text:
List of Chief Justices of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
[hide]
1 List of Chief Justices
1.1 Federal Court of India (1937-1950)
1.2 Supreme Court of India
2 Notes
3 See also
4 References
List of Chief Justices[edit]
Federal Court of India (1937-1950)[edit]
The Federal Court came into being on 1 September 1937. The seat of the court was the Chamber of Princes in the Parliament building in Delhi. It began with a Chief Justice and two puisne judges. The first Chief Justice was Sir Maurice Gwyer and the other two judges were Sir Shah Muhammad Sulaiman and M. R. Jayakar. It functioned until the establishment of the Supreme Court of India on 28 January 1950.
Number
Name
Period of office
Length of term (days)
Bar
Appointed by
1 Sir Maurice Gwyer 000000001937-10-01-00001 October 1937 000000001943-04-25-000025 April 1943‡ 2,032 Inner Temple The Marquess of Linlithgow
Acting Sir Srinivas Vardachariar 000000001943-04-25-000025 April 1943 000000001943-06-07-00007 June 1943 43
2 Sir Patrick Spens 000000001943-06-07-00007 June 1943 000000001947-08-14-000014 August 1947 1,529 Inner Temple
3 Sir H. J. Kania 000000001947-08-14-000014 August 1947 000000001950-01-26-000026 January 1950 896 Bombay High Court The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma
‡ – Date of Resignation
Supreme Court of India[edit]
Since the birth of the Republic of India on 26 January 1950, 45 people have served as the Chief Justice of India (CJI).[1] While H. J. Kania is the inaugural CJI, the current incumbent is Dipak Misra who was appointed as Chief Justice of India on 28 August 2017. Justice Y. V. Chandrachud is the longest serving Chief Justice (000000001978-02-01-0000February 1978 - 000000001985-07-01-0000July 1985).
Number
Name
Period of office
Length of term (days)
Bar
Appointed by
1 H J Kania 000000001950-01-26-000026 January 1950 000000001951-11-06-00006 November 1951‡‡ 649 Bombay High Court Rajendra Prasad
2 M. Patanjali Sastri 000000001951-11-07-00007 November 1951 000000001954-01-03-00003 January 1954 788 Madras High Court
3 Mehr Chand Mahajan 000000001954-01-04-00004 January 1954 000000001954-12-22-000022 December 1954 352 Punjab and Haryana High Court
4 Bijan Kumar Mukherjea 000000001954-12-23-000023 December 1954 000000001956-01-31-000031 January 1956‡ 404 Calcutta High Court
5 Sudhi Ranjan Das 000000001956-02-01-00001 February 1956 000000001959-09-30-000030 September 1959 1337 Calcutta High Court
6 Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha 000000001959-10-01-00001 October 1959 000000001964-01-31-000031 January 1964 1583 Patna High Court
7 P. B. Gajendragadkar 000000001964-02-01-00001 February 1964 000000001966-03-15-000015 March 1966 773 Bombay High Court Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
8 Amal Kumar Sarkar 000000001966-03-16-000016 March 1966 000000001966-06-29-000029 June 1966 105 Calcutta High Court
9 Koka Subba Rao 000000001966-06-30-000030 June 1966 000000001967-04-11-000011 April 1967‡ 285 Madras High Court
10 Kailas Nath Wanchoo 000000001967-04-12-000012 April 1967 000000001968-02-24-000024 February 1968 318 Allahabad High Court
11 Mohammad Hidayatullah[2] 000000001968-02-25-000025 February 1968 000000001970-12-16-000016 December 1970 1025 Bombay High Court Zakir Hussain
12 Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah 000000001970-12-17-000017 December 1970 000000001971-01-21-000021 January 1971 35 Bombay High Court Varahagiri Venkata Giri
13 Sarv Mittra Sikri 000000001971-01-22-000022 January 1971 000000001973-04-25-000025 April 1973 824 Lahore High Court
14 Ajit Nath Ray 000000001973-04-26-000026 April 1973 000000001977-01-27-000027 January 1977 1372 Calcutta High Court
15 Mirza Hameedullah Beg 000000001977-01-28-000028 January 1977 000000001978-02-21-000021 February 1978 389 Allahabad High Court Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
16 Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud 000000001978-02-22-000022 February 1978 000000001985-07-11-000011 July 1985 2696 Bombay High Court Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
17 Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati 000000001985-07-12-000012 July 1985 000000001986-12-20-000020 December 1986 526 Gujarat High Court Gyani Zail Singh
18 Raghunandan Swarup Pathak 000000001986-12-21-000021 December 1986 000000001989-06-18-000018 June 1989‡ 940 Allahabad High Court
19 Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah 000000001989-06-19-000019 June 1989 000000001989-12-17-000017 December 1989 181 Karnataka High Court Ramaswamy Venkataraman
20 Sabyasachi Mukharji 000000001989-12-18-000018 December 1989 000000001990-09-25-000025 September 1990‡‡ 281 Calcutta High Court
21 Ranganath Misra 000000001990-09-26-000026 September 1990 000000001991-11-24-000024 November 1991 424 Odisha High Court
22 Kamal Narain Singh 000000001991-11-25-000025 November 1991 000000001991-12-12-000012 December 1991 17 Allahabad High Court
23 Madhukar Hiralal Kania 000000001991-12-13-000013 December 1991 000000001992-11-17-000017 November 1992 340 Bombay High Court
24 Lalit Mohan Sharma 000000001992-11-18-000018 November 1992 000000001993-02-11-000011 February 1993 85 Patna High Court Shankar Dayal Sharma
25 Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah 000000001993-02-12-000012 February 1993 000000001994-10-24-000024 October 1994 619 Karnataka High Court
26 Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi 000000001994-10-25-000025 October 1994 000000001997-03-24-000024 March 1997 881 Gujarat High Court
27 Jagdish Sharan Verma 000000001997-03-25-000025 March 1997 000000001998-01-17-000017 January 1998 298 Madhya Pradesh High Court
28 Madan Mohan Punchhi 000000001998-01-18-000018 January 1998 000000001998-10-09-00009 October 1998 264 Punjab and Haryana High Court Kocheril Raman Narayanan
29 Adarsh Sein Anand 000000001998-10-10-000010 October 1998 000000002001-10-31-000031 October 2001 1,117 Jammu and Kashmir High Court
30 Sam Piroj Bharucha 000000002001-11-01-00001 November 2001 000000002002-05-05-00005 May 2002 185 Bombay High Court
31 Bhupinder Nath Kirpal 000000002002-05-06-00006 May 2002 000000002002-11-07-00007 November 2002 185 Delhi High Court
32 Gopal Ballav Pattanaik 000000002002-11-08-00008 November 2002 000000002002-12-18-000018 December 2002 40 Odisha High Court A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
33 V. N. Khare 000000002002-12-19-000019 December 2002 000000002004-05-01-00001 May 2004 499 Allahabad High Court
34 S. Rajendra Babu 000000002004-05-02-00002 May 2004 000000002004-05-31-000031 May 2004 29 Karnataka High Court
35 Ramesh Chandra Lahoti 000000002004-06-01-00001 June 2004 000000002005-10-31-000031 October 2005 517 Madhya Pradesh High Court
36 Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal 000000002005-11-01-00001 November 2005 000000002007-01-13-000013 January 2007 438 Delhi High Court
37 K. G. Balakrishnan 000000002007-01-14-000014 January 2007 000000002010-05-12-000012 May 2010 1,214 Kerala High Court
38 S. H. Kapadia 000000002010-05-12-000012 May 2010 000000002012-09-28-000028 September 2012 870 Bombay High Court Pratibha Patil
39 Altamas Kabir 000000002012-09-29-000029 September 2012 000000002013-07-18-000018 July 2013 292 Calcutta High Court Pranab Mukherjee
40 P. Sathasivam 000000002013-07-19-000019 July 2013 000000002014-04-26-000026 April 2014 281 Madras High Court
41 Rajendra Mal Lodha 000000002014-04-27-000027 April 2014 000000002014-09-27-000027 September 2014 153 Rajasthan High Court
42 H. L. Dattu 000000002014-09-28-000028 September 2014 000000002015-12-02-00002 December 2015 430 Karnataka High Court
43 T. S. Thakur 000000002015-12-03-00003 December 2015 000000002017-01-03-00003 January 2017 397 Jammu and Kashmir High Court
44 Jagdish Singh Khehar 000000002017-01-04-00004 January 2017 000000002017-08-27-000027 August 2017 236 Punjab and Haryana High Court
45 Dipak Misra 000000002017-08-28-000028 August 2017 Incumbent 185 Odisha High Court Ram Nath Kovind
Notes[edit]
‡ - Date of Resignation
‡‡ - Date of Death
See also[edit]
List of current Indian chief justices
List of former justices of the Supreme Court of India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "List of Retired Hon'ble Chief Justices". Archived from the original on 2016-12-19. Retrieved 6 Jan 2012.
Jump up ^ Also served as Acting President of India and Vice-President of India.
[show]
v
t
e
Judiciary of India
Supreme Court
Supreme Court of India
Chief Justice of India
List of Chief Justices of India
List of sitting judges
High Courts
High Courts of India
Chief Justices of High Courts of India
District Courts
