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History of Nokia
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Nokia is a Finnish multinational corporation founded on the 12 May 1865 as a single paper mill operation. Through the 19th century the company expanded, branching into several different products. In 1967, the Nokia corporation was formed. In the late 20th century, the company took advantage of the increasing popularity of computer and mobile phones. However, increased competition and other market forces caused changes in Nokia's business arrangements. In 2014, Nokias mobile phone business was sold to Microsoft.
Contents
[hide]
1 19th century
2 20th century
3 Nokia corporation
3.1 Network equipment
3.2 Mobile radio telephony
3.3 Nordic mobile telephone (1G)
3.4 Global system for mobile communications (2G)
3.5 Personal computers
3.6 Telecommunications
4 21st century
4.1 Symbian OS
4.2 Linux devices
4.3 Reorganizations
4.4 Acquisitions
4.5 Loss of smartphone market share
4.6 Partnership with Microsoft
4.7 Sale of mobile phone business to Microsoft
4.8 Sale of licenses
4.9 Alcatel-Lucent
4.10 Foxconn and HMD Global
5 References
19th century[edit]
Fredrik Idestam, co-founder of Nokia.
Leo Mechelin, co-founder of Nokia.
The name "Nokia" is derived from the town, Nokia and the Nokianvirta river. The commercial entities that preceded the modern day Nokia company included Nokia Ab (Nokia company); Suomen Gummitehdas Oy (Finnish Rubber Works Ltd); and Suomen Kaapelitehdas Oy (Finnish Cable Works Ltd).[1]
In 1865, the mining engineer, Fredrik Idestam established a ground wood pulp mill on the banks of the Tammerkoski rapids in the town of Tampere, in southwestern Finland. Tampere was then part of the Russian Empire.[1] In 1868, Idestam built a second mill near the town of Nokia. Nokia lies 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) west of Tampere, by the Nokianvirta river. The river had better hydropower resources than those at Tampere.[2] In 1871, Idestam and Leo Mechelin, a statesman and Idestam's friend, transformed Idestam's enterprises into a public limited company called Nokia Ab.[2]
In the late 1800s, Mechelin wanted to expand the company into the electricity business. However, Idestam refused. In 1896, Idestam retired and Mechelin become the company's chairman. He remained chairman from 1898 to 1914. During this time, Mechelin persuaded shareholders to allow the company to enter the electricity business.[2] In 1902, Nokia commenced electricity generation.[1]
20th century[edit]
Portrait of Eduard Polón by Eero Järnefelt.
Eduard Polón (1861 – 1930), was a Finnish business leader.[3] In 1898, Polón founded Suomen Gummitehdas Oy (Finnish Rubber Works) - a manufacturer of galoshes and other rubber products.[1] In the early 1900s, the Finnish Rubber Works established factories near Nokia and used the town's name in the company's branding.[4]
After World War I, the Nokia Company was nearing bankruptcy and was acquired by the Finnish Rubber Works.[5]
In 1922, the Finnish Rubber Works also acquired the Suomen Kaapelitehdas Oy (Finnish Cable Works). The cable works had been founded in 1912 by Arvid Wickström. His company produced telephone, telegraph, and electrical cables.[1][6]
In 1937, after 16 years as a technical director, Verner Weckman became the president of the Finnish Cable Works company. Weckman was a wrestler and was Finland's first Olympic Gold medallist.[7] After World War II, Finnish Cable Works supplied cables to the Soviet Union as part of its war reparations. This gave the company a foothold for later trade.[7]
Although the three companies, (Nokia Ab, Suomen Gummitehdas, and Suomen Kaapelitehdas) were not merged in the legal sense, Polón had created a viable group. Polón was the chairman, managing director, and the largest share holder of the group for 30 years.[citation needed]
Nokia corporation[edit]
A capacitor made by Nokia Capacitors
In 1967, Nokia Corporation was formed through the merger of the three companies.[8] The new company manufactured products including paper items, car and bicycle tires, rubber boots, communications cables, televisions and other consumer electronics, personal computers, generators, robotics,[9] capacitors, Military technology and equipment (such as the SANLA M/90 device and the M61 gas mask for the Finnish Army), plastics, aluminum and chemicals.[10][11]
In 1960, a cable division of the Nokia group had been formed. In 1962, it produced a pulse height analyzer used in nuclear power plants.[11] In 1967, an electronics division within the Nokia corporation was formed. It operated for the next fifteen years, sometimes at a loss. Nokia researchers were encouraged to develop their own projects. This may have contributed to Nokia's focus on mobile phone technologies.[12]
Network equipment[edit]
In the 1970s, Nokia produced the Nokia DX 200, a digital switch for telephone exchanges. The DX 200 became the workhorse of the network equipment division. Its architecture allowed it to be further developed into other switching products.[13] For example, in 1984, the development of an exchange for the Nordic Mobile Telephony network was begun.[14] The network equipment division was merged with a Finnish State entity to form "Telefenno". In 1987, the state sold its shares in Telefenno to Nokia and in 1992, the name was changed to Nokia Telecommunications.[15]
In 1998, the Israeli multinational company, Check Point which was founded in 1993, established a partnership with Nokia. Check Point's software was bundled with Nokia's network security tools.[16]
Mobile radio telephony[edit]
Prior to cellular mobile telephony, there was mobile radio telephony. In the 1960s, Nokia had started producing commercial and military mobile radio telephones. From 1964, Nokia had developed VHF radios in collaboration with Salora Oy. From 1966, Nokia and Salora had developed ARPs (Autoradiopuhelin or radio car phones). In 1971, this technology became the first commercially available mobile phone network in Finland and in 1978, it offered 100 percent coverage in Finland.[17] In the 1970s and 1980s, Nokia developed the Sanomalaitejärjestelmä (messaging system), a digital, portable and encrypted text-based communications device for the Finnish Defence Forces.[18]
Nordic mobile telephone (1G)[edit]
The Mobira Cityman 150, Nokia's NMT-900 mobile phone from 1989 (left), compared to the Nokia 1100 , a GSM phone from 2003.[19][20]
In 1979, the merger of Nokia and Salora resulted in the establishment of "Mobira Oy". Mobira developed mobile phones for the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) network, called the "1G" and was the first fully automatic cellular phone system. It became commercially available in 1981.[21] In 1982, Mobira introduced its first car phone, the "Mobira Senator" for NMT – 450 networks.[21]
In 1984, Nokia purchased Salora. Nokia's telecommunications division was renamed "Nokia-Mobira Oy". In the same year, the "Mobira Talkman", an early portable phone was launched. In 1987, Nokia introduced its first mobile phone, the "Mobira Cityman 900" for NMT– 900 networks. In comparison to the NMT – 450 network, there was a better signal strength but less coverage. While the Mobira Senator of 1982 had weighed 9.8 kg (22 lb) and the Talkman just under 5 kg (11 lb), the Mobira Cityman weighed only 800 g (28 oz) including its battery. The phone, which was considered expensive, became an item indicating a high status.[10]
In 1987, the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev was seen using a Mobira Cityman in Helsinki. The phone developed the nickname, the "Gorba".[20] In 1989, Nokia-Mobira Oy was renamed "Nokia Mobile Phones".
