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Prefrontal cortex
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Prefrontal Cortex
Brodmann areas, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 24, 25, 32, 44, 45, 46, and 47 are all in the prefrontal cortex [1]
Details
Part of
Frontal lobe
Parts
Superior frontal gyrus
Middle frontal gyrus
Inferior frontal gyrus
Artery
Anterior cerebral
Middle cerebral
Vein
Superior sagittal sinus
Identifiers
Latin
Cortex praefrontalis
MeSH
D017397
NeuroNames
2429
NeuroLex ID
nlx_anat_090801
FMA
224850
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
In mammalian brain anatomy, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the cerebral cortex which covers the front part of the frontal lobe. The PFC contains Brodmann areas 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 24, 25, 32, 44, 45, 46, and 47.[1]
Many authors have indicated an integral link between a person's will to live, personality, and the functions of the prefrontal cortex.[2] This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behavior.[3] The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals.[4]
The most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the prefrontal cortex area is executive function. Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social "control" (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially unacceptable outcomes).
Frontal cortex supports concrete rule learning. More anterior regions along the rostro-caudal axis of frontal cortex support rule learning at higher levels of abstraction.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Definition
1.2 Subdivisions
1.3 Interconnections
2 Function
2.1 Executive function
2.2 Attention and memory
3 Clinical significance
4 History
4.1 Etymology
5 Additional images
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
Definition[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2017)
There are three possible ways to define the prefrontal cortex:
as the granular frontal cortex
as the projection zone of the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus
as that part of the frontal cortex whose electrical stimulation does not evoke movements
The prefrontal cortex has been defined based on cytoarchitectonics by the presence of a cortical granular layer IV. It is not entirely clear who first used this criterion. Many of the early cytoarchitectonic researchers restricted the use of the term prefrontal to a much smaller region of cortex including the gyrus rectus and the gyrus rostralis (Campbell, 1905; G. E. Smith, 1907; Brodmann, 1909; von Economo and Koskinas, 1925). In 1935, however, Jacobsen used the term prefrontal to distinguish granular prefrontal areas from agranular motor and premotor areas.[6] In terms of Brodmann areas, the prefrontal cortex traditionally includes areas 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 24, 25, 32, 44, 45, 46, and 47,[1] however, not all of these areas are strictly granular – 44 is dysgranular, caudal 11 and orbital 47 are agranular.[7] The main problem with this definition is that it works well only in primates but not in nonprimates, as the latter lack a granular layer IV.[8]
To define the prefrontal cortex as the projection zone of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus builds on the work of Rose and Woolsey,[9] who showed that this nucleus projects to anterior and ventral parts of the brain in nonprimates, however, Rose and Woolsey termed this projection zone "orbitofrontal." It seems to have been Akert, who, for the first time in 1964, explicitly suggested that this criterion could be used to define homologues of the prefrontal cortex in primates and nonprimates.[10] This allowed the establishment of homologies despite the lack of a granular frontal cortex in nonprimates.
The projection zone definition is still widely accepted today (e.g. Fuster[11]), although its usefulness has been questioned.[7][12] Modern tract tracing studies have shown that projections of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus are not restricted to the granular frontal cortex in primates. As a result, it was suggested to define the prefrontal cortex as the region of cortex that has stronger reciprocal connections with the mediodorsal nucleus than with any other thalamic nucleus.[8] Uylings et al.[8] acknowledge, however, that even with the application of this criterion, it might be rather difficult to define the prefrontal cortex unequivocally.
A third definition of the prefrontal cortex is the area of frontal cortex whose electrical stimulation does not lead to observable movements. For example, in 1890 David Ferrier[13] used the term in this sense. One complication with this definition is that the electrically "silent" frontal cortex includes both granular and non-granular areas.[7]
Subdivisions[edit]
"Prelimbic cortex" redirects here. For the more specific brain region, see Brodmann area 32.
Medial and lateral view of the prefrontal cortex
The table below shows different ways to subdivide parts of the prefrontal cortex based upon Brodmann areas.[1]
8
lateral 9
46
12
44
45
47
medial 9
medial 10
24
25
32
11
13
14
caudal
lateral medial orbitofrontal
dorsolateral ventrolateral
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is composed of granular cortical areas (medial areas 9 and 10) and agranular regions (areas 24, 25, and 32) which encompasses the anterior cingulate cortex (area 24), infralimbic cortex (area 25), and prelimbic cortex (area 32).[1]
The orbitofrontal cortex is composed of granular cortical areas (area 11) and mixed granular and agranular regions (areas 13 and 14).[1]
The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is composed of areas 12, 44, 45, and 47.[1]
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is composed of the lateral part of area 9 and all of area 46.[1]
The caudal prefrontal cortex is composed of area 8, including the frontal eye fields.[1]
Interconnections[edit]
The prefrontal cortex is highly interconnected with much of the brain, including extensive connections with other cortical, subcortical and brain stem sites.[14] The dorsal prefrontal cortex is especially interconnected with brain regions involved with attention, cognition and action,[15] while the ventral prefrontal cortex interconnects with brain regions involved with emotion.[16] The prefrontal cortex also receives inputs from the brainstem arousal systems, and its function is particularly dependent on its neurochemical environment.[17] Thus, there is coordination between our state of arousal and our mental state.[18] The interplay between the prefrontal cortex and socioemotional system of the brain is relevant for adolescent development, as proposed by the Dual Systems Model.
