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Learning curve
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For other uses, see Learning curve (disambiguation).
A learning curve is an increase of learning (vertical axis) with experience (horizontal axis).
Fig 1: Learning curve for a single subject, showing how learning improves with experience
Fig 2: A learning curve averaged over many trials is smooth, and can be expressed as a mathematical function
The term learning curve is used in two main ways: where the same task is repeated in a series of trials, or where a body of knowledge is learned over time. The first person to describe the learning curve was Hermann Ebbinghaus in 1885, in the field of the psychology of learning, although the name wasn't used until 1909.[1][2] In 1936, Theodore Paul Wright described the effect of learning on production costs in the aircraft industry.[3] This form, in which unit cost is plotted against total production, is sometimes called an experience curve.
The familiar expression "a steep learning curve" is intended to mean that the activity is difficult to learn, although a learning curve with a steep start actually represents rapid progress.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 In psychology
2 In economics
3 Examples and mathematical modeling
4 In machine learning
5 Broader interpretations
6 General learning limits
7 In culture
7.1 "Steep learning curve"
7.2 "ON a steep learning curve"
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
In psychology[edit]
The first person to describe the learning curve was Hermann Ebbinghaus in 1885. His tests involved memorizing series of nonsense syllables, and recording the success over a number of trials. The translation does not use the term learning curve—but he presents diagrams of learning against trial number. He also notes that the score can decrease, or even oscillate.[5][6][7]
The first known use of the term learning curve is from 1909: "Bryan and Harter (6) found in their study of the acquisition of the telegraphic language a learning curve which had the rapid rise at the beginning followed by a period of retardation, and was thus convex to the vertical axis."[2][5]
Psychologist Arthur Bills gave a more detailed description of learning curves in 1934. He also discussed the properties of different types of learning curves, such as negative acceleration, positive acceleration, plateaus, and ogive curves. (Fig 1)[8]
In economics[edit]
In 1936, Theodore Paul Wright described the effect of learning on production costs in the aircraft industry and proposed a mathematical model of the learning curve.[3]
In 1968 Bruce Henderson of the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) generalized the Unit Cost model pioneered by Wright, and specifically used a Power Law, which is sometimes called Henderson's Law. He named this particular version the experience curve.[9][10] Research by BCG in the 1970s observed experience curve effects for various industries that ranged from 10 to 25 percent.[11]
The economic learning of productivity and efficiency generally follows the same kinds of experience curves and have interesting secondary effects. Efficiency and productivity improvement can be considered as whole organization or industry or economy learning processes, as well as for individuals. The general pattern is of first speeding up and then slowing down, as the practically achievable level of methodology improvement is reached. The effect of reducing local effort and resource use by learning improved methods paradoxically often has the opposite latent effect on the next larger scale system, by facilitating its expansion, or economic growth, as discussed in the Jevons paradox in the 1880s and updated in the Khazzoom-Brookes Postulate in the 1980s.
Examples and mathematical modeling[edit]
A learning curve is a plot of proxy measures for implied learning (proficiency or progression toward a limit) with experience.
The Horizontal Axis represents experience either directly as time (clock time, or the time spent on the activity), or can be related to time (a number of trials, or the total number of units produced).
The Vertical Axis is a measure representing learning or proficiency or other proxy for "efficiency" or "productivity". It can either be increasing (for example, the score in a test), or decreasing (the time to complete a test). (Fig 5)
For the performance of one person in a series of trials the curve can be erratic, with proficiency increasing, decreasing or leveling out in a plateau. (Fig 1)
When the results of a large number of individual trials are averaged then a smooth curve results, which can often be described with a mathematical function. (Fig 2)
Fig 3: S-Curve or Sigmoid Function
Fig 4: Exponential growth
Fig 5: Exponential rise or fall to a limit
Fig 6: Power Law
Several main functions have been used:[12][13][14]
The S-Curve or Sigmoid function is the idealized general form of all learning curves, with slowly accumulating small steps at first followed by larger steps and then successively smaller ones later, as the learning activity reaches its limit. That idealizes the normal progression from discovery of something to learn about followed to the limit of what learning about it. The other shapes of learning curves (4, 5 & 6) show segments of S-curves without their full extents.
In this case the improvement of proficiency starts slowly, then increases rapidly, and finally levels off. (Fig 3)
Exponential growth
The proficiency can increase without limit, as in Exponential growth (Fig 4)
Exponential rise or fall to a Limit
Proficiency can exponentially approach a limit in a manner similar to that in which a capacitor charges or discharges (Exponential decay) through a resistor. (Fig 5)
The increase in skill or retention of information may increase rapidly to its maximum rate during the initial attempts, and then gradually levels out, meaning that the subject's skill does not improve much with each later repetition, with less new knowledge gained over time.
