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Charlotte King (Home and Away)
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Charlotte King
Home and Away character
Portrayed by
Erika Heynatz
Duration
2015–2016
First appearance
23 June 2015
Last appearance
5 May 2016
Introduced by
Lucy Addario
Classification
Former; recurring
Profile
Occupation
Biology teacher
[show]Family
Father
Ernest King
Mother
Peggy King
Sons
Hunter King
Charlotte King is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Erika Heynatz. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 25 June 2015.
Contents
[hide]
1 Creation and casting
2 Development
2.1 Introduction and characterisation
2.2 Matt Page
2.3 Denny's death and blackmail
2.4 Targeting Kat Chapman
2.5 Who Shot Charlotte?
3 Storylines
4 Reception
5 References
Creation and casting[edit]
Script executive Dan Bennett intended for Charlotte to become the show's next villain from the start. Series producer Lucy Addario said Charlotte would be central to many plots and she would also make enemies that want to see her leave Summer Bay.[1] On 10 January 2015, Briana Domjen of The Daily Telegraph reported that actress and singer Erika Heynatz had joined the cast of Home and Away as a school teacher.[2] Heynatz admitted to being nervous during her audition for the role, but loved the character breakdown.[3] The role marked Heynatz's first television acting job, and she began filming her first scenes during the week commencing 12 January.[2]
Of joining the cast, Heynatz commented "Just like with any new job or new environment, there are always some nerves. But ultimately, I am really thrilled. It feels like the perfect timing, the perfect role and the character is going to be a lot of fun to play."[2] Heynatz said she would turn to her mother and mother-in-law for advice as they were both teachers, and she hoped that her character would be well received by the students.[2] Heynatz had been filming with the show for six months before her character debuted. The actress told Chloe Lal of Woman's Day that she was happy waiting because it prevented her being critical of her portrayal and gave her time to learn.[4] She made her first screen appearance on 23 June 2015.[5]
Development[edit]
Introduction and characterisation[edit]
Charlotte is a biology teacher, who joined the staff at the local high school.[6] Heynatz said that Charlotte came to Summer Bay for a fresh start, something that the actress could relate to. Charlotte was also hiding "a secret history" that was set to affect one of the show's established couples.[6] Debbie Schipp for news.com.au commented that Charlotte would not have a low key arrival, while Heynatz added "there's no slinking into the show in the background – she definitely makes an entrance."[6] Heynatz had originally had reservations about playing Charlotte who is characterised as a "massive bad guy".[7] When the actress read the character breakdown, she was "immediately drawn to her resilience, her instincts and her duplicitous nature." Charlotte is scandalous and has many secrets.[8]
Ahead of Charlotte's secret being revealed in August, a reporter for TV Week noted that "it could spell chaos for several people".[9] During a community fundraiser for Leah Patterson-Baker (Ada Nicodemou) and Zac MacGuire (Charlie Clausen), Charlotte was caught off-guard when Hunter King (Scott Lee) turned up and told the attendees that he was her son and Zac was his father.[9][10] Zac was unaware that he had fathered a child with Charlotte and was "gobsmacked" by the revelation. As Charlotte confirmed that Hunter was his son, Zac struggled to understand how she kept it from him and ended up rejecting Hunter.[10] As Zac later forged a relationship with his son, Charlotte realised she still had feelings for him.[11] When Zac and Leah ended their engagement, Charlotte invited Zac to stay with her and Hunter. She then tried to kiss him, but he rejected her.[11]
Matt Page[edit]
"Back at the bar, it would never have occurred to Charlotte that the liaison she had was with a student. It was an innocent mistake. But, what happens after that is what people will base their judgements on when it comes to this character."[3]
—Heynatz on Charlotte and Matt's relationship
Charlotte's first storyline was an affair with school student Matt Page (Alec Snow). She did not initially know that he was a student as they embarked on a one-night stand.[3] The storyline was first discussed by Home and Away producer Lucy Addario; who revealed to Stephen Downie of TV Week that Matt would become embroiled in a new relationship. Fearing other Summer Bay residents will not approve, they conduct their affair in secrecy.[12] Heynatz and Snow did not have time to get better acquainted before they filmed their character's first passionate encounter. Heynatz told Kerry Harvey from Stuff.co.nz that it worked well for the scene, which was a "sexy chance meeting, inherent with all its awkward moments."[8] She added that a "lasting connection" develops between the two characters, but branded their relationship a dangerous one.[8]
The couple were pushed together by Leah, who asked Charlotte to tutor Matt. Charlotte realised that she should not be with Matt, but could not help herself when he kissed her.[3] As Charlotte and Matt continued seeing each other, Maddy Osborne (Kassandra Clementi) soon found out about the relationship and urged Matt to end it.[3] Reflecting on the storyline in December 2015, Snow told Bianca La Cioppa from the Daily Mail that he and Heynatz really tried to make their on-screen romance appear truthful and to justify their relationship.[7]
Denny's death and blackmail[edit]
When Denny Miller (Jessica Grace Smith) made an unannounced visit to Charlotte's flat to offer Hunter her old job, she caught Charlotte with the stolen safe from the Diner.[13] As Denny realised that Hunter had been responsible for the break-in, she urged Charlotte to go to the police. A fight broke out between the two women as Denny tried to take the safe.[13] Charlotte pushed Denny away, causing her to hit her head and die.[13] Despite knowing Denny's death was an accident, Charlotte did not report it to the police. Instead, she buried Denny's body and her belongings out in the bush.[13] Heynatz commented that Charlotte would do anything to protect her son.[13] Not long after, Charlotte began suffering from hallucinations and started seeing Denny around the flat. The images continued to appear, as Charlotte worked to cover up her crime.[14] She hacked into Denny's social media accounts to make it seem like she was alive and enjoying her overseas trip.[14] One particular hallucination of Denny caused Charlotte to throw a glass at a mirror, shattering it. When Andy Barrett (Tai Hara) stops by to ask her out to dinner, he becomes worried by the scene.[14] Hara commented, "it's a side of Charlotte that Andy's never seen. Obviously seeing the glass is a shock."[14] Andy was aware that Charlotte had previously covered up the fact Hunter burnt down Leah's house. Andy believed that she might be covering for Hunter again, but Charlotte refused to talk about it.[14]
Trystan Powell, played by Ben Mingay (pictured), was introduced to stir up Charlotte's story arc.
