text:
The Beatles' rooftop concert
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The Beatles' rooftop concert
Aerial view
Date
30 January 1969
Venue
Apple Corps Ltd
3 Savile Row, London, UK
Coordinates
51°30′37.48″N 0°8′23.13″W / 51.5104111°N 0.1397583°W / 51.5104111; -0.1397583
Participants
John Lennon
Paul McCartney
George Harrison
Ringo Starr
Billy Preston
Length
42 minutes[1]
Producer
George Martin
Engineers
Glyn Johns
Alan Parsons
The Beatles' rooftop concert was the final public performance of the English rock band the Beatles. On 30 January 1969, the band, with keyboardist Billy Preston, surprised a central London office and fashion district with an impromptu concert from the roof of the headquarters of the band's multimedia corporation Apple Corps at 3 Savile Row. In a 42-minute set, the Beatles were heard playing nine takes of five songs before the Metropolitan Police Service asked them to reduce the volume. Footage from the performance was later used in the 1970 documentary film Let It Be.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Set list
3 Legacy
4 Personnel
5 Citations
6 Sources
7 External links
History[edit]
Although the concert was unannounced, the Beatles had planned on performing live during their Get Back sessions earlier in January.[2] It is uncertain who had the idea for a rooftop concert, but the suggestion was conceived just days before the actual event.[3] George Harrison brought in keyboardist Billy Preston as an additional musician, in the hope that a talented outside observer would encourage the band to be tight and focused.[3] Ringo Starr remembered:
"There was a plan to play live somewhere. We were wondering where we could go—'Oh, the Palladium or the Sahara'. But we would have had to take all the stuff, so we decided, 'Let's get up on the roof'".[4]
The audio was recorded onto two eight-track recorders in the basement of Apple[5] by engineer Alan Parsons,[6] and film director Michael Lindsay-Hogg[7] brought in a camera crew to capture several angles of the performance—including reactions from people on the street.[6]
When the Beatles first started playing, there was some confusion from spectators watching five stories below, many of whom were on their lunch break. As the news of the event spread, crowds of onlookers began to congregate in the streets and on the roofs of local buildings. While most responded positively to the concert, the Metropolitan Police Service grew concerned about noise and traffic issues.[8] Apple employees initially refused to let police inside, ultimately reconsidering when threatened with arrest.[8]
As police ascended to the roof, the Beatles realised that the concert would eventually be shut down, but continued to play for several more minutes.[9] Paul McCartney improvised the lyrics of his song "Get Back" to reflect the situation, "You've been playing on the roofs again, and you know your Momma doesn't like it, she's gonna have you arrested!"[10] The concert came to an end with the conclusion of "Get Back", with John Lennon saying, "I'd like to say thank you on behalf of the group and ourselves and I hope we've passed the audition".[11]
Set list[edit]
The rooftop concert consisted of nine takes of five Beatles songs, including:
"Get Back" (three takes)
"Don't Let Me Down" (two takes)
"I've Got a Feeling" (two takes)
"One After 909" (one take)
"Dig a Pony" (one take)
The first performance of "I've Got a Feeling", and the recordings of "One After 909", and "Dig a Pony" were later used for the album Let It Be.[12] In 1996, a "rooftop" version of "Get Back", which was the last song of the Beatles' final live performance, was included in Anthology 3.[13] An edit of the two takes of "Don't Let Me Down" was included on Let It Be... Naked.[14][better source needed] There was also a brief jam of "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" while the cameramen changed film.
Legacy[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
3 Savile Row, London, the location of the concert
The Beatles' rooftop concert marked the end of an era for many fans. They did record one more album, Abbey Road, but by September 1969 the Beatles had unofficially disbanded.[15] Several of the rooftop performances, particularly that of "Dig a Pony", showed the Beatles once again in top form, if only temporarily.[16] Fans believed the rooftop concert might have been a try-out for a return to live performances and touring.[17]
The Rutles' "Get Up and Go" sequence in the film All You Need Is Cash mimics the footage of the rooftop concert, and uses similar camera angles.[18] In January 2009, tribute band the Bootleg Beatles attempted to stage a 40th anniversary concert in the same location, but were refused permission by Westminster City Council due to licensing problems.[19]
In The Simpsons fifth season episode "Homer's Barbershop Quartet", the Be Sharps (Homer, Apu, Barney and Principal Skinner) perform a rendition of one of their previous hits on a rooftop. George Harrison, who guest-starred in the episode, is shown saying dismissively "It's been done!" As the song ends and the credits begin, Homer repeats John Lennon's phrase about passing the audition and everyone laughs, including Barney until he says, "I don't get it."[20]
In the 2007 film Across The Universe, a musical made up entirely of Beatles' music, Sadie's band performs a rooftop concert in New York City which mimics the original. It is interrupted and closed down by the New York Police Department.[21]
U2 also referenced the concert in their video for "Where the Streets Have No Name", which featured a similar rooftop concert in Los Angeles.
