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Tree of life (biblical)
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See also Tree of life for other cultural interpretations, and Tree of life (disambiguation) for other meanings.
The Fall of Man by Lucas Cranach, a 16th-century German depiction of Eden, with the tree of life (left) and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil
The tree of life (Hebrew: עֵץ הַחַיִּים, Standard: Etz haChayim)[1] is a term used in the Hebrew Bible that is a component of the world tree motif.[2]
In the Book of Genesis, the tree of life is first described in chapter 2, verse 9 as being planted with the tree of the knowledge of good and evil (Hebrew: עֵץ הַדַּעַת) "in the midst of the Garden of Eden" by God. In Genesis 3:24 cherubim guard the way to the tree of life at the east end of the Garden. The tree of life has become the subject of some debate as to whether or not the tree of the knowledge of good and evil is the same tree.[3]
In the Bible outside of Genesis, the term "tree of life" appears in Proverbs (3:18; 11:30; 13:12; 15:4) and Revelation (2:7; 22:2,14,19). It also appears in 2 Esdras (2:12; 8:52) and 4 Maccabees (18:16), which are included among the Jewish apocrypha.
Contents
[hide]
1 Genesis debate
2 Religious uses
2.1 Judaism
2.2 Christianity
2.2.1 Eastern Christianity
2.2.2 Western Christianity
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Genesis debate[edit]
According to the one-tree theory proposed by Karl Budde, in his critical research of 1883, he outlined that there was only one tree in the body of the Genesis narrative and it qualified in two ways: one as the tree in the middle of the Garden, and two as the forbidden tree. Claus Westermann gave recognition to Budde's theory in 1976.[4]
Ellen van Wolde noted in her 1994 survey that among Bible scholars "the trees are almost always dealt with separately and not related to each other” and that “attention is almost exclusively directed to the tree of knowledge of good and evil, whereas the tree of life is paid hardly any attention."[5]
Religious uses[edit]
Judaism[edit]
The tree of life is represented in several examples of sacred geometry and is central in particular to the Kabbalah (the mystic study of the Torah), where it is represented as a diagram of ten points.
Christianity[edit]
Gilded royal doors carved to represent the tree of life (old wooden church in Chotyniec, Poland).
Eastern Christianity[edit]
The tree of life[Rev. 22:2], a print from the Phillip Medhurst Collection of Bible illustrations in the possession of Revd. Philip De Vere at St. George's Court, Kidderminster, England.
The Eastern Orthodox Church has traditionally understood the tree of life in Genesis as a prefiguration of the Cross, which humanity could not partake of until after the incarnation, death and resurrection of Jesus.[6]
One of the hymns chanted during the forefeast of the nativity of Christ says:
Make ready, O Bethlehem, for Eden hath been opened for all. Prepare, O Ephratha, for the tree of life hath blossomed forth in the cave from the Virgin; for her womb did appear as a spiritual paradise in which is planted the divine Plant, whereof eating we shall live and not die as did Adam. Christ shall be born, raising the image that fell of old.[7]
The cross of Christ is also referred to as the tree of life, and in the service books,[clarification needed] Jesus is sometimes likened to a "divine cluster" of grapes hanging on the "Tree of the Cross" from which all partake in Holy Communion.[citation needed]
This theme is also found in Western Christianity. By way of an archetypal example consider Bonaventure's "biography" of the second person of the Trinity, entitled "The Tree of Life." [see Cousins, The Classics of Western Spirituality Series][citation needed]
Western Christianity[edit]
In The City of God (xiii.20-21), Augustine of Hippo offers great allowance for "spiritual" interpretations of the events in the garden, so long as such allegories do not rob the narrative of its historical reality. Enlightenment theologians (culminating perhaps in Brunner and Niebuhr in the twentieth century) sought for figurative interpretations because they had already dismissed the historical possibility of the story.
Others sought very pragmatic understandings of the tree. In the Summa Theologica (Q97), Thomas Aquinas argued that the tree served to maintain Adam's biological processes for an extended earthly animal life. It did not provide immortality as such, for the tree, being finite, could not grant infinite life. Hence after a period of time, the man and woman would need to eat again from the tree or else be "transported to the spiritual life." The common fruit trees of the garden were given to offset the effects of "loss of moisture" (note the doctrine of the humors at work), while the tree of life was intended to offset the inefficiencies of the body. Following Augustine in the City of God (xiv.26), “man was furnished with food against hunger, with drink against thirst, and with the tree of life against the ravages of old age.”
John Calvin (Commentary on Genesis 2:8), following a different thread in Augustine (City of God, xiii.20), understood the tree in sacramental language. Given that humanity cannot exist except within a covenantal relationship with God, and all covenants use symbols to give us "the attestation of his grace", he gives the tree, "not because it could confer on man that life with which he had been previously endued, but in order that it might be a symbol and memorial of the life which he had received from God." God often uses symbols - He doesn’t transfer his power into these outward signs, but "by them He stretches out His hand to us, because, without assistance, we cannot ascend to Him." Thus he intends man, as often as he eats the fruit, to remember the source of his life, and acknowledge that he lives not by his own power, but by God’s kindness. Calvin denies (contra Aquinas and without mentioning his name) that the tree served as a biological defense against physical aging. This is the standing interpretation in modern Reformed theology as well.