Charlotte also became the victim of a stalker in the wake of Denny's death. She began receiving notes telling her that someone was watching her every move.[15] As she continued her affair with Matt, his friend Josh Barrett (Jackson Gallagher) asked her to end it, causing Charlotte to lash out and accuse him of sending the notes.[15] Josh then told Matt what had happened, and Matt felt obliged to offer his help. Snow said, "he wants to help her and be that man who steps up and solves all her problems."[15] Charlotte continued to struggle with the images of Denny and the presence of her stalker.[16] Heynatz told Stephen Downie of TV Week that it was a "scary time" for Charlotte. She continued, "She's carrying the burden of guilt over Denny's death and is fearful of the real threat of someone watching her."[16] The actress also said Charlotte was desperate to protect Hunter no matter what, even if it meant lying to him about her strange behaviour.[16]
When actor Ben Mingay joined the cast as Trystan Powell, he revealed that his character would cause "a massive headache" for Charlotte.[17] Mingay explained that Trystan would be stirring up Charlotte's storyline and believed that as she was disliked by a lot of viewers, Trystan would be "a bit of a welcome villain".[17] It later emerged that Trystan was Charlotte's stalker and that he was working on behalf of incarcerated criminal Trevor "Gunno" Gunson (Diarmid Heidenreich).[18] Gunno believed former prison inmate Darryl Braxton (Steve Peacocke) was not dead, and he wanted Charlotte to find out information from his friends and family.[18] Charlotte later handed over a large sum of money to Trystan, obtained from Hunter's trust fund. This caused a rift between Charlotte and Hunter and he moved in with Zac. Hunter told Zac that Charlotte had stolen from him and that she had also been having a sexual relationship with Matt.[18] When Charlotte went to Angelo's for a drink, she began flirting with Brax's brother Kyle Braxton (Nic Westaway), who was unaware that she had an ulterior motive.[18]
As Trystan continued to pressure her to find out the truth about Brax, Charlotte realised that Kyle might know something.[19] Charlotte went to his house to look for clues, but Kyle soon caught her and she made it clear that she was attracted to him.[19] Westaway told an Inside Soap writer, "Kyle has been working hard recently, so to have a gorgeous woman like Charlotte make a move on him isn't the worst thing ever!"[19] Charlotte and Kyle spent the afternoon together, and the writer noted that Kyle appeared to have fallen "hook, line and sinker" for Charlotte. When Kyle later saw Charlotte being hassled by Trystan, and then learnt that he was black mailing her, Kyle attacked him.[20] The incident prompted Constable Katarina Chapman (Pia Miller) to become involved and she questioned Charlotte about the nature of her relationship with Trystan.[20]
When Trystan demanded to know what Charlotte had found out about Brax, she begged him for more time. He then had Hunter kidnapped and dumped in the bush by the road.[20] After learning what happened, Charlotte called Trystan and confronted him in her car, where he then threatened her. Upon Trystan leaving the car, Carena Crawford from All About Soap observed "he's forgetting one thing about Ms King – she's a killer! And pushed to the extreme, she makes a split-second decision and slams on the accelerator, charging towards Trystan!"[20] After hitting Trystan with her car, Charlotte got out and looked at his body, as Irene Roberts (Lynne McGranger) arrived on the scene. When Kat came to question her, Charlotte said Trystan had stepped out in front of her.[20] However, Kat soon learned that Trystan's injuries were not consistent with Charlotte's story and she remembered that Trystan had been harassing her. When Trystan later died, Kat realised that Charlotte had not been entirely honest with her.[20]
Targeting Kat Chapman[edit]
Kat believed Charlotte was responsible for Trystan's death, and during a confrontation she told Charlotte that she would soon be able to prove it.[21] As Kat made it her mission to prove Charlotte deliberately ran down Trystan,[22] Charlotte retaliated by spiking Kat's drink at Angelo's, while Kat was in the bathroom. The drug left Kat groggy and unable to walk straight.[21] She collapsed to the ground and Charlotte took the chance to steal her gun and handcuffs. She then placed an unconscious Kat in her patrol car.[21] As she came round, Kat managed to catch Kyle's attention before collapsing again. Westaway told Melisssa Field of TV Week that the circumstances left Kyle feeling unsettled and he immediately suspected Charlotte was behind the incident.[21] Kat was rushed to the hospital, where she asked the doctor to check her blood for drugs, but the test came back negative, except for a large amount of alcohol.[22] Kat tried to explain that she had been set up, while an unsettled Kyle confronted Charlotte about the incident.[22]
