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Avant-garde
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For other uses, see Avant-garde (disambiguation).
The Love of Zero, a 1927 avant-garde short film by Robert Florey
The avant-garde (/ˌævɒ̃ˈɡɑːrd/);[1] from French, "advance guard" or "vanguard", literally "fore-guard")[2] are people or works that are experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society.[2][3][4] It may be characterized by nontraditional, aesthetic innovation and initial unacceptability,[5] and it may offer a critique of the relationship between producer and consumer.[3]
The avant-garde pushes the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm or the status quo, primarily in the cultural realm. The avant-garde is considered by some to be a hallmark of modernism, as distinct from postmodernism[citation needed]. Many artists have aligned themselves with the avant-garde movement and still continue to do so, tracing a history from Dada through the Situationists to postmodern artists such as the Language poets around 1981.[6][not in citation given]
The avant-garde also promotes radical social reforms. It was this meaning that was evoked by the Saint Simonian Olinde Rodrigues in his essay "L'artiste, le savant et l'industriel" ("The artist, the scientist and the industrialist", 1825), which contains the first recorded use of "avant-garde" in its now customary sense: there, Rodrigues calls on artists to "serve as [the people's] avant-garde", insisting that "the power of the arts is indeed the most immediate and fastest way" to social, political and economic reform.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Theories
2 Relation to mainstream society
3 Examples
3.1 Music
3.2 Theatre
4 Art movements
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Theories[edit]
Fountain, a 1917 avant-garde work of art by Marcel Duchamp; photograph by Alfred Stieglitz
Several writers have attempted to map the parameters of avant-garde activity. The Italian essayist Renato Poggioli provides one of the earliest analyses of vanguardism as a cultural phenomenon in his 1962 book Teoria dell'arte d'avanguardia (The Theory of the Avant-Garde).[8] Surveying the historical, social, psychological and philosophical aspects of vanguardism, Poggioli reaches beyond individual instances of art, poetry, and music to show that vanguardists may share certain ideals or values which manifest themselves in the non-conformist lifestyles they adopt: He sees vanguard culture as a variety or subcategory of Bohemianism.[9] Other authors have attempted both to clarify and to extend Poggioli's study. The German literary critic Peter Bürger's Theory of the Avant-Garde (1974) looks at the Establishment's embrace of socially critical works of art and suggests that in complicity with capitalism, "art as an institution neutralizes the political content of the individual work".[10]
Bürger's essay also greatly influenced the work of contemporary American art-historians such as the German Benjamin H. D. Buchloh (born 1941). Buchloh, in the collection of essays Neo-avantgarde and Culture Industry (2000) critically argues for a dialectical approach to these positions.[11] Subsequent criticism theorized the limitations of these approaches, noting their circumscribed areas of analysis, including Eurocentric, chauvinist, and genre-specific definitions.[12]
Relation to mainstream society[edit]
Further information: Mainstream
See also: Media culture and Spectacle (critical theory)
The concept of avant-garde refers primarily to artists, writers, composers and thinkers whose work is opposed to mainstream cultural values and often has a trenchant social or political edge. Many writers, critics and theorists made assertions about vanguard culture during the formative years of modernism, although the initial definitive statement on the avant-garde was the essay Avant-Garde and Kitsch by New York art critic Clement Greenberg, published in Partisan Review in 1939.[13] Greenberg argued that vanguard culture has historically been opposed to "high" or "mainstream" culture, and that it has also rejected the artificially synthesized mass culture that has been produced by industrialization. Each of these media is a direct product of Capitalism—they are all now substantial industries—and as such they are driven by the same profit-fixated motives of other sectors of manufacturing, not the ideals of true art. For Greenberg, these forms were therefore kitsch: phony, faked or mechanical culture, which often pretended to be more than they were by using formal devices stolen from vanguard culture. For instance, during the 1930s the advertising industry was quick to take visual mannerisms from surrealism, but this does not mean that 1930s advertising photographs are truly surreal.
Max Horkheimer (front left), Theodor Adorno (front right), and Jürgen Habermas in the background, right, in 1965 at Heidelberg, West Germany.