Global system for mobile communications (2G)[edit]
Nokia contributed to the development of the GSM 2G.[22] It was able to carry data (computing) as well as voice traffic. Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) was an early provider of international roaming. In 1987, GSM 2G became the new European standard for digital mobile technology.[23][24]
In 1989, Nokia delivered its first GSM network to the Finnish operator Radiolinja.[25] On 1 July 1991, in Helsinki, the first telephone call on the GSM G2 network was made by Harri Holkeri, the Prime Minister of Finland. He used a prototype Nokia GSM phone to make the call.[25] In 1992, the first GSM phone, the Nokia 1011, was made commercially available.[25][26] The model number, "1011" refers to its launch date on 10 November 1992.[26] In 1994, a branding ringtone, the Nokia tune, was included with the Nokia 2100 series.[27]
The GSM 2G network and mobile phones provided improved voice calls, international roaming and support for new services such as text messaging (Short Message Service (SMS)).[25] In 2008, the GSM 2G network had approximately 3 billion users. There were at least 700 mobile phone commercial providers in 218 nations or territories. There were 15 mobile phone connections per second and 1.3 million mobile phone connections per day.[28]
Personal computers[edit]
The Nokia Booklet 3G mini laptop.
In the 1980s, Nokia's computer division "Nokia Data" produced a series of personal computers called the "MikroMikko".[29] It was aimed at the business market. MikroMikko 1, was released on 29 September 1981.[30] Its competitor was the IBM personal computer. In 1991, Nokia Data was sold to a British company, International Computers Limited (ICL).[31]
Nokia produced Cathode ray tubes (CRT) and thin film transistor liquid crystal displays (|TFT LCDs) for personal computers and other applications. In 2000, Nokia sold its display products division to ViewSonic.[32] However, in August 2009, Nokia released the Nokia Booklet 3G mini laptop which it continued for a short time.[33] Other abandoned Nokia products include DSL modems and digital set-top boxes.
Telecommunications[edit]
In the 1980s under the chief executive officer (CEO) Kari Kairamo, Nokia expanded, mostly through acquisitions. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, however, Nokia corporation experienced financial difficulties. Losses were made in the television manufacturing division.[34] In 1988, Nokian Tyres became a separate entity.[35] Nokia's paper division was sold in 1989. In 1990, Nokian Footwear was a separate entity.[4]. During the rest of the 1990s, Nokia divested itself of all other businesses.[36]
In 1988, Kairamo committed suicide. Following his death, Simo Vuorilehto became Nokia's chairman and CEO. From 1990 to 1993, Finland was in recession.[37] Vuorilehto made major changes to the Nokia corporation. The telecommunications division was stream-lined. The television and personal computing divisions were sold.[38]
In 1992, Jorma Ollila became CEO. He made telecommunications Nokia's sole concern.[36] International sales increased relative to those in Finland.[39][36] By the mid 1990s, Nokia's supply of mobile telephones could not meet demand.[40] Changes to Nokia's supply chain were made.[41] Between 1996 and 2001, Nokia's revenue increased from 6.5 billion euros to 31 billion euros and between 1998 and 2012, Nokia was the world's largest mobile phone manufacturer.[39] Nokia's logistics and economies of scale advantaged the company.[42]
21st century[edit]
Reduction in size of Nokia mobile phones. Left to right: Nokia 638 (1996; 19.06 cm height), Nokia 2160 EFR (1996; 16.42 cm), Nokia 5160 (1998; 14.84 cm), Nokia 6070 (2006; 10.5 cm)
In 2000, Nokia launched the Nokia 3310. In 2003, the Nokia 1100 handset was launched.[19] Nokia combined a video game console and a mobile phone in the "N-Gage".[43]
In April 2008, Nokia Productions started a mobile movie-making project. The movie which was presented at the Nokia Theater Los Angeles on 14 October 2008 was directed by Spike Lee. It was approximately 15 minutes long and comprised short segments made on phones contributed by the public. The theme of the movie was "humanity".[44][45]
In 2009, Nokia reentered the personal computing market. Its product, the Nokia Booklet 3G was a Windows-based netbook.[33] The company also entered the smartphone market.[46][47][48] The Series 40 was a phone platform used in feature phones, mainly running Java-based applications.[49][not in citation given]
Nokia acquired Smarterphone, a company making the Smarterphone OS for "low end" phones and merged it with Series 40 to form the Asha Platform, which also used some user interface characteristics from Nokia's MeeGo platform.[citation needed] The Asha 501 used this new operating system.[50] The Series 40 was discontinued in late 2014.
