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Indian Contract Act, 1872
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It has been suggested that Indian contract law be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since March 2018.
INDIAN CONTRACT ACT, 1872
Indian Contract Act 1872 is the main source of law regulating contracts in India.
Citation
Act No. 9 of 1872
Enacted by
Imperial Legislative Council
Date enacted
25 April 1872
Date commenced
1 September 1872
Status: In force
The Indian Contract Act, 1872 prescribes the law relating to contracts in India. The Act was passed by British India and is based on the principles of English Common Law. It is applicable to all the states of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It determines the circumstances in which promises made by the parties to a contract shall be legally binding and the enforcement of these rights and duties.
Contents
1 Development
2 Acceptance
3 Lawful consideration
4 Competent to contract
5 Free Consent
6 Agency
7 References
8 External links
Development[edit]
The Act as enacted originally had 266 Sections, it had wide scope and included.
General Principles of Law of Contract- Sections 01 to 75
Contract relating to Sale of Goods- Sections 76 to 123
Special Contracts- Indemnity, Guarantee, Bailment & Pledge- Sections 124 to 238
Contracts relating to Partnership- Sections 239 to 266
Indian Contract Act embodied the simple and elementary rules relating to Sale of goods and Partnership. The developments of modern business world found the provisions contained in the Indian Contract Act inadequate to deal with the new regulations or give effect to the new principles. Subsequently, the provisions relating to the Sale of Goods and Partnership contained in the Indian Contract Act were repealed respectively in the year 1930 and 1932 and new enactments namely Sale of Goods and Movables Act 1930 and Indian Partnership act 1932 were re-enacted.
At present the Indian Contract Act may be divided into two parts
Part 1:deals with the General Principles of Law of Contract Sections 1 to 75
Part 2:deals with Special kinds of Contracts such as
       (1)Contract of Indemnity and Guarantee
       (2)Contract of Bailment and Pledge
       (3)Contract of Agency.

1. Offer 2(a):- When one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal.
2. Acceptance 2(b):- When the person to whom the proposal is made, signifies his assent there to, the proposal is said to be accepted.
3. Promise 2(b) :- A Proposal when accepted becomes a promise. In simple words, when an offer is accepted it becomes promise.
4. Promisor and promisee 2(c) :- When the proposal is accepted, the person making the proposal is called as promisor and the person accepting the proposal is called as promisee.
5. Consideration 2(d):- When at the desire of the promisor, the promisee or any other person has done or abstained from doing or does or abstains from doing or promises to do or to abstain from doing something such act or abstinence or promise is called a consideration for the promise. Price paid by one party for the promise of the other Technical word meaning QUID-PRO-QUO i.e. something in return.
6. Agreement 2(e) :- Every promise and set of promises forming the consideration for each other. In short,
a g r e e m e n t = p r o m i s e + c o n s i d e r a t i o n . {\displaystyle agreement=promise+consideration.}
7. Contract 2(h) :- An agreement enforceable by Law is a contract.
Therefore, there must be an agreement and it should be enforceable by law.
8. Reciprocal Promises 2(f):- Promises which form the consideration or part of the consideration for each other are called 'reciprocal promises'.
9. Void agreement 2(g):- An agreement not enforceable by law is void.
10. Voidable contract 2(i):- An agreement is a voidable contract if it is enforceable by Law at the option of one or more of the parties there to (i.e. the aggrieved party), and it is not enforceable by Law at the option of the other or others.
11. Void contract 2(j) :- A contract which ceases to be enforceable by Law becomes void when it ceases to be enforceable.
Acceptance[edit]
According to Section 2(b), "When the person to whom the proposal is made, signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted. A proposal, when accepted, becomes a promise."
Rules:
Acceptance should be absolute and unqualified. If the parties are not in ad idem on all matters concerning the offer and acceptance, there is no valid contract. For example, "A" says to "B" "I offer to sell my car for Rs.50,000/-. "B" replies "I will purchase it for Rs.45,000/-". This is not acceptance and hence it amounts to a counter offer.
It should be Communicated to the offeror. To conclude a contract between parties, the acceptance must be communicated in some prescribed form. A mere mental determination on the part of offeree to accept an offer does not amount to valid acceptance.
Acceptance must be in the mode prescribed. If the acceptance is not according to the mode prescribed or some usual and reasonable mode(where no mode is prescribed) the offeror may intimate to the offeree within a reasonable time that acceptance is not according to the mode prescribed and may insist that the offer be accepted in the prescribed mode only. If he does not inform the offeree, he is deemed to have accepted the offer. For example, "A" makes an offer to "B" says to "B" that "if you accept the offer, reply by voice. "B" sends reply by post. It will be a valid acceptance, unless "A" informs "B" that the acceptance is not according to the prescribed mode.
Acceptance must be given within a reasonable time before the offer lapses. If any time limit is specified, the acceptance must be given within the time, if no time limit is specified it must be given within a reasonable time.
It cannot precede an offer. If the acceptance precedes an offer it is not a valid acceptance and does not result in contract. For example, in a company shares were allotted to a person who had not applied for them. Subsequently, when he applied for shares, he was un aware of the previous allotment . The allotment of share previous to the application is not valid.
Acceptance by the way of conduct.
Mere silence is no acceptance.
Silence does not per-se amounts to communication- Bank of India Ltd. Vs. Rustom Cowasjee- AIR 1955 Bom. 419 at P. 430; 57 Bom. L.R. 850- Mere silence cannot amount to any assent. It does not even amount to any representation on which any plea of estoppel may be found, unless there is a duty to make some statement or to do some act free and offer er must be consent
Acceptance must be unambiguous and definite.
Acceptance cannot be given before communication of an offer.