See also[edit]
Religion portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tree of life (biblical).
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tree of life (Christian).
Adam and Eve
al-Qurnah
Garden of Eden
Genesis
Lote tree
Sephirot
Sidrat al-Muntaha
The Fountain
Treeman
Tree of life
Tree of life (Kabbalah)
Tree of the knowledge of good and evil
Trees in mythology
Tree of Jesse
World tree
Yggdrasil
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lizorkin-Eyzenberg, Eli (July 7, 2016). "The Power of Hebrew". Israel Study Center. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "world tree". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. July 20, 1998. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mettinger 2007, pp. 5–11
Jump up ^ Mettinger 2007, p. 7
Jump up ^ Mettinger 2007, p. 6
Jump up ^ Roman, Dr. Alexander, Tree of Life in the Garden of Eden, Ukrainian Orthodoxy, archived from the original (– Scholar search) on February 27, 2007
Jump up ^ ORTHODIXIE ... Southern, Orthodox, Convert, Etc.: Word & Virgin, Mary & Child
Mettinger, Tryggve (2007). The Eden Narrative: A Literary and Religio-historical Study of Genesis 2-3. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575061412.
External links[edit]
Entheomedia.org
Chrismons and fleur de lis
Ancient Egypt, the tree of life
Jewish and Non-Jewish views
Colin Low's Notes on Kabbalah - The Tree of Life
Donmeh West
Kheper's Kabbalah Page
Work of the Chariot
The Isometric Sephiroth: The Forgotten Correspondences
Etz Hhaim: The Tree of Life: The Original Tree of the Sepher Yetsira
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text:
U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Minimum legal drinking age as of 1969 (two years before the 26th Amendment was passed):
Minimum age is 21
Minimum age is 20
Minimum age is 19 and 21
Minimum age is 19
Minimum age is 18 and 21
Minimum age is 18
Minimum legal drinking age as of 1975 (when almost all states had their lowest age limit):
Minimum age is 21
Minimum age is 20
Minimum age is 19 and 21; see below
Minimum age is 19
Minimum age is 18 and 21; see below
Minimum age is 18
[show]
Detail on dual age limits
Both age limits apply for following states:
Washington, D.C.: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Illinois: The legal drinking age is 19 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Kansas: The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2% ABW beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor.
Maryland: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
North Carolina: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Oklahoma: The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2% ABW beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor.
South Carolina: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
South Dakota: The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2% ABW beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor.
Virginia: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Minimum legal drinking age as of 1983 (one year before the Drinking Age Act of 1984 was passed):
Minimum age is 21
Minimum age is 20
Minimum age is 19 and 21
Minimum age is 19
Minimum age is 18 and 21
Minimum age is 18
The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. The history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as "18", not "21"). In addition, the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same.
As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s. From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment. A lot of states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973.[1][2][3] Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them.
From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities.[citation needed] In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age,[4] while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010.[5]
State
Pre-Prohibition
(prior to 1919)
Post-Prohibition
(after 1933)
1970s / 26th Amendment
(adopted in 1971)
1980s /
Drinking Age Act of 1984
21st century
Alabama
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21 (none with consent of parent)[6] 21 1975:
Lowered to 19[7] 1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21 (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)
Alaska
? 21[7] 1970:
Lowered to 19[9] 1984:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[10][11] 21
Arizona
? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 19[12][13] 1985:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Arkansas
Pre 1925:
None[7]
1925:
21[7] 21 21[14] 21 [8] 21
California
Pre 1891:
Regulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)[15][16][17]
1891:
18 (statewide)[18] 1933:
21[7] 21 21 [8] 21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)
Colorado
None[11] 1945:
18: for beer
21: for wine and liquor[7] 18 [19] Raised to 21 in 1987 [8] 21
Connecticut
? 21 [11] 1972:
Lowered to 18[20] 1982:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[21] 21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person’s employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person’s exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[22]
Delaware
? 21 [11] 1972:
Lowered to 20[13] 1984:
Raised to 21[8] 21
District of Columbia
? 18: for beer and wine[11]
21: for liquor[23][24] 18: for beer and wine[13][24]
21: for liquor 1986:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause.[25][26] 21
Florida
? 18[7] 1980:
19 [27] 1985:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause [27] 21 [28]
Georgia
? 21 [11] 1972:
Lowered to 18[12] 1984:
Raised to 19[14]
1985:
Raised to 20[14]
1986:
Raised to 21[14] 21
Hawaii
? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 18[13] 1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Idaho
? 20: for beer[29][30]
21: for wine and liquor[11][31] 1972:
Lowered to 19 (all)[13][32] 1987:
Raised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with grandfather clause[8][33] 21
Illinois
1872:
Age of majority
(none with written consent of parent)[34] pre 1961: Age of majority 1961: Raised to 21 [35] 1973:
Lowered to 19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[36] 1980:
Raised to 21[37] 21
Indiana
? Post-1934:
21[7] 21[14] 21[8] 21
Iowa
? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1)
1973:
Lowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1)
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)[38] 1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with grandfather clause.[14][38] 21
Kansas
? 1949:
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV
21: for liquor[7] 18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV[14]
21: for beer and wine with 4% ABV or more[14]
21: for liquor[14][19] 1985:
Raised to 21[8] 21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)
Kentucky
? 1938:
21[7] 21[14] 21[8] 21
Louisiana
? As of 1948:
18[13] 18[19] 1987:
Raised to 21 de jure in 1987,[8]
but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole.