Various members of the Frankfurt School argued similar views: thus Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer in their essay The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass-Deception (1944), and also Walter Benjamin in his highly influential "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" (1935, rev. 1939).[14] Where Greenberg used the German word kitsch to describe the antithesis of avant-garde culture, members of the Frankfurt School coined the term "mass culture" to indicate that this bogus culture is constantly being manufactured by a newly emerged culture industry (comprising commercial publishing houses, the movie industry, the record industry, and the electronic media).[15] They also pointed out that the rise of this industry meant that artistic excellence was displaced by sales figures as a measure of worth: a novel, for example, was judged meritorious solely on whether it became a best-seller, music succumbed to ratings charts and to the blunt commercial logic of the Gold disc. In this way the autonomous artistic merit so dear to the vanguardist was abandoned and sales increasingly became the measure, and justification, of everything. Consumer culture now ruled.[15]
The avant-garde's co-option by the global capitalist market, by neoliberal economies, and by what Guy Debord called The Society of the Spectacle, have made contemporary critics speculate on the possibility of a meaningful avant-garde today. Paul Mann's Theory-Death of the Avant-Garde demonstrates how completely the avant-garde is embedded within institutional structures today, a thought also pursued by Richard Schechner in his analyses of avant-garde performance.[16]
Despite the central arguments of Greenberg, Adorno and others, various sectors of the mainstream culture industry have co-opted and misapplied the term "avant-garde" since the 1960s, chiefly as a marketing tool to publicise popular music and commercial cinema. It has become common to describe successful rock musicians and celebrated film-makers as "avant-garde", the very word having been stripped of its proper meaning. Noting this important conceptual shift, major contemporary theorists such as Matei Calinescu in Five Faces of Modernity: Modernism, Avant-garde, Decadence, Kitsch, Postmodernism (1987),[page needed] and Hans Bertens in The Idea of the Postmodern: A History (1995),[page needed] have suggested that this is a sign our culture has entered a new post-modern age, when the former modernist ways of thinking and behaving have been rendered redundant.[17]
Nevertheless, an incisive critique of vanguardism as against the views of mainstream society was offered by the New York critic Harold Rosenberg in the late 1960s.[18] Trying to strike a balance between the insights of Renato Poggioli and the claims of Clement Greenberg, Rosenberg suggested that from the mid-1960s onward progressive culture ceased to fulfill its former adversarial role. Since then it has been flanked by what he called "avant-garde ghosts to the one side, and a changing mass culture on the other", both of which it interacts with to varying degrees. This has seen culture become, in his words, "a profession one of whose aspects is the pretense of overthrowing it".[19]
Examples[edit]
Music[edit]
Main article: Avant-garde music
Avant-garde in music can refer to any form of music working within traditional structures while seeking to breach boundaries in some manner.[20] The term is used loosely to describe the work of any musicians who radically depart from tradition altogether.[21] By this definition, some avant-garde composers of the 20th century include Arnold Schoenberg,[22] Charles Ives,[23] Igor Stravinsky,[22] Anton Webern,[24] George Antheil (in his earliest works only), Alban Berg,[24] Henry Cowell (in his earliest works), Philip Glass, Harry Partch, John Cage, Morton Feldman, Richard Strauss (in his earliest work),[25] Karlheinz Stockhausen,[26] Edgard Varèse, and Iannis Xenakis.[22] Although most avant-garde composers have been men, this is not exclusively the case. Women avant-gardists include Pauline Oliveros, Diamanda Galás, Meredith Monk, and Laurie Anderson.[27]
There is another definition of "Avant-gardism" that distinguishes it from "modernism": Peter Bürger, for example, says avant-gardism rejects the "institution of art" and challenges social and artistic values, and so necessarily involves political, social, and cultural factors.[21] According to the composer and musicologist Larry Sitsky, modernist composers from the early 20th century who do not qualify as avant-gardists include Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern, and Igor Stravinsky; later modernist composers who do not fall into the category of avant-gardists include Elliott Carter, Milton Babbitt, György Ligeti, Witold Lutosławski, and Luciano Berio, since "their modernism was not conceived for the purpose of goading an audience."[28]
Theatre[edit]
Main article: Experimental theatre
Whereas the avant-garde has a significant history in 20th-century music, it is more pronounced in theatre and performance art, and often in conjunction with music and sound design innovations, as well as developments in visual media design. There are movements in theatre history that are characterized by their contributions to the avant-garde traditions in both the United States and Europe. Among these are Fluxus, Happenings, and Neo-Dada.
Art movements[edit]
Abstract expressionism
COBRA
Conceptual art
Constructivism
Cubism
Dadaism
De Stijl
Expressionism
Fauvism
Fluxus
Futurism
Happening
Imaginism
Imagism
Impressionism
Incoherents
Land art
Les Nabis
Lyrical Abstraction
Minimal art
Orphism
Pop art
