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I Am Number Four (film)
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I Am Number Four
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
D. J. Caruso
Produced by
Michael Bay
Screenplay by
Alfred Gough
Miles Millar
Marti Noxon
Based on
I Am Number Four
by Pittacus Lore
Starring
Alex Pettyfer
Timothy Olyphant
Teresa Palmer
Dianna Agron
Callan McAuliffe
Kevin Durand
Music by
Trevor Rabin
Cinematography
Guillermo Navarro
Edited by
Vince Filippone
Jim Page
Production
company
DreamWorks Pictures[1]
Reliance Entertainment[2]
Bay Films[2]
Distributed by
Walt Disney Studios
Motion Pictures
Release date
February 18, 2011 (2011-02-18)
Running time
109 minutes[3]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$50 million[4]
Box office
$150 million[5]
I Am Number Four is a 2011 American teen science fiction action thriller film directed by D. J. Caruso and starring Alex Pettyfer, Timothy Olyphant, Teresa Palmer, Dianna Agron, and Callan McAuliffe. The screenplay, by Alfred Gough, Miles Millar, and Marti Noxon, is based on novel of the same name, one of the Lorien Legacies young adult science fiction novels.
Produced by Michael Bay, I Am Number Four was the first film production from DreamWorks Pictures to be released by Touchstone Pictures, as part of the studio's 2009 distribution deal with Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures.[1] The Hollywood Reporter estimated the budget to be between $50 million and $60 million. The film was released in both conventional and IMAX theatres on February 18, 2011, received generally negative reviews, and grossed $150 million.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Post-production
4 Release
4.1 Home media
5 Release
6 Reception
7 Soundtrack
8 Sequel
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Plot[edit]
John Smith is an alien from the planet Lorien. He was sent to Earth as a child with eight others to escape the invading Mogadorians, who destroyed Lorien. Here, John is protected by a Guardian, Henri, and has developed powers, including enhanced strength, speed and agility, telekinesis and the power to transmit plasma light through his hands.
The Mogadorians, led by the Commander, learn about the nine children and come to Earth to find them. The Lorien can only be killed in sequence; Number One through Number Nine. Three of them are already dead, with John being Number Four. Knowing this, he and Henri move from a beachside bungalow in Florida to an old farm in Paradise, Ohio, where John befriends conspiracy theorist Sam Goode and a dog which he names Bernie Kosar. He also falls for an amateur photographer, Sarah Hart. Her ex-boyfriend, football player Mark James is a bully who torments both John and Sam.
During the Halloween Festival, Mark and his friends chase Sarah and John into the woods, where they try to beat John up. However, he uses his powers to fend them off and rescue Sarah. Sam witnesses this and how he had used his powers. John reveals his true origins to Sam. The next day, Mark's father, the local sheriff, interrogates Henri on John's whereabouts when his son and his friends were attacked.
Henri tells John that too many people are suspicious of them so they have to leave. John refuses because of Sarah. Meanwhile, the Mogadorians continue searching for John, while being trailed by another Garde, Number Six, who is also trying to locate Number Four. Number Six's guardian was killed, and she realizes that the remaining six of the Garde will have to team up and fight against the Mogadorians. She knows Number Three is dead and that Number Four is being hunted.
The Mogadorians eventually locate John and manipulate two conspiracy theorists into capturing Henri. When John and Sam go to rescue him, they are attacked but manage to fend the Mogadorians off. However, Henri dies after John and Sam escape with some Lorien artefacts, including a blue rock that acts as a tracking device for other Garde. Sam's father, a conspiracy theorist who disappeared while hunting aliens in Mexico, had another of the rocks. While Sam searches for it, John tries to say goodbye to Sarah at a party, only to discover that the Mogadorians have framed him and Henri for the murders of the conspiracy theorists. Mark sees John and calls his father, who corners John and Sarah. John saves Sarah from a fall, revealing his powers in the process, and they escape to their high school.
Meanwhile, The Commander arrives in Paradise, in a convoy of trucks. He is confronted by Mark and his father, and after injuring the sheriff, he forces Mark to show him where John is hiding. Mark takes him to the school, which he knows is Sarah's hideout.
There, John, Sarah, and Sam are attacked by the Mogadorians, who brought two Piken to hunt the trio. They are saved by Number Six and Bernie, who is actually a shapeshifting Chimera sent by John's biological parents to protect him. John and Number Six, who can turn invisible and can block energy attacks, continue to fight the Mogadorians. They eventually defeat them all, including the Commander.
The following day, John and Number Six unite their blue rocks and discover the location of the other four surviving Garde. John decides to let Sam come with them in hopes of finding Sam's father. They set off to find the others so they can all protect Earth from the Mogadorians, leaving Sarah and a repentant Mark, who lies to his father about John's whereabouts and returns a box left to John by his Dad that was in police evidence. John leaves after promising to return to Paradise and to Sarah.
Cast[edit]
Alex Pettyfer as Daniel Jones/John Smith/Number Four
Timothy Olyphant as Henri
Teresa Palmer as Number Six
Dianna Agron as Sarah Hart
Callan McAuliffe as Sam Goode
Kevin Durand as Mogadorian Commander
Jake Abel as Mark James
Jeff Hochendoner as Sheriff James
Patrick Sebes as Kevin
Greg Townley as Number Three
Reuben Langdon as Number Three's Guardian
Emily Wickersham as Nicole
Brian Howe as Frank
Andy Owen as Bret
Charles Carroll as Sam's stepfather
Garrett M. Brown as Mr. Simms
Cooper Thornton as Mr. Hart
Judith Hoag as Mrs. Hart
Beau Mirchoff as Drew
Tucker Albrizzi (uncredited) as Tuck
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
The film was produced by DreamWorks and Reliance Entertainment.[7] Film producer and director Michael Bay brought the manuscript of the young adult novel I Am Number Four to Stacey Snider and Steven Spielberg at DreamWorks. A bidding war developed for the film rights between DreamWorks and J.J. Abrams, with DreamWorks winning the rights in June 2009, with the intention of having Bay produce and possibly direct the project.[8][9] The rights were purchased with the hope of attracting teenage fans of The Twilight Saga films,[10] and the potential of establishing a film franchise, with at least six more installments planned by the book's publisher.[11]
Al Gough and Miles Millar, the creators of the television series Smallville, were hired to write the screenplay in August 2009.[12] Marti Noxon, writer and producer for the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, also contributed to the screenplay. D. J. Caruso was brought on to direct in early 2010, after Bay opted to focus on directing the third film of the Transformers series. Caruso had been selected by Spielberg to direct Disturbia and Eagle Eye for DreamWorks, and had success with both films.[13] Caruso had less than a year to prepare, shoot and edit the film, due to a worldwide release date set for Presidents Day weekend.[11]
Chris Bender, J.C. Spink, and David Valdes executive produced the film.[14] Steven Spielberg contributed to the film's characters, but did not take a credit on the film.[13] It was the first DreamWorks film to be released by Disney's Touchstone Pictures label, as part of the 30-picture distribution deal between DreamWorks and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures.[15] The film was also the first release for DreamWorks after the studio's financial restructuring in 2008.[13]
Casting[edit]
In March 2010, Alex Pettyfer was in talks to play the title character in the film, Number Four.[16] It was later confirmed that the 21-year-old British actor would play the lead.[17] Sharlto Copley was going to star as Henri, Number Four's guardian and mentor, but had to drop out due to press obligations with his film The A-Team. Copley was replaced by Timothy Olyphant.[18] Kevin Durand plays the villain of the film, Commander, the Mogadorian who leads the hunt for the Loriens on Earth.[19]