1995:
De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[39]
1996:
In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[40]
Other exceptions still remain.[41] 21 (Exceptions to state law include:[42]

For an established religious purpose;
When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;
For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;
In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;
The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.)
Maine
? 21[7]
1969:
Lowered to 20 1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1977:
Raised to 20[8][43] 1985:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Maryland
? 21[7] 1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[44][45] 1982:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause [8][46] 21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)
Massachusetts
? 21 [11] 1973:
Lowered to 18
1979:
Raised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)[47][48][49] Raised to 21 in 1985 [8] 21
Michigan
? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)[50] 1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)[51][52]
1978:
Raised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.[8]
First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered 21
Minnesota
? 21 [11] 1973:
Lowered to 18 (June 1)
1976:
Raised to 19 (Sept 1)[53]
First state to raise age after lowering. 1986:
Raised to 21[54] 21
Mississippi
? 1966:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
(alcohol not legalized until 1966) 18[19] Raised to 21 in 1986 [8] 21
Missouri
? 1945:
21[7] 21 21 [8] 21
Montana
? 21 [11] 1971:
Lowered to 19[55]
1973:
Lowered to 18[56][57]
1979:
Raised to 19 1987:
Raised to 21[8][58] 21
Nebraska
? 21[59]
1969:
Lowered to 20 1972:
Lowered to 19[59] 1980:
Raised to 20[14]
1985:
Raised to 21[14] 21
Nevada
? 1933:
21[7] 21 21[8] 21
New Hampshire
? 21[11] 1973:
Lowered to 18[60]
1979:
Raised to 20 1985:
Raised to 21[8][21] 21
New Jersey
Before 1880:
None
Post-1880:
18 (penalties only against businesses)[61][62][63] 21[citation needed] 1973:
Lowered to 18 [12] 1980:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 21[8][64] 21
New Mexico
? 1934:
21[7] 21[14] 21[8] 21
New York
21 18[65] 18 1982:
Raised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)
1985:
Raised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[21][66][67] 21
North Carolina
? 18[11] 18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor 1983:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26] 21
North Dakota
? 1936:
21[7] 21[14] 21 [68] 21
Ohio
? 1935:
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[69] 18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor 1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):
19: for 3.2% ABW beer[14]
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[14]
1982 (From Oct. 1):
19: beer
21: wine and liquor[70]
1988:
21[14] 21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)
Oklahoma
? Men:
21
Women:
18: 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[71] 1976:
Lowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec) [72]
Last state to lower the drinking age. 1983:
Raised to 21[11][73] 21
Oregon
? 1933:
21[7] 21 21 [8] 21
Pennsylvania
? 1935:
21[7] 21 21 [8][52] 21
Rhode Island
? 21[11] 1970:
Lowered to 18[12][74] 1980:
Raised to 19
1981:
Raised to 20
1984:
Raised to 21[21] 21
South Carolina
21[75] 1935:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7] 18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor 1984:
19: for beer and wine[7]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21
South Dakota
? 1934:
21 (all)
1939:
Lowered to 18: for 3.2% beer
Raised to 19: for 3.2% beer[76] 1972:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[13] 1984:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[8]
1988:
Raised to 21[58] 21
Tennessee
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21[77] 21[7]
1964:
Lowered to 18[7] 1979:
Raised to 19 1984:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Texas
Pre 1909:
21
None (with written permission of parent or guardian)
Post 1909:
21[78][79] 21[7] 1973:
Lowered to 18[80] 1981:
Raised to 19[81]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26] 21
Utah
? 1935:
21[7] 21[14] 21 [8] 21
Vermont
? 21[7] 1971:
Lowered to 18[82][83] 1986:
Raised to 21[21][83] 21
Virginia
? 21[84] 1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
(21: for liquor remained)[84] 1981:
Raised to 19 for off-premises consumption
1983:
Raised to 19 (all beer)
1985:
Raised to 21[84] 21
Washington
"Age of majority"
since 1877 [85] 21[citation needed] 21 21 [8] 21
West Virginia
? 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[11] 1972:
Lowered to 18 (all)[86] 1983:
Raised to 19
(& 21 for non-residents)[8][43]
1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Wisconsin
1839–1866:
18: for wine and liquor
None: for beer
Post-1866:
21 (all)[87] 18: for beer
21: for wine and spirits
1957:
21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[88]
1963:
Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).[88] 1972:
Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)[88]
1977:
Border state restriction lifted.[88] 1984:
Raised to 19
1986:
Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986)[88] 21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)[citation needed]
Wyoming
? 21[7] 1973:
Lowered to 19[13] 1988:
Raised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)[89][90]
Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21 21
American Samoa
? ? ? 21? 21 [91]
Northern Mariana Islands
– – ? 21? 21 [92]
Puerto Rico
? 18 18 Kept at 18
despite 10% highway funding
penalty under Drinking Age Act. 18 [93]
Virgin Islands
? ? ? 18 18 [94]
Guam
? 21? 18 18 Raised to 21 in 2010 [5]
Additional notes[edit]
Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, not all states specifically prohibit minors' and young adults' consumption of alcohol in private settings. That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private club possession exceptions; as of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws.[41]
In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) was 18; the age for hard liquor was 21.[23][24] Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol. In Louisiana, the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding, while still allowing 18- to 20-year-olds to drink as before. Not only did it still allow 18- to 20-year-olds to consume in private, it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18- to 20-year-olds without penalty (despite purchase being technically illegal) which meant that the de facto age was still 18.[39] In other words, the drinking age was 21 only on paper. This loophole was closed in 1995, but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional.[39] That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18, causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision, raising the age to 21 three months later.[40] Other exceptions still remain to this day, including drinking in a private residence,[41] and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state.
Some states were "dry" well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919, in some cases since achieving statehood. Also, some states did not become fully "wet" until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 (e.g. Mississippi in 1966). Since 1966, all states and territories of the USA have been "wet", but dry counties and towns still exist in some states.
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "Ramon Someros Oberiano Act" (PDF). 8 July 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad "A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of a Uniform Minimum Drinking Age" (PDF). ntl.bts.gov. April 1987. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r MINIMUM DRINKING AGE LAWS, 1990
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Behavioral Policies and Teen Traffic Safety on JSTOR". jstor.org.
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^ Jump up to: a b "D.C. debate continuing on alcohol". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. UPI. September 29, 1966. p. 10C.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bill filed to lower drinking age to 18". The Day. New London, CT. January 22, 1971. p. 9.
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^ Jump up to: a b "For Some, New Drinking Law Hard To Swallow". sun-sentinel.com. June 30, 1985. Retrieved 2015-05-28.
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Jump up ^ "Idaho's legislature: Young jurors". Lewiston (ID) Morning Tribune. January 18, 1972. p. 3.
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^ Jump up to: a b "State of Iowa Alcoholic Beverages Division, Historical Highlights". iowaabd.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bragg, Rick (1996-03-23). "Louisiana Stands Alone on Drinking at 18". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b AP (1996-07-03). "Louisiana Court Upholds Drinking Age of 18". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c [2] Exceptions to Minimum Age of 21 for Possession of Alcohol as of January 1, 2010, Alcohol Policy Information System
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Jump up ^ Hingson, RW; Scotch, N; Mangione, T; Meyers, A; Glantz, L; Heeren, T; Lin, N; Mucatel, M; Pierce, G (1983). "Impact of legislation raising the legal drinking age in Massachusetts from 18 to 20". American Journal of Public Health. 73 (2): 163–170. doi:10.2105/AJPH.73.2.163. PMC 1650505  . PMID 6849474.
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94. Citation for Wisconsin drinking law: https://www.revenue.wi.gov/Pages/FAQS/ise-atundrg.aspx
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Mobile Legends: Bang Bang
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Mobile Legends: Bang Bang
Developer(s)
Moonton
Publisher(s)
Moonton
Platform(s)
iOS, Android
Release
Android
China, Indonesia, and Malaysia: July 11, 2016

iOS
WW: November 9, 2016
Genre(s)
Multiplayer online battle arena
Mobile Legends: Bang Bang is a multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) mobile game developed and published by Moonton.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
2 Copyright controversy
3 References
4 External links
Gameplay[edit]
Mobile Legends: Bang Bang is a multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) game designed for mobile phones (but also can be played on the PC). The two opposing teams fight to reach and destroy the enemy's base while defending their own base for control of a path, the three "lanes" known as "top", "middle" and "bottom", which connects the bases.
In each team, there are five players who each control an avatar, known as a "hero", from their own device. Weaker computer-controlled characters, called "minions", spawn at team bases and follow the three lanes to the opposite team's base, fighting enemies and turrets.