Power law
This is similar in appearance to an Exponential decay function, and is almost always used for a decreasing performance metric, such as cost. (Fig 6) It also has the property that if you plot the logarithm of proficiency against the logarithm of experience the result is a straight line, and it is often presented that way.

The specific case of a plot of Unit Cost versus Total Production with a Power Law was named the Experience Curve: the mathematical function is sometimes called Henderson's Law.
This form of learning curve is used extensively in industry for cost projections.[15]

The page on "Experience curve effects" offers more discussion of the mathematical theory of representing them as deterministic processes, and provides a good group of empirical examples of how that technique has been applied.
In machine learning[edit]
Plots relating performance to experience are widely used in machine learning. Performance is the error rate or accuracy of the learning system, while experience may be the number of training examples used for learning or the number of iterations used in optimizing the system model parameters.[16] The machine learning curve is useful for many purposes including comparing different algorithms,[17] choosing model parameters during design,[18] adjusting optimization to improve convergence, and determining the amount of data used for training.[19]
Broader interpretations[edit]
Initially introduced in educational and behavioral psychology, the term has acquired a broader interpretation over time, and expressions such as "experience curve", "improvement curve", "cost improvement curve", "progress curve", "progress function", "startup curve", and "efficiency curve" are often used interchangeably. In economics the subject is rates of "development", as development refers to a whole system learning process with varying rates of progression. Generally speaking all learning displays incremental change over time, but describes an "S" curve which has different appearances depending on the time scale of observation. It has now also become associated with the evolutionary theory of punctuated equilibrium and other kinds of revolutionary change in complex systems generally, relating to innovation, organizational behavior and the management of group learning, among other fields.[20] These processes of rapidly emerging new form appear to take place by complex learning within the systems themselves, which when observable, display curves of changing rates that accelerate and decelerate.
General learning limits[edit]
Learning curves, also called experience curves, relate to the much broader subject of natural limits for resources and technologies in general. Such limits generally present themselves as increasing complications that slow the learning of how to do things more efficiently, like the well-known limits of perfecting any process or product or to perfecting measurements.[21] These practical experiences match the predictions of the second law of thermodynamics for the limits of waste reduction generally. Approaching limits of perfecting things to eliminate waste meets geometrically increasing effort to make progress, and provides an environmental measure of all factors seen and unseen changing the learning experience. Perfecting things becomes ever more difficult despite increasing effort despite continuing positive, if ever diminishing, results. The same kind of slowing progress due to complications in learning also appears in the limits of useful technologies and of profitable markets applying to product life cycle management and software development cycles). Remaining market segments or remaining potential efficiencies or efficiencies are found in successively less convenient forms.
Efficiency and development curves typically follow a two-phase process of first bigger steps corresponding to finding things easier, followed by smaller steps of finding things more difficult. It reflects bursts of learning following breakthroughs that make learning easier followed by meeting constraints that make learning ever harder, perhaps toward a point of cessation.
Natural Limits One of the key studies in the area concerns diminishing returns on investments generally, either physical or financial, pointing to whole system limits for resource development or other efforts. The most studied of these may be Energy Return on Energy Invested or EROEI, discussed at length in an Encyclopedia of the Earth article and in an OilDrum article and series also referred to as Hubert curves. The energy needed to produce energy is a measure of our difficulty in learning how to make remaining energy resources useful in relation to the effort expended. Energy returns on energy invested have been in continual decline for some time, caused by natural resource limits and increasing investment. Energy is both nature's and our own principal resource for making things happen. The point of diminishing returns is when increasing investment makes the resource more expensive. As natural limits are approached, easily used sources are exhausted and ones with more complications need to be used instead. As an environmental signal persistently diminishing EROI indicates an approach of whole system limits in our ability to make things happen.
Useful Natural Limits EROEI measures the return on invested effort as a ratio of R/I or learning progress. The inverse I/R measures learning difficulty. The simple difference is that if R approaches zero R/I will too, but I/R will approach infinity. When complications emerge to limit learning progress the limit of useful returns, uR, is approached and R-uR approaches zero. The difficulty of useful learning I/(R-uR) approaches infinity as increasingly difficult tasks make the effort unproductive. That point is approached as a vertical asymptote, at a particular point in time, that can be delayed only by unsustainable effort. It defines a point at which enough investment has been made and the task is done, usually planned to be the same as when the task is complete. For unplanned tasks it may be either foreseen or discovered by surprise. The usefulness measure, uR, is affected by the complexity of environmental responses that can only be measured when they occur unless they are foreseen.
In culture[edit]
"Steep learning curve"[edit]
The expression steep learning curve is used with opposite meanings. Most sources, including the Oxford English Dictionary, the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, and Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, define a learning curve as the rate at which skill is acquired, so a steep increase would mean a quick increment of skill.[4][22] However, the term is often used in common English with the meaning of a difficult initial learning process.[5][22] L. Ron Hubbard's Study Tech uses "study gradient" in the same sense, where "steep" means difficult.