The medial prefrontal cortex has been implicated in the generation of slow-wave sleep (SWS), and prefrontal atrophy has been linked to decreases in SWS.[19] Prefrontal atrophy occurs naturally as individuals age, and it has been demonstrated that older adults experience impairments in memory consolidation as their medial prefrontal cortices degrade.[19] In monkeys, significant atrophy has been found as a result of neuroleptic or antipsychotic psychiatric medication.[20] In older adults, instead of being transferred and stored in the neocortex during SWS, memories start to remain in the hippocampus where they were encoded, as evidenced by increased hippocampal activation compared to younger adults during recall tasks, when subjects learned word associations, slept, and then were asked to recall the learned words.[19]
Function[edit]
Executive function[edit]
The original studies of Fuster and of Goldman-Rakic emphasized the fundamental ability of the prefrontal cortex to represent information not currently in the environment, and the central role of this function in creating the "mental sketch pad". Goldman-Rakic spoke of how this representational knowledge was used to intelligently guide thought, action, and emotion, including the inhibition of inappropriate thoughts, distractions, actions, and feelings.[21] In this way, working memory can be seen as fundamental to attention and behavioral inhibition. Fuster speaks of how this prefrontal ability allows the wedding of past to future, allowing both cross-temporal and cross-modal associations in the creation of goal-directed, perception-action cycles.[22] This ability to represent underlies all other higher executive functions.
Shimamura proposed Dynamic Filtering Theory to describe the role of the prefrontal cortex in executive functions. The prefrontal cortex is presumed to act as a high-level gating or filtering mechanism that enhances goal-directed activations and inhibits irrelevant activations. This filtering mechanism enables executive control at various levels of processing, including selecting, maintaining, updating, and rerouting activations. It has also been used to explain emotional regulation.[23]
Miller and Cohen proposed an Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function, that arises from the original work of Goldman-Rakic and Fuster. The two theorize that “cognitive control stems from the active maintenance of patterns of activity in the prefrontal cortex that represents goals and means to achieve them. They provide bias signals to other brain structures whose net effect is to guide the flow of activity along neural pathways that establish the proper mappings between inputs, internal states, and outputs needed to perform a given task”.[24] In essence, the two theorize that the prefrontal cortex guides the inputs and connections, which allows for cognitive control of our actions.
The prefrontal cortex is of significant importance when top-down processing is needed. Top-down processing by definition is when behavior is guided by internal states or intentions. According to the two, “The PFC is critical in situations when the mappings between sensory inputs, thoughts, and actions either are weakly established relative to other existing ones or are rapidly changing”.[24] An example of this can be portrayed in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Subjects engaging in this task are instructed to sort cards according to the shape, color, or number of symbols appearing on them. The thought is that any given card can be associated with a number of actions and no single stimulus-response mapping will work. Human subjects with PFC damage are able to sort the card in the initial simple tasks, but unable to do so as the rules of classification change.
