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Pressure
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Force distributed perpendicularly over an area
This article is about pressure in the physical sciences. For other uses, see Pressure (disambiguation).
Pressure
Common symbols
p, P
SI unit
Pascal [Pa]
In SI base units
1 N/m2, 1 kg/(m·s2), or 1 J/m3
Derivations from
other quantities
p = F / A
Pressure as exerted by particle collisions inside a closed container
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Note: Conjugate variables in italics
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Specific heat capacity c = {\displaystyle c=}
T {\displaystyle T} ∂ S {\displaystyle \partial S}
N {\displaystyle N} ∂ T {\displaystyle \partial T}
Compressibility β = − {\displaystyle \beta =-}
1 {\displaystyle 1} ∂ V {\displaystyle \partial V}
V {\displaystyle V} ∂ p {\displaystyle \partial p}
Thermal expansion α = {\displaystyle \alpha =}
1 {\displaystyle 1} ∂ V {\displaystyle \partial V}
V {\displaystyle V} ∂ T {\displaystyle \partial T}
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U ( S , V ) {\displaystyle U(S,V)}
Enthalpy
H ( S , p ) = U + p V {\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}
Helmholtz free energy
A ( T , V ) = U − T S {\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}
Gibbs free energy
G ( T , p ) = H − T S {\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}
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Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure)[a] is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure.
Various units are used to express pressure. Some of these derive from a unit of force divided by a unit of area; the SI unit of pressure, the pascal (Pa), for example, is one newton per square metre; similarly, the pound-force per square inch (psi) is the traditional unit of pressure in the imperial and US customary systems. Pressure may also be expressed in terms of standard atmospheric pressure; the atmosphere (atm) is equal to this pressure, and the torr is defined as 1⁄760 of this. Manometric units such as the centimetre of water, millimetre of mercury, and inch of mercury are used to express pressures in terms of the height of column of a particular fluid in a manometer.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
1.1 Formula
1.2 Units
1.3 Examples
1.4 Scalar nature
2 Types
2.1 Fluid pressure
2.1.1 Applications
2.2 Explosion or deflagration pressures
2.3 Negative pressures
2.4 Stagnation pressure
2.5 Surface pressure and surface tension
2.6 Pressure of an ideal gas
2.7 Vapour pressure
2.8 Liquid pressure
2.9 Direction of liquid pressure
2.10 Kinematic pressure
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Definition[edit]
Pressure is the amount of force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area. The symbol for it is p or P.[1] The IUPAC recommendation for pressure is a lower-case p.[2] However, upper-case P is widely used. The usage of P vs p depends upon the field in which one is working, on the nearby presence of other symbols for quantities such as power and momentum, and on writing style.
Formula[edit]
Conjugate variables
of thermodynamics
Pressure Volume
(Stress) (Strain)
Temperature Entropy
Chemical potential Particle number
Mathematically:
p = − F A , {\displaystyle p=-{\frac {F}{A}},}
where:
p {\displaystyle p} is the pressure,
F {\displaystyle F} is the magnitude of the normal force,
A {\displaystyle A} is the area of the surface on contact.
Pressure is a scalar quantity. It relates the vector surface element (a vector normal to the surface) with the normal force acting on it. The pressure is the scalar proportionality constant that relates the two normal vectors:
d F n = − p d A = − p n d A . {\displaystyle d\mathbf {F} _{n}=-p\,d\mathbf {A} =-p\,\mathbf {n} \,dA.}
The minus sign comes from the fact that the force is considered towards the surface element, while the normal vector points outward. The equation has meaning in that, for any surface S in contact with the fluid, the total force exerted by the fluid on that surface is the surface integral over S of the right-hand side of the above equation.
It is incorrect (although rather usual) to say "the pressure is directed in such or such direction". The pressure, as a scalar, has no direction. The force given by the previous relationship to the quantity has a direction, but the pressure does not. If we change the orientation of the surface element, the direction of the normal force changes accordingly, but the pressure remains the same.
Pressure is distributed to solid boundaries or across arbitrary sections of fluid normal to these boundaries or sections at every point. It is a fundamental parameter in thermodynamics, and it is conjugate to volume.
Units[edit]
Mercury column
The SI unit for pressure is the pascal (Pa), equal to one newton per square metre (N/m2, or kg·m−1·s−2). This name for the unit was added in 1971;[3] before that, pressure in SI was expressed simply in newtons per square metre.
Other units of pressure, such as pounds per square inch and bar, are also in common use. The CGS unit of pressure is the barye (Ba), equal to 1 dyn·cm−2, or 0.1 Pa. Pressure is sometimes expressed in grams-force or kilograms-force per square centimetre (g/cm2 or kg/cm2) and the like without properly identifying the force units. But using the names kilogram, gram, kilogram-force, or gram-force (or their symbols) as units of force is expressly forbidden in SI. The technical atmosphere (symbol: at) is 1 kgf/cm2 (98.0665 kPa, or 14.223 psi).
Since a system under pressure has the potential to perform work on its surroundings, pressure is a measure of potential energy stored per unit volume. It is therefore related to energy density and may be expressed in units such as joules per cubic metre (J/m3, which is equal to Pa). Mathematically:
p = F × distance A × distance = work volume = energy (J) volume ( m 3 ) . {\displaystyle p={\frac {F\times {\text{distance}}}{A\times {\text{distance}}}}={\frac {\text{work}}{\text{volume}}}={\frac {\text{energy (J)}}{{\text{volume }}({\text{m}}^{3})}}.}
Some meteorologists prefer the hectopascal (hPa) for atmospheric air pressure, which is equivalent to the older unit millibar (mbar). Similar pressures are given in kilopascals (kPa) in most other fields, where the hecto- prefix is rarely used. The inch of mercury is still used in the United States. Oceanographers usually measure underwater pressure in decibars (dbar) because pressure in the ocean increases by approximately one decibar per metre depth.
The standard atmosphere (atm) is an established constant. It is approximately equal to typical air pressure at Earth mean sea level and is defined as 7005101325000000000♠101325 Pa.
Because pressure is commonly measured by its ability to displace a column of liquid in a manometer, pressures are often expressed as a depth of a particular fluid (e.g., centimetres of water, millimetres of mercury or inches of mercury). The most common choices are mercury (Hg) and water; water is nontoxic and readily available, while mercury's high density allows a shorter column (and so a smaller manometer) to be used to measure a given pressure. The pressure exerted by a column of liquid of height h and density ρ is given by the hydrostatic pressure equation p = ρgh, where g is the gravitational acceleration. Fluid density and local gravity can vary from one reading to another depending on local factors, so the height of a fluid column does not define pressure precisely. When millimetres of mercury or inches of mercury are quoted today, these units are not based on a physical column of mercury; rather, they have been given precise definitions that can be expressed in terms of SI units.[citation needed] One millimetre of mercury is approximately equal to one torr. The water-based units still depend on the density of water, a measured, rather than defined, quantity. These manometric units are still encountered in many fields. Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury in most of the world, and lung pressures in centimetres of water are still common.
