text:
Letty Ortiz
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Leticia Ortiz
The Fast and the Furious character
First appearance
The Fast and the Furious
Created by
Gary Scott Thompson[1]
Portrayed by
Michelle Rodriguez
Information
Nickname(s)
Letty
Gender
Female
Occupation
Street racer
Mechanic
Family
Brian O'Conner (Brother-in-law)
Mia Toretto (Sister-in-law)
Jack O'Conner (Nephew)
unnamed Niece
Spouse(s)
Dominic Toretto
Children
Brian Marcos Toretto (Step-son)
Nationality
American
Affiliation
Crew members:
Dominic Toretto
Brian O'Conner
Vince
Jesse
Leon
Han Seoul-Oh
Roman Pearce
Tej Parker
Luke Hobbs
Ramsey
Status
Alive
Leticia "Letty" Ortiz Toretto is a fictional character portrayed by Michelle Rodriguez in The Fast and the Furious film series created by screenwriter Gary Scott Thompson. She is first introduced in the film The Fast and the Furious (2001). She also appears in the sequels Fast & Furious (2009), Fast & Furious 6 (2013), Furious 7 (2015) and The Fate of the Furious (2017), as well as the short film Los Bandoleros (2009).
Letty is portrayed as the love interest, mechanic, and fellow street racer of Dominic Toretto. In The Fast and the Furious, she expresses some concern about Dominic's carjacking scheme and in the film's climax, she survives rolling her car during a botched highway robbery. Fast & Furious shows that Letty is on Dominic's crew in his heists of fuel tankers in the Dominican Republic. She and Dominic part ways shortly afterwards. Some time later, Mia Toretto tells Dominic that Letty has been murdered. It is revealed that Letty contacted FBI agent Brian O'Conner and became a double agent for Arturo Braga's crime ring to allow Dominic to return home. In a post-credits scene of Fast Five, Luke Hobbs receives a file regarding a robbery, in which Letty's photograph is attached, suggesting that she is involved with the robbery, and is still alive.
Contents
[hide]
1 Concept and creation
2 Appearances
2.1 The Fast and the Furious
2.2 Fast & Furious
2.3 Fast Five
2.4 Fast & Furious 6
2.5 Furious 7
2.6 The Fate of the Furious
3 Cars
4 Reception
5 External links
6 References
Concept and creation[edit]
The series The Fast and the Furious were inspired by an article on street racing, "Racer X", that appeared in the May 1998 issue of Vibe magazine.[2] Leticia Ortiz is Dominic Toretto's love interest, and director Rob Cohen said he "flipped out" over Michelle Rodriguez' performance as a teenager who boxes in the 2000 drama Girlfight. "We needed someone who could play a Joan Jett-type character who is really wild", said Cohen.[3]
Appearances[edit]
The Fast and the Furious[edit]
Main article: The Fast and the Furious (2001 film)
In The Fast and the Furious, Letty is Dominic Toretto's girlfriend. She helps Dominic and his crew (Jesse, Leon and Vince) in a string of high-speed, semi-trailer truck hijackings, stealing over $6 million in merchandise. Brian O'Conner is sent undercover on a joint LAPD-FBI investigation to apprehend the gang, and he start dating Dominic's sister Mia Toretto. During the "Race Wars" Letty won a race, while Jesse races and loses his imprisoned father's modified 1995 Volkswagen Jetta to Dominic's rival, Johnny Tran, and he flees the track in panic. Early the next morning, Letty and Dominic's crew leave "Race Wars" to commit another hijacking. Brian O'Conner confesses to Mia Toretto his status as an undercover cop, and tracks Dominic's location by triangulating his cell phone signal. They arrive at the hijacking in-progress to find Letty, badly injured at the car accident and Vince critically wounded, having been shot by the truck driver. Brian then blows his cover to the crew by phoning in for a medivac and Letty flees with Dominic, Leon and Mia as the medivac arrives for Vince.
Fast & Furious[edit]
Main article: Fast & Furious
In Fast & Furious, Letty and Dominic's new crew (Tego, Rico, Cara and Han Lue), is hijacking fuel tankers in the Dominican Republic. Dominic begins to suspect the trail is too hot and leaves Letty to go elsewhere to avoid being caught. In Panama City, Dominic gets a call from his sister, Mia Toretto, who tells him that Letty has been murdered after getting into a near fatal car accident. Dominic heads back to Los Angeles to examine Letty's crash, and later he finds the man who killed her. Meanwhile, F.B.I. agent Brian O'Conner is trying to track down the same man who killed Letty, named Arturo Braga, and Dominic finds that he was able to plant Letty undercover to capture Braga in exchange for Dominic's freedom when she was murdered.
Fast Five[edit]
Main article: Fast Five (film)
In Fast Five, Letty appears in a post-credits scene in photographs. Hobbs receives a file regarding a robbery, in which Leticia's photograph is attached, suggesting that she is involved with the robbery, and is still alive.
Fast & Furious 6[edit]
Main article: Fast & Furious 6
In Fast & Furious 6, it is revealed that she has amnesia, and is part of a lethally skilled mercenary organization led by Owen Shaw, a criminal mastermind. Dominic makes several attempts to try and reach out to her. It was revealed that Brian felt guilty for having Letty be an informant for the FBI to help him to take down Arturo Braga and having this led to her being presumed dead. She is also described as a tough street woman by Riley, which is true during their first encounter. Shaw orders Letty to detach a cable line to Roman's car that was holding the tank from escaping. While attempting to do so, she is rescued by Dominic, gaining her full trust in him. Brian attempts to apologize to her, but Letty tells him that she doesn't remember much for being an informant and if she did, no one forces her to do something she doesn't want to do. She assists Hobbs, Dom and the others in stopping both Owen and Riley. Despite not being able to remember her previous life with Dom, she returns home with him stating that "it feels like home".
Furious 7[edit]
Main article: Furious 7
In Furious 7, Letty temporarily leaves Dom to sort through her amnesia and find out who she is on her own. However, after Deckard Shaw kills Han and blows up Dom's house, Letty rejoins the team. During the course of the mission, Letty's memories come back after hitting her head in a fight with Kara, including that she and Dom were married some point before Fast & Furious. Letty is last seen with her husband and friends on the beach, commenting on how different things will be now that Brian O'Conner is retiring.
The Fate of the Furious[edit]
Main article: The Fate of the Furious
In The Fate of the Furious, Letty and Dom are enjoying their honeymoon in Havana. Everyone is taken by surprise when Dom seemingly betrays them in Berlin. While the others are convinced of his betrayal, only Letty knew something was wrong and suspected someone was blackmailing him. Her suspicion proved true when Cipher and Dom attacked Mr. Nobody's secret base. She is last seen meeting Dom's son with Elena, Brian.