DreamWorks went through multiple rounds of tests to find the right actress for the female romantic lead. Dianna Agron, a star in the Fox television series Glee, won the role. She plays Sarah Hart, a girl who used to date a high school football player, but falls for Number Four and keeps his secret.[20] Jake Abel plays the football player, Mark James, an antagonist in the film.[21] Teresa Palmer plays the other Loric, Number Six, and 16-year-old Australian actor Callan McAuliffe plays Sam Goode, Number Four's best friend.[22]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography began on May 17, 2010, using 20 locations all within the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.[23][24] DreamWorks selected the area primarily due to tax incentives from the Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit.[14] The film studio also had a positive experience shooting She's Out of My League in Pittsburgh in 2008. The production was scheduled to last 12 to 13 weeks.[25]
Cinematographer Guillermo Navarro shot the film on 35 mm, using a format known as Super 1:85.[26] Beaver, the former Conley Inn in Homewood, and nearby Buttermilk Falls were used as locations in the film; interior and exterior scenes were shot near a boat launch in Monaca.[27] A spring fair scene was filmed in Deer Lakes Park in West Deer; Port Vue, North Park, New Kensington and Hyde Park were also used as locations.[14][24][28] The setting of the film's fictional town of Paradise, Ohio is Vandergrift, Pennsylvania, where filming took place from June to July 2010.[29] Producers chose Vandergrift as the "hero town" of the film because of its unique look and curved streets, laid out by Frederick Law Olmsted, the designer of New York City's Central Park.[24]
Franklin Regional High School in Murrysville was chosen over 50 other schools in the area, due to its proximity to nearby woods, a part of the film's plot, and its surrounding hills. The school was also selected for its one floor layout, wide hallways, and its football stadium in front.[14][30] Teachers and recent graduates appear in the film, and a set that replicates the school was built in a studio in Monroeville for filming explosion scenes.[31] In the last few weeks of production, scenes were filmed at the 200-year-old St. John's Lutheran Stone Church in Lancaster Township.[32] Additional filming took place in the Florida Keys in the beginning of the film in Big Pine Key, Florida as well as the spanning of the drive over the bridge showcases the keys 7 mile bridge.[33]
Post-production[edit]
I Am Number Four was edited by Jim Page, with Industrial Light & Magic developing the visual effects for the alien Pikens.[34] The film was scored by former Yes guitarist Trevor Rabin.[35]
Release[edit]
A teaser trailer for the film was issued in late September 2010,[36] and a full-length trailer premiered on December 8.[37] Advertisements ran in Seventeen and Teen Vogue magazines, Disney released a promotional iPhone app in January 2011.[9] Disney also developed a lot of Internet content to target a teen audience with their marketing campaign.[11] A cast tour, in association with American retailer Hot Topic, and cast media appearances were scheduled to lead up to the release of the film.[9]
I Am Number Four premiered at the Village Theatre in Los Angeles on February 9, 2011. The film was released in theaters on February 18, 2011, and was also released in the IMAX format.[6][37]
Home media[edit]
The film was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital download on May 24, 2011.[38][39] The release was produced in three different packages: a three-disc Blu-ray, DVD, and "Digital Copy" combo pack, a single-disc Blu-ray, and a single-disc DVD.[40][41] The "Digital Copy" included with the 3-disc version is a stand-alone disc that allows users to play the film from any location via iTunes or Windows Media Player. All releases include bloopers and the "Becoming Number 6" featurette, while the single-disc Blu-ray and three-disc Blu-ray, DVD, and "Digital Copy" combo pack versions additionally include six deleted scenes with an introduction from the director.[40][42] In its first three weeks of release, 316,081 Blu-ray units were sold in the US, bringing in $7,693,808. As of October 2, 2011, the standard DVD of 'I am Number Four' has sold 767,692 copies in the United States, generating $12,571,326, and thus bringing the total gross to $166,247,931.[43]
Release[edit]
I Am Number Four grossed $55,100,437 at the North American box office and $90,778,000 overseas, for a worldwide total of $149,878,437.[5] It topped the worldwide box office on its second weekend (February 25–27, 2011) with $28,086,805.[44][45]
The film opened at number two in the United States and Canada with a gross of $19,449,893. In its second weekend, it dropped 43.4%, earning $11,016,126.[5] The only other market where it has grossed over $10 million is China. It began in third place with $3.4 million, but had an increase of 91% in its second week, topping the box office with $6.4 million. In its third week, it decreased by 21% to $5.0 million. As of March 27, 2011, it has grossed $17,328,244.[46]
Reception[edit]
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 33% approval rating and an average rating of 4.8/10 based on 158 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "It's positioned as the start of a franchise, but I Am Number Four's familiar plot and unconvincing performances add up to one noisy, derivative, and ultimately forgettable sci-fi thriller."[47] Metacritic gives the film an average score of 36 out of 100 based on reviews from 30 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[48] Empire Magazine gave the film three out of a possible five stars and said, "If you can make it through the bland schmaltz of the first half you'll be rewarded with a spectacular blast of sustained action and the promise of even better to come. This could be the start of something great."[49]
Soundtrack[edit]
"Radioactive" - Kings of Leon
"Tighten Up" - The Black Keys
"Rolling in the Deep" - Adele
"Somebody's Watching Me" - Rockwell
"Shelter" - The xx
"Soldier On" - The Temper Trap
"Invented" - Jimmy Eat World
"Curfew" - Beck
"As She's Walking Away" - Zac Brown Band (ft. Alan Jackson)
"Letters from the Sky" - Civil Twilight
Source:[50]
Sequel[edit]
In 2011, screenwriter Noxon told Collider.com that plans for an imminent sequel were shelved due to the disappointing performance of the first installment at the box office.[51][52]
In 2013, director Caruso was asked if there are any possibilities that The Power of Six will get a movie adaption, he replied: "There’s been some talk in the past couple of months about trying to do something because there is this audience appetite out there [...]. Most of the people on Twitter that contact me from all over the world ask, “Where’s the next movie?” I think DreamWorks is getting those too so it’ll be interesting. I don’t know if I’d be involved, but I know they’re talking about it."[53]
In a 2015 interview, James Frey, the co-author of the series, said that he hoped more movies would be made.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Cyborg 009
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b McClintock, Pamela (February 17, 2011). "'I Am Number Four' Likely to Rank No. 1 at Box Office This Weekend". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "I Am Number Four". American Film Institute. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "I AM NUMBER FOUR (12A)". British Board of Film Classification. February 2, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fritz, Ben; Kaufman, Amy (February 17, 2011). "Movie Projector: 'I Am Number Four' to be No. 1 at holiday weekend box office [Updated]". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "I Am Number Four (2011)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Schooley, Tim (April 7, 2010). "DreamWorks production of "I Am Number Four" to shoot in Pittsburgh". Pittsburgh Business Times. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Michael Cieply; Brooks Barnes (April 10, 2012). "A Slimmer DreamWorks Gets a New Financing Deal". The New York Times. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jay A. Fernandez (June 26, 2009). "Michael Four' deal". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 2009-06-27. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sellers, John A. (January 6, 2011). "Movie Alert: 'I Am Number Four'". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Is 'I Am No. 4' the Next 'Twilight'?". Retrieved 2010-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c Alter, Ethan (January 26, 2011). "The alien next door: D.J. Caruso makes sci-fi debut with 'I Am Number Four'". Film Journal International. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Simon (August 27, 2009). "'Smallville' duo to write Bay's 'Number Four'". Digital Spy. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cieply, Michael; Barnes, Brooke (October 31, 2010). "Spielberg and DreamWorks Energize the Magic Machine Anew". The New York Times. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bailey, Laurie (June 24, 2010). "An alien ticket to Paradise: Movie crew invades Franklin Regional". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Variety: Disney signs deal with DreamWorks Company will handle distribution for films, Variety, February 9, 2009