District Courts of India
List of district courts of India
Judicial Magistrate of First Class
Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class
Gram Nyayalayas
Judicial Magistrate of Second Class
Courts of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class
Constitution
Constitution of India
Law of India
Indian Penal Code
Appointment of Judges
National Judicial Appointments Commission
Collegium System
[show]
v
t
e
Chief Justices of the Territories of the British Empire and the United Kingdom
Legend
Current territory
Former territory
* Now a Commonwealth realm
Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations
[show]
Europe
Since 1234 England and Wales
Since c.1200 Scotland
1175-1921 Ireland
1708–1757 Menorca
Since 1713 Gibraltar
1763–1782 Menorca
1798–1802 Menorca
1800–1813 Malta (Protectorate)
1813–1964 Malta (Colony)
1807–1890 Heligoland
1809–1864 Ionian Islands
1878–1960 Cyprus
1921–1937 Irish Free State
Since 1922 Northern Ireland
[show]
North America
17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century
1579 New Albion
1583–1907 Newfoundland
1605–1979 *Saint Lucia
1607–1776 Virginia
Since 1619 Bermuda
1620–1691 Plymouth Colony
1623–1883 Saint Kitts *(Saint Kitts & Nevis)
1624–1966 *Barbados
1625–1650 Saint Croix
1627–1979 *Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1628–1883 Nevis *(Saint Kitts & Nevis)
1629–1691 Massachusetts Bay Colony
1632–1776 Maryland
since 1632 Montserrat
1632–1860 Antigua *(Antigua & Barbuda)
1636–1776 Connecticut
1636–1776 Rhode Island
1637–1662 New Haven Colony
1643–1860 Bay Islands
Since 1650 Anguilla
1655–1850 Mosquito Coast (protectorate)
1655–1962 *Jamaica
1663–1712 Carolina
1664–1776 New York
1665–1674 and 1702–1776 New Jersey
Since 1666 British Virgin Islands
Since 1670 Cayman Islands
1670–1973 *Bahamas
1670–1870 Rupert's Land
1671–1816 Leeward Islands
1674–1702 East Jersey
1674–1702 West Jersey
1680–1776 New Hampshire
1681–1776 Pennsylvania
1686–1689 Dominion of New England
1691–1776 Massachusetts
1701–1776 Delaware
1712–1776 North Carolina
1712–1776 South Carolina
1713–1867 Nova Scotia
1733–1776 Georgia
1754–1820 Cape Breton Island
1762–1974 *Grenada
1763–1978 Dominica
1763–1873 Prince Edward Island
1763–1791 Quebec
1763–1783 East Florida
1763–1783 West Florida
1784–1867 New Brunswick
1791–1841 Lower Canada
1791–1841 Upper Canada
Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands
1818–1846 Columbia District/Oregon Country1
1833–1960 Windward Islands
1833–1960 Leeward Islands
1841–1867 Province of Canada
1849–1866 Vancouver Island
1853–1863 Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands
1858–1866 British Columbia
1859–1870 North-Western Territory
1860–1981 *British Antigua and Barbuda
1862–1863 Stikine Territory
1866–1871 Vancouver Island and British Columbia
1867–1931 *Dominion of Canada2
1871–1964 British Honduras (*Belize)
1882–1983 *Saint Kitts and Nevis
1889–1962 Trinidad and Tobago
1907–1949 Dominion of Newfoundland3
1958–1962 West Indies Federation
1. Occupied jointly with the United States.
2. In 1931, Canada and other British dominions obtained self-government through the Statute of Westminster. See Canada's name.
3. Gave up self-rule in 1934, but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949.
[show]
South America
1651–1667 Willoughbyland (Suriname)
1670–1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands4
1831–1966 British Guiana (Guyana)
Since 1833 Falkland Islands5
Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands5
4. Now the San Andrés y Providencia Department of Colombia.
5. Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April–June 1982.
[show]
Africa
17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century
Since 1658 Saint Helena14
1792–1961 Sierra Leone
1795–1803 Cape Colony
Since 1815 Ascension Island14
Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha14
1806–1910 Cape Colony
1807–1808 Madeira
1810–1968 Mauritius
1816–1965 The Gambia
1856–1910 Natal
1868–1966 Basutoland (Lesotho)
1874–1957 Gold Coast (Ghana)
1882–1922 Egypt
1884–1966 Bechuanaland (Botswana)
1884–1960 British Somaliland
1887–1897 Zululand
1890–1962 Uganda
1890–1963 Zanzibar (Tanzania)
1891–1964 Nyasaland (Malawi)
1891–1907 British Central Africa Protectorate
1893–1968 Swaziland
1895–1920 East Africa Protectorate
1899–1956 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
1900–1914 Northern Nigeria
1900–1914 Southern Nigeria
1900–1910 Orange River Colony
1900–1910 Transvaal Colony
1903–1976 Seychelles
1906–1954 Nigeria Colony
1910–1931 South Africa
1914–1954 Nigeria Colony and Protectorate
1915–1931 South West Africa (Namibia)
1919–1960 Cameroons (Cameroon)6
1920–1963 Kenya
1922–1961 Tanganyika (Tanzania)6
1923–1965 Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)7
1924–1964 Northern Rhodesia (Zambia)
1953–1963 Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
1954–1960 Nigeria
1979–1980 Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)7
6. League of Nations mandate.
7. Self-governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 (as Rhodesia) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
[show]
Asia
17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century
1685–1824 Bencoolen (Sumatra)
1702–1705 Pulo Condore
1757-1862 Bengal (to 1862)
1862–1947 Bengal (from 1862) (West Bengal (India) and Bangladesh)
1762–1764 Manila and Cavite
1786–1946 Penang (Malaysia)
1795–1948 Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
1796–1965 Maldives
1812–1824 Banka (Sumatra) and Billiton (Sumatra)
1819–1826 British Malaya (West Malaysia and Singapore)
1826–1946 Straits Settlements (Malaysia and Singapore)
1839–1967 Colony of Aden
1839–1842 Afghanistan
1841–1997 Hong Kong
1841–1946 Kingdom of Sarawak (Malaysia)
1848–1946 Labuan (Malaysia)
1858–1947 British India (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, Burma) • Bombay • Calcutta • Madras • North-Western Provinces/Allahabad)
1874–1963 British Borneo (East Malaysia and Brunei)
1879–1919 Afghanistan (protectorate)
1882–1963 British North Borneo (Malaysia)
1885–1946 Unfederated Malay States
1888–1984 Sultanate of Brunei
1891–1971 Muscat and Oman protectorate
1892–1971 Trucial States
1895–1946 Federated Malay States
1898–1930 Weihai Garrison
1907–1949 Bhutan (protectorate)
1918–1961 Kuwait protectorate
1920–1932 Iraq8
1921–1946 Transjordan8
1923–1948 Palestine8
1945–1946 South Vietnam
1946–1963 North Borneo (Malaysia)
1946–1963 Sarawak (Malaysia)
1946–1963 Singapore
1946–1948 Malayan Union
1948–1957 Federation of Malaya (Malaysia)
Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia (before as part of Cyprus)
Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory (before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles)
8 League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
[show]
Oceania
18th and 19th centuries 20th century
1788–1901 New South Wales
1803–1901 Tasmania
1807–1863 Auckland Islands9
1824–1980 New Hebrides (Vanuatu)
1824–1901 Queensland
1829–1901 Western Australia
1836–1901 South Australia
since 1838 Pitcairn Islands
1841–1907 Colony of New Zealand
1851–1901 Victoria
1874–1970 Fiji10
1877–1976 British Western Pacific Territories
1884–1949 Territory of Papua
1888–1901 Cook Islands9
1889–1948 Union Islands (Tokelau)9
1892–1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands11
1893–1978 British Solomon Islands12
1900–1970 Tonga (protected state)
1900–1974 Niue9
1901–1942 *Commonwealth of Australia*Northern Territory
1907–1953 *Dominion of New Zealand
1919–1942 Nauru
1945–1968 Nauru
1919–1949 Territory of New Guinea
1949–1975 Territory of Papua and New Guinea13
9. Now part of the *Realm of New Zealand.
10. Suspended member.
11. Now Kiribati and *Tuvalu.
12. Now the *Solomon Islands.
13. Now *Papua New Guinea.
[show]
Antarctica and South Atlantic
Since 1658 Saint Helena14
Since 1815 Ascension Island14
Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha14
Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory15
1841–1933 Australian Antarctic Territory (transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia)
1841–1947 Ross Dependency (transferred to the Realm of New Zealand)
14. Since 2009 part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
15. Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chief_Justices_of_India&oldid=816938295"
Categories:
Indian judges
Chief Justices of India
Judiciary of India
Hidden categories:
Dts templates with deprecated parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
हिन्दी
தமிழ்
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 December 2017, at 21:03.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: p