Cars[edit]
Film
Car
The Fast and the Furious 1997 Nissan 240SX
1995 Honda Civic
Fast & Furious 1973 Plymouth Barracuda
Fast & Furious 6 1973 Jensen Interceptor
Furious 7 1974 Plymouth Barracuda
2015 Dodge Challenger
2010 Dodge Viper
The Fate of the Furious 2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Demon
1970 Chevrolet Chevelle
1966 Chevrolet Corvette C2
Local Motors Rally Fighter
Reception[edit]
TBA
External links[edit]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Full cast and crew for The Fast and the Furious (2001)". IMDB. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Mcnary, Dave (January 12, 2000). "U runs to Walker for 'Racer'". Variety.com.
Jump up ^ Mcnary, Dave (June 15, 2000). "Rodriguez hits 'Red Line'". Variety.com.

[hide]
v
t
e
The Fast and the Furious
Films
The Fast and the Furious
album
2nd album
2 Fast 2 Furious
album
The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift
Fast & Furious
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score
Fast Five
album
score
Fast & Furious 6
album
Furious 7
album
score
The Fate of the Furious
album
score
Characters
Dominic Toretto
Brian O'Conner
Letty Ortiz
Han Lue
Gisele Yashar
Short films
The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious
Los Bandoleros
Video games
The Fast and the Furious
Fast & Furious: Showdown
Attractions
Fast & Furious: Supercharged
Related
"Act a Fool"
"Conteo"
"See You Again"
video
"Gang Up"
Category
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text:
Spice trade
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The economically important Silk Road (red) and spice trade routes (blue) blocked by the Ottoman Empire c. 1453 with the fall of the Byzantine Empire, spurring exploration motivated initially by the finding of a sea route around Africa and triggering the Age of Discovery.
The spice trade refers to the trade between historical civilizations in Asia, Northeast Africa and Europe. Spices such as cinnamon, cassia, cardamom, ginger, pepper, and turmeric were known and used in antiquity for commerce in the Eastern World.[1] Opium was a part of the spice trade and some people involved in the spice trade were driven by opium addiction.[2][3] These spices found their way into the Middle East before the beginning of the Christian era, where the true sources of these spices were withheld by the traders and associated with fantastic tales.[1] Early writings and stone age carvings of neolithic age obtained indicates that India's southwest coastal port Muziris, in Kerala, had established itself as a major spice trade centre from as early as 3000 BC, which marked the beginning of the spice trade. Kerala, referred to as the land of spices or as the "Spice Garden of India", was the place traders and explorers wanted to reach, including Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and others.[4]
The Greco-Roman world followed by trading along the Incense route and the Roman-India routes.[5] During the first millennium, the sea routes to India and Sri Lanka (the Roman – Taprobane) were controlled by the Indians and Ethiopians who became the maritime trading power of the Red Sea. The Kingdom of Axum (c. 5th-century BC–AD 11th century) had pioneered the Red Sea route before the 1st century AD. By mid-7th century AD after the rise of Islam, Arab traders started dominating the maritime routes.
Arab traders eventually took over conveying goods via the Levant and Venetian merchants to Europe until the rise of the Ottoman Turks cut the route again by 1453. Overland routes helped the spice trade initially, but maritime trade routes led to tremendous growth in commercial activities.[1] During the high and late medieval periods Muslim traders dominated maritime spice trading routes throughout the Indian Ocean, tapping source regions in East Asia and shipping spices from trading emporiums in India westward to the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, from which overland routes led to Europe.
The trade was changed by the European Age of Discovery,[6] during which the spice trade, particularly in black pepper, became an influential activity for European traders.[7] The Cape Route from Europe to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope was pioneered by the Portuguese explorer navigator Vasco da Gama in 1498, resulting in new maritime routes for trade.[8]
This trade – driving the world economy from the end of the Middle Ages well into the modern times – [7] ushered in an age of European domination in the East.[8] Channels, such as the Bay of Bengal, served as bridges for cultural and commercial exchanges between diverse cultures[6] as nations struggled to gain control of the trade along the many spice routes.[1] European dominance was slow to develop. The Portuguese trade routes were mainly restricted and limited by the use of ancient routes, ports, and nations that were difficult to dominate. The Dutch were later able to bypass many of these problems by pioneering a direct ocean route from the Cape of Good Hope to the Sunda Strait in Indonesia.
Contents
1 Origins
2 Arab trade and medieval Europe
3 Age of European Discovery: finding a new route and a New World
4 Cultural Diffusion
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Origins[edit]
Further information: Indian Ocean trade, Roman trade with India, Silk Road, and Sino-Roman relations
The spice trade from India attracted the attention of the Ptolemaic dynasty, and subsequently the Roman empire.
Roman trade with India according to the Periplus Maris Erythraei, (Periplus of the Erythraean Sea) 1st century CE.
The Egyptians had traded in the Red Sea, spices from the "Land of Punt" and from Arabia.[9] Luxury goods traded along the Incense Route included Indian spices, ebony, silk and fine textiles. The spice trade was associated with overland routes early on but maritime routes proved to be the factor which helped the trade grow.[1] The Ptolemaic dynasty had developed trade with India using the Red Sea ports.[10]
People from the Neolithic period traded in spices, obsidian, sea shells, precious stones and other high value materials as early as the 10th millennium BC. The first to mention the trade in historical periods are the Egyptians. In the 3rd millennium BC, they traded with the Land of Punt, which is believed to have been situated in an area encompassing northern Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea and the Red Sea coast of Sudan.[11]
In the first millennium BC the Arabs, Phoenicians, and Indians were engaged in sea and land trade in luxury goods such as spices, gold, precious stones, leather of rare animals, ebony and pearls. The sea trade was in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. The sea route in the Red Sea was from Bab-el-Mandeb to Berenike and from there by land to the Nile and then by boats to Alexandria. The land trade was in deserts of Western Arabia using camels. The Indonesians were trading in spices (mainly Cinnamon and Cassia) with East Africa using Catamaran boats and sailing with the help of the Westerlies in the Indian Ocean.
In the second half of the first millennium BC the Arab tribes of South and West Arabia took control over the land trade of spices from South Arabia to the Mediterranean Sea. The tribes were the M'ain, Qataban, Hadhramaut, Saba and Himyarite. In the north the Nabateans took control of the trade route that crossed the Negev from Petra to Gaza. The trade made the Arab tribes very rich. The South Arabia region was called Eudaemon Arabia (the elated Arabia) by the Greeks and was on the agenda of conquests of Alexander of Macedonia before he died. The Indians and the Arabs had control over the sea trade with India. In the late second century BC, the Greeks from Egypt learned from the Indians how to sail directly from Aden to the West coast of India using the Monsoon winds (Hippalus) and took control over the sea trade.
Arab trade and medieval Europe[edit]
Trade route in the Red Sea linking Italy to south-west India
Rome played a part in the spice trade during the 5th century, but this role, unlike the Arabian one, did not last through the Middle Ages.[1] The rise of Islam brought a significant change to the trade as Radhanite Jewish and Arab merchants particularly from Egypt eventually took over conveying goods via the Levant to Europe.