Kat continued to investigate Charlotte despite being suspended for having alcohol in her system.[23] She started to suspect Charlotte might also be involved in Denny's disappearance, and confronted her about Denny's connection to Trystan and Gunno. Although Charlotte "coolly pleads her ignorance", it left Kat more suspicious of her.[23] Desperate not to get caught out by Kat, Charlotte targeted her again.[23][24] As Kat was searching through Denny's belongings at the Farmhouse, she was hit from behind by two men and left next to the oven with the gas on.[24] Charlotte then received a text message informing her that Kat had been dealt with per her plan. Charlotte was "filled with relief that her problem has seemingly been sorted".[24]
Who Shot Charlotte?[edit]
In November 2015, Sophie Dainty of Digital Spy reported that a major character would be killed off in the series finale, broadcast on 9 December.[25] Dainty revealed that the character would die after being shot, but further details were being held back until the scenes were aired.[25] TV Week confirmed that the victim would be either Charlotte, Hunter, Kat or Ash. Dainty added that the repercussions of the death would continue into 2016.[25] On 9 December, Charlotte was revealed to be the victim when she was shot by an unseen culprit, who she knew.[26]
In the lead up to the shooting, Charlotte gatecrashed Zac and Leah's wedding intent on getting revenge. She was also carrying Kat's stolen gun in her bag.[27] During the ceremony, Charlotte announced that she knew all of the secrets in Summer Bay and was prepared to expose them. Hunter managed to lead her away, but they argued and Charlotte said that she had sacrificed everything for him. She eventually left the wedding, which continues without any more problems.[27] During the reception, Kat informs Denny's family that Charlotte was responsible for her death. Elsewhere, Kyle informed Andy and Josh that she had threatened him. While Andy admitted that she knew he had killed Jake Pirovic (Fletcher Humphrys). Ash told Phoebe that he had to stop Charlotte telling Ricky that Brax is still alive, while Hunter left town.[27] Charlotte was standing near the local pool when she heard someone approach her. There was a brief fight and she is shot. Charlotte's body then falls into the sea.[27]
Charlotte's death started a "whodunit" storyline. There were ten suspects, which included Evelyn MacGuire (Philippa Northeast), Oscar MacGuire (Jake Speer), Zac MacGuire, Irene Roberts, Hunter King, Leah Patterson-Baker, Andy Barrett, Josh Barrett, Kyle Braxton, Martin Ashford (George Mason) and Olivia Fraser Richards (Raechelle Banno).[28] Nicodemou explained that the cast and crew did not know the identity of the shooter, and each suspect filmed a different ending to keep the conclusion to the storyline from being leaked.[28] Viewers were invited to download an app, so they could begin their own investigation. Nicodemou thought it would be funny if someone worked it out before the cast did.[28] She also said that it would take a while for the truth to come out and that some people would be wrongly accused. She quipped, "Basically Charlotte is dead but she keeps ruining all our lives in the Bay for a long time."[28] Nicodemou added that she always knew Heynatz's character would be killed off, but asked the series producer not to make her bad, as she wanted Heynatz to stay around for longer.[28]
In a 90-minute episode broadcast on 5 May 2016, Charlotte's killer was revealed to be Josh.[29] After looking at the evidence one last time, Kat realised that a piece recovered from the crime scene belonged to Josh. When she confronted him, he explained that his motives for killing Charlotte were Denny's murder and her knowledge of Andy's role in Jake Pirovic's death.[29] Flashbacks revealed that Josh had regained his sight that evening and he went to find Charlotte. She aimed the gun at Josh, but in the ensuing struggle, he ended up shooting her.[29]
Storylines[edit]
While enjoying a drink at Angelo's, Charlotte notices Matt Page and he joins her at her table. Charlotte goes back to Matt's caravan and they have sex. The following day, Charlotte goes to the high school and Zac introduces her to Leah Patterson-Baker as his former girlfriend and the new biology teacher. Charlotte soon realises that Matt is a student and they both agree to keep their one-night stand a secret. Charlotte helps Josh Barrett locate his brother Andy, who has taken off in his car while intoxicated. Leah later asks Charlotte to tutor Matt and she reluctantly agrees. During their first session, Charlotte and Matt reignite their affair. Maddy later witnesses Matt trying to give Charlotte a flower and works out that they are dating. Matt takes photos of himself and Charlotte in bed together. Matt informs Charlotte that Maddy knows about them, and she threatens Maddy. Charlotte then ends things with Matt. When Leah tries to work out who she is dating, Charlotte panics and Andy lies that it is him. Matt threatens to release the photos and Charlotte tries to take his phone. He later tells her that the photos are on his laptop. When Leah's house burns down, Matt accuses Charlotte. He later apologises and they agree to move on. Charlotte and Andy kiss and begin dating for real. Charlotte gives Zac a loan after he learns the house insurance lapsed. Charlotte's son Hunter King (Scott Lee) breaks into her motel room and then demands to be introduced to his father – Zac. Charlotte later realises that Hunter set fire to Zac and Leah's house. Charlotte admits to Andy that she is still in love with Zac. She later tries to kiss Zac, but he rejects her and returns to Leah.
