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Nargis
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This article is about the Indian actress. For other uses, see Nargis (disambiguation).
Nargis
Born
Fatima Rashid
(1929-06-01)1 June 1929
Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India
(now Kolkata, West Bengal, India)
Died
3 May 1981(1981-05-03) (aged 51)
Bombay, Maharashtra, India
Cause of death
Pancreatic cancer
Burial place
Badakabarastan, Marine Lines, Mumbai
Nationality
Indian
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1935, 1942–1968
Notable work
Aag (1948)
Barsaat (1949)
Awaara (1951)
Shree 420 (1955)
Chori Chori (1956)
Mother India (1957)
Spouse(s)
Sunil Dutt (1958-1981)
Children
Sanjay Dutt
Priya Dutt
Namrata Dutt
Parents
Abdul Rashid (father)
Jaddanbai Hussein[1] (mother)
Relatives
See Dutt family
Awards
Filmfare Award for Best Actress
National Film Award
Honours
Padma Shri (1958)
Nargis (born Fatima Rashid, but known by her screen name Nargis; 1 June 1929 – 3 May 1981),[2] was an Indian film actress. Regarded as one of the greatest actresses in the history of Hindi cinema, she made her screen debut as a child in Talash-E-Haq in 1935, but her acting career began in 1942 with Tamanna (1942). During a career that spanned from the 1940s to the 1960s, Nargis appeared in numerous commercially successful as well as critically appreciated films, many of which featured her alongside actor Raj Kapoor. She was the younger sister of the well-known actor Anwar Hussain.
One of her best-known roles was that of Radha in the Academy Award-nominated Mother India (1957), a performance that won her Best Actress trophy at the Filmfare Awards. In 1958, Nargis married her Mother India co-star, actor Sunil Dutt, and left the film industry. She would appear infrequently in films during the 1960s. Some of her films of this period include the drama Raat Aur Din (1967), for which she was given the inaugural National Film Award for Best Actress.
Along with her husband, Nargis formed the Ajanta Arts Cultural Troupe, which roped in several leading actors and singers of the time and held stage shows at border areas.[3] In early 1970s, she became the first patron of The Spastics Society of India,[4] and her subsequent work with the organisation brought her recognition as a social worker, and later a Rajya Sabha nomination in 1980.[5]
Nargis died in 1981 of pancreatic cancer, a few days before her son Sanjay Dutt made his debut in Hindi films. In 1982, the Nargis Dutt Memorial Cancer Foundation was established in her memory.[6] The award for Best Feature Film on National Integration in the annual National Film Awards ceremony is called the Nargis Dutt Award in her honour.[7] In 1958, she was honoured with the Padma Shri by the Government of India.[8][9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and background
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Death
5 Portrayals
6 Awards and recognitions
7 Filmography
8 Further reading
9 References
10 External links
Early life and background[edit]
Nargis was born as Fatima Rashid in Calcutta, Bengal (now Kolkata, West Bengal). Her father Abdul Rashid (born Mohanchand Uttamchand Tyagi alias Mohan Babu), was originally a wealthy Mohyal Brahmin (a Punjabi Hindu), from Rawalpindi, Punjab (now in Pakistan) who had converted to Islam.[1][10][11][12] Her mother was Jaddanbai, a Hindustani classical music singer and one of the early pioneers of Indian cinema.[13] Nargis's family then moved to Allahabad from West Punjab. She introduced Nargis into the movie culture unfolding in India at the time. Nargis' maternal half-brother, Anwar Hussain (1928–1988), also became a film actor.
Career[edit]
Fatima made her first film appearance in the 1935 film Talashe Haq when she was six years old, credited as "Baby Nargis". Nargis (نرگس [ˈnərɡɪs]) is a Persian word meaning Narcissus, the daffodil flower. She was subsequently credited as Nargis in all of her films.
Nargis, Raj Kapoor and Dilip Kumar in scene from Andaz
Nargis appeared in numerous films after her debut; she won lasting fame for her later, adult, roles, starting with at the age of 14, in Mehboob Khan's Taqdeer in 1943 opposite, Motilal.[5] She starred in many popular Hindi films of the late 1940s and 1950s such as Barsaat (1949), Andaz (1949), Awaara (1951), Deedar (1951), Shree 420 (1955), and Chori Chori (1956). She appeared in Mehboob Khan's Oscar-nominated rural drama Mother India in 1957 for which she won the Filmfare Best Actress Award for her performance. Baburao Patel of the film magazine Filmindia (December 1957) described Mother India as "the greatest picture produced in India" and wrote that no other actress would have been able to perform the role as well as Nargis.[14]
After her marriage to Sunil Dutt in 1958, Nargis gave up her film career to settle down with her family, after her last few films were released. She made her last film appearance in the 1967 film Raat Aur Din. The film was well received and Nargis' performance as a woman who has dissociative identity disorder was critically acclaimed. For this role she won a National Film Award for Best Actress and became the first actress to win in this category. She also received a Filmfare Best Actress Award nomination for this film.
In 2011, Rediff.com listed her as the greatest actress of all time, stating, "An actress with range, style, grace and an incredibly warm screen presence, Nargis is truly a leading lady to celebrate."[15] M.L. Dhawan from The Tribune said, "In almost all her films Nargis created a woman who could be desired and deified. The charisma of Nargis's screen image lay in that it oscillated between the simple and the chic with equal ease."[16]
She was also nominated to the Rajya Sabha (Upper house of Indian Parliament) from 1980–81[2][17] but due to cancer she fell ill and died during her tenure.[18]
Personal life[edit]
Nargis had a long-time relationship with actor Raj Kapoor, who was her co-star in the films Awara and Shree 420. Raj Kapoor was married and had children. After he refused to divorce his wife, Nargis ended their year-long relationship.[19][20][21]
Nargis married actor Sunil Dutt (a Mohyal from Jhelum, British India) on 11 March 1958. Reportedly, Dutt had saved her life from a fire on the sets of Mother India.[22] She converted to Hinduism and changed her legal name to "Nirmala Dutt" after they married on 11 March 1958.[23] Three children were born from their union: Sanjay, Namrata, and Priya.