Arguably, the common English use is due to metaphorical interpretation of the curve as a hill to climb. (A steeper hill is initially hard, while a gentle slope is less strainful, though sometimes rather tedious. Accordingly, the shape of the curve (hill) may not indicate the total amount of work required. Instead, it can be understood as a matter of preference related to ambition, personality and learning style.)
Fig 9 : Short and long learning curves
Fig 10 : Product A has lower functionality and a short learning curve. Product B has greater functionality but takes longer to learn
The term learning curve with meanings of easy and difficult can be described with adjectives like short and long rather than steep and shallow.[4] If two products have similar functionality then the one with a "steep" curve is probably better, because it can be learned in a shorter time. (Fig 9) On the other hand, if two products have different functionality, then one with a short curve (a short time to learn) and limited functionality may not be as good as one with a long curve (a long time to learn) and greater functionality. (Fig 10)
For example, the Windows program Notepad is extremely simple to learn, but offers little after this. At the other extreme is the UNIX terminal editor vi or Vim, which is difficult to learn, but offers a wide array of features after the user has learned how to use it.[23]
"ON a steep learning curve"[edit]
Ben Zimmer discusses the use of the term "ON a steep learning curve" in an article "A Steep Learning Curve" for Downton Abbey, concentrating mainly on whether it is an anachronism. "Matthew Crawley, the presumptive heir of Downton Abbey and now the co-owner of the estate, says, 'I've been on a steep learning curve since arriving at Downton.' By this he means that he's had a difficult time learning the ways of Downton. Unfortunately, people didn't start talking that way until the 1970s."[5][24][25]
Zimmer also comments that the popular use of steep as difficult is a reversal of the technical meaning. He identifies the first use of steep learning curve as 1973, and the arduous interpretation as 1978.
See also[edit]
Experience curve effects
Learning
Learning speed
Labor productivity
Learning-by-doing
Population growth
Trial and error
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=oRSMDF6y3l8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 42, Fig 2
^ Jump up to: a b https://books.google.com/books?id=ikEMAAAAIAAJ&q=%22learning+curve%22#v=snippet&q=%22learning%20curve%22&f=false The American Journal of Psychology, Volume 14 1903 By Granville Stanley Hall, Edward Bradford Titchene
^ Jump up to: a b Wright, T.P., "Factors Affecting the Cost of Airplanes", Journal of Aeronautical Sciences, 3(4) (1936): 122–128.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Laparoscopic Colon Resection Early in the Learning Curve", Ann. Surg. 2006 June; 243(6): 730–737, see the "Discussions" section, Dr. Smith's remark about the usage of the term "steep learning curve": "First, semantics. A steep learning curve is one where you gain proficiency over a short number of trials. That means the curve is steep. I think semantically we are really talking about a prolonged or long learning curve. I know it is a subtle distinction, but I can't miss the opportunity to make that point."
^ Jump up to: a b c d e http://www.visualthesaurus.com/cm/wordroutes/a-steep-learning-curve-for-downton-abbey/ Ben Zimmer, February 8, 2013
Jump up ^ Classics in the history of psychology
Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=oRSMDF6y3l8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false page 42, Fig 2
Jump up ^ Bills, A.G. (1934). General experimental psychology. Longmans Psychology Series. (pp. 192-215). New York, NY: Longmans, Green and Co.
Jump up ^ https://www.bcgperspectives.com/content/Classics/strategy_the_experience_curve/ BCJ 1968
Jump up ^ Grant, Robert M. (2004), Contemporary strategy analysis, U.S., UK, Australia, Germany: Blackwell publishing, ISBN 1-4051-1999-3
Jump up ^ Hax, Arnoldo C.; Majluf, Nicolas S. (October 1982), "Competitive cost dynamics: the experience curve", Interfaces, 12 (5): 50–61, doi:10.1287/inte.12.5.50.
Jump up ^ http://repository.cmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3420&context=compsci Mechanisms of skill acquisition and the law of practice Newell 1980
Jump up ^ Ritter, F. E., & Schooler, L. J. The learning curve. In International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (2002), 8602-8605. Amsterdam: Pergamon
Jump up ^ http://www.bgu.ac.il/~akarniel/pub/LeibowitzetalJMP2010.pdf
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-18. Retrieved 2013-03-17. Department of Defense Manual Number 5000.2-M, mandates the use of learning curves for costing of defense programs (variable costs of production)
Jump up ^ Sammut, Claude; Webb, Geoffrey I. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Machine Learning (1st ed.). Springer. p. 578. ISBN 978-0-387-30768-8. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Madhavan, P.G. (1997). "A New Recurrent Neural Network Learning Algorithm for Time Series Prediction" (PDF). Journal of Intelligent Systems. p. 113 Fig. 3.
Jump up ^ "Machine Learning 102: Practical Advice". Tutorial: Machine Learning for Astronomy with Scikit-learn.