Underwater divers use the metre sea water (msw or MSW) and foot sea water (fsw or FSW) units of pressure, and these are the standard units for pressure gauges used to measure pressure exposure in diving chambers and personal decompression computers. A msw is defined as 0.1 bar (= 100000 Pa = 10000 Pa), is not the same as a linear metre of depth. 33.066 fsw = 1 atm[4] (1 atm = 101325 Pa / 33.066 = 3064.326 Pa). Note that the pressure conversion from msw to fsw is different from the length conversion: 10 msw = 32.6336 fsw, while 10 m = 32.8083 ft.[5]
Gauge pressure is often given in units with "g" appended, e.g. "kPag", "barg" or "psig", and units for measurements of absolute pressure are sometimes given a suffix of "a", to avoid confusion, for example "kPaa", "psia". However, the US National Institute of Standards and Technology recommends that, to avoid confusion, any modifiers be instead applied to the quantity being measured rather than the unit of measure.[6] For example, "pg = 100 psi" rather than "p = 100 psig".
Differential pressure is expressed in units with "d" appended; this type of measurement is useful when considering sealing performance or whether a valve will open or close.
Presently or formerly popular pressure units include the following:
atmosphere (atm)
manometric units:
centimetre, inch, millimetre (torr) and micrometre (mTorr, micron) of mercury,
height of equivalent column of water, including millimetre (mm H
2O), centimetre (cm H
2O), metre, inch, and foot of water;
imperial and customary units:
kip, short ton-force, long ton-force, pound-force, ounce-force, and poundal per square inch,
short ton-force and long ton-force per square inch,
fsw (feet sea water) used in underwater diving, particularly in connection with diving pressure exposure and decompression;
non-SI metric units:
bar, decibar, millibar,
msw (metres sea water), used in underwater diving, particularly in connection with diving pressure exposure and decompression,
kilogram-force, or kilopond, per square centimetre (technical atmosphere),
gram-force and tonne-force (metric ton-force) per square centimetre,
barye (dyne per square centimetre),
kilogram-force and tonne-force per square metre,
sthene per square metre (pieze).
Pressure units
v
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Pascal
Bar
Technical atmosphere
Standard atmosphere
Torr
Pounds per square inch
(Pa)
(bar)
(at)
(atm)
(Torr)
(lbf/in2)
1 Pa
≡ 1 N/m2 10−5 6995101970000000000♠1.0197×10−5 6994986919999999999♠9.8692×10−6 6997750060000000000♠7.5006×10−3 6996145037700000000♠1.450377×10−4
1 bar
105 ≡ 100 kPa
≡ 106 dyn/cm2
7000101970000000000♠1.0197 6999986920000000000♠0.98692 7002750060000000000♠750.06 7001145037700000000♠14.50377
1 at
7004980665000000000♠9.80665×104 6999980665000000000♠0.980665 ≡ 1 kgf/cm2 6999967841100000000♠0.9678411 7002735559200000000♠735.5592 7001142233400000000♠14.22334
1 atm
7005101325000000000♠1.01325×105 7000101325000000000♠1.01325 7000103319999999999♠1.0332 1 ≡ 7002760000000000000♠760 7001146959500000000♠14.69595
1 Torr
7002133322399999999♠133.3224 6997133322400000000♠1.333224×10−3 6997135955100000000♠1.359551×10−3 ≡ 1/760 ≈ 6997131578900000000♠1.315789×10−3 ≡ 1 Torr
≈ 1 mmHg
6998193367800000000♠1.933678×10−2
1 lbf/in2
7003689480000000000♠6.8948×103 6998689480000000000♠6.8948×10−2 6998703069000000000♠7.03069×10−2 6998680460000000000♠6.8046×10−2 7001517149300000000♠51.71493 ≡ 1 lbf /in2
Examples[edit]
The effects of an external pressure of 700 bar on an aluminum cylinder with 5 mm wall thickness
As an example of varying pressures, a finger can be pressed against a wall without making any lasting impression; however, the same finger pushing a thumbtack can easily damage the wall. Although the force applied to the surface is the same, the thumbtack applies more pressure because the point concentrates that force into a smaller area. Pressure is transmitted to solid boundaries or across arbitrary sections of fluid normal to these boundaries or sections at every point. Unlike stress, pressure is defined as a scalar quantity. The negative gradient of pressure is called the force density.
Another example is a knife. If we try to cut a fruit with the flat side, the force is distributed over a large area, and it will not cut. But if we use the edge, it will cut smoothly. The reason is that the flat side has a greater surface area (less pressure), and so it does not cut the fruit. When we take the thin side, the surface area is reduced, and so it cuts the fruit easily and quickly. This is one example of a practical application of pressure.
For gases, pressure is sometimes measured not as an absolute pressure, but relative to atmospheric pressure; such measurements are called gauge pressure. An example of this is the air pressure in an automobile tire, which might be said to be "220 kPa (32 psi)", but is actually 220 kPa (32 psi) above atmospheric pressure. Since atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 100 kPa (14.7 psi), the absolute pressure in the tire is therefore about 320 kPa (46.7 psi). In technical work, this is written "a gauge pressure of 220 kPa (32 psi)". Where space is limited, such as on pressure gauges, name plates, graph labels, and table headings, the use of a modifier in parentheses, such as "kPa (gauge)" or "kPa (absolute)", is permitted. In non-SI technical work, a gauge pressure of 32 psi is sometimes written as "32 psig", and an absolute pressure as "32 psia", though the other methods explained above that avoid attaching characters to the unit of pressure are preferred.[7]
Gauge pressure is the relevant measure of pressure wherever one is interested in the stress on storage vessels and the plumbing components of fluidics systems. However, whenever equation-of-state properties, such as densities or changes in densities, must be calculated, pressures must be expressed in terms of their absolute values. For instance, if the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa, a gas (such as helium) at 200 kPa (gauge) (300 kPa [absolute]) is 50% denser than the same gas at 100 kPa (gauge) (200 kPa [absolute]). Focusing on gauge values, one might erroneously conclude the first sample had twice the density of the second one.