Precisionism
Primitivism
Rayonism
Situationism
Suprematism
Surrealism
Symbolism
Tachisme
Universalismo Constructivo
Viennese Actionism
Vorticism
Latinoamerican vanguards
Creationism
Nadaism
Stridentism
Ultraist
See also[edit]
Avant-garde – Wikipedia book
Anti-art
Bauhaus
Experimental film
Experimental literature
Experimental music
Experimental theatre
L'enfant terrible
List of avant-garde artists
Outsider art
Russian avant-garde
Vanguardism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "avant-garde adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes - Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com". www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Avant-garde". Dictionary.com. Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
^ Jump up to: a b John Picchione, The New Avant-garde in Italy: Theoretical Debate and Poetic Practices (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004), p. 64 ISBN 978-0-8020-8994-6.
Jump up ^ Peter Bürger, Theory of the Avant-Garde, English translation by Michael Shaw, Forward by Jochen Schulte-Sasse, Theory and History of Literature, Volume 4 (Manchester University Press, University of Minnesota Press, 1984),[page needed]
Jump up ^ Kostelanetz, Richard, A Dictionary of the Avant-Gardes, Routledge, May 13, 2013, ISBN 1136806202
Jump up ^ UBU Web List of artists from Dada to the present day aligning themselves with the avant-garde
Jump up ^ Matei Calinescu, The Five Faces of Modernity: Modernism, Avant-Garde, Decadence, Kitsch, Postmodernism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1987),[page needed].
Jump up ^ Sascha Bru and Gunther Martens, The Invention of Politics in the European Avant-Garde (1906–1940) (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2006), p. 21. ISBN 9042019093.
Jump up ^ Renato Poggioli (1968). The Theory of the Avant-Garde. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-674-88216-4. , translated from the Italian by Gerald Fitzgerald
Jump up ^ Peter Bürger (1974). Theorie der Avantgarde. Suhrkamp Verlag. English translation (University of Minnesota Press) 1984: 90.
Jump up ^ Benjamin Buchloh, Neo-avantgarde and Culture Industry: Essays on European and American Art from 1955 to 1975 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001) ISBN 0-262-02454-3.
Jump up ^ James M. Harding: Cutting Performances: Collage Events, Feminist Artists, and the American Avant-Garde (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2010):[page needed].
Jump up ^ Greenberg, Clement (Fall 1939). "Avant-Garde and Kitsch". The Partisan Review. Vol. 6 no. 5. pp. 34–49. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Walter Benjamin, "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" Archived 5 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine. by[full citation needed]
^ Jump up to: a b Theodor W. Adorno (1963), "Culture Industry Reconsidered: Selected Essays on Mass Culture", London: Routledge, 1991
Jump up ^ Richard Schechner, "The Conservative Avant-Garde." New Literary History 41.4 (Autumn 2010): 895–913.
Jump up ^ Calinescu 1987,[page needed]; Bertens 1995.[page needed]
Jump up ^ Harold Rosenberg, The De-Definition of Art: Action Art to Pop to Earthworks (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), p. 219 ISBN 0-226-72673-8. Originally published: New York: Horizon Press, 1972; reprinted New York: Collier Books, 1973.
Jump up ^ George Dickie, ""Symposium on Marxist Aesthetic Thought: Commentary on the Papers by Rudich, San Juan, and Morawski", Arts in Society: Art and Social Experience: Our Changing Outlook on Culture 12, no. 2 (Summer–Fall 1975): p. 232.
Jump up ^ David Nicholls (ed.), The Cambridge History of American Music (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 122–24. ISBN 0-521-45429-8 ISBN 978-0-521-54554-9
^ Jump up to: a b Jim Samson, "Avant garde", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).
^ Jump up to: a b c Larry Sitsky, Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002), xiv. ISBN 0-313-29689-8.
Jump up ^ Larry Sitsky, Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002), 222. ISBN 0-313-29689-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Larry Sitsky, Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002), 50. ISBN 0-313-29689-8.
Jump up ^ Larry Sitsky, Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002), xiii–xiv. ISBN 0-313-29689-8.
Jump up ^ Elliot Schwartz, Barney Childs, and James Fox (eds.), Contemporary Composers on Contemporary Music (New York: Da Capo Press, 1998), 379. ISBN 0-306-80819-6
Jump up ^ Larry Sitsky, Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002), xvii. ISBN 0-313-29689-8.
Jump up ^ Larry Sitsky, Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002), xv. ISBN 0-313-29689-8.
Further reading[edit]
Barron, Stephanie, and Maurice Tuchman. 1980. The Avant-garde in Russia, 1910–1930: New Perspectives: Los Angeles County Museum of Art [and] Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art ISBN 0-87587-095-3 (pbk.); Cambridge, MA: Distributed by the MIT Press ISBN 0-262-20040-6 (pbk.)
Bazin, Germain. 1969. The Avant-garde in Painting. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-20422-X
Berg, Hubert van den, and Walter Fähnders (eds.). 2009. Metzler Lexikon Avantgarde. Stuttgart: Metzler. ISBN 3-476-01866-0 (in German)