McCartney played a surprise mini-concert in midtown Manhattan on 15 July 2009 from the top of the marquee of the Ed Sullivan Theater, where he was recording a performance for Late Show with David Letterman. News of the event spread via Twitter and word of mouth, and nearby street corners were closed off to accommodate fans for the set, which duplicated the original Beatles gig.
Personnel[edit]
John Lennon – vocals, guitar
Paul McCartney – vocals, bass guitar
George Harrison – vocals, guitar
Ringo Starr – drums
Billy Preston – electric piano
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "20 Things You Need To Know About The Beatles' Rooftop Concert". mojo4music.com. 30 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992, pp. 306–307.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewisohn 1992, p. 307.
Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000, p. 321.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Kevin; Kehew, Brian (2006). Recording the Beatles: the studio equipment and techniques used to create their classic albums. Curvebender. p. 518. ISBN 978-0-9785200-0-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Perone 2005, p. 5.
Jump up ^ Everett 1999, p. 216.
^ Jump up to: a b "Beatles rooftop birthday:It's 40 years since the fab four's last ever concert". BBC. 30 January 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Perone 2005, pp. 5–6.
Jump up ^ Lifton, Dave. "44 YEARS AGO: THE BEATLES PERFORM LIVE FOR THE LAST TIME, ON A LONDON ROOFTOP". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Everett 1999, p. 222.
Jump up ^ Everett 1999, p. 219.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 334.
Jump up ^ Beatles Bible
Jump up ^ "Paul McCartney: 'I Want to Live in Peace'". Life Magazine. 7 November 1969.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 331.
Jump up ^ Perone 2005, p. 6.
Jump up ^ "Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rutles!". CD Review. 12 (1–9): 80.
Jump up ^ Banerjee, Subhajit (30 January 2009). "The Beatles rooftop concert: It was 40 years ago today". The Telegraph. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Suebsaeng, Asawin (30 January 2012). "8 Videos to Commemorate the Beatles' Final Concert, 43 Years Later". Mother Jones. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (2009). Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2010. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7407-9218-2.
Sources[edit]
The Beatles (2000). The Beatles Anthology (1st ed.). Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-3636-4.
Everett, Walter (1999). The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver through the Anthology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512941-0.
MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (3rd (2007) ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-55652-733-3.
Lewisohn, Mark (1992). The Complete Beatles Chronicle:The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide To the Beatles' Entire Career (2010 ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-56976-534-0.
Perone, James E (2005). Woodstock: An Encyclopedia of the Music and Art Fair – American history through music. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33057-5.
External links[edit]
Don't Let Me Down from the rooftop
[show]
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Let It Be
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Songs
Side one
"Two of Us"
"Dig a Pony"
"Across the Universe"
"I Me Mine"
"Dig It"
"Let It Be"
"Maggie Mae"
Side two
"I've Got a Feeling"
"One After 909"
"The Long and Winding Road"
"For You Blue"
"Get Back"
Non-album B-side
"Don't Let Me Down"
Outtakes
"All Things Must Pass"
"Another Day"
"The Back Seat of My Car"
"Gimme Some Truth"
"Hear Me Lord"
"Let It Down"
"Teddy Boy"
"Watching Rainbows"
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text:
Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter"
Single by Herman's Hermits
from the album Herman's Hermits
B-side
"I Gotta Dream On"
Released
April 1965
Format
7", 45rpm
Recorded
De Lane Lea Studios, London, 1 December 1964
Genre
Beat, pop
Length
2:45
Label
MGM
Songwriter(s)
Trevor Peacock
Producer(s)
Mickie Most
Herman's Hermits singles chronology
"Silhouettes"
(1965) "Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter"
(1965) "Wonderful World"
(1965)
"Silhouettes"
(1965) "Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter"
(1965) "Wonderful World"
(1965)
"Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter" is a popular song written by British actor, screenwriter and songwriter Trevor Peacock.[1] It was originally sung by actor Tom Courtenay in The Lads, a British TV play of 1963, and released as a single on UK Decca.[2]
The best-known version of the song is by Herman's Hermits, who took it to number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 in May 1965, and number one in Canada the month before. The single debuted on the Hot 100 at number 12 — the third highest debut of the decade (after the Beatles' "Hey Jude" and "Get Back").[3] The Hermits never released the track — or their other US 1965 number one, "I'm Henry VIII, I Am" — as a single in their native Britain. "Mrs Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter" was recorded as an afterthought in two takes and featured unique muted lead and rhythm guitar by Derek Leckenby and Keith Hopwood and heavily accented lead vocals by Peter Noone, with backing vocals from Karl Green and Keith Hopwood. The band never dreamed it would be a single let alone hit number one in the US. According to Noone the song was well known to British bands; it would often be performed at birthday parties, substituting the surname of the girl whose party was being celebrated, i.e., "Mrs. Smith" or "Mrs. Jones" instead of "Mrs. Brown".
Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1965 album Chipmunks à Go-Go.
The song was released in Japan on Odeon Records, a subsidiary of Toshiba, as OR-1272. It was backed by the song "Wonderful World".