Miller and Cohen conclude that the implications of their theory can explain how much of a role the PFC has in guiding control of cognitive actions. In the researchers' own words, they claim that, “depending on their target of influence, representations in the PFC can function variously as attentional templates, rules, or goals by providing top-down bias signals to other parts of the brain that guide the flow of activity along the pathways needed to perform a task”.[24]
Experimental data indicate a role for the prefrontal cortex in mediating normal sleep physiology, dreaming and sleep-deprivation phenomena.[25]
When analyzing and thinking about attributes of other individuals, the medial prefrontal cortex is activated, however, it is not activated when contemplating the characteristics of inanimate objects.[26]
Studies using fMRI have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), specifically the anterior medial prefrontal cortex (amPFC), may modulate mimicry behavior. Neuroscientists are suggesting that social priming influences activity and processing in the amPFC, and that this area of the prefrontal cortex modulates mimicry responses and behavior.[27]
As of recent, researchers have used neuroimaging techniques to find that along with the basal ganglia, the prefrontal cortex is involved with learning exemplars, which is part of the exemplar theory, one of the three main ways our mind categorizes things. The exemplar theory states that we categorize judgements by comparing it to a similar past experience within our stored memories.[28]
A 2014 meta-analysis by Professor Nicole P.Yuan from the University of Arizona found that larger prefrontal cortex volume and greater PFC cortical thickness were associated with better executive performance.[29]
Attention and memory[edit]
Lebedev et al. experiment that dissociated representation of spatial attention from representation of spatial memory in prefrontal cortex [30]
A widely accepted theory regarding the function of the brain's prefrontal cortex is that it serves as a store of short-term memory. This idea was first formulated by Jacobsen, who reported in 1936 that damage to the primate prefrontal cortex caused short-term memory deficits.[31] Karl Pribram and colleagues (1952) identified the part of the prefrontal cortex responsible for this deficit as area 46, also known as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC).[32] More recently, Goldman-Rakic and colleagues (1993) evoked short-term memory loss in localized regions of space by temporary inactivation of portions of the dlPFC.[33] Once the concept of working memory (see also Baddeley's model of working memory) was established in contemporary neuroscience by Baddeley (1986), these neuropsychological findings contributed to the theory that the prefrontal cortex implements working memory and, in some extreme formulations, only working memory.[34] In the 1990s this theory developed a wide following, and it became the predominant theory of PF function, especially for nonhuman primates. The concept of working memory used by proponents of this theory focused mostly on the short-term maintenance of information, and rather less on the manipulation or monitoring of such information or on the use of that information for decisions. Consistent with the idea that the prefrontal cortex functions predominantly in maintenance memory, delay-period activity in the PF has often been interpreted as a memory trace. (The phrase "delay-period activity" applies to neuronal activity that follows the transient presentation of an instruction cue and persists until a subsequent "go" or "trigger" signal.)
To explore alternative interpretations of delay-period activity in the prefrontal cortex, Lebedev et al. (2004) investigated the discharge rates of single prefrontal neurons as monkeys attended to a stimulus marking one location while remembering a different, unmarked location.[30] Both locations served as potential targets of a saccadic eye movement. Although the task made intensive demands on short-term memory, the largest proportion of prefrontal neurons represented attended locations, not remembered ones. These findings showed that short-term memory functions cannot account for all, or even most, delay-period activity in the part of the prefrontal cortex explored. The authors suggested that prefrontal activity during the delay-period contributes more to the process of attentional selection (and selective attention) than to memory storage.
Clinical significance[edit]
See also: Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § Structural growth
In the last few decades, brain imaging systems have been used to determine brain region volumes and nerve linkages. Several studies have indicated that reduced volume and interconnections of the frontal lobes with other brain regions is observed in patients diagnosed with mental disorders and prescribed potent antipsychotics; those subjected to repeated stressors;[35] suicides;[36] those incarcerated; criminals; sociopaths; those affected by lead poisoning;[37] and daily male cannabis users (only 13 people were tested).[38] It is believed that at least some of the human abilities to feel guilt or remorse, and to interpret reality, are dependent on a well-functioning prefrontal cortex.[39] It is also widely believed[by whom?] that the size and number of connections in the prefrontal cortex relates directly to sentience, as the prefrontal cortex in humans occupies a far larger percentage of the brain than in any other animal. And it is theorized that, as the brain has tripled in size over five million years of human evolution,[40] the prefrontal cortex has increased in size sixfold.[41]
A review on executive functions in healthy exercising individuals noted that the left and right halves of the prefrontal cortex, which is divided by the medial longitudinal fissure, appear to become more interconnected in response to consistent aerobic exercise.[42] Two reviews of structural neuroimaging research indicate that marked improvements in prefrontal and hippocampal gray matter volume occur in healthy adults that engage in medium intensity exercise for several months.[43][44]
A functional neuroimaging review of meditation-based practices suggested that practicing mindfulness enhances prefrontal activation, which was noted to be correlated with increased well-being and reduced anxiety;[45] however, the review noted the need for cohort studies in future research to better establish this.[45]
History[edit]
Perhaps the seminal case in prefrontal cortex function is that of Phineas Gage, whose left frontal lobe was destroyed when a large iron rod was driven through his head in an 1848 accident. The standard presentation (e.g.[46]) is that, although Gage retained normal memory, speech and motor skills, his personality changed radically: He became irritable, quick-tempered, and impatient—characteristics he did not previously display — so that friends described him as "no longer Gage"; and, whereas he had previously been a capable and efficient worker, afterward he was unable to complete tasks. However, careful analysis of primary evidence shows that descriptions of Gage's psychological changes are usually exaggerated when held against the description given by Gage's doctor, the most striking feature being that changes described years after Gage's death are far more dramatic than anything reported while he was alive.[47][48]
Subsequent studies on patients with prefrontal injuries have shown that the patients verbalized what the most appropriate social responses would be under certain circumstances. Yet, when actually performing, they instead pursued behavior aimed at immediate gratification, despite knowing the longer-term results would be self-defeating.