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

value: span

attrs: class dir xml:lang

values: toctitle ltr en

value: ul

values: Edit section: Federal Court of India (1937-1950)

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma

values:
/wiki/Republic_of_India
mw-redirect
Republic of India

values:
sortable headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Zakir_Hussain_(politician)
mw-redirect
Zakir Hussain (politician)

values:
/wiki/Varahagiri_Venkata_Giri
mw-redirect
Varahagiri Venkata Giri

values:
/wiki/Ajit_Nath_Ray
mw-redirect
Ajit Nath Ray

values:
/wiki/Yeshwant_Vishnu_Chandrachud
mw-redirect
Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud

values:
/wiki/Gujarat_High_Court
mw-redirect
Gujarat High Court

values:
/wiki/Gyani_Zail_Singh
mw-redirect
Gyani Zail Singh

values:
/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman
mw-redirect
Ramaswamy Venkataraman

values:
/wiki/Jagdish_Sharan_Verma
mw-redirect
Jagdish Sharan Verma

values:
/wiki/Kocheril_Raman_Narayanan
mw-redirect
Kocheril Raman Narayanan

values: Acting President of India (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Vice-President_of_India
mw-redirect
Vice-President of India

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India

values: Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class

values: Courts of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class

values: National Judicial Appointments Commission

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Chief Justices of British overseas territories

values: Template talk:Chief Justices of British overseas territories

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup

values: Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador (Court of Appeal)

values:
/wiki/Saint_Kitts_%26_Nevis
mw-redirect
Saint Kitts & Nevis

values:
/wiki/Antigua_%26_Barbuda
mw-redirect
Antigua & Barbuda

values: Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

values:
/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Jamaica
mw-redirect
Chief Justice of Jamaica

values:
/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Ontario
mw-redirect
Chief Justice of Ontario

values:
/wiki/British_Antigua_and_Barbuda
mw-redirect
British Antigua and Barbuda

values:
/wiki/Stikine_Territory
mw-redirect
Stikine Territory

values: United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia

values:
/wiki/British_Dominions
mw-redirect
British Dominions

values:
/wiki/Canada%27s_name
mw-redirect
Canada's name

values: Territory of Willoughbyland (page does not exist)

values: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

values:
/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Sierra_Leone
mw-redirect
Chief Justice of Sierra Leone

values:
/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Uganda
mw-redirect
Chief Justice of Uganda

values:
/wiki/Swaziland_Protectorate
mw-redirect
Swaziland Protectorate

values: Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence

values:
/wiki/Pulo_Condore_(island)
mw-redirect
Pulo Condore (island)

values: Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William

values: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong

values:
/wiki/High_Courts_of_Malaysia
mw-redirect
High Courts of Malaysia

values: List of Chief Justices of the Bombay High Court

values:
/wiki/Brunei_Sultanate
mw-redirect
Brunei Sultanate

values:
/wiki/Kuwait_protectorate
mw-redirect
Kuwait protectorate

values:
/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Mesopotamia
mw-redirect
British Mandate of Mesopotamia

values: Government of the British Indian Ocean Territory

values:
/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_South_Australia
mw-redirect
Chief Justice of South Australia

values: Chief Judicial Commissioner for the Western Pacific

values:
/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Tonga
mw-redirect
Chief Justice of Tonga

values:
/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia
mw-redirect
Commonwealth of Australia

values: Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

values: nowraplinks plainlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Dts templates with deprecated parameters

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/List_of_Chief_Justices_of_India
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश – Hindi

values: இந்தியத் தலைமை நீதிபதிகளின் பட்டியல் – Tamil

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_Chief_Justices_of_India rootpage-List_of_Chief_Justices_of_India skin-vector action-view