It was recorded by Nellie McKay for her 2015 album My Weekly Reader.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Herman's Hermits: Mrs Brown You've Got a Lovely Daughter". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
Jump up ^ "Tom Courtenay – Mrs. Brown You've Got A Lovely Daughter". Discogs. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
Jump up ^ ”Billboard Hot 100 Charts – The Sixties/The Seventies”, Record Research Inc, 1990
Preceded by
"Game of Love" by Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders Billboard Hot 100 number one single
1 May 1965
(three weeks) Succeeded by
"Ticket to Ride" by The Beatles
[hide]
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Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter
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Introducing Herman's Hermits
Herman's Hermits on Tour
Hold On!
Both Sides of Herman's Hermits
There's a Kind of Hush All Over the World
Blaze
Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter
Extended plays
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Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter
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A Must to Avoid
Hold On!
Dandy
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The Most of Herman's Hermits
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Singles
"I'm into Something Good"
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"Silhouettes"
"Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter"
"Wonderful World"
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"This Door Swings Both Ways"
"Dandy"
"No Milk Today"
"There's a Kind of Hush"
"Don't Go Out into the Rain (You're Going to Melt)"
"Museum"
"I Can Take or Leave Your Loving"
"Sleepy Joe"
"Sunshine Girl"
"Something's Happening"
"My Sentimental Friend"
"Years May Come, Years May Go"
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Hold On! (1966 film)
Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter (1968 film)
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Tashkent Declaration
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Tashkent Declaration
Type
Peace Treaty
Context
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Signed
10 January 1966; 51 years ago (1966-01-10)
Location
Tashkent, Soviet Union
Signatories
Lal Bahadur Shastri
(Prime Minister of India )
Muhammad Ayub Khan
(President of Pakistan)
Parties
India
Pakistan
Languages
English
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The Tashkent Declaration was a peace agreement between India and Pakistan signed on 10 January 1966 that resolved the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Peace had been achieved on 23 September by the intervention of the great powers who pushed the two nations to cease fire, afraid the conflict could escalate and draw in other powers.[1]
"The war between India and Pakistan in 1965 was a climax of small scale and irregular fighting from April 1965 to September 1965 between both countries."..."It was over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, a sore point between both countries ever since Partition."[2] ...(ever since 1947 Partition of British India).
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Declaration
3 Aftermath
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Overview[edit]
A meeting was held in Tashkent in the Uzbek SSR, USSR (now Uzbekistan) from 4-10 January 1966 to try to create a more permanent settlement.[2]
The Soviets, represented by Premier Alexei Kosygin, moderated between Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani President Muhammad Ayub Khan.
The Tashkent conference, under United Nations, American and Soviet pressure, compelled India and Pakistan to give away the conquered regions of each other and return to the 1949 ceasefire line in Kashmir.[3][4]
Declaration[edit]
The conference was viewed as a great success and the declaration that was released was hoped to be a framework for lasting peace. The declaration stated that[1] Indian and Pakistani forces would pull back to their pre-conflict positions, pre-August lines,[1] no later than 25 February 1966,[2] the nations would not interfere in each other's internal affairs, economic and diplomatic relations would be restored, there would be an orderly transfer of prisoners of war, and the two leaders would work towards improving bilateral relations.[2]
Aftermath[edit]
The agreement was criticized in India because it did not contain a no-war pact or any renunciation of guerrilla warfare in Kashmir. After signing the agreement, Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri died in Tashkent of natural causes.[2]
In accordance with the Tashkent Declaration, talks at the ministerial level were held on 1 and 2 March 1966. Despite the fact that these talks were unsuccessful, diplomatic exchange continued throughout the spring and summer. No result was achieved out of these talks, as there was a difference of opinion over the Kashmir issue. Euphoria had built up during the 1965 war, which had led to the development of a public perception in Pakistan that they were going to win the war. News of the Tashkent Declaration shocked the people of Pakistan who were expecting something different. Things further worsened as Ayub Khan refused to comment and went into seclusion instead of announcing the reasons for signing the agreement. Demonstrations and rioting erupted at various places throughout Pakistan.[2] In order to dispel the anger and misgiving of the people, Ayub Khan decided to lay the matter before the people by addressing the nation on 14 January, 1966. It was the difference over Tashkent Declaration, which eventually led to the removal of Z. A. Bhutto from Ayub’s government, who later on launched his own party, called the Pakistan People’s Party. Although Ayub Khan was able to satisfy the misgiving of the people, the Tashkent Declaration greatly damaged his image and was one of the factors that led to his downfall.[5]
See also[edit]
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
Shimla Agreement
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "The 1965 war". BBC News website. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "June 30th 1965: A Ceasefire was Agreed under UN Auspices Between India and Pakistan, Who Signed a Treaty to Stop the War at Rann of Kutch.". www.mapsofindia.com. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Bajwa, Farooq. From Kutch to Tashkent: The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965. Hurst Publishers. p. 362. ISBN 9781849042307.