The Spice trade had brought great riches to the Abbasid Caliphate, and even inspired famous legends such as that of Sinbad the Sailor. These early sailors and merchants would often set sail from the port city of Basra and eventually after many voyages they would return to sell their goods including spices in Baghdad. The fame of many spices such as nutmeg and cinnamon are attributed to these early Spice merchants.[12][not in citation given]
The Indian commercial connection with South East Asia proved vital to the merchants of Arabia and Persia during the 7th and 8th centuries.[13] Arab traders – mainly descendants of sailors from Yemen and Oman – dominated maritime routes throughout the Indian Ocean, tapping source regions in the Far East – linking to the secret "spice islands" (Maluku Islands and Banda Islands). The islands of Molucca also find mention in several records: a Javanese chronicle (1365) mentions the Moluccas and Maloko;[14] and navigational works of the 14th and 15th centuries contain the first unequivocal Arab reference to Moluccas.[14] Sulaima al-Mahr writes: "East of Timor [where sandalwood is found] are the islands of Bandam and they are the islands where nutmeg and mace are found. The islands of cloves are called Maluku ....."[14]
Moluccan products were then shipped to trading emporiums in India, passing through ports like Kozhikode, and through Sri Lanka.[15] from there they were shipped westward across the ports of Arabia to the Near East, to Ormus in the Persian Gulf and Jeddah in the Red Sea and sometimes shipped to East Africa, where they would be used for many purposes, including burial rites.[15] The Abbasids used Alexandria, Damietta, Aden and Siraf as entry ports to India and China.[16] Merchants arriving from India in the port city of Aden paid tribute in form of musk, camphor, ambergris and sandalwood to Ibn Ziyad, the sultan of Yemen.[16]
Indian spice exports find mention in the works of Ibn Khurdadhbeh (850), al-Ghafiqi (1150), Ishak bin Imaran (907) and Al Kalkashandi (14th century).[15] Chinese traveler Xuanzang mentions the town of Puri where "merchants depart for distant countries."[17]
From there, overland routes led to the Mediterranean coasts. From the 8th until the 15th century, the Republic of Venice and neighboring maritime republics held the monopoly of European trade with the Middle East. The silk and spice trade, involving spices, incense, herbs, drugs and opium, made these Mediterranean city-states phenomenally rich. Spices were among the most expensive and in-demand products of the Middle Ages, used in medicine. They were all imported from Asia and Africa. Venetian merchants distributed then the goods through Europe until the rise of the Ottoman Empire, which eventually led to the fall of Constantinople in 1453, barring Europeans from important combined land-sea routes.[citation needed]
Age of European Discovery: finding a new route and a New World[edit]
Main article: Age of Discovery
Portuguese India Armadas trade routes (blue) since Vasco da Gama 1498 travel and its rival Manila-Acapulco galleons and Spanish treasure fleets (white) established in 1568
Image of Calicut, India from Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg's atlas Civitates orbis terrarum, 1572.
The Republic of Venice had become a formidable power, and a key player in the Eastern spice trade.[18] Other powers, in an attempt to break the Venetian hold on spice trade, began to build up maritime capability.[1] Until the mid-15th century, trade with the east was achieved through the Silk Road, with the Byzantine Empire and the Italian city-states of Venice and Genoa acting as a middle man.
In 1453, however, the Ottomans took Constantinople and so the Byzantine Empire was no more. Now in control of the sole spice trade route that existed at the time, the Ottoman Empire was in a favorable position to charge hefty taxes on merchandise bound for the west. The Western Europeans, not wanting to be dependent on an expansionist, non-Christian power for the lucrative commerce with the east, set out to find an alternate sea route around Africa.
The first country to attempt to circumnavigate Africa was Portugal, which had, since the early 15th century, begun to explore northern Africa under Henry the Navigator. Emboldened by these early successes and eyeing a lucrative monopoly on a possible sea route to the Indies the Portuguese first crossed the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 on an expedition led by Bartolomeu Dias.[19] Just nine years later in 1497 on the orders of Manuel I of Portugal, four vessels under the command of navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, continuing to the eastern coast of Africa to Malindi to sail across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast.[8] in south India – the capital of the local Zamorin rulers. The wealth of the Indies was now open for the Europeans to explore; the Portuguese Empire was the earliest European seaborne empire to grow from the spice trade.[8]
Dutch ships in Table Bay docking at the Cape Colony at the Cape of Good Hope, 1762.
It was during this time that Spanish and Portuguese explorers first set foot on the New World. Christopher Columbus was the first to do so in 1492 while sailing westward across the Atlantic Ocean on an expedition to the indies. Instead of reaching Asia, Colombus discovered the Americas, landing on an island in what is now the Bahamas. Believing to have in fact reached India, the crew named the natives "Indians", a name which has continued in use to this day, to describe the indigenous peoples of the Americas.[20] Just eight years later in 1500, the Portuguese navigator, Pedro Álvares Cabral while attempting to reproduce Vasco da Gama’s Atlantic route to the Cape and India was blown westwards to what is today Brazil. After taking possession of the new land, Cabral resumed his voyage across the Atlantic to the southern tip of Africa and India, finally arriving there in September 1500 – opening for the first time a route from the New World to Asia – and returning to Portugal by 1501.[21]
In 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Malacca for Portugal, then the center of Asian trade. East of Malacca, Albuquerque sent several diplomatic and exploratory missions, including to the Moluccas. Getting to know the secret location of the Spice Islands, mainly the Banda Islands, then the world source of nutmeg and cloves, he sent an expedition led by António de Abreu to Banda, where they were the first Europeans to arrive in early 1512.[22] Abreu`s expedition reached Buru, Ambon and Seram Islands, and then Banda. Later, after a forced separation and a shipwreck, his vice-captain, Francisco Serrão went again to the north, to Ambon, and reached Ternate, where he obtained a license to build a Portuguese fortress-factory: the Forte de São João Baptista de Ternate (pt).
From 1507–1515 Albuquerque tried to completely block Arab and other traditional routes that stretched from the shores of Western Pacific to the Mediterranean sea, through the conquest of strategic bases in the Persian Gulf and at the entry of the Red Sea. By the early 16th century the Portuguese had complete control of the African sea route, which since 1512, through a long network of routes that linked three oceans, extended from the Moluccas (the Spice Islands), in the Pacific Ocean limits, through Malacca, India and Sri Lanka (linked years later to China and Japan), to Lisbon in Portugal (Europe), via the Indian and the Atlantic Oceans.
The Crown of Castile organized the expedition of Christopher Columbus to compete with Portugal for the spice trade with Asia, but instead, landed in a New World. The search for a route to Asia was resumed a few years later, after explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and became the first European to sight the Pacific Ocean from the New World, confirming that the Americas were separate continents. The Spanish crown then prepared a great westward voyage with Ferdinand Magellan, in order to reach Asia from Spain across the Atlantic, and then Pacific Oceans. On October 21, 1520, his expedition crossed the strait that bears his name in the southern tip of South America, opening the Pacific to European exploration. On March 16, 1521, the ships reached the Philippines and soon after the Spice Islands, ultimately resulting in the Manila Galleon trade, the first westward spice trade route to Asia.