text:
Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy"
Single by The Andrews Sisters
B-side
"Bounce Me, Brother, with a Solid Four"
Format
78-rpm record
Recorded
January 2, 1941
Studio
Decca, Hollywood, California
Genre
Traditional Pop, Pop, Jazz, Jump Blues Jazz
Songwriter(s)
Don Raye, Hughie Prince
The Andrews Sisters
"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" was a major hit song for The Andrews Sisters and an iconic World War II tune. It can be considered an early jump blues jazz recording.[citation needed] The song is ranked No. 6 on Songs of the Century. Bette Midler's 1972 recording of the song reached the top ten on the U.S. pop singles chart.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins of the song
2 Storyline of the song
3 People who claim to have inspired the song
4 Bette Midler version
4.1 Chart performance
4.1.1 Weekly charts
4.1.2 Year-end charts
5 Other versions of the song
6 Homage
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Origins of the song[edit]
The song was written by Don Raye and Hughie Prince, and was recorded at Decca's Hollywood studios on January 2, 1941, nearly a year before the United States entered World War II but after the start of a peacetime draft to expand the armed forces in anticipation of American involvement. The flip side was "Bounce Me, Brother, With a Solid Four". The Andrews Sisters introduced both songs in the Abbott and Costello film, Buck Privates (released January 1941), which was in production when they made the record. "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song.
The song is closely based on an earlier Raye-Prince hit, "Beat Me Daddy, Eight to the Bar," which is about a virtuoso boogie-woogie piano player.
Storyline of the song[edit]
According to the lyrics of the song, a renowned Chicago, Illinois, street musician is drafted into the U.S. Army (presumably during the peacetime draft imposed by the Roosevelt administration). In addition to being famous, the bugler was the "top man at his craft," but the army reduced his musical contributions to blowing the wake up call (Reveille) in the morning. His not being able to play his usual chops depressed him: "It really brought him down, because he couldn't jam." The Cap (An army captain — the company commander) was sympathetic and assembled a band to keep the bugler company. Back in the saddle again, he infuses his style into reveille: "He blows it eight to the bar...in boogie rhythm." His company is enthusiastic about his style too: "And now the company jumps when he plays reveille." But, apparently the bugler can't get it done without his band, "He can't blow a note if the bass and guitar/Isn't with him."
People who claim to have inspired the song[edit]
Articles published in Stars & Stripes on 19 March 1943, as well as Billboard Magazine and The Christian Science Monitor during World War II credit Clarence Zylman of Muskegon, Michigan, as the original Boogie Woogie Bugler.[1] The lyrics in the song agree with several aspects of Zylman's life. Drafted at age 38, Clarence had been performing for 20 years, beginning with radio station WBBM in Chicago and moving on to several big bands, starting with Paul Specht and Connie Connaughton, and most recently with the Tommy Tucker Orchestra. He brought his playing style to England where he was a bugler for an engineer company, using his trumpet for Taps and Reveille, eventually being transferred to an army band. Articles in Billboard and The Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio) support this, including the fact that Clarence was sent to teach other buglers his techniques. However, Clarence Zylman did not enlist in the Army until June 9, 1942, and thus did not play his new style of Reveille until well after the "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" was written and recorded.[2]
Another claimant to the title (though he seldom mentioned it) would be Harry L. Gish, Jr. (1922–2005). At age 17, after a meteoric rise in the mid 1930s based out of the Ritz Hotel in Paducah, Kentucky, he ventured to New York City where he appeared (studio only) with the Will Bradley "All Star Orchestra" with highly regarded solos on the Raye-Prince songs "Celery Stalks at Midnight," "Scrub Me Mama With a Boogie Beat," and "The Boogilly Woogilly Piggie." He also performed with the Olsen & Johnson (of Hellzapoppin' fame) band, Ray Anthony and was popular in the Plattsburgh, New York (Lake Placid) area before returning to Decca Records in Chicago. He also had a "summer replacement" radio show there for CBS from WBBM radio.
In the 1980s and 1990s, he honored many requests to play at services for veterans' funerals, and in 1995, in the character of The Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy (still able to fit in his World War II uniform: he enlisted in the Army Air Corps) he opened the combined service units (American Legion, VFW and others) celebration of the 50th anniversary of the end of World War II in Little Rock, Arkansas, where he opened with "Reveille" and closed the ceremony with "Taps."
Bette Midler version[edit]
"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy"
Single by Bette Midler
from the album The Divine Miss M
B-side
"Delta Dawn"
Released
May 1973
Format
45-rpm record
Genre
Pop
Length
2:32
Label
Atlantic
Songwriter(s)
Don Raye, Hughie Prince
Producer(s)
Barry Manilow
Bette Midler singles chronology
"Do You Want to Dance?"
(1972) "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy"
(1973) "Friends"
(1973)
"Do You Want to Dance?"
(1972) "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy"
(1972) "Friends"
(1973)
Bette Midler included the song on her 1972 The Divine Miss M album, and released it as the B side of the album's second single, "Delta Dawn." However, when "Delta Dawn" met resistance from radio (due to competition from Helen Reddy's version), the single was quickly flipped, with "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" becoming the new A side.[3] Midler's version peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in mid-1973, introducing it to a new generation of pop music fans. The single was produced by Barry Manilow. The track was also a number-one single on the Billboard easy listening chart.[4]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1973)
Peak
position
Australia KMR [5] 7
Canada RPM Top Singles 8
Canada (RPM) Adult Contemporary[6] 3
New Zealand [7] 17
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [8] 8
U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 1
U.S. Cash Box Top 100[9] 6
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1973)
Rank
Australia [10] 56
Canada [11] 94
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [12] 71
U.S. Cash Box [13] 78
Other versions of the song[edit]
Katy Perry performing the song alongside Keri Hilson and Jennifer Nettles.
Canadian actress Michelle Creber performing the song.
The Andrews Sisters have recorded at least 3 different versions on different labels. The Original on Decca Records in 1941, Capital Records in 1956, and Dot Records in 1962.
In 1987, The Chipettes recorded the song for the Alvin and the Chipmunks episode "Just One of the Girls."
In 1990, pop/R&B group En Vogue did a shortened version of the song for their album Born to Sing, rewording it to sound more urban, i.e. "boogie woogie hip hop boy".
In 1991, Marie Osmond recorded the song as an inspiration for the military and as part of her USO tour for Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm.
In 1997, the Kidsongs Kids and the Biggles recorded the song for their Kidsongs video "I Can Do It!".
In 2003, Brighton downtempo act Backini remixed a version called Company B Boy for their album Threads.
In 2005, UK dance act Two In A Tank produced a dance version called Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy Don't Stop.
In 2006, the Puppini Sisters recorded the song for their album Betcha Bottom Dollar.
In 2007, R&B/Gospel group Jerry Lawson and Talk of the Town recorded the song on their album Jerry Lawson Talk of the Town.
On their 2008 Live in Concert DVD, the von Trapp Children sang this song.
In 2010, on VH1 Divas Salute The Troops, the song was performed by Katy Perry, Keri Hilson and Jennifer Nettles.
In 2015, Rebecca Ferguson, Pixie Lott and Laura Wright performed the song at VE Day 70: A Party to Remember in London.[14]
In 2015, Brazilian vocal trio Cluster Sisters recorded the song for their self-titled debut album.
In 2017, Pentatonix published an a cappella cover of the song as part of their Classics EP. They had previously included a fragment of the song their medley "Evolution of music"
The song was rearranged by Diana Rock and Mia Yamasaki on the album "Bop Mille Donte You Doo?" and the film "Company B Would Be There".
Homage[edit]
The song inspired the 1941 cartoon Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy of Company B produced by Walter Lantz Productions.[15]
The song is referenced in the animated short Disney musical film, A Symposium on Popular Songs in the song, "The Boogie Woogie Bakery Man" written by Robert & Richard Sherman.
The song was parodied on an early 1980s episode of Chicago-based horror movie show Son of Svengoolie as "The Boogie-Woogie Bogeyman of Berwyn".
In the sitcom Dinosaurs, episode "Nuts to War Part 2", Earl, Roy, and Charlene dress up as USO girls and sing the song.
In the 2nd-season episode "Flaming Forties" of Mama's Family, Thelma "Mama" Harper (Vicki Lawrence), Fran Crowley (Rue McClanahan), and Naomi Harper (Dorothy Lyman) impersonate The Andrews Sisters and sing the song to entertain the classmates of Thelma's grandkids Buzz & Sonia after the band Medication that was hired failed to show up.
In the 2nd-season episode "Lucy & The Andrews Sisters" of Here's Lucy, Patty Andrews guest stars and sings a medley of Andrews Sisters hits which includes this song with Lucille Ball playing LaVerne Andrews, Lucie Arnaz playing Maxene Andrews and Desi Arnaz, Jr. playing Bing Crosby
Christina Aguilera and Linda Perry wrote "Candyman" (released as a single in 2007) from Aguilera's hit album Back to Basics, as a tribute to the Andrews Sisters and their "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy".[16]
The Miami-based girl group Company B took their name from the song. They recorded their own version of the song in 1989.
In the Sesame Street song "Dance Myself to Sleep", Ernie has Rubber Duckie play the bugle and calls him "The Boogie Woogie Bugle Duck of Sesame Street."
On an episode of A Different World, Whitley, Kim, and Jaleesa dress up in military attire and sing "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" to pay homage to their friend Zelmer (played by Blair Underwood), who is about to depart for war in the Persian Gulf.
One championship winning clip featured on ABC's America's Funniest Home Videos was entitled "Boogie Woogie Booger Boy" which is a take off on the song's name.
Albert Ammons recorded a boogie-woogie piano elaboration of the Andrews Sisters original, released in February 1944, when the musicians' strike ended.
The song is featured in the cafe scenes in the movie Molly: An American Girl on the Home Front.
The Simpsons episode "Catch 'Em If You Can" features an elderly man listening to the song on a 1940s radio that he carries on his shoulder. Grampa Simpson struts along the beach in Miami as the song plays.
An animatronic toy created by Gemmy Industries called the "Sing & Swing Bear" sung this song and danced to it.
In May 2015, the movie Pitch Perfect 2 used it as reference to returning to basics and to help the "Barden Bellas" rediscover their original sound.
In episode 14 of the first season of Starz's Outlander, Claire suggests to Murtaugh that they add a song to liven up the dance Murtaugh is performing along the road to attract Jamie's attention. The song she sings is "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy," but since it is 1743, Murtaugh has obviously never heard the song. He likes the tune, however, and Claire ends up performing a traditional bawdy Scots song "The Reels o' Bogie" to the tune of "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy."
See also[edit]
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1973 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Boogie Woogie Reveille". Billboard. Billboard (Vol 55 No. 14). 1943-04-03. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
Jump up ^ "Clarence Zylman: person, pictures and information - Fold3.com". Fold3. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
Jump up ^ Hyatt, Wesley (1999). The Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits. New York City: Watson-Guptill Publications. p. 126. ISBN 0-8230-7693-8.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–2001. Record Research. p. 170.
Jump up ^ "Australian Chart Book". Austchartbook.com.au. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-12-05.
Jump up ^ "flavour of new zealand - search listener". Flavourofnz.co.nz. 1973-07-09. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Top 100 7/28/73". Tropicalglen.com. 1973-07-28. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Forum - Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1973/Top 100 Songs of 1973". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1973". Tropicalglen.com. 1973-12-29. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ Robin de Peyer (2015-05-09). "VE Day 70th anniversary concert: Katherine Jenkins, Pixie Lott and Status Quo lead celebrations". Standard.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy of Company 'B' (1941)". IMDb.com. 1 September 1941.
Jump up ^ Moss, Corey (2007-02-21). "Xtina X Three: Aguilera Has Multiple-Personality Disorder In Clip – Music, Celebrity, Artist News". MTV. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
External links[edit]
The Puppini Sisters' official website (featuring a sample of their version)
Jerry Lawson's official website
MCA Music v. Earl Wilson Columbia Law School Arthur W. Diamond Law Library Music Plagiarism Project.
[show]
v
t
e
The Andrews Sisters
LaVerne Andrews
Maxene Andrews
Patty Andrews
Singles
"Bei Mir Bist Du Schön"
"Nice Work If You Can Get It"
"Shortenin' Bread"
"Oh! Ma-Ma!"
"Beer Barrel Polka (Roll Out the Barrel)"
"Ciribiribin (They're So In Love)"
"Say Si Si (Para Vigo Me Voy)"
"The Woodpecker Song"
"Beat Me Daddy, Eight to the Bar"
"Scrub Me, Mama, With a Boogie Beat"
"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy"
"I Yi, Yi, Yi, Yi (I Like You Very Much)"
"(I'll Be With You) In Apple Blossom Time"
"Sonny Boy"
"Don't Sit Under the Apple Tree"
"Mister Five By Five"
"Pistol Packin' Mama"
"Jingle Bells"
"Shoo-Shoo Baby"
"Down In the Valley"
"Straighten Up and Fly Right"
"Tico Tico"
"Is You Is Or Is You Ain't My Baby"
"A Hot Time In the Town of Berlin"
"Don't Fence Me In"
"Rum and Coca-Cola"
"Accentuate the Positive"
"The Three Caballeros"
"Along the Navajo Trail"
"Get Your Kicks On Route 66"
"I Don't Know Why"
"House of Blue Lights"
"Rumors Are Flying"
"Winter Wonderland"
"There's No Business Like Show Business"
"Near You"
"Civilization (Bongo, Bongo, Bongo)"
"Santa Claus Is Comin' To Town"
"Sabre Dance"
"Underneath the Arches"
"You Call Everybody Darling"
"Don't Rob Another Man's Castle"
"I Can Dream, Can't I?"
"Charley, My Boy"
"Have I Told You Lately That I Love You"
"The Wedding Samba"
"I Wanna Be Loved"
"A Bushel and a Peck"
"Mele Kalikimaka"
"Sparrow in the Tree Top"
Book:The Andrews Sisters
[show]
v
t
e
Bette Midler singles discography
Discography
Filmography
The Divine Miss M
"Do You Want to Dance" (1972)
"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" (1973)
"Friends" (1973)
Bette Midler
"In the Mood" (1974)
Songs for the New Depression
"Strangers in the Night" (1976)
The Best of Bette
"Buckets of Rain" featuring Bob Dylan (1978)
Thighs and Whispers
"Hang On in There Baby" (1979)
The Rose
"When a Man Loves a Woman" (1980)
"The Rose" (1980)
Divine Madness
"Chapel of Love" (Live) (1980)
No Frills
"All I Need to Know" (1983)
"Favorite Waste of Time" (1983)
"Beast of Burden" (1984)
Beaches
"Under the Boardwalk" (1988)
"Wind Beneath My Wings" (1989)
Some People's Lives
"From a Distance" (1990)
"Night and Day" (1991)
For the Boys
"In My Life" (1992)
Bette of Roses
"In This Life" (1995)
The First Wives Club
"You Don't Own Me" with Goldie Hawn and Diane Keaton (1997)
Bathhouse Betty
"I'm Beautiful" (1999)
Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook
"White Christmas" (2004)
Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook
"Fever" (2006)
Cool Yule
"From a Distance (Christmas version)" (2006)
(Jackpot!) The Best Bette
"Wind Beneath My Wings (re-issue)" (2008)
It's the Girls!
"Be My Baby" (2014)
Other releases
Promotional singles:
"Old Cape Cod" (1976)
"Big Noise from Winnetka" (1979)
"Small World" (1993)
"Love T.K.O." (2001)
Other songs:
"We Are the World" (1985)
"I Put a Spell on You" (1993)
"It's Gonna Take a Miracle" (1995)
"Somewhere Along the Way" (1997)
"Manhattan" (2004)
"The Greatest Ears in Town" (2010)
Book
Category
Template
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Marie Osmond
Studio albums
Paper Roses
In My Little Corner of the World
Who's Sorry Now
This Is the Way That I Feel
There's No Stopping Your Heart
I Only Wanted You
All in Love
Steppin' Stone
I Can Do This
Music Is Medicine
Compilation albums
The Best of Marie Osmond
The Magic of Christmas
Notable singles
"Paper Roses"
"In My Little Corner of the World"
"Who's Sorry Now"
"Meet Me in Montana" (with Dan Seals)
"There's No Stopping Your Heart"
"Read My Lips"
"You're Still New to Me" (with Paul Davis)
"I Only Wanted You"
"Everybody's Crazy 'Bout My Baby"
"Sweet Life"
"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy"
Donny & Marie albums
I'm Leaving It All Up to You
Featuring Songs from Their Television Show
New Season
Donny & Marie singles
"I'm Leaving It Up to You"
"Morning Side of the Mountain"
"Make the World Go Away"
"Deep Purple"
"Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing"
"(You're My) Soul and Inspiration"
Related
Discography
The Osmonds
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boogie_Woogie_Bugle_Boy&oldid=805061807"
Categories:
Songs of World War II
Songs about the military
Songs about music
Songs written for films
1941 songs
1973 singles
The Andrews Sisters songs
Bette Midler songs
Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
Songs written by Don Raye
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
Pop standards
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010
Articles with hAudio microformats
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Polski
Português
Русский
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Edit links
This page was last edited on 12 October 2017, at 20:26.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