Jump up ^ Bisht, Rachna. 1965: Stories from the Second Indo-Pakistan War. Penguin UK. p. 139. ISBN 9789352141296.
Jump up ^ The falling out at Tashkent (1966) between Ayub Khan and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, The Friday Times newspaper, Updated 4 November 2016, Retrieved 30 June 2017
External links[edit]
Full text of Tashkent Declaration , UN Peacemaker
All peace agreement for India, UN Peacemaker
All peace agreements for Pakistan, UN Peacemaker
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List of Miami Dolphins broadcasters
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The Miami Dolphins' flagship radio station is AM 560 WQAM. WQAM has previously carried Dolphins broadcasts during the 1997-04, and 2007-09 NFL Seasons.[1] The radio broadcast team features Jimmy Cefalo providing play-by-play commentary and Joe Rose providing color commentary during preseason games, along with Griese for regular season games. Griese replaced longtime color commentator Jim Mandich, who played for the Dolphins under Don Shula. Mandich lost his fight with cancer in 2011, opening the door for Griese as his replacement. The Miami Dolphins Radio Network is a statewide network of radio stations in Florida.
Most preseason games are seen on WFOR (CBS) in Miami/Fort Lauderdale, WTVX (CW) in West Palm Beach/Fort Pierce, and WBBH (NBC) in Fort Myers with announcers Dick Stockton, Bob Griese, and Nat Moore.
ESPN reporter Hank Goldberg was a longtime color analyst on the Miami Dolphins Radio Network and hosted the Orange Bowl Express/Dolphin Express pre-game show on 610 WIOD.
Contents
[hide]
1 Radio announcers
2 Preseason television announcers
3 Regular season television coverage
4 References
Radio announcers[edit]
Years
Flagship station
Play-by-play
Color commentator
Sideline reporter
1966 AM 610 WIOD Mel Allen Dan Bossler
1967-69 AM 610 WIOD Bob Gallagher Henry Barrow
1970 AM 610 WIOD Joe Croghan Larry King Henry Barrow
1971 AM 610 WIOD Rick Weaver Larry King Henry Barrow
1972 AM 610 WIOD Rick Weaver Lou Creekmur Henry Barrow
1973 AM 610 WIOD Rick Weaver Fred Woodson Henry Barrow
1974-76 AM 610 WIOD Rick Weaver Allan Minter
1977-91 AM 610 WIOD Rick Weaver Hank Goldberg Henry Barrow
1992-93 AM 610 WIOD Rick Weaver Jim Mandich
1994-01 AM 610 WIOD Bill Zimpfer Jim Mandich
2002-04 AM 560 WQAM Howard David Jim Mandich
2005-06 AM 790 WAXY Jimmy Cefalo Joe Rose Nat Moore
2007-2009 AM 560 WQAM Jimmy Cefalo Jim Mandich and Joe Rose
2010 AM 940 WINZ / FM 105.9 WBGG Jimmy Cefalo or Dick Stockton (week 4) Jim Mandich and Joe Rose
2011–2015 AM 940 WINZ / FM 105.9 WBGG Jimmy Cefalo Bob Griese[2] and Joe Rose Kim Bokamper and Keith Sims[3]
2016-Present AM 560 WQAM / FM KISS 99.9 WKIS Jimmy Cefalo Jason Taylor (Preseason) Bob Griese (Regular season) and Joe Rose Kim Bokamper and Keith Sims
Preseason television announcers[edit]
Year
Play-by-play
Analyst(s)
Field reporter(s)
1972 Bob Gallagher Dave Kocourek Bob Halloran
1973 Jim Thacker
1974
1975 Bob Halloran Hank Stram Jane Chastain and Tony Segreto
1976 Roger Twibell Tony Segreto and Nick Buoniconti
1977 Tony Segreto
1978 Paul Hornung (2 games) or
Frank Buetel (1 game)
1979 Paul Hornung
1980 Chuck Dowdle Tim Foley
1981 Curt Gowdy
1982 Chuck Dowdle
1983 Roger Twibell Bob Griese Jim Gallagher & John Loesing
1984
1985 Jay Randolph Andy Leopold
1986 Walt Gray
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993 Brad Nessler
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998 Bob Griese and Nat Moore
1999
2000 Bob Neal Bob Griese
2001 Craig Bolerjack Bob Griese and Trevor Matich
2002 Bob Griese and Nat Moore Kim Bokamper
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010 Dick Stockton
2011
2012
2013 Jesse Agler
2014 Dick Stockton
2015
Regular season television coverage[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
From their inaugural season in 1966 until the end of the 1988 season, the majority of the Dolphins' games were carried on WSVN, as it was the Miami area's NBC affiliate (NBC carried the AFL/AFC package from 1965–97). In 1989, after NBC purchased CBS affiliate WTVJ (then on channel 4), NBC programming, and thus the Dolphins games, moved there. Prior to that time, WTVJ starting in 1973 aired sold-out Dolphins home games in which they played an NFC opponent (CBS had the NFC package at that time). From 1989 through 1993, those games would air on WCIX (then on channel 6), which was bought by CBS.