Sanjay went on to become a successful film actor. Namrata married actor Kumar Gaurav, son of veteran actor Rajendra Kumar who had appeared alongside Nargis and Sunil Dutt in Mother India. Priya became a politician and a Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha).[22]
With her husband, Nargis formed the Ajanta Arts Cultural Troupe, which involved several leading actors and singers of the time, and performed at remote frontiers to entertain the Indian soldiers at border. It was the first troupe to perform in Dhaka, after the liberation war of Bangladesh in 1971.[3] Later, Nargis worked for the cause of spastic children. She became the first patron of The Spastics Society of India. Her charitable work for the organisation got her recognition as a social worker.[3]
Death[edit]
Nargis was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and underwent treatment for the disease at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center in New York.[22] Upon her return to India, her condition deteriorated, and she was admitted to Breach Candy Hospital in Bombay. She went into a coma on 2 May 1981 and died the next day.[22] Less than a week after her death, on 7 May 1981, at the premiere of her son's debut film Rocky, one seat was kept vacant for her.[22]
Nargis was buried at Badakabarastan in Marine Lines, Bombay. A street in Bandra, Mumbai was renamed Nargis Dutt Road in her memory.[citation needed]
Portrayals[edit]
She will be played by Manisha Koirala in upcoming film Sanju’’, the biopic of her son, Sanjay Dutt.[24][25]
Awards and recognitions[edit]
1958 – Filmfare Best Actress Award for Mother India[26]
1958 – She was the first film actress to conferred by the Government of India with the Padma Shri title, the fourth highest civilian award.[5]
1968 – National Film Award for Best Actress for Raat Aur Din.[5]
1969 – Nominated, Filmfare Best Actress Award for Raat Aur Din[citation needed]
2001 – "Best Artists of the Millennium" award by Hero Honda and film magazine Stardust along with actor Amitabh Bachchan.[27]
A postal stamp of face value 100 paise was issued by India Post was issued in Nargis' honour on 30 December 1993.[28] Google celebrated Nargis Dutt on her 86th birthday on 1 June 2015.
The National Film Awards honoured Dutt by instituting the Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration upon her achievement in Hindi Cinema.[29]
Filmography[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Talashe Haq (1935)
Madam Fashion (1936)
Taqdeer (1943)
Humayun (1945)
Bisvi Sadi (1945)
Ramayani (1945)
Nargis (1946)
Mehandi (1947)
Mela (1948)
Anokha Pyar (1948)
Anjuman (1948)
Aag (1948)
Roomal (1949)
Lahore (1949)
Darogaji (1949)
Barsaat (1949)
Andaz (1949)
Pyaar (1950)
Meena Bazaar (1950)
Khel (1950)
Jogan (1950)
Jan Pahchan (1950)
Chhoti Bhabhi (1950)
Babul (1950)
Aadhi Raat (1950)
Saagar (1951)
Pyar Ki Baaten (1951)
Hulchul (1951)
Deedar (1951)
Awaara (1951)
Sheesha (1952)
Bewafaa (1952)
Ashiana (1952)
Anhonee (1952)
Amber (1952)
Shikast (1953)
Paapi (1953)
Dhoon (1953)
Aah (1953)
Angarey (1954)
Shree 420 (1955)
Jagte Raho (1956)
Chori Chori (1956)
Pardesi
Mother India (1957)
Lajwanti (1958)
Ghar Sansar (1958)
Adalat (1958)
Yaadein (1964)
Raat Aur Din (1967)
Tosa oneira stous dromous (1968)
Further reading[edit]
Mr. and Mrs. Dutt: Memories of our Parents, Namrata Dutt Kumar and Priya Dutt, 2007, Roli Books. ISBN 978-81-7436-455-5.[30]
Darlingji: The True Love Story of Nargis and Sunil Dutt, Kishwar Desai. 2007, Harper Collins. ISBN 978-81-7223-697-7.
The Life and Times of Nargis, T. J. S. George. 1994, Harper Collins. ISBN 978-81-7223-149-1.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Bollywood actor Nargis Dutt remembered in today's Google Doodle". The Indian Express. 1 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Tribune - Magazine section - Windows". Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 February 2005. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2007.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
Jump up ^ "PM's remarks at the Release of Book "Mr. & Mrs. Dutt" on Late Sunil and Nargis Dutt". Prime Minister of India. Archived from the original on 18 November 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sanjay Dutt's biopic: Ranbir Kapoor to Manisha Koirala everyone who is a part of it". Indianexpress.com. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Manisha Koirala to portray mother Nargis in Sanjay Dutt biopic". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
Jump up ^ T. J. S. George (December 1994). The life and times of Nargis. Megatechnics. ISBN 978-81-7223-149-1. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Parama Roy (6 September 1998). Indian traffic: identities in question in colonial and postcolonial India. University of California Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-520-20487-4. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Shyam Bhatia (20 October 2003). "Nargis-Sunil Dutt: A real life romance". Rediff. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "India's Independent Weekly News Magazine". Tehelka. Retrieved 12 July 2012. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Mishra 2002, p. 65.
Jump up ^ Sen, Raja (29 June 2011). "Readers Choice: The Greatest Actresses of all time". Rediff.com. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Dhawan, M.L. (9 December 2007). "Queens of hearts". The Tribune. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Maharashtra govt in peril, governance takes backseat". Screenindia.com. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nargis: A daughter remembers". Rediff.com. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Clangorous Liaisons – Bhaichand Patel – Nov 19,2007". outlookindia.com. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rishi Kapoor Reveals Dad Raj Kapoor's Alleged Affairs With His Heroines - NDTV Movies". Movies.ndtv.com. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Feryna Wazheir to play Nargis in 'Manto'". Times of India. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Dhawan, M. (27 April 2003). "A paean to Mother India". The Tribune. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Other side of Love Jihad", Siasat, 20 October 2016.