Crane, Diana. 1987. The Transformation of the Avant-garde: The New York Art World, 1940–1985. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-11789-8
Daly, Selina, and Monica Insinga (eds.). 2013. The European Avant-garde: Text and Image. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 978-1443840545.
Fernández-Medina, Nicolás, and Maria Truglio (eds.). Modernism and the Avant-garde Body in Spain and Italy. Routledge, 2016.
Harding, James M., and John Rouse, eds. Not the Other Avant-Garde: The Transnational Foundations of Avant-Garde Performance. University of Michigan, 2006.
Kostelanetz, Richard, and H. R. Brittain. 2000. A Dictionary of the Avant-Gardes, second edition. New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-02-865379-3. Paperback edition 2001, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93764-7 (pbk.)
Kramer, Hilton. 1973. The Age of the Avant-garde; An Art Chronicle of 1956−1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-10238-4
Léger, Marc James (ed.). 2014. The Idea of the Avant Garde—And What It Means Today. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press; Oakland: Left Curve. ISBN 9780719096914.
Maerhofer, John W. 2009. Rethinking the Vanguard: Aesthetic and Political Positions in the Modernist Debate, 1917–1962. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press. ISBN 1-4438-1135-1
Mann, Paul. The Theory-Death of the Avant-Garde. Indiana University Press, 1991.
Novero, Cecilia. 2010. Antidiets of the Avant-Garde: From Futurist Cooking to Eat Art. (University of Minnesota Press)
Pronko, Leonard Cabell. 1962. Avant-garde: The Experimental Theater in France. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Roberts, John. 2015. Revolutionary Time and the Avant-Garde. London and New York: Verso. ISBN 9781781689127 (cloth); ISBN 9781781689134 (pbk).
Schechner, Richard. "The Five Avant-Gardes or ... [and] ... or None?" The Twentieth-Century Performance Reader, 2nd ed., ed. Michael Huxley and Noel Witts (New York and London: Routledge, 2002).
Schmidt-Burkhardt, Astrit. 2005. Stammbäume der Kunst: Zur Genealogie der Avantgarde. Berlin Akademie Verlag. ISBN 3-05-004066-1 [online version is available]
Sell, Mike. The Avant-Garde: Race, Religion, War. Seagull Books, 2011.
Shishanov, V. A. 2007. Vitebskii muzei sovremennogo iskusstva: istoriia sozdaniia i kollektsii (1918–1941). Minsk: Medisont. ISBN 978-985-6530-68-8 Online edition (in Russian)
External links[edit]
Historic Avant-Garde Periodicals for Digital Research, The Blue Mountain Project, Princeton University Library
Avant-garde and Modernist Magazines (Monoskop)
Magazines in Bibliothèque Kandinsky, Centre Pompidou, Paris
Periodicals in Iowa Digital Library, University of Iowa Libraries
Digital Dada Library of International Dada Archive, University of Iowa Libraries
Magazines in Digital Collections of Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library
Avant-Garde Periodicals Meet Digital Archives, New York Public Library
Dada, Surrealism, & De Stijl Magazines on UbuWeb Historical
Index of Modernist Magazines, Davidson College
Modernist Journal Project, Brown University and University of Tulsa
Spanish and Italian Modernist Studies Forum, Pennsylvania State University
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List of British monarchs
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The British monarchy is the direct successor to those of England, Scotland and Ireland. For those, see List of English monarchs, List of Scottish monarchs and List of Irish monarchs. For ancient British monarchs, see King of the Britons, and for legendary ones, List of legendary kings of Britain.
The royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom since the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837, featuring the arms of England in both the first and fourth quarters, Scotland in the second and Ireland in the third. In Scotland a separate version is used (shown right), whereby the Arms of Scotland take precedence.[1]
There have been 12 monarchs of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the United Kingdom (see Monarchy of the United Kingdom) since the merger of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland on 1 May 1707. England and Scotland had been in personal union under the House of Stuart since 24 March 1603. On 1 January 1801, Great Britain merged with the Kingdom of Ireland (also previously in personal union with Great Britain) to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. After most of Ireland left the union on 6 December 1922, its name was amended on 12 April 1927 to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Contents
[hide]
1 House of Stuart (1707–14)
2 House of Hanover (1714–1901)
3 Houses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1901–17) and Windsor (1917–present)
4 Timeline of British monarchs
5 See also
6 Notes and references
7 External links
House of Stuart (1707–14)[edit]
Main article: House of Stuart
Queen Anne had been queen of England, Scotland and Ireland since 8 March 1702, and so became Queen of Great Britain upon the Union of England and Scotland.
Name
Reign
Length of Reign
Portrait
Arms
Birth
Parentage
Marriage(s)
Issue
Death
Claim
Anne
1 May 1707 – 1 August 1714 7003264900000000000♠7 years, 92 days 6 February 1665
St James's Palace