In 1994, the NFC package moved to Fox, and WSVN (which became the Fox affiliate after the network purchases of WTVJ and WCIX) starting airing the Dolphins' interconference home games. In 1998, the AFC package moved to CBS and, locally, the former WCIX, now known as WFOR (as it had swapped dial positions with WTVJ three years earlier).
WPLG was the local carrier of Monday Night Football games through 2005. When the Dolphins play on Monday nights, they now air locally on WSFL-TV.
WFOR produces the local telecasts of the Dolphins' preseason games, pre-empting CBS programming which is shown on sister station WBFS-TV. The preseason games are simulcast in the adjacent West Palm Beach television market on area CW affiliate WTVX, which was a sister station of WFOR from 1997 until 2008; all regular-season games are currently telecast by that market's CBS affiliate WPEC.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://miami.cbslocal.com/2016/05/19/the-miami-dolphins-coming-home-to-miamis-sports-radio-560-wqam
Jump up ^ http://www.palmbeachpost.com/sports/dolphins/bob-griese-joins-miami-dolphins-radio-team-trying-1764702.html
Jump up ^ http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2011-08-19/sports/fl-miami-dolphins-broadcast-team-0819_1_jim-mandich-jimmy-cefalo-kim-bokamper
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Mount Coffee Hydropower Project
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Mount Coffee Hydropower Project
Location
White Plains, Montserrado County, Liberia
Coordinates
6°30′17″N 10°38′54″W / 6.50472°N 10.64833°W / 6.50472; -10.64833Coordinates: 6°30′17″N 10°38′54″W / 6.50472°N 10.64833°W / 6.50472; -10.64833
Opening date
1966
Operator(s)
Liberia Electricity Corporation
Dam and spillways
Impounds
Saint Paul River
The Mount Coffee Hydropower Project is a hydroelectric project in the West African nation of Liberia on the Saint Paul River. Built in 1966 with additional phases completed later, the project had a maximum generating capacity of 64 MW. The Walter F. Walker Hydro Dam and generating facilities were extensively damaged during the First Liberian Civil War and are not currently functioning.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Details
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
In 1963, the Liberian government received a loan from the World Bank to develop a USD $24.3 million hydro electric project.[2] Construction of the facility began in 1964 by the Monrovia Power Authority using Raymond Concrete Pile Company as the contractor and Stanley Consultants as the project managers.[2] In 1966, the power company completed the initial phase of the dam and began generating electricity.[3] The project was finished in 1967 and named the T. J. R. Faulkner W.F. Walker Hydroelectric Power Station.[2]
Initial generating capacity was 30 MW produced by two turbines, which was increased to 64 MW when two more turbines were added in 1973.[3] The Monrovia Power Authority became the Liberia Electricity Corporation on July 12, 1973.[2] In June 1990, the government announced plans to more than double the electricity generating capacity of the project and adding a reservoir to allow more generation during the dry season.[4] The plans called for a new 4,000 feet (1,200 m) dam to be built upriver on the Via River to provide storage capacity, while two 52 MW turbines would be added at the existing power generating plant.[4] The US$300 million expansion was never begun due to the Civil War.[4]
In July 1990, rebel forces under the command of Charles Taylor seized the dam and shut off power and water to Monrovia.[5][6] During this First Civil War, the project’s intake dam was destroyed on one end while the rest received other damage.[7] Other parts of the facilities were looted and destroyed in later years of the conflict.[7] Beginning in early 2005, proposals were made to repair the facility and restore power,[8] including a proposal by China.[9]
The United States Trade and Development Agency gave $400,000 to Liberia in February 2007 to study rebuilding and expanding the project.[10] The study showed no structural damage to the dam,[11] but that most of the project’s facilities would need to be rebuilt at a cost of US$383 million.[12] As of August 2008, the Liberian government was considering privatization of the project for a fixed number of years as the nation did not have the resources to fund the repair.[12]
In May 2012, the Mt. Coffee Hydropower Rehabilitation Project was initiated with a series of surveying and engineering assessments of the feasibility of revitalizing the plant.[13] This work culminated with the signing of a contract in April 2013 with a Norwegian company (Norplan AS) and a German company (Fichtner GmbH) to revitalize the defunct power-plant by 2015.[13]
In December 2016, the first hydropower turbine and generator unit, with an installed capacity of 22 megawatts (MW), was officially dedicated and commissioned. When the project is completed, Mt. Coffee Hydropower Plant will have a total installed capacity of 88 MW (four generating units of 22 MW each).[14]
Details[edit]
Located in the Harrisburg Township of Careysburg District, Montserrado County, it lies on the Saint Paul River approximately 21 miles from Monrovia.[3][15] The dam is a run-of the river style dam, in that there is no reservoir.[3] Due to the lack of a reservoir, the dependable generating capacity is only 10 MW, as that is the normal flow of the river during the dry season.[3] Prior to the First Liberian Civil War the plant produced 64MW of electricity, which accounted for 35% of all electricity generated in the nation.[16] In addition to electricity, the Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation used the project to provide drinking water to Monrovia and surrounding areas before the war.[15]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Analyst (January 4, 2005). "Liberia;Liberian Engineer Presents Project For Hydro Dam Construction, But Faces Stone Wall". Africa News.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "History". Liberia Electricity Corporation. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e First State of the Environment Report for Liberia – 2006. Archived 2009-04-11 at the Wayback Machine. United Nations Development Programme. 2006, p. 44–45. Retrieved on October 19, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Liberia expands hydropower", Engineering News-Record, June 7, 1990. McGraw-Hill, Inc., Vol. 224, No. 23; p. 27.