After Magellan's death in the Philippines, navigator Juan Sebastian Elcano took command of the expedition and drove it across the Indian Ocean and back to Spain, where they arrived in 1522 aboard the last remaining ship: the Victoria. These explorers became the first men to circumnavigate the globe. For the next two and half centuries, Spain controlled a vast trade network that linked three continents: Asia, the Americas and Europe. A global spice route had been created: from Manila in the Philippines (Asia) to Seville in Spain (Europe), via Acapulco in Mexico (North America).
Cultural Diffusion[edit]
Hindu and Buddhist religious establishments of Southeast Asia came to be associated with economic activity and commerce as patrons entrusted large funds which would later be used to benefit local economy by estate management, craftsmanship promotion of trading activities.[23] Buddhism, in particular, traveled alongside the maritime trade, promoting coinage, art and literacy.[24] Islam spread throughout the East, reaching Maritime Southeast Asia in the 10th century; Muslim merchants played a crucial part in the trade.[25] Christian missionaries, such as Saint Francis Xavier, were instrumental in the spread of Christianity in the East.[25] Christianity competed with Islam to become the dominant religion of the Moluccas.[25] However, the natives of the Spice Islands accommodated aspects of both religions easily.[26]
The Portuguese colonial settlements saw traders such as the Gujarati banias, South Indian Chettis, Syrian Christians, Chinese from Fujian province, and Arabs from Aden involved in the spice trade.[27] Epics, languages, and cultural customs were borrowed by Southeast Asia from India, and later China.[6] Knowledge of Portuguese language became essential for merchants involved in the trade.[28] Colonial pepper trade drastically changed the experience of modernity in Europe and in Kerala and it brought, along with colonialism, early capitalism to India's Malabar Coast, changing cultures of work and caste.[29]
Indian merchants involved in spice trade took Indian cuisine to Southeast Asia, notably present day Malaysia and Indonesia, where spice mixtures and curries became popular.[30] European people intermarried with the Indians, and popularized valuable culinary skills, such as baking, in India.[31] The Portuguese also introduced vinegar to India, and Franciscan priests manufactured it from coconut toddy.[32] Indian food, adapted to European palate, became visible in England by 1811 as exclusive establishments began catering to the tastes of both the curious and those returning from India.[33]
See also[edit]
History of Kerala
Malabar Coast
Cuisine of Kerala
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Spice Trade". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Opium Throughout History | The Opium Kings | FRONTLINE | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
Jump up ^ Burger, M. (2003), The Forgotten Gold? The Importance of the Dutch opium trade in the Seventeenth Century
Jump up ^ "Of Kerala Egypt and the Spice link". The Hindu. Thiruvananthapuram, India. 28 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Fage 1975: 164
^ Jump up to: a b c Donkin 2003
^ Jump up to: a b Corn & Glasserman 1999: Prologue
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gama, Vasco da. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press.
Jump up ^ Rawlinson 2001: 11-12
Jump up ^ Shaw 2003: 426
Jump up ^ Simson Najovits, Egypt, trunk of the tree, Volume 2, (Algora Publishing: 2004), p. 258.
Jump up ^ "The Third Voyage of Sindbad the Seaman – The Arabian Nights – The Thousand and One Nights – Sir Richard Burton translator". Classiclit.about.com. 2009-11-02. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
Jump up ^ Donkin 2003: 59
^ Jump up to: a b c Donkin 2003: 88
^ Jump up to: a b c Donkin 2003: 92
^ Jump up to: a b Donkin 2003: 91–92
Jump up ^ Donkin 2003: 65
Jump up ^ Pollmer, Priv.Doz. Dr. Udo. "The spice trade and its importance for European expansion". Migration and Diffusion. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Bartolomeu Dias Retrieved November 29, 2007
Jump up ^ The First Voyage of Columbus Archived 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 29, 2007
Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Pedralvarez Cabral Retrieved November 29, 2007
Jump up ^ [1] Nathaniel's Nutmeg: How One Man's Courage Changed the Course of History, Milton, Giles (1999), pp. 5–7
Jump up ^ Donkin 2003: 67
Jump up ^ Donkin 2003: 69
^ Jump up to: a b c Corn & Glasserman 1999
Jump up ^ Corn & Glasserman 1999: 105
Jump up ^ Collingham 56: 2006
Jump up ^ Corn & Glasserman 1999: 203
Jump up ^ Vinod Kottayil Kalidasan, 'The Routes of Pepper: Colonial Discourses around the Spice Trade in Malabar', Kerala Modernity: Ideasa, Spaces and Practices in Transition, Ed. Shiju Sam Varughese and Satheese Chandra Bose, New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2015. For the link: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-04-13. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
Jump up ^ Collingham 245: 2006
Jump up ^ Collingham 61: 2006
Jump up ^ Collingham 69: 2006
Jump up ^ Collingham 129: 2006
Further reading[edit]
Nabhan, Gary Paul: Cumin, Camels, and Caravans: A Spice Odyssey. [History of Spice Trade] University of California Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0-520-26720-6 [Print]; ISBN 978-0-520-95695-7 [eBook]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spice trade.
Trade between the Romans and the Empires of Asia. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
La Mémoire maritime des arabes, documentaire, Khal Torabully et Oman TV.
The Spice Trade and its importance for European Expansion, Doz. Udo Pollmer
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Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock
Rob Base (left) and DJ E-Z Rock (right) in Toronto in 2006. Photo by Mick Tobyn.
Background information
Origin
Harlem, New York, United States
Genres
Hip hop
Years active
1985–Present
Labels
Profile Records, Funky et Base Records
Associated acts
The Delphonics
The Cut Technician and Kyle Rifkin
Past members
Rob Base
DJ E-Z Rock (deceased)
Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock were a hip hop duo from Harlem, New York who were best known for their hit "It Takes Two", a single that was a top 40 hit and has been certified platinum by the RIAA. That song was a part of the duo's album of the same name, which also has been certified platinum. They are also known for being pioneers of the crossover success that rap music would have in the popular music mainstream.[1] The duo consisted of Rob Base (Robert Ginyard, born May 18, 1967) and DJ E-Z Rock (Rodney "Skip" Bryce, born 1967[citation needed]; died April 27, 2014).
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
2 Personal life
3 Discography
3.1 Studio albums
3.2 Singles
4 References
5 External links
Career[edit]
The duo's first U.S. single and release was "DJ Interview," appearing on World to World, which later got them a recording contract with Profile Records in 1987. The duo was assisted by a long time friend from New Jersey, producer David Wynn. David Wynn produced three songs on their debut album and five songs on their sophomore album.
The first Profile release was "It Takes Two". It uses multiple samples from the James Brown and Lyn Collins 1972 song "Think (About It)." The track first became a regional hit and then slowly climbed the Billboard Hot 100, picking up a multi-platinum single certification. The song also peaked at #3 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart.