Daughter of James II and VII and Anne Hyde George of Denmark
St James's Palace
28 July 1683

17 pregnancies, but no surviving children 1 August 1714
Kensington Palace
aged 49 Daughter of James II and VII (cognatic primogeniture; Bill of Rights 1689)
House of Hanover (1714–1901)[edit]
Main article: House of Hanover
The Hanoverian succession came about as a result of the Act of Settlement 1701, passed by the Parliament of England, which excluded "Papists" (that is, Roman Catholics) from the succession. In return for access to the English plantations in North America and the West Indies, the Hanoverian succession and the Union were ratified by the Parliament of Scotland in 1707.
After the death of Queen Anne with no living children, George I, the son of Sophia of Hanover, granddaughter of James VI of Scotland and I of England through his daughter Elizabeth of Bohemia, was the closest heir to the throne who was not a Roman Catholic.[2]
Name
Reign
Length of Reign
Portrait
Arms
Birth
Parentage
Marriage(s)
Issue
Death
Succession right
Ref
George I
George Louis
1 August 1714 – 11 June 1727 7003469700000000000♠12 years, 314 days 28 May 1660
Leineschloss

Son of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Sophia of Hanover Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle
21 November 1682

2 children 11 June 1727
Osnabrück
aged 67 Great-grandson of James VI and I, Act of Settlement, eldest son of Sophia of Hanover [3]
George II
George Augustus
11 June 1727 – 25 October 1760 7004121900000000000♠33 years, 136 days 30 October 1683
Herrenhausen

Son of George I and Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach
22 August 1705

8 children 25 October 1760
Kensington Palace
aged 76 Son of George I [4]
George III
George William Frederick
25 October 1760 – 29 January 1820 7004216440000000000♠59 years, 96 days 4 June 1738
Norfolk House

Son of Frederick, Prince of Wales and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
St James's Palace
8 September 1761

15 children 29 January 1820
Windsor Castle
aged 81 Grandson of George II [5]
George IV
George Augustus Frederick
29 January 1820 – 26 June 1830
(Prince Regent: from 1811) 7003380100000000000♠10 years, 148 days 12 August 1762
St James's Palace

Son of George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1st: Maria Anne Fitzherbert
Park Lane
15 September 1785

2nd: Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
St James's Palace
8 April 1795
1 daughter 26 June 1830
Windsor Castle
aged 67 Son of George III [6]
William IV
William Henry
26 June 1830 – 20 June 1837 7003255100000000000♠6 years, 359 days 21 August 1765
Buckingham Palace

Son of George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
Kew Palace
13 July 1818

2 children 20 June 1837
Windsor Castle
aged 71 Son of George III [7]
Victoria
Alexandrina Victoria
20 June 1837 – 22 January 1901 7004232260000000000♠63 years, 216 days 24 May 1819
Kensington Palace

Daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
St James's Palace
10 February 1840

9 children 22 January 1901
Osborne House
aged 81 Granddaughter of George III [8]
Houses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1901–17) and Windsor (1917–present)[edit]
Main article: House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Main article: House of Windsor
Due to his father Albert, Prince Consort being of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Edward VII inaugurated a new royal house when he ascended in 1901 when he succeeded his mother Queen Victoria, the last Hanoverian monarch of Britain. George V changed its name in 1917, during World War I, because of wartime anti-German sentiment in the United Kingdom. The house name Windsor has since been used.
Name
Reign
Length of Reign
Portrait
Arms
Birth
Parentage
Marriage(s)
Issue
Death
Succession right
Ref
Edward VII
Albert Edward
22 January 1901 – 6 May 1910 7003339100000000000♠9 years, 104 days 9 November 1841
Buckingham Palace

Son of Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Alexandra of Denmark
St George's Chapel
10 March 1863

6 children 6 May 1910
Buckingham Palace
aged 68 Son of Victoria [9]
George V
George Frederick Ernest Albert
6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936 7003939000000000000♠25 years, 259 days 3 June 1865
Marlborough House

Son of Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark Mary of Teck
St James's Palace
6 July 1893

6 children 20 January 1936
Sandringham House
aged 70 Son of Edward VII [10]
Edward VIII
Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David
20 January 1936 – 11 December 1936 (abdicated) 7002326000000000000♠326 days 23 June 1894
White Lodge

Son of George V and Mary of Teck Wallis Simpson
Château de Candé
3 June 1937

no children 28 May 1972
Neuilly-sur-Seine
aged 77 Son of George V [11]
George VI
Albert Frederick Arthur George
11 December 1936 – 6 February 1952 7003553500000000000♠15 years, 57 days 14 December 1895
Sandringham House

Son of George V and Mary of Teck Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Westminster Abbey
26 April 1923

2 children 6 February 1952
Sandringham House
aged 56 Son of George V [12]
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth Alexandra Mary
6 February 1952 – present 7004239650000000000♠65 years, 223 days
(incumbent) 21 April 1926
Mayfair

Daughter of George VI and Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Philip of Greece and Denmark
Westminster Abbey
20 November 1947