The interpretation of this data indicates that not only are skills of comparison and understanding of eventual outcomes harbored in the prefrontal cortex but the prefrontal cortex (when functioning correctly) controls the mental option to delay immediate gratification for a better or more rewarding longer-term gratification result. This ability to wait for a reward is one of the key pieces that define optimal executive function of the human brain.
There is much current research devoted to understanding the role of the prefrontal cortex in neurological disorders. Many disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and ADHD, have been related to dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex, and thus this area of the brain offers the potential for new treatments of these conditions.[citation needed] Clinical trials have begun on certain drugs that have been shown to improve prefrontal cortex function, including guanfacine, which acts through the alpha-2A adrenergic receptor. A downstream target of this drug, the HCN channel, is one of the most recent areas of exploration in prefrontal cortex pharmacology.[49]
Etymology[edit]
The term "prefrontal" as describing a part of the brain appears to have been introduced by Richard Owen in 1868.[6] For him, the prefrontal area was restricted to the anterior-most part of the frontal lobe (approximately corresponding to the frontal pole). It has been hypothesized that his choice of the term was based on the prefrontal bone present in most amphibians and reptiles.[6]
Additional images[edit]
Animation, prefrontal cortex of left cerebral hemisphere (shown in red)
Front view
Lateral view
Medial view
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Lobotomy
Interference theory
Self-model theory of subjectivity
Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prefrontal cortex.
Diagram (ua.edu)
Diagram (universe-review.ca)
Stained brain slice images which include the "Prefrontal cortex" at the BrainMaps project
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Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain
Frontal lobe
Superolateral
Prefrontal
Superior frontal gyrus
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Middle frontal gyrus
9
10
46
Inferior frontal gyrus: 11
47-Pars orbitalis
Broca's area
44-Pars opercularis
45-Pars triangularis
Superior frontal sulcus
Inferior frontal sulcus
Precentral
Precentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
Medial/inferior
Prefrontal
Superior frontal gyrus
4
6
Medial frontal gyrus
8
9
Paraterminal gyrus/Paraolfactory area
12
Straight gyrus
11
Orbital gyri/Orbitofrontal cortex
10
11
12
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
10
Subcallosal area
25
Olfactory sulcus
Orbital sulcus
Precentral
Paracentral lobule
4
Paracentral sulcus
Both
Primary motor cortex
4
Premotor cortex
6
Supplementary motor area
6
Supplementary eye field
6
Frontal eye fields
8
Parietal lobe
Superolateral
Superior parietal lobule
5
7
Inferior parietal lobule
40-Supramarginal gyrus
39-Angular gyrus
Parietal operculum
43
Intraparietal sulcus
Medial/inferior
Paracentral lobule
1
2
3
5
Precuneus
7
Marginal sulcus
Both
Postcentral gyrus/Primary somatosensory cortex
1
2
3
Secondary somatosensory cortex
5
Posterior parietal cortex
7
Occipital lobe
Superolateral
Occipital pole of cerebrum
Lateral occipital gyrus
18
19
Lunate sulcus
Transverse occipital sulcus
Medial/inferior
Visual cortex
17
Cuneus
Lingual gyrus
Calcarine sulcus
Temporal lobe
Superolateral
Transverse temporal gyrus/Auditory cortex
41
42
Superior temporal gyrus
38
22/Wernicke's area
Middle temporal gyrus
21
Superior temporal sulcus
Medial/inferior
Fusiform gyrus
37
Medial temporal lobe
27
28
34
35
36
Inferior temporal gyrus
20
Inferior temporal sulcus
Interlobar
sulci/fissures
Superolateral
Central (frontal+parietal)
Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)
Parieto-occipital
Preoccipital notch
Medial/inferior
Longitudinal fissure
Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)
Collateral (temporal+occipital)
Callosal sulcus
Limbic lobe
Parahippocampal gyrus
anterior
Entorhinal cortex
Perirhinal cortex
Postrhinal cortex
Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
Prepyriform area
Cingulate cortex/gyrus
Subgenual area
25
Anterior cingulate
24
32
33
Posterior cingulate
23
31
Isthmus of cingulate gyrus: Retrosplenial cortex
26
29
30
Hippocampal formation
Hippocampal sulcus
Fimbria of hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Rhinal sulcus
Other
Supracallosal gyrus
Uncus
Amygdala
Insular cortex
Insular cortex
General
Operculum
Poles of cerebral hemispheres
Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri.
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Saturday Night Live (season 34)
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Jump to: navigation, search
Saturday Night Live (season 34)
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
22
Release
Original network
NBC
Original release
September 13, 2008 (2008-09-13) – May 16, 2009 (2009-05-16)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 33
Next →
Season 35
List of Saturday Night Live episodes
The thirty-fourth season of Saturday Night Live, an American sketch comedy series, originally aired in the United States on NBC between September 13, 2008, and May 16, 2009.