Jump up ^ Huband, Mark. "Retreating Liberian rebel leader urges peace talks" United Press International, October 7, 1990.
Jump up ^ "Worldwide: Liberia blackout", The Independent, July 1, 1990, Foreign News Page, p. 14.
^ Jump up to: a b Desk Study on the Environment in Liberia. United Nations Environment Programme. 2004, p. 30. Retrieved on October 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ The Analyst. "Liberia; Liberian Engineer Presents Project For Hydro Dam Construction, But Faces Stone Wall", Africa News, January 4, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Recap", Power, Finance and Risk, March 25, 2005.
Jump up ^ Liberia’s Post-War Recovery: Key Issues and Developments. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved on October 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ Wrokpoh, Patrick K. (February 25, 2008). "No structural damage done to hydro". The Inquirer.
^ Jump up to: a b STAR Radio (August 22, 2008). "Liberia needs about 383m dollars to rebuild hydroelectric plant". BBC Monitoring International Reports. Global News Wire.
^ Jump up to: a b "LEC Signs Consulting Services Agreement with Norplan/Fichtner for Mt. Coffee Owner's Engineer". Press and News. Mt Coffee PIU. April 24, 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
Jump up ^ http://mtcoffeeliberia.com/?p=1878
^ Jump up to: a b "Montserrado County Development Agenda" (PDF). Republic of Liberia. 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
Jump up ^ Restoring the Battered and Broken Environment of Liberia One of the Keys to a New and Sustainable Future. United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved on October 19, 2008.
External links[edit]
Liberia portal
Water portal
Renewable energy portal
Working Group Exercise – contains pictures of the project after the war
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Coffee_Hydropower_Project&oldid=824325763"
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Fourth out
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In baseball, the fourth out is a legal out made by the defense after three outs in a half-inning already have been made. According to the rules, the third out does not cause the ball to become dead; if the fielders make a subsequent out that prevents a run from scoring, this out will supersede the apparent third out, thus becoming the recorded third out.[1] For statistical purposes, the apparent third out is "undone" and the fourth out's result is recorded instead. With the advent of video replay appeals, a new rationale for making extra out(s) has emerged - insurance against a prior out being undone on appeal. These fourth out situations are not the same as four strikeouts in an inning.
Contents
1 When runs score
2 Examples
2.1 Hypothetical examples
2.1.1 An appeal force out
2.1.2 Example: A non-appeal out
2.1.3 A quick fourth out
2.2 Real examples
2.2.1 A missed fourth out allows a run to score (1989)
2.2.2 A missed fourth out allows a run to score (2009)
2.2.3 A successful fourth out squelches a scoring threat
2.2.4 A fourth out ends an inning after the third out is reversed
3 References
When runs score[edit]
The motivation for making a fourth out is to nullify a scored run, by either putting out the runner who had scored (on appeal, if the player failed to tag up after a catch) or putting out an additional runner who is forced to advance.
No run may score on an inning-ending play in which the third out is a force out or on the batter before he reaches first base. Put in other words, force outs count before runs are scored. It is common that a runner reaches home plate a moment before the third out is made by force out. Such a case is routine; the runner doesn't score but is counted as left on base.
It is also common that the third out might come on a non-force tag out after another runner reaches home plate. By extension of these two rules, the "fourth out" covers the case where the third out is not a force out, but a subsequent out is. Since the force out counts before the run scores, it must also count before the third out.
Examples[edit]
Apparently there are no known MLB examples of a fourth out changing places with a prior out and thereby cancelling a run. The situations where a fourth out may be recognized are exceedingly rare, but some hypothetical examples, and four real examples where the fourth out rule did come into play, are noted below:
Hypothetical examples[edit]
An appeal force out[edit]
Suppose three runners are on base with two outs, and the batter hits the ball within the field of play for an apparent hit. Two important facts are required:
The ball has not become dead (i.e., a home run, ground-rule double, umpire interference, or fan interference).
The ball is not caught before hitting the ground.
All three runners cross home plate safely, but the runner who was at first misses second base while rounding the bases. After the runner from first has come around to score, the batter is then thrown out trying to stretch a bases-clearing double into a triple. The apparent play is that three runners have scored on an apparent double, with the batter out advancing.