Jump up ^ Meek, Christopher; Thiesson, Bo; Heckerman, David (Summer 2002). "The Learning-Curve Sampling Method Applied to Model-Based Clustering". Journal of Machine Learning Research. 2 (3): 397.
Jump up ^ Connie JG Gersick 1991 "Revolutionary Change Theories: A Multilevel Exploration of the Punctuated Equilibrium Paradigm" The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 16, No. 1 pp. 10-36 1
Jump up ^ "Towards the Limits of Precision and Accuracy in Measurement".
^ Jump up to: a b "Steep learning curves".
Jump up ^ http://unix.rulez.org/~calver/pictures/curves.jpg Apparently from http://blogs.msdn.com/b/steverowe/archive/2004/11/17/code-editor-learning-curves.aspx Code Editor Learning Curves SteveRowe 17 Nov 2004 7:59 PM
Jump up ^ http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=3767 "Downton Abbey" anachronisms: beyond nitpickery, Ben Zimmer, February 13, 2012
Jump up ^ http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=3767 Comment by J Oliver : Season Three, episode 5
External links[edit]
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Fig 3: S-Curve or Sigmoid Function

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Fig 9 : Short and long learning curves

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Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
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Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA)
स्वच्छ भारत अभियान
India + Cleanliness
Slogan
एक कदम स्वच्छता की ओर
One step towards cleanliness
Country
India
Prime Minister(s)
Narendra Modi
Launched
Raj Ghat, 2 October 2014; 3 years ago (2014-10-02)
Status
Passive
Website
swachhbharat.mygov.in
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA) (or Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) or Clean India Mission in English) is a campaign in India that aims to clean up the streets, roads and infrastructure of India's cities, smaller towns, and rural areas. The objectives of Swachh Bharat include eliminating open defecation through the construction of household-owned and community-owned toilets and establishing an accountable mechanism of monitoring toilet use. Run by the Government of India, the mission aims to achieve an Open-Defecation Free (ODF) India by 2 October 2019, the 150th anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi, by constructing 12 million toilets in rural India at a projected cost of ₹1.96 lakh crore (US$30 billion).[1]
The campaign was officially launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is India's largest cleanliness drive to date with 3 million government employees, school students, and college students from all parts of India participating in 4,041 statutory cities, towns and associated rural areas.
The mission contains two sub-missions: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan ("Gramin" or rural), which operates under the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation; and Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Urban), which operates under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.[2][3][4][5] The mission includes ambassadors and activities such as national real-time monitoring and updates from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that are working towards its goals.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Finance
3 Ambassadors
3.1 Selected public figures
3.2 Brand ambassadors
4 Performance
5 Plans
6 Other activities
6.1 Run
6.2 Real-time monitoring
6.3 Updates from NGOs
7 List of cities
7.1 2017
7.2 2016
8 Similar campaigns
9 History
9.1 Previous sanitation campaigns
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Background[edit]
India's prime minister Modi at a rally to promote Swachh Bharat Mission in 2014
Further information: Sanitation in India
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a campaign that was launched on 2 October 2014 and aims to eradicate open defecation by 2019.[6] The national campaign spans 4,041 statutory cities and towns.[7][8] It is the current of a few prior campaigns, including Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan and the Total Sanitation Campaign, which had similar goals (see history section below).
The Times of India reported that the idea for Swachh Bharat was developed in March 2014 at a sanitation conference organised by UNICEF India and the Indian Institute of Technology as part of the larger Total Sanitation Campaign, which the Indian government launched in 1999.[9]
The Indian government aims to achieve an Open-Defecation Free (ODF) India by 2 October 2019, the 150th anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi, by constructing 12 million toilets in rural India at a projected cost of ₹1.96 lakh crore (US$31 billion).[1][10] Prime Minister Narendra Modi spoke of the need for toilets in his 2014 Independence Day speech:
Has it ever pained us that our mothers and sisters have to defecate in open? Poor womenfolk of the village wait for the night; until darkness descends, they can't go out to defecate. What bodily torture they must be feeling, how many diseases that act might engender. Can't we just make arrangements for toilets for the dignity of our mothers and sisters?
Modi also spoke of the need for toilets in schools during the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir state elections campaign stating:
Swachh Sarvekshan 2017 was an extensive sanitation survey across 500 cities in India. The Ministry of Urban Development, commissioned Quality Council of India to conduct this survey; to check the progress and impact of Swachh Bharat Abhiyanlaunched in 2014. It aims to foster a spirit of competition among the cities and offers a comprehensive assessment of their sanitation status.