Scalar nature[edit]
In a static gas, the gas as a whole does not appear to move. The individual molecules of the gas, however, are in constant random motion. Because we are dealing with an extremely large number of molecules and because the motion of the individual molecules is random in every direction, we do not detect any motion. If we enclose the gas within a container, we detect a pressure in the gas from the molecules colliding with the walls of our container. We can put the walls of our container anywhere inside the gas, and the force per unit area (the pressure) is the same. We can shrink the size of our "container" down to a very small point (becoming less true as we approach the atomic scale), and the pressure will still have a single value at that point. Therefore, pressure is a scalar quantity, not a vector quantity. It has magnitude but no direction sense associated with it. Pressure force acts in all directions at a point inside a gas. At the surface of a gas, the pressure force acts perpendicular (at right angle) to the surface.
A closely related quantity is the stress tensor σ, which relates the vector force F {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} } to the vector area A {\displaystyle \mathbf {A} } via the linear relation F = σ A {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =\sigma \mathbf {A} } .
This tensor may be expressed as the sum of the viscous stress tensor minus the hydrostatic pressure. The negative of the stress tensor is sometimes called the pressure tensor, but in the following, the term "pressure" will refer only to the scalar pressure.
According to the theory of general relativity, pressure increases the strength of a gravitational field (see stress–energy tensor) and so adds to the mass-energy cause of gravity. This effect is unnoticeable at everyday pressures but is significant in neutron stars, although it has not been experimentally tested.[8]
Types[edit]
Fluid pressure[edit]
Fluid pressure is most often the compressive stress at some point within a fluid. (The term fluid refers to both liquids and gases – for more information specifically about liquid pressure, see section below.)
Water shooting out a damaged hydrant at high pressure
Fluid pressure occurs in one of two situations:
An open condition, called "open channel flow", e.g. the ocean, a swimming pool, or the atmosphere.
A closed condition, called "closed conduit", e.g. a water line or gas line.
Pressure in open conditions usually can be approximated as the pressure in "static" or non-moving conditions (even in the ocean where there are waves and currents), because the motions create only negligible changes in the pressure. Such conditions conform with principles of fluid statics. The pressure at any given point of a non-moving (static) fluid is called the hydrostatic pressure.
Closed bodies of fluid are either "static", when the fluid is not moving, or "dynamic", when the fluid can move as in either a pipe or by compressing an air gap in a closed container. The pressure in closed conditions conforms with the principles of fluid dynamics.
The concepts of fluid pressure are predominantly attributed to the discoveries of Blaise Pascal and Daniel Bernoulli. Bernoulli's equation can be used in almost any situation to determine the pressure at any point in a fluid. The equation makes some assumptions about the fluid, such as the fluid being ideal[9] and incompressible.[9] An ideal fluid is a fluid in which there is no friction, it is inviscid [9] (zero viscosity).[9] The equation for all points of a system filled with a constant-density fluid is[10]
p γ + v 2 2 g + z = c o n s t , {\displaystyle {\frac {p}{\gamma }}+{\frac {v^{2}}{2g}}+z=\mathrm {const} ,}
where:
p = pressure of the fluid,
γ = ρg = density · acceleration of gravity = specific weight of the fluid,[9]
v = velocity of the fluid,
g = acceleration of gravity,
z = elevation,
p γ {\displaystyle {\frac {p}{\gamma }}} = pressure head,
v 2 2 g {\displaystyle {\frac {v^{2}}{2g}}} = velocity head.
Applications[edit]
Hydraulic brakes
Artesian well
Blood pressure
Hydraulic head
Plant cell turgidity
Pythagorean cup
Explosion or deflagration pressures[edit]
Explosion or deflagration pressures are the result of the ignition of explosive gases, mists, dust/air suspensions, in unconfined and confined spaces.
Negative pressures[edit]
Low-pressure chamber in Bundesleistungszentrum Kienbaum, Germany
While pressures are, in general, positive, there are several situations in which negative pressures may be encountered:
When dealing in relative (gauge) pressures. For instance, an absolute pressure of 80 kPa may be described as a gauge pressure of −21 kPa (i.e., 21 kPa below an atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa).
When attractive intermolecular forces (e.g., van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonds) between the particles of a fluid exceed repulsive forces due to thermal motion. These forces explain ascent of sap in tall plants. A negative pressure acts on water molecules at the top of any tree taller than 10 m, which is the pressure head of water that balances the atmospheric pressure. Intermolecular forces maintain cohesion of columns of sap that run continuously in xylem from the roots to the top leaves.[11]
The Casimir effect can create a small attractive force due to interactions with vacuum energy; this force is sometimes termed "vacuum pressure" (not to be confused with the negative gauge pressure of a vacuum).
For non-isotropic stresses in rigid bodies, depending on how the orientation of a surface is chosen, the same distribution of forces may have a component of positive pressure along one surface normal, with a component of negative pressure acting along another surface normal.
The stresses in an electromagnetic field are generally non-isotropic, with the pressure normal to one surface element (the normal stress) being negative, and positive for surface elements perpendicular to this.
In the cosmological constant.
Stagnation pressure[edit]
Stagnation pressure is the pressure a fluid exerts when it is forced to stop moving. Consequently, although a fluid moving at higher speed will have a lower static pressure, it may have a higher stagnation pressure when forced to a standstill. Static pressure and stagnation pressure are related by:
p 0 = 1 2 ρ v 2 + p {\displaystyle p_{0}={\frac {1}{2}}\rho v^{2}+p}
where
p 0 {\displaystyle p_{0}} is the stagnation pressure
v {\displaystyle v} is the flow velocity
p {\displaystyle p} is the static pressure.
The pressure of a moving fluid can be measured using a Pitot tube, or one of its variations such as a Kiel probe or Cobra probe, connected to a manometer. Depending on where the inlet holes are located on the probe, it can measure static pressures or stagnation pressures.
Surface pressure and surface tension[edit]
There is a two-dimensional analog of pressure – the lateral force per unit length applied on a line perpendicular to the force.
Surface pressure is denoted by π:
π = F l {\displaystyle \pi ={\frac {F}{l}}}
and shares many similar properties with three-dimensional pressure. Properties of surface chemicals can be investigated by measuring pressure/area isotherms, as the two-dimensional analog of Boyle's law, πA = k, at constant temperature.
Surface tension is another example of surface pressure, but with a reversed sign, because "tension" is the opposite to "pressure".
Pressure of an ideal gas[edit]
Main article: Ideal gas law
In an ideal gas, molecules have no volume and do not interact. According to the ideal gas law, pressure varies linearly with temperature and quantity, and inversely with volume:
p = n R T V , {\displaystyle p={\frac {nRT}{V}},}
where:
p is the absolute pressure of the gas,
n is the amount of substance,
T is the absolute temperature,
V is the volume,
R is the ideal gas constant.