This season is notable for its take on the 2008 presidential election, which saw the show's ratings rapidly increase and a number of award nominations.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Election
2 Cast
3 Writers
4 Episodes
5 Specials
6 References
History[edit]
This season consisted of 22 episodes rather than the usual 20, in an attempt to compensate for episodes lost during the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. This made it the longest season since the show's second season. The season premiere date of September 13 was earlier than the premiere date for previous seasons, which typically have started during the final weekend of September or in early October.
The show was nominated for many awards including Emmy Awards, a Peabody award and nomination for Comedy/Variety (Including Talk) Series at the Writers Guild of America Awards 2009.[1] After gaining so much media coverage and high seasonal ratings, rival sketch show Mad TV ended in 2009 after its fourteenth season due to low ratings and a dip in quality brought on by budget constraints and mediocre writing.[2]
Election[edit]
SNL received much media coverage for the show's take on the 2008 presidential election, causing ratings to increase rapidly. The season premiere opened with Tina Fey playing Republican vice-presidential nominee Sarah Palin (alongside a pregnant Amy Poehler as Hillary Clinton) in a "non-partisan message on sexism".[3] The phrase "I can see Russia from my house!" was coined by Fey during this sketch.[4] The episode was the show's highest-rated season premiere since the 2001–02 season and is the second most-watched SNL episode ever.[citation needed] A month later, the show drew its highest ratings in over 14 years when the real Sarah Palin appeared. SNL had 17 million viewers during its first half-hour.[citation needed]
Cast[edit]
Before the start of the season the cast remained mostly unchanged except for the addition of Bobby Moynihan. Moynihan (like Casey Wilson in the previous season) came to SNL as a performer with the Upright Citizens Brigade Theater;[5] in season 33, Moynihan and Wilson were among the group of Upright Citizens Brigade performers SNL auditioned mid-season while the show was looking for a new cast member to join after the writers' strike in early 2008. Moynihan did not make the cut in his season 33 audition, but instead ended up being invited back for another audition shortly before this season started. Wilson remained a featured player.
Midway through the season, cast member Amy Poehler went on maternity leave after giving birth to her son hours before the October 25, 2008 episode, hosted by Jon Hamm. Poehler returned on December 6, 2008 in the John Malkovich hosted episode and made her final appearance as a cast member the following week on the Hugh Laurie hosted episode on December 13, 2008. She announced that it would be her final show at the end of Weekend Update.
Shortly after Poehler went on maternity leave, the show added two new female cast members to fill the void. Michaela Watkins (of The Groundlings in Los Angeles) and Abby Elliott (daughter of former SNL cast member Chris Elliott) joined the show as featured players on November 15, 2008.[6] Watkins, like Moynihan, had originally auditioned in Season 33.[7]
This season would also be the last for longtime cast member Darrell Hammond, the last remaining cast member from the 1990s, who had been on the show for a record 14 seasons. Featured players Michaela Watkins and Casey Wilson were both let go after this season.
Repertory players
Fred Armisen
Will Forte
Bill Hader
Darrell Hammond
Seth Meyers
Amy Poehler (final episode: December 13, 2008)
Andy Samberg
Jason Sudeikis
Kenan Thompson
Kristen Wiig
Featured players
Abby Elliott (first episode: November 15, 2008)
Bobby Moynihan
Michaela Watkins (first episode: November 15, 2008)
Casey Wilson
bold denotes Weekend Update anchor
Writers[edit]
Main article: List of Saturday Night Live writers § Season 34
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Saturday Night Live episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Host(s)
Musical guest(s)
Original air date
Ratings/
Share
637
1 Michael Phelps Lil Wayne September 13, 2008 (2008-09-13) 7.4/18[11]
Tina Fey appears as Sarah Palin and Amy Poehler appears as Hillary Clinton in A Nonpartisan Message from Governor Sarah Palin & Senator Hillary Clinton.
William Shatner and Michael Phelps' mother Debbie make cameo appearances in the opening monologue.
Jared Fogle cameos in "The Michael Phelps Diet" sketch.
Lil Wayne performs "Got Money" and "Lollipop".
Bobby Moynihan's first episode as a cast member.
At the end of the episode, before the goodnights, a dedication screen was put up for producer/agent Bernie Brillstein, who died a month before this episode aired. Brillstein helped in getting Saturday Night Live picked up as a TV series.
Senator Barack Obama was scheduled to make a second cameo appearance in this episode.[8] However, Obama canceled his appearance due to the results of Hurricane Ike.[9][10]
638
2 James Franco Kings of Leon September 20, 2008 (2008-09-20) N/A
Cameron Diaz makes a guest appearance, reprising her role as Kiki Deamore in the recurring sketch "The Cougar Den".
Gossip Girl's Blake Lively makes a cameo appearance in the SNL Digital Short.[12]
Kumail Nanjiani appears during the "New York Times" sketch.
Kings of Leon perform "Sex on Fire" and "Use Somebody".