attrs: href title

value: td

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/78-rpm_record
mw-redirect
78-rpm record

values:
/wiki/Traditional_Pop
mw-redirect
Traditional Pop

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Song
mw-redirect
Academy Award for Best Song

values: Edit section: People who claim to have inspired the song

values:
/wiki/Olsen_%26_Johnson
mw-redirect
Olsen & Johnson

values:
/wiki/Hellzapoppin%27_(musical)
mw-redirect
Hellzapoppin' (musical)

values:
/wiki/Plattsburgh,_New_York
mw-redirect
Plattsburgh, New York

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy - Bette Midler.jpg

values:
/wiki/45-rpm_record
mw-redirect
45-rpm record

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values:
left
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Hot_Adult_Contemporary_Tracks
mw-redirect
Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks

values:
text-align:center;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:65%;

values: Edit section: Other versions of the song

values:
/wiki/Capital_Records
mw-redirect
Capital Records

values: Alvin and the Chipmunks (1983 TV series)

values:
/wiki/Urban_music
mw-redirect
Urban music

values:
/wiki/Operation_Desert_Shield
mw-redirect
Operation Desert Shield

values:
/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm
mw-redirect
Operation Desert Storm

values:
/wiki/Puppini_Sisters
mw-redirect
Puppini Sisters

values:
/wiki/Von_Trapp_Children
mw-redirect
Von Trapp Children

values:
/wiki/Animated_short
mw-redirect
Animated short

values:
/wiki/Robert_%26_Richard_Sherman
mw-redirect
Robert & Richard Sherman

values:
/wiki/Thelma_%22Mama%22_Harper
mw-redirect
Thelma "Mama" Harper

values:
/wiki/Patty_Andrews
mw-redirect
Patty Andrews

values:
/wiki/Desi_Arnaz,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Desi Arnaz, Jr.

values: Back to Basics (Christina Aguilera album)

values: Molly: An American Girl on the Home Front

values:
nofollow
http://www.austchartbook.com.au/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0033424/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.thepuppinisisters.com

values:
nofollow
http://jerrylawson.biz/
external text

values:
The_Andrews_Sisters
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: I, Yi, Yi, Yi, Yi (I Like You Very Much)

values: (I'll Be with You) In Apple Blossom Time

values: Don't Sit Under the Apple Tree (with Anyone Else but Me)

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Bette Midler singles (page does not exist)

values:
Bette_Midler_singles_discography
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values: Bette Midler Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook

values: Bette Midler Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook

values:
/wiki/Small_World_(song)
mw-redirect
Small World (song)

values: The Greatest Ears in Town: The Arif Mardin Story

values:
Marie_Osmond
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values: The Magic of Christmas (Marie Osmond album)

values:
/wiki/Who%27s_Sorry_Now
mw-redirect
Who's Sorry Now

values: Featuring Songs from Their Television Show

values: New Season (Donny and Marie Osmond album)

values: nowraplinks vcard collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles

values: Category:Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Boogie_Woogie_Bugle_Boy
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy – Serbo-Croatian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Boogie_Woogie_Bugle_Boy rootpage-Boogie_Woogie_Bugle_Boy vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Chris McCandless
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Christopher McCandless
Self-portrait of McCandless on the Stampede Trail, found undeveloped in his camera after his death.
Born
Christopher Johnson McCandless
(1968-02-12)February 12, 1968
El Segundo, California, U.S.
Died
c. August 1992 (aged 24)
Stampede Trail, Alaska, U.S.
Cause of death
Starvation, possibly brought on by poisoning
Body discovered
September 6, 1992
Other names
Chris McCandless
Alexander Supertramp
Education
Wilbert Tucker Woodson High School
Alma mater
Emory University
Christopher Johnson McCandless (/məˈkændlɪs/; February 12, 1968[1] – c. August 1992) was an American hiker and itinerant traveler, who also went by the name "Alexander Supertramp". After graduating from college in 1990, McCandless traveled across the North American continent and eventually hitchhiked to Alaska in April 1992. There, he set out along an old mining road known as the Stampede Trail, with minimal supplies, hoping to live simply off the land. In September, McCandless' decomposing body, weighing only 30 kilograms (66 lb), was found by a hunter in a converted bus, Fairbanks Bus 142, used as a backcountry shelter along the Stampede Trail, on the eastern bank of the Sushana River. His cause of death was officially ruled to be starvation,[2][3] although the exact cause remains the subject of some debate.[4][5][6][7]
In January 1993, Jon Krakauer published McCandless' story in that month's issue of Outside magazine. He had been assigned the story and had written it under a tight deadline.[8] Inspired by the details of McCandless' story, Krakauer wrote and published the more extensive biographical book Into the Wild (1996), about McCandless' travels. The book was subsequently adapted into a 2007 film directed by Sean Penn, with Emile Hirsch portraying McCandless. That same year, McCandless' story also became the subject of Ron Lamothe's documentary The Call of the Wild (2007).
Contents
1 Early life
2 Travels
2.1 Alaska
3 Death
3.1 Possible death scenarios
4 Legacy
5 Assessments
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Christopher Johnson McCandless was born in El Segundo, California. He was the first child of Wilhelmina "Billie" McCandless (née Johnson) and Walter "Walt" McCandless. The couple subsequently had one more child, a daughter named Carine. McCandless also had six half-siblings from Walt McCandless' first marriage, who lived with their mother in California. Author Jon Krakauer later speculated that Walt's transition between these two marriages may have deeply affected and profoundly shaped McCandless' world-view.[9]
In 1976, the family relocated to Washington, D.C., and settled in suburban Annandale, Virginia, when McCandless' father was hired as an antenna specialist for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); McCandless' mother worked as a secretary at Hughes Aircraft. The couple went on to establish a successful consultancy business out of their home, specializing in Walt's area of expertise.
McCandless graduated from W.T. Woodson High School in Fairfax, Virginia, in 1986.[10] He excelled academically, although a number of teachers and fellow students observed that he "marched to the beat of a different drummer." McCandless also served as captain of the cross-country team, where he would urge teammates to treat running as a spiritual exercise in which they were "running against the forces of darkness ... all the evil in the world, all the hatred."[11]
In the summer of 1986, McCandless traveled to Southern California and reconnected with distant relatives and friends. It was during this journey he learned that his father had not yet divorced his first wife when McCandless and his sister Carine were born, and had apparently maintained somewhat of a double life before the move to Virginia. It is speculated that this discovery had a profound impact on the younger McCandless.[12]
McCandless graduated from Emory University in May 1990, with a bachelor's degree in the double majors of history and anthropology.[11] After graduating, McCandless donated most of his savings to charity and adopted a vagabond lifestyle, working when necessary as a restaurant food preparer and farm hand.[13] An avid outdoorsman, McCandless completed several lengthy wilderness hiking trips and paddled a canoe down a portion of the Colorado River before hitchhiking to Alaska, in April 1992.[citation needed]
Travels[edit]
By the end of summer in 1990, McCandless had driven his Datsun through Arizona, California, and South Dakota, where he worked at a grain elevator in Carthage. A flash flood disabled his car, at which point he removed its license plates, took what he could carry, and kept moving on foot. His car was later found, repaired, and put into service as an undercover vehicle for the local police department.[14]
Alaska[edit]
In April 1992, McCandless hitchhiked from Carthage, South Dakota, to Fairbanks, Alaska. As noted by Krakauer, McCandless was last seen alive at the head of the Stampede Trail on April 28, 1992, by a local electrician named Jim Gallien. Gallien had given McCandless a ride from Fairbanks to the start of the rugged track just outside the small town of Healy. Gallien later said he had been seriously concerned about the safety of McCandless (who introduced himself as "Alex"), after noticing McCandless' light pack, minimal equipment, meager rations, and obvious lack of experience. Gallien said he had deep doubts about "Alex's” ability to survive the harsh and unforgiving Alaskan bush.[citation needed]
Gallien repeatedly tried to persuade McCandless to defer the trip, at one point offering to detour to Anchorage, and buy him suitable equipment and supplies. However, McCandless ignored Gallien's persistent warnings and refused his offers of assistance (though McCandless did accept a pair of Xtratufs, two sandwiches, and a packet of corn chips from Gallien). Gallien dropped McCandless off believing McCandless would head back towards the highway within a few days as hunger set in.[9]
After hiking along the snow-covered Stampede Trail, McCandless came upon an abandoned bus (about 28 miles (45 km) west of Healy at 63°52′5.96″N 149°46′8.39″W / 63.8683222°N 149.7689972°W / 63.8683222; -149.7689972) alongside an overgrown section of the trail near Denali National Park. McCandless, according to Into the Wild, attempted to continue "heading west until I hit the Bering Sea." However, he was deterred by the thick Alaskan bush and returned to the bus, where he set up camp and attempted to live off the land. He had 4.5 kilograms (9.9 lb) of rice, a Remington semi-automatic rifle with 400 rounds of .22LR hollowpoint ammunition, a number of books, including one on local plant life, some personal effects, and a few items of camping equipment. Self-portrait photographs and journal entries indicate he foraged for edible plants and hunted game. McCandless hunted porcupines, squirrels, and birds, such as ptarmigans and Canada geese. On June 9, 1992, he stalked and shot a moose. However, the meat spoiled within days after McCandless failed to properly preserve it.[citation needed]
It has been speculated that McCandless may have been responsible for vandalizing several cabins in the area that were stocked with food, survival equipment, and emergency supplies. In response, Denali National Park Chief Ranger Ken Kehrer has categorically stated that McCandless was not considered a viable suspect by the National Park Service.[15]
McCandless' journal documents 113 days in the area. In July, after living in the bus for three months, he decided to head back to civilization – but the trail was blocked by the swollen Teklanika River; the watercourse by that stage was considerably higher and swifter than when he had crossed in April. McCandless did not have a detailed topographical map of the region and was unaware of a hand-operated tramway that crossed the river eight-tenths of a mile away from where he had previously crossed.[11] At this point, McCandless headed back to the bus and re-established his camp. He posted an S.O.S. note on the bus, which stated:
Attention Possible Visitors. S.O.S. I need your help. I am injured, near death, and too weak to hike out. I am all alone, this is no joke. In the name of God, please remain to save me. I am out collecting berries close by and shall return this evening. Thank you, Chris McCandless. August?[16]
Death[edit]
McCandless' final written journal entry, noted as "Day 107", simply read, "Beautiful Blue Berries."[17] The days 108 through 113 contained no words and were marked with only slashes.[18]
On September 6, 1992, a hunter who was looking for shelter for the night came upon the converted bus McCandless had been staying in. Upon entering, he smelled what he thought was rotting food and discovered "a lump" in a sleeping bag. The hunter quickly radioed police, who arrived the following day. They found McCandless' decomposing body in the sleeping bag. He had died of starvation sometime in August.[18]
Possible death scenarios[edit]
In his book Into the Wild (1997), Jon Krakauer suggests two factors may have contributed to McCandless' death. First, he offered that McCandless was running the risk of a phenomenon known as "rabbit starvation", from overrelying on lean game for nutrition.[19] Krakauer also speculated that McCandless might have been poisoned by a toxic alkaloid called swainsonine, by ingesting seeds (Hedysarum alpinum or Hedysarum mackenzii) containing the toxin, or possibly by a mold that grows on them (Rhizoctonia leguminicola) when he put them damp into a plastic bag. Swainsonine inhibits metabolism of glycoproteins, which causes starvation despite ample caloric intake.[5]
However, an article in the September 2007 issue of Men's Journal, by Matthew Powers, states that extensive laboratory testing showed there were no toxins or alkaloids present in the H. alpinum seeds McCandless had been eating. Dr. Thomas Clausen, the chair of the chemistry and biochemistry department at UAF, said, "I tore that plant apart. There were no toxins. No alkaloids. I'd eat it myself".[20] Analysis of the wild sweet peas, given as the cause of McCandless' death in Into the Wild, found no toxic compounds, and there is not a single account in modern medical literature of anyone being poisoned by this species of plant.[2] As Powers put it: "He didn't find a way out of the bush, couldn't catch enough food to survive, and simply starved to death".[20]
In 2013, a new hypothesis was proposed. Ronald Hamilton, a retired bookbinder at the Indiana University of Pennsylvania,[5] suggested a link between the symptoms described by McCandless and the poisoning of Jewish prisoners in the Nazi concentration camp in Vapniarca. He put forward the proposal that McCandless starved to death because he was suffering from paralysis in his legs induced by lathyrism, which prevented him from gathering food or hiking out.[21] Lathyrism may be caused by ODAP poisoning from seeds of Hedysarum alpinum (commonly called wild potato). The ODAP, a toxic amino acid, had not been detected by the previous studies of the seeds because they had suspected and tested for a toxic alkaloid, rather than an amino acid, and nobody had previously suspected that Hedysarum alpinum seeds contained this toxin. The protein would be relatively harmless to someone who was well-fed and on a normal diet, but toxic to someone who was malnourished, physically stressed, and on an irregular and insufficient diet, as McCandless was.[22] As Krakauer points out, McCandless' field guide did not warn of any dangers of eating the seeds, which were not yet known to be toxic. Krakauer suspects this is the meaning of McCandless' journal entry of July 30, which states "EXTREMELY WEAK. FAULT OF POT[ATO] SEED. MUCH TROUBLE JUST TO STAND UP. STARVING. GREAT JEOPARDY."[23]