Lawful consideration[edit]
According to Section 2(d), Consideration is defined as: "When at the desire of the promisor, the promisee or any other person has done or abstained from doing, or does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or abstain from doing something, such act or abstinence or promise is called consideration for the promise". Consideration means 'something in return'.
In short, Consideration means quid pro quo i.e. something in return.
An agreement must be supported by a lawful consideration on both sides. Essentials of valid considerations are
It must move at the desire of the promisor. An act constituting consideration must have been done at the desire or request of the promiser. If it is done at the instance of a third party or without the desire of the promisor, it will not be good consideration. For example, "A" saves "B"'s goods from fire without being ask him to do so. "A" cannot demand payment for his service.
Consideration may move from the promisee or any other person. Under Indian law, consideration may be from the promisee of any other person i.e., even a stranger. This means that as long as there is consideration for the promisee, it is immaterial, who has furnished it.
Consideration must be an act, abstinence or forebearance or a returned promise.
Consideration may be past, present or future. Past consideration is not consideration according to English law. However it is a consideration as per Indian law. Example of past consideration is, "A" renders some service to "B" at latter's desire. After a month "B" promises to compensate "A" for service rendered to him earlier. When consideration is given simultaneously with promise, it is said to be present consideration .. For example, "A" receives Rs.50/- in return for which he promises to deliver certain goods to "B". The money "A" receives is the present consideration. When consideration to one party to other is to pass subsequently to the maker of the contract, is said to be future consideration. For example. "A" promises to deliver certain goods to "B" after a week. "B" promises to pay the price after a fortnight, such consideration is future.
Consideration must be real. Consideration must be real, competent and having some value in the eyes of law. For example, "A" promises to put life to "B"'s dead wife, if "B" pay him Rs.1000/-. "A"'s promise is physically impossible of performance hence there is no real consideration.
Consideration must be something which the promiser is not already bound to do. A promise to do something what one is already bound to do, either by law, is not a good consideration., since it adds nothing to the previous existing legal consideration.
Consideration need not be adequate. Consideration need not be necessarily be equal to value to something given. So long as consideration exists, the courts are not concerned as to adequacy, provided it is for some value.
The consideration or object of an agreement is lawful, unless and until it is:
forbidden by law: If the object or the consideration of an agreement is for doing an act forbidden by law, such agreement are void. for example,"A" promises "B" to obtain an employment in public service and "B" promises to pay Rs one lakh to "A". The agreement is void as the procuring government job through unlawful means is prohibited.
If it involves injury to a person or property of another: For example, "A" borrowed rs.100/- from"B" and executed a bond to work for "B" without pay for a period of 2 years. In case of default, "A" owes to pay the principal sum at once and huge amount of interest. This contract was held void as it involved injury to the person.
If courts regards it as immoral:An agreement in which consideration ir object of which is immoral is void. For example, An agreement between husband and wife for future separation is void.
Is of such nature that, if permitted, it would defeat the provisions of any law:
is fraudulent, or involves or implies injury to the person or property of another, or
Is opposed to public policy. An agreement which tends to be injurious to the public or against the public good is void. For example, agreements of trading with foreign enemy, agreement to commit crime, agreements which interfere with the administration of justice, agreements which interfere with the course of justice, stifling prosecution, maintenance and champerty.
Agreements in restrained of legal proceedings: This deals with two category. One is, agreements restraining enforcement of rights and the other deals with agreements curtailing period of limitation.
Trafficking in public offices and titles: agreements for sale or transfer of public offices and title or for procurement of a public recognition like Padma Vibhushan or Padma Shri etc. for monetary consideration is unlawful, being opposed to public policy.
Agreements restricting personal liberty: agreements which unduly restricts the personal liberty of parties to it are void as being opposed by public policy.
Marriage brokerage contact:Agreements to procure marriages for rewards are void under the ground that marriage ought to proceed with free and voluntary decisions of parties.
Agreements interfering marital duties: Any agreement which interfere with performance of marital duty is void being opposed to public policy. An agreement between husband and wife that the wife will never leave her parental house.
consideration may take in any form-money,goods, services, a promise to marry, a promise to forbear etc.
Contract Opposed to Public Policy can be Repudiated by the Court of law even if that contract is beneficial for all of the parties to the contract- What considerations and objects are lawful and what not-Newar Marble Industries Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Rajasthan State Electricity Board, Jaipur, 1993 Cr. L.J. 1191 at 1197, 1198 [Raj.]- Agreement of which object or consideration was opposed to public policy, unlawful and void- – What better and what more can be an admission of the fact that the consideration or object of the compounding agreement was abstention by the board from criminally prosecuting the petitioner-company from offense under Section 39 of the act and that the Board has converted the crime into a source of profit or benefit to itself. This consideration or object is clearly opposed to public policy and hence the compounding agreement is unlawful and void under Section 23 of the Act. It is unenforceable as against the Petitioner-Company.
Competent to contract[edit]
Section 11 of The Indian Contract Act specifies that every person is competent to contract provided:
He should not be a minor i.e. an individual who has not attained the age of majority i.e. 18 years in normal case and 21 years if guardian is appointed by the Court.
He should be of sound mind while making a contract. A person who is usually of unsound mind, but occasionally of sound mind, can make a contract when he is of sound mind. Similarly if a person is usually of sound mind, but occasionally of unsound mind, may not make a valid contract when he is of unsound mind.
He is not disqualified from contracting by any other law to which he is subject
There are other laws of the land that disqualify certain persons from contracting.They are:-
                     -Alien enemy
                     -Foreign sovereigns, diplomatic staff etc.
                     -Artificial persons i.e. corporation, companies etc.
                     -Insolvents
                     -Convicts
                     -Pardanashin Women

Free Consent[edit]
According to Section 13, " two or more persons are said to be in consent when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense (Consensus-ad-idem). According to Section 14,
Consent is said to be free when it is not caused by coercion or undue influence or fraud or misrepresentation or mistake.

Elements Vitiating free Consent
1. Coercion (Section 15): "Coercion" is the committing, or threatening to commit, any act forbidden by the Indian Penal Code under(45,1860), or the unlawful detaining, or threatening to detain, any property, to the prejudice of any person whatever, with the intention of causing any person to enter into an agreement. For example, "A" threatens to shoot "B"if he doesn't release him from a debt which he owes to "B". "B" releases "A" under threat. Since the release has been brought about by coercion, such release is not valid.
2. Undue influence (Section 16): "Where a person who is in a position to dominate the will of another enters into a contract with him and the transaction appears on the face of it, or on the evidence, to be unconscionable, the burden of proving that such contract was not induced by undue influence shall lie upon the person in the position to dominate the will of the other."
(Section 16(2)) States that "A person is deemed to be in a position to dominate the will of another;
Where he holds a real or apparent authority over the other. For example, an employer may be deemed to be having authority over his employee. an income tax authority over to the asessee.
Where he stands in a fiduciary relationship to other, For example, the relationship of Solicitor with his client, spiritual advisor and devotee.
Where he makes a contract with a person whose mental capacity is temporarily or permanently affected by the reason of age, illness or mental or bodily distress"
3. Fraud (Section 17): "Fraud" means and includes any act or concealment of material fact or misrepresentation made knowingly by a party to a contract, or with his connivance, or by his agent, with intent to deceive another party thereto of his agent, or to induce him to enter into the contract. Mere silence is not fraud. a contracting party is not obliged to disclose each and everything to the other party. There are two exceptions where even mere silence may be fraud, one is where there is a duty to speak, then keeping silence is fraud. or when silence is in itself equivalent to speech, such silence is fraud.
4. Misrepresentation (Section 18): " causing, however innocently, a party to an agreement to make a mistake as to the substance of the thing which is the subject of the agreement".
5. Mistake of fact (Section 20): "Where both the parties to an agreement are under a mistake as to a matter of fact essential to the agreement, the agreement is void". A party cannot be allowed to get any relief on the ground that he had done some particular act in ignorance of law.Mistake may be bilateral mistake where both parties to an agreement are under mistake as to the matter of fact.The mistake must relate to a matter of fact essential to the agreement.
Agency[edit]
In law, the relationship that exists when one person or party (the principal) engages another (the agent) to act for him, e.g. to do his work, to sell his goods, to manage his business. The law of agency thus governs the legal relationship in which the agent deals with a third party on behalf of the principal. The competent agent is legally capable of acting for this principal vis-à-vis the third party. Hence, the process of concluding a contract through an agent involves a twofold relationship. On the one hand, the law of agency is concerned with the external business relations of an economic unit and with the powers of the various representatives to affect the legal position of the principal. On the other hand, it rules the internal relationship between principal and agent as well, thereby imposing certain duties on the representative (diligence, accounting, good faith, etc.).
Under section 201 to 210 an agency may come to an end in a variety of ways:
(i) By the principal revoking the agency – However, principal cannot revoke an agency coupled with interest to the prejudice of such interest. Such Agency is coupled with interest. An agency is coupled with interest when the agent himself has an interest in the subject-matter of the agency, e.g., where the goods are consigned by an upcountry constituent to a commission agent for sale, with poor to recoup himself from the sale proceeds, the advances made by him to the principal against the security of the goods; in such a case, the principal cannot revoke the agent's authority till the goods are actually sold, nor is the agency terminated by death or insanity. (Illustrations to section 201)
(ii) By the agent renouncing the business of agency;
(iii) By the business of agency being completed;
(iv) By the principal being adjudicated insolvent (Section 201 of The Indian Contract Act. 1872)
The principal also cannot revoke the agent's authority after it has been partly exercised, so as to bind the principal (Section 204), though he can always do so, before such authority has been so exercised (Sec 203).
Further, as per section 205, if the agency is for a fixed period, the principal cannot terminate the agency before the time expired, except for sufficient cause. If he does, he is liable to compensate the agent for the loss caused to him thereby. The same rules apply where the agent, renounces an agency for a fixed period. Notice in this connection that want of skill continuous disobedience of lawful orders, and rude or insulting behavior has been held to be sufficient cause for dismissal of an agent. Further, reasonable notice has to be given by one party to the other; otherwise, damage resulting from want of such notice, will have to be paid (Section 206). As per section 207, the revocation or renunciation of an agency may be made expressly or impliedly by conduct. The termination does not take effect as regards the agent, till it becomes known to him and as regards third party, till the termination is known to them (Section 208).Sub-agent who is appointed by an agent for participate on behalf of his work.
 : TYPES OF OFFER

   * General Offer
   * Specified offer
   * Cross offer
   * Counter Offer.

When an agent's authority is terminated, it operates as a termination of subagent also. (Section 210).[1][2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pandia – Principles of Mercantile Law, 8th edition, by Ramkrishna R.Vyas.
Jump up ^ Singh, Avtar. Textbook on Law of Contract and Specific Relief (2016 ed.). Eastern Book Company. p. 488. ISBN 9789351453482.
Pollock & Mulla, The Indian Contract & Specific Relief Acts, LexisNexis
External links[edit]
PDF file of the Act
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Project Runway (season 15)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Project Runway (season 15)
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
14
Release
Original network
Lifetime
Original release
September 15 (2016-09-15) – December 29, 2016 (2016-12-29)
Additional information
No. of contestants
16
No. of tasks
14
Winner
Erin Robertson
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 14
Next →
Season 16
Project Runway Season 15 is the fifteenth season of the television show Project Runway, appearing on Lifetime. The season began on September 15, 2016, and attracted 1.72 million total viewers.[1] There are 16 designers competing to become "the next great American designer." Supermodel Heidi Klum, Marie Claire creative director Nina Garcia, and fashion designer Zac Posen are all returning as judges this season. Tim Gunn maintains his role as the workroom mentor.
In May 2016, Lifetime renewed Project Runway for three more seasons (16, 17 and 18) in a deal with The Weinstein Company.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Designers
2 Models
2.1 Extra Models for the 2 Part Finale
3 Designer Progress
4 Episodes
4.1 Episode 0: Road to the Runway
4.2 Episode 1: An Unconventional Launch Party
4.3 Episode 2: Just Fabulous!
4.4 Episode 3: Blacklight or Daylight?
4.5 Episode 4: Sink or Swim
4.6 Episode 5: There's No "I" in "Team"
4.7 Episode 6: There IS Crying in Fashion
4.8 Episode 7: Welcome to the Urban Jungle
4.9 Episode 8: Project Pop Up
4.10 Episode 9: Life is Full of Surprises
4.11 Episode 10: A Power Trip
4.12 Episode 11: Bold Innovation
4.13 Episode 12: An Unconventional Trip
4.14 Episode 13: Finale Part 1
4.15 Episode 14: Finale Part 2
4.16 Episode 15: Season 15 Reunion
5 References
6 External links
Designers[edit]
Sources:[3]
Name
Age
Hometown
Placement
Ian Hargrove 30 Chicago, IL 16th
Linda Marcus 55 Milwaukee, WI 15th
Kimber Richardson 42 New York City, NY 14th
Sarah Donofrio 34 Portland, OR 13th
Alex Snyder 30 San Francisco, CA 12th
Tasha Henderson 33 Shreveport, LA 11th
Brik Allen 26 Baton Rouge, LA 10th
Jenni Riccetti 22 San Francisco, CA 9th
Nathalia JMag 23 Framingham, MA 8th
Dexter Simmons 32 Oakland, CA 7th
Mah-Jing Wong 28 Philadelphia, PA 6th
Cornelius Ortiz 24 Boston, MA 5th
Rik Villa 31 Los Angeles, CA 4th
Laurence Basse 41 Los Angeles, CA 3rd
Roberi Parra 32 Caracas, Venezuela Runner-up
Erin Robertson 29 Cambridge, MA Winner
Models[edit]
Anna Buckles
Alla Z. Roldan
Alysia Beckford
Britt Brooks
Juanita B. Bledman
Karina Villa
Keke Palms
Kristy
Lais Scheffler
Meandra Nel
Paola Horber
Priscilla Cox
Sherica Maynard
Stacy Anderson
Theresa Hess
Tirzah Evora
Extra Models for the 2 Part Finale[edit]
Ji Young Baek (Part 1)
Ya Bi (Part 1)
Designer Progress[edit]
Designer Elimination Table
Designers
1
2
3
4
51
6
7
83
9
10
11
12
13
14
Eliminated Episode
Erin
WIN HIGH WIN IN HIGH LOW LOW LOW LOW HIGH WIN HIGH ADV WINNER 14 - Finale, Part 2
Roberi
LOW IN IN HIGH LOW IN IN WIN HIGH IN HIGH WIN ADV RUNNER-UP
Laurence
IN WIN IN IN HIGH HIGH WIN HIGH IN IN LOW IN ADV 3RD PLACE
Rik
IN IN LOW WIN LOW HIGH IN HIGH WIN LOW HIGH LOW ADV 4TH PLACE
Cornelius
IN IN HIGH IN LOW IN LOW SAFE IN WIN LOW OUT 12 - An Unconventional Trip
Mah-Jing
IN IN LOW IN IN IN IN IN HIGH HIGH OUT 11 - Bold Innovation
Dexter
HIGH IN IN IN WIN IN2 HIGH LOW IN OUT 10 - A Power Trip
Nathalia
IN IN IN IN LOW LOW HIGH IN LOW OUT
Jenni
IN IN HIGH LOW IN WIN IN IN OUT 9 - Life is Full of Surprises
Brik
LOW LOW IN IN IN IN OUT 7 - Welcome to the Urban Jungle
Tasha
HIGH IN IN LOW HIGH OUT 6 - There IS Crying in Fashion
Alex
IN HIGH IN HIGH OUT 5 - There's No "I" in "Team"
Sarah
IN IN IN OUT 4 - Sink or Swim
Kimber
IN LOW OUT 3 - Blacklight or Daylight?
Linda
IN OUT 2 - Just Fabulous!
Ian
OUT 1 - An Unconventional Launch Party
^1 : In episode 5, Jenni and Brik's outfit received negative critiques despite being on the winning team. Conversely, Mah-Jing's outfit received positive critiques despite being on the losing team.
^2 : In episode 6, Heidi stated that Dexter was lucky to have immunity because none of the judges liked his look.
^3 : In episode 8, Erin's outfit received positive critiques despite being on the losing team.
The designer won Project Runway Season 15.
The designer advanced to Fashion Week.
The designer won the challenge.
The designer came in second but did not win the challenge.
The designer had one of the highest scores for that challenge, but did not win.
The designer had one of the lowest scores for that challenge, but was not eliminated.
The designer was in the bottom two, but was not eliminated.
The designer lost and was eliminated from the competition.
The designer lost, but was brought back to the competition by Tim Gunn.
Model Elimination Table
Model
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Sherica
ER ER BA RV CO, RV RP MJ ER - RV MJ RV ER 1ST PLACE (ER)
Karina
MJ JR LB TH LB, TH NJ RV JR - DS LB ER RP 2ND PLACE (RP)
Alla
RV MJ AS MJ AS TH JR NJ - CO RP RP LB 3RD PLACE (LB)
Paola
RP KR MJ DS NJ, RP CO BA CO - LB CO LB RV 4TH PLACE (RV)
Britt
SD AS NJ BA DS DS ER LB - NJ RV ER RP RV
Tirzah
KR LB JR SD - RV LB MJ - RP ER CO RP ER
Juanita
LB NJ TH JR ER BA CO - - ER OUT LB ER RV
Alysia
LM SD RP CO MJ ER RP - - MJ OUT RV RV MJ
Lais
NJ RV KR ER BA, JR JR NJ - - OUT OUT CO - -
Priscilla
IH CO ER AS - MJ DS RV - OUT OUT RP RV MJ
Kristy
JR RP SD NJ - LB OUT - - - - - LB RV
Keke
TH BA RV LB - OUT
Meandra
AS LM CO RP - OUT
Anna
BA DS DS OUT
Therese
CO TH OUT
Stacy
DS OUT
The model won Project Runway Season 15.
The model wore the winning designer for that challenge.
The model wore the 2nd best designer for that challenge.
The model wore the 3rd best designer for that challenge.
The model wore one of the lowest score designers for that challenge, but was not eliminated.
The model wore the 2nd to the lowest score designer, but was not eliminated.
The model wore the losing design that challenge.
The model wore the losing design but the designer was saved by Tim Gunn in that challenge.
The model was eliminated.
The model was out, but was brought back.
Designer Legend
Alex Snyder: AS
Brik Allen: BA
Cornelius Ortiz: CO
Dexter Simmons: DS
Erin Robertson: ER
Ian Hargrove: IH
Jenni Riccetti: JR
Kimber Richardson: KR
Laurence Basse: LB
Linda Marcus: LM
Mah-Jing Wong: MJ
Nathalia JMag: NJ
Rik Villa: RV
Roberi Parra: RP
Sarah Donofrio: SD
Tasha Henderson: TH
Episodes[edit]
Episode 0: Road to the Runway[edit]
Original airdate: September 15, 2016
Host Tim Gunn introduced season 15’s designers including home and closet tours.
Episode 1: An Unconventional Launch Party[edit]
Original airdate: September 15, 2016
The 16 designers were tasked to create an outfit that incorporated “the spirit, the aura and the vibe” of the launch party. This was an unconventional materials challenge with the party decorations serving as the materials.
Guest Judge: Savannah Guthrie
WINNER: Erin
ELIMINATED: Ian
Episode 2: Just Fabulous![edit]
Original airdate: September 22, 2016
In one day and with $150, contestants designed a look for the everyday woman. The winning look was reproduced and sold on JustFab.com.
Guest Judge: Nina Dobrev
WINNER: Laurence
ELIMINATED: Linda
Episode 3: Blacklight or Daylight?[edit]
Original airdate: September 29, 2016
Contestants designed a look that would be shown under a black light on the runway.
Guest Judge: Jaime King
WINNER: Erin
ELIMINATED: Kimber
Episode 4: Sink or Swim[edit]
Original airdate: October 6, 2016
In one day contestants designed a swimsuit and cover up. The winning look was reproduced and sold as part of Heidi Klum's swim collection.
Guest Judge: Lucky Blue Smith
WINNER: Rik
ELIMINATED: Sarah
Episode 5: There's No "I" in "Team"[edit]
Original airdate: October 13, 2016
The designers were split in to two teams of six to create a four piece mini collection. Each team's budget was determined by their pitch to a group of investors, the judges, who each had $1,000 to invest. Each member of the winning team received $5,000 from Mary Kay.
Team Unity
House of Bouton
Rik, Roberi, Cornelius, Mah-Jing, Nathalia, and Alex Erin, Laurence, Dexter, Jenni, Tasha, and Brik
Team Unity was given $800 and House of Bouton was given $2,200
House of Bouton was the winning team
Guest Judge: Sabrina Carpenter
WINNER: Dexter
ELIMINATED: Alex
Episode 6: There IS Crying in Fashion[edit]
Original airdate: October 20, 2016
While attending a press cocktail party, the designers are challenged with creating a cocktail dress inspired by the party venue.
Guest Judge: Emily Ratajkowski
WINNER: Jenni
ELIMINATED: Tasha
Episode 7: Welcome to the Urban Jungle[edit]
Original airdate: October 27, 2016
The designers take a trip to Universal Studios theme park in Florida. They are then tasked to create a look inspired by the ride "Skull Island Reign of Kong" to create street wear looks.
Guest Judges: Rebecca Minkoff and Carly Chaikin
WINNER: Laurence
ELIMINATED: Brik
Episode 8: Project Pop Up[edit]
Original airdate: November 3, 2016
The designers were split into three teams of three and tasked to create a collection inspired by one of the Sally Beauty colors. They presented the final collections in a Pop-Up Shop in downtown New York City. The public was allowed to voted on their favorite looks which accounted for 20% of the teams' final judging score. Team Neutral received the most votes from the public while Team Blue impressed the judges more and were deemed the best of the week.
Team Neutral
Team Blue
Team Red
Mah-Jing, Nathalia, and Jenni Rik, Roberi, and Laurence Erin, Cornelius, and Dexter
Guest Judge: Kelly Osbourne
WINNER: Roberi
SAVED: Cornelius
Episode 9: Life is Full of Surprises[edit]
Original airdate: November 10, 2016
The designers are pleasantly surprised when each one of them is visited by a special guest from home. But the emotional reunions with their mothers, daughters, and friends are quickly overshadowed by the drama of the next challenge when the designers learn that their newly arrived loved ones will also be their clients—and there is $50,000 on the line!
Guest Judges: Olivia Culpo and Katia Beauchamp
WINNER: Rik
ELIMINATED: Jenni
Episode 10: A Power Trip[edit]
Original airdate: November 17, 2016
After having a helicopter flight over New York, the designers were tasked to create a high-fashion editorial look for a powerful woman, inspired by their flight. The winning look will be featured in a spread in Marie Claire magazine.
Guest Judges: Anne Fulenwider and Camilla Belle
WINNER: Cornelius
ELIMINATED: Nathalia and Dexter
Episode 11: Bold Innovation[edit]
Original airdate: December 1, 2016
The first-ever hybrid challenge tasks the clothiers to fashion innovative avant-garde looks by using conventional fabric and unconventional metal-themed materials. Included: a memorable runway.
Guest Judges: Shiri Appleby
WINNER: Erin
ELIMINATED: Mah-Jing
Episode 12: An Unconventional Trip[edit]
Original airdate: December 8, 2016
New York Fashion Week is just around the corner, but the designers are reminded that this is the last challenge before the finale. A major surprise is in order for the designers, they're going to Austin Texas! Once they arrive, they are informed that the next challenge is an unconventional one and encouraged to really think outside the box as they pursue a general store for supplies. After they visit Stubb's Barbecue Store for Austin memorabilia. Back in New York, they all seem to be second-guessing themselves and, of course, there's yet another twist. Tim tells the designers they must also craft a second look to go along with their first creation and not all the designers have time working on their side.
Guest Judge: Georgina Chapman and Priyanka Chopra
WINNER: Roberi
ELIMINATED: Cornelius
Episode 13: Finale Part 1[edit]
Original airdate: December 15, 2016
It's the final four and they are on their way to New York Fashion Week. Commencing their 10 piece collections each designer is given $9000. Visiting the designers at home, Tim Gunn is not impressed with everything they've created so far; the designers return to New York and present three pieces from their collections; Michael Kors returns as a guest judge.
Guest Judge: Michael Kors
Episode 14: Finale Part 2[edit]
Original airdate: December 22, 2016
The final four designers present their collections New York Fashion Week.
Guest Judge: Zendaya
WINNER: Erin
ELIMINATED: Roberi (2nd place), Laurence (3rd place), Rik (4th place)
Episode 15: Season 15 Reunion[edit]
Original airdate: December 29, 2016
The designers reunite to sew up Season 15 as they reflect on the highs, lows and memorable moments from their time on the show. Host: Tim Gunn.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 16, 2016). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.15.2016". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2016/05/project-runway-renewed-season-16-17-18-all-stars-junior-fashion-inc-lifetime-1201762990/
Jump up ^ "Project Runway Designers". myLifetime.com. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
External links[edit]
Project Runway Season 15 Official Website
Project Runway on IMDb
JustFab's website
[show]
v
t
e
Project Runway
Series
Regular
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
All Stars
1
2
3
4
5
Junior
1
2
Mentors
Regular
Tim Gunn
All Stars
Joanna Coles (seasons 1–2)
Zanna Roberts Rassi (season 3–)
Junior
Tim Gunn
Judges
Regular
Heidi Klum
Nina García
Michael Kors (seasons 1–10)
Zac Posen (season 11–)
All Stars
Angela Lindvall (season 1)
Carolyn Murphy (season 2)
Alyssa Milano (season 3–)
Isaac Mizrahi
Georgina Chapman
Junior
Christian Siriano
Kelly Osbourne
Aya Kanai
Winners
Regular
Jay McCarroll
Chloe Dao
Jeffrey Sebelia
Christian Siriano
Leanne Marshall
Irina Shabayeva
Seth Aaron Henderson
Gretchen Jones
Anya Ayoung-Chee
Dmitry Sholokhov
Michelle Lesniak Franklin
Dom Streater
Sean Kelly
Ashley Nell Tipton
Erin Robertson
All Stars
Mondo Guerra
Anthony Ryan Auld
Seth Aaron Henderson
Dmitry Sholokhov
Dom Streater
Fan Favorites
Austin Scarlett
Daniel Vosovic
Mychael Knight
Christian Siriano
Christopher Straub
Mondo Guerra
Anya Ayoung-Chee
Elena Slivnyak
Finalists
Regular
Kara Saun
Wendy Pepper
Daniel Vosovic
Santino Rice
Uli Herzner
Laura Bennett
Mychael Knight
Carol Hannah Whitfield
Mila Hermanovski
Bradon McDonald
Candice Cuoco
All Stars
Michael Costello
Austin Scarlett
Uli Herzner
Elena Slivnyak
Korto Momolu
Additional alumni
Kevin Johnn
Daniel Franco
Kara Janx
Nick Verreos
Diana Eng
Kayne Gillaspie
Keith Michael
Malan Breton
Chris March
Elisa Jimenez
Steven Rosengard
Jack Mackenroth
Stephen "Suede" Baum
Kelli Martin
Nicolas Putvinski
Dexter Simmons
List of Project Runway contestants
International versions
Designerspirene
Muodin huipulle
1
2
Project Catwalk (Netherlands)
Project Catwalk (UK)
1
2
3
Projeto Fashion (Brazil)
Project Runway Australia
1
2
3
4
Project Runway Arab World
Project Runway Canada
1
2
Project Runway Israel
Project Runway Korea
Project Runway Latin America
Project Runway Malaysia
1
Project Runway Philippines
1
2
3
4
Project Runway Poland
Projecto Moda (Portugal)
Project Runway Vietnam
Spin-offs
All-Star Challenge
Project Runway: Fashion Startup
Models of the Runway
On the Road with Austin & Santino
Project Accessory
Project Runway: Threads
Tim Gunn's Guide to Style
Under the Gunn
Related
Parsons The New School for Design
Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising
[show]
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Dr. Ruth (1984–91)
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Army Wives (2007–13)
Blood Ties (2007)
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Devious Maids (2013–2016)
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The Lottery (2014)
Project Runway: Threads (2014)
Raising Asia (2014)
True Tori (2014)
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Fashionably Late with Rachel Zoe (2015)
The Lizzie Borden Chronicles (2015)
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Current
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Preachers' Daughters (2013–)
Bring It! (2014–)
Little Women: LA (2014–)
Project Runway: Threads (2014–)
Little Women: NY (2015–)
Project Runway: Junior (2015–)
UnREAL (2015–)
The Rap Game (2016–)
Little Women: Atlanta (2016–)
Project Runway: Fashion Startup (2016–)
Little Women: Dallas (2016–)
Mary Kills People (2017–)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_Runway_(season_15)&oldid=802074265"
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Rock-a-bye Baby
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For the film, see Rock-A-Bye Baby (film). For the children's musical group, see Rockabye Baby! For the mixtape by Cassie, see RockaByeBaby.
"Rock-a-bye Baby"
Nursery rhyme
Published
c. 1765
'Rock-a-bye Baby' is a nursery rhyme and lullaby. The melody is a variant of the English satirical ballad Lillibullero.[citation needed] It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 2768.
Contents
1 Lyrics
2 Origins and development
3 Publication
4 Melody
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Lyrics[edit]
The first printed version from Mother Goose's Melody (London, c. 1765), has the following lyrics:
Rock-a-bye baby
On the tree tops,
When the wind blows,
The cradle will rock
When the bough breaks,
The cradle will fall,
and down will come Baby,
Cradle and all.
The version from Songs for the Nursery (London, 1805), contains the wording:
Rock-a-bye baby, thy cradle is green,
Father's a nobleman, mother's a queen...
Alternate Lyrics as shown in The Real Mother Goose published in 1916:
Rock-a-bye baby, thy cradle is green;
Father's a nobleman, mother's a queen;
And Aggy's a lady, and wears a gold ring;
And Johnny's a drummer, and drums for the king.
The most common version used today is:
Rock-a-bye baby, on the tree tops,
When the wind blows, the cradle will rock,
When the bough breaks, the cradle will fall,
And down will come baby, cradle and all.
The full versions lyrics are:
Rock-a-bye baby, in the tree tops
When the wind blows the cradle will rock
When the bough breaks, the cradle will fall
Down will come baby, cradle and all
Baby is drowsing, cosy and fair
Mother sits near in her rocking chair
Forward and back, the cradle she swings
Though baby sleeps, he hears what she sings
Rock-a-bye baby, do not you fear
Never mind, baby, mother is near
Wee little fingers, eyes are shut tight
Now sound asleep - until morning light
Origins and development[edit]
Various theories exist to explain the origins of the rhyme.
One theory suggests the rhyme narrates a mother gently rocking her baby to sleep, as if the baby were riding the treetops during a breeze; then, when the mother lowers the baby to her crib, the song says "down will come baby."
Another identifies the rhyme as the first English poem written on American soil, suggesting it dates from the 17th century and that it may have been written by an English immigrant who observed the way native-American women rocked their babies in birch-bark cradles, which were suspended from the branches of trees, allowing the wind to rock the baby to sleep.[1][2] The words appeared in print in England c. 1765.
In Derbyshire, England, local legend has it that the song relates to a local character in the late 18th century, Betty Kenny (Kate Kenyon), who lived with her husband, Luke, and their eight children in a huge yew tree in Shining Cliff Woods in the Derwent Valley, where a hollowed-out bough served as a cradle.[3]
Yet another theory has it that the lyrics, like the tune "Lilliburlero" it is sung to, refer to events immediately preceding the Glorious Revolution. The baby is supposed to be the son of James VII and II, who was widely believed to be someone else's child smuggled into the birthing room in order to provide a Roman Catholic heir for James. The "wind" may be that Protestant "wind" or force "blowing" or coming from the Netherlands bringing James' nephew and son-in-law William of Orange, who would eventually depose King James II in the revolution (the same "Protestant Wind" that had saved England from the Spanish Armada a century earlier). The "cradle" is the royal House of Stuart.[4] The earliest recorded version of the words in print appeared with a footnote, "This may serve as a warning to the Proud and Ambitious, who climb so high that they generally fall at last",[5] which may be read as supporting a satirical meaning. It would help to substantiate the suggestion of a specific political application for the words however if they and the 'Lilliburlero' tune could be shown to have been always associated.
Yet another theory is that the song is based around a 17th century ritual that took place after a newborn baby had died. The mothers would hang the child from a basket on a branch in a tree and waited to see if they would come back to life. The line “ when the bough breaks the baby will fall” would suggest that the baby was dead weight so heavy enough to break the branch.
Another possibility is that the words began as a "dandling" rhyme - one used while a baby is being swung about and sometimes tossed and caught. An early dandling rhyme is quoted in The Oxford Nursery Rhyme Book which has some similarity:
Catch him, crow! Carry him, kite!
Take him away till the apples are ripe;
When they are ripe and ready to fall,
Here comes baby, apples and all, woop woop.[6]
Publication[edit]
The words first appeared in print in Mother Goose's Melody (London, c. 1765), possibly published by John Newbery (1713–1767), and which was reprinted in Boston in 1785.[2] Rock-a-bye as a phrase was first recorded in 1805 in Benjamin Tabart's Songs for the Nursery, (London, 1805).[2][7]
Melody[edit]
It is unclear though whether these early rhymes were sung to either of the now-familiar tunes. At some time, however, the Lilliburlero-based tune and the 1796 lyric, with the word "Hush-a-bye" replaced by "Rock-a-bye", must have come together and achieved a new popularity. A possible reference to this re-emergence is in an advertisement in The Times newspaper in 1887 for a performance in London by a minstrel group featuring a "new" American song called 'Rock-a-bye':
"Moore and Burgess Minstrels, St James's-hall TODAY at 3, TONIGHT at 8, when the following new and charming songs will be sung...The great American song of ROCK-A-BYE..."[8]
This minstrel song, whether substantially the same as the nursery rhymes quoted above or not, was clearly an instant hit: a later advertisement for the same company in the paper's October 13 edition promises that "The new and charming American ballad, called ROCK-A-BYE, which has achieved an extraordinary degree of popularity in all the cities of America will be SUNG at every performance."
If this is, in fact, the same song, then this implies that it was an American composition and already popular there. An article in the New York Times of August 1891 (p. 1) refers to the tune being played in a parade in Asbury Park, N.J.[9] and clearly by this date the song was well established in America. Newspapers of the period, however, credit its composition to two separate persons, both resident in Boston: one is Effie Canning (later referred to as Mrs. Effie D. Canning Carlton[10][11] and the other the composer Charles Dupee Blake.[12]
See also[edit]
Children's literature portal
Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody
Eugene Field, Rock-a-Bye Lady
Rockabye (song) A song based off the lullaby from Clean Bandit, Sean Paul & Anne-Marie
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Book Lover, 1904: quoted in I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, (O.U.P., 1951).
^ Jump up to: a b c H. Carpenter and M. Prichard, The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature (Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 326.
Jump up ^ "Ambergate Walk leaflet" (PDF). Ambervalley.gov.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28.
Jump up ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_199811/ai_n8808905
Jump up ^ I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, (O.U.P., 1951), p. 61.
Jump up ^ I Opie, and P. Opie, The Oxford Nursery Rhyme Book (O.U.P., 1955) p. 10.
Jump up ^ Morag Styles, From the garden to the street: an introduction to 300 years of poetry for children (Cassell, 1998),p. 105.
Jump up ^ The Times, Monday, Sep 19, 1887; pg. 1; Issue 32181
Jump up ^ New York Times, August 4, 1891 (p. 1) refers to the tune being played at a Baby Parade at Asbury Park, N.J.: "The line of march formed at the Asbury Avenue Pavilion, and, headed by the full band of the United States steamship Trenton playing "Rock-a-Bye Baby," proceeded up the promenade and countermarched, returning in files of four."
Jump up ^ new York Times, Sunday January 7, 1940, Section: Obituaries, Page 51: "MRS. CARLTON DIES; COMPOSED LULLABY; Wrote 'Rock-a-Bye Baby' at Age of 15--Succumbs in Boston Hospital at 67 WAS ACTRESS 30 YEARS Played Opposite Gillette in 'Private Secretary' and in Own Repertory Group..."
Jump up ^ “The composer of the popular song, “Rock-a-Bye Baby”, which beautifully adapts and incorporates the old and familiar lullaby, is Miss Effie L. Canning, a young girl who was born and formerly lived in Rockland, Me. She is now a resident of Boston. Her success at either verse or music had not been especially great until, by a sort of sudden inspiration, she one day produced the now celebrated lullaby whose popularity, it is a pleasure to state, in the face of so many unlike instances, has been a source of much profit to the composer. Miss Canning is a tall, slender girl, with big brown eyes, full of the sympathy that finds its best expression in art.” New York Times, Wednesday September 10, 1893, Page 11).
Jump up ^ “Charles Dupee Blake, aged fifty-seven, widely known as a composer of popular music...died yesterday at his home in Brookline (Boston)...Mr. Blake composed more than 5,000 songs and pieces of music. Probably his best known work is Rock-a-Bye Baby.” New York Times, Wednesday November 25, 1903, p. 9.
External links[edit]
musipedia
hide
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t
e
Nursery rhymes (list)
"A-Tisket, A-Tasket"
"Aiken Drum"
"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"
"Did You Ever See a Lassie?"
"Hey Diddle Diddle"
"Hickory Dickory Dock"
"Hot Cross Buns"
"Humpty Dumpty"
"I'm a Little Teapot"
"It's Raining, It's Pouring"
"Jack and Jill"
"Little Bo-Peep"
"Little Boy Blue"
"Little Jack Horner"
"Little Miss Muffet"
"Mary Had a Little Lamb"
"Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary"
"Old King Cole"
"Old MacDonald Had a Farm"
"Old Mother Hubbard"
"Peter Piper"
"Polly Put the Kettle On"
"Poor Mary"
"Pop Goes the Weasel"
"Pussy Cat Pussy Cat"
"Rain Rain Go Away"
"Roses Are Red"
"Rub-a-dub-dub"
"Simple Simon"
"Sing a Song of Sixpence"
"Sticks and Stones"
"The Grand Old Duke of York"
"The Queen of Hearts"
"There Was a Man in Our Town
"There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe"
"Three Little Kittens"
"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"
Clapping
"A Sailor Went to Sea"
"Down Down Baby"
"Mary Mack"
"Miss Susie"
"Miss Lucy"
"Pat-a-cake"
"Pease Porridge Hot"
"Pretty Little Dutch Girl"
"Stella Ella Ola"
Counting
"Duck, duck, goose"
"Eeny, meeny, miny, moe"
"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe"
"One, Two, Three, Four, Five"
"This Old Man"
"Tinker, Tailor"
Finger-
plays
"Five Little Ducks"
"Five Little Monkeys"
"Five Little Speckled Frogs"
"Itsy Bitsy Spider"
"Little Robin Redbreast"
"Round and Round the Garden"
"This Little Piggy"
"Two Little Dickie Birds"
Games
"London Bridge"
"The Muffin Man"
"Mulberry Bush"
"Oranges and Lemons"
"Ring a Ring o' Roses"
"The Farmer in the Dell"
Riddle
"As I was going to St Ives"
Lullabies
"Hush, Little Baby"
"Rock-a-bye Baby"
Rounds
"Ding Dong Bell"
"Frère Jacques"
"Kookaburra"
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
"Scotland's Burning"
"Three Blind Mice"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock-a-bye_Baby&oldid=856195358"
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