Jump up ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/most-talked-about-biopics-you-just-cannot-miss/Sanjay-Dutt-biopic-Manisha-Koirala-looks-like-a-perfect-replica-of-Nargis-Dutt/photostory/62377660.cms
Jump up ^ https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/manisha-koirala-as-nargis-dutt-sanjay-dutt-biopic
Jump up ^ "Filmfare Awards Winners From 1953 to 2018". Filmfare Awards. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
Jump up ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Nation". tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nargis Dutt". Indian Philately. Thakkar Numismatic & Art Foundation. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "An award in a different genre". Hindu.com. 7 January 2005. p. 2. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archive News - The Hindu". The Hindu. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
External links[edit]
NDTV India Story on "Sunil Dutt, Nargis: a romance that rose from ashes"
Nargis on IMDb
Nargis Dutt Memorial Foundation
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nargis (actress).
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National Film Award for Best Actress
1967–1980
Nargis (1967)
Sharada (1968)
Madhabi Mukherjee (1969)
Rehana Sultan (1970)
Waheeda Rehman (1971)
Sharada (1972)
Nandini Bhaktavatsala (1973)
Shabana Azmi (1974)
Sharmila Tagore (1975)
Lakshmi (1976)
Smita Patil (1977)
Sharada (1978)
Shoba (1979)
Smita Patil (1980)
1981–2000
Rekha (1981)
Shabana Azmi (1982)
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Suhasini (1985)
Monisha (1986)
Archana (1987)
Archana (1988)
Sreelekha Mukherji (1989)
Vijayashanti (1990)
Moloya Goswami (1991)
Dimple Kapadia (1992)
Shobana (1993)
Debashree Roy (1994)
Seema Biswas (1995)
Tabu (1996)
Indrani Haldar and Rituparna Sengupta (1997)
Shabana Azmi (1998)
Kirron Kher (1999)
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2001–present
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1954–1975
Meena Kumari (1954)
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Kamini Kaushal (1956)
Nutan (1957)
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Vyjayanthimala (1959)
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Deepika Padukone (2014)
Kangana Ranaut (2015)
Deepika Padukone (2016)
Alia Bhatt (2017)
Vidya Balan (2018)
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WorldCat Identities
BIBSYS: 15026122
BNF: cb14210311r (data)
GND: 13567493X
ISNI: 0000 0000 6311 3679
LCCN: n89292262
SUDOC: 084038411
VIAF: 76526193
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nargis&oldid=843593366"
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Lens (anatomy)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lens
Light from a single point of a distant object and light from a single point of a near object being brought to a focus by changing the curvature of the lens.
Schematic diagram of the human eye.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
lens crystallin
MeSH
D007908
TA
A15.2.05.001
FMA
58241
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. The lens, by changing shape, functions to change the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus on objects at various distances, thus allowing a sharp real image of the object of interest to be formed on the retina. This adjustment of the lens is known as accommodation (see also below). Accommodation is similar to the focusing of a photographic camera via movement of its lenses. The lens is more flat on its anterior side than on its posterior side.
The lens is also known as the aquula (Latin, a little stream, dim. of aqua, water) or crystalline lens. In humans, the refractive power of the lens in its natural environment is approximately 18 dioptres, roughly one-third of the eye's total power.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Histology
1.1.1 Lens capsule
1.1.2 Lens epithelium
1.1.3 Lens fibers
1.2 Development
1.3 Variation
2 Function
2.1 Accommodation
2.2 Crystallins and transparency
2.3 Nourishment
3 Clinical significance
4 Additional images
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
The lens is part of the anterior segment of the human eye. In front of the lens is the iris, which regulates the amount of light entering into the eye. The lens is suspended in place by the suspensory ligament of the lens, a ring of fibrous tissue that attaches to the lens at its equator[1][2] and connects it to the ciliary body. Posterior to the lens is the vitreous body, which, along with the aqueous humor on the anterior surface, bathes the lens. The lens has an ellipsoid, biconvex shape. The anterior surface is less curved than the posterior. In the adult, the lens is typically circa 10 mm in diameter and has an axial length of about 4 mm, though it is important to note that the size and shape can change due to accommodation and because the lens continues to grow throughout a person's lifetime.[3]
Histology[edit]
The lens has three main parts: the lens capsule, the lens epithelium, and the lens fibers. The lens capsule forms the outermost layer of the lens and the lens fibers form the bulk of the interior of the lens. The cells of the lens epithelium, located between the lens capsule and the outermost layer of lens fibers, are found only on the anterior side of the lens. The lens itself lacks nerves, blood vessels, or connective tissue.[4]
Lens capsule[edit]
The lens capsule is a smooth, transparent basement membrane that completely surrounds the lens. The capsule is elastic and is composed of collagen. It is synthesized by the lens epithelium and its main components are Type IV collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).[3] The capsule is very elastic and so allows the lens to assume a more globular shape when not under the tension of the zonular fibers, which connect the lens capsule to the ciliary body. The capsule varies from 2 to 28 micrometres in thickness, being thickest near the equator and thinnest near the posterior pole.[3]
Lens epithelium[edit]
The lens epithelium, located in the anterior portion of the lens between the lens capsule and the lens fibers, is a simple cuboidal epithelium.[3] The cells of the lens epithelium regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens.[5] As ions, nutrients, and liquid enter the lens from the aqueous humor, Na+/K+-ATPase pumps in the lens epithelial cells pump ions out of the lens to maintain appropriate lens osmotic concentration and volume, with equatorially positioned lens epithelium cells contributing most to this current. The activity of the Na+/K+-ATPases keeps water and current flowing through the lens from the poles and exiting through the equatorial regions.