RULING: The fielders have a viable appeal play at second base. If the defensive team is alert enough and understand the rules regarding fourth outs, the defensive team may make a live ball appeal that the runner who was initially at first base missed second base. If such an appeal is made, the runner from first base is out on a force out, because he failed to touch his force base (second base). As a result:
The force out, according to the rules of baseball, means that the batter is credited with a fielder's choice and not a base hit.
Since no run may score on a play on which the final out of a half-inning is a force out, the inning is over and no run counts. All three apparent runs come off the board.
The scoring is as follows: Batter grounds into fielder's choice, runner at first out at second (for failing to touch second), three runners left on base.
This rule merely places the occurrence of the force out before any tag play when it ends the inning.
Example: A non-appeal out[edit]
Suppose there are runners on second and third base with two outs, and the batter hits a ground ball to third base. The runner from third scores, but the runner from second base is tagged out for the third out. Since the runner from third reached home plate before the third out was recorded, and the third out was not a force out or on the batter-runner before reaching first base, it would seem that a run scored (and should count) before the third out was recorded. However, suppose that the batter-runner fell down on his way to first base and was injured, unable to walk (or that, having seen the runner tagged out, turned around and headed for the dugout before reaching first base). Then suppose that the fielders throw to first base, or tag the batter out. Since no run can score if the last out is made on the batter before he reaches first base, this fourth out prevents a run from scoring. Thus the runner from third is marked as left on base and his apparent run does not count; the runner from second is also left on base and his out is nullified; the batter-runner is out, which now becomes the actual third out.[citation needed]
A quick fourth out[edit]
There are runners at first and third with two outs. The runners are attempting to steal on the pitch. The batter grounds to the shortstop. The runner from third base reaches home; then, the shortstop tags the runner who has rounded second (third out). The shortstop then throws to first base, which beats the batter-runner for the fourth out. The fourth out is on the batter before he reaches first base, so it replaces the apparent third out and nullifies the run.[citation needed]
Real examples[edit]
A missed fourth out allows a run to score (1989)[edit]
On July 1, 1989, in the bottom of the eighth inning in a game between the New York Yankees and the Milwaukee Brewers at old Yankee Stadium, the Yankees scored a run because the Brewers failed to record a fourth out.
With one out, Mike Pagliarulo on third base, and Bob Geren on first base, Yankees shortstop Wayne Tolleson attempted a suicide squeeze that was caught by Brewers pitcher Jay Aldrich. Both Pagliarulo and Geren broke on contact without tagging up from their respective bases, and Aldrich, noticing this, threw to first baseman Greg Brock to double off Geren from first base, but not until after Pagliarulo crossed home plate. Upon doubling off Geren, the Brewers left the field, thinking the inning was over and the run did not count.
Had Aldrich thrown more quickly to first base to double off Geren - prior to Pagliarulo crossing the plate - no run would have scored. The catching of the line drive before it had touched the ground eliminated the force play, turning the play into a "time play", requiring the home plate umpire (for this game, Larry Barnett) to judge the position of Pagliarulo at the time Aldrich had doubled off Geren. Alternatively, had Aldrich let the ball drop (without catching the ball and letting it fall out of his glove to the ground) and then thrown to second baseman Jim Gantner or shortstop Gary Sheffield to begin a 1-4-3 or 1-6-3 double play (Aldrich-Gantner or Sheffield-Brock), the run would not have counted since a run cannot score when the final out of a half-inning is a force out or a ground out (presuming Geren was forced at second and Tolleson was out at first). After all of the Brewers players had left fair territory (and therefore losing the chance to launch an appeal play to appeal Pagliarulo's failure to tag from third base), Barnett awarded the run to the Yankees as per Rule 7.10(a) (now Rule 5.09(c))[2].
If the Brewers had launched an appeal play at third base before leaving the field to garner a fourth out, Pagliarulo's failure to tag from third base would have become the actual third out of the inning and the run would not have scored, and this out would have taken precedence because it would have erased the run. As Barnett explained after the game: “It’s a ‘fourth-out’ situation. Milwaukee had to throw the ball to third base for what would be the fourth out. Then they can choose to make that one the final out and prevent the run from scoring. But Milwaukee didn’t do that.”[3]
A missed fourth out allows a run to score (2009)[edit]
On April 12, 2009, in the top of the second inning in a game between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Arizona Diamondbacks at Chase Field, the Dodgers scored a run because the Diamondbacks failed to record a fourth out in a play almost similar to the Yankees-Brewers game in 1989.
With one out, right fielder Juan Pierre on second base, and left fielder Andre Ethier on third base, Dodgers pitcher Randy Wolf hit a line drive that was caught by Diamondbacks pitcher Dan Haren. Both Pierre and Ethier broke on contact without tagging up from their respective bases, and Haren, noticing this, threw the ball to Diamondbacks second baseman Felipe Lopez, who tagged out Pierre, but not until after Ethier crossed home plate. Upon tagging out Pierre, the Diamondbacks left the field, thinking that the inning was over and the run did not count.