Real gases exhibit a more complex dependence on the variables of state.[12]
Vapour pressure[edit]
Main article: Vapour pressure
Vapour pressure is the pressure of a vapour in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases in a closed system. All liquids and solids have a tendency to evaporate into a gaseous form, and all gases have a tendency to condense back to their liquid or solid form.
The atmospheric pressure boiling point of a liquid (also known as the normal boiling point) is the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the ambient atmospheric pressure. With any incremental increase in that temperature, the vapor pressure becomes sufficient to overcome atmospheric pressure and lift the liquid to form vapour bubbles inside the bulk of the substance. Bubble formation deeper in the liquid requires a higher pressure, and therefore higher temperature, because the fluid pressure increases above the atmospheric pressure as the depth increases.
The vapor pressure that a single component in a mixture contributes to the total pressure in the system is called partial vapor pressure.
Liquid pressure[edit]
See also: Fluid statics § Pressure in fluids at rest
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When a person swims under the water, water pressure is felt acting on the person's eardrums. The deeper that person swims, the greater the pressure. The pressure felt is due to the weight of the water above the person. As someone swims deeper, there is more water above the person and therefore greater pressure. The pressure a liquid exerts depends on its depth.
Liquid pressure also depends on the density of the liquid. If someone was submerged in a liquid more dense than water, the pressure would be correspondingly greater. The pressure due to a liquid in liquid columns of constant density or at a depth within a substance is represented by the following formula:
p = ρ g h , {\displaystyle p=\rho gh,}
where:
p is liquid pressure,
g is gravity at the surface of overlaying material,
ρ is density of liquid,
h is height of liquid column or depth within a substance.
Another way of saying the same formula is the following:
p = weight density × depth . {\displaystyle p={\text{weight density}}\times {\text{depth}}.}
[show]Derivation of this equation
This is derived from the definitions of pressure and weight density. Consider an area at the bottom of a vessel of liquid. The weight of the column of liquid directly above this area produces pressure. From the definition
weight density = weight volume {\displaystyle {\text{weight density}}={\frac {\text{weight}}{\text{volume}}}}
we can express this weight of liquid as
weight = weight density × volume , {\displaystyle {\text{weight}}={\text{weight density}}\times {\text{volume}},}
where the volume of the column is simply the area multiplied by the depth. Then we have
pressure = force area = weight area = weight density × volume area , {\displaystyle {\text{pressure}}={\frac {\text{force}}{\text{area}}}={\frac {\text{weight}}{\text{area}}}={\frac {{\text{weight density}}\times {\text{volume}}}{\text{area}}},}
pressure = weight density × (area × depth) area . {\displaystyle {\text{pressure}}={\frac {{\text{weight density}}\times {\text{(area}}\times {\text{depth)}}}{\text{area}}}.}
With the "area" in the numerator and the "area" in the denominator canceling each other out, we are left with
pressure = weight density × depth . {\displaystyle {\text{pressure}}={\text{weight density}}\times {\text{depth}}.}
Written with symbols, this is our original equation:
p = ρ g h . {\displaystyle p=\rho gh.}
The pressure a liquid exerts against the sides and bottom of a container depends on the density and the depth of the liquid. If atmospheric pressure is neglected, liquid pressure against the bottom is twice as great at twice the depth; at three times the depth, the liquid pressure is threefold; etc. Or, if the liquid is two or three times as dense, the liquid pressure is correspondingly two or three times as great for any given depth. Liquids are practically incompressible – that is, their volume can hardly be changed by pressure (water volume decreases by only 50 millionths of its original volume for each atmospheric increase in pressure). Thus, except for small changes produced by temperature, the density of a particular liquid is practically the same at all depths.
Atmospheric pressure pressing on the surface of a liquid must be taken into account when trying to discover the total pressure acting on a liquid. The total pressure of a liquid, then, is ρgh plus the pressure of the atmosphere. When this distinction is important, the term total pressure is used. Otherwise, discussions of liquid pressure refer to pressure without regard to the normally ever-present atmospheric pressure.
It is important to recognize that the pressure does not depend on the amount of liquid present. Volume is not the important factor – depth is. The average water pressure acting against a dam depends on the average depth of the water and not on the volume of water held back. For example, a wide but shallow lake with a depth of 3 m (10 ft) exerts only half the average pressure that a small 6 m (20 ft) deep pond does (note that the total force applied to the longer dam will be greater, due to the greater total surface area for the pressure to act upon, but for a given 5-foot section of each dam, the 10 ft deep water will apply half the force of 20 ft deep water). A person will feel the same pressure whether his/her head is dunked a metre beneath the surface of the water in a small pool or to the same depth in the middle of a large lake. If four vases contain different amounts of water but are all filled to equal depths, then a fish with its head dunked a few centimetres under the surface will be acted on by water pressure that is the same in any of the vases. If the fish swims a few centimetres deeper, the pressure on the fish will increase with depth and be the same no matter which vase the fish is in. If the fish swims to the bottom, the pressure will be greater, but it makes no difference what vase it is in. All vases are filled to equal depths, so the water pressure is the same at the bottom of each vase, regardless of its shape or volume. If water pressure at the bottom of a vase were greater than water pressure at the bottom of a neighboring vase, the greater pressure would force water sideways and then up the narrower vase to a higher level until the pressures at the bottom were equalized. Pressure is depth dependent, not volume dependent, so there is a reason that water seeks its own level.
Restating this as energy equation, the energy per unit volume in an ideal, incompressible liquid is constant throughout its vessel. At the surface, gravitational potential energy is large but liquid pressure energy is low. At the bottom of the vessel, all the gravitational potential energy is converted to pressure energy. The sum of pressure energy and gravitational potential energy per unit volume is constant throughout the volume of the fluid and the two energy components change linearly with the depth.[13] Mathematically, it is described by Bernoulli's equation, where velocity head is zero and comparisons per unit volume in the vessel are
p γ + z = c o n s t . {\displaystyle {\frac {p}{\gamma }}+z=\mathrm {const} .}
Terms have the same meaning as in section Fluid pressure.
Direction of liquid pressure[edit]
An experimentally determined fact about liquid pressure is that it is exerted equally in all directions.[14] If someone is submerged in water, no matter which way that person tilts his/her head, the person will feel the same amount of water pressure on his/her ears. Because a liquid can flow, this pressure isn't only downward. Pressure is seen acting sideways when water spurts sideways from a leak in the side of an upright can. Pressure also acts upward, as demonstrated when someone tries to push a beach ball beneath the surface of the water. The bottom of a boat is pushed upward by water pressure (buoyancy).