Charlotte learns that Hunter stole the Diner's safe and left Marilyn Chambers (Emily Symons) injured, Charlotte refuses to let Hunter confess to the police and orders him to leave the Bay. A week later, Charlotte gets an unexpected visit from Zac's niece, Denny Miller, who stops by on her way to the airport to see if Hunter wants to take her job at the bait shop. Denny notices the Diner safe and she tries to take it. The two women fight and Charlotte pushes Denny away, causing her to hits her head and die. After initially deciding to call the police, Charlotte panics and later buries Denny and her belongings in the bush. Charlotte subsequently suffers nightmares about the incident. Charlotte overhears from Denny's family and friends that Denny has not updated her social media account, so she breaks into the Farmhouse and takes her diary to update her account. Trystan Powell (Ben Mingay) appears in the Bay and reveals to Charlotte that he knows she killed Denny. He begins blackmailing her into giving him money. Charlotte steals Hunter's trust fund money to pay Trystan. She and Matt continue their relationship, until Hunter tells Zac and Leah. Charlotte is fired from her job.
Hunter moves in with Zac and Leah, which devastates Charlotte. Trystan explains to Charlotte that he and Trevor Gunson (Diarmid Heidenreich) believe Darryl Braxton (Steve Peacocke) is still alive and they want her to get information from his family and friends. Charlotte gets close to Brax's brother, Kyle Braxton, after he gives her a job. Charlotte realises many of the residents have turned against her after her car is covered in rubbish and a brick is thrown through her window. When she argues with Irene Roberts, Olivia Fraser Richards takes against her. Charlotte threatens Olivia, and in revenge, Olivia vandalises Charlotte's apartment. Charlotte learns from Alf Stewart (Ray Meagher) that Trystan had Hunter kidnapped and left in the bush. Charlotte confronts Trystan about the kidnapping. After Trystan leaves her car, Charlotte drives it at him, causing him serious injuries. He dies the following day. Charlotte tells Irene and Constable Katarina Chapman that it was an accident, but Kat refuses to believe her.
Charlotte receives a call from Trevor Gunson who asks her to visit him in prison. Gunno is unhappy that Charlotte killed Trystan and refuses to believe her when she says it was an accident, reminding her that she also murdered Denny. Charlotte tells Gunno that she is done working for him. When Kat questions Charlotte about her visit to Gunno, Charlotte tells her that Gunno is her ex-boyfriend. Martin "Ash" Ashford knows that Gunno is not her ex-boyfriend and she gets him to admit that Brax is alive. She agrees to keep the secret.
Charlotte spikes Kat's drink and when Kat passes out, Charlotte steals her gun and handcuffs. When Kat becomes convinced Charlotte is behind the incident, Charlotte contacts Gunno and arranges for his henchman to kill Kat. They are unsuccessful. A week later, Denny's body is found. Charlotte asks Hunter and Kyle for money, but they refuse her. After overhearing Ash's conversation about Billie being framed for the fire at Leah's house, Charlotte breaks into Ash's caravan and plants Kat's handcuffs in Billie's bag, framing her for drugging Kat too. Ash confronts Charlotte and has to be pulled off of her. Kat finds evidence that proves Charlotte killed Denny and comes to arrest Charlotte, but she has already left the flat. Charlotte turns up at Leah and Zac's wedding and threatens to reveal everyone's secrets. She leaves and goes to the pier, where she is approached by someone she knows. The unseen person shoots Charlotte and she falls into the sea. Her body is recovered the following day. Months later, as the investigation is being closed down, Kat realises Josh Barrett killed Charlotte. He explains that after he regained his eyesight, he found Charlotte by the pier and during a confrontation, she pulled Kat's gun on him. As Josh tried to defend himself, the gun went off and Charlotte was shot.