Symbian OS[edit]
Until 2011, Symbian was Nokia's main smartphone operating system. The devices using the Symbian operating system included the Nokia 7650, Nokia N-Gage, Nokia 6600, Nokia 7610, Nokia 6630, Nokia N90, Nokia N95, Nokia N82, Nokia E71, Nokia 5800 XpressMusic, Nokia N97, Nokia X6 and the Nokia N8. The 2012 Nokia 808 PureView had a 41-megapixel camera. It was the last phone using the Symbian platform.[51]
Nokia 6600 (2003) with a VGA camera, Bluetooth and expandable memory.
Nokia N73 (2006) with 3G and a front camera.
Nokia N95 (2007) with a 5-megapixel camera and sliding multimedia keys.
Nokia E71 (2008) with a QWERTY keyboard.
Nokia 5800 XpressMusic (2008), with a full touchscreen.
Nokia N8 (2010) the first Symbian^3 device, and the first to feature a 12-megapixel autofocus lens. (Symbian^3/Anna/Belle)
Nokia 808 PureView (2012) with a 41-megapixel camera and a 1.3 GHz CPU.
Linux devices[edit]
Nokia's first Linux devices were the Nokia Internet tablets and the Nokia N900, which ran the Debian-based Maemo.[52] The Maemo project merged with Intel's Moblin to create MeeGo.[53] The Nokia N9 was released before MeeGo was abandoned in favour of Windows Phone.[54] The final products using Linux were the Nokia X series which had an Android operating system.[55]
Reorganizations[edit]
On 5 May 2000, Nokia opened a mobile phone factory in Komárom, Hungary.[56]
In April 2003, difficulties in Nokia's division of network equipment led to restructuring and layoffs.[57] Nokia's public image in Finland was diminished.[58][59] litigation was brought against Nokia and a critical documentary television program was broadcast.[60]
In June 2006, CEO of Nokia Jorma Ollila, resigned and became the chairman of Royal Dutch Shell[61] Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo was the new CEO.[62]
In March 2007, Nokia signed an agreement with Cluj County Council, Romania to open a plant near the city in Jucu commune.[63][64] Moving the production from the Bochum, Germany factory to a low wage country created an uproar in Germany.[65][66]
In 2008, Nokia ceased its mobile phone distribution in Japan.[67] In 2009, Check Point purchased Nokia's network security division.[68]
In February 2012, Nokia announced that 4,000 employees would be dismissed. This was to allow its manufacturing centres to move from Europe and Mexico to Asia.[69] In March 2012, Nokia dismissed 1,000 employees at its Salo, Finland factory.[70] In June 2012, research facilities in Ulm, Germany and Burnaby, Canada closed. By the end of 2013, 10,000 employees had been dismissed.[71] In January 2013, Nokia dismissed 1,000 employees from its internet technology, production and logistics divisions.[72]
Acquisitions[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of acquisitions by Nokia.
On 22 September 2003, Nokia acquired "Sega.com", a branch of Sega in order to develop the N-Gage device.[73] On 10 February 2006, Nokia purchased the Intellisync Corporation, a provider of data and Personal information management (PIM) synchronization software.[74][75]
On 19 June 2006, Nokia and Siemens AG announced the merger of their mobile and fixed-line phone network equipment businesses with equal holdings. This created the entity "Nokia Siemens Networks" located in Espoo, Finland.[76] Approximately 20,000 Nokia employees were employed by the new company. On 8 August 2006, Nokia purchased the online music distributor "Loudeye Corporation" for approximately US $60 million.[77][78]
In July 2007, Nokia purchased the media sharing service "Twango".[79][80] In September 2007, Nokia purchased "Enpocket", a supplier of mobile advertising technology and services.[81] On 10 July 2008, Nokia purchased "Navteq", a U.S. based supplier of digital mapping data, for $8.1 billion.[82][83][84]
In September 2008, Nokia purchased "OZ Communications" of Montreal, Canada. OZ was a private company with approximately 220 employees.[85]
On 5 August 2009, Nokia purchased some of the assets belonging to "Cellity", a privately owned mobile software company.[86][87] In September 2009, Nokia purchased some of the assets belonging to "Plum Ventures corporation" to complement Nokia's social location services.[88]
In March 2010, Nokia purchased "Novarra", a mobile web browser firm.[89] In April 2010, Nokia acquired MetaCarta, a local search technology firm.[90] In 2012, Nokia purchased "Smarterphone", a feature phone operating system developer, and the imaging company Scalado.[91][92]
Loss of smartphone market share[edit]
Apple's iPhone (2007) did not immediately outsell the Nokia smartphones such as the Nokia N95.[93] At the end of the 2007 financial year, Symbian had 62.5 percent of the market share while Microsoft's Windows Mobile had 11.9 percent and BlackBerry (RIM) had 10.9 percent. However, at the end of the 2008 financial year, Nokia's market share had fallen to 40.8 percent.[94] The Nokia N96, the Nokia 5800 XpressMusic and the Nokia E71 did not compete against Apple's iPhone 3G.[95] On 24 June 2008, Nokia bought the Symbian operating system and in 2009, made it open source.[96]
In early 2009, Nokia released several devices such as the Nokia N97, a touchscreen device with a landscape QWERTY slider keyboard that was focused on social networking which received mixed reviews and the Nokia E52 which received positive reviews.[97][98] At the end of the 2008 financial year, Symbian's market share was 52.4 percent and at the same time in 2009, it was 46.1 percent with the loss going to Blackberry, iOS and Android.[99]
In 2010, the commercial pressure on Nokia increased.[100] Original equipment manufacturers such as Samsung Electronics and Sony Ericsson chose to make Android based smartphones, not Symbian based smartphones.[101] Nokia developed "Symbian^3" to replace the S60 platform but it never became popular.[102] At the end of the 2010 financial year, Symbian's market share was 32 percent while Android's was 30 percent.[103] Despite losing market share, Nokia's smartphones were profitable. sales in 2010 steadily increased quarter by quarter.[104] In the last quarter of 2010, Nokia sold 4 million N8 smartphones.[105]
In February 2010, Nokia and Intel announced "MeeGo". MeeGo was a merger of their Linux based Maemo and Moblin projects. The project aimed to create one mobile operating system suitable for many types of device including tablets and smartphones.[106][107] Nokia planned to use MeeGo on its smartphones. This was only achieved on the Nokia N9 (2011).[108]
In February 2011, Elop wrote to his employees. He said Nokia was on a "burning platform". Elop said the "war of ecosystems" (software ecosystem) between iOS and Android was part of Nokia's commercial difficulties.[109]
Partnership with Microsoft[edit]
Market share of Symbian, Windows Mobile and Windows Phone 7 among US smartphone owners from Q1 2011 to Q2 2012 according to Nielsen Company.