The cells of the lens epithelium also serve as the progenitors for new lens fibers. It constantly lays down fibers in the embryo, fetus, infant, and adult, and continues to lay down fibers for lifelong growth.[6]
Lens fibers[edit]
Pattern of lens fibers (anerior and lateral aspect)
The lens fibers form the bulk of the lens. They are long, thin, transparent cells, firmly packed, with diameters typically 4–7 micrometres and lengths of up to 12 mm long.[3] The lens fibers stretch lengthwise from the posterior to the anterior poles and, when cut horizontally, are arranged in concentric layers rather like the layers of an onion. If cut along the equator, it appears as a honeycomb. The middle of each fiber lies on the equator.[6] These tightly packed layers of lens fibers are referred to as laminae. The lens fibers are linked together via gap junctions and interdigitations of the cells that resemble "ball and socket" forms.
The lens is split into regions depending on the age of the lens fibers of a particular layer. Moving outwards from the central, oldest layer, the lens is split into an embryonic nucleus, the fetal nucleus, the adult nucleus, and the outer cortex. New lens fibers, generated from the lens epithelium, are added to the outer cortex. Mature lens fibers have no organelles or nuclei.
Development[edit]
Development of the human lens begins at the 4 mm embryonic stage. Unlike the rest of the eye, which is derived mostly from the neural ectoderm, the lens is derived from the surface ectoderm. The first stage of lens differentiation takes place when the optic vesicle, which is formed from outpocketings in the neural ectoderm, comes in proximity to the surface ectoderm. The optic vesicle induces nearby surface ectoderm to form the lens placode. At the 4 mm stage, the lens placode is a single monolayer of columnar cells.
As development progresses, the lens placode begins to deepen and invaginate. As the placode continues to deepen, the opening to the surface ectoderm constricts and the lens cells forms a structure known as the lens vesicle. By the 10 mm stage, the lens vesicle has completely separated from the surface ectoderm.
After the 10 mm stage, signals from the developing neural retina induces the cells closest to the posterior end of the lens vesicle begin to elongate toward the anterior end of the vesicle.[7] These signals also induce the synthesis of crystallins.[7] These elongating cells eventually fill in the lumen of the vesicle to form the primary fibers, which become the embryonic nucleus in the mature lens. The cells of the anterior portion of the lens vesicle give rise to the lens epithelium.
Additional secondary fibers are derived from lens epithelial cells located toward the equatorial region of the lens. These cells lengthen anteriorly and posteriorly to encircle the primary fibers. The new fibers grow longer than those of the primary layer, but as the lens gets larger, the ends of the newer fibers cannot reach the posterior or anterior poles of the lens. The lens fibers that do not reach the poles form tight, interdigitating seams with neighboring fibers. These seams are readily visible and are termed sutures. The suture patterns become more complex as more layers of lens fibers are added to the outer portion of the lens.
The lens continues to grow after birth, with the new secondary fibers being added as outer layers. New lens fibers are generated from the equatorial cells of the lens epithelium, in a region referred to as the germinative zone. The lens epithelial cells elongate, lose contact with the capsule and epithelium, synthesize crystallin, and then finally lose their nuclei (enucleate) as they become mature lens fibers. From development through early adulthood, the addition of secondary lens fibers results in the lens growing more ellipsoid in shape; after about age 20, however, the lens grows rounder with time and the iris is very important for this development[3]
Several proteins control the embryonic development of the lens: among these, primarily, PAX6, considered the master regulator gene of this organ[8]. Other effectors of proper lens development include the Wnt signaling components BCL9 and Pygo2.[9]
Variation[edit]
In many aquatic vertebrates, the lens is considerably thicker, almost spherical, to increase the refraction. This difference compensates for the smaller angle of refraction between the eye's cornea and the watery medium, as they have similar refractive indices.[10] Even among terrestrial animals, however, the lens of primates such as humans is unusually flat.[11]
In reptiles and birds, the ciliary body touches the lens with a number of pads on its inner surface, in addition to the zonular fibres. These pads compress and release the lens to modify its shape while focusing on objects at different distances; the zonular fibres perform this function in mammals. In fish and amphibians, the lens is fixed in shape, and focusing is instead achieved by moving the lens forwards or backwards within the eye.[11]
In cartilaginous fish, the zonular fibres are replaced by a membrane, including a small muscle at the underside of the lens. This muscle pulls the lens forward from its relaxed position when focusing on nearby objects. In teleosts, by contrast, a muscle projects from a vascular structure in the floor of the eye, called the falciform process, and serves to pull the lens backwards from the relaxed position to focus on distant objects. While amphibians move the lens forward, as do cartilaginous fish, the muscles involved are not homologous with those of either type of fish. In frogs, there are two muscles, one above and one below the lens, while other amphibians have only the lower muscle.[11]
In the most primitive vertebrates, the lampreys and hagfish, the lens is not attached to the outer surface of the eyeball at all. There is no aqueous humor in these fish, and the vitreous body simply presses the lens against the surface of the cornea. To focus its eyes, a lamprey flattens the cornea using muscles outside of the eye and pushes the lens backwards.[11]
Function[edit]
Accommodation[edit]
An image that is partially in focus, but mostly out of focus in varying degrees.
The lens is flexible and its curvature is controlled by ciliary muscles through the zonules. By changing the curvature of the lens, one can focus the eye on objects at different distances from it. This process is called accommodation. At short focal distance the ciliary muscle contracts, zonule fibers loosen, and the lens thickens, resulting in a rounder shape and thus high refractive power. Changing focus to an object at a greater distance requires the relaxation of the lens and thus increasing the focal distance.
The refractive index of human lens varies from approximately 1.406 in the central layers down to 1.386 in less dense layers of the lens.[12] This index gradient enhances the optical power of the lens.
Aquatic animals must rely entirely on their lens for both focusing and to provide almost the entire refractive power of the eye as the water-cornea interface does not have a large enough difference in indices of refraction to provide significant refractive power. As such, lenses in aquatic eyes tend to be much rounder and harder.
Crystallins and transparency[edit]
Graph showing optical density (OD) of the human crystalline lens for newborn, 30-year-old, and 65-year-old from wavelengths 300-1400 nm.