The performance of each city was evaluated on five key thematic parameters-
• Municipal solid waste - sweeping, collection and transportation
• Municipal solid waste - processing and disposal of solid waste
• Open defecation free/toilets
• Capacity building and eLearning
• Provision of public & community toilet seats
• Information, education and communication, and behaviour change
Swachh Sarvekshan 2017 was conducted between 4 January 2017 and 7 February 2017. The results of top 25 cities are as follows:
Swachh Sarvekshan
Rank
City
State/Union Territory
1 Indore Madhya Pradesh
2 Bhopal Madhya Pradesh
3 Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh
4 Surat Gujarat
5 Mysore Karnataka
6 Tiruchirapalli Tamil Nadu
7 New Delhi Municipal Council Delhi
8 Navi Mumbai Maharashtra
9 Tirupati Andhra Pradesh
10 Vadodara Gujarat
11 Chandigarh Chandigarh
12 Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
13 Pune Maharashtra
14 Ahmedabad Gujarat
15 Ambikapur Chhattisgarh
16 Coimbatore Tamil Nadu
17 Khargone Madhya Pradesh
18 Rajkot Gujarat
19 Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh
20 Gandhinagar Gujarat
21 Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh
22 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Telangana
23 Sagar Madhya Pradesh
24 Murwara Madhya Pradesh
25 Navsari Gujarat
As of May 2015, 14 companies including Tata Consulting Services, Mahindra Group and Rotary International have pledged to construct 3,195 new toilets. As of the same month, 71 public sector undertakings in India supported the construction of 86,781 new toilets.[11]
Most of these toilets are a type of pit latrine, mostly the twin pit pour flush type.[citation needed]
Hundreds of thousands of Indian people are still employed as manual scavengers in emptying buckets and pit latrines.[12][13][14]
Finance[edit]
The programme has also received funds and technical support from the World Bank, corporations as part of corporate social responsibility initiatives, and by state governments under the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan schemes.[10] Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is expected to cost over ₹620 billion (US$9.7 billion).[5][15] The government provides an incentive of ₹15,000 (US$230) for each toilet constructed by a BPL family.[1] Total fund mobilised under Swachh Bharat Kosh (SBK) as of 31 January 2016 stood at ₹3.69 billion (US$58 million).[16] An amount of ₹90 billion (US$1.4 billion) was allocated for the mission in the 2016 Union budget of India.[7]
Government and the International Monetary Fund signed a US$1.5 billion loan agreement on 30 March 2016 for the Swachh Bharat Mission to support India's universal sanitation initiative. The International Monetary Funds will also provide a parallel $25 million in technical assistance to build the capacity of select states in implementing community-led behavioural change programmes targeting social norms to help ensure widespread usage of toilets by rural households.[6]
Ambassadors[edit]
Manisha Koirala at Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in November 2014
Selected public figures[edit]
Modi selected 12 public figures to propagate this campaign.[17][18] They are:
Shilpa Shetty
Sachin Tendulkar
Priyanka Chopra
Baba Ramdev
Shah Rukh Khan
Vidya Balan
Shashi Tharoor
Team of Tarak mehta ka ooltah chashmah
Amitabh Bacchan
Mridula Sinha
Kamal Hasan
Virat Kohli
Mahendra Singh Dhoni
All the Citizens Of India
Anushka sharma Indian vice president M. Venkaiah Naidu picked up a broom to help clean the cyclone-hit port city of Visakhapatnam in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, as part of the cleanliness campaign.[19][20]
Brand ambassadors[edit]
Venkaiah Naidu listed brand ambassadors in various fields:[21][22][when?][citation needed]
Rajyogini Brahmakumari Dadi Jankiji
Pawan Kalyan[23]
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
Amala (actress)
K. Kavitha[23]
Gunupati Venkata Krishna Reddy
Suddala Ashok Teja
Pullela Gopichand
Humpy Koneru
Galla Jayadev
Nithin
V. V. S. Laxman
J. Rameshwar Rao
Shivlal Yadav
B. V. R. Mohan Reddy
Akshay kumar
Lakshmi Manchu[24]
On 2 October 2014, Prime Minister Modi nominated nine people, including:
Comedian Kapil Sharma,
Former captain of Indian cricket team Sourav Ganguly
Former IPS officer Kiran Bedi for taking forward her 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan'
Padmanabha Acharya, Nagaland Governor
Sonal Mansingh, classical dancer
Ramoji Rao of Eenadu group
Aroon Purie of the India Today group
Er. Dilkeshvar Kumar, Civil Engineer
He also nominated a number of organisations, including the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, Eenadu and India Today as well as the dabbawala of Mumbai, who deliver home-made food to lakhs of people in the city.[clarification needed]More than 3 million government employees and school and college students participated in the drive on the occasion.[25][26]
On 8 November 2014, Modi carried the message to Uttar Pradesh and nominated another set of nine people for that state.[27][28]
Akhilesh Yadav
Swami Rambhadracharya
Manoj Tiwari
Mohammad Kaif
Deviprasad Dwivedi
Raju Srivastava
Suresh Raina
Kailash Kher
Shilpa Shetty was made a part of the mission from February 2017.