When a liquid presses against a surface, there is a net force that is perpendicular to the surface. Although pressure doesn't have a specific direction, force does. A submerged triangular block has water forced against each point from many directions, but components of the force that are not perpendicular to the surface cancel each other out, leaving only a net perpendicular point.[14] This is why water spurting from a hole in a bucket initially exits the bucket in a direction at right angles to the surface of the bucket in which the hole is located. Then it curves downward due to gravity. If there are three holes in a bucket (top, bottom, and middle), then the force vectors perpendicular to the inner container surface will increase with increasing depth – that is, a greater pressure at the bottom makes it so that the bottom hole will shoot water out the farthest. The force exerted by a fluid on a smooth surface is always at right angles to the surface. The speed of liquid out of the hole is 2 g h {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\sqrt {2gh}}} , where h is the depth below the free surface.[14] Interestingly, this is the same speed the water (or anything else) would have if freely falling the same vertical distance h.
Kinematic pressure[edit]
P = p / ρ 0 {\displaystyle P=p/\rho _{0}}
is the kinematic pressure, where p {\displaystyle p} is the pressure and ρ 0 {\displaystyle \rho _{0}} constant mass density. The SI unit of P is m2/s2. Kinematic pressure is used in the same manner as kinematic viscosity ν {\displaystyle \nu } in order to compute Navier–Stokes equation without explicitly showing the density ρ 0 {\displaystyle \rho _{0}} .
Navier–Stokes equation with kinematic quantities
∂ u ∂ t + ( u ∇ ) u = − ∇ P + ν ∇ 2 u . {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}+(u\nabla )u=-\nabla P+\nu \nabla ^{2}u.}
See also[edit]
Underwater diving portal
Atmospheric pressure
Blood pressure
Boyle's Law
Combined gas law
Conversion of units
Critical point (thermodynamics)
Dynamic pressure
Electron degeneracy pressure
Hydraulics
Internal pressure
Kinetic theory
Microphone
Orders of magnitude (pressure)
Partial pressure
Pressure measurement
Pressure sensor
Sound pressure
Spouting can
Static pressure
Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology
Units conversion by factor-label
Vacuum
Vacuum pump
Vertical pressure variation
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The preferred spelling varies by country and even by industry. Further, both spellings are often used within a particular industry or country. Industries in British English-speaking countries typically use the "gauge" spelling.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Giancoli, Douglas G. (2004). Physics: principles with applications. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-13-060620-0.
Jump up ^ McNaught, A. D.; Wilkinson, A.; Nic, M.; Jirat, J.; Kosata, B.; Jenkins, A. (2014). IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). 2.3.3. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. doi:10.1351/goldbook.P04819. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
Jump up ^ "14th Conference of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures". Bipm.fr. Archived from the original on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
Jump up ^ US Navy (2006). US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. pp. 2–32. Archived from the original on 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Navy Diving Manual (Chapter 2:Underwater Physics)" (PDF). p. 2.32. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-02.
Jump up ^ "Rules and Style Conventions for Expressing Values of Quantities". NIST. Archived from the original on 2009-07-10. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
Jump up ^ NIST, Rules and Style Conventions for Expressing Values of Quantities Archived 2010-02-04 at the Wayback Machine., Sect. 7.4.
Jump up ^ "Einstein's gravity under pressure". Astrophysics and Space Science. 321: 151–156. arXiv:0705.0825  . Bibcode:2009Ap&SS.321..151V. doi:10.1007/s10509-009-0016-8. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Finnemore, John, E. and Joseph B. Franzini (2002). Fluid Mechanics: With Engineering Applications. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc. pp. 14–29. ISBN 978-0-07-243202-2. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ NCEES (2011). Fundamentals of Engineering: Supplied Reference Handbook. Clemson, South Carolina: NCEES. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-932613-59-9.
Jump up ^ Karen Wright (March 2003). "The Physics of Negative Pressure". Discover. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
Jump up ^ P. Atkins, J. de Paula Elements of Physical Chemistry, 4th Ed, W. H. Freeman, 2006. ISBN 0-7167-7329-5.
Jump up ^ Streeter, V. L., Fluid Mechanics, Example 3.5, McGraw–Hill Inc. (1966), New York.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hewitt 251 (2006)
External links[edit]
Introduction to Fluid Statics and Dynamics on Project PHYSNET
Pressure being a scalar quantity
wikiUnits.org - Convert units of pressure
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text:
Bobby Bland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Bobby "Blue" Bland
Bland at the Long Beach Blues Festival, 1996
Background information
Birth name
Robert Calvin Brooks
Also known as
Bobby "Blue" Bland
Born
(1930-01-27)January 27, 1930
Barretville, Tennessee, U.S.
Died
June 23, 2013(2013-06-23) (aged 83)
Germantown, Tennessee
Genres
Blues
soul blues
R&B
soul
Occupation(s)
Singer-songwriter
arranger
bandleader
Instruments
Vocals
Labels
Duke
ABC
MCA
Malaco
Associated acts
B.B. King
Junior Parker
Robert Calvin Bland (né Robert Calvin Brooks; January 27, 1930 – June 23, 2013), known professionally as Bobby "Blue" Bland, was an American blues singer.