Crystallins are water-soluble proteins that compose over 90% of the protein within the lens.[13] The three main crystallin types found in the human eye are α-, β-, and γ-crystallins. Crystallins tend to form soluble, high-molecular weight aggregates that pack tightly in lens fibers, thus increasing the index of refraction of the lens while maintaining its transparency. β and γ crystallins are found primarily in the lens, while subunits of α -crystallin have been isolated from other parts of the eye and the body. α-crystallin proteins belong to a larger superfamily of molecular chaperone proteins, and so it is believed that the crystallin proteins were evolutionarily recruited from chaperone proteins for optical purposes.[14] The chaperone functions of α-crystallin may also help maintain the lens proteins, which must last a human for his/her entire lifetime.[14]
Another important factor in maintaining the transparency of the lens is the absence of light-scattering organelles such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria within the mature lens fibers. Lens fibers also have a very extensive cytoskeleton that maintains the precise shape and packing of the lens fibers; disruptions/mutations in certain cytoskeletal elements can lead to the loss of transparency.[15]
The lens blocks most ultraviolet light in the wavelength range of 300–400 nm; shorter wavelengths are blocked by the cornea. High intensity ultraviolet light can harm the retina, and artificial intraocular lenses are therefore manufactured to also block ultraviolet light.[16] People lacking a lens (a condition known as aphakia) perceive ultraviolet light as whitish blue or whitish-violet.[17][18]
Nourishment[edit]
The lens is metabolically active and requires nourishment in order to maintain its growth and transparency. Compared to other tissues in the eye, however, the lens has considerably lower energy demands.[19]
By nine weeks into human development, the lens is surrounded and nourished by a net of vessels, the tunica vasculosa lentis, which is derived from the hyaloid artery.[7] Beginning in the fourth month of development, the hyaloid artery and its related vasculature begin to atrophy and completely disappear by birth.[20] In the postnatal eye, Cloquet's canal marks the former location of the hyaloid artery.
After regression of the hyaloid artery, the lens receives all its nourishment from the aqueous humor. Nutrients diffuse in and waste diffuses out through a constant flow of fluid from the anterior/posterior poles of the lens and out of the equatorial regions, a dynamic that is maintained by the Na+/K+-ATPase] pumps located in the equatorially positioned cells of the lens epithelium.[5]
Glucose is the primary energy source for the lens. As mature lens fibers do not have mitochondria, approximately 80% of the glucose is metabolized via anaerobic metabolism.[21] The remaining fraction of glucose is shunted primarily down the pentose phosphate pathway.[21] The lack of aerobic respiration means that the lens consumes very little oxygen as well.[21]
Clinical significance[edit]
Cataracts are opacities of the lens. While some are small and do not require any treatment, others may be large enough to block light and obstruct vision. Cataracts usually develop as the aging lens becomes more and more opaque, but cataracts can also form congenitally or after injury to the lens. Nuclear sclerosis is a type of age-related cataract. Diabetes is another risk factor for cataract. Cataract surgery involves the removal of the lens and insertion of an artificial intraocular lens.
Presbyopia is the age-related loss of accommodation, which is marked by the inability of the eye to focus on nearby objects. The exact mechanism is still unknown, but age-related changes in the hardness, shape, and size of the lens have all been linked to the condition.
Ectopia lentis is the displacement of the lens from its normal position.
Aphakia is the absence of the lens from the eye. Aphakia can be the result of surgery or injury, or it can be congenital.
Additional images[edit]
MRI scan of human eye showing lens.
Interior of anterior chamber of eye.
The crystalline lens, hardened and divided.
Section through the margin of the lens, showing the transition of the epithelium into the lens fibers.
The structures of the eye labeled
Another view of the eye and the structures of the eye labeled
This svg file was configured so that the rays, diaphragm and crystalline lens are easily modified[22]
See also[edit]
Medical portal
Evolution of the eye, for how the lens evolved
Intraocular lenses
Iris
Lens capsule
Phacoemulsification
Visual perception
Zonules of Zinn
Crystallin
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Equator of lens - definition from". Biology-Online.org. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
Jump up ^ "equator of the crystalline lens - definition of equator of the crystalline lens in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia". Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f John Forrester, Andrew Dick, Paul McMenamin, William Lee (1996). The Eye: Basic Sciences in Practice. London: W. B. Saunders Company Ltd. p. 28 ISBN 0-7020-1790-6
Jump up ^ Duker, Myron Yanoff, Jay S. (2008). Ophthalmology (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Mosby. p. 382. ISBN 978-0323057516.
^ Jump up to: a b Candia O (2004). "Electrolyte and fluid transport across corneal, conjunctival and lens epithelia". Experimental Eye Research. 78 (3): 527–535. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2003.08.015.
^ Jump up to: a b "eye, human". Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2009
^ Jump up to: a b c The Eye: Basic Sciences in Practice, p. 102, ISBN 0-7020-1790-6
Jump up ^ Cvekl, Aleš; Ashery-Padan, Ruth (2014-12-01). "The cellular and molecular mechanisms of vertebrate lens development". Development. 141 (23): 4432–4447. doi:10.1242/dev.107953. ISSN 0950-1991. PMC 4302924  . PMID 25406393.
Jump up ^ Cantù, Claudio; Zimmerli, Dario; Hausmann, George; Valenta, Tomas; Moor, Andreas; Aguet, Michel; Basler, Konrad (2014-09-01). "Pax6-dependent, but β-catenin-independent, function of Bcl9 proteins in mouse lens development". Genes & Development. 28 (17): 1879–1884. doi:10.1101/gad.246140.114. ISSN 0890-9369. PMC 4197948  . PMID 25184676.
Jump up ^ Kardong, K. (2008). Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function, evolution (5th ed.). (pp. 676–677). Boston: McGraw-Hill
^ Jump up to: a b c d Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 463–464. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
Jump up ^ Hecht, Eugene. Optics, 2nd ed. (1987), Addison Wesley, ISBN 0-201-11609-X. p. 178.
Jump up ^ Hoehenwarter W.; Klose J.; Jungblut P. R. (2006). "Eye lens proteomics". Amino Acids. 30 (4): 369–389. doi:10.1007/s00726-005-0283-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Andley U (2006). "Crystallins in the eye: function and pathology". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 26 (1): 78–98. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2006.10.003.