4 children Living; age 91 Daughter of George VI [13]
Timeline of British monarchs[edit]
See also[edit]
United Kingdom portal
British monarchs' family tree
Succession to the British throne
Alternative successions of the English crown
Demise of the Crown
Mnemonic verse of monarchs in England
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
List of British consorts
List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign
List of British monarchs by longevity
List of monarchs of the British Isles by cause of death
Lists of monarchs in the British Isles
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ "Symbols of the Monarchy. Coats of Arms. – The official website of The British Monarchy". Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
Jump up ^ For a family tree showing King George I's relationship to Queen Anne, see George I of Great Britain § Family tree
Jump up ^ "George I". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "George II". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "George III". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "George IV". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "William IV". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Victoria". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Edward VII". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "George V". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Edward VIII". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "George VI". Official website of the British Monarchy. Archived from the original on 27 October 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Her Majesty The Queen". Official website of the British Monarchy. Archived from the original on 9 June 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
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text:
Love It or List It
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Love It or List It
Genre
Reality renovations, upgrading
Created by
Maria Armstrong
Catherine Fogarty
Directed by
Various
Starring
Hilary Farr
David Visentin
Narrated by
Jacqueline Hennessy
Theme music composer
Lou Pomanti
Country of origin
Canada
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
10
No. of episodes
130 (List of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Maria Armstrong
Catherine Fogarty
Producer(s)
Maria Armstrong
Production location(s)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Raleigh–Durham, North Carolina, United States
Running time
44 minutes
Production company(s)
Big Coat Productions
Release
Original network
W Network
HGTV
Original release
September 8, 2008 – present
External links
Website
Production website
Love It or List It is a Canadian home design TV show currently airing on HGTV, W Network, and on OWN Canada, and is the original show in the Love it or List It franchise. The show is produced by Big Coat Productions and was based in Toronto and other surrounding areas in Ontario, Canada. The show premiered as a primetime program on W Network on September 8, 2008, and has since aired on OWN Canada as well as HGTV in the United States. In September 2014, the show began filming in the United States in North Carolina.[1]
In September 2017, HGTV ordered 20 additional episodes of the program. The next season is to start airing in June 2018.[2]
Contents
1 Format
2 Host and crew
3 Episodes
4 Franchise
5 International syndication
6 Reception
7 Controversy
8 References
9 External links
Format[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Every episode of Love It or List It follows the same formula. A couple (usually, but not in all cases) presents their living situation in the current house that they own. In most episodes, the couple is split on whether or not they want to stay in the house.
Interior designer Hilary Farr and real estate agent David Visentin tour the couple's home before meeting with them. The tour usually consists of David finding mostly negative things to say about the residence while Hilary is convinced that she can work magic with whatever plans she is given.
At the meetup between the couple and the hosts of the show, both Hilary and David are briefed as to what the couple's desires are. Hilary is given a list of renovations the couple wants for the current house and her budget for the entire project. David, meanwhile, is tasked with searching for a new home for the couple that both meets their needs and stays within their desired budget.
Common challenges faced by Hilary are an inadequate budget to complete the entire request list from the homeowners, often due to discovery of unforeseen issues with the house that are uncovered during the renovation such as lack of compliance with modern building codes. Common issues for David, meanwhile, depend on the homeowners' desires; for instance, the couple has children enrolled in the neighborhood school and they do not desire to change, or the potential house is too distant from family members or a workplace.
After Hilary's renovation is complete, the homeowners are given a tour of their current home to see what she was able to accomplish. After the tour, David meets with them and hands them an evaluation of the home's current market value following the renovations. He will then remind the couple what they could have in one of the new homes they looked at and that they would not get that in their current home.
After a moment to deliberate, Hilary and David pose a question to the homeowners. They must choose to either Love It, meaning that they will continue to live in their current home with the renovations, or to List It, meaning that they will buy one of the homes David showed them and sell their current home. After they reveal their decision, the homeowners explain their reasoning to Hilary and David (who, if they decided to Love It, reacts with incredulity) before bidding them farewell.