Bland developed a sound that mixed gospel with the blues and R&B.[1] He was described as "among the great storytellers of blues and soul music... [who] created tempestuous arias of love, betrayal and resignation, set against roiling, dramatic orchestrations, and left the listener drained but awed."[2] He was sometimes referred to as the "Lion of the Blues" and as the "Sinatra of the Blues".[3] His music was also influenced by Nat King Cole.[4]
Bland was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1981, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, and the Memphis Music Hall of Fame in 2012. He received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997.[5] The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame described him as "second in stature only to B.B. King as a product of Memphis's Beale Street blues scene".[3]
Contents
1 Biography
1.1 Early life
1.2 Early career
1.3 Commercial success
1.4 Later career
1.5 Collaborations and tributes
1.6 Death
2 Discography
2.1 Studio albums
2.2 Live albums
2.3 Collaborative album
2.4 Compilations
2.5 Awards
2.6 Singles
3 References
4 External links
Biography[edit]
Early life[edit]
Bland was born Robert Calvin Brooks in the small town of Barretville, Tennessee.[1][6][7] His father, I.J. Brooks, abandoned the family not long after Robert's birth. Robert later acquired the name "Bland" from his stepfather, Leroy Bridgeforth, who was also called Leroy Bland.[7] Robert dropped out of school in third grade to work in the cotton fields and never graduated from school.[8]
With his mother, Bland moved to Memphis in 1947, where he started singing with local gospel groups, including the Miniatures. Eager to expand his interests, he began frequenting the city's famous Beale Street, where he became associated with an ad hoc circle of aspiring musicians including B.B. King, Rosco Gordon, Junior Parker and Johnny Ace, who collectively called themselves the Beale Streeters.[1][2][9]
Early career[edit]
Between 1950 and 1952, Bland recorded commercially unsuccessful singles for Modern Records and, at Ike Turner's suggestion, for Sun Records (which licensed its recordings to Chess Records). He then signed a contract with Duke Records.[10] Bland's recordings from the early 1950s show him striving for individuality, but his progress was halted for two years while he served in the U.S. Army, during which time he performed in a band with the singer Eddie Fisher.[11]
When Bland returned to Memphis in 1954, several of his former associates, including Johnny Ace, were enjoying considerable success. He joined Ace's revue and returned to Duke Records, which was then being run by the Houston entrepreneur Don Robey. According to his biographer Charles Farley, "Robey handed Bobby a new contract, which Bobby could not read, and helped Bobby sign his name on it". The contract gave Bland just half a cent per record sold, instead of the industry standard of 2 cents.[10]
Bland released his first single for Duke in 1955.[9] In 1956 he began touring on the chitlin' circuit with Junior Parker in a revue called Blues Consolidated, initially doubling as Parker's valet and driver.[12] He began recording for Duke with the bandleader Bill Harvey and the arranger Joe Scott, asserting his characteristic vocal style and, with Harvey and Scott, beginning to craft the melodic big-band blues singles for which he became famous, often accompanied by the guitarist Wayne Bennett.[10] Unlike many blues musicians, Bland played no instrument.[3]
Commercial success[edit]
Bland's first chart success came in 1957 with "Farther Up the Road", which reached number 1 on the R&B chart and number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was followed by a series of hits on the R&B chart, including "Little Boy Blue" (1958).[13] He also recorded an album with Parker, Blues Consolidated, in 1958.[2] Bland's craft was most clearly heard on a series of early-1960s releases, including "Cry Cry Cry", "I Pity the Fool" (number 1 on the R&B chart in 1961) and "Turn On Your Love Light", which became a much-covered standard by the Grateful Dead and other bands. Despite credits to the contrary—often claimed by Robey—many of these classic works were written by Joe Scott.[1] Bland also recorded a hit version of T-Bone Walker's "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)", which was erroneously given the title of a different song, "Stormy Monday Blues".[2]
His last record to reach number 1 on the R&B chart was "That's the Way Love Is", in 1963,[13] but he continued to produce a consistent run of R&B chart entries through the mid-1960s. He barely broke into the mainstream market; his highest-charting song on the pop chart, "Ain't Nothing You Can Do", peaked at number 20 in 1964, in the same week in which the Beatles held down the top five spots. Bland's records mostly sold on the R&B market rather than achieving crossover success. He had 23 Top Ten hits on the Billboard R&B chart. In the book Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942–1995, by Joel Whitburn, Bland was ranked number 13 of the all-time top-charting artists.[13]
Later career[edit]
Bland, 1974
Financial pressures forced the singer to cut his touring band and in 1968 the group broke up. He suffered from depression and became increasingly dependent on alcohol,[1] but he stopped drinking in 1971. His record company, Duke Records, was sold to the larger ABC Records group. This resulted in several successful and critically acclaimed contemporary blues and soul albums including His California Album and Dreamer, arranged by Michael Omartian and produced by ABC staffer Steve Barri. The albums, including the later "follow-up" in 1977, Reflections in Blue, were recorded in Los Angeles and featured many of the city's top session musicians at the time.
The first single released from His California Album, "This Time I'm Gone for Good" took Bland back into the pop Top 50 for the first time since 1964 and made the R&B top 10 in late 1973. The opening track from Dreamer, "Ain't No Love in the Heart of the City", was a strong R&B hit. A version of it was released in 1978 by the hard-rock band Whitesnake, featuring the singer David Coverdale. Much later it was sampled by Kanye West on Jay-Z's hip-hop album The Blueprint (2001). The song is also featured on the soundtrack of the crime drama The Lincoln Lawyer (2011), starring Matthew McConaughey.[14] The follow-up, "I Wouldn't Treat a Dog" was his biggest R&B hit for some years, climbing to number 3 in late 1974, but as usual his strength was never the pop chart (on which it reached number 88). Subsequent attempts at adding a disco flavor were mostly unsuccessful. A return to his roots in 1980 for a tribute album to his mentor Joe Scott, produced by music veterans Monk Higgins and Al Bell, resulted in the album Sweet Vibrations, but it failed to sell well outside of his traditional "chitlin circuit" base.
In 1985, Bland signed a contract with Malaco Records, specialists in traditional Southern black music, for which he made a series of albums while continuing to tour and appear at concerts with B. B. King. The two had collaborated on two albums in the 1970s. Despite occasional age-related ill health, Bland continued to record new albums for Malaco and perform occasional tours alone, with the guitarist and producer Angelo Earl and also with B. B. King, and performed at blues and soul festivals worldwide. In 1985, the album Members Only on Malaco reached number 45 on Billboard's R&B albums chart, and the title song reached number 54 for R&B singles. It was his last chart single, and became Bland's signature song for the rest of his career. Bland was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame described him as "second in stature only to B. B. King as a product of Memphis's Beale Street blues scene".[3]
Collaborations and tributes[edit]
The Irish singer-songwriter Van Morrison was an early adherent of Bland, covering "Turn On Your Love Light" while with the band Them (he later covered "Ain't Nothing You Can't Do" on his 1974 live album It's Too Late to Stop Now), and Bland has occasionally been a guest singer at Morrison's concerts. He also included a previously unreleased version of a March 2000 duet of Morrison and Bland singing "Tupelo Honey" on his 2007 compilation album, The Best of Van Morrison Volume 3.