An album, also called It Takes Two, was quickly put together and it produced a significant follow-up hit, "Joy and Pain", which sampled a song of the same name by Maze featuring Frankie Beverly, as well as "Put The Music Where Your Mouth Is" by The Olympic Runners. It also hit the top 10 on the dance chart and climbed to #58 on the Hot 100. "Get On the Dance Floor," produced by David Wynn (DJ Wynn), a track released to clubs in between the two singles, hit #1 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in 1989. Boosted by those singles the It Takes Two album went platinum seven times over. However, vicious rumors started to circulate that Rob Base had legal problems for using samples from Maze's Frankie Beverly for the hit "Joy and Pain", and he had his own personal problems.[citation needed] DJ E-Z Rock also was forced to leave the group due to his own personal issues, so Rob Base was left to be a solo artist.[citation needed]
He responded in 1989 with The Incredible Base, his debut solo album. It did not sell as well as It Takes Two. One song from the album hit the dance chart in late 1989: "Turn It Out (Go Base)", credited only to Rob Base.
Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock had a reunion album in 1994 with Break of Dawn; however, the album did not do well commercially.
In 2008, their song "It Takes Two" was ranked number 37 on VH1's 100 greatest songs of hip hop.[2]
On August 1, 2015, Rob Base returned to the stage and played a private party in Armonk, NY.
On June 1, 2017, Rob Base performed at the halftime show for the opening game of the 2017 NBA Finals.
February, 2016–Present, performer on the I Love The 90's Tour with Salt N Pepa, Vanilla Ice, Coolio, Tone Loc, Young MC, All 4 One, Color Me Badd, Kidd N Play, Biz Markie.
April, 2017–Present, performer on the I Love The 90's, The Party Continues Tour with TLC, Naughty By Nature, Blackstreet, Montell Jordan, Sisqo, Sugar Ray's Mark McGrath, Snap and C&C Music Factory with Freedom Williams.
Personal life[edit]
Ginyard's first child De'Jené Ginyard was born in 1989 to his then girlfriend Rhonda Dunbar. Ginyard later met April and had a son, Robert Ginyard, Jr., in 1992, and later together took guardianship custody of April's cousin Dysell. Rob and April were then married and remained together until she died in September 2013.[3]
On April 27, 2014 it was announced that DJ E-Z Rock had died after suffering a diabetic seizure at the age of 46.[4]
Discography[edit]
Studio albums[edit]
Year
Album details
Peak chart
positions
Certifications
(sales threshold)
US
US R&B
1988 It Takes Two
Release date: August 9, 1988
Label: Profile Records
31 4
US: Platinum
1989 The Incredible Base
Release date: November 17, 1989
Label: Profile Records
50 20
US: Gold
1994 Break of Dawn
Release date: September 13, 1994
Label: Funky Base Records
— —
"—" denotes releases that did not chart
Singles[edit]
Year
Single
Peak chart positions
Certifications
(sales threshold)
Album
US
US Dance
US Rap
US R&B
1988 "It Takes Two" 36 3 — 17
US: Platinum
It Takes Two
"Get on the Dance Floor" — 1 6 —
"Joy and Pain" 58 9 5 11
1989 "Turn It Out (Go Base)"
(Rob Base) — 23 — —
"—" denotes releases that did not chart
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "It Takes Two - Rob Base, Rob Base & DJ E-Z Rock | Listen, Appearances, Song Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
Jump up ^ Jim Macnie (2008-09-24). "VH1′s 100 Greatest Hip Hop Songs Ever". VH1. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived February 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Jason Newman (2014-04-27). "DJ E-Z Rock of 'It Takes Two' Fame Dead at 46 | Music News". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
External links[edit]
Rob's Official justRHYMES.com profile - music, bio, videos & more
Maxim.com Rap Public Service Announcement featuring Rob Base
[hide]
v
t
e
Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock
Robert Ginyard
Rodney Bryce
Studio albums
It Takes Two (1988)
The Incredible Base (1989)
Break of Dawn (1994)
Singles
"It Takes Two"
"Get on the Dance Floor"
Authority control
MusicBrainz: 6f191c70-1345-4ea5-b7af-5db9ee50d7c0
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob_Base_and_DJ_E-Z_Rock&oldid=821180682"
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Global Assembly Cache
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Global Assembly Cache (GAC) is a machine-wide CLI assembly cache for the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) in Microsoft's .NET Framework. The approach of having a specially controlled central repository addresses the flaws[citation needed] in the shared library concept and helps to avoid pitfalls of other solutions that led to drawbacks like DLL hell.
Contents
[hide]
1 Requirements
2 Usage
2.1 Global Assembly Cache Tool
2.2 Assembly Cache Viewer
3 Example of use
4 Implementation
5 Pitfalls
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Requirements[edit]
Assemblies residing in the GAC must adhere to a specific versioning scheme which allows for side-by-side execution of different code versions. Specifically, such assemblies must be strongly named.
Usage[edit]
There are two ways to interact with the GAC: the Global Assembly Cache Tool (gacutil.exe) and the Assembly Cache Viewer (shfusion.dll).
Global Assembly Cache Tool[edit]
gacutil.exe is an older command-line utility that shipped with .NET 1.1 and is still available with the .NET SDK.[1]
One can check the availability of a shared assembly in GAC by using the command:
gacutil.exe /l <assemblyName>

One can register a shared assembly in the GAC by using the command:
gacutil.exe /i <assemblyName>

Or by copying an assembly file into the following location:
%windir%\assembly\

Note that for .NET 4.0 the GAC location is now:
%windir%\Microsoft.NET\assembly\

Other options for this utility will be briefly described if you use the /? flag, i.e.:
gacutil.exe /?

Assembly Cache Viewer[edit]
The newer interface, the Assembly Cache Viewer, is integrated into Windows Explorer.[2] Browsing %windir%\assembly\ (for example, C:\WINDOWS\assembly) or %WINDIR%\Microsoft.NET\assembly, displays the assemblies contained in the cache along with their versions, culture, public key token, and processor architecture. Assemblies are installed by dragging and dropping and uninstalled by selecting and pressing the delete key or using the context menu.
With the launch of the .NET Framework 4, the Assembly Cache Viewer shell extension is obsolete.[3]
Example of use[edit]
A computer has two CLI assemblies both named AssemblyA, but one is version 1.0 and the other is version 2.0. Since it is required that both be compiled to a file named AssemblyA, they cannot exist in the same directory within the FAT32 file system. Instead, the virtual file system of the GAC can be used by programs that need to use each version of the assembly specifically.
Implementation[edit]
The GAC as a construct does not actually exist within the Windows OS. It is implemented and managed by the CLI. The folders within %systemroot% named assembly and Microsoft.NET\assembly (for .NET 4.0) contain all globally available assemblies with managed filenames so that the version and public key tokens can be included. Each version can therefore exist within the same location and be called without requiring subsequent versions to preserve code entry point locations as usual. Windows Explorer allows the drag-and-drop installation of assemblies into this folder only if they would otherwise be permitted to be installed from the command line.