Performance[edit]
A door-to-door garbage collection van in the city of Indore
Between April 2014 and January 2015, 3,183,000 toilets were built. Karnataka led all States in construction of toilets under the programme.[10] As of August 2015, 8 million toilets have been constructed under the program.[29] As of 27 October 2016, 56 districts in India were ODF.[1] In January 2017, Indore city as well as rural areas were announced open defecation free by the central government.[30][31]
The national sanitation coverage rose from 42 per cent in 2014 to 65 per cent in 2017. Five states, 149 districts and 2.08 lakh villages were declared Open Defecation Free (ODF) till August 2017. The cities and towns which have been declared ODF stood at 22 per cent and the urban wards which have achieved 100 per cent door-to-door solid waste collection stood at 50 per cent. The number of Swachhagrahi volunteers working across urban local bodies rose to 20,000, and those working in rural India rose to more than a lakh. The number of schools with separate toilet facilities for girls rose from 0.4 million (37 per cent) to almost one million (91 per cent).[32]
As per an independent survey released by Quality Council of India in August 2017, overall national rural "household access to toilet" coverage increased to 62.45 per cent and usage of 91.29 per cent, with Haryana topping the national ranking with 99 per cent of households in rural areas covered and usage of 100 per cent.[33]
Plans[edit]
The Ministry of Railways is planning to have the facility of cleaning on demand, clean bed-rolls from automatic laundries, bio-toilets, dustbins in all non-AC coaches.[34] The Centre may use its Digital India project in conjunction with the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan to have solar-powered trash cans, such as those in many US cities, which send alerts to sanitation crew once they are full.[35]
The Government has appointed PWD with the responsibility to dispose off waste from Government offices.[36]
Other activities[edit]
Run[edit]
A Swachh Bharat Run was organized at the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the official home of the President of India, located Rajpath, New Delhi, on 2 October 2014. According to a statement from the Rashtrapati Bhavan around 1500 people participated and the event was flagged off by President Pranab Mukherjee. Participants in the run included officers[vague] and their families.[37]
The Times of India published an article on how "Desi companies beat Facebook in 'Swachh' apps race".[38]
Real-time monitoring[edit]
The government will be launching a nationwide real-time monitoring system for toilets constructed under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. For this the government of India is bringing awareness to the people through advertisements. With this system, the government aims to attain a fully open defecation free India by 2019.[39]
As of 30 November 2016, Total Sanitation Coverage throughout India has risen to 57.56% up from 42.02% in 2 October 2014, the day Swachh Bharat Abhiyan was launched.[40]
Updates from NGOs[edit]
With growing interest in the progress of the mission, both private companies[citation needed] as well as government started releasing progress reports. The Swachh Bharat app Tumblr feed[41] provides updates from individual groups, corporations and Twitter users in general about group cleaning events, the status of cleanliness across India, and opinions on the objectives of the Clean India mission.[original research?] A recent study by the Public Affairs Centre finds that participation of beneficiaries in their toilet construction ensures better usage.[42]
List of cities[edit]
2017[edit]
Swachh Sarvekshan 2017 was conducted between 4 January 2017 and 7 February 2017.[43] The results of top 25 cities are as follows:
Swachh Sarvekshan
Rank
City
State/Union Territory
1 Indore Madhya Pradesh
2 Bhopal Madhya Pradesh
3 Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh
4 Surat Gujarat
5 Mysore Karnataka
6 Tiruchirapalli Tamil Nadu
7 New Delhi Municipal Council New Delhi
8 Navi Mumbai Maharashtra
9 Tirupati Andhra Pradesh
10 Vadodara Gujarat
11 Chandigarh Chandigarh
12 Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
13 Pune Maharashtra
14 Ahmedabad Gujarat
15 Ambikapur Chhattisgarh
16 Coimbatore Tamil Nadu
17 Khargone Madhya Pradesh
18 Rajkot Gujarat
19 Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh
20 Gandhinagar Gujarat
21 Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh
22 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Telangana
23 Sagar Madhya Pradesh
24 Murwara Madhya Pradesh
25 Navsari Gujarat
Source: Ministry of Urban Development[44]
2016[edit]
The Government of India released a Cleanliness Ranking on 15 February 2016.[45][46][47]
The Swachh Sarvekshan-2016 ranks 73 cities on cleanliness and sanitation. Cities with over 10 lakh population were surveyed to check how clean or filthy they were. [1]
Cleanest ten cities:
Mysore (Karnataka)
Chandigarh
Tiruchirappalli (Tamil Nadu)
New Delhi
Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh)
Surat (Gujarat)
Rajkot (Gujarat)
Gangtok (Sikkim)
Pimpri-Chinchwad (Maharashtra)
Greater Mumbai (Maharashtra)
Ten least clean cities (at the bottom of the list):
64. Kalyan Dombivili (Maharashtra)
65. Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh)
66. Jamshedpur (Jharkhand)
67. Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh)
68. Raipur (Chhattisgarh)
69. Meerut (Uttar Pradesh)
70. Patna (Bihar)
71. Itanagar (Arunachal Pradesh)
72. Asansol (West Bengal)
73. Dhanbad (Jharkhand)
Similar campaigns[edit]
The Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya campaign was launched by Smriti Irani, of the Minister of Human Resource Development, Government of India by participating in the cleanliness drive along with the school's teachers and students.[48][49]
History[edit]
Previous sanitation campaigns[edit]
Officially starting as of 1 April 1999, The Government of India restructured the Comprehensive Rural Sanitation Programme and launched the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) which was later (on 1 April 2012) renamed "Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan", or NBA (Hindi: निर्मल भारत अभियान, Nirmal Bhārat Abhiyān) by then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.[50][51] It was a programme following - to some extent - the principles of community-led total sanitation (CLTS). Villages that achieved this status received monetary rewards and high publicity under a program called Nirmal Gram Puraskar.[52][53][54]
Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan was restructured by Cabinet approval on 24 September 2014 as Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.[8]
Major activities covered under Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan were:[55][51]
Construction of individual household latrines for which the enhanced incentive for individual household latrine units has been extended to all Below Poverty Line (BPL) Households and Above Poverty Line Households (APL) restricted to SCs/STs, small and marginal farmers, landless labourers with homestead, physically handicapped and women headed households.