639
3 Anna Faris Duffy September 27, 2008 (2008-09-27) 6.0/15[13]
Tina Fey returned as Gov. Sarah Palin in the cold open being interviewed by Katie Couric, played by Amy Poehler.
Chris Parnell makes a guest appearance in a debate sketch as Jim Lehrer.
Duffy performs "Mercy" and "Stepping Stone".
640
4 Anne Hathaway The Killers October 4, 2008 (2008-10-04) 7.4/18[15]
Queen Latifah appeared as Gwen Ifill and Tina Fey returned as Sarah Palin in a parody of the Vice Presidential Debate, with Jason Sudeikis as Joe Biden in the cold open.
The Killers performed "Human" and "Spaceman".
An edited version of the sketch parodying the economic bailout was posted on NBC.com, removing references to Herbert and Marion Sandler's (played by Darrell Hammond and Casey Wilson, respectively) corrupt activities and removing the graphic labeling the couple as "people who should be shot." Lorne Michaels admitted he did not know the Sandlers were a real couple, and that he believed they were simply characters written for the sketch.[14] The Netflix version of this episode includes the scene with the Sandlers, but edited it to remove the "People Who Should Be Shot" lower-third and cut the part where Herbert Sandler thanks Barney Frank for letting them get away with what they did to Wachovia Bank.
Andy Samberg plays Mark Wahlberg in a sketch where Wahlberg talks to animals, which is referenced by Wahlberg in the following episode.
641
5 Josh Brolin Adele October 18, 2008 (2008-10-18) 10.7/24[16]
Tina Fey returned again as Sarah Palin, and was joined by Mark Wahlberg, Alec Baldwin and the real Sarah Palin making guest appearances in the cold opening. Wahlberg also appeared in a brief sketch making amends with Andy Samberg, referring to a sketch from the previous episode. Sarah Palin also appeared on "Weekend Update".
Oliver Stone makes a cameo in the opening monologue, impersonating George W. Bush.
Adele performs "Chasing Pavements" and "Cold Shoulder".
The New York Underground short film was directed by Noah Baumbach.
642
6 Jon Hamm Coldplay October 25, 2008 (2008-10-25) 7.1/18[17]
Coldplay performs "Viva La Vida", "Lost!", "Yellow", and "Lovers in Japan", which was cut off.
Co-stars Elisabeth Moss and John Slattery appeared in the "Ad Agency" sketch as their Mad Men characters Peggy Olson and Roger Sterling, respectively.
Amy Poehler did not appear due to giving birth hours before this episode aired; Seth Meyers anchored Update by himself, announcing at the beginning of the segment "Amy Poehler is not here tonight, because she's having a baby" to tremendous applause, then continuing with "tonight's other top stories."
Maya Rudolph appears as Michelle Obama in the Obama Variety Hour sketch, and performs a brief cover of "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", replacing "I love you, baby" with "we love you, Amy", with Kenan Thompson at the end of Update, wishing Poehler the best during her maternity leave.
643
7 Ben Affleck David Cook November 1, 2008 (2008-11-01) 9.0/20[18]
John and Cindy McCain appear as themselves and Tina Fey makes an appearance as Sarah Palin in the cold opening. The episode aired only three days before the 2008 presidential election. McCain also appeared in "Weekend Update".
Seth Meyers anchored "Weekend Update" by himself.
David Cook performs "Light On" and "Declaration".
This episode marks the first appearance of Bill Hader's Stefon character, though he wouldn't be a Weekend Update character until next season's episode hosted by Gabourey Sidibe. Also, Kenan Thompson debuts his Grady Wilson character.
644
8 Paul Rudd Beyoncé November 15, 2008 (2008-11-15) N/A
Abby Elliott and Michaela Watkins' first episode as cast members.
Beyoncé performs "If I Were a Boy" and "Single Ladies", and appeared in a sketch about a music video of the latter.
Justin Timberlake makes a cameo during Weekend Update and in the "Single Ladies" sketch as one of the three backup dancers.
645
9 Tim McGraw Ludacris & T-Pain November 22, 2008 (2008-11-22) N/A
Ludacris and T-Pain perform "One More Drink" and "Chopped & Skrewed". Both Ludacris and T-Pain appear in the "Blizzard Man Replaces T-Pain" sketch.
Justin Timberlake was originally scheduled to be the host and musical guest for this episode, but he had to cancel at the last minute, as he explained in the previous episode.
646
10 John Malkovich T.I. December 6, 2008 (2008-12-06) N/A
Amy Poehler returns as Hillary Clinton in the cold opening and co-anchored "Weekend Update" with Seth Meyers after four weeks of being absent due to the birth of her son, Archie.
T.I. performs "Whatever You Like" and "Swing Ya Rag" with Swizz Beatz.