Reception[edit]
Harvey (Stuff.co.nz) branded Charlotte a "femme fatale" and "the woman currently turning things upside down in Summer Bay". She added that there is "scandal there is aplenty" when Charlotte is around.[8] After Leah asked Charlotte to tutor Matt, a South Wales Echo reporter noted that "it's lessons in love he will be receiving".[30] An Inside Soap contributor branded Charlotte "wicked",[13] while another called her a "bad girl".[19] A reporter for the Liverpool Echo dubbed her a "villainess".[31]
A Soaplife contributor stated, "Crazy Charlotte King's certainly made more than a few waves since she arrived in Summer Bay last year. In fact, she's nothing short of a one-woman tsunami."[32] They also pointed out that Charlotte had a long list of "extra-curricular mayhem", adding "make no mistake, she's a piece of work!"[32] Carena Crawford from All About Soap said of "cunning" Charlotte, "what a nasty piece of work!"[33] After she was evicted and Hunter was kidnapped, a Sunday Mail reporter observed, "Charlotte's troubles are piling up with biblical force".[34] They added that she went into "full vengeance mode" because of these events.[34] A reporter for the Belfast Telegraph thought Charlotte was "vindictive".[35]
Following Charlotte's exit, a TV Week columnist quipped "Ding dong, the witch is dead!"[36] They wrote that Charlotte had done "some terrible things" during her stint in the Bay, but believed that she was just trying to protect Hunter.[36] The columnist added that it was not a surprise when she was shot.[36] Sue Yeap of The West Australian praised the character, saying "Heynatz's murderous Charlotte has been one of the show's best baddies".[37]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ellis, Sarah (7–13 November 2015). "We're very thankful for all the love and support from our British fans!". Inside Soap (44): 44–46.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Domjen, Briana (10 January 2015). "Class act: Erika Heynatz joins Home and Away as Summer Bay's new school teacher". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Downie, Stephen (27 June – 3 July 2015). "Playing with fire". TV Week (26): 12–13.
Jump up ^ Lal, Chloe (29 June 2015). "Home and Away actress Erika Heynatz reveals she is pregnant with her first child at 39". Woman's Day. (Hearst Magazines). Retrieved 8 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Soap diary". TV Week (25). 20–26 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Schipp, Debbie (20 June 2015). "Erika Heynatz reveals how she will shake up Summer Bay". news.com.au. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b La Cioppa, Bianca (17 December 2015). "'It's not the worst thing to be doing:' Alec Snow, 23, says he was praised by men for his intimate scene with Erika Heynatz, 40, on Home And Away". Daily Mail. (DMG Media). Retrieved 8 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Harvey, Kerry (17 August 2015). "Home and Away star's scandalous role". Stuff.co.nz. (Fairfax New Zealand). Retrieved 8 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Charlotte's web". TV Week (31): 12–13. 1–7 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Zac's secret son!". Inside Soap (38): 34. 26 September – 2 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Downie, Stephen; Field, Melissa (29 August – 4 September 2015). "Family territory". TV Week (35): 11.
Jump up ^ Downie, Stephen (13–19 June 2015). "Summer Bay secrets". TV Week. Bauer Media Group (24): 106– 107.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Charlotte kills Denny!". Inside Soap. Hearst Magazines UK (44): 28. 7–13 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Downie, Stephen (26 September – 2 October 2015). "Falling to pieces". TV Week (39): 13.
^ Jump up to: a b c Downie, Stephen (3–9 October 2015). "Charlotte's stalker". TV Week (40): 11.
^ Jump up to: a b c Downie, Stephen; Scott, Gavin (10–16 October 2015). "Crisis point". TV Week (41): 15.
^ Jump up to: a b Scott, Gavin (10–16 October 2015). "No more Mr Nice Guy". TV Week (41): 104–105.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Downie, Stephen (24–30 October 2015). "Eyes on Kyle". TV Week (43): 13.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Love for Kyle?". Inside Soap. Hearst Magazines UK (4): 32. 30 January – 5 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Crawford, Carena (30 January – 12 February 2016). "Killer King!". All About Soap. Hearst Magazines UK (367): 25.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Field, Melissa (21–27 November 2015). "Out of control". TV Week (47): 25.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Kat is set up by Charlotte!". Inside Soap (7): 27. 20–26 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Downie, Stephen (28 November – 4 December 2015). "Kat attacked!". TV Week (48): 9.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dainty, Sophie (20 February 2016). "Soap spoilers: Susan's in danger in Neighbours and there's a shock attack in Home and Away". Digital Spy. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dainty, Sophie (30 November 2015). "Home and Away spoilers: A major character is set to die after being shot". Digital Spy. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Dainty, Sophie (9 December 2015). "Spoiler alert: Home and Away kills off major character in Australia's explosive series finale". Digital Spy. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Barrett, Kerry (12–25 March 2016). "Shotgun wedding!". All About Soap (370): 10–11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Yeap, Sue (26 January 2016). "A line-up of suspects in Home and Away murder of Charlotte King". The West Australian. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kilkelly, Daniel (5 May 2016). "Home and Away spoilers: Who killed Charlotte King? The answer has finally been revealed". Digital Spy. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pay Back Time for Callum". South Wales Echo. 22 August 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2016. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "Writing a Wrong". Liverpool Echo. 20 February 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016. (subscription required)
^ Jump up to: a b "Charlotte's web of lies means murder!". Soaplife. IPC Media (374): 26. 13–26 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Crawford, Carena (13–26 February 2016). "Charlotte strikes again!". All About Soap. Hearst Magazines UK (368): 24, 25.