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave; McClintock, Pamela (March 31, 2010). "Alex Pettyfer circles DreamWorks' 'Number Four'". Variety. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Alex Pettyfer Says I Am Number Four". EmpireOnline.com. April 1, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Bartyze, Monika (May 12, 2010). "Sharlto Copley Ditches 'I Am Number Four' Over Lack of Alien Costume?". Cinematical.com. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (May 7, 2010). ""Lost" Baddie Kevin Durand Books Two Sci-Fi Movies". ABC News. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "'Glee' star Dianna Agron to join sci-fi movie 'I Am Number Four'". Heat Vision Blog. April 29, 2010. Archived from the original on May 3, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "MTV Movie Awards Red Carpet Interviews with Jake Abel (I AM NUMBER FOUR) and Nicola Peltz (THE LAST AIRBENDER)". Collider.com. June 7, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Callan McAuliffe cast in U.S. action flick". UPI.com. May 21, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The East at a glance". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. May 20, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Yerace, Tom (April 6, 2010). "Vandergrift's architecture lures big-budget film". Valley News Dispatch. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Vancheri, Barabara (April 23, 2010). "DreamWorks film, "I Am Number Four," begins shooting here next month". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Weintraub, Steve (December 8, 2010). "D.J. Caruso Interview I Am Number Four Plus Edit Bay Visit Recap". Collider.com. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ Tady, Scott (May 27, 2010). "Movie magic almost as exciting as catfish". Beaver County Times. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Barkousky, Len (June 2, 2010). "Allegheny County Council OKs movie filming in two parks". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Skena, Rossilynne (June 3, 2010). "Vandergrift locations part of week's 'Number Four' film shoot". Valley News Dispatch. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "'I Am Number Four' Movie To Shoot In Murrysville". WTAE-TV. May 5, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Rittmeyer, Brian C. (February 6, 2011). "'I Am Number Four' offers many Western Pennsylvania locations". Valley News Dispatch. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Keener, Craig (July 22, 2010). "Stone Church site of sci-fi film". Butler Eagle.
Jump up ^ Fay, Francis X., Jr. (October 1, 2010). "NHSAA Wall of Honor Hollywood director was All-State tennis player". The Hour. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2010. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Failes, Ian (February 21, 2011). "Lumen-escent: the VFX of I Am Number Four". fxguide.com. Creating killer machines – the Pikens. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Edit Bay Visit: I Am Number Four with D.J. Caruso". movieweb.com. December 7, 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ Staskiewicz, Keith (September 29, 2010). "'I Am Number Four' trailer: Glowing hands and flipping cars". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "DJ Caruso Talks I Am Number Four". Empire. December 8, 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ McCutcheon, David (8 April 2011). "I Am Number Four on DVD, BD". IGN. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "I Am Number Four Aims for Number One on DVD and Blu-ray This May". Movies.com. 7 April 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "New Release: I Am Number Four DVD and Blu-ray pre-order". Disc Dish. 1 April 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
Jump up ^ Gallagher, Brian (12 April 2011). "I Am Number Four Blu-ray and DVD Hit on May 24th". MovieWeb. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Moore, Jason (11 April 2011). "I Am Number Four Hits DVD and Blu-ray Combo Pack In May". SciFi Mafia. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
Jump up ^ I am Number Four - DVD Sales
Jump up ^ "Overseas Total Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2011-04-20.
Jump up ^ "I Am Number Four". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2011-04-20.
Jump up ^ "China Box Office Index". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
Jump up ^ "I Am Number Four (2011)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "I Am Number Four reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "I Am Number Four Review". Empire Magazine. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
Jump up ^ http://www.what-song.com/Movies/Soundtrack/778/I-Am-Number-Four
Jump up ^ "Marti Noxon - I Am Number Four Sequel 'Shelved'". contactmusic.com. 16 February 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "10 Recently Cancelled Sequels : Not Coming Soon!". contactmusic.com. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Philbrick, Jamie (18 August 2013). "IAR EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: DIRECTOR D.J. CARUSO TALKS 'STANDING UP,' 'PREACHER,' 'INVERTIGO' AND A POSSIBLE 'I AM NUMBER FOUR' SEQUEL". iamrogue.com. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to I Am Number Four (film).
I Am Number Four on IMDb
I Am Number Four at Box Office Mojo
I Am Number Four at Rotten Tomatoes
I Am Number Four at Metacritic
[show]
v
t
e
Lorien Legacies
James Frey
Main series
I Am Number Four
The Power of Six
The Rise of Nine
The Fall of Five
The Revenge of Seven
The Fate of Ten
United As One
Film
I Am Number Four (film)
About the series
List of Lorien Legacies characters
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by D. J. Caruso
The Salton Sea (2002)
Taking Lives (2004)
Two for the Money (2005)
Disturbia (2007)
Eagle Eye (2008)
I Am Number Four (2011)
Inside (2011)
Standing Up (2013)
The Disappointments Room (2016)
xXx: Return of Xander Cage (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Michael Bay
Filmography
Films directed
Bad Boys (1995)
The Rock (1996)
Armageddon (1998)
Pearl Harbor (2001)
Bad Boys II (2003)
The Island (2005)
Transformers (2007)
Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009)
Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011)
Pain & Gain (2013)
Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014)
13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi (2016)
Transformers: The Last Knight (2017)
Producer only
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003)
The Amityville Horror (2005)
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning (2006)
The Hitcher (2007)
The Unborn (2009)
Friday the 13th (2009)
Horsemen (2009)
A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010)
I Am Number Four (2011)
The Purge (2013)
The Purge: Anarchy (2014)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014)
Ouija (2014)
Project Almanac (2015)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows (2016)
The Purge: Election Year (2016)
Ouija: Origin of Evil (2016)
A Quiet Place (2018)
The Purge: The Island (2018)
Bumblebee: The Movie (2018)
See also
Platinum Dunes
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Am_Number_Four_(film)&oldid=812330795"
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IMAX films
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Films scored by Trevor Rabin
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text:
Timeline of cannabis laws in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Legality of cannabis in the United States
Legal
Legal for medical use
Legal for medical use, limited THC content
Prohibited for any use
D Decriminalized
Notes:
· Includes laws which have not yet gone into effect.