In February 2011, Stephen Elop and Microsoft's CEO Steve Ballmer formed a business partnership. (Elop had worked at Microsoft.) Nokia adopted Windows Phone as the operating system on its smartphones and accessed the Bing search engine for its devices. The "Here" Nokia maps software was integrated into Microsoft's "Bing" mapping services.[108][108][109][110][111][112][111]
In June 2011, Apple was making more smartphones than Nokia and a successful partnership with Microsoft became imperative for Nokia's business.[113][114] In September 2011, Nokia dismissed 3,500 employees and closed its factory in Cluj, Romania.[115]
On 26 October 2011, at the Nokia World conference, the first Nokia Windows Phone 7 based devices were launched. They were the Nokia Lumia 710 and the more expensive Nokia Lumia 800.[116][117]
After the launch, Nokia's share price fell approximately 14 percent[118] and Nokia's smartphone sales rapidly decreased.[119] Between 2011 until 2013, Nokia's sales of smartphones fell from first in the market to tenth.[120] In the second quarter of the 2011 financial year, Nokia made a loss of 368 million Euros.
On 26 January 2012, Nokia reported its sales of the Lumia smartphones was "well above one million",[121][122] two million sales in the first quarter of the 2012 financial year[123] and four million sales in the second quarter of the 2012 financial year.[124] However, in the second quarter of the 2012 financial year, in North America, Nokia sold 600,000 Symbian and Windows phones combined.[125] In the same period, 26 million iPhones and 105 million Android phones were sold.[126]
While announcing an alliance with Groupon, Elop identified Google as a competitor.[127]
On 8 February 2012, Nokia dismissed 4,000 employees from smartphone manufacturing plants in Europe. Smartphone assembly was moved closer to component suppliers in Asia.[128] On 14 June 2012, Nokia a further 10,000 dismissals.[129] Production and research sites in Finland, Germany and Canada were closed.[130] On 18 June 2012, Moody's downgraded Nokia's bond rating to junk.[131] On 4 May 2012, a group of Nokia investors filed a class action against the company as a result of disappointing sales.[132] On 22 August 2012, there were calls for Elop's dismissal.[133] In December 2012, Nokia sold its headquarters, Nokia House for €170 million and then leased the property.[134] In the fourth quarter of the 2012 financial year, Nokia sold 6.6 million smartphones ( 2.2 million Symbian and 4.4 million Lumia devices).[135]
In May 2013, Nokia released the Asha platform on its inexpensive smartphone devices. The American media company Vox Media speculated Nokia was not fully committed to Windows.[136]
In the same month, Nokia entered a partnership with China Mobile, the Chinese mobile service provider to make the Lumia 920 (Lumia 920T) available in China.[137]
In the second quarter of the 2013 financial year, Nokia recorded an operating loss of €115m. Nokia's revenue fell to €5.7bn. In the same period, sales of the Lumia smartphone exceeded those of BlackBerry's handsets. Nokia's sales results were especially poor in China and the US.[138] In the second quarter of the 2013 financial year, 7.4 million Lumia devices were sold.[139]
Sale of mobile phone business to Microsoft[edit]
On 25 April 2014, Nokia sold its mobile phone business to Microsoft for approximately €3.79bn. €1.65bn was paid by Microsoft for a ten-year license to Nokia's patents.[140][141][142][143][144][145] Nokia's mobile phone assets became a part of Microsoft Mobile, based in Finland.[146][147] The purchase was delayed from March 2014 to April 2014 while a taxation dispute in India was resolved.[148][149][150]
Microsoft acquired the Asha, X and Lumia brands, but had only a limited license to the Nokia brand. Microsoft could only use the Nokia brand to promote Asha, X and Lumia products until December 2015, and feature phones for 10 years. Microsoft did not acquire any rights to the Nokia tune but can use it as the default ringtone on Nokia branded devices. Nokia was prohibited from manufacturing any Nokia branded smartphones until December 2015.[151][152][153] Microsoft also took over Nokia's website and social media outlets for a minimum of one year.[146] Microsoft used Nokia branding until October 2014.[154]
Elop became the head of Microsoft's devices division. Risto Siilasmaa became acting CEO of Nokia until the appointment of Rajeev Suri.