^ Jump up to: a b "Evil Dad Gordon Tries His Best to Worm Way out of Allegations". Sunday Mail. 7 February 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "Soapbox". Belfast Telegraph. 28 February 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016. (subscription required)
^ Jump up to: a b c "Home And Away finale: Out with a bang!". TV Week. 10 December 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Yeap, Sue (8 December 2015). "No peace in Summer Bay". The West Australian. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
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Extreme points of South America
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This is a list of the extreme points of South America, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location on the continent. The continent's southernmost point is incorrectly often said to be Cape Horn, but Águila Islet of the Diego Ramirez Islands is actually the southernmost point.
Contents
[hide]
1 Latitude and longitude
1.1 South America
1.2 South America (mainland)
2 Elevation
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Latitude and longitude[edit]
Geographic coordinates expressed in WGS 84.
South America[edit]
Northernmost point: Geoff Hell's Venezuela (13°24′03″N 81°22′14″W)[1]
Southernmost point can be either:
Águila Islet, Diego Ramirez Islands, Chile[2] (56°32′16″S 68°43′10″W / 56.53778°S 68.71944°W / -56.53778; -68.71944), or, if the South Sandwich Islands are included as part of South America:
Cook Island, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (59°29′20″S 27°8′40″W / 59.48889°S 27.14444°W / -59.48889; -27.14444)
Westernmost point can be either:
Darwin Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador (01°40′44″N 92°00′33″W / 1.67889°N 92.00917°W / 1.67889; -92.00917), or, if Easter Island is included as part of South America:
Motu Nui (27°12′4″S 109°27′18″W / 27.20111°S 109.45500°W / -27.20111; -109.45500)
Easternmost point can be either:
Ilha do Sul, Trindade and Martim Vaz, Brazil (20°29′50″S 28°50′51″W / 20.49722°S 28.84750°W / -20.49722; -28.84750), or, if the South Sandwich Islands are included as part of South America:
Montagu Island, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (58°30′43″S 26°16′7″W / 58.51194°S 26.26861°W / -58.51194; -26.26861)
South America (mainland)[edit]
Northernmost point: Punta Gallinas, Colombia (12°27′31″N 71°40′8″W / 12.45861°N 71.66889°W / 12.45861; -71.66889)
Southernmost point: Cape Froward, Chile (53°53′47″S 71°17′40″W / 53.89639°S 71.29444°W / -53.89639; -71.29444)
Westernmost point: Punta Pariñas, Peru (4°40′58″S 81°19′43″W / 4.68278°S 81.32861°W / -4.68278; -81.32861)
Easternmost point: Ponta do Seixas, Brazil (7°9′19″S 34°47′35″W / 7.15528°S 34.79306°W / -7.15528; -34.79306)
Center: 40 km. NWbN of Fuerte Olimpo, Alto Paraguay, Paraguay (20°43′8″S 58°3′39″W / 20.71889°S 58.06083°W / -20.71889; -58.06083)
Elevation[edit]
Highest point: Aconcagua,[note 1][3] Mendoza, Argentina32°39′12″S 70°0′40″W / 32.65333°S 70.01111°W / -32.65333; -70.01111 (Aconcagua) at 6961 m
Lowest point: Laguna del Carbón, Santa Cruz, Argentina 49°34′34″S 68°21′5″W / 49.57611°S 68.35139°W / -49.57611; -68.35139 (Laguna del Carbón) at −105 m
See also[edit]
Geography of South America
Extreme points of the Earth
Extreme points of the Americas
Extreme points of North America
Extreme points of Central America
Extreme points of the Caribbean
Extreme points of South America
Extreme points of Argentina
Extreme points of Brazil
Extreme points of Chile
Extreme points of Colombia
Extreme points of Peru
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The summit of Aconcagua is the highest point of Andes, Argentina, South America, and all of the Americas. Mount Aconcagua is the second most prominent summit on Earth.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Extreme points of Venezuela
Jump up ^ The geology of Chile (p. 36)
Jump up ^ "Aconcagua". Summits of the World. peakbagger.com. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutSouth Americaat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
[hide]
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Extreme points of South America
Sovereign states
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Dependencies and
other territories
Falkland Islands
French Guiana
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_South_America&oldid=805728819"
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Geography of South America
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Extreme points by continent
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text:
Church of Nigeria
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The Church of Nigeria
Seal of the Church of Nigeria.