Host and crew[edit]
Hosts
Hilary Farr – Hilary Farr is a home designer from Toronto, Ontario. She has lived in Australia, England, California, and New York City. Farr honed her skills on properties in Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, New York and Toronto. When she first moved back to Toronto, she became the first designer to "stage" properties for sale. She continues to build and design homes in the downtown core where she herself owns properties.[3]
David Visentin – David Visentin is a real estate agent in Southern Ontario with Country Living Realty Limited. He has been practicing since 1987.[4]
Assistant Designer
Desta Ostapyk (Canadian episodes) – Desta is a Toronto-based designer who graduated in 2004 from the Toronto International Academy of Design and Technology in Interior Design, and has since focused on a career in the Television Industry. She first started working with Big Coat Productions during her last semester of school as an intern for HGTV's hit series My Parents House. She soon became the Design Stylist for the show.[5]
Contractors
Eric Eremita (North Carolina episodes) – General contractor and designer Eric Eremita was selected to be the one and only general contractor on HGTV's "Love It or List It" U.S. version, after HGTV network took notice of him when he competed in its "Brother vs. Brother" reality show.
Eddie Richardson (Canadian episodes) – Eddie Richardson was a contractor on Love It or List It who started his own family business. Richardson has also been a pro-beach volleyball player and professional bass fisherman.
Fergus McLaren (Canadian episodes) – Fergus McLaren started up his own construction company, R-Mac Solutions, 10 years ago.
Behind the Scenes
Architect: Simon West
Senior Production Coordinator: Linda Johnstone
Construction Coordinator: David Violante
Construction Assistants: Chris Blinn, Adam Dalgarno, Ahren Mrowietz, Dale George
Design Coordinator: Kaaveh Shoman
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Love It or List It episodes
Season
Start date
End date
Episodes
Hilary wins
David wins
1
September 8, 2008 January 5, 2009 12 9 3
2
April 6, 2009 December 7, 2009 18 10 8
3
May 3, 2010 November 8, 2010 21 9 12
4
March 14, 2011 November 11, 2011 19 12 7
5
February 20, 2012 November 19, 2012 18 10 8
6
January 19, 2013 July 1, 2013 14 8 6
7
January 8, 2014 April 9, 2014 14 11 3
8
September 8, 2014 January 19, 2015 16 8 8
9
March 9, 2015 December 7, 2015 22 13 9
Total
154
90
64
Victories for Hilary are families or clients who decided to love their home and stay. Victories for David are families and clients who decided to list and move into a new or better home.
Franchise[edit]
Main article: Love It or List It (franchise)
Love It or List It has spawned five spinoffs. The first,[6] known as Love It or List It Vancouver (or Love it or List it Too in the US), was launched in winter 2012 and is hosted by Jillian Harris and Todd Talbot. The second spin-off, a British version known as Love It or List It UK, debuted in 2015,[7] is hosted by Kirstie Allsopp and Phil Spencer. The third spin off, Love It or List It Vacation Homes[8] debuted in spring 2016 and is hosted by Dan Vickery and Elisa Goldhawke. A fourth spin off, Vendre ou renover au Quebec debuted in January 2017 and is hosted by Maika Desnoyers and Daniel Corbin.[9] The fifth spin off, Love It Or List It Australia debuted in September 2017 and is hosted by Andrew Winter and Neale Whittaker.[10]
International syndication[edit]
Country / Region
Name
Television Network
Dubbing / Subtitles
Australia Love It or List It Lifestyle Home N/A
Canada Love It or List It W Network N/A
USA Love It or List It HGTV[11] N/A
Spain Tu casa a juicio Divinity Spanish
Brazil Ame-a ou Deixe-a Discovery Home & Health Portuguese
Norway Bolighjelpen TV 2 (Norway) Norwegian
Bulgaria Podnovi ili proday Fox Life (Bulgaria) Bulgarian
Italy Prendere o lasciare Cielo dubbed in Italian
Poland Pokochaj lub sprzedaj Vancouver WP lector
|}
Reception[edit]
On August 31, 2010, Love It or List It was nominated for two Gemini Awards: Best Reality Program or Series and Best Direction in a Reality Program or Series. When HGTV premiered the show on the network, the company stated that Love It or List It has been the highest rating reality series since Candice Olson's Candice Tells All.[12]
In 2012, New York Times' columnist Gail Collins noted that it was US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's favorite TV show.[13][14] According to Collins, Clinton finds the show "very calming"[15] after being interviewed about her departure from politics.[16][17][18]
In a 2013 interview with Las Vegas Magazine, Vanna White from Wheel of Fortune said it was one of her favourite HGTV programs.[19] Actress Julianne Moore also gave similar praise for the show in an interview with Katie Couric and the Daily Mail.[20][21]
According to the Wall Street Journal, the show and its Vancouver spinoff is one of Canada's beloved reality series.[22]
Controversy[edit]
In April 2016, homeowners Deanna Murphy and Tim Sullivan who had participated in a 2015 Love It or List It episode filed suit against production company Big Coat TV, as well as the North Carolina contractor (Aaron Fitz Construction)[23] who had been hired by the show to do the renovations on their home. The couple alleges that the renovation funds that they provided were not properly disbursed, and that the work on their home was done to a substandard quality.[24] Moreover, the lawsuit states that the television personalities on the show do not play an active role in the renovation process, and that they were not shown homes on the market by any licensed North Carolina real estate agent. Big Coat TV has commented that they "do intend to vigorously defend what [they] consider to be false allegations."[25]