Nokia continued Nokia Networks, its infrastructure division and Nokia Technologies, its development and licensing division.[140][140][141][142][143]
In July 2014, Microsoft dismissed 12,500 former Nokia empoyees.[155] Microsoft also ended development of Nokia's non-Windows Phone product lines.[156][157]
Sale of licenses[edit]
In October 2014, Nokia and China Mobile signed a $970 million framework deal for delivery between 2014 and 2015.[158]
On 17 November 2014, Ramzi Haidamus, head of the Nokia technologies division said the company planned to re-enter the consumer electronics business by licensing in-house hardware designs and technologies to third-party manufacturers.[159] On 18 November 2014, the N1, an Android tablet manufactured by Foxconn was released.[160][161]
Alcatel-Lucent[edit]
On 3 November 2016, Nokia purchased the French telecommunications equipment company Alcatel-Lucent for approximately €15.6 billion.[162][163] At completion, Nokia shareholders held 66.5% of the new company and Alcatel-Lucent shareholders held 33.5% of the new company. Alcatel-Lucent's Bell Labs and submarine cables division were maintained in the new company. The Alcatel-Lucent brand was no longer used.[163][164][165] The purchase required approval by China's Ministry of Commerce and French regulators.[166][167] On August 3, 2015, Nokia announced that it had reached a deal to sell its Here digital maps division to a consortium of three German automakers—BMW, Daimler AG and Volkswagen Group, for €2.8 billion.[168]
Foxconn and HMD Global[edit]
On 18 May 2016 Microsoft had sold the Nokia-branded featurephone division to FIH Mobile, a division of Foxconn, and HMD, a new company in Finland.[169] Nokia provided its brand and patent licensing to HMD, and took a seat on the board of directors.[170][171] On 8 January 2017, Nokia 6, a Qualcomm Snapdragon 430 mobile phone software platform mid-range Android smartphone was launched.[172] The Nokia 5, Nokia 3, Nokia 3310 and Nokia 6 Arte were also released.[173]
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Jump up ^ "Nokia launches two new handsets under 'Asha' range". 9 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Volpe, Joseph (25 September 2012). "Nokia outs Asha 308 and 309, deems Series 40 smartphone-worthy". Engadget (blog). Retrieved 15 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Rigg, Jamie (9 May 2013). "Nokia unveils the touchscreen Asha 501 with new software platform, we go hands-on (video)". Engadget (blog). Retrieved 15 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nokia's 808 PureView officially declared as the last Symbian device". NDTV. 25 January 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
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Jump up ^ "Tizen". meego.com.
Jump up ^ "Nokia will not return to MeeGo even if N9 turns out to be a hit, says Stephen Elop". GSMArena Blog.
Jump up ^ "Another Nokia "Normandy" Android phone image leaked". Neowin.
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Jump up ^ "Nokia Networks to shed 1,800 jobs worldwide; majority of impact felt in Finland". Helsingin Sanomat. 11 April 2003. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
Jump up ^ Leyden, John (10 April 2003). "Nokia Networks axes 1,800 staff". The Register. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Nokia's Law (transcription)". YLE TV1, Mot. 17 January 2005. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
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Jump up ^ "Nokia to open cell phone plant near Cluj". Boston.com. Associated Press. 22 March 2007. Archived from the original on 7 May 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
"Nokia to build mobile phone plant in Romania". Helsingin Sanomat. 27 March 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "German Politicians Return Cell Phones Amid Nokia Boycott Calls". Deutsche Welle. 18 January 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
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Jump up ^ "ノキア、日本の事業展開の見直し". Archived from the original on 2012-03-21.
Jump up ^ "Check Point Completes Acquisition of Nokia Security Appliance Business". 13 April 2009. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Nokia and Microsoft form partnership". BBC. 11 February 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Weintraub, Seth (2011-02-08). "Nokia's Elop drops bomb: the platform is on fire". Fortune. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
Jump up ^ John, Michael. "Microsoft announces Lumia". Cellz. Cellz. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Capitulation: Nokia adopts Windows Phone 7". =Ars Technica. 11 February 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
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Jump up ^ Savov, Vlad (9 May 2013). "Nokia hedges its commitment to Windows Phone with new Asha platform and $99 phone". The Verge. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Microsoft buys Nokia's Devices and Services Unit, unites Windows Phone 8 and its hardware maker". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Ovide, Shira. "Microsoft in $7.17 Billion Deal for Nokia Cellphone Business". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Next Chapter: An open letter from Steve Ballmer and Stephen Elop". The Official Microsoft Blog. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Jones, Chuck. "The Market Essentially Forced Microsoft To Buy Nokia". Forbes. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nokian ex-pomo Anssi Vanjoki: Häpeällistä mutta väistämätöntä". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 4 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Trenholm, Rich (25 April 2014). "Microsoft closes Nokia deal, pays more than expected". Cnet.com. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nokia phone unit 'to be renamed Microsoft Mobile'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Nokia to Exclude India Plant From Microsoft Deal Over Tax Issues". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Nokia Indian Plant Unlikely to Be Part of Microsoft Phone Deal". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Leaked Microsoft Document Tips Details of Nokia Brand Transition and More". NDTV. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "There will never be another Nokia smartphone". The Verge. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Leak reveals when Microsoft must kill Nokia brand". PC Pro. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Lumia will replace the Nokia brand". The Verge. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Tu, Janet I., "Microsoft layoffs signal a changing culture: The cuts are partly related to Microsoft’s acquisition of Nokia’s phone business and partly a reflection of Nadella’s vision of a Microsoft that’s less management heavy and more agile", The Seattle Times, 17 July 2014
Jump up ^ "Microsoft to slash 18,000 jobs in deepest cuts in tech giant's history". The Guardian. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft is killing off Nokia's feature phones in favor of Windows Phone". The Verge. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Nokia looks to resurrect its valuable brand on future devices". The Verge. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nokia's first device after Microsoft is an iPad mini clone that runs Android". The Verge. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "This is the new Nokia". The Verge. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Schechner, Sam (14 April 2015). "Nokia Is in Talks to Buy Alcatel-Lucent". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 14 April 2015. (subscription required)
^ Jump up to: a b Byford, Sam. "Nokia agrees to buy Alcatel-Lucent for $16.6 billion". The Verge. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nokia and Alcatel-Lucent to Combine to Create an Innovation Leader in Next Generation Technology and Services for an IP Connected World". Releases (Press release). Nokia. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Zekaria, Simon; Knutson, Ryan (14 April 2015). "Merger of Nokia With Alcatel-Lucent Could Put Pressure on Prices". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. Retrieved 15 April 2015. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Daniel Thomas, Financial Times. "Nokia-Alcatel Lucent deal wins approval of Chinese regulator." October 19, 2015. October 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Alcatel's strategic undersea cables unit to be swallowed by Nokia". Reuters. 2015-10-07. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
Jump up ^ "Nokia sells Here maps business to carmakers Audi, BMW and Daimler". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Microsoft sells Nokia brand to Foxconn and HMD Global Slashgear website.