· Cannabis remains a Schedule I drug under federal law.
· Some Indian reservations have legalization policies separate from the states they are located in.
· Cannabis is illegal in all federal enclaves.
v
t
e
US Cannabis Legalization [1] 100 Years of Cannabis Legalization
The legal history of cannabis in the United States began with state-level prohibition in the early 20th century, with the first major federal limitations occurring in 1937. Starting with Oregon in 1973, individual states began to liberalize cannabis laws through decriminalization. In 1996, California became the first state to legalize medical cannabis, sparking a trend that spread to a majority of states by 2016. In 2012, Colorado and Washington became the first states to legalize cannabis for recreational use.
Contents
[hide]
1 Federal
2 States
3 Municipal
4 Territory
5 Indian reservations
6 Opinion
6.1 Presidential
6.2 Public
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Federal[edit]
1937: The Marijuana Tax Act is enacted, effectively prohibiting cannabis at the federal level. Although medical use is still permitted, new fees and regulatory requirements significantly curtail its use.[1]
1970: The Controlled Substances Act is enacted, officially prohibiting cannabis for any use (medical included) at the federal level.
1990: The Solomon–Lautenberg amendment is enacted.[2] As a result, many states pass laws imposing mandatory driver's license suspensions for persons caught possessing cannabis, even if unrelated to driving.[3]
2014: The Rohrabacher–Farr amendment passed the U.S. House and was signed into law. Requiring annual renewal, it prohibits the Justice Department from interfering with the implementation of state medical cannabis laws.[4][5]
States[edit]
Prohibition begins - 1911
1911: Massachusetts requires a prescription for sales of "Indian hemp"[6]
1913: California, Maine, Wyoming, and Indiana ban marijuana[6]
1915: Utah and Vermont ban marijuana[6]
1917: Colorado legislators made the use and cultivation of cannabis a misdemeanor;
1923: Iowa, Oregon, Washington, and Vermont ban marijuana[6]
1927: New York,[6] Idaho, Kansas, Montana, and Nebraska ban marijuana[7]
1931: Illinois bans marijuana.[8]
1931: Texas declared cannabis a "narcotic", allowing up to life sentences for possession.[9]
1933: North Dakota and Oklahoma ban marijuana.[7] By this year, 29 states have criminalized cannabis.[10]
Decriminalization begins - 1973
1973: Oregon became the first state to decriminalize cannabis – reducing the penalty for up to one ounce to a $100 fine.[11]
1973: Texas law was amended to declare possession of four ounces or less a misdemeanor.[12]
1975: Alaska, Maine, Colorado, California, and Ohio decriminalized cannabis.[11]
1975: Alaska's Supreme Court establishes that the right to privacy includes possession of small amounts of marijuana.[13]
1976: Minnesota decriminalized cannabis.[11]
1977: Mississippi, New York, and North Carolina decriminalized cannabis.[11] South Dakota also decriminalized cannabis, but the laws was repealed almost immediately afterwards.[14]
1978: Nebraska decriminalized cannabis.[11] No other state would decriminalize until 2001.
1978: New Mexico passes the Controlled Substances Therapeutic Research Act, becoming the first state to enact legislation recognizing the medical value of marijuana.[15] Over 30 other states would pass limited medical cannabis measures during the next few years.[1]
1979: Virginia passed legislation allowing doctors to recommend cannabis for glaucoma or the side effects of chemotherapy.[16][17]
1982: Alaska passes legislation to further decrease penalties for cannabis.[18]
1990: Alaska re-criminalizes cannabis by voter initiative, restoring criminal penalties for possession of any amount of cannabis.[19]
Medical cannabis begins - 1996
1996: California became the first state to legalize medical cannabis with the approval of Proposition 215.[20] Arizona also passed a medical cannabis ballot measure, but it was rendered ineffective on a technicality.[21]
1998: Oregon, Alaska, and Washington all legalized medical cannabis through ballot measure.[22] Nevada also passed a medical cannabis initiative, but it required second approval in 2000 to become law.[23]
1999: Maine legalized medical cannabis through ballot measure.[22]
2000: Hawaii became the first state to legalize medical cannabis through state legislature.[24]
2000: Nevada and Colorado legalized medical cannabis through ballot measure.[22]
2001: Nevada decriminalized cannabis through state legislature.[25]
2003: Maryland passed legislation establishing reduced penalties for persons using cannabis due to a medical necessity (as established at trial).[26]
2004: Vermont legalized medical cannabis through state legislature.[27]
2004: Montana legalized medical cannabis through ballot measure.
2006: Rhode Island legalized medical cannabis through state legislature.[28]
2007: New Mexico legalized medical cannabis through state legislature.[29]
2008: Michigan legalized medical cannabis through ballot measure.
2008: Massachusetts decriminalized cannabis through ballot measure.[30]
2010: New Jersey legalized medical cannabis through state legislature.[31]
2010: Arizona legalized medical cannabis through ballot measure.
2010: California legislators reduce penalties for cannabis to a civil infraction.[32]
2011: Delaware legalized medical cannabis through state legislature.[33]
2011: Connecticut decriminalized cannabis through state legislature.[34]
2012: Connecticut legalized medical cannabis through state legislature.[35]
2012: Rhode Island decriminalized cannabis through state legislature.[36]
2012: Massachusetts legalized medical cannabis through ballot measure.
Recreational legalization begins - 2012
2012: Colorado and Washington become the first two states to legalize the recreational use of cannabis, following the passage of Amendment 64 and Initiative 502.[37]
2013: Vermont decriminalized cannabis through state legislature.[38]
2013: New Hampshire legalized medical cannabis through state legislature.[39]
2013: Illinois legalized medical cannabis through state legislature.[40]
2014: Utah became the first state to enact a low-THC, high-CBD medical cannabis law.[41]
2014: Maryland legislators decriminalized cannabis and approved a comprehensive medical cannabis law, expanding the very limited measure that was passed in 2003.[42]
2014: Missouri decriminalized cannabis through state legislature.[43]
2014: Minnesota legalized medical cannabis through state legislature.[44]
2014: New York legalized medical cannabis through state legislature.[45]
2014: Alaska and Oregon legalized recreational cannabis through ballot measure.