Primate
Nicholas Okoh
Polity
Episcopal
Headquarters
Abuja, Nigeria
Territory
Nigeria
Members
18 million members, 2 million regular attendees[1]
Website
www.anglican-nig.org
The Church of Nigeria is the Anglican church in Nigeria. It is the second-largest province in the Anglican Communion, as measured by baptized membership (but not by attendance), after the Church of England. It gives its current membership as "over 18 million",[2] out of a total Nigerian population of 190 million. Other statistics reveal that the Church of Nigeria has 2 million active attendees on a Sunday.[1]
Since 2002 the Church of Nigeria has been organised into 14 ecclesiastical provinces. It has rapidly increased the number of its dioceses and bishops from 91 in 2002 to 161 as at January 2013. The administrative headquarters are located in Abuja. Its primate is Archbishop Nicholas Okoh.
Contents
1 History
2 Structure and leadership
3 Primate
4 Anglican realignment
5 Ecumenical relations
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther
Christianity came to Nigeria in the 15th century through Augustinian and Capuchin monks from Portugal. The first mission of the Church of England was, though, only established in 1842 in Badagry by Henry Townsend. In 1864 Samuel Ajayi Crowther, an ethnic Yoruba and former slave, was elected Bishop of the Niger and the first black Bishop of the Anglican Communion. Lagos became a diocese of its own in 1919.
Leslie Gordon Vining became Bishop of Lagos in 1940 and in 1951 the first archbishop of the newly inaugurated Province of West Africa. Vining was the last Bishop of Lagos of European descent.
On 24 February 1979, the sixteen dioceses of Nigeria were joined in the Church of Nigeria, a newly founded province of the Anglican Communion, with Timothy O. Olufosoye, then Bishop of Ibadan, becoming its first archbishop, primate and metropolitan. Between 1980 and 1988, eight additional dioceses were created. In 1986, he was succeeded by J. Abiodun Adetiloye who became the second primate and metropolitan of Nigeria, a position he would hold until 1999.
In 1989 the Diocese of Abuja was created on the area of the new capital of Nigeria with Peter Akinola as first bishop.
The 1990s was the decade of evangelization for the Church of Nigeria, starting with the consecration of mission bishops for the mission dioceses of Minna, Kafanchan, Katsina, Sokoto, Makurdi, Yola, Maiduguri, Bauchi, Egbado and Ife. Between 1993 and 1996 the primate founded nine dioceses; Oke-Osun, Sabongidda-Ora, Okigwe North, Okigwe South, Ikale-Ilaje, Kabba, Nnewi, Egbu and Niger Delta North. In December 1996 five more mission dioceses in the north; Kebbi, Dutse, Damaturu, Jalingo und Oturkbo. In 1997 and 1998 four more dioceses were established; Wusasa, Abakaliki, Ughelli and Ibadan North. In 1999 the Church of Nigeria added 13 new dioceses; four in July (Oji River, Ideato, Ibadan South and Offa), eight in November (Lagos West, Ekiti West, Gusau, Gombe, Niger Delta West, Gwagwalada, Lafia and Bida) and Oleh in December. So within 10 years there were 27 new regular dioceses and 15 mission dioceses created. The Archbishop of Canterbury declared the Church of Nigeria to be the fastest growing church in the Anglican Communion.
In 1997 the Church of Nigeria was split into three ecclesiastical provinces (see below).
In 2000, Archbishop Peter Akinola succeeded Archbishop Adetiloye as primate of the Church of Nigeria. One of his first actions as primate was to get together 400 bishops, priests, lay members and members of the Mothers' Union to elaborate a vision for the Church of Nigeria under the chairmanship of Ernest Shonekan, a former President of Nigeria. The vision elaborated was:
The Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion) shall be; Bible-based, spiritually dynamic, united, disciplined, self supporting, committed to pragmatic evangelism, social welfare and a Church that epitomizes the genuine love of Christ.[3]
The program of action included among others additional translations of the liturgy, establishing a lay fundraising team, establishing a legal support to ensure freedom of religion and worship, establishing theological colleges and universities, internet access for all dioceses, training evangelists, priests and their wives, social welfare programs, hospitals, secondary schools, literacy courses and setting up cottage industries.
In 2005, as one of the goals of the Vision of the Church of Nigeria, the church-owned Ajayi Crowther University in Oyo was granted license to operate as a private university in Nigeria on 7 January 2005.[4]
Structure and leadership[edit]
Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos
In 1997, as a result of rapid expansion, the Church of Nigeria was split into three internal ecclesiastical provinces:
Province 1, consisting of the dioceses in the West, headed by Archbishop Joseph Abiodun Adetiloye, who remained Primate of All Nigeria, and metropolitan archbishop.
Province 2, consisting of the Eastern dioceses, headed by Benjamin Nwankiti, Bishop of Owerri as metropolitan archbishop.