A calling application may specify a version of an assembly when referencing it, so the run-time can simply refer to the filename to use the correct one.
Pitfalls[edit]
The Global Assembly Cache mechanism helps to avoid older DLL hell, but it still has some drawbacks, such as:[4]
By default, applications will only run with the version of the .NET Framework used to compile it, which can cause the application to fail on machines with newer versions of the .NET Framework installed — even when the application would normally run properly with the newer version.
It is sometimes necessary to use conditional compilation if some of the core .NET calls (used in the application) are only supported for some versions of the framework.
.NET applications that rely on native code risk incompatibilities, even with the GAC mechanism.
Every assembly that is added to the GAC must be strongly named. The process of making an assembly "strongly named" can be quite painful in some situations. For example, if an assembly depends on another assembly that is not strongly named, it cannot be registered in the GAC. In cases where the code of the third-party assembly is not in the programmer's possession, transforming the assembly to be strongly named can in fact be impossible.
Browsing for files using standard Windows APIs doesn't allow selection of DLLs located under the "assembly" folder when Explorer is showing the user-friendly view of the GAC.
See also[edit]
Download Cache
.NET Framework
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Global Assembly Cache Tool (Gacutil.exe)". Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
Jump up ^ "Assembly Cache Viewer (Shfusion.dll)". Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
Jump up ^ "How to: View the Contents of the Global Assembly Cache". Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 2010-07-22.
Jump up ^ John, Mueller (2005-02-11). "Ten Managed Application Pitfalls that Kill Version Compatibility". devsource.com. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
External links[edit]
.NET Framework Developer's Guide
Global Assembly Cache Tool (gacutil.exe)
Demystifying the .NET Global Assembly Cache
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List of Mike & Molly characters
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Mike & Molly is a sitcom which premiered in September 2010. The show revolves around the lives of Mike Biggs, a police officer, and Molly Flynn, a schoolteacher, who meet at an Overeaters Anonymous meeting and fall in love. The series follows their relationship with each other and their two families.
Contents
1 Cast
1.1 Main cast
2 Main characters
2.1 Mike Biggs
2.2 Molly Flynn
3 Supporting characters
3.1 Carl McMillan
3.2 Victoria Flynn
3.3 Joyce Flynn
3.4 Samuel
3.5 Vincent Moranto
3.6 Peggy Biggs
3.7 Rosetta McMillan
3.8 Harry
4 Recurring characters
4.1 Christina
4.2 Brother Heywood
4.3 Jack Biggs
4.4 Captain Murphy
5 References
6 External links
Cast[edit]
Starring
Recurring/Guest
No appearances
Character
Season
Season 1
(2010-2011)
Season 2
(2011–2012)
Season 3
(2012–2013)
Season 4
(2013–2014)
Season 5
(2014–2015)
Season 6
(2016)
Main cast[edit]
Mike Biggs
Billy Gardell
Molly Flynn
Melissa McCarthy
Carl McMillan
Reno Wilson
Victoria Flynn
Katy Mixon
Joyce Flynn
Swoosie Kurtz
Samuel
Nyambi Nyambi
Vince Moranto
Louis Mustillo
Peggy Biggs
Rondi Reed
Rosetta McMillan
Cleo King Cleo King
Harry
David Anthony Higgins David Anthony Higgins David Anthony Higgins
Main characters[edit]
Mike Biggs[edit]
Mike Biggs
First appearance
"Pilot"
1x01, September 20th, 2010
Last appearance
"I See Love"
6x13, May 16th, 2016
Portrayed by
Billy Gardell
Information
Gender
Male
Occupation
Police officer
Family
Peggy Biggs (mother)
Jack Biggs (father)
Spouse(s)
Molly Flynn
Children
William Michael Biggs (Adoptive Son)
Unborn Child (Currently Expecting with Molly)
Relatives
Joyce Flynn-Moranto (mother-in-law)
Mr Flynn (father-in-law; deceased)
Victoria Flynn (Sister-in-law)
Vincent Moranto (step-father-in-law)
Religion
Roman Catholic
Nationality
American
Officer Michael "Mike" Biggs (Billy Gardell), is the lead male protagonist of the series. He is introduced in the first episode as a Chicago police officer with weight issues who attends a meeting of Overeaters Anonymous. It is here that he meets Molly Flynn. After Molly asks Mike to come and speak to her class at the school where she works, they begin dating in the second episode. Mike is regularly accompanied by his best friend, Carl McMillan, his partner on the police force, whom he joins for breakfast to chat about the state of their lives at a cafe where their waiter is always Samuel, an African immigrant who likes to make fun of Mike's weight. Mike and Molly got engaged in the season 1 finale, are married in the season 2 finale, and are still trying to conceive their first child as of the Season 4 premiere. In Season 5, though, Mike finds out that Molly went back on birth control without telling him due to the pain and frustration of two years when she was unable to conceive a child, and they resolve to pursue avenues like adoption as they still love each other and want to raise kids.
Molly Flynn[edit]
Molly Flynn-Biggs
First appearance
"Pilot"
1x01, September 20, 2010
Last appearance
"I See Love"
6x13, May 16, 2016
Portrayed by
Melissa McCarthy
Information
Gender
Female
Occupation
4th Grade Schoolteacher (Prior to Season 1-Season 4), Writer (Season 4-Present)
Family
Joyce Flynn-Moranto (mother)
Mr Flynn (father; deceased)
Victoria Flynn (Younger Sister)
Vince Moranto (step-father)
Spouse(s)
Mike Biggs
Children
William Michael Biggs (Adopted Son)
Unborn Child (expecting with Mike)
Relatives
Peggy Biggs (mother-in-law)
Jack Biggs (father-in-law)
Religion
Roman Catholic
Nationality
American
Molly Flynn-Biggs (Melissa McCarthy) is the lead female protagonist of the series. She is a fourth grade school teacher who attends the same Overeaters Anonymous class as Mike. She lives with her mother Joyce and her sister Victoria, while her mother's partner Vince Moranto is often seen at the house. She is very sweet, intelligent and caring, but she can be hypersensitive and has a very bad financial history thanks to a large amount of credit card debt. She and Mike married in the season 2 finale. She and Mike spent two years trying to have a child but put those plans on hold in Season 5. In Season 4, she quits her teaching job to pursue a career as a writer, and in Season 5 she has a huge success when her literary erotica novel is published by a major company. It is later revealed in a session with a psychologist that Mike's stabilizing presence, something she hasn't had since her father died, has allowed Molly to finally feel comfortable taking risks.
Melissa McCarthy won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2011 for her portrayal of Molly Flynn.
