures of Cd. Juárez, Chihuahua

values:
/wiki/Laredo-Nuevo_Laredo
mw-redirect
Laredo-Nuevo Laredo

values:
nofollow
http://www.elpasoredco.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.ttuhsc.edu/elpaso/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.wtcinternational.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.elpasoredco.org

values: List of National Historic Landmarks in Texas

values: List of Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: List of census-designated places in New Mexico

values: United States congressional delegations from New Mexico

values: Category:Native American tribes in New Mexico

values: Category:Tourist attractions in New Mexico

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2016

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2017

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2018

values: Category:Articles with short description

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/El_Paso%E2%80%93Ju%C3%A1rez
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Zona metropolitana de Juárez y El Paso – Spanish

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-El_Paso–Juárez rootpage-El_Paso–Juárez skin-vector action-view