Jump up ^ Nokia signs etc Nokia website 18 May 2016.
Jump up ^ HMD Global Nokia smartphone Gadgets.ndtv website.
Jump up ^ Smith, Chris (2017-01-09). "This is Nokia's first Android-based iPhone 7 rival". BGR. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
Jump up ^ "Nokia 6, Nokia 5, Nokia 3 and Nokia 3310 price details revealed ahead of June launch". gizbot.com/. 2017-05-09. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
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Barney & Friends
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Barney & Friends
Created by
Sheryl Leach[1]
Starring
David Joyner (1991–2001)
Carey Stinson (1994, 2002–2009)
Josh Martin (1997; Barney suit)
Bob West (1988–1999; Barney voice)
Duncan Brannan (1999–2002)
Tim Dever (1999–2002)
Dean Wendt (2001–2009; Barney voice)
Jenny Dempsey (1992)
Jeff Ayers (1993–2008)
Lauren Mayeux (2009; Baby Bop suit)
Julie Johnson (Baby Bop voice)
Jeff Brooks (1993–2002)
Kyle Nelson (2002–2009; B.J. suit)
Patty Wirtz (B.J. voice)
Adam Brown (Riff suit)
Michaela Dietz (Riff voice)
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
13
No. of episodes
248 (list of episodes)
Production
Running time
30 minutes
Production company(s)
Lyrick Studios (formerly The Lyons Group) (1992–2001)
HIT Entertainment[2] (2001–2009)
Connecticut Public Television (1992–2005)
WNET New York (2006–2009)
Release
Original network
PBS (PBS Kids)[3]
Picture format
NTSC (480i) (1992–2008)
HDTV (1080i) (2009)
Original release
April 6, 1992 (1992-04-06) – September 18, 2009 (2009-09-18)
Chronology
Preceded by
Barney and the Backyard Gang
External links
Website
Barney & Friends is an American children's television series aimed at children from ages 1 to 8, created by Sheryl Leach and produced by HIT Entertainment. It premiered on PBS on April 6, 1992. The series features the title character Barney, a purple anthropomorphic Tyrannosaurus rex who conveys educational messages through songs and small dance routines with a friendly, optimistic attitude.[4][5][6][7] Production of new episodes originally ceased on September 18, 2009,[citation needed] although reruns of the series were still shown on many PBS stations in the following years. Reruns aired for 10 years on Sprout from 2005 until 2015. In 2015, it was announced that the show was going to be revived. However, nothing else has been announced since then. It was scheduled to premiere in 2017, but now it has been pushed backed to an unknown date.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin and development
2 Episode format
2.1 Opening sequence
2.2 Main sequence
2.3 Closing sequence
3 Characters and cast
3.1 Dinosaurs
3.2 Adults
3.2.1 Multiple appearances
3.3 Puppets
3.4 Children
4 Movies and specials
5 Airings
6 Music
7 Criticism
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Origin and development
Barney was created in 1987 by Sheryl Leach of Dallas, Texas.[8] She came up with the idea for the program while considering TV shows that she felt would be educational and also appeal to her son. Leach then brought together a team who created a series of home videos, Barney and the Backyard Gang, which also starred actress Sandy Duncan in the first three videos.[9]
One day in 1991, the daughter of Connecticut Public Television executive Larry Rifkin rented one of the videos and was mesmerized by it. Rifkin thought the concept could potentially be developed for PBS. Rifkin thought Barney had appeal because he wasn't nearly as neurotic as Big Bird. He pitched it to CPTV president Jerry Franklin, whose preschool son also fell in love with it. Franklin and Rifkin pitched the idea to all of their colleagues with preschoolers, and they all agreed that kids would love a potential Barney show. Franklin and Rifkin convinced Leach to let CPTV revamp the concept for television.[10] The show debuted as Barney & Friends in 1992.[11] The series was produced by CPTV and Lyrick Studios (later bought by HIT Entertainment).[12]
Although the show was a runaway hit, PBS initially opted not to provide funding beyond the initial 30-episode run. When CPTV executives learned this, they wrote letters to their fellow PBS member stations urging them to get PBS to reconsider. The Lyons Group, meanwhile, sent out notices through the Barney Fan Club, telling parents to write letters and make phone calls to their local PBS stations to show their support for Barney & Friends. By the time of the yearly member stations' meeting, station executives across the country were up in arms over the prospect of one of their most popular shows being cancelled. Faced with an atmosphere that Rifkin later described as "like an insurrection," PBS ultimately relented.[10]
For several years, the show was taped at the Color Dynamics Studios facility at Greenville Avenue & Bethany Drive in Allen, Texas, after which it moved to The Studios at Las Colinas in Irving, Texas, and then Carrollton, a suburb of Dallas. The TV series and videos are currently distributed by HIT Entertainment and Universal Studios, while the TV series was produced by WNET from 2006 to 2009. Sheryl Leach left the show in 1998, five years prior to HIT Entertainment buying Lyrick Studios.[citation needed]
Episode format
Opening sequence
The series opens with the theme song (over clips from various episodes) and the title card before it dissolves into the school. The children are seen doing an activity, occasionally relating to the episode's topic. The children imagine something and Barney comes to life from a plush doll, transforming into the "real" Barney, how he appears to the children while they're imagining.
Main sequence
Here, the main plot of the episode takes place. Barney and the children learn about the main topic of the episode, with Baby Bop, B.J., or Riff appearing during the episode and numerous songs themed relating to the subject featured in the series. The roles of Baby Bop, B.J., and Riff have grown larger in later seasons and later episodes venture outside of the school to other places within the neighborhood and to other countries around the world in Season 13.