Supporting characters[edit]
Carl McMillan[edit]
Carl McMillan
First appearance
"Pilot"
1x01, September 20, 2010
Last appearance
"I See Love"
6x13, May 16, 2016
Information
Gender
Male
Occupation
Police officer
Relatives
Rosetta McMillan (maternal grandmother)
Officer Carlton "Carl" Enoch McMillan (Reno Wilson) is Mike Biggs' best friend/surrogate brother and fellow officer on the police force. He lives with his grandma until the middle of Season 3, as he has not been able or motivated to find his own place. Until the middle of Season 2, he did not have a steady girlfriend, and Mike has frequently alluded to Carl employing prostitutes or having one-night stands with strippers. He is quick-witted with a dry sense of humor, and offers droll remarks on various situations. Carl and Samuel become roommates in Season 3. After a rather depressing break up with his girlfriend Christina (she leaves him for her ex-husband), he goes through a string of random women until towards the end of season 4, when he begins relationship with Molly's sister Victoria. In an episode before the Season 5 finale, this relationship sours when Carl announces to Mike that he plans to propose to Victoria, only to change his mind. Carl then gets angry with Victoria when she is relieved that he didn't propose, and that leads to a spiral in the Season 5 finale where he has broken up with her. He ends up having a huge fight with Mike when he feels like his best friend is siding with Molly's family over him, and this ultimately leads him to request a transfer so he won't have to work with Mike anymore. Eventually they work out their differences, as both of them hate their new partners and Carl defends Mike when the other cops (including several hard-core macho officers whom they both dislike) make fun of him. In the final episode, it's revealed that he and Victoria were secretly fooling around once again, but in a conversation with Peggy he admits that all of the old feelings were resurfacing, hinting that there's a possibility that they might become a couple again.
Victoria Flynn[edit]
Victoria Flynn (Katy Mixon) is Molly's dimwitted but kind, party girl sister who is often high on marijuana. (Policemen Mike and Carl take a "don't tell, we won't ask" attitude about her drug use.) She is employed as a beautician at a funeral home. She likes to have fun and sleeps around, frequently with married men, and her combination of not being particularly bright and being a pothead leads to her often losing or misplacing major items like her car. Harry has an almost obsessive crush on her, and she has on occasion gone on dates with him just to be nice. In Season 3, she starts to realize that Harry is the only man who's ever truly cared for her, and she finally kisses him. In an odd turn of events, he then announces he's gay. As of the end of Season 4, she is in a relationship with Carl, which lasts until the penultimate episode of Season 5 when they have a bitter break up. In the series finale, it's revealed that they're sleeping together, but it is hinted that there is the possibility of it becoming more serious.
Victoria demonstrates a very kind personality consistently through the series. On the night before Mike and Molly's wedding, she has a bonding moment with Molly, telling her that she and Christina worked together and got the church and hall ready despite all the drama that took place at the rehearsal. She also gives Molly a garter to wear which she had made from one of their deceased father's blue silk ties, covering the old, new, borrowed and blue tradition all in one and stating that in a way their father would be walking down the aisle with Molly, which moved both of them to happy tears. After Mike and Peggy got into a fight regarding Mike inviting his father to his wedding, Peggy refused to attend until Victoria talked to her (see below). Peggy changed her mind and told Mike she'd be going, and that it was all right that his father could attend. When Mike wondered aloud what made her change her mind, Victoria never mentions the discussion she had with her, knowing she got through to Peggy. When shown doing her job, she treats the bodies she's tasked to do the makeup on with respect and even wishes one luck on his journey to the other side. In a conversation with Mike while at work, she regretfully reveals what she had to do to make the corpse she was working on smile, which wasn't pleasant. She also reveals that she believes no matter what happens after ones dies they should look their best, demonstrating her kind personality.
Although she is generally dimwitted, high, or drunk (often all at once), Victoria is much more intelligent than other characters give her credit for. When Peggy got into a fight with Mike and announced that she would not attend his wedding because Mike was inviting his father, it was Victoria that convinced her to reconsider by pointing out how well Mike turned out because of Peggy's influence. She also pointed out that she could use the occasion to show Mike's father how well she's done since he left, the mistake he made by leaving, gave suggestions on what she could wear to the wedding to show off her legs (complimenting on how well they've held up) and even offered to help her with her makeup for the day. On that same episode, she has a conversation with Mike about death and what happens after one dies, and even explains her party attitude (she thinks it best to have as good a time as one can while alive in case there's no afterlife). On another occasion Joyce revealed that she's leaving the house to Victoria in her will which irritated Molly (she later explained it to Molly that it wasn't because Victoria was the better choice because she'd take care of the house but because it would force Molly to leave and make a mark on the world, something Joyce was unable to do with her life). A drunk Molly tells Victoria that it was because Molly was Joyce's good daughter and Victoria was a mess. Victoria stood up to Molly, pointing out that she quit her teaching job (which resulted in Molly losing her pension and benefits) and was currently in severe debt due to her wild spending. She then revealed that all of her own credit cards were paid off, has never had nor ever will have any credit card debt and that she could afford a down payment on a house even if Joyce hadn't left her one. She also pointed out that at that moment she was sober and Molly was the mess before going upstairs to see how her stocks performed that day, demonstrating that she had good business sense, something Molly had no idea she possessed.
Joyce Flynn[edit]
Joyce Marilyn Flynn-Moranto (Swoosie Kurtz) is Molly and Victoria's mother. Her two daughters live in her home. She is a widow who began dating a widower named Vince Moranto in Season 1, and later became his fiancée. She is very modern and often attempts to act or dress younger than her age, and she drinks heavily. She has a hair-trigger temper and is sometimes rude to Mike, but he doesn't seem to care and she ultimately respects that he doesn't let her get away with her worst behavior. An example of this is when Mike is forced to arrest her at a checkpoint because she was driving after she'd be drinking. She is extremely hostile to him for a couple of days and after Molly arranges that they talk at a neutral location Joyce reveals that she was embarrassed and realized that she ran into 'an honest cop who was only doing his job'. She frequently teases Mike for his size and eating habits, even though it is revealed in multiple conversations that her late husband was also a very large man. In the Season 3 episode "Thanksgiving Is Cancelled", she marries Vince.
Samuel[edit]
Samuel/Babatunde (Nyambi Nyambi) is a sarcastic waiter at Abe's, where Mike and Carl eat. He is often seen hanging out with Carl and Mike, and despite frequently insulting them, he is considered their friend. He is from Africa and often refers to the suffering in his home country of Senegal (which he was apparently kicked out of[1]). As such, he does not sympathize with most problems his restaurant patrons bring to his attention, believing them to be "petty". He becomes Carl's roommate in Season 3. In Season 5, Samuel's real name is revealed to be Babatunde when he becomes the owner of Abe's Diner, now Abe's Hot Beef. He states the previous owner was so cheap he wouldn't buy him a badge with Babatunde on it, instead giving him a former employee's badge. He notes that the high cost of replacing the sign will keep the Abe's name intact until he can afford to proudly put up a sign for "Babatunde's Restaurant".
Vincent Moranto[edit]
Vincent Moranto (Louis Mustillo) is Joyce's on-and-off boyfriend in Season 1, who thereafter becomes her fiancé. He is a widower and tends to be chauvenistic and sarcastic, and also likes to openly discuss his sex life, one of the main reasons neither Mike nor Molly seek out his company nor spend more time around him than required. He is a high school dropout and can come across as unintelligent, though the series has shown or mentioned he had made a lot of money in the past through his various enterprises (some of which may be a bit "shady"). In the second-to-last episode of Season 2, it is revealed he is technically still married to a much older woman. (Vince claims that at the time of their marriage, the woman was "a very do-able 60-year old.") Joyce throws out Vince when she learns of the marriage at Mike & Molly's wedding rehearsal.[2] Vince actually hadn't seen the woman in several years, outside of a few attempts to get her to sign divorce papers, which she consistently refused because Vince still owes her $2,000 "plus interest." Mike negotiates with the woman to sign the divorce papers in exchange for $5,000 from Vince and the opportunity to kick Vince in the crotch. Joyce and Vince reconcile, and in the Season 3 episode "Thanksgiving Is Cancelled", they get married. Vince put off marrying her because he was broke. Although Molly knew he was a widower, she didn't know that he was broke due to his having to take care of his late wife when she got sick and eventually passed away until he explained it to her. When he explained how he stayed by her side and took care of her during her illness, Molly warmed up to Vince and even helped him cook a Thanksgiving dinner that he was forced to prepare on his own. In Season 5, he becomes an investor and silent partner in Abe's Diner, after Samuel assumes ownership.
Peggy Biggs[edit]
Margaret 'Peggy' Biggs (Rondi Reed) is Mike's mother. She is very controlling and traditional, as well as grumpy and cranky. Peggy frequently expects Mike to do her bidding at the drop of a hat, which made her initially cold toward Molly becoming a part of Mike's life. She has since warmed up some to Molly, and began working as a lunch lady at Molly's school in Season 2. Her tendency to lie when the truth isn't kind to her connected with that job when she told Molly she had "retired"; she'd actually been fired for being impossible to work with. Mike usually plays along with her revisionist history, but finally gets pushed too far in this case and tells Peggy she got fired because she is bitter, toxic and unlikable by anyone. She is divorced, living alone with her dog "Jim" (she even turned over Mike's old room to Jim) and often talks about her ex-husband, Jack, leaving her and running away with a "whore". Her longtime courtship of a sweet-natured and unsuccessful fellow Catholic named Dennis ended badly when she finally decided she was ready for them to have sex, only to realize he'd suffered a heart attack and died. A shocked Peggy tried to blame it on a sour lemon cake Molly had prepared for her birthday, only to have a no-longer-afraid Molly jab Peggy about her ham-fisted efforts to cover up her death-blocked seduction of Dennis. Despite her obvious disdain for Jack, the two sleep together after Mike and Molly's wedding rehearsal, but Peggy dumps him immediately after. She has a gift for writing that Molly surprisingly discovered during her own successful effort to start a career as an author, and Peggy's sordid past romantic exploits become the basis for Molly's second novel. Peggy reveals that she has always felt guilty for leaving her abusive home at an early age, while her mother was stuck with a drunken batterer for a husband. She also has a sister who still lives in their hometown with whom she has feuded since their teenage years, but they eventually reconciled in Season 5. As the series ends, Peggy remained both manipulative and decent-hearted, from playing on tension between Molly and Mike when she suffers a heart attack that Mike felt Molly caused (Peggy confirmed she didn't) and nearly getting her ass kicked by Joyce when she tries to guilt Mike into moving back home, but being reassured by Mike that while he won't move back home then or ever he still will make sure she's part of her grandchild's life.
Rosetta McMillan[edit]
Rosetta McMillan 'Nana' (Cleo King) is Carl's grandmother. She apparently raised Carl since his childhood, and Carl still lives in her house. She is very traditional and has professed that Carl is a very special part of her life, but she is outwardly annoyed by his immature behavior. She has a big heart and is very friendly toward Mike, who calls her "Nana." She has been known to treat Mike as if he were also her grandson, and Mike frequently goes to Rosetta for advice about his relationship with Molly, rather than to his own mother. Despite her advancing age, she is shown to have a large sexual appetite, including an ongoing relationship with the preacher from her church. (Being only seven years older than Reno Wilson in real life, King wears a wig and makeup to appear older.) Nana is a singer; she leads the choir at church, and the presence of gold records on the wall of her house indicates she had a career as a recording artist or session vocalist.
Harry[edit]
Harry (David Anthony Higgins) attends the same Overeaters Anonymous meetings as Mike and Molly, and becomes their friend. He is depicted as socially awkward and lonely, and tends to say whatever is on his mind, even thoughts that make him seem pathetic. Harry initially pursued Victoria as a love interest. The two dated once, and while it is suggested that Victoria does so out of sympathy, they attended a few other events as friends and Harry has been visibly happy to spend time with her in any capacity. In Season 3, after he finally receives a kiss from her, he announces that he's gay (to everyone's surprise except Joyce and Carl). Vince tends to speak for the group in one sense by constantly making fun of Harry and wondering why he's invited to any of their events, while Mike responds by saying they all basically like Harry even though he can be incredibly annoying.
Recurring characters[edit]
Christina[edit]
Christina (Holly Robinson Peete) is Carl's girlfriend, beginning in Season 2. She is a single mother with a young son, and works as an optometrist. When Carl runs away from her after learning about her kid, she lets Carl know that he's a coward and loser who isn't worth her time. However, she accepts his later explanation about never knowing his father, and they become a committed couple. She later becomes Molly's friend. As of Season 3, she has decided to try and reconcile with her ex-husband for the sake of their son, and breaks things off with Carl. After Christina makes several negative remarks about Carl during a conversation with Molly, Molly drops her as a friend.
Brother Heywood[edit]
Brother Heywood (Reginald VelJohnson) is the preacher at Carl and Rosetta's church. It is strongly hinted (and later openly revealed) that he and Rosetta are in a sexual relationship. He officiated at Mike and Molly's wedding, after Molly was too honest with the priest at Mike's Catholic church and the two were forced to look elsewhere.
Jack Biggs[edit]
Jack Biggs (Francis Guinan) is Mike's father, who left Mike and his mother many years ago to run off with a woman whom Peggy simply refers to as "the whore." He first appears at Mike's bachelor party in Season 2 and tearfully apologizes to his son for running away, to which Mike honestly tells his father he loves him and is glad he will be at the wedding. After Peggy and he sleep together, he decides he wants to reconcile with her (his marriage to "the whore" is rapidly disintegrating) but Peggy bluntly says she only used him for sex and has zero interest in him now that he's served his purpose.
Captain Murphy[edit]
Captain Patrick Murphy (Gerald McRaney) is Mike's boss on the Chicago Police force. Early in Season 3, he offers Mike courtside seats at a basketball game in exchange for Mike setting him up with Peggy. Soon after, Captain Murphy and Peggy begin dating. Peggy refers to him as "Paddy", though Mike doesn't dare call him that.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Episode 1.21: "Samuel Gets Fired"
Jump up ^ Episode 2:22: "The Rehearsal" at cbs.com
External links[edit]
Official website
List of Mike & Molly characters on IMDb
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