Convergence with Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme for additional financial assistance.Provision of sanitation facilities in Government Schools and Anganwadis in Government buildings.
Assistance to Production Centres of sanitary materials and Rural Sanitary Marts, Provision of construction of Community Sanitary Complexes.
Solid and Liquid Waste management (SLWM) to be taken up in project mode for each Gram Panchayat (GP) with financial assistance capped for a GP on the basis of number of household to enable all Panchayats to implement sustainable SLWM projects.
Information Education Communication (IEC) activities for sustainable demand generation for sanitation facility.
Provision of extensive capacity building of the stake holders like Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSCs) and field functionaries for sustainable sanitation.
A randomized study of eighty villages in rural (Madhya Pradesh) was conducted to determine if India's Total Sanitation Campaign's (TSC) effort to eliminate open defecation was effective in reducing diarrhea and other gastrointestinal diseases in children. Results showed that the TSC programme did modestly increase the number of households with latrines, and had a small effect in reducing open defecation. However, there was no improvement in the health of children. Although the authors point out that their results are limited as to place (rural Madhya Pradesh), type of intervention (TSC), and type of measures (self-reported open defecation and child health), they conclude: "these findings highlight the challenges associated with achieving large enough improvement in access to sanitation and correspondingly large reductions in the practice of open defecation to deliver health benefits within large-scale rural sanitation programs."[56] However, this study may not be used to judge the effectiveness of community-led total sanitation (CLTS) overall, as the presence of subsidies may fundamentally change the effectiveness of the process.[57]
See also[edit]
Cleanest cities in India
Digital India
India.gov.in
MyGov.in
Water supply and sanitation in India
Community-led total sanitation
Toilet: Ek Prem Katha
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "MDWS Intensifies Efforts with States to Implement Swachh Bharat Mission", Business Standard, 18 March 2016 (press release)
Jump up ^ {http://sbm.gov.in/sbmcms/index.htm}{http://www.swachhbharaturban.in/sbm/home/#/SBM}
Jump up ^ "Swachh Bharat campaign should become mass movement: Narendra Modi". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "PM reviews preparations for launch of Mission Swachh Bharat". Retrieved 7 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Swachh Bharat: PM Narendra Modi launches 'Clean India' mission". Zee News. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "India, World Bank sign $1.5 billion loan pact for Swachh Bharat Mission", The Economic Times, 30 March 2016
^ Jump up to: a b "Budget 2016: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan gets Rs 9,000 crore", The Economic Times, 29 February 2016
^ Jump up to: a b "Restructuring of the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan into Swachh Bharat Mission". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 2017-06-12.
Jump up ^ Poo2Loo to break open defecation taboo
^ Jump up to: a b c "Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan: Government builds 7.1 lakh toilets in January". timesofindia-economictimes.
Jump up ^ "Saffron Agenda for Green Capitalism? - Swarajya". Swarajya.
Jump up ^ "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan should aim to stamp out manual scavenging".
Jump up ^ Umesh IsalkarUmesh Isalkar, TNN (30 April 2013). "Census raises stink over manual scavenging". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Manual scavenging still a reality". The Hindu. 9 July 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "PM Modi's 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan' set for mega launch Thursday; schools, offices gear up for event". Zee News.
Jump up ^ "Modi government mobilises Rs 370 crore under Swachh Bharat Kosh", The Economic Times, 11 March 2016
Jump up ^ "PM Modi's Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Anil Ambani dedicates himself to the movement". 2 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "PM launches Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan". 2 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Venkaiah Naidu picked up the broom to clean cyclone-hit port city of Visakhapatnam - indtoday.com - indtoday.com". indtoday.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Naidu picked up the broom to clean cyclone-hit port city of Visakhapatnam
Jump up ^ "18 Telugu icons named ambassadors for Swachh Bharat". indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
Jump up ^ "18 Telugu People as Swachh Bharat Ambassadors | 9 people each in AP and Telangana as Swachh Bharat Ambassadors". Andhra Pradesh Political News, Telugu Cinema News - APToday. 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
^ Jump up to: a b admin. "swachh bharat brand ambassador List". Telangana State Portal - Latest News Updates.
Jump up ^ "Lakshmi Manchu Is Telangana Swachh Bharat's Brand Ambassador" MovieNewz.in, Retrieved 04.09.2015
Jump up ^ "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: PM Narendra Modi to wield broom to give India a new image". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Swachh Bharat campaign is beyond politics, PM Narendra Modi says". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "PM India". Prime Minister's Office. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Press Information Bureau". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "PM Modi fulfils promise of 80 lakh toilets, but not many takers in rural India".
Jump up ^ "Indore city declared open defecation free: Mayor". Times of India. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "After rural areas, Indore city declared open defecation free". Indian Express. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "At The Half-way Mark", The Indian Express, 31 July 2017
Jump up ^ "Kerala, Haryana top sanitation survey", The Hindu, 9 August 2017
Jump up ^ "'Railway Budget Aligned to PM Modi's Vision for Digital India'", The New Indian Express, 5 March 2016
Jump up ^ "When Swachh Bharat met Digital India: Now solar-powered trash cans to send alerts when full", The Economic Times, 18 March 2016
Jump up ^ "Swachh Bharat: CPWD begins lifting ‘zero-value goods’ from government offices and buildings", The Economic Times, 17 May 2016
Jump up ^ "Swachh Bharat Run organized at Rashtrapati Bhavan". The Times of India.
Jump up ^ "Desi companies beat Facebook in 'Swachh' apps race". The Times of India.
Jump up ^ "Swachh Bharat goes hi-tech, govt to track toilet use with iPads". The Hindu. 31 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Report Stats, 18 November 2016
Jump up ^ "Swachh Bharat App - News, Videos, Songs & Opinions on Clean India".
Jump up ^ "PAC • Benchmarking Citizen Report Card On NBA/SBM". pacindia.org. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
Jump up ^ "State-wise assessment schedule - Swachh Sarvekshan 2017" (PDF). 10 Jan 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swachh Survekshan -2017 – ranks of 434 cities" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Cleanliness ranking for 73 cities is out. Mysuru cleanest, Modi's Varanasi among dirtiest", India Today, 15 February 2016
Jump up ^ "Chandigarh Declared Second Cleanest City of India in 2016 Swachh Bharat Survey", Chandigarh Metro
Jump up ^ Nagaon topped 8th cleanest city in India
Jump up ^ Swachch Bharat Swachch Vidhalaya
Jump up ^ Swachh Bharat-Swachh Vidyalaya Campaign
Jump up ^ "Time to clean up your act", Hindustan Times
^ Jump up to: a b "Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan failed to achieve its desired targets: CAG jdjgjfi", Mint, 16 December 2015
Jump up ^ IRC:India: Unrealistic approach hampers rural sanitation programme, 1 June 2007
Jump up ^ Institute of Development Studies:Community-led total sanitation:India
Jump up ^ Benny George:Nirmal Gram Puraskar: A Unique Experiment in Incentivising Sanitation Coverage in Rural India, International Journal of Rural Studies (IJRS), Vol. 16, No. 1, April 2009
Jump up ^ "Salient Features of Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan". Biharprabha News. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Patil, Sumeet; Arnold, Benjamin; Salvatore, Alicia; Briceno, Bertha; Ganguly, Sandipan; Colford Jr., John; Gertler, Paul (26 August 2014). "The Effect of India's Total Sanitation Campaign on Defecation Behaviors and Child Health in Rural Madhya Pradesh: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial". PLOS Medicine. 11: e1001709. PMC 4144850  . PMID 25157929. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001709.
Jump up ^ "An Open Letter in response to the World Development Report 2015". Retrieved 23 March 2015.
External links[edit]
Media related to Swachh Bharat Abhiyan at Wikimedia Commons
"Ministry of Urban Development (MOUD)".
"PM India Official".
"Swachh Bharat Gramin".
"Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation".
"Ministry of External Affairs".
"Swachh Bharat Website".
"Nirmal Bharat - Swachh Bharat".
"Toilet Beneficiary".
"Swachh Bharat - How to Donate".
"Swachh Bharat Mission Gramin Dhamtari-Chhattisgarh India Directed by Raju Hhirwani".
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Swachh_Bharat_Abhiyan.
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