Copyright controversy[edit]
This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to create a more neutral presentation, with details put in their proper context. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (February 2018)
Riot Games, the company that develops and publishes the PC game League of Legends, filed a lawsuit on 11 July 2017 against the developer of Mobile Legends: Bang Bang, Shanghai Moonton Technology in the Central District Court of California as it had infringed on several trademarks in the game, including the game map, which looks similar to the well-known "Summoner's Rift" map used in League of Legends. Two other games, Magic Rush: Heroes and Mobile Legends: 5V5 RPG were also brought into the question. It was also revealed that Moonton quietly took down the predecessor — Mobile Legends: 5V5 RPG – after Riot Games attempted to contact Google Play and Apple's App Store to take the game down, and re-uploaded the same game with a different name Mobile Legends: Bang Bang with a few tweaks including a logo change, as the first also resembled the League of Legends logo.[1]
Moonton later released a statement on the same day via their Facebook page, claiming the media that they're spreading "unreal information and rumors" against them. Their statement also claims that "its copyright has already been registered and protected in multiple countries all over the world". It further claimed that Moonton owned the intellectual property rights and threatened legal action against the media and competitors for spreading false information about Moonton and the game.[2][3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Riot is suing a mobile game company for copyright infringement, and it's definitely not hard to see why". Retrieved July 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mobile Legends: Bang bang". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2017-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Mobile Legends Dev Releases Statement Re: Riot Suing Mobile Legends". YugaTech. 12 July 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
External links[edit]
Official Website
This article about a video game released for mobile devices is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Pokémon Trading Card Game
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the card game. For the video game, see Pokémon Trading Card Game (video game).
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Pokémon Trading Card Game
Pokémon Trading Card Game cardback
Publisher(s)
Japan:
Creatures Inc.
Media Factory
(October 1996 – September 2013)
The Pokémon Company
(October 2013 – present)
United States:
Creatures Inc.
Wizards of the Coast (Hasbro)
(December 1998 – July 2003)
The Pokémon Company International
(July 2003 – present)
Players
2
Setup time
18–40 seconds
Playing time
5–120 minutes
Random chance
Some (order of cards drawn, dice, coin flip)
Skill(s) required
Card playing
Arithmetic
Basic reading ability
Basic trading skills
The Pokémon Trading Card Game (ポケモンカードゲーム, Pokemon Kādo Gēmu, "Pokémon Card Game"), abbreviated to PTCG or Pokémon TCG, is a collectible card game, based on the Pokémon video game series, first published in October 1996 by Media Factory in Japan. In the US, it was initially published by Wizards of the Coast; The Pokémon Company eventually took over publishing the card game in June 2003.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
1.1 Card types
1.2 Pokémon types
2 Sets
3 Competitive play
3.1 Major tournaments
4 Video games
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Gameplay[edit]
A collection of Pokémon and Yu-Gi-Oh! cards
Players assume the role of a Pokémon trainer and use their Pokémon to battle their opponents'. Players play Pokémon to the field and attack their opponent's Pokémon. A Pokémon that has sustained enough damage is knocked out, and the player who knocked it out draws a Prize card. There are usually six Prize cards, and the primary win condition is to draw all of them. Other ways to win are by knocking out all the Pokémon the opponent has on the field such that the opponent has none left, or if at the beginning of their opponent's turn there are no cards left to draw in the opponent's deck.[2]
Players begin by having one player selects heads or tails, and the other flips a coin; the winner of the coin flip will decide who goes first or second. The player going first cannot attack on their first turn. (Dice may be used in place of coins, with even numbers representing heads and odd numbers representing tails). Players then shuffle their decks and draw seven cards, then play one Basic Pokémon onto the field. This Pokémon is known as the Active Pokémon, and is usually the one that attacks and receives damage. If a player does not have any Basic Pokémon, they must shuffle and draw a new hand, and the opponent may draw one additional card. Once both players have at least one Basic Pokémon, they can play up to five more Basic Pokémon onto their "Bench" (representing the maximum-carry limit of six from the video games). Players then take the top six cards of their deck and place them to the side as Prize Cards. Play then begins with the player who won the coin flip.
Play alternates between players who may take several actions during their turn, including playing new Basic Pokémon, evolving their Pokémon, playing Trainer cards and Energy cards, and using Pokémon Abilities. A player may also retreat their Active Pokémon, switching the Active Pokémon with one on the Bench. At the end of their turn, a player may use one of their Active Pokémon's attacks, provided the prerequisite amount and types of Energy are attached to that Pokémon. Effects from that attack are then activated and damage may be placed on the Defending Pokémon (some attacks simply have effects but do not do damage). This damage may be modified depending on whether the defender has a Weakness or Resists the attacker's Pokémon type. If the final damage exceeds the defending Pokémon's HP, it is Knocked Out, and the active player takes a Prize Card and ends their turn.[3]
Card types[edit]
Basic Pokémon are the foundation of all decks. Without them a player cannot play the game, since both players begin the game by placing a Basic Pokémon in the Active position on the field. Each Pokémon card depicts a Pokémon from the video games. Each player may have up to six Pokémon on the playing field at a time: one "Active" Pokémon and up to five on the bench. Each Pokémon card has a name, a type, and an amount of Health Points (HP). All Pokémon feature attacks; these typically deal damage to the opponent's active Pokémon, or occasionally, their benched Pokémon; however, an attack may also perform different functions, such as drawing cards, inflicting Special Conditions, or altering the opponent's board state. The vast majority of these attacks require Energy, which comes in the form of Energy cards. Abilities (known as Poké-Powers and Poké-Bodies until 2011) are not attacks but simply effects that either are activated under certain conditions, or remain in effect as long as the Pokémon with the Ability remains in play.