Jump up ^ H Bloemendal, W. de Jong, R Jaenicke, NH Lubsen, C Slingsby and A Tardieu (2004). "Aging and vision: structure, stability, and function of lens crystallins". Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 86 (3): 407–485. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2003.11.012. PMID 15302206. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ M A Mainster (2006). "Violet and blue light blocking intraocular lenses: photoprotection versus photoreception". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 90 (6): 784–792. doi:10.1136/bjo.2005.086553. PMC 1860240  . PMID 16714268.
Jump up ^ R M Anderson (1983). "Visual perceptions and observations of an aphakic surgeon". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 57: 1211–1218. doi:10.2466/pms.1983.57.3f.1211.
Jump up ^ David Hambling (29 May 2002). "Let the light shine in". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Whikehart, David R. (2003). Biochemistry of the Eye, 2nd ed. 2003. Philadelphia: Butterworth Heinemann, p. 107–8 ISBN 0-7506-7152-1
Jump up ^ The Eye: Basic Sciences in Practice, p. 104, ISBN 0-7020-1790-6
^ Jump up to: a b c Biochemistry of the Eye, 2nd ed, p. 107–8, ISBN 0-7506-7152-1
Jump up ^ Download and open with Inkscape 9.1. The separate components reside on different "layers" to facilitated editing.
External links[edit]
Histology image: 08001loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University
[hide]
v
t
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Spring break
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Spring break (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
American students enjoying spring break at a party in Negril, Jamaica, 2009
Cancun is a popular spring break destination
Spring break is a vacation period in early Spring at universities and schools which started during the 1930s in the United States and is observed in some other mainly Western countries.[1] Spring break is frequently associated with extensive gatherings and riotous partying in warm climate locations such as Daytona Beach, Florida and Cancun, Mexico, attended regardless of participants' educational standings.
As a holiday it is variously known as Easter vacation, Easter holiday, April break, Spring vacation, mid-term break, study week, reading week, reading period, or Easter week, depending on regional conventions.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Asia
1.1.1 Japan
1.1.2 Kuwait
1.1.3 South Korea
1.2 Europe
1.2.1 Czech Republic
1.2.2 Georgia
1.2.3 Germany
1.2.4 Greece
1.2.5 Lithuania
1.2.6 Portugal
1.2.7 Russia
1.2.8 Slovakia
1.2.9 Spain
1.2.10 United Kingdom
1.3 North America
1.3.1 Canada
1.3.2 Jamaica
1.3.3 Mexico
1.3.4 United States
1.4 Central America
1.4.1 Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras
1.5 South America
1.5.1 Colombia
1.5.2 Chile
2 Spring break festivals
2.1 Pacific
2.1.1 Fiji
2.1.2 Cook Islands
2.2 Europe
2.2.1 Croatia
2.2.2 Germany
2.2.3 Greece
2.2.4 Hungary
2.2.5 Italy
2.2.6 Spain
2.3 North America
2.3.1 Caribbean
2.3.2 Mexico
2.3.3 United States
2.3.3.1 Panama City Beach, Florida
2.3.3.2 Fort Lauderdale, Florida
2.3.3.3 South Padre Island, Texas
3 Corporate marketing
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Spring break is an academic tradition in various mostly western countries that is scheduled for different periods depending on the state and sometimes the region.
Asia[edit]
Japan[edit]
In Japan, the Spring break starts with the end of the academic year in March and ends on April 1 with the beginning of a new academic year.
Kuwait[edit]
In Kuwait, the Spring break is between the two academic or school semesters, usually in December or January, but could last until early February. It is usually a 2 or 3-week break, however, there is no fixed date for it, as the date is adjusted in accordance with the Lunar or Hijri calendar, as it is the case for almost all Arab and Muslim nations.
South Korea[edit]
In South Korea, the Spring break starts in mid-February (the end of the academic year) and ends on March 1 (a national holiday) with the beginning of a new academic year.[citation needed]
Europe[edit]
Czech Republic[edit]
In the Czech Republic, only primary and secondary school students have a Spring break. The break is one week long and the date of the break differs from county to county to avoid overcrowding of the break destinations in the Czech Republic (Czechs usually travel to the mountains to ski there). The counties are divided into six groups, each group containing counties evenly distributed across the country. The first group starts the holiday on the first Monday of February, the last group starts the holiday five weeks later (usually in early March). The last group of counties becomes the first one to have the Spring break the next year.
Georgia[edit]
Before 2017, the Spring break in Georgia was typically an Easter holiday, lasting from Thursday to Tuesday in the Holy Week. In 2017, the new Minister of Education and Science of Georgia Aleksandre Jejelava made a new reform by which, students of preschools, elementary & high schools as well as colleges and universities get six days of holiday in March, lasting from March 8 to March 15, for people to go on winter vacations or do other activities.
Germany[edit]
In Germany, universities typically schedule a semester break of five to eight weeks around March. The Whitsun (Pentecost) holidays around late May or early June are also considered a Spring break.[2]
Greece[edit]
In Greece, Spring break takes place during the Holy Week and the one after it.[citation needed]
Lithuania[edit]
In Lithuania, Spring break (called Easter holidays or Spring holidays) takes place one week before Easter and one day after it (as it is the second day of Easter), all school students have this vacation. Primary school students have another week of holidays after Easter.
Portugal[edit]
In Portugal, Spring break is mostly known as "Easter Holidays" and it gives two weeks to all students around the country.
Russia[edit]
Before 1917 there was an Easter Break in schools. In the Soviet Union, Spring break was always from 24 to 31 of March. Now, many schools in Russia still have the Spring break, but the exact date is decided by the school itself. In the majority of cases it is set in the middle of April. Also, the public holidays in May, connected with Labour day, can be an accurate equivatent of the spring break.