Closing sequence
Barney concludes with "I Love You" before he dissolves back into his original stuffed form and winks to the audience. After the children discuss what they have learned, the sequence cuts to Barney Says (in Seasons 1-8 and 12 only) where Barney, who is off-screen, narrates what he and his friends had done that day, along with still snapshots from the episode. Then Barney, himself, signs off before the credits roll. In Seasons 3-8, and 12, he later appeared on-screen by saying, "And remember, I love you," and waved goodbye before the credits roll.
Characters and cast
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Dinosaurs
Barney: The main character is a purple and green Tyrannosaurus in stuffed animal likeness, who comes to life through a child's imagination. His theme song is "Barney is a Dinosaur," whose tune is based on "Yankee Doodle". Barney often quotes things as being "Super dee-duper". Episodes frequently end with the song "I Love You", sung to the tune of "This Old Man", which happens to be one of Barney's favorite songs.[citation needed] Despite being a carnivorous type dinosaur, Barney likes many different foods such as fruits and vegetables, but his main favorite is a peanut butter and jelly sandwich with a glass of milk. He also loves marching bands and parades.[citation needed] He also has a slight northeastern accent.
Baby Bop: A green Triceratops, who was originally two years old, but turned three in "Look at Me, I'm 3!"". Baby Bop has been on the show since July 29, 1991. She made her debut in the video "Barney in Concert". She wears a pink bow and pink ballet slippers, and carries a yellow security blanket. She sings the song "My Yellow Blankey" to show how much her security blanket means to her. She likes to eat macaroni and cheese and pizza.[citation needed] She is the younger sister of B.J..
B.J.: A seven-year-old yellow Protoceratops,[citation needed] B.J. has been on the show since September 27, 1993. He is the older brother of Baby Bop, whom he frequently calls "Sissy", but calls her by her name on rare occasions. He sings the song "B.J.'s Song" about himself. He wears a red baseball cap and red sneakers. He lost his hat in the episode "Hats Off to B.J.!", and sometimes says things to hide his fears (for example, in the episode "Barney's Halloween Party", he was shocked by the paper spiders and after learning they were fake, he said "I knew that, sort of"). Pickles are his favorite food and he has tried them in various ways, such as on pizza.
Riff: An orange six-year-old[citation needed] hadrosaur, who is Baby Bop and B.J.'s cousin. Riff has been on the show since September 6, 2006. He wears green sneakers. His theme music is "I Hear Music Everywhere." Riff loves music and it is in almost everything he does. In the episode "Barney: Let's Go to the Firehouse", it was revealed that Riff also likes to invent things; he created a four-sound smoke detector (the first three were different alarm sounds and the final one his own voice). He is shown to have an interest in marching bands and parades.[citation needed]
Adults
The adults on the show often appear as teachers, storytellers, or other characters.
Multiple appearances
Role
Actor/Actress
Description and Appearances
Mother Goose Sandy Walper, Michelle McCarel,
Julie Johnson The rhyme master herself appears in the episodes "Let's Help Mother Goose", "Honk! Honk! A Goose on the Loose", "A Little Mother Goose", "Barney's Big Surprise", and "Mother Goose/Fairy Tales".
Stella the Storyteller Phyllis Cicero Stella travels all around the world, collecting new stories to tell Barney and friends, among other people. She appeared in several episodes from Seasons 3 to 6, but reappeared in the video The Best of Barney, where she gave Barney a photo album of his friends over the years she made herself.
Professor Tinkerputt Barry Pearl He appeared in Barney's Imagination Island and in the Barney's Big Surprise stage show tour. Professor Tinkerputt did not want to share his invented toys, until Barney and the kids showed him that good things happen when you share. For this reason, Tinkerputt left Imagination Island with Barney and the others and started a new toy factory.
Tomie dePaola Tomie dePaola The famous children's author is also a good friend of Barney and usually meets his friends in the episodes he appeared in, which are "Picture This", "It's Raining, It's Pouring", and "Oh Brother, She's my Sister".
Mom Sandy Duncan Michael and Amy's mother in the first three Barney and the Backyard Gang videos.
Mr. Boyd Robert Sweatman His full name is Grady Boyd and he has a niece named Colleen and a dog named Bingo. He worked as a musician in "Classical Cleanup", "Barney's Band", "Come Blow Your Horn!", "Play Piano with Me!", a janitor in Seasons 3 to 6 and a park keeper in Seasons 7 and 8. He later reappeared in The Best of Barney.
Colleen Claire Burdett Colleen is Mr. Boyd's niece, who comes to town for a visit and is introduced to Barney and the Children. She is a congenital amputee born without her right hand, as is her actress. She appeared in two episodes, "A New Friend!" and "A Perfectly Purple Day".
David Robert Hurtekant David is a boy in a wheelchair who appeared at the beginning of two episodes: "Falling for Autumn!" and "Shawn and the Beanstalk".
Puppets
A lot of puppets appeared in many seasons. The most notable puppets were:
Scooter McNutty, a brown squirrel (seasons: 4-6, 1997-2000)
Miss Etta Kette, a purple bird (seasons: 4-6, 1997-2000)
Booker T. Bookworm, an orange worm with interests in books (season 5: 1998-1999)
Children
Throughout the series' run, over 100 children have appeared in the series, with most of them from the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex.[citation needed] Only a small portion of these actors have made notable appearances in media since their roles, including:
Danielle Vega: played Kim from Season 3 to Season 6
Demi Lovato: played Angela from Season 7 to Season 8
Selena Gomez: played Gianna from Season 7 to Season 8
Debby Ryan: played Debby in Season 10
Madison Pettis: played Bridget in Season 10
Movies and specials
Main article: List of Barney & Friends episodes and videos
Barney in Concert (1991)
Barney's Imagination Island (1994)
Barney Live in New York City (1994)
Barney's Great Adventure (1998) (Theatrical movie, starring Trevor Morgan and Kyla Pratt)
Barney's Big Surprise (1998)
Barney: Let's Go to the Zoo (2001)
Barney's Musical Castle (2001)
Barney's Colorful World (2004)
Airings
Other than the United States, the series has aired in Canada, Mexico and Latin America, France, Ireland, Italy, Malaysia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Japan (On English-based DVDs under the name "Let's Play with Barney in English! (バーニーと英語であそぼう！, Bānī to Eigo de asobō!)" and on television as simply "Barney & Friends (バーニー&フレンズ, Bānī ando Furenzu!)" ), the Philippines, Turkey, Australia, and New Zealand, among others. Two known co-productions of Barney & Friends have been produced outside of the US. The Israeli co-production (Hebrew: החברים של ברני Hachaverim shel Barney (The Friends of Barney) produced from 1997 to 1999 in Tel Aviv, Israel, was the first of these. Rather than dubbing the original American episodes from Seasons 1–3, the episodes are adapted with a unique set and exclusive child actors.[13] The other co-production was one shot in South Korea from 2001–2003, airing on KBS (under the name "바니와 친구들" (Baniwa Chingudeul (Barney and Friends))). This one, however, adapted the first six seasons (including the first three that the Israel co-production did). It was done in a similar manner as the Israel production.
Music
A majority of the albums of Barney & Friends feature Bob West as the voice of Barney; however, the recent album The Land of Make-Believe has Dean Wendt's voice. Barney's song "I Love You" was one of those used by interrogators at Guantanamo Bay detention camp to coerce the detainees.[14]
The use of the theme song, as a means of inflicting psychological stress, on Iraqi prisoners-of-war, was examined by Jon Ronson in his 2004 book The Men Who Stare At Goats.
Criticism
Although several people, including Yale University researchers Dorothy and Jerome Singer, have concluded that episodes contain a great deal of age-appropriate educational material, calling the program a "model of what preschool television should be",[15] the program has been criticized for a lack of educational value, as well as being repetitive in nature.[16]
The show and its content is often cited as a contributing factor to the perceived sense of "entitlement" seen in the Generation Y who grew up watching the show as children.[17][18] One specific criticism is:
His shows do not assist children in learning to deal with negative feelings and emotions. As one commentator puts it, the real danger from Barney is "denial: the refusal to recognize the existence of unpleasant realities. For along with his steady diet of giggles and unconditional love, Barney offers our children a one-dimensional world where everyone must be happy and everything must be resolved right away."[19][20]
The creator and performer of the San Diego Chicken mascot, Ted Giannoulas, called Barney a "ubiquitous and insipid creature" in a 1999 court case.
Barney & Friends ranked #50 on TV Guide's 2002 list of the 50 worst TV shows of all time.[21] The show has also been parodied in many forms. (see Anti-Barney humor)
See also
Barney's Hide and Seek, Sega Genesis/Mega Drive video game
A Day in the Park with Barney, a show and playground at Universal Studios Florida
Anti-Barney humor
References
Jump up ^ Hofmeister, Sallie (October 20, 1994). "A Blue Year for the Purple-and-Green Dinosaur". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Richard Leach; Bankrolled Creation of 'Barney' Dinosaur". Los Angeles TImes. June 2, 2001. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Carter, Bill (March 21, 1994). "A Cable Challenger for PBS As King of the Preschool Hill". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gorman, James (April 11, 1993). "TELEVISION VIEW; Of Dinosaurs Why Must This One Thrive?". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Stuuuupendous!". Time. December 21, 1992. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Cerone, Daniel (April 3, 1993). "Dinosaur Is a Star, Spreading Love With Hugs, Kisses, Songs". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Barney the launching pad". The Los Angeles Times. January 30, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Lev, Michael A (December 10, 1992). "Barney! Barney! He's Kid Dinomite". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Lawson, Carol (December 3, 1992). "Why Young Children Scream". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Grandjean, Pat (April 2013). "CPTV Celebrates 50 Years: Present at the Creation". Connecticut Magazine.
Jump up ^ Heffley, Lynne (April 6, 1992). "Dinosaur 'Barney' to Join PBS Gang". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Heffley, Lynne (March 28, 2008). "Barney is far from extinct". Los Angeles TImes. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Zacharia, Janine (December 25, 1997). "Why Barney Doesn't Wear a Yarmulke". Jerusalem Report.
Jump up ^ "BBC NEWS - Middle East - Sesame Street breaks Iraqi POWs". bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ IPTV Archived January 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Advertising; Barney's Image Gets Makeover For New Crop Of Toddlers". The New York Times. August 12, 2002. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ The Fourth Turning: An American Prophecy. Broadway Books. 1997. ISBN 9780767900461. p. 248
Jump up ^ Berglas, Steven (December 10, 2008). "Entrepreneurship (Or Lack Thereof) In Millennials". Forbes. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lyons Partnership v. Ted Giannoulas, 179 F.3d 384, 386 (5th Cir. 1999), citing Chava Willig Levy, "The Bad News About Barney", Parents, Feb. 1994, at 191–92 (136–39).
Jump up ^ Chava Willig Levy. "The Bad News About Barney (Parents Magazine, February 1994)". chavawilliglevy.com. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
Jump up ^ The Worst TV Shows Ever at CBS News (Entertainment) February 11, 2009
External links
Barney & Friends on PBS Kids (U.S.)
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Ο Μπάρνι και οι φίλοι του – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: بارنی و دوستان – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney
Barney – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values: 바니와 친구들 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: बार्नी एंड फ्रेंड्स – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: החברים של ברני – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: バーニー&フレンズ – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Барни и друзья – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: Барни и пријатељи – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: பார்னீயும் நண்பர்களும் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Барні і його друзі – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

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