Jamie-Lynn Sigler, Molly Sims, and Justin Timberlake appear in the "Jizz in My Pants" digital short along with Jorma Taccone, Akiva Schaffer, and Andy Samberg.
During the production of this episode, James Franco was around the SNL set throughout the entire week, shooting a documentary feature. Franco wanted initially some footage for a class project of his, but after realizing just how much access he was granted to the set, he decided to make a full documentary on the entire process the cast and crew go through in order to prepare for an SNL episode.
647
11 Hugh Laurie Kanye West December 13, 2008 (2008-12-13) N/A
Amy Poehler's final episode as a castmember; she announces her departure at the end of Weekend Update, being interrupted at one point by Fred Armisen as New York governor David Paterson walking in front of the camera, having left shortly before; as Meyers and Poehler sign off Update, they share a long hug as the segment ends.
Maya Rudolph performs in a "Bronx Beat" sketch with Amy Poehler.
Kanye West performed "Love Lockdown" and a medley including "Heartless" and "Pinocchio Story".
Shortly after this broadcast, Paterson himself openly complained about Armisen's portrayal of him, stating that his impression was insensitive to the blind and visually impaired (Paterson would later appear with Armisen on the premiere episode of season 36)[19]
648
12 Neil Patrick Harris Taylor Swift January 10, 2009 (2009-01-10) N/A
Liza Minnelli appears in the "Group Therapy" sketch.
Taylor Swift appears in a sketch as Annie, and performs "Love Story" and "Forever & Always".
Neil Patrick Harris appears in the "Save Broadway" sketch as Mark Cohen from RENT. Harris played the same character in the Los Angeles production of RENT in 1997. In the same sketch Fred Armisen, a former drummer for the Blue Man Group, plays the center blue man.
649
13 Rosario Dawson Fleet Foxes January 17, 2009 (2009-01-17) N/A
Fleet Foxes performs "Mykonos" and "Blue Ridge Mountains".
650
14 Steve Martin Jason Mraz January 31, 2009 (2009-01-31) N/A
Steve Martin (15th time as host) performed "Late for School" on his banjo from his new album "The Crow: New Songs for the 5-String Banjo" with Michael Daves, Craig Eastman, Brittany Haas, and Skip Ward.
Jason Mraz performs "I'm Yours" and "Lucky" with Colbie Caillat.
During the original broadcast Richard Dean Anderson who played MacGyver on the TV series reprised his role in three MacGruber Pepsi ads as a helper to MacGruber.
651
15 Bradley Cooper TV on the Radio February 7, 2009 (2009-02-07) N/A
James Lipton makes a cameo during the monologue.
TV on the Radio performs "Golden Age" and "Dancing Choose".
The Lonely Island and T-Pain premiered "I'm on a Boat" from the Lonely Island's Incredibad album in the SNL Digital Short.
Drew Barrymore appears during the closing credits.
652
16 Alec Baldwin Jonas Brothers February 14, 2009 (2009-02-14) N/A
Former castmember Dan Aykroyd appears as John Boehner in the cold opening.[20]
Jack McBrayer makes a guest appearance in the opening monologue.
Cameron Diaz once again reprises her role as Kiki Deamore in the recurring sketch "The Cougar Den".
The Jonas Brothers perform "Tonight" and "Video Girl". They also appeared in a sketch and an SNL Digital Short.[21]
Alec Baldwin's nieces make a cameo introducing the Jonas Brothers' second song.[22]
653
17 Dwayne Johnson Ray LaMontagne March 7, 2009 (2009-03-07) N/A
Richard Dean Anderson returned as MacGyver for three more MacGruber shorts.
Ray LaMontagne performs "You Are the Best Thing" and "Trouble".
Justin Timberlake and Jessica Biel appeared as Irving Hillman and Jessica Rabbit in "Weekend Update".
654
18 Tracy Morgan Kelly Clarkson March 14, 2009 (2009-03-14) N/A
Kelly Clarkson performs "My Life Would Suck Without You" and "I Do Not Hook Up".
Tina Fey and John Cena make cameo appearances in the cold open.
Tracy Morgan reprises his roles as Brian Fellow in Brian Fellow's Safari Planet and as Astronaut Jones.
655
19 Seth Rogen Phoenix April 4, 2009 (2009-04-04) N/A
Phoenix performs "Lisztomania," "1901" and "Too Young", which was cut off.
Seth Rogen reprises his impression of Rowlf the Dog from his first appearance on SNL.
Rogen appears in the SNL Digital Short for the music video of The Lonely Island's "Like a Boss". Rogen replaced Akiva Schaffer's vocals; however, Akiva Schaffer did make an appearance as the gun dealer. Fellow Lonely Island member, Jorma Taccone also makes an appearance in the video delivering a harassment lawsuit to Andy Samberg.
656
20 Zac Efron Yeah Yeah Yeahs April 11, 2009 (2009-04-11) 5.1[23]
Yeah Yeah Yeahs perform "Zero" and "Maps".