In 2008 the British singer and lead vocalist of Simply Red, Mick Hucknall, released the album Tribute to Bobby, containing songs associated with Bland. The album reached 18 in the UK Albums Chart.[15][16]
Death[edit]
Bland continued performing until shortly before his death. He died on June 23, 2013, at his home in Germantown, Tennessee, a suburb of Memphis, after what family members described as "an ongoing illness". He was 83.[7][17][18][19] After his death, his son Rodd told news media that Bland had recently told him that the blues musician James Cotton was Bland's half-brother.[7]
Discography[edit]
Studio albums[edit]
Two Steps from the Blues, 1961 (Duke Records), 2002 (MCA)
Here's the Man!, 1962 (Duke Records)
Call on Me/That's the Way Love Is, 1963 (Duke Records)
Ain't Nothing You Can Do, 1964 (Duke Records)
The Soul of the Man, 1966 (Duke Records)
Touch of the Blues, 1967 (Duke Records)
Spotlighting the Man, 1969 (Duke Records)
His California Album, 1973 (Dunhill Records)
Dreamer, 1974 (Dunhill Records)
Get On Down, 1975 (ABC Records)
Reflections in Blue, 1977 (ABC Records)
Come Fly with Me, 1978 (ABC Records)
I Feel Good, I Feel Fine, 1979 (MCA Records)
Sweet Vibrations, 1980 (MCA 27076), tribute to Joe Scott
Try Me, I'm Real, 1981 (MCA 5233)
Here We Go Again, 1982 (MCA 5297)
Tell Mr Bland, 1983 (MCA 5425)
You've Got Me Loving You, 1984 (MCA 52436)
Members Only, 1985 (Malaco Records)
After All, 1986 (Malaco Records)
Blues You Can Use, 1987 (Malaco Records)
Midnight Run, 1989 (Malaco Records)
Portrait of the Blues, 1991 (Malaco Records)
Years of Tears, 1993 (Malaco Records)
Sad Street, 1995 (Malaco Records)
Memphis Monday Morning, 1998 (Malaco Records)
Blues at Midnight, 2003 (Malaco Records)
Live albums[edit]
Together for the First Time, with B. B. King, 1974 (ABC)
Bobby Bland and B. B. King Together Again...Live, 1976 (ABC)
Live on Beale Street, 1998 (Malaco Records)
Collaborative album[edit]
Blues Consolidated – 1958 (Duke Records) (with Junior Parker)
Compilations[edit]
The Best of Bobby Bland, 1967 (Duke Records)
The Best of Bobby Bland, vol. 2, 1968 (Duke Records)
First Class Blues, 1987 (Malaco Records)
The Anthology, 2001 (MCA)
I Pity the Fool: The Duke Recordings, vol. 1, 1992 (MCA)
Turn on Your Love Light: The Duke Recordings, vol. 2, 1994 (MCA)
That Did It!: The Duke Recordings, vol. 3, 1996 (MCA)
Greatest Hits, Vol. 1: The Duke Recordings, 1998 (MCA, Duke/Peacock)
Greatest Hits, Vol. 2: The ABC–Dunhill/MCA Recordings, 1998 (MCA)
Unmatched: The Very Best of Bobby Bland, 2011 (Malaco)
Awards[edit]
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award -1997
Grammy Hall of Fame 1999 "Turn On Your Lovelight"
Rhythm and Blues Pioneer Award - 1992
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame -inducted 1992
Blues Hall of Fame - inducted 1981
Singles[edit]
Year
A-side
B-side
Label
Chart Positions
US
Singles
[20]
US
R&B
[13]
1952 "Crying All Night Long" "Dry Up Baby" Modern – –
"Good Lovin'" "Drifting from Town to Town" – –
"Crying" "A Letter from a Trench In Korea" Chess – –
"Lovin' Blues" "I.O.U. Blues" Duke – –
1953 "Army Blues" "No Blow, No Show" – –
1955 "Time Out" "It's My Life Baby" – –
"You or None" "Woke Up Screaming" – –
1956 "I Can't Put You Down" "You've Got Bad Intentions" – –
"I Learned My Lesson" "I Don't Believe" – –
1957 "Don't Want No Woman" "I Smell Trouble" – –
"Farther Up the Road" "Sometime Tomorrow" 43 1
"Teach Me (How to Love You)" "Bobby's Blues" – –
1958 "You Got Me Where You Want Me" "Loan a Helping Hand" – –
"Little Boy Blue" "Last Night" – 10
1959 "You Did Me Wrong" "I Lost Sight of the World" – –
"I'm Not Ashamed" "Wishing Well" – 13
"Is It Real" "Someday" – 28
"I'll Take Care of You" "That's Why" 89 2
1960 "Lead Me On" "Hold Me Tenderly" – 9
"Cry Cry Cry" "I've Been Wrong So Long" 71 9
1961 "I Pity the Fool" "Close to You" 46 1
"Don't Cry No More" "Saint James Infirmary" 71 2
"Turn On Your Love Light" "You're the One (That I Need)" 28 2
1962 "Ain't That Loving You" "Jelly, Jelly, Jelly" 86 9
"Who Will the Next Fool Be" "Blue Moon" 76 12
"Yield Not to Temptation" "How Does a Cheating Woman Feel" 56 10
"Stormy Monday Blues" "Your Friends" 43 5
1963 "That's the Way Love Is" "Call on Me" 33 / 22 1 / 6
"Sometimes You Gotta Cry a Little" "You're Worth It All" 56 28
"The Feeling Is Gone" "I Can't Stop Singing" 91 / 106 n/a[21]
1964 "Ain't Nothing You Can Do" "Honey Child" 20
"Share Your Love with Me" "After It's Too Late" 42 / 111
"Ain't Doing Too Bad (Part 1)" "Ain't Doing Too Bad (Part 2)" 49
1965 "Blind Man" "Black Night" 78 / 99
"Ain't No Telling" "Dust Got in Daddy's Eyes" 93 / 125 25 / 23
"These Hands (Small but Mighty)" "Today" 63 4
1966 "I'm Too Far Gone (To Turn Around)" "If You Could Read My Mind" 62 8
"Good Time Charlie" "Good Time Charlie (Working His Groove Bag)" 75 6
"Poverty" "Building a Fire with Rain" 65 9
"Back in the Same Old Bag Again" "I Ain't Myself Anymore" 102 13
1967 "You're All I Need" "Deep in My Soul" 88 6
"That Did It" "Getting Used to the Blues" – 6
"A Touch of the Blues" "Shoes" – 30
1968 "Driftin' Blues" "You Could Read My Mind" 96 23
"Honey Child" "A Piece of Gold" – –
"Save Your Love for Me" "Share Your Love With Me" – 16
"Rockin' in the Same Old Boat" "Wouldn't You Rather Have Me" 58 12
1969 "Gotta Get to Know You" "Baby, I'm on My Way" 91 14
"Chains of Love" "Ask Me 'Bout Nothing (But the Blues)" 60 9
1970 "If You've Got a Heart" "Sad Feeling" 96 10
"If Love Ruled the World" "Lover with a Reputation" – 16 / 28
"Keep On Loving Me (You'll See the Change)" "I've Just Got to Forget About You" 89 20
1971 "I'm Sorry" "Yum Yum Tree" 97 18
"Shape Up or Ship Out" "The Love That We Share (Is True)" – –
1972 "Do What You Set Out to Do" "Ain't Nothing You Can Do" 64 6
"I'm So Tired" "If You Could Read My Mind" – 36
1973 "That's All There Is (There Ain't No More)" "I Don't Want Another Mountain to Climb" 42 5
"This Time I'm Gone for Good" "Where Baby Went" Dunhill 42 5
1974 "Goin' Down Slow" "Up and Down World" 69 17
"Ain't No Love in the Heart of the City" "Twenty-Four Hour Blues" 91 9
"I Wouldn't Treat a Dog (The Way You Treated Me)" "I Ain't Gonna Be (The First to Cry)" 88 3
1975 "Yolanda" "When You Come to the End of Your Road" ABC 104 21
"I Take It On Home" "You've Never Been This Far Before" – 41