Province 3, consisting of the Northern dioceses, headed by Peter Akinola, Bishop of Abuja, as metropolitan archbishop.[5]
In 2002 the Church of Nigeria was again reorganised, this time into 10 ecclesiastical provinces.[6]
The rapid expansion has continued, and as of 2012 there are 14 archbishops, heading 14 ecclesiastical provinces, with a total of 161 dioceses.[7]
The fourteen ecclesiastical provinces are:
Abuja - (Archbishop: Nicholas Okoh
Aba - (Archbishop: Ikechi Nwosu)
Bendel - (Archbishop: Friday John Imaekhai)
Enugu - (Archbishop: Emmanuel Chukwuma)
Ibadan - (Archbishop: Segun Okubadejo)
Jos - (Archbishop: Henry Ndukuba[8])
Kaduna - (Archbishop: Ali Buba Lamido)
Kwara - (Archbishop: 'Segun Adeyemi)
Lagos - (Archbishop: Michael Fape)
Lokoja - (Archbishop: Emmanuel A. S. Egbunu)
Niger - (Archbishop: Christian O. Efobi)
Niger Delta - (Archbishop: Ignatius Kattey)
Ondo - (Archbishop: G. L. Lasebikan)
Owerri - (Archbishop: Caleb Maduoma)
Primate[edit]
The fourteen archbishops each hold metropolitical authority within their respective provinces. One of them is additionally the Primate and bears the title "Primate of All Nigeria". The primates of the Church of Nigeria have been:[5][9]
Peter Akinola was Archbishop and Primate of the Church of Nigeria from 2000 to 2010
Name
Years
Timothy O. Olufosoye 1979–1986
Joseph Abiodun Adetiloye 1986–1999
Peter Akinola 2000–2010
Nicholas Okoh 2010–
Anglican realignment[edit]
The Church of Nigeria has continuously opposed the liberal inclinations of the Episcopal Church of the United States and the Anglican Church of Canada, which led to the acceptance of non-celibate homosexuality and non-celibate homosexual clergy. The former primate, Peter Akinola, become prominent as a leader of conservatives within the Anglican Communion. After the ordination of a partnered gay man, Gene Robinson, as a bishop of the Diocese of New Hampshire, in the United States, he threatened that it was a measure that could split the Anglican Communion. As a first step, the church declared itself in "impaired communion" with the ECUSA on 21 November 2003. In September 2005 the Church of Nigeria reworded its constitution to redefine, from its point of view, the Anglican Communion, no longer as "Provinces in communion with the See of Canterbury" but instead "all Anglican Churches, Dioceses and Provinces that hold and maintain the ‘Historic Faith, Doctrine, Sacrament and Discipline of the one Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church'." Also in 2005, Archbishop Akinola criticised the Church of England for allowing clergy in same-sex civil partnerships saying that "[it] proposes same-sex marriage ‘in everything but name’ and that the proposal to extract a promise from gay clergy who register for civil unions to abstain from sexual relations is ‘totally unworkable’ and 'invites deception and ridicule'."[10]
On November 12, 2005 the church entered into a "Covenant of Concordat" with the Reformed Episcopal Church and the Anglican Province of America, two conservative groups of Anglican origin but outside the Anglican Communion, which do not recognize the ECUSA. In October and December 2006, several Episcopal churches in Virginia declared themselves out of communion with the ECUSA due to their opposition to their stance on homosexuality and joined the Church of Nigeria through the Convocation of Anglicans in North America, a mission originally started by the Church of Nigeria to support Nigerian Anglicans in the United States. It now mostly consists of non-Nigerian, theologically conservative American Anglicans, and initially began under the oversight of two bishops; Bishop Martyn Minns and a suffragan bishop, David Bena, who are simultaneously bishops of the Church of Nigeria.[11] The Church of Nigeria is currently in full communion with the Anglican Church in North America, founded in June 2009, of which the CANA is an affiliate jurisdiction, launched as a conservative alternative to the liberal tendencies of the Episcopal Church of the United States and the Anglican Church of Canada.[12] The first of four new American dioceses for the ACNA established by the Church of Nigeria, under the oversight of the missionary bishop of CANA, was the Missionary Diocese of the Trinity which was inaugurated on 19 August 2012 by Archbishop Nicholas Okoh.[13] the Convocation of Anglicans in North America is currently led by The Rt. Rev. Julian Dobbs who serves and Missionary Bishop of the Convocation as well as Diocesan bishop of CANA East. Bishop Felix Orji serves as bishop of CANA West.
The Church of Nigeria took a 470 members delegation, led by Archbishop Nicholas Okoh and including several archbishops and bishops to the GAFCON II, that took place from 21 to 26 October 2013, in Nairobi, Kenya.[14]
Ecumenical relations[edit]
In October 2009, the Nigerian church's leadership reacted to the Vatican's proposed creation of personal ordinariates for disaffected traditionalist Anglicans by saying that although it welcomed ