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The 100 (TV series)
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The 100
Genre
Action
Drama
Dystopian
Post-apocalyptic
Science fiction
Based on
The 100
by Kass Morgan
Developed by
Jason Rothenberg
Starring
Eliza Taylor
Paige Turco
Thomas McDonell
Eli Goree
Marie Avgeropoulos
Bob Morley
Kelly Hu
Christopher Larkin
Devon Bostick
Isaiah Washington
Henry Ian Cusick
Lindsey Morgan
Ricky Whittle
Richard Harmon
Zach McGowan
Tasya Teles
Theme music composer
Evan Frankfort
Liz Phair
Composer(s)
Evan Frankfort
Marc Dauer
Liz Phair
Tree Adams
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
5
No. of episodes
67 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Jason Rothenberg
Leslie Morgenstein
Matt Miller
Gina Girolamo
Bharat Nalluri
Elizabeth Craft
Sarah Fain
Producer(s)
Jae Marchant
Tim Scanlan
Aaron Ginsburg
Wade McIntyre
T.J. Brady
Rasheed Newson
Location(s)
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Running time
42 minutes
Production company(s)
Alloy Entertainment
CBS Television Studios
Warner Bros. Television
Bonanza Productions[1]
Distributor
Warner Bros. Television Distribution
Release
Original network
The CW
Picture format
HDTV 1080i
Original release
March 19, 2014 (2014-03-19) – present
External links
Official website
The 100 (pronounced The Hundred [2]) is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama television series that premiered on March 19, 2014, on The CW. The series, developed by Jason Rothenberg, is loosely based on the novel series of the same name by Kass Morgan.[3]
The series follows a group of post-apocalyptic survivors, chiefly a group of adolescents, including Clarke Griffin (Eliza Taylor), Bellamy Blake (Bob Morley), Octavia Blake (Marie Avgeropoulos), Jasper Jordan (Devon Bostick), Monty Green (Christopher Larkin), Raven Reyes (Lindsey Morgan), Finn Collins (Thomas McDonell), John Murphy (Richard Harmon), and Wells Jaha (Eli Goree). They are among the first people from a space habitat, "The Ark", to return to Earth after a devastating nuclear apocalypse. Other lead characters include Dr. Abby Griffin (Paige Turco), Clarke's mother; Marcus Kane (Henry Ian Cusick), a council member on the Ark; and Thelonious Jaha (Isaiah Washington), the Chancellor of the Ark and Wells's father.
In March 2017, The CW renewed the series for a fifth season, which premiered on April 24, 2018. In May 2018, the series was renewed for a sixth season.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Notes
3 Episodes
4 Production
4.1 Filming
4.2 Casting
5 Broadcast
6 Home media
7 Reception
7.1 Critical response
7.2 Ratings
7.3 Accolades
8 References
9 External links
Synopsis[edit]
The series is set 97 years after a devastating nuclear apocalypse wiped out almost all life on Earth. Over 2,400 survivors live on a single massive station in Earth's orbit called the Ark, built by connecting surviving pre-apocalypse smaller stations and spacecraft. After the Ark's life-support systems are found to be failing, 100 juvenile prisoners are sent to the surface in a last attempt to determine whether Earth is habitable. They discover not all humanity was destroyed and some survived the apocalypse: the Grounders, who live in clans locked in a power struggle; the Reapers, another group of Grounders who have become cannibals; and the Mountain Men, who live in Mount Weather, descended from those who locked themselves away before the apocalypse. Under the leadership of Bellamy and Clarke, the 100 attempt to survive the harsh surface conditions, battle hostile Grounders, and establish communication with the Ark.
In the second season, most of the remaining 48 of the 100 are captured and taken to Mount Weather by the Mountain Men. It is eventually revealed that the Mountain Men are transfusing blood from imprisoned Grounders as an anti-radiation treatment. Medical tests of the 100 show an even more potent anti-radiation efficacy: their bone marrow will allow the Mountain Men to survive outside containment. Meanwhile, the inhabitants of the Ark have successfully crash-landed various stations on Earth and begun an alliance with the Grounders to save groups of people, naming the main settlement at Alpha Station "Camp Jaha".
In the third season, Alpha Station, now renamed Arkadia, comes under new management when Pike, a former teacher and mentor, is elected as chancellor and begins a war with the Grounders. An artificial intelligence named A.L.I.E. who was commanded to make life better for mankind, is revealed to have responded by solving the problem of human overpopulation by launching the nuclear apocalypse that devastated Earth. The AI takes over the minds of nearly everyone in Arkadia and Polis, the capital city of the Grounders. In the season three finale, Clarke manages to destroy A.L.I.E.
In the fourth season, hundreds of nuclear reactors around the world are melting down due to decades of neglect that will result in 96% of the planet becoming uninhabitable. Clarke and the others search for ways to survive the coming wave of radiation. When it is discovered that Nightbloods, descendants of first, original Nightbloods, including Becca – the creator of A.L.I.E. and the first Grounder commander – can metabolize radiation, Clarke and the others attempt to recreate the formula, but their attempts failed. An old bunker is discovered that can protect 1,200 people for over 5 years; each of the twelve clans select a hundred people to stay in the bunker. A small group decides to return to space and attempt to survive in the remnants of the original Ark.
In the fifth season, which takes place six years after the meltdown of the nuclear reactors, a prisoner transport ship arrives in the only green spot left on Earth, where Clarke and Madi, a Grounder girl who also survived the wave of radiation the swept the planet after the meltdown, have been living.
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of The 100 characters
Eliza Taylor as Clarke Griffin
Paige Turco as Dr. Abigail "Abby" Griffin
Thomas McDonell as Finn Collins (seasons 1–2)[a]
Eli Goree as Wells Jaha (season 1; guest season 2)[b]
Marie Avgeropoulos as Octavia Blake
Bob Morley as Bellamy Blake
Kelly Hu as Callie "Cece" Cartwig (season 1)[c]
Christopher Larkin as Monty Green
Devon Bostick as Jasper Jordan (seasons 1–4)
Isaiah Washington as Thelonious Jaha (seasons 1–5)[d]
Henry Ian Cusick as Marcus Kane
Lindsey Morgan as Raven Reyes (season 2–present; recurring season 1)[4]
Ricky Whittle as Lincoln (seasons 2–3; recurring season 1)[4]
Richard Harmon as John Murphy (season 3–present; recurring seasons 1–2)[5]
Zach McGowan as Roan (season 4; recurring season 3)[6]
Tasya Teles as Echo (season 5; recurring season 4; guest seasons 2–3)[7]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ McDonnell was credited as main cast for the first half of season two.
Jump up ^ Goree was credited as main cast for the first three episodes of season one.
Jump up ^ Hu was credited as main cast only in the pilot.
Jump up ^ Washington was credited as main cast for the first two episodes of season five.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of The 100 episodes
The 100 premiered on March 19, 2014.[8] On May 8, 2014, The CW renewed The 100 for a second season, which premiered on October 22, 2014.[9][10] On January 11, 2015, The CW renewed the series for a third season, which premiered on January 21, 2016.[11][12] On March 12, 2016, The 100 was renewed for a fourth season of 13 episodes, which premiered on February 1, 2017.[13][14][15] On March 10, 2017, The CW renewed the series for a fifth season, which premiered on April 24, 2018.[16][17] On May 8, 2018, the series was renewed for a sixth season.[1]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings
First aired
Last aired
Rank
Viewers
(millions)
1 13 March 19, 2014 (2014-03-19) June 11, 2014 (2014-06-11) 150 2.59[18]
2 16 October 22, 2014 (2014-10-22) March 11, 2015 (2015-03-11) 157 2.46[19]
3 16 January 21, 2016 (2016-01-21) May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19) 165 1.94[20]
4 13 February 1, 2017 (2017-02-01) May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24) 158 1.47[21]
5 13[22] April 24, 2018 (2018-04-24) August 7, 2018 (2018-08-07)[23] 182 1.61[24]
Production[edit]
Post production, including ADR recording for the series, was done at the recording studio Cherry Beach Sound.[25]
David J. Peterson, who created Dothraki for Game of Thrones, developed the Trigedasleng language for The Grounders. Jason Rothenberg said it was similar to Creole English.[26]
After his constructed language work on Star-Crossed, Peterson was contacted by the producers of The 100 to create a language for the Grounders, an evolution of English. In the setting, around 250 years have passed since the apocalypse, which is a very short time for significant language change. Because of this, Peterson posited an accelerated evolution in which the early Grounders used a cant specifically to obfuscate their speech and to differentiate between friend or foe. Trigedasleng derives from that cant and evolved over several short generations of survivors of the apocalypse.[27]
Filming[edit]
Filming for the series takes place in and around Vancouver, British Columbia.[28] Production on the pilot occurred during the second quarter of 2013. After the show was picked up to series, filming occurred for the first season between August 2013 and January 2014. Filming for the second season commenced on July 7, 2014, and concluded on January 23, 2015. The third season was filmed between July 15, 2015, and February 2, 2016.[29] Filming for the fourth season commenced on August 2, 2016, and concluded on January 18, 2017.[30][31] Filming for the fifth season commenced on August 14, 2017, and wrapped up on January 27, 2018.[32][33][34]
Casting[edit]
In late February 2013, Bob Morley and Eli Goree were cast as Bellamy Blake and Wells Jaha, respectively,[35] followed a day later by the casting of Henry Ian Cusick as Marcus Kane.[36] Less than a week later, Eliza Taylor and Marie Avgeropoulos were cast in co-starring roles as Clarke Griffin and Octavia Blake, respectively.[37][38] Throughout March, the rest of the cast was filled out, with Paige Turco cast as Abigail Walters (now Abigail Griffin),[39] Isaiah Washington as Chancellor Jaha,[40] Thomas McDonnell as Finn Collins,[41] Kelly Hu as Callie Cartwig, and Christopher Larkin as Monty Green.[42]
For the second season, Adina Porter and Raymond J. Barry were cast in recurring roles as Indra and Dante Wallace, respectively, along with Alycia Debnam-Carey as Lexa.[43][44]
Broadcast[edit]
In Canada, Season 1 of The 100 was licensed exclusively to Netflix. The series premiered on March 20, 2014, the day after the mid-season premiere of Season 1 on the CW.[45]
In New Zealand, the series premiered on TVNZ's on-demand video streaming service on March 21, 2014.[46]
In the UK and Ireland, The 100 premiered on E4 on July 7, 2014.[47] The first episode was viewed by an average audience of 1.39 million, making it the channel's biggest ever program launch. Season 2 premiered on January 6, 2015, and averaged 1,118,000 viewers.[48] Season 3 premiered on February 17, 2016.[49][50]
In Australia, The 100 was originally scheduled to premiere on Go![51] but instead premiered on Fox8 on September 4, 2014.[52] Season 2 premiered on January 8, 2015.[53]
Home media[edit]
Name
DVD
Blu-ray
No. of
episodes
Features
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
Region A
Region B
The Complete First Season September 23, 2014[54] September 29, 2014[55] December 3, 2014[56] September 23, 2014[57] December 3, 2014[58] 13
Creating the World of The 100
Commentary on "We Are Grounders, Part 2"
The Complete Second Season October 13, 2015[59] October 12, 2015[60] October 14, 2015[61] October 13, 2015[62] October 14, 2015[61] 16
The 100: Unlocking the Mountain
The 100 Pre-Viz Stunts featurette
The Complete Third Season July 19, 2016[63] September 26, 2016[64] September 28, 2016[65] July 19, 2016[63] September 28, 2016[65] 16
A Short Lived Victory: Unlocking the Season 3 Finale
Arkadia: From Wreckage to Salvation
Ice Nation: Brutal and Fierce
Wanheda: Clarke's Journey
Polis: Capital of the Grounders
The 100 Pre-Viz Stunts Season 3
The Complete Fourth Season July 19, 2017[66] July 24, 2017[67] October 4, 2017[68] July 18, 2017[69] October 4, 2017[70] 13
Deleted Scenes, From Outcasts to Leaders, Creating a Post-Apocolyptic World
The 100: Jasper's Journey
Battle Tested: The 100 Season 4 Stunts, Gag Reel
The 100: 2016 Comic-Con Panel
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the show's first season was certified "fresh", with 72% of professional reviewers reviewing it positively and the consensus: "Although flooded with stereotypes, the suspenseful atmosphere helps make The 100 a rare high-concept guilty pleasure." On Metacritic, the first season scores 63 out of 100 points, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[71]
The second season was met with more favorable reviews, holding a rating of 100% on Rotten Tomatoes and an average rating of 8.1/10.[72] On Metacritic, the season is assigned a score of 81 out of 100, based on 2 critics.[73] In a review of the season 2 finale, Kyle Fowle of The A.V. Club said, "Very few shows manage to really push the boundaries of moral compromise in a way that feels legitimately difficult. Breaking Bad did it. The Sopranos did it. Game of Thrones has done it. Those shows never back down from the philosophical murkiness of their worlds, refusing to provide a tidy, happy ending if it doesn't feel right. With 'Blood Must Have Blood, Part Two,' The 100 has done the same, presenting a finale that doesn't shy away from the morally complex stakes it's spent a whole season building up".[74] Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post, in another positive review, wrote: "I can say with some assurance that I've rarely seen a program demonstrate the kind of consistency and thematic dedication that The 100 has shown in its first two seasons. This is a show about moral choices and the consequences of those choices, and it's been laudably committed to those ideas from Day 1."[75]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the third season received an overall rating of 89% with an average rating of 7.9/10.[76] On Metacritic, the season is assigned a score of 77 out of 100, based on 3 critics, indicating generally positive reviews.[77] Maureen Ryan of Variety wrote in an early review of the third season: "When looking at the epic feel and varied array of stories on display in season three, which overtly and covertly recalls "The Lord of the Rings" saga in a number of ways, it's almost hard to recall how limited the scope and the ambitions of "The 100" were two years ago, when a rag-tag band of survivors first crash-landed on Earth. In season three (which the cast and showrunner previewed here), the show is more politically complicated than ever, and the world-building that accompanies the depiction of various factions, alliances and conflicts is generally admirable."[78] In a review of the season 3 finale "Perverse Instantiation: Part Two", Mariya Karimjee of Vulture.com wrote: "Every moment of this finale is pitch-perfect: the choreography of the fight scenes, the plotting and pacing, and the stunning way in which the episode finally reaches it apex. "Perverse Instantiation: Part Two" elevates the season's themes and pulls together its disparate story lines, setting us up nicely for season four."[79] In another review of the season 3 finale and the season overall, Kyle Fowle of The A.V. Club wrote: "Before we even get to tonight's action-packed finale of The 100, it needs to be said that this has been a rocky season. The first half of it was defined by shoddy character motivations and oversized villains. The second half of this season has done some work to bring the show back from the brink, focusing on the City of Light and issues of freewill and difficult moral choices, bringing some much needed depth to the third season. That work pays off with "Perverse Instantiation: Part Two," a thrilling, forward-thinking finale that provides some necessary closure to this season." He gave the finale itself an "A-" rating.[80]
The fourth season is generally considered to be an improvement over the third season, receiving a 92% score on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7.3/10 based on 12 reviews.[81] On Metacritic, the season is assigned a score of 80 out of 100, based on 1 critic, indicating generally positive reviews.[82] The second portion of the fourth season has received better reception than the first portion, with the episodes Die All, Die Merrily and Praimfaya often cited as the two best episodes of the season. Die All, Die Merrily has a 9.5/10 rating from IGN, a perfect 5/5 rating from Vulture and a perfect A rating from The AV Club.[83][84][85] Praimfaya has a 9.0/10 from IGN and an A rating from The AV Club.[86][87]
The fifth season currently has a 100% score on Rotten Tomatoes with an average of 9.2/10.[88] This is the highest rating any season of the show has received to date. On Metacritic, the season is assigned a score of 80 out of 100, based on 1 critic, indicating generally positive reviews.[89] All episodes of the season received highly positive reviews, but the third episode Sleeping Giants has received particular high acclaim. The episode has a 4.5/5 rating from Den of Geek, a 4.5/5 rating from TVOverMind and a 5/5 rating from TellTaleTV.[90][91][92]
Brian Lowry of The Boston Globe said: "Our attraction to Apocalypse TV runs deep, as our culture plays out different futuristic possibilities. That's still no reason to clone material, nor is it a reason to deliver characters who are little more than stereotypes."[93] Allison Keene of The Hollywood Reporter wrote a negative review, stating: "The sci-fi drama presents The CW's ultimate vision for humanity: an Earth populated only by attractive teenagers, whose parents are left out in space."[94] Kelly West of Cinema Blend gave it a more positive review while noting: "CW's Thrilling New Sci-fi Drama Is A Keeper. CW's The 100 seeks to explore that concept and more with a series that's about equal parts young adult drama, sci-fi adventure and thriller. It takes a little while for the series to warm up, but when The 100 begins to hit its stride, a unique and compelling drama begins to emerge."[95] IGN's editor Eric Goldman also gave the show a more positive review, writing: "Overcoming most of its early growing pains pretty quickly, The 100 was a very strong show by the end of its first season. But Season 2 elevated the series into the upper echelon, as the show become one of the coolest and most daring series on TV these days."[96] Maureen Ryan of Variety named the show one of the best of 2015.[97]
In 2016, the year Rolling Stone ranked the show #36 on its list of the "40 Best Science Fiction TV Shows of All Time",[98] the episode "Thirteen" attracted criticism when Lexa, one of the series' LGBT characters, was killed off. Critics and fans considered the death a continuation of a persistent trope in television in which LGBT characters are killed off far more often than others – implicitly portraying them as disposable, as existing only to serve the stories of straight characters, or to attract viewers. A widespread debate among writers and fans about the trope ensued, with Lexa's death cited as a prime example of the trope, and why it should end.[99][100][101] Showrunner Jason Rothenberg eventually wrote in response that "I (...) write and produce television for the real world where negative and hurtful tropes exist. And I am very sorry for not recognizing this as fully as I should have".[102]
Ratings[edit]
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
1 Wednesday 9:00 pm 13 March 19, 2014 (2014-03-19) 2.73[103] June 11, 2014 (2014-06-11) 1.68[104] 2013–14 150 2.59 1.1[105]
2 16 October 22, 2014 (2014-10-22) 1.54[106] March 11, 2015 (2015-03-11) 1.34[107] 2014–15 157 2.46 0.9[105]
3 Thursday 9:00 pm 16 January 21, 2016 (2016-01-21) 1.88[108] May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19) 1.31[109] 2015–16 165 1.94 0.7[110]
4 Wednesday 9:00 pm 13 February 1, 2017 (2017-02-01) 1.21[111] May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24) 0.91[112] 2016–17 158 1.47[113] TBD
5 Tuesday 9:00 pm (1–8)
Tuesday 8:00 pm (9–13)[23] 13[114] April 24, 2018 (2018-04-24) 1.43[115] August 7, 2018 (2018-08-07)[23] TBD 2017–18 182 1.61 0.5[116]
An estimated 2.7 million American viewers watched the series premiere, which received an 18–49 rating of 0.9, making it the most-watched show in its time slot on The CW since 2010, with the series Life Unexpected.[117]
The 100 : U.S. viewers per episode (millions)
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13
Ep. 14
Ep. 15
Ep. 16
1
2.73 2.27 1.90 1.69 1.80 1.97 1.88 1.64 1.73 1.46 1.71 1.58 1.68 N/A
2
1.54 1.48 1.68 1.75 1.64 1.86 1.62 1.40 1.48 1.53 1.51 1.36 1.42 1.55 1.49 1.34
3
1.88 1.63 1.57 1.32 1.36 1.41 1.39 1.20 1.23 1.13 1.08 1.15 1.27 1.13 1.17 1.29
4
1.21 1.01 1.05 1.00 1.02 0.98 0.90 0.97 0.81 0.85 0.86 0.83 0.91 N/A
5
1.43 1.02 1.08 1.07 0.94 0.92 0.83 0.72 0.89 TBD TBD TBD TBD N/A
Source: Nielsen Media Research[118][119][120][121][122]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
2014 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Special Visual Effects Andrew Orloff, Michael Cliett, Tyler Weiss, Kornel Farkas, Chris Pounds, Andrew Bain, Mike Rhone
(episode: "We Are Grounders, Part 2") Nominated [123]
2015 Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing – Sound Effects and Foley in Short Form Television Norval D. Crutcher III, Peter Austin, Peter D. Lago, Mitch Gettleman, Catherine Harper, Ellen Heuer, Marc Meyer Nominated [124]
Leo Awards Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series Matthew Budgeon
(episode: "Murphy's Law") Nominated [125]
Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series James Philpott
(episode: "The 48") Nominated
Best Costume Design in a Dramatic Series Katia Stano
(episodes: "Many Happy Returns" & "Spacewalker") Nominated
Best Guest Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series Richard Harmon
(episode: "We Are Grounders Part 1") Nominated
MTV Fandom Awards Ship of the Year Alycia Debnam-Carey and Eliza Taylor Nominated [126]
Saturn Awards Best Youth-Oriented Series The 100 Won [127]
Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor: Sci-Fi/Fantasy Bob Morley Nominated [128]
Choice TV Actress: Sci-Fi/Fantasy Eliza Taylor Nominated
Choice TV Show: Sci-Fi/Fantasy The 100 Nominated
2016 Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in Television - Short Form: Dialogue & ADR Norval "Charlie" Crutcher III Nominated [129]
Leo Awards Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series James Philpott, Alyssa King, Alex Royek
(episode:"Wanheda: Part 1") Nominated [130]
MTV Fandom Awards Fan Freakout of the Year Alycia Debnam-Carey Won [126]
Ship of the Year Eliza Taylor and Alycia Debnam-Carey Nominated
Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Television Series The 100 Nominated [131]
Teen Choice Awards Choice TV: Chemistry Eliza Taylor and Bob Morley Nominated [132]
Choice TV Actress: Sci-Fi/Fantasy Eliza Taylor Nominated
2017 Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Television Series The 100 Nominated [133]
Teen Choice Awards Choice Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actor Bob Morley Nominated [134]
Choice Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress Eliza Taylor Nominated
Choice TV Ship Eliza Taylor and Bob Morley Nominated
2018 Leo Awards Best Stunt Coordination in a Dramatic Series Marshall Virtue, Kim Chiang
(episode: "Die All, Die Merrily") Nominated [135]
Best Supporting Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series Richard Harmon
(episode: "God Complex") Nominated
Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Television Series The 100 Nominated [136]
Teen Choice Awards Choice Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Show The 100 Pending [137]
Choice Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actor Bob Morley Pending
Choice Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress Eliza Taylor Pending
References[edit]
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text:
Treaty of Paris (1783)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other treaties of Paris, see Treaty of Paris (disambiguation).
Treaty of Paris
The Definitive Treaty of Peace Between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the United States of America
Drafted
November 30, 1782
Signed
September 3, 1783
Location
Paris, France
Effective
May 12, 1784
Condition
Ratification by the Kingdom of Great Britain and the United States of America
Signatories
Great Britain
United States of America
Depositary
United States government[1]
Language
English
Treaty of Paris (1783) at Wikisource
The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War. The treaty set the boundaries between the British Empire in North America and the United States, on lines "exceedingly generous" to the latter.[2] Details included fishing rights and restoration of property and prisoners of war.
This treaty and the separate peace treaties between Great Britain and the nations that supported the American cause — France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic — are known collectively as the Peace of Paris.[3][4] Only Article 1 of the treaty, which acknowledges the United States' existence as free sovereign and independent states, remains in force.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Agreement
2 Treaty key points
3 Consequences
4 See also
5 Notes and references
6 Further reading
6.1 Primary sources
7 External links
Agreement[edit]
Benjamin West's painting of the delegations at the Treaty of Paris: John Jay, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, and William Temple Franklin. The British delegation refused to pose, and the painting was never completed.
Peace negotiations began in April 1782, and continued through the summer. Representing the United States were Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, Henry Laurens, and John Adams. David Hartley and Richard Oswald represented Great Britain. The treaty was signed at the Hotel d'York (presently 56 Rue Jacob) in Paris on September 3, 1783, by Adams, Franklin, Jay, and Hartley.[6]
Regarding the American Treaty, the key episodes came in September 1782, when French Foreign Minister Vergennes proposed a solution that was strongly opposed by his ally, the United States. France was exhausted by the war, and everyone wanted peace except for Spain, which insisted on continuing the war until it could capture Gibraltar from the British. Vergennes came up with the deal that Spain would accept instead of Gibraltar. The United States would gain its independence but be confined to the area east of the Appalachian Mountains. Britain would take the area north of the Ohio River. In the area south of that would be set up an independent Indian state under Spanish control. It would be an Indian barrier state.[7]
However, the Americans realized that they could get a better deal directly from London. John Jay promptly told the British that he was willing to negotiate directly with them, cutting off France and Spain. The British Prime Minister Lord Shelburne agreed. He was in charge of the British negotiations (some of which took place in his study at Lansdowne House, now a bar in the Lansdowne Club) and he now saw a chance to split the United States away from France and make the new country a valuable economic partner.[8] The western terms were that the United States would gain all of the area east of the Mississippi River, north of Florida, and south of Canada. The northern boundary would be almost the same as today.[9] The United States would gain fishing rights off Canadian coasts, and agreed to allow British merchants and Loyalists to try to recover their property. It was a highly favorable treaty for the United States, and deliberately so from the British point of view. Prime Minister Shelburne foresaw highly profitable two-way trade between Britain and the rapidly growing United States, as indeed came to pass.[10]
Comemorative plaque of the place where the Treaty was signed, 56 rue Jacob, Paris 6
Great Britain also signed separate agreements with France and Spain, and (provisionally) with the Netherlands.[11] In the treaty with Spain, the territories of East and West Florida were ceded to Spain (without a clear northern boundary, resulting in a territorial dispute resolved by the Treaty of Madrid in 1795). Spain also received the island of Menorca; the Bahama Islands, Grenada, and Montserrat, captured by the French and Spanish, were returned to Britain. The treaty with France was mostly about exchanges of captured territory (France's only net gains were the island of Tobago, and Senegal in Africa), but also reinforced earlier treaties, guaranteeing fishing rights off Newfoundland. Dutch possessions in the East Indies, captured in 1781, were returned by Britain to the Netherlands in exchange for trading privileges in the Dutch East Indies, by a treaty which was not finalized until 1784.[12]
The United States Congress of the Confederation ratified the Treaty of Paris on January 14, 1784. Copies were sent back to Europe for ratification by the other parties involved, the first reaching France in March 1784. British ratification occurred on April 9, 1784, and the ratified versions were exchanged in Paris on May 12, 1784.[13]
Treaty key points[edit]
Last page of the Treaty of Paris
Map of the United States and territories after the Treaty of Paris
Preamble. Declares the treaty to be "in the name of the most holy and undivided Trinity", states the bona fides of the signatories, and declares the intention of both parties to "forget all past misunderstandings and differences" and "secure to both perpetual peace and harmony".
Britain acknowledges the United States (New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia[14]) to be free, sovereign, and independent states, and that the British Crown and all heirs and successors relinquish claims to the Government, property, and territorial rights of the same, and every part thereof;
Establishing the boundaries of the United States, including but not limited to those between the United States and British North America;
Granting fishing rights to United States fishermen in the Grand Banks, off the coast of Newfoundland and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence;
Recognizing the lawful contracted debts to be paid to creditors on either side;
The Congress of the Confederation will "earnestly recommend" to state legislatures to recognize the rightful owners of all confiscated lands and "provide for the restitution of all estates, rights, and properties, which have been confiscated belonging to real British subjects" (Loyalists);
United States will prevent future confiscations of the property of Loyalists;
Prisoners of war on both sides are to be released; all property of the British army (including slaves) now in the United States is to remain and be forfeited;
Great Britain and the United States are each to be given perpetual access to the Mississippi River;
Territories captured by Americans subsequent to the treaty will be returned without compensation;
Ratification of the treaty is to occur within six months from its signing.
Eschatocol. "Done at Paris, this third day of September in the year of our Lord, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-three."
Consequences[edit]
Historians have often commented that the treaty was very generous to the United States in terms of greatly enlarged boundaries. Historians such as Alvord, Harlow, and Ritcheson have emphasized that British generosity was based on a statesmanlike vision of close economic ties between Britain and the United States. The concession of the vast trans-Appalachian region was designed to facilitate the growth of the American population and create lucrative markets for British merchants, without any military or administrative costs to Britain.[15] The point was the United States would become a major trading partner. As the French foreign minister Vergennes later put it, "The English buy peace rather than make it".[2] Vermont was included within the boundaries because the state of New York insisted that Vermont was a part of New York, although Vermont was then under a government that considered Vermont not to be a part of the United States.[16]
Privileges that the Americans had received from Britain automatically when they had colonial status (including protection from pirates in the Mediterranean Sea; see: the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War) were withdrawn. Individual states ignored federal recommendations, under Article 5, to restore confiscated Loyalist property, and also ignored Article 6 (e.g., by confiscating Loyalist property for "unpaid debts"). Some, notably Virginia, also defied Article 4 and maintained laws against payment of debts to British creditors. The British often ignored the provision of Article 7 about removal of slaves.[17]
The actual geography of North America turned out not to match the details used in the treaty. The Treaty specified a southern boundary for the United States, but the separate Anglo-Spanish agreement did not specify a northern boundary for Florida, and the Spanish government assumed that the boundary was the same as in the 1763 agreement by which they had first given their territory in Florida to Britain. While that West Florida Controversy continued, Spain used its new control of Florida to block American access to the Mississippi, in defiance of Article 8.[18] The treaty stated that the boundary of the United States extended from the "most northwesternmost point" of the Lake of the Woods (now partly in Minnesota, partly in Manitoba, and partly in Ontario) directly westward until it reached the Mississippi River. But in fact the Mississippi does not extend that far northward; the line going west from the Lake of the Woods never intersects the river.
Great Britain violated the treaty stipulation that they should relinquish control of forts in United States territory "with all convenient speed." British troops remained stationed at six forts in the Great Lakes region, plus two at the north end of Lake Champlain. The British also built an additional fort in present-day Ohio in 1794, during the Northwest Indian War. They found justification for these actions in the unstable and extremely tense situation that existed in the area following the war, in the failure of the United States government to fulfill commitments made to compensate loyalists for their losses, and in the British need for time to liquidate various assets in the region.[19] All posts were relinquished peacefully through diplomatic means as a result of the 1794 Jay Treaty. They were:
Name
Present day location
Fort au Fer Lake Champlain – Champlain, New York
Fort Dutchman's Point Lake Champlain – North Hero, Vermont
Fort Lernoult (including Fort Detroit) Detroit River – Detroit, Michigan
Fort Mackinac Straits of Mackinac – Mackinac Island, Michigan
Fort Miami Maumee River – Maumee, Ohio
Fort Niagara Niagara River – Youngstown, New York
Fort Ontario Lake Ontario – Oswego, New York
Fort Oswegatchie Saint Lawrence River – Ogdensburg, New York
See also[edit]
Ratification Day (United States)
List of United States treaties
America's Critical Period, the period of U.S. history in the 1780s after the American Revolution and prior to the ratification of the United States Constitution.
History of the United States (1776–89)
Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ "British-American Diplomacy Treaty of Paris – Hunter Miller's Notes". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Quote from Thomas Paterson, J. Garry Clifford and Shane J. Maddock, American foreign relations: A history, to 1920 (2009) vol 1 p 20
Jump up ^ Morris 1965
Jump up ^ Jeremy Black, British foreign policy in an age of revolutions, 1783–1793 (1994) pp 11–20
Jump up ^ "Treaties in Force A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force on January 1, 2016" (PDF). United States Department of State. United States Government. p. 463. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Avalon Project – British-American Diplomcay : The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783".
Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith, "A North American Neutral Indian Zone: Persistence of a British Idea." Northwest Ohio Quarterly 61#2-4 (1989): 46–63.
Jump up ^ Charles R. Ritcheson, "The Earl of Shelbourne and Peace with America, 1782–1783: Vision and Reality." International History Review 5#3 (1983): 322–345.
Jump up ^ In 1842 some shifts were made in Maine and Minnesota. William E. Lass (1980). Minnesota's Boundary with Canada: Its Evolution Since 1783. Minnesota Historical Society. pp. 63–70.
Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull (1987). A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution. Yale UP. pp. 144–151.
Jump up ^ Frances G, Davenport and Charles O. Paullin, European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies (1917) vol 1 p vii
Jump up ^ Gerald Newman and Leslie Ellen Brown, Britain in the Hanoverian age, 1714–1837 (1997) p. 533
Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith, "Josiah Harmar, Diplomatic Courier." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 87.4 (1963): 420–430.
Jump up ^ "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875". memory.loc.gov. Retrieved 2015-09-11.
Jump up ^ Charles R. Ritcheson, "The Earl of Shelbourne and Peace with America, 1782–1783: Vision and Reality." International History Review (1983) 5#3 pp: 322–345. online
Jump up ^ Samuel Flagg Bemis, The Diplomacy of the American Revolution (1935)
Jump up ^ James W. Ely Jr. (2007). The Guardian of Every Other Right: A Constitutional History of Property Rights. Oxford UP. p. 35.
Jump up ^ Jones, Howard (2002). Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-8420-2916-2.
Jump up ^ Benn, Carl (1993). Historic Fort York, 1793–1993. Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-920474-79-2.
Further reading[edit]
Bemis, Samuel Flagg. The Diplomacy of the American Revolution (1935) online
Dull, Jonathan R. (1987). A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03886-0. ch. 17–20
Graebner, Norman A., Richard Dean Burns, and Joseph M. Siracusa. Foreign affairs and the founding fathers: from Confederation to constitution, 1776–1787 (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 199pp excerpt and text search, a concise survey
Harlow, Vincent T. The Founding of the Second British Empire 1763–1793. Volume 1: Discovery and Revolution (1952)
Hoffman, Ronald; Peter J. Albert editor (1981). Diplomacy and Revolution: The Franco-American Alliance of 1778. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 0-8139-0864-7. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Hoffman, Ronald; Peter J. Albert editor (1986). Peace and the Peacemakers: The Treaty of 1783. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 0-8139-1071-4. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) ; Specialized essays by scholars
Kaplan, Lawrence S. "The Treaty of Paris, 1783: A Historiographical Challenge," International History Review, Sept 1983, Vol. 5 Issue 3, pp 431–442
Morris, Richard B. The Peacemakers; the Great Powers and American Independence (1965), the standard scholarly history
Morris, Richard B. "The Great Peace of 1783," Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings (1983) Vol. 95, pp 29–51, a summary of his long book in JSTOR
Perkins, James Breck (1911). "Negotiations for Peace". France in the American Revolution. Houghton Mifflin.
Ritcheson, Charles R. "The Earl of Shelbourne and Peace with America, 1782–1783: Vision and Reality." International History Review (1983) 5#3 pp: 322–345. online
Stockley, Andrew (2001). Britain and France at the Birth of America: The European Powers and the Peace Negotiations of 1782–1783. University of Exeter Press. Archived from the original on July 19, 2008.
Primary sources[edit]
Franklin, Benjamin. The Papers of Benjamin Franklin: January 21 Through May 15, 1783 (Vol. 39. Yale University Press, 2009)
Franklin, Benjamin (1906). The Writings of Benjamin Franklin. The Macmillan company.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Paris, 1783.
Treaty of Paris, 1783; International Treaties and Related Records, 1778–1974; General Records of the United States Government, Record Group 11; National Archives.
Approval of the American victory in England Unique arch inscription commemorates "Liberty in N America Triumphant MDCCLXXXIII"
The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 Text of the treaty provided by Yale Law School's Avalon Project
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)&oldid=818189069"
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values: معاهدة باريس (1783) – Arabic

values: Paris sülh müqaviləsi (1783) – Azerbaijani

values: Pa-lí Tiâu-iok (1783 nî) – Chinese (Min Nan)

values: Париж килешеүе (1783) – Bashkir

values: Парижки договор (1783) – Bulgarian

values: Συνθήκη των Παρισίων (1783) – Greek

values: معاهده پاریس (۱۷۸۳) – Persian

values: Версаль тынчтык договору – Kyrgyz

values: Париски мировен договор (1783) – Macedonian

values: पॅरिसचा तह – Marathi

values: Парижский мир (1783) – Russian

values: 1783 பாரிசு உடன்படிக்கை – Tamil

values: Паризький договір (1783) – Ukrainian

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