In September 2013, Krakauer published an article in The New Yorker following up on Hamilton's claims.[5] A sample of fresh Hedysarum alpinum seeds was sent to a laboratory for HPLC analysis. Results suggest that the seeds contained 0.394% beta-ODAP by weight, a concentration well within the levels known to cause lathyrism in humans, although the interpretation of the results was disputed by other chemists.[4] The article notes that while occasional ingestion of foodstuffs containing ODAP is not hazardous for healthy individuals eating a balanced diet, "individuals suffering from malnutrition, stress, and acute hunger are especially sensitive to ODAP, and are thus highly susceptible to the incapacitating effects of lathyrism after ingesting the neurotoxin".[5]
Anchorage, Alaska, reporter Craig Medred pointed out in a January 2015 article[6] in the Alaska Dispatch News that mushrooms which McCandless collected, photographed,[24] and consumed may have also contributed to his death.
In February 2015, Krakauer published a follow up article in The New Yorker that reported on scientific analysis of the H. alpinum seeds McCandless ate. A report in Wilderness and Environmental Medicine[7] demonstrated relatively high levels of L-canavanine in Hedysarum alpinum seeds and suggests this as the toxic component in McCandless' diet, rather than ODAP, as originally supposed by Ronald Hamilton. In his New Yorker article Krakauer goes on to speculate that L-canavanine "was a contributing factor to" McCandless' death.[25]
Legacy[edit]
The converted bus where McCandless lived and died has since become a well-known destination for hikers. Known as "The Magic Bus", the 1946 International Harvester was abandoned by road workers in 1961 on the Stampede Trail where it remains today. A plaque in McCandless' memory is affixed to the interior.[26]
McCandless' life became the subject of a number of articles, books, films, and documentaries, which helped elevate his life to the status of modern myth.[27] He became a romantic figure to some inspired by what they see as his free-spirited idealism, but to others a controversial misguided figure.[20][28][29] "The Magic Bus" has become a pilgrimage destination for trekkers who camp at the vehicle, some of whom have also gotten into difficulties due to the Teklanika River.[27][28]
Assessments[edit]
McCandless has been a polarizing figure since his story came to widespread public attention, with the publication of Krakauer's January 1993 Outside article.[20][28] While the author and many others have a sympathetic view of the young traveler,[30] others, particularly Alaskans, have expressed negative views about McCandless and those who romanticize his fate.[31]
Alaskan Park Ranger Peter Christian wrote:
When you consider McCandless from my perspective, you quickly see that what he did wasn't even particularly daring, just stupid, tragic, and inconsiderate. First off, he spent very little time learning how to actually live in the wild. He arrived at the Stampede Trail without even a map of the area. If he [had] had a good map he could have walked out of his predicament [...] Essentially, Chris McCandless committed suicide.[31]
Sherry Simpson, writing in the Anchorage Press, described her trip to the bus with a friend, and their reaction upon reading the comments that tourists had left lauding McCandless as an insightful, Thoreau-like figure:
Among my friends and acquaintances, the story of Christopher McCandless makes great after-dinner conversation. Much of the time I agree with the "he had a death wish" camp because I don't know how else to reconcile what we know of his ordeal. Now and then I venture into the "what a dumbshit" territory, tempered by brief alliances with the "he was just another romantic boy on an all-American quest" partisans. Mostly I'm puzzled by the way he's emerged as a hero.[32]
Krakauer defends McCandless, claiming that what critics point to as arrogance was merely McCandless' desire for "being the first to explore a blank spot on the map." Krakauer continues: "In 1992, however, there were no more blank spots on the map—not in Alaska, not anywhere. But Chris, with his idiosyncratic logic, came up with an elegant solution to this dilemma: He simply got rid of the map. In his own mind, if nowhere else, the terra would thereby remain incognita."[33]
In popular culture[edit]
Jon Krakauer's approximately 9,000-word article, "Death of an Innocent" (January 1993), was published in Outside.[34]
Chip Brown's full-length article on McCandless, "I Now Walk Into the Wild" (February 8, 1993), was published in The New Yorker.[3]
Jon Krakauer's non-fiction book, Into the Wild (1996), expanded upon his 1993 Outside article and retraced McCandless' travels leading up to the hiker's eventual death.
An eponymous 2007 film adaptation of Into the Wild, directed by Sean Penn with Emile Hirsch portraying McCandless, received a number of awards, including Best Picture from the American Film Institute.[35]
Ron Lamothe's documentary, The Call of the Wild (2007), also covers McCandless' life story.
The 2011 book "Back To The Wild" compiles photographs, postcards and journal entries by McCandless.
A PBS documentary uncovering some additional information, with interviews, titled Return to the Wild: The Chris McCandless Story, first aired on the PBS network in November 2014.[36]
Carine McCandless, Chris' younger sister, wrote the memoir The Wild Truth (November 2014), published by HarperCollins. In the book, Carine describes the verbal, physical and sexual abuse her parents allegedly inflicted upon each other and their children, often fueled by alcohol. Carine cites her and her brother's allegedly abusive childhoods as one of the motivating factors in Chris' desire to "disappear" into the wilderness. In a statement released to the media shortly before the memoir was released, Walt and Billie McCandless denied their daughter's accusations, stating that her book is, "fictionalized writing [that] has absolutely nothing to do with our beloved son, Chris, his journey or his character. This whole unfortunate event in Chris' life 22 years ago is about Chris and his dreams."[37]
See also[edit]
Lillian Alling
Christopher Thomas Knight
Carl McCunn
Richard Proenneke
Everett Ruess
Survivalism
Timothy Treadwell
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Krakauer, Jon. "6". Into the Wild. Anchor Books. p. 53. ISBN 0-385-48680-4.
^ Jump up to: a b "::: Terra Incognita films :::". Tifilms.com. 2007-08-21. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
^ Jump up to: a b Brown, Chip (February 8, 1993). "I Now Walk Into the Wild". The New Yorker: pg 38. ISSN 0028-792X.
^ Jump up to: a b Drahl, Carmen (October 28, 2013). "Chemists Dispute How 'Into The Wild' Protagonist Chris McCandless Died". Chemical and Engineering News. 91 (43): 30–31.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Krakauer, Jon (September 12, 2013). "How Chris McCandless Died". The New Yorker Blog: Page-Turner. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "The fiction that is Jon Krakauer's 'Into The Wild'". Alaska Dispatch News.
^ Jump up to: a b Krakauer, J., et al. (2015). "Presence of l-canavanine in Hedysarum alpinum seeds and its potential role in the death of Chris McCandless." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.wem.2014.08.014
Jump up ^ Krakauer, Jon (September 12, 2013). "How Chris McCandless Died". The New Yorker.
^ Jump up to: a b Krakauer, Jon (1997). Into The Wild. New York City: Anchor. ISBN 0-385-48680-4.
Jump up ^ Williams, Preston (October 25, 2007). "Remembering an Athlete Who Never Returned From the Wild". Washington Post.
^ Jump up to: a b c Krakauer, Jon (January 1993). "Death of an Innocent: How Christopher McCandless Lost His Way in the Wilds" (PDF). Outside. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
Jump up ^ Krakauer, Jon (1997). Into The Wild. New York City: Anchor. p. 166. ISBN 0-385-48680-4.
Jump up ^ McCandless, Carine (2014). The Wild Truth. New York City: Harper One. ISBN 978-0-06-232514-3.
Jump up ^ Krakauer, Jon (1996). Into the Wild. New York: Doubleday. pp. 28–29. ISBN 0-385-48680-4.
Jump up ^ Into the Wild, page 197
Jump up ^ "Scan of Chris McCandless' note". christophermccandless.info.
Jump up ^ Medred, Craig (August 12, 2012). "Examining Chris McCandless, 20 years after he went 'Into the Wild'". adn.com. The Alaska Dispatch. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Hewitt, Bill (October 5, 1992). "End of the Trail". People. Time, Inc. 38 (14). ISSN 0093-7673. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Into the Wild, page 188
^ Jump up to: a b c d Power, Matthew. "The Cult of Chris McCandless". Archived from the original on November 24, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2008. . Men's Journal, September 2007. Retrieved Jan 03, 2011
Jump up ^ "Chris McCandless Now I Walk Into The Wild - Ali Ingah". christophermccandless.info.
Jump up ^ "When Edible Plants Turn Their Defenses On Us". usf.edu. October 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chris McCandless Now I Walk Into The Wild Biography - Christopher McCandless Journal". christophermccandless.info.
Jump up ^ "Christopher McCandless". christophermccandless.info.
Jump up ^ Jon Krakauer (February 11, 2015). "How Chris McCandless Died: An Update". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sainsbury, Brendan; Benchwick, Greg; Bodry, Catherine (2015). Lonely Planet: Alaska (11 ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 274. ISBN 1-742-20602-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Saverin, Diana (December 18, 2013). "The Chris McCandless Obsession Problem". Outside Online.
^ Jump up to: a b c Holland, Eva (December 5, 2013). "Chasing Alexander Supertramp". Atavist.
Jump up ^ Ottum, Lisa. "The Miseducation of Chris McCandless". In Hall, Dewey W. Romantic Ecocriticism: Origins and Legacies. Lexington Publishing. pp. 253–270. ISBN 9781498518024.
Jump up ^ "Letters". Outside Online. Archived from the original on September 19, 2010. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b George Mason University English Department. Text and Community website. Christian, Peter. Chris McCandless from a Park Ranger's Perspective. Retrieved August 26, 2007.
Jump up ^ Simpson, Sherry. "A Man Made Cold by the Universe". Anchorage Press. Archived from the original on 2004-03-28. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Young, Gordon (Feb 1996). "North to Alaska". Metroactive.com. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
Jump up ^ Krakauer, Jon (January 1993). "Death of an Innocent" (PDF). Outside.
Jump up ^ "Into the Wild". The New York Times. 2007.
Jump up ^ "Return to the Wild". PBS Programs. November 2014.
Jump up ^ Dodd, Johnny (November 12, 2014). "Chris McCandless' Sister Pens New Book Detailing Parents' Violence and Abuse". People. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Christopher McCandless
"Christopher McCandless – Finding the Christopher McCandless Bus". freewheelings.com.
Chris McCandless at Find a Grave
ChristopherMcCandless.info Website on Christopher McCandless.
Chrisspurpose.org – C J McCandless Memorial Foundation
Dispatches from the Wild – Excerpts of McCandless' own articles published in the Emory Wheel student newspaper.
Coordinates: 63°52′06″N 149°46′09″W / 63.8684°N 149.7693°W / 63.8684; -149.7693
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb13168054v (data)
GND: 1020883731
ISNI: 0000 0000 5563 8950
LCCN: n95068846
NDL: 00649907
NKC: jn20000701198
SELIBR: 75392
SUDOC: 059848596
VIAF: 14019862
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_McCandless&oldid=864940471"
Categories:
1968 births
1992 deaths
Accidental deaths in Alaska
American nomads
Deaths by starvation
Emory University alumni
Hikers
People from Annandale, Virginia
People from Los Angeles
People from El Segundo, California
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from October 2015
Articles needing additional references from August 2017
All articles needing additional references
Infobox person using alma mater
Pages to import images to Wikidata
Articles with hCards
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017
Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata
Coordinates not on Wikidata
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Requests for audio pronunciation (English)
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Latina
Nederlands
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Türkçe
Українська
Vèneto
Tiếng Việt
中文
24 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 October 2018, at 16:13 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: img