2014: By the end of the year, ten more states followed Utah in legalizing low-THC, high-CBD cannabis oil: Alabama, Kentucky, Wisconsin, Mississippi, Tennessee, Iowa, South Carolina, Florida, North Carolina, and Missouri.[46]
2015: Delaware decriminalized cannabis through state legislature.[47]
2015: Louisiana legislators passed a limited medical cannabis law.[48][49]
2015: During the year, six more states legalized low-THC, high-CBD cannabis oil: Virginia, Georgia, Oklahoma, Texas, Delaware, and Wyoming.[46]
2016: Pennsylvania legalized medical cannabis through state legislature.[50]
2016: Ohio legalized medical cannabis through state legislature.[51]
2016: Illinois decriminalized cannabis through state legislature.[52]
2016: California, Nevada, Maine and Massachusetts legalized recreational cannabis through ballot measure.
2016: Arkansas, Florida, and North Dakota legalized medical cannabis through ballot measure.
2017: West Virginia legalized medical cannabis through state legislature.[53]
2017: Indiana legalized low-THC, high-CBD cannabis oil.[54]
2017: New Hampshire decriminalized cannabis through state legislature.[55]
2018: Vermont became the first state to legalize recreational cannabis by way of state legislature.[56]
Municipal[edit]
1906: Washington, D.C. requires a prescription for cannabis drugs.[57]
1915: El Paso, Texas restricts cannabis.[58]
1972: Ann Arbor City Council decriminalized cannabis, reducing the penalty to a $5 fine.[59] The law was overturned by a Republican-led council a year later,[60] but reinstated through voter referendum in 1974.[61]
1977: Madison, Wisconsin decriminalized cannabis through ballot initiative.[62]
1978: San Francisco residents approved Proposition W, a non-binding measure directing city law enforcement to "cease the arrest and prosecution of individuals involved in the cultivation, transfer, or possession of marijuana".[63] Mayor George Moscone was assassinated shortly afterwards, however,[64] and the initiative was disregarded by new mayor Dianne Feinstein.[65]
1991: San Francisco residents approved the non-binding Proposition P in support of the medical use of cannabis.[66] The city Board of Supervisors followed with Resolution 141-92 in 1992, which allowed for the distribution of medical cannabis throughout the city.[67]
1998: Washington, D.C. voters approved Initiative 59 to legalize medical cannabis, but the Barr amendment blocked implementation until 2009, with the first legal sales finally occurring in 2013.[68]
2003: Seattle residents voted to make enforcement of cannabis laws the lowest priority.[69]
2004: Oakland, California residents approved Measure Z, making private adult cannabis offenses the lowest possible priority for law enforcement, establishing a system to regulate, tax, and sell cannabis pending state legalization, and urging legalization on the state and national levels.[70]
2005: Denver residents voted to legalize cannabis.[71]
2006: San Francisco made enforcement of cannabis laws the lowest priority. The change was approved through a Board of Supervisors vote.[72]
2009: Breckenridge, Colorado residents voted to legalize cannabis.[73]
2012: Chicago decriminalized cannabis through a City Council vote.[74]
2012: Detroit, Grand Rapids, and Flint residents voted to decriminalize cannabis.[75]
2013: Portland, Maine residents voted to legalize cannabis.[76]
2014: Philadelphia decriminalized cannabis through a City Council vote.[77]
2014: Washington, D.C. City Council decriminalized cannabis in July, and residents voted in November to legalize recreational marijuana with 69% in favor.[78] A congressional rider prevented D.C. from permitting retail marijuana stores.[79] On February 26, 2015, marijuana became legal in D.C. for adults aged 21 and over to possess, gift, and grow, but not to sell.[80]
2014: New York City decriminalized cannabis through a new policy announced by city officials.[81]
2015: Wichita, Kansas decriminalized cannabis through voter referendum.[82]
2015: Miami-Dade commissioners voted to decriminalize cannabis.[83]
2015: Toledo, Ohio residents voted to decriminalize possession of cannabis less than 200 grams.[84]
2015: Pittsburgh decriminalized cannabis through a City Council vote.[85]
2016: Tampa decriminalized cannabis through a City Council vote.[86]
2016: New Orleans decriminalized cannabis through a City Council vote.[87]
2016: Orlando decriminalized cannabis through a City Council vote.[88]
2016: Nashville decriminalized cannabis through a Metro Council vote.[89]
2016: Memphis decriminalized cannabis through a City Council vote.[90]
2016: Residents in the Ohio cities of Bellaire, Logan, Newark, and Roseville voted to decriminalize possession of cannabis less than 200 grams.[84]
2017: Houston decriminalized cannabis through a new policy announced by the city's district attorney.[91]
2017: Kansas City, Missouri residents voted to decriminalize cannabis, eliminating jail time for possession of 35 grams or less and reducing the penalty to a $25 fine.[92]
2017: Atlanta decriminalized possession of one ounce or less of cannabis via unanimous City Council vote.[93]
Territory[edit]
2014: Guam legalized medical cannabis.[94]
2014: U.S. Virgin Islands decriminalized cannabis.[95]
2015: Puerto Rico legalized medical cannabis by executive order.[96]
Indian reservations[edit]
2014: The U.S. Justice Department announced a policy to allow recognized Indian tribes to legalize cannabis on their lands. The laws on reservations are allowed to be different from state and federal laws, and as with states that have legalized cannabis the federal government will not intervene as long as strict controls are maintained. Some domestic nations such as the Yakama Nation and the Oglala Sioux Tribal Council rejected legalization on their reservations.[97]
2015
The Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe (South Dakota) voted to legalize recreational cannabis on its reservation.[98]
The Squaxin Island Tribe in the Puget Sound area legalized and opened the United States' first tribal retail cannabis sales shop on their trust lands.[99] Suquamish Tribe followed later in the same year.[100]
The Pinoleville Pomo Nation in California announced a plan to grow cannabis and sell it to California medical dispensaries.[101][102]
2016: The Puyallup Tribe made legal arrangements with the State of Washington to grow its own medical cannabis.[103]
Opinion[edit]
Presidential[edit]
1977: Jimmy Carter became the first sitting president to endorse cannabis decriminalization.[104][105]
2015: President Barack Obama declared his support of cannabis decriminalization but opposition to legalization.[106][107]
Public[edit]
1969: Gallup begins to poll public support for legalizing cannabis. The initial poll showed 12% in favor.[108]
1973: General Social Survey conducted its first poll on legalizing cannabis, showing 19% in favor.[109]
1977: Gallup reported 28% support for the legalization of cannabis, a number that would not be surpassed until 2000.[108]
2011: Gallup reported 50% support for legalizing cannabis.[110]
2013: Pew Research reported 52% [111] and Gallup 58%[112] in support of legalizing cannabis. In both polls, a majority of respondents supported legalization for the first time.