1976 "Today I Started Loving You Again" "Too Far Gone" 103 34
"It Ain't the Real Thing" "Who's Foolin' Who" – 12
"Let The Good Times Roll"
Bobby Bland & B. B. King "Strange Things Happening" ABC Impulse 101 20
1977 "The Soul of a Man" "If I Weren't a Gambler" ABC – 18
1978 "Sittin' on a Poor Man's Throne" "I Intend to Take Your Place" – 82
"Love to See You Smile" "I'm Just Your Man" – 14
"Come Fly with Me" "Ain't God Something" – 55
1979 "Tit For Tat" "Come Fly with Me" MCA – 71
1980 "Soon As the Weather Breaks" "To Be Friends" – 76
1981 "You'd Be a Millionaire" "Swat Vibrator" – 92
1982 "What a Difference a Day Makes" "Givin' Up the Streets for Love" – –
"Recess In Heaven" "Exactly, Where It's At" – 40
"Here We Go Again" "You're About to Win" – –
1983 "Is This the Blues" "You're About to Win" – –
"If It Ain't One Thing" "Tell Mr. Bland" – –
1984 "Looking Back" "You Got Me Loving You" – –
"Get Real Clean" "It's Too Bad" – –
"You Are My Christmas" "New Merry Christmas Baby" – –
1985 "Members Only" "I Just Got to Know" Malaco – 54
1986 "Can We Make Love Tonight" "In the Ghetto" – –
1988 "Get Your Money Where You Spend Your Time" "For the Last Time" – –
"24 Hours a Day" "I've Got a Problem" – –
1989 "You've Got to Hurt Before You Heal" "I'm Not Ashamed to Sing the Blues" – –
"Ain't No Sunshine" "If I Don't Get Involved" – –
1990 "Starting All Over Again" "Midnight Run" – –
"Take Off Your Shoes" "If I Don't Get Involved" – –
1992 "She's Putting Something in My Food" "Let Love Have It's Way" – –
1993 "There's a Stranger in My House" "Hurtin' Time Again" – –
1994 "I Just Tripped on a Piece of Your Broken Heart" "Hole in the Wall" – –
1995 "Double Trouble" "Double Trouble (long version)" – –
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Bobby 'Blue' Bland". Livinblues.com. Archived from the original on 2007-08-24. Retrieved 2007-08-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Russell, Tony (June 24, 2013). "Bobby 'Blue' Bland Obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Bobby Bland". BBC News. 2013-06-24. Retrieved 2013-06-25.
Jump up ^ "Bobby 'Blue' Bland, Known for 'Further On Up the Road' and 'Turn on Your Love Light', Dies". Washingtonpost.com. 2013-06-24. Archived from the original on 2013-06-24. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Bobby Bland: Biography". AllAboutJazz.com. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-09.
Jump up ^ Tennessee Historical Commission, historic marker dedicated 1/24/2015, Barretville, Tennessee.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Friskics-Warren, Bill (June 24, 2013). "Bobby (Blue) Bland, Soul and Blues Balladeer, Dies at 83". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Bobby 'Blue' Bland dies: Rhythm-and-blues singer was 83". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Biography at BobbyBlueBland.com Archived October 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bobby Bland". The Telegraph. June 24, 2013. . Retrieved June, 26 2013
Jump up ^ "Bobby Blue Bland: November 1973 Interview". SoulMusic.com. Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
Jump up ^ "Bobby Blue Bland". Pbase.com Soulful Impressions. Retrieved 2007-08-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Whitburn, Joel (1996). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942–1995. Record Research. pp. 34–35.
Jump up ^ "The Lincoln Lawyer (soundtrack)". blogs.indiewire.com. Archived from the original on 2011-04-07. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
Jump up ^ "Mick Hucknall Tribute To Bobby Review". BBC. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
Jump up ^ "UK Official Charts – Simply Red". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
Jump up ^ Marshall, Matt (June 23, 2013). "BREAKING: Bobby "Blue" Bland Passes Away". American Blues Scene Magazine. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Adrian Sainz, The Associated Press (1992-01-15). "Bobby 'Blue' Bland, known for 'Further On Up the Road' and 'Turn on Your Love Light,' dies". Windsorstar.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-24. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Blues legend Bobby "Blue" Bland dies". WREG-TV. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2003). Top Pop Singles 1955–2002 (1st ed.). Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. pp. 62–63. ISBN 0-89820-155-1.
Jump up ^ Billboard did not publish an R&B chart during this period.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bobby Bland.
Bobby Bland on IMDb
"Bobby Bland". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Bobby Bland discography
Bobby Bland at Wenig-Lamonica Associates
Bobby Blue Bland at AuthenticBlues.com
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Bobby Bland
Studio albums
Two Steps from the Blues
Here's the Man!
Live albums
Together for the First Time... Live
Bobby Bland and B. B. King Together Again...Live
Singles
"Farther Up the Road"
"I'll Take Care of You"
"I Pity the Fool"
"St. James Infirmary Blues"
"Turn On Your Love Light"
"Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)"
"That's the Way Love Is"
"Goin' Down Slow"
"Ain't No Love in the Heart of the City"
show
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Rock and Roll Hall of Fame – Class of 1992
Performers
Bobby Bland
Booker T. & the M.G.'s
Steve Cropper, Donald "Duck" Dunn, Al Jackson Jr., Booker T. Jones, Lewie Steinberg
Johnny Cash
The Isley Brothers
Ernie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley Jr., Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, Chris Jasper
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Jimi Hendrix, Mitch Mitchell, Noel Redding
Sam & Dave
Sam Moore, Dave Prater
The Yardbirds
Jeff Beck, Eric Clapton, Chris Dreja, Jim McCarty, Jimmy Page, Keith Relf, Paul Samwell-Smith
Early influences
Elmore James
Professor Longhair
Non-performers
(Ahmet Ertegun Award)
Leo Fender
Bill Graham
Doc Pomus
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNE: XX858802
BNF: cb13891576p (data)
GND: 134775228
ISNI: 0000 0001 1475 3546
LCCN: n92082339
MusicBrainz: 66ebc271-6a26-4fe7-848b-f217da119d92
SUDOC: 172149517
VIAF: 76499501
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobby_Bland&oldid=860354573"
Categories:
1930 births
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