The other type of Pokémon card is an Evolved Pokémon. Basic Pokémon are Pokémon that have not evolved, and can be played directly onto the Bench. In contrast, an Evolved Pokémon cannot normally be placed directly onto the field; they must be played on top of the corresponding lower-stage Pokémon. Stage 1 Pokémon evolve from Basic Pokémon, and Stage 2 Pokémon evolve from Stage 1 Pokémon. As a Pokémon evolves, it gains HP and its attacks change, typically becoming more powerful. Pokémon ex or EX cards were first introduced in the TCG set EX Ruby and Sapphire, and typically have higher Hit Points than other Pokémon, yet award an extra prize card to the opponent when defeated. Baby Pokémon cards, introduced in Neo Genesis, are a special kind of Basic Pokémon that have low HP but attack with strange (sometimes very powerful) effects. Mega Pokémon, introduced in XY, evolve from Pokémon-EX, but are a special stage; as such, effects on Stage 1 Pokémon do not apply to Mega Pokémon. Break Pokémon were also introduced later on in the XY series. Variations of Basic, Evolved, and Baby Pokémon cards have appeared in many sets, usually indicated with a word before or after the Pokémon's name. Secret Rare Pokémon cards are some of the rarest cards. They are usually represented by a shiny holo foil and a gold outline. These cards include Shiny Pokémon, Trainers, alternate-art Pokémon, and some rarer Mega evolution cards. Pokémon-GX cards were introduced with the Pokémon Sun & Moon expansion. These cards have a specific move set at the bottom of their card that can only be used once per game.[4] Only one GX move can be played per game, so if there are three different Pokémon-GX cards in your deck only one of the three GX moves can be used. Also with the new Pokémon Sun & Moon sun and moon expansion are Alolan Pokémon, these Pokémon are monsters that have an alternate form from their original look that is specific to Alola and the Sun & Moon series.[4]
Energy cards are attached to a Pokémon to power that Pokémon's attacks. Typically, only one Energy card may be played per turn. There are two main categories of Energy cards: Basic Energy and Special Energy. The nine different Basic Energy types (which correspond to Pokémon card types) are Grass, Fire, Water, Lightning, Psychic, Fighting, Darkness, Metal, and Fairy. Two additional types, Dragon and Colorless, do not have their own Energy cards and instead use other types of Energy. Basic Energy cards are used only to fulfill costs for attacking and retreating, while Special Energy cards have additional benefits. Most attacks require a certain type and amount of Energy. If an attack requires a certain type and amount of Energy, then that type and amount of Energy must be attached to the Pokémon. If the attack has a Colorless Energy requirement, that requirement can be met by any Energy card.[3]
Trainer cards perform various functions to affect the game: healing Pokémon, discarding energy from the opposing Pokémon, or retrieving cards from the discard pile are some key examples. Before the Diamond & Pearl expansion, all cards that were not Pokémon or Energy were considered Trainer cards. Trainers have since been subdivided into categories: Item cards directly affect the battling Pokémon, Tool cards are attached to a Pokémon and modify their features, Stadium cards affect the entire field, and Supporters are like more powerful Items, only one of which can be played per turn.[3]
Pokémon types[edit]
Color
TCG type
Type(s)
Green Grass Bug, Grass1
Red Fire
Blue Water Water, Ice
Yellow Lightning Electric
Purple Psychic Psychic, Ghost, Poison1
Brown/Orange Fighting Fighting, Rock, Ground
Black Darkness Dark
Silver Metal Steel
Pink Fairy
Gold Dragon2
White Colorless Normal, Flying2
A simplified type system was adopted from the video games for use in the trading card game. Instead of 18 types of Pokémon, only eleven exist in the TCG. Seven were introduced in the Base Set (the first ever set of Pokémon cards); Darkness and Metal types appeared when Pokémon Gold and Silver introduced the Dark and Steel types in the video games; the Dragon type was introduced in the Japanese Dragon Selection set; and finally, the Fairy type was introduced in the Japanese XY set to correspond to its introduction in the video games.
Most Pokémon have only one type, three exceptions are EX Team Magma vs Team Aqua which introduced Dual-type Pokémon that have two different types, XY: Steam Siege, and the Heartgold/ Soulsilver era sets. Dual-types were utilized in Pokémon LEGEND cards, to emphasize the multiple Pokémon the mechanic has in the Heartgold and Soulsilver sets. In August 2016, the Steam Siege expansion from the XY Series reintroduced dual-type Pokémon, this time with regular Pokémon being multiple types as well as EX Pokémon.
^ Starting with the Diamond & Pearl expansion, Poison-type Pokémon in-game are now Psychic; they were previously Grass.
^ Starting with the Black & White expansion set Dragon Selection, Dragon-type Pokémon in-game are now Dragon; they were previously Colorless.
Sets[edit]
Main article: List of Pokémon Trading Card Game sets
A new set addition in November 2017, with the announcement of SM4: Crimson Invasion in North America, 75 different sets have been released in English[5] and 69 in Japanese.[5]
A rarely played format is Unlimited, in which all cards released in English are legal (except oversized cards, such as promotional boxes like Mega Blaziken Ex Premium Collection Box).[citation needed]
Every few sets, new Mechanics or types of cards are introduced to the game. Several of these include: Dark Pokémon (Team Rocket); Owners' Pokémon and Stadium cards (Gym Heroes); Darkness-type and Metal-type Pokémon, the second generation, and Pokémon Tools (Neo Genesis); Shining Pokémon (Neo Revelation); Light Pokémon (Neo Destiny); Supporter cards and Technical Machines (Expedition); Crystal-type Pokémon (Aquapolis); Pokémon-ex (EX Ruby & Sapphire); Dual-type Pokémon (EX Team Magma vs Team Aqua); Pokémon Star (EX Team Rocket Returns); Delta Species Pokémon and Holon's Pokémon (EX Delta Species); Pokémon LV.X, the separation of Trainer, Supporter and Stadium cards, and the addition of Metal and Darkness as Basic Energy types (Diamond and Pearl); Pokémon With Items (Mysterious Treasures);Pokémon-GX, with a move that is playable only once a game (Sun & Moon);
Trainer cards of which two can be played at once (Stormfront); owner-specific Pokémon SP (Platinum), Pokémon LEGEND (HeartGold and SoulSilver Collection), Pokémon PRIME which replace Pokémon Lv. X ("HeartGold and SoulSilver Collection"), Full Art cards (Black and White), Dragon-type Pokémon, BREAK evolution cards which replace Pokémon PRIME (XY BREAKthrough), and the newly release GX cards from Sun and Moon. These changes, along with yearly format rotations, make for a constantly evolving game.[citation needed]
Competitive play[edit]
Main article: Play! Pokémon
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In addition to the collectible aspect of the card game, The Pokémon Company International (formerly known as Pokémon USA) has also created Play! Pokémon, formerly known as Pokémon Organized Play (POP), which is in charge of the organization of an official League program, where players can battle others in local environments and earn player points, two-card booster packets from a promotional set, badges, stickers and other materials. These are run by League leaders and owners. POP also runs a professor program, in which individuals age 18 or over may become a professor, who can sanction and run tournaments and leagues. A League Leader may assist in organizing the league, while a League Owner is the one officially in charge of the league, reporting to the Organized Play program any results and/or problems every seven weeks. The leagues run in yearly cycles, based on a certain aspect of one of the Pokémon Video Game or Trading Card Game: the current cycle is based upon the Newest set, The current season is Evolutions season.
Prerelease tournaments are organized just before each set is released. Usually, they are run on the two weekends before a set is released in stores to the public. At Prerelease Tournaments players are given three booster packs from the judge and must construct a 40 card deck, with only 4 prize cards, using only the cards pulled from the packs and the judges provide the energy, but not special energy cards. Many fans have come up with alternative methods of playing the Trading Card Game. Certain websites such as PokéCap are dedicated to providing players with a new twist to their card game with new game rules they can follow. New methods may be based more on the video game adaptations of Pokémon or the Pokémon television show.
Players in a tournament are split into three age categories: Junior (born in 2003 or later), Senior (born in 2000-2002), and Master (born in 1999 or earlier). Notable references include: Austin Brewen who won the first junior tournament, Brenden Zhang who won the first Senior Tournament, and Arturo Heras who won the first Master Tournament. These tournaments play a number of rounds, where players will play a standard game against each other and wins and losses will be recorded. In most tournaments, there are a number of Swiss-style rounds where players are paired up against others of similar win/loss ratios, usually from their own age group (this does not always occur in smaller events, though). Afterwards, there will either be a cut of the top record-holders (approximately the top 1/8 of participants) where players will play best two out of three matches, and the loser gets eliminated (standard tournament bracket style), with an eventual winner.
POP runs a season for these tournaments, which allows players to earn larger prizes and play in a more competitive environment in comparison to League. These range from City and State Championships, all the way up to the Pokémon World Championships, the single invite-only event of the year. Players can earn invites to the World Championships by winning or ranking high at National Championships, doing well at tournaments to get Championship Points, or by qualifying in the Last Chance Qualifier. The World Championships is a three-day tournament, with one eventual winner in each age group; the winner of the Masters Division age group is generally noticed as the best player in the world for that season. Some of these methods are only used in the United States, as PUI and POP are based in the United States, but they are represented by local distributors who provide the Organized Play program to their own country.
2017 Worlds - Anaheim California [6]
2018 Worlds - Nashville Tennessee[6]
Major tournaments[edit]
On August 26–27, 2000, forty-two Pokémon trainers from around the world met at the Hilton Hawaiian Village in Honolulu for the Tropical Mega Battle, an international communication event for the Pokémon Trading Card Game. The Tropical Mega Battle brought together children aged 14 and under from the United States, Japan, France, Italy, Canada, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom for two days in Honolulu, Hawaii. Children participating in the Tropical Mega Battle received invitations through Qualifier tournaments, DCI rankings, and other events in their respective countries.
The Super Trainer Showdowns were large Pokémon TCG tournaments held in the United States by Wizards of the Coast between 2000 and 2001. The tournaments were open to the public. Each tournament consisted of three age groups: 10 and under, 11 to 14 years old, and 15 years old and over. Each Super Trainer Showdown was preceded by a series of Qualifier Tournaments held in cities around the United States and abroad in which players in the 11-to-14 and 10-and-under age groups could win trips for themselves and a parent or guardian to the Super Trainer Showdown event. To date, there have been four Super Trainer Showdowns. The first Super Trainer Showdown was held in Long Beach, California inside of the cruise liner, the Queen Mary on July 22, 2000. The format was unlimited, meaning that all Pokémon cards released in the United States were legal for deck construction. The second Super Trainer Showdown was held at the Meadowlands Exposition Center in Secaucus, New Jersey on November 18, 2000. There were over 700 players in all three age divisions competing for the title. The tournament was eight rounds of Swiss style pairings followed by a cut to a top-eight single-elimination playoff. All games were best-of-one. The third Super Trainer Showdown was held again in the Meadowlands Exposition Center in Secaucus, New Jersey. It was held on June 23–24, 2001 and more than 1,600 players attended the event. The format for this event was titled “Modified” and allowed players to construct 60-card decks using a maximum of four of any card other than basic energy from specific sets. The fourth and final Super Trainer Showdown was held at the San Antonio Convention Center in San Antonio, Texas on December 1–2, 2001.[7] The format was again "Modified", however the newest set Neo Discovery was also legal for the tournament.
Although TPCI tries to keep Organized Play as equal as possible all over the Earth, there are some notable differences in how POP is run outside of the United States. The Pokémon Card Laboratory (PCL), located in Japan, is the designer of new cards and the ultimate authority on any matter relating to the Pokémon Trading Card Game. It can declare rulings on any in-game circumstance, issue errata, change card text after publishing, and change the basic game rules, although the latter three rarely occur. PCL runs Organized Play in Japan. The Pokémon Trading Card Game in most European countries is currently handled by The Pokémon Company International. Certain countries have no direct official presence; in these regions, distributors of the game run tournaments. European countries are able to qualify for positions at the Pokémon Trading Card Game World Championships each year, through National Championships and European Rankings.
Video games[edit]
There are a few video games based on the card game. Pokémon TCG Online (PTCGO) is the official digital version of the card game available for Microsoft Windows, OS X, Android and iPad.[8] It was originally released in April 2011 as Pokémon Trainer Challenge. The game initially offered three starting decks, and featured more content after release. After April 6, 2011, players could buy cards from the Black and White series, which have a code to be digitally represented.[9] Players can also create a custom avatar.[10] There were booster pack codes which allow booster packs up to Black and White-Boundaries Crossed, to be purchased from the online shop. However, as of Black and White- Plasma Storm, the code card within booster packs directly redeem as online booster packs of their respective set. GamesRadar praised the game, stating "Everything looks to be faithfully recreated, including the card mat, prize card layout, and even coins."[10]
The eponymously titled Pokémon Trading Card Game, known as Pokémon Card GB in Japan, was developed for the Game Boy Color, releasing in Japan in December 1998 and later in North America and Europe in 2000. The game is based on the rules of the card game and features 226 cards from the game, as well as infrared linking for multiplayer and trading. The game was re-released for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console in 2014. A sequel, Pokémon Card GB2: Great Rocket-Dan Sanjō! was released exclusively in Japan in March 2001.
See also[edit]
Obake karuta
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kaufeld, John; Smith, Jeremy (2006). Trading Card Games For Dummies. For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0470044071.
Jump up ^ "Winning a match". Bulpapedia. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Pokemon Rulebook" (PDF). Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Big Changes in Pokémon TCG: Sun & Moon!". Pokemon.com. Retrieved 2017-09-27.
^ Jump up to: a b "List of Pokémon Trading Card Game expansions".
^ Jump up to: a b "The 2017 Worlds Is a Wrap! | Pokemon.com". www.pokemon.com. Retrieved 2017-09-27.
Jump up ^ "World Championships". Bulbapedia. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Pokemon TCG Online now available for iPad users in North America". Tech Times.
Jump up ^ Matthew Kato (February 15, 2011). "Online Battles Start With Pokémon Trainer Challenge - News - www.GameInformer.com". Retrieved 2011-02-15.
^ Jump up to: a b Mark Raby (Feb 16, 2011). "Pokémon trading cards getting free browser-based game, Pokemon Black / White DS News". GamesRadar. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
External links[edit]
Wikibooks has more on the topic of: Pokémon Trading Card Game
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