2017: Gallup's annual poll showed 64% support for the legalization of cannabis, including a majority of Republicans for the first time.[113]
See also[edit]
Cannabis portal
United States portal
Timeline of cannabis law
Medical cannabis in the United States
Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States
Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Janice Williams (2016-11-14). "Marijuana Legalization In Ohio: Several Cities Vote In Favor Of Decriminalization Laws". Ibtimes.com. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Chris (January 5, 2016). "Pittsburgh mayor quietly signs bill to decriminalize marijuana". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lanee, Jamel (March 17, 2016). "Tampa votes to decriminalize marijuana". WFLA. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ LaRose, Greg (March 17, 2016). "No arrests for pot possession in New Orleans, council decides". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Weiner, Jeff (May 9, 2016). "Orlando OKs citations for marijuana possession in small amounts". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Garrison, Joey (September 20, 2016). "Nashville passes marijuana decriminalization measure". The Tennessean. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Poe, Ryan (October 4, 2016). "Memphis council OKs decriminalizing pot in some cases". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rogers, Brian (February 16, 2017). "New policy to decriminalize marijuana in Harris County will save time, money, DA's office says". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cummings, Ian (April 4, 2017). "KC voters approve lower penalty for pot possession: $25 fine and no jail". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stafford, Leon (October 2, 2017). "Atlanta City Council cuts penalties, jail time for some pot possession". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Guam Legalizes Medical Marijuana". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Marijuana Possession Now Decriminalized In US Virgin Islands". The Daily Chronic.
Jump up ^ Alexandra Sifferlin. "Puerto Rico Governor Signs Executive Order to Legalize Medical Pot". TIME.com. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
Jump up ^ DOJ says Indian tribes can grow and sell marijuana, nwherald.com, December 12, 2014, retrieved December 24, 2014
Jump up ^ "Tribe Bets on Legal Pot". US News. June 16, 2015. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Tom Banse (November 12, 2015), South Puget Sound tribe opens nation's first reservation marijuana store, Seattle: KUOW
Jump up ^ Tad Sooter (December 10, 2015), "Suquamish Tribe opens marijuana shop", Kitsap Sun, Bremerton, Washington
Jump up ^ "Pinoleville Pomo Nation confirms deal for legal marijuana farm". January 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Native American Tribe in California Announces Plan to Grow Medical Marijuana. News.Vice.com (retrieved 15 Jan 2015)
Jump up ^ Walker ORENSTEIN (August 5, 2016), "Puyallup Tribe pursuing medical marijuana grow after signing deal with state", The Olympian, Olympia, Washington
Jump up ^ Walsh, Edward (August 3, 1977). "Carter Endorses Decriminalization Of Marijuana". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Drug Abuse Message to the Congress", The American Presidency Project, August 2, 1977, retrieved March 9, 2018
Jump up ^ Lopez, German. "President Obama wants to treat marijuana like tobacco but not legalize it. Wait, what?". Vox. Retrieved February 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wheaton, Sarah (March 16, 2015). "Obama snuffs stoner dreams of legalization". Politico. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Illegal Drugs". Gallup. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Should marijuana be made legal". GSS Data Explorer. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Newport, Frank (October 17, 2011). "Record-High 50% of Americans Favor Legalizing Marijuana Use". Gallup. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Majority Now Supports Legalizing Marijuana". Pew Research Center. April 4, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Swift, Art (October 22, 2013). "For First Time, Americans Favor Legalizing Marijuana". Gallup. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Justin (October 25, 2017). "Record-High Support for Legalizing Marijuana Use in U.S." Gallup. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
External links[edit]
Historical Timeline of Marijuana as Medicine (ProCon.org)
Milestones in U.S. Marijuana Laws (New York Times)
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Bloom's taxonomy
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Bloom's taxonomy (cognitive) according to Bloom's verbs and matching assessment types. The verbs are intended to be feasible and measurable.
Bloom's taxonomy is a set of three hierarchical models used to classify educational learning objectives into levels of complexity and specificity. The three lists cover the learning objectives in cognitive, affective and sensory domains. The cognitive domain list has been the primary focus of most traditional education and is frequently used to structure curriculum learning objectives, assessments and activities.
The models were named after Benjamin Bloom, who chaired the committee of educators that devised the taxonomy. He also edited the first volume of the standard text, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 The cognitive domain (knowledge-based)
2.1 Remembering
2.2 Comprehending
2.3 Applying
2.4 Analyzing
2.5 Synthesizing
2.6 Evaluating
3 The affective domain (emotive-based)
4 The psychomotor domain (action-based)
4.1 Perception
4.2 Set
4.3 Guided response
4.4 Mechanism
4.5 Complex overt response
4.6 Adaptation
4.7 Origination
5 Definition of knowledge
6 Criticism of the taxonomy
7 Implications
8 Connections across disciplines
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
History[edit]
Although named after Bloom, the publication of Taxonomy of Educational Objectives followed a series of conferences from 1949 to 1953, which were designed to improve communication between educators on the design of curricula and examinations.[3]
The first volume of the taxonomy, Handbook I: Cognitive[1] was published in 1956, and in 1964 Handbook II: Affective.[4][5][6][7][8] A revised version of the taxonomy for the cognitive domain was created in 2001.[9]
The cognitive domain (knowledge-based)[edit]
In the original version of the taxonomy, the cognitive domain is broken into the following six levels of objectives.[10] In the 2001 revised edition of Bloom's taxonomy, the levels are slightly different: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, Create (rather than Synthesize).[9][11]
Remembering[edit]
Remembering involves recognizing or remembering facts, terms, basic concepts, or answers without necessarily understanding what they mean. Its characteristics may include:
Knowledge of specifics—terminology, specific facts
Knowledge of ways and means of dealing with specifics—conventions, trends and sequences, classifications and categories, criteria, methodology
Knowledge of the universals and abstractions in a field—principles and generalizations, theories and structures
Example: Name three common varieties of apple.
Comprehending[edit]
Comprehension involves demonstrating understanding of facts and ideas by organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting, giving descriptions, and stating the main ideas.
Example: Compare the identifying characteristics of a Golden Delicious apple with a Granny Smith apple.
Applying[edit]
Applying involves using acquired knowledge—solving problems in new situations by applying acquired knowledge, facts, techniques and rules. Learners should be able to use prior knowledge to solve problems, identify connections and relationships and how they apply in new situations.
Example: Would apples prevent scurvy, a disease caused by a deficiency in vitamin C?
Analyzing[edit]
Analyzing involves examining and breaking information into component parts, determining how the parts relate to one another, identifying motives or causes, making inferences, and finding evidence to support generalizations. Its characteristics include:
Analysis of elements
Analysis of relationships
Analysis of organization
Example: List four ways of serving foods made with apples and explain which ones have the highest health benefits. Provide references to support your statements.
Synthesizing[edit]
Synthesizing involves building a structure or pattern from diverse elements; it also refers to the act of putting parts together to form a whole. Its characteristics include:
Production of a unique communication
Production of a plan, or proposed set of operations
Derivation of a set of abstract relations
Example: Convert an "unhealthy" recipe for apple pie to a "healthy" recipe by replacing your choice of ingredients. Explain the health benefits of using the ingredients you chose vs. the original ones.
Evaluating[edit]
Evaluating involves presenting and defending opinions by making judgments about information, the validity of ideas, or quality of work based on a set of criteria. Its characteristics include:
Judgments in terms of internal evidence
Judgments in terms of external criteria
Example: Which kinds of apples are best for baking a pie, and why?
The affective domain (emotive-based)[edit]
Skills in the affective domain describe the way people react emotionally and their ability to feel other living things' pain or joy. Affective objectives typically target the awareness and growth in attitudes, emotion, and feelings.
There are five levels in the affective domain moving through the lowest-order processes to the highest:
Receiving
The lowest level; the student passively pays attention. Without this level, no learning can occur. Receiving is about the student's memory and recognition as well.
Responding
The student actively participates in the learning process, not only attends to a stimulus; the student also reacts in some way.
Valuing
The student attaches a value to an object, phenomenon, or piece of information. The student associates a value or some values to the knowledge they acquired.
Organizing
The student can put together different values, information, and ideas, and can accommodate them within his/her own schema; the student is comparing, relating and elaborating on what has been learned.
Characterizing
The student at this level tries to build abstract knowledge.
The psychomotor domain (action-based)[edit]
Skills in the psychomotor domain describe the ability to physically manipulate a tool or instrument like a hand or a hammer. Psychomotor objectives usually focus on change and/or development in behavior and/or skills.
Bloom and his colleagues never created subcategories for skills in the psychomotor domain, but since then other educators have created their own psychomotor taxonomies.[7] Simpson (1972) proposed the following levels:[full citation needed]
Perception[edit]
The ability to use sensory cues to guide motor activity: This ranges from sensory stimulation, through cue selection, to translation.
Examples: Detects non-verbal communication cues. Estimate where a ball will land after it is thrown and then moving to the correct location to catch the ball. Adjusts heat of the stove to correct temperature by smell and taste of food. Adjusts the height of the forks on a forklift by comparing where the forks are in relation to the pallet.
Key words: chooses, describes, detects, differentiates, distinguishes, identifies, isolates, relates, selects.
Set[edit]
Readiness to act: It includes mental, physical, and emotional sets. These three sets are dispositions that predetermine a person's response to different situations (sometimes called mindsets). This subdivision of psychomotor is closely related with the "responding to phenomena" subdivision of the affective domain.
Examples: Knows and acts upon a sequence of steps in a manufacturing process. Recognizes his or her abilities and limitations. Shows desire to learn a new process (motivation).
Key words: begins, displays, explains, moves, proceeds, reacts, shows, states, volunteers.
Guided response[edit]
The early stages of learning a complex skill that includes imitation and trial and error: Adequacy of performance is achieved by practicing.
Examples: Performs a mathematical equation as demonstrated. Follows instructions to build a model. Responds to hand-signals of the instructor while learning to operate a forklift.
Key words: copies, traces, follows, react, reproduce, responds.
Mechanism[edit]
The intermediate stage in learning a complex skill: Learned responses have become habitual and the movements can be performed with some confidence and proficiency.
Examples: Use a personal computer. Repair a leaking tap. Drive a car.
Key words: assembles, calibrates, constructs, dismantles, displays, fastens, fixes, grinds, heats, manipulates, measures, mends, mixes, organizes, sketches.
Complex overt response[edit]
The skillful performance of motor acts that involve complex movement patterns: Proficiency is indicated by a quick, accurate, and highly coordinated performance, requiring a minimum of energy. This category includes performing without hesitation and automatic performance. For example, players will often utter sounds of satisfaction or expletives as soon as they hit a tennis ball or throw a football because they can tell by the feel of the act what the result will produce.
Examples: Maneuvers a car into a tight parallel parking spot. Operates a computer quickly and accurately. Displays competence while playing the piano.
Key words: assembles, builds, calibrates, constructs, dismantles, displays, fastens, fixes, grinds, heats, manipulates, measures, mends, mixes, organizes, sketches. (Note: The key words are the same as in mechanism, but will have adverbs or adjectives that indicate that the performance is quicker, better, more accurate, etc.)
Adaptation[edit]
Skills are well developed and the individual can modify movement patterns to fit special requirements.
Examples: Responds effectively to unexpected experiences. Modifies instruction to meet the needs of the learners. Performs a task with a machine that was not originally intended for that purpose (the machine is not damaged and there is no danger in performing the new task).
Key words: adapts, alters, changes, rearranges, reorganizes, revises, varies.
Origination[edit]
Creating new movement patterns to fit a particular situation or specific problem: Learning outcomes emphasize creativity based upon highly developed skills.
Examples: Constructs a new set or pattern of movements organized around a novel concept or theory. Develops a new and comprehensive training program. Creates a new gymnastic routine.
Key words: arranges, builds, combines, composes, constructs, creates, designs, initiate, makes, originates.
Definition of knowledge[edit]
In the appendix to Handbook I, there is a definition of knowledge which serves as the apex for an alternative, summary classification of the educational goals. This is significant as the taxonomy has been called upon significantly in other fields such as knowledge management, potentially out of context. "Knowledge, as defined here, involves the recall of specifics and universals, the recall of methods and processes, or the recall of a pattern, structure, or setting."[12]
The taxonomy is set out as follows:
1.00 Knowledge
1.10 Knowledge of specifics
1.11 Knowledge of terminology
1.12 Knowledge of specific facts
1.20 Knowledge of ways and means of dealing with specifics
1.21 Knowledge of conventions
1.22 Knowledge of trends and sequences
1.23 Knowledge of classifications and categories
1.24 Knowledge of criteria
1.25 Knowledge of methodology
1.30 Knowledge of the universals and abstractions in a field
1.31 Knowledge of principles and generalizations
1.32 Knowledge of theories and structures
Criticism of the taxonomy[edit]
As Morshead (1965) pointed out on the publication of the second volume, the classification was not a properly constructed taxonomy, as it lacked a systemic rationale of construction.
This was subsequently acknowledged in the discussion of the original taxonomy in its 2000 revision,[9] and the taxonomy was reestablished on more systematic lines. It is generally considered[citation needed] that the role the taxonomy played in systematising a field was more important than any perceived lack of rigour in its construction.
Some critiques of the taxonomy's cognitive domain admit the existence of these six categories but question the existence of a sequential, hierarchical link.[13] Often, educators view the taxonomy as a hierarchy and may mistakenly dismiss the lowest levels as unworthy of teaching.[14][15] The learning of the lower levels enables the building of skills in the higher levels of the taxonomy, and in some fields, the most important skills are in the lower levels (such as identification of species of plants and animals in the field of natural history).[14][15] Instructional scaffolding of higher-level skills from lower-level skills is an application of Vygotskian constructivism.[16][17]
Some consider the three lowest levels as hierarchically ordered, but the three higher levels as parallel.[9] Others say that it is sometimes better to move to Application before introducing concepts,[citation needed] the idea is to create a learning environment where the real world context comes first and the theory second to promote the student's grasp of the phenomenon, concept or event. This thinking would seem to relate to the method of problem-based learning.
Furthermore, the distinction between the categories can be seen as artificial since any given cognitive task may entail a number of processes. It could even be argued that any attempt to nicely categorize cognitive processes into clean, cut-and-dried classifications undermines the holistic, highly connective and interrelated nature of cognition.[18] This is a criticism that can be directed at taxonomies of mental processes in general.
Implications[edit]
Bloom's taxonomy serves as the backbone of many teaching philosophies, in particular, those that lean more towards skills rather than content.[8][9] These educators view content as a vessel for teaching skills. The emphasis on higher-order thinking inherent in such philosophies is based on the top levels of the taxonomy including analysis, evaluation, synthesis and creation. Bloom's taxonomy can be used as a teaching tool to help balance assessment and evaluative questions in class, assignments and texts to ensure all orders of thinking are exercised in students' learning, including aspects of information searching.[19]
Connections across disciplines[edit]
The skill development that takes place at these higher orders of thinking interacts well with a developing global focus on multiple literacies and modalities in learning and the emerging field of integrated disciplines.[20] The ability to interface with and create media would draw upon skills from multiple levels of the taxonomy including analysis, application and creation.[21][22] Bloom's taxonomy (and the revised taxonomy) continues to be a source of inspiration for educational philosophy and for developing new teaching strategies.
See also[edit]
DIKW pyramid
Educational psychology
Educational technology
Fluid and crystallized intelligence
Higher order thinking skills
In Over Our Heads
Know-how
Learning cycle
Learning styles
Mastery learning
Metacognition
Model of hierarchical complexity
Pedagogy
Physical education
Reflective practice
Rubric (academic)
Structure of observed learning outcome
Wisdom
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Bloom, B. S.; Engelhart, M. D.; Furst, E. J.; Hill, W. H.; Krathwohl, D. R. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York: David McKay Company.
Jump up ^ Shane, Harold G. (1981). "Significant writings that have influenced the curriculum: 1906-1981". Phi Delta Kappan. 62 (5): 311–314.
Jump up ^ Bloom et al. 1956, p. 4: "The idea for this classification system was formed at an informal meeting of college examiners attending the 1948 American Psychological Association Convention in Boston. At this meeting, interest was expressed in a theoretical framework which could be used to facilitate communication among examiners.
Jump up ^ Simpson, Elizabeth J. (1966). "The classification of educational objectives: Psychomotor domain". Illinois Journal of Home Economics. 10 (4): 110–144.
Jump up ^ * Harrow, Anita J. (1972). A taxonomy of the psychomotor domain: A guide for developing behavioral objectives. New York: David McKay Company.
Jump up ^ * Dave, R. H. (1975). Armstrong, R. J., ed. Developing and writing behavioral objectives. Tucson: Educational Innovators Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Clark, Donald R. (1999). "Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning Domains". Retrieved 28 Jan 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Krathwohl, David R. (2002). "A revision of Bloom's taxonomy: An overview". Theory Into Practice. Routledge. 41 (4): 212–218. doi:10.1207/s15430421tip4104_2. ISSN 0040-5841.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Anderson, Lorin W.; Krathwohl, David R., eds. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives. Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 978-0-8013-1903-7.
Jump up ^ Hoy, Anita Woolfolk (2007). Educational psychology (10th ed.). Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. pp. 530–531, 545. ISBN 0205459463. OCLC 68694368.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Patricia. "Bloom's Taxonomy". Vanderbilt University Center for Teaching. Vanderbilt University. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Bloom et al. 1956, p. 201.
Jump up ^ Paul, R. (1993). Critical thinking: what every person needs to survive in a rapidly changing world (3rd ed.). Rohnert Park, California: Sonoma State University Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Flannery, Maura C. (November 2007). "Observations on biology" (PDF). The American Biology Teacher. 69 (9): 561–564. doi:10.1662/0002-7685(2007)69[561:OOB]2.0.CO;2. Biology is often referred to as an observational science almost as a slur, with the implication that biologists simply look at the living world without the strong theoretical and mathematic underpinnings of a science like physics. There is the suggestion that observation is easy. Thus biology is viewed as a lightweight science—anyone can do it: just go out and start looking, at birds, at grass, at cells under the microscope. Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy of learning tasks puts observation at the lowest level, with recall of information. This denigration of observation has long bothered me because I see it as often difficult and complex, a skill that needs to be learned and a talent that is much more developed in some.
^ Jump up to: a b Lawler, Susan (26 February 2016). "Identification of animals and plants is an essential skill set". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2017. Ironically, the dogma that has been so detrimental to field taxonomy is known as Bloom's taxonomy. University lecturers are told to apply an educational theory developed by Benjamin Bloom, which categorises assessment tasks and learning activities into cognitive domains. In Bloom's taxonomy, identifying and naming are at the lowest level of cognitive skills and have been systematically excluded from University degrees because they are considered simplistic.
Jump up ^ Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). "Chapter 6: Interaction between learning and development". Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 79–91.
Jump up ^ Keene, Judith; Colvin, John; Sissons, Justine (June 2010) [2010]. "Mapping student information literacy activity against Bloom's taxonomy of cognitive skills". Journal of Information Literacy. 4 (1): 6–21. doi:10.11645/4.1.189. When supporting students outside the classroom situation, a subject aware advisor should be capable of spotting mistakes in a student's solution and of analysing these mistakes to identify the difficulty that the student is encountering. Such support can be seen as offering scaffolding in a student's 'zone of proximal development' (Vygotsky, 1978) and exemplified by teaching students to analyse a problem through the identification of the key elements and the relationships between these elements.
Jump up ^ Fadul, J. A. (2009). "Collective Learning: Applying distributed cognition for collective intelligence". The International Journal of Learning. 16 (4): 211–220. ISSN 1447-9494.
Jump up ^ BJ Jansen, D Booth, B Smith (2009) Using the taxonomy of cognitive learning to model online searching, Information Processing & Management 45 (6), 643-663
Jump up ^ * Kress, G.; Selander, S. (2012). "Multimodal design, learning and cultures of recognition". Internet and Higher Education. 15 (1): 265–268. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.12.003.
Jump up ^ * Paul, R.; Elder, L. (2004). Critical and creative thinking. Dillon Beach, CA: The Foundation for Critical Thinking.
Jump up ^ * The New London Group (1996). A pedagogy of multiliteracies: designing social futures. Harvard Educational Review.
Further reading[edit]
Bloom, B. S. (1994). "Reflections on the development and use of the taxonomy". In Rehage, Kenneth J.; Anderson, Lorin W.; Sosniak, Lauren A. Bloom's taxonomy: A forty-year retrospective. Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education. 93. Chicago: National Society for the Study of Education. ISSN 1744-7984.
Clark, Donald R. (1999). "Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning Domains". Retrieved 28 Jan 2014.
Krathwohl, D. R.; Bloom, B. S.; Masia, B. B. (1964). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook II: the affective domain. New York: David McKay Company.
Morshead, Richard W. (1965). "On Taxonomy of educational objectives Handbook II: Affective domain". Studies in Philosophy and Education. 4 (1): 164–170. doi:10.1007/bf00373956.
Orlich, Donald; Harder, Robert; Callahan, Richard; Trevisan, Michael; Brown, Abbie (2004). Teaching strategies: a guide to effective instruction (7th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-6182-9999-7.
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