Slovakia[edit]
Slovakia gives a week-long break to its elementary school and secondary school students in the months of February and March. The break is one week long and the date of the break differs from county to county to avoid overcrowding of the break destinations in the Slovak Republic. The counties are divided into three groups, the first group starts the holiday on the end of February, the last group starts the holiday two weeks later (in early March).
There is, as well another, shorter Easter break which starts on Holly Thursday and ends on next Tuesday.
Spain[edit]
In Spain, there is not a Spring break proper. Instead, the Holy Week is celebrated and students usually have holidays during these days.
United Kingdom[edit]
The Easter break in the United Kingdom is from one to two and a half weeks (depending on the local council and school policy) for primary and high schools, and for two to four weeks for university students, and fits around Easter.
North America[edit]
Canada[edit]
Canada gives a week-long break to its elementary school and secondary school students in the month of March, with the time varying from province to province; New Brunswick and Quebec, for example, place their March breaks during the first week of March; Ontario, Nova Scotia, and British Columbia schedule theirs during the second or third week, and is usually a week long; the break in Alberta and Manitoba usually occurs in the last week of March. In Canada, Spring Break for post-secondary students is called 'reading week' or 'reading break,' depending on the duration. However, the formal title of Mid-term Break has been the preferred generic term. Reading Week in Canada usually occurs in the month of February, coinciding with Family Day.
Jamaica[edit]
In Jamaica, the Spring break starts in the first week of Good Friday. The break may range from one week to two weeks, often times two. This break starts depending on which month the Easter holiday begins, March or April.
Mexico[edit]
In Mexico, Spring break takes place during the Holy Week and the one after it.[citation needed]
United States[edit]
In the United States, Spring break at the college and university level can occur from March to April, depending on term dates and when Easter holiday falls. Usually, Spring break is about one week long, but many K–12 institutions in the United States schedule a two-week-long break known as "Easter Break," "Easter Holidays", or "Easter Vacation", as they generally take place in the weeks before or after Easter.[citation needed] However, in the states of Massachusetts and Maine, schools typically schedule Spring break for the week of the third Monday in April to coincide with Patriots' Day.
Central America[edit]
Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras[edit]
In Guatemala and Honduras, it takes place during Easter; schools give students a whole week to rest while the staff workforce rests approximately three days.[citation needed]
South America[edit]
Colombia[edit]
In Colombia, Spring break takes place the first week of April, during the Holy Week until the second week.
Chile[edit]
In Chile, many schools and universities take vacations in the middle of September coinciding with the celebration of the Fiestas Patrias (Celebration of that country).Being located in the Southern Hemisphere, Spring begins approximately at the end of this holiday week so it acts similarly to the American Spring break.
Spring break festivals[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Large annual Spring break festivities take place in various countries, often in the form of music festivals and joined by special nightclub parties, beach activities and accommodation offers. This is an incomplete list of places with Spring break festivals.
Pacific[edit]
The South Pacific enjoys Spring break during November. Some tour companies are now chartering out entire island resorts for the festivities.[3]
Fiji[edit]
Fiji[4][5]
Cook Islands[edit]
Rarotonga
Europe[edit]
European party destinations are increasingly becoming popular for international Spring break guests.[6] Tour agencies have cited the lower drinking ages in these places and that even then, they are rarely enforced. Some tour companies put on special chartered flights for Spring break at discounted rates.
Croatia[edit]
Spring break at Novalja (Zrće Beach), Croatia
Novalja (Zrće Beach)[7][8]
Germany[edit]
Pouch[9]
Rugia (Binz/Prora) and Usedom islands (Kaiser Spa)[10]
Greece[edit]
Mykonos[11]
Hungary[edit]
Siófok (Lake Balaton)[12]
Italy[edit]
Rimini[13]
Spain[edit]
Ibiza[14]
Lloret de Mar[15]
Magaluf (Mallorca)[16]
Salou[17]
North America[edit]
Caribbean[edit]
Montego Bay, Jamaica[18]
Nassau, Bahamas[19]
Punta Cana, Dominican Republic[20]
Mexico[edit]
Acapulco[21]
Cancún[22]
United States[edit]
Panama City Beach, Florida[edit]
Starting in the late 90's, Panama City Beach began advertising the destination hoping to attract crowds that had formerly gone to Fort Lauderdale and then Daytona Beach before those communities enacted restrictions. From 2010-2016 an estimated 300,000 students traveled to the destination. The spawn of social media and digital marketing helped boost the beach town into a student mecca during March. Following well publicized shootings and a gang rape in 2015, several new ordinances were put into effect prohibiting drinking on the beach and establishing a bar closing time of 2 a.m. Central Time. Reports show a drop in Panama City Beach's Spring break turnout in March 2016[23] followed by increased family tourism in April 2016. Both are credited/blamed on the new ordinances by the Bay County Community Development Corporation (CDC).[24]
Fort Lauderdale, Florida[edit]
Fort Lauderdale's reputation as a Spring break destination for college students started when the Colgate University men's swim team arrived to practice there over Christmas break in 1934.[25] Attracting approximately 20,000 college students in the 1950s, Spring break was still known as 'Spring vacation' and was a relatively low key affair. This began to change when Glendon Swarthout’s novel, Where the Boys Are was published in 1960, effectively ushering in modern Spring break.[26] Swarthout’s 1960 novel was quickly made into a movie of the same title later that year, Where the Boys Are, in which college girls met boys while on Spring break there. The number of visiting college students immediately jumped to over 50,000.[27] By the early 1980s, Ft. Lauderdale was attracting between 250,000-350,000 college students per year during Spring break. Residents of the Fort Lauderdale area became so upset at the damage done by college students that the local government passed laws restricting parties in 1985. At the same time, the National Minimum Drinking Age Act was enacted in the United States, requiring that Florida raise the minimum drinking age to 21 and inspiring many underage college vacationers to travel to other locations in the United States for Spring break. By 1989, the number of college students traveling to Fort Lauderdale fell to 20,000, a far cry from the 350,000 who went four years prior.[27][28]
South Padre Island, Texas[edit]
In the early 1980s, South Padre Island became the first location outside of Florida to draw a large number of college students for Spring break. With only a few thousand residents, South Padre Island has consistently drawn between 80,000 and 120,000 Spring breakers for the last 30 years.[29]
Corporate marketing[edit]
It is common for major brands that cater to the youth market (e.g., Coca-Cola, Gillette, MTV, and branches of the United States Armed Forces) to market at Spring break destinations.[clarification needed]
See also[edit]
Wet T-shirt contest
Schoolies week
Senior Week
Girls Gone Wild (franchise)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Laurie, John (2008). Spring break: The Economic, Socio-Cultural and Public Governance Impacts of College Students on Spring break Host Locations. ProQuest. p. 17. ISBN 9781109023091.