657
21 Justin Timberlake Ciara May 9, 2009 (2009-05-09) N/A
Susan Sarandon and Patricia Clarkson made guest appearances during the Digital Short.
Ciara performs "Love Sex Magic" with Justin Timberlake and "Never Ever".
Jessica Biel introduces "Love Sex Magic".
Chris Pine, Zachary Quinto and Leonard Nimoy cameoed on Weekend Update in a commentary on the theatrical release of Star Trek.
Jimmy Fallon reprised his role as Barry Gibb for another installment of "The Barry Gibb Talk Show".
Justin Timberlake (3rd time as host) won an Emmy for hosting this episode.[24]
658
22 Will Ferrell Green Day May 16, 2009 (2009-05-16) N/A
Darrell Hammond, Michaela Watkins, and Casey Wilson's final episode as castmembers.
Green Day performs "Know Your Enemy", "21 Guns" and, in a cut performance, "East Jesus Nowhere", during which Will Ferrell played cowbell. The band also appears in "Goodnight Saigon".
Tom Hanks plays himself in "Celebrity Jeopardy!", and in "Goodnight Saigon".
Norm Macdonald appears in "Celebrity Jeopardy!" as Burt Reynolds, and in "Goodnight Saigon".
Amy Poehler returned to co-anchor Weekend Update, and she accompanied Will Ferrell on a triangle for "Goodnight Saigon".
Maya Rudolph reprised her character Glenda Goodwin in the funeral sketch and sang with Will Ferrell for "Goodnight Saigon".
Paul Rudd, Artie Lange, Elisabeth Moss, and Anne Hathaway also appear in "Goodnight Saigon".
Will Ferrell reprised his impersonations of George W. Bush, Alex Trebek, and Harry Caray.
This episode premiered the same night as the series finale of its rival sketch show MADtv. Coincidentally, Artie Lange cameoed on that episode.
Specials[edit]
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
"Saturday Night Live Presidential Bash 2008" November 3, 2008 (2008-11-03) N/A
A selection of sketches relating to the 2008 election.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2010 Writers Guild Awards Television, Radio, News, Promotional Writing, and Graphic Animation Nominees Announced" (Press release). Writers Guild of America West. December 14, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Rice, Lynette. "'MADtv' to end its 14-year run at season's end". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Spillius, Alex (September 14, 2008). "Tina Fey lands the first punch at Sarah Palin in Saturday Night Live sketch". The Telegraph. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Orloff, Brian (September 14, 2008). "Tina Fey Parodies Sarah Palin on SNL Premiere". People. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Waldo, Patrick (August 20, 2008). "Bobby Moynihan Named New SNL Cast Member". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Carter, Bill; Itzkoff, Dave (November 13, 2008). "Two Women Join SNL". The New York Times. p. C4.
Jump up ^ Huang, Keith (2009-01-30). "Look Who Stopped by: It's Michaela Watkins!". The Apiary. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
Jump up ^ "Live, From New York: Barack Obama!". People. September 11, 2008. Archived from the original on June 22, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Obama tones it down as Hurricane Ike looms". Breitbart. September 13, 2008. Archived from the original on September 16, 2008. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rain Check? Obama Nixes SNL Visit Due to Hurricane". TV Guide. September 13, 2008. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Stelter, Brian (September 14, 2008). "‘SNL’ Sees Its Ratings Soar". The New York Times. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Diaz plays 'cougar' on TV show". Daily Express. Northern & Shell. September 21, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gough, Paul J. (September 28, 2008). "'SNL' continues ratings run". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on October 1, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gold, Matea (October 7, 2008). "'Saturday Night Live' yanks, then reposts, controversial bailout sketch". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Fey as Palin continues to boost ‘SNL’ ratings". MSNBC. October 7, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gough, Paul J. (October 19, 2008). "Palin helps 'SNL' to best ratings in 14 years". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on October 20, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gough, Paul J. (October 26, 2008). "'Saturday Night Live' still solid". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on October 29, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (January 14, 2010). "Charles Barkley Leads Saturday Night Live To 10.4 Million & Best Performance In 14 Months". TV By The Numbers. zap2it.com.
Jump up ^ "Saturday Night Live: Hugh Laurie/Kanye West Trivia and Quotes on". Tv.com. 2011-03-12. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
Jump up ^ "SNL Archives | Episodes | Details". Snl.jt.org. 2009-02-14. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
Jump up ^ "SNL Archives | Episodes | Details". Snl.jt.org. 2009-02-14. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Season 34: Episode 16". Saturday Night Live Transcripts. February 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Zac Efron, "Saturday Night Live" score higher ratings than prime-time fare Saturday; "Ten Commandments" gives ABC a win". Orlando Sentinel. April 12, 2009. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Saturday Night Live - News - Yahoo! TV". Tv.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
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