The suit was settled in April 2017.[26] The plaintiffs had signed a confidentiality agreement; their lawyer would not comment on the settlement.[27] Big Coat had previously filed a countersuit for libel, slander and product disparagement; parts of that suit had been dismissed by the time of the settlement but that was under appeal by Big Coat. After the agreements had been concluded, both suits were dismissed.[28]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.bigcoatproductions.com/blog/post/love-it-or-list-it-is-on-the-move-to-the-us. Big Coat Productions. Retrieved 12 December 2014
Jump up ^ "HGTV Orders 20 New Episodes of Hit Series 'Love It or List It' | Scripps Networks Interactive Newsroom". newsroom.scrippsnetworksinteractive.com. Retrieved 2018-01-02.
Jump up ^ Host Bios; Hilary Farr "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Host Bios; David Visentin "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Big Coat Productions". Big Coat Productions. Archived from the original on July 16, 2013. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Love it or List it launches new spin off
Jump up ^ "Kirstie and Phil's Love It or List It will return for a second series:Channel 4 orders six more episodes of the show to air in 2016". Digital Spy. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.bigcoatmedia.com/
Jump up ^ http://www.hgtv.ca/tags/love-it-or-list-it-vacation-homes/
Jump up ^ http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/reality-tv/i-fear-pineapples-are-very-much-the-new-owls-love-it-or-list-it-hosts-kiss-and-tell-on-renos/news-story/935d73b586c68943a6a455f02354bef9
Jump up ^ Vlessing, Etan (November 28, 2011). "HGTV Acquires Canadian Lifestyle Series 'Love It Or List It'". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ W Network's Top Rated Show; http://corusent.com/home/Corporate/PressReleases/tabid/1697/Default.aspx?Id=2323
Jump up ^ Maga, Carly (March 29, 2012). "Hillary Clinton's favorite show is Canada's 'Love It Or List It'". Ca.omg.yahoo.com. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Miller, Julie. "Hillary Clinton's Unlikely Favorite TV Show Revealed". Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Vanity Fair: Hillary Clinton's Unlikely Favorite TV Show Revealed". Huffingtonpost.com. November 13, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hillary Clinton likes 'Love It or List It'". Politico.Com. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Love it or list it News, Video and Gossip". Jezebel. November 11, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Collins, Gail (November 10, 2012). "Hillary's Next Move". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Q&A WITH VANNA WHITE". Las Vegas Magazine. September 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Daily Mail. London http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-2376232/Julianne-Moore-My-50s-important-years.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Julianne Moore Opens Up About Her Family". KatieCouric.com. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "W Network Announces Return of Home-grown Favourites in Fall 2013 Lineup". The Wall Street Journal. July 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2017/05/lawsuit-against-producer-of-love-it-or-list-it.html
Jump up ^ CNN, Lisa Respers France. "'Love It or List It' homeowners file suit". CNN. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
Jump up ^ "'Love It Or List It' homeowners sue over Raleigh renovation". miamiherald. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
Jump up ^ ""Raleigh property owners settle lawsuit with 'Love It or List It'"". News & Observer. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
Jump up ^ http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article150134792.html
Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2017/05/lawsuit-against-producer-of-love-it-or-list-it.html
External links[edit]
Love It or List It on HGTV
Love It or List It on W Network
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Arctic Norway
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Arctic Norway constitutes mainland Norway above the Arctic circle, Svalbard archipelago, Bear Island and Jan Mayen.
Arctic Norway (Norwegian: Det arktiske Norge) comprises the northernmost parts of Norway that lie above the Arctic circle. Norway, being one of the most stretched-out countries in the world, reaches from approximately 58°N to 81°N, so large parts lie north of the Arctic circle at 66°33′.
Geography[edit]
Arctic Norway consists of four geographically separated parts:
Mainland Norway, from 66°33′ to 71°11'N;
Svalbard, located from 76°28 to 80°49' N;
Bjørnøya (Bear Island), situated at 74°31′N 19°01′E;
Jan Mayen, situated at 70°59′N 8°32′W.
The Arctic circle crosses mainland Norway at Saltfjellet, which separates Helgeland from the northern part of Nordland county. Thus about half of the county lies north of the Arctic circle, along with the whole of Troms and Finnmark counties. The total area of mainland Norway above the Arctic circle is ca. 95,000 km2 (37,000 sq mi). The population is about 393,000, which makes this the most populated arctic region in the world.
Svalbard archipelago is situated some 640 km (400 mi) north of mainland Norway and has an area of 61,000 km2 (24,000 sq mi). The population is about 2,400, and includes Longyearbyen, the northernmost town in the world.
Bear Island (Norwegian: Bjørnøya) is situated some 400 kilometres (250 mi) north of mainland Norway, about two-thirds the distance to Svalbard. It has an area of 178 km2 (69 sq mi). The population is 9, which is the staff of the weather station.
Jan Mayen is situated some 880 km northwest of mainland Norway and about 450 km off the coast of Greenland. It has an area of 373 km2. The population is 18, which is the staff of the weather station.
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