Jump up ^ studenten-wg.de - About semester breaks in Germany (German)
Jump up ^ Island Party Fiji
Jump up ^ "PM's son among Kiwi partygoers forced off Beachcomber Island by blaze". 28 November 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2018 – via www.nzherald.co.nz.
Jump up ^ "What on earth is Spring Break?". Stuff. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Kressmann, Jeremy (10 February 2009). "Budget Travel: European Spring break". Retrieved 23 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Croatia Spring break
Jump up ^ Spring break Island Croatia
Jump up ^ mdr.de. "SPUTNIK SPRING BREAK - SPUTNIK SPRING BREAK 2018". MDR SPUTNIK. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Annual Baltic Spring break, Usedom Island, Germany
Jump up ^ Firstpost video of Mykonos Spring break
Jump up ^ Spring break 2011. Balaton, video
Jump up ^ Spring break Rimini 2012, video
Jump up ^ "🌞Spring Break Ibiza 2018🌞 - Parties & Accommodation - Stoke Travel". stoketravel.com. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Spring break 2018 : springbreak européen en Espagne Voyage étudiant Lloret Salou Jeunes etudiants Open Bar Festival". www.springbreak-espagne.com. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Mallorca Spring Break - SeeMallorca.com". SeeMallorca.com. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
Jump up ^ 2015 SpringBreak Salou by Funbreak, video
Jump up ^ "Spring Break 2018 in Montego Bay". www.springbreak.com. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Spring Break 2017 in Nassau". www.springbreak.com. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Punta Cana Spring Break 2018 Packages - STS Travel". STSTravel.com. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Spring Break 2017 in Acapulco, Mexico". www.springbreak.com. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Epic Spring break in Cancun, Mexico, video
Jump up ^ Baumgarten, Kelly. "Some businesses see negative economic impact this spring break". Retrieved 15 March 2018.
Jump up ^ LANDECK, KATIE. "Panama City reports record bed tax numbers in April". Retrieved 15 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Marsh, Bill (19 March 2006). "The innocent birth of the spring bacchanal". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Laurie, John (2008). Spring Break: The Economic, Socio-Cultural and Public Governance Effects of College Students on Spring break Host Locations. ProQuest. p. 12. ISBN 9781109023091.
^ Jump up to: a b George, Paul S. (1991). "Where the boys were" (PDF). South Florida History Magazine (1). Historical Association of Southern Florida. pp. 5–8. Retrieved 16 November 2017 – via HistoryMiami.
Jump up ^ Bohn, Lauren (30 March 2009). "A brief history of spring break". Time. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Laurie, John (2008). Spring break: The Economic, Socio-Cultural and Public Governance Impacts of College Students of Spring break Host Locations. ProQuest. p. 66. ISBN 9781109023091.
External links[edit]
Media related to Spring break at Wikimedia Commons
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Harvey Milk Day (CA)
Law Day (36)
Loyalty Day (36)
Malcolm X Day (CA, IL, proposed federal)
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National Maritime Day (36)
Peace Officers Memorial Day (36)
Truman Day (MO)
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Bunker Hill Day (Suffolk County, MA)
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Flag Day (36, proposed federal)
Helen Keller Day (PA)
Honor America Days (3 weeks)
Jefferson Davis Day (AL, FL)
Kamehameha Day (HI)
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National Aviation Day (36)
Service Reduction Day (MD)
Victory over Japan Day (RI, former federal)
Women's Equality Day (36)
September
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Labor Day (federal)
California Admission Day (CA)
Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day (36)
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National Grandparents Day (36)
National Payroll Week (week)
Native American Day (CA, TN, proposed federal)
Patriot Day (36)
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Rosh Hashanah (religious)
Yom Kippur (religious)
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LGBT History Month
Columbus Day (federal)
Halloween
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Child Health Day (36)
General Pulaski Memorial Day
German-American Day
Indigenous Peoples' Day (VT)
International Day of Non-Violence
Leif Erikson Day (36)
Missouri Day (MO)
National School Lunch Week
Native American Day (SD)
Nevada Day (NV)
Sweetest Day
White Cane Safety Day (36)
October–November
Diwali (religious)
November
Native American Indian Heritage Month
Veterans Day (federal)
Thanksgiving (federal)
Day after Thanksgiving (24)
Election Day (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, WV, proposed federal)
Family Day (NV)
Hanukkah (religious)
Lā Kūʻokoʻa (HI, unofficial)
Native American Heritage Day (MD, WA)
Obama Day (Perry County, AL)
December
Christmas (religious, federal)
Alabama Day (AL)
Christmas Eve (KY, NC, SC)
Day after Christmas (KY, NC, SC, TX)
Festivus
Hanukkah (religious, week)
Indiana Day (IN)
Kwanzaa (religious, week)
National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day (36)
New Year's Eve
Pan American Aviation Day (36)
Rosa Parks Day (OH, OR)
Wright Brothers Day (36)
Varies (year round)
Eid al-Adha (religious)
Eid al-Fitr (religious)
Ramadan (religious, month)
Legend:
(federal) = federal holidays, (state) = state holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (week) = weeklong holidays, (month) = monthlong holidays, (36) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies
Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States, which often represent the major celebrations of the month.
See also: Lists of holidays, Hallmark holidays, public holidays in the United States, New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spring_break&oldid=842160396"
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