attrs: href class

value: b

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

values:
/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft
mw-redirect
Hughes Aircraft

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
/wiki/Denali_National_Park
mw-redirect
Denali National Park

values:
/wiki/White-tailed_Ptarmigan
mw-redirect
White-tailed Ptarmigan

values:
/wiki/Canada_geese
mw-redirect
Canada geese

values:
/wiki/Rabbit_starvation
mw-redirect
Rabbit starvation

values:
/wiki/Hedysarum_mackenzii
mw-redirect
Hedysarum mackenzii

values:
/wiki/Park_Ranger
mw-redirect
Park Ranger

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0093-7673

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.christophermccandless.info

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.chrisspurpose.org

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/1020883731

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000055638950

values:
nofollow
external text
https://libris.kb.se/auth/75392

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/059848596

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/14019862

values: Category:People from Annandale, Virginia

values: Category:People from El Segundo, California

values: Category:Use mdy dates from October 2015

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Infobox person using alma mater

values: Category:Pages to import images to Wikidata

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017

values: Category:Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Requests for audio pronunciation (English)

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Chris_McCandless
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: كريستوفر جونسن مكندلز – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: ক্রিস্টোফার ম্যাক্‌ক্যান্ড্‌লেস – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: Κρις Μακάντλες – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: کریستوفر مک‌کندلس – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: כריסטופר מקנדלס – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: კრისტოფერ მაკ-კენდლესი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Маккэндлесс, Кристофер – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: கிறிஸ்டோபர் மக்கென்ட்லஸ் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Крістофер Маккендлесс – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: 克里斯多夫·麥肯迪尼斯 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Chris_McCandless rootpage-Chris_McCandless skin-vector action-view


text:
Creamy layer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Creamy layer" is a term used in Indian politics to refer to the relatively wealthier and better educated members of the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) who are not eligible for government sponsored educational and professional benefit programs. The term was introduced by the Sattanathan Commission in 1971, which directed that the "creamy layer" should be excluded from the reservations (quotas) of civil posts and services granted to the OBCs.
The creamy layer criteria was defined as Annual family income from all sources (excluding salaries & income from agricultural land)more than 100,000 rupees (₹ or INR, together abbreviated Rs 1 lakh) per annum in 1993, and revised to ₹ 2.5 lakh (2004),[1] then ₹ 4.5 lakh (2008),[2] Rs 6 lakh (2013)[3][4]and Rs 8 lakh (2017)[5]. In October 2015, the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC[6]) proposed that a person belonging to OBC with an annual family income of up to Rs 15 lakh should be considered as minimum ceiling for OBC.[7] The NCBC also recommended the sub-division of OBCs into 'backward', 'more backward,' and 'extremely backward' blocs and divide 27% quota amongst them in proportion to their population, to ensure that stronger OBCs don't corner the quota benefits.[4][8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Classification
2 Application on SC/ST quota
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Classification[edit]
The Supreme Court of India defined the "creamy layer," quoting an Indian governmental office memorandum dated 8 September 1993.[9] The term was originally introduced in the context of reservation of jobs for certain groups in 1992.[10] The Supreme Court has said that the benefit of reservation should not be given to OBC children of constitutional functionaries—such as the President, Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, employees of central and state bureaucracies above a certain level, public sector employees, and members of the armed forces and paramilitary personnel above the rank of colonel (SCs,[clarification needed] STs,[clarification needed] and the unreserved[clarification needed] are exempt now).[11]
The children of persons engaged in trade, industry and professions such as a doctor, lawyer, chartered accountant, income tax consultant, financial or management consultant, dental surgeon, engineer, architect, computer specialist, film artists and other film professional, author, playwright, sports person, sports professional, media professional or any other vocations of like status whose annual income is more than ₹ 600,000 (Rs 6 lakh) for a period of three consecutive years are also excluded. [OBC children belong to any family earning a total gross annual income (from sources other than salary and agricultural land[12][original research?]) of less than Rs 6 lakh for a period of three consecutive year—as the 1993 income ceiling for the creamy layer was raised from ₹ 100,000 (Rs 1 lakh, when the office memo was accepted) to Rs 6 lakh for a period of three consecutive years (in May 2013).[citation needed] Individuals belonging to the creamy layer are also excluded from being categorised as "socially and educationally backward" regardless of their social/educational backwardness.[13]
Application on SC/ST quota[edit]
The 'creamy layer' categorization is currently meant only for the OBCs and not applied to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The reasons cited for this parity is that the provisions for reservations for SC/ST are not for their economical benefits but for their social upliftment. Thus, SC/ST reservations are applicable irrespective of the financial status of the beneficiaries.[14]

See also[edit]
Caste system in India
Crème de la crème (disambiguation)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Income ceiling for creamy layer raised to Rs 4.5 lakh". Business Standard. 2013.
Jump up ^ "Centre raises OBC creamy layer criteria to Rs 4.5 lakhs". Reddiff News. 2008.
Jump up ^ "Income limit of 'creamy layer' hiked to Rs. 6 lakh per annum". NDTV. 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Ghildiyal, Subodh (2015). "Raise ‘creamy layer’ to Rs 10.5 lakh: OBC panel" (online). The Times of India (5 May). Retrieved 26 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "OBC creamy layer income limit raised to ₹8 lakh per annum". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2017-09-22.
Jump up ^ "Office Memorandum regarding the revision of criterion for Creamy Layer" (PDF). Department of Personnel and Training.
Jump up ^ Ghildiyal, Subodh (2015). "OBC panel backs off, won't make ‘creamy layer’ reservation criteria stringent" (online). The Times of India (27 October). Retrieved 26 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Ghildiyal, Subodh (2015). "OBC sub-division, relaxing creamy layer is a must: NCBC tells govt" (online). The Times of India (26 October). Retrieved 26 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Venkatesan, J. (2008). "Caste can be the basis to determine backwardness, rules Supreme Court" (online). The Hindu (11 April). Retrieved 26 February 2016. [Subtitle:] OBC should be deemed to mean SEBC after exclusion of creamy layer … [Article opening;] New Delhi: The Supreme Court has held that caste can be the basis for determining Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs) for providing 27 per cent reservation in Central higher educational institutions. / Writing the main judgment, Chief Justice K.G. Balakrishnan said: 'Though for the purpose of convenience, the list is based on caste, it cannot be said that backward class has been identified solely on the basis of caste. The only possible objection that could be agitated is that in many of the castes included in this list, there may be an affluent section (creamy layer) which cannot be included in the list of SEBCs.' / He added: 'When socially and educationally backward classes are determined by giving importance to caste, it shall not be forgotten that a segment of that caste is economically advanced and they do not require the protection of reservation.'
Jump up ^ "Quota: What does 'creamy layer' mean?". Business Standard.
Jump up ^ "Supreme Court judgement on OBC quota in education institutions".
Jump up ^ Srivastava, Sharad Kumar [UnderSecretary to the Govt. of India] (2013-05-27). Subject: Revision of the income criteria to exclude socially advanced persons/sections (Creamy layer) from the purview of registration for Other Backward Classes (OBCs)-reg (Office Memorandum No. 36033/1/2013-Estt. [Res.]). New Delhi, IND: Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions, Department of Personnel and Training.
Jump up ^ BS Reporter (2008). "SC definition is set to kick up more dust". Business Standard (16 April). Archived from the original (online) on 16 April 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2016. [Subtitle:] But there`s trouble over creamy layer… [Article opening;] What is 'creamy layer'? Introducing the concept in the context of reservation in jobs in 1992, the Supreme Court had said the benefit of reservation should not be given to children of constitutional functionaries such as president, judges of the Supreme Court and high courts, employees of central and state bureaucracies above a certain level, public sector employees, armed forces and paramilitary personnel above the rank of colonel, lawyers, chartered accountants, doctors, financial and management consultants, engineers, film artistes, and authors. Children of those earning Rs. 2.5 lakh ($5,500) per year were also kept out. / In the context of today’s judgments, some lawyers believe that according to this definition, the quota go-ahead will not apply to IIMs and AIIMS.
Jump up ^ "‘Can’t keep SC/ST creamy layer out of quota benefits’". The Times of India. 2015.
External links[edit]
[http://obcguru.com Central Creamy layer criteria 1993, clari
fications 2004, 4.50 lakhs OM 2008 etc.]
Jee IITM Information.
National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) government website.
[hide]
v
t
e
Reservation in India
History
Caste system in India
Communal Award
Poona Pact
Mandal Commission protests of 1990
Namantar Andolan
2006 anti-reservation protests
IIT reservation policy
Court Cases
Caste-related violence in India
Caste politics in India
1996 Bathani Tola Massacre
2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra
2008 Gurjjar agitation
Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu
Patidar agitation
Jat agitation
Maratha Kranti Morcha
Terms
Dalit
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SC and ST)
Other Backward Classes (OBC)
Forward classes
Affirmative action
Creamy layer
Untouchability
Gramanya
Commissions
Kalelkar Commission
Mandal Commission
National Commission for Backward Classes
Organisations
Dalit Panther
Justice Party
Ranvir Sena
Lists
Scheduled Castes
Scheduled Tribes
Other Backward Classes
Including Muslim OBC
–––
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creamy_layer&oldid=806357058"
Categories:
Reservation in India
Indian caste system
Other Backward Classes
Hidden categories:
Use Indian English from March 2016
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Use dmy dates from October 2012
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016
All articles that may contain original research
Articles that may contain original research from February 2016
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
தமிழ்
Edit links
This page was last edited on 21 October 2017, at 13:58.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Armed_forces
mw-redirect
Armed forces

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values: The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (February 2016)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Application on SC/ST quota

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X

values:
nofollow
external free
http://obcguru.com

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Creamylayer.html

values: Reservation policy in Indian Institutes of Technology

values: Court Cases Related to Reservation in India

values:
/wiki/Caste_politics_in_India
mw-redirect
Caste politics in India

values:
/wiki/1996_Bathani_Tola_Massacre
mw-redirect
1996 Bathani Tola Massacre

values:
/wiki/Gurjjar_agitation_in_Rajasthan
mw-redirect
Gurjjar agitation in Rajasthan

values:
/wiki/Dalit_Panther
mw-redirect
Dalit Panther

values:
/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Castes
mw-redirect
List of Scheduled Castes

values:
/wiki/List_of_Other_Backward_Classes
mw-redirect
List of Other Backward Classes

values: List of Muslim Other Backward Classes communities

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Use Indian English from March 2016

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2012

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016

values: Category:All articles that may contain original research

values: Category:Articles that may contain original research from February 2016

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Creamy_layer
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: பிற்படுத்தப்பட்டவர்களில் மேல்நிலையினர் பொருளாதார சமூகவாய்ப்பு பெற்றவர்கள் – Tamil

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Creamy_layer rootpage-Creamy_layer vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view