Had Lopez simply stepped on second base – prior to Either crossing the plate – no run would have been scored. Because first base was open, instead of a force play, the play became a "time play", requiring the home plate umpire (for this game, Larry Vanover) to judge the position of Ethier at the time that Pierre was put out. After all of the Diamondbacks players had left fair territory (and therefore losing the chance to launch an appeal play to appeal Ethier's failure to tag from third base), Dodgers bench coach Bob Schaefer informed manager Joe Torre of what was then Rule 7.10 (now Rule 5.09(c))[2] regarding fourth outs, and Torre went to Vanover to alert him of the rule and situation. Vanover then discussed the situation with crew chief Charlie Reliford, and Dodgers were awarded the run before the bottom of the second inning began.[4]
If the Diamondbacks had launched an appeal play at third base before leaving the field to garner a fourth out, Ethier's failure to tag from third base would have become the actual third out of the inning and the run would not have scored, and this out would have taken precedence because it would have erased the run.[5][6]
A successful fourth out squelches a scoring threat[edit]
On April 18, 2014, in the bottom of the second inning of a game between the New York Mets and the Atlanta Braves at Turner Field, the Braves squelched an incipient Mets offensive threat by recording an "insurance" fourth out that anticipated a potential video replay appeal (there was a major expansion of reviewable plays in MLB starting with the 2014 season) by Mets manager Terry Collins.
With two out and Lucas Duda as the runner at first, Mets catcher Travis d'Arnaud, trying to check his swing, grounded softly to the right side and, attempting to beat the throw by Braves second baseman Dan Uggla to first baseman Freddie Freeman, was ruled out at first on an extremely close play. Yet with three outs now recorded, Freeman spotted Duda, put in motion by d'Arnaud's grounder and having slowed down, attempting to reach third base and threw the ball across the diamond to third baseman Chris Johnson, who successfully tagged Duda out before he could reach the third-base bag.
Moments later Collins, who had emerged from the dugout to challenge the out at first (replays shown to the television audience revealed that d'Arnaud was actually safe at first and that Collins would probably have won his appeal) was forced to retreat to the dugout without using his challenge when he realized that Freeman and Johnson's successfully recorded fourth out had rendered his challenge meaningless.[7]
A fourth out ends an inning after the third out is reversed[edit]
On July 24, 2018, in the top of the third inning of a game between the Mets and San Diego Padres at Citi Field, with San Diego trailing 3-0, the Padres had loaded the bases with 2 out, with catcher Austin Hedges on third, center fielder Manuel Margot at second, second baseman Carlos Asuaje at first, and left fielder Wil Myers batting against Mets pitcher Zack Wheeler.
Myers singled off Wheeler into left field. While Hedges scored easily, Margot was ruled to have been tagged out on an extremely close play on a throw by Mets left fielder Michael Conforto to catcher Devin Mesoraco at home plate. Seeing this, Asuaje, who was running to third, broke into a slow jog, thinking the inning was over. Mesoraco, however, threw down the third base line anyway to third baseman Phillip Evans, and Evans tagged Asuaje well before Asuaje reached third base, whereupon third-base umpire Laz Diaz called him out, even though there had already been three apparent outs. The Padres challenged the play at the plate, which was overturned on replay to make the score 3-2, but the inning was then still determined to have ended because Evans’ tag of Asuaje was now the third out, and because the play at home plate did not affect the play at third base.
Had Asuaje not slowed down and reached third base prior to being tagged out by Evans, the inning would have continued in a game the Padres would eventually lose.[3] As the MLB office explained after the game: The runner attempting to advance to third base was unaffected by the incorrect call and was tagged by the fielder",[8], which follows from Section IV of MLB's replay regulations.
Subsequent Calls and Outs: If the Replay Official determines that an incorrect call on the field had no effect on the subsequent behavior or conduct of the offensive or defensive players, the Replay Official shall change the incorrect call, but let stand any on-field calls or plays unaffected by the incorrect call. The Replay Official may not declare a runner out based on a play the umpire believes would have occurred subsequent to the play subject to Replay Review.
—  Major League Baseball[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "MLB Official Rules 7.10". MLB.com. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "MLB Official Rules (revised 2016)" (PDF). Retrieved 24 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Bucholtz, Andrew (25 July 2018). "Getting a fourth out in the third inning proved vital for the Mets in a 6-3 win over the Padres". The Comeback. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Nick Kapur (12 April 2009). "Crazy weird "fourth out" rule rears its head in Dodgers victory". UmpBump. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gurnick, Ken (2009-04-12). "Dodgers get run on 'fourth-out rule'". MLB.com. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nGeQhQ4w08
Jump up ^ "Harang, Bullpen Combine For One-Hitter'". ESPN.go.com. 2014-04-19. Retrieved 2014-04-19.
^ Jump up to: a b Cassavell, A.J. (24 July 2018). "4th out? Run scores, runner nabbed on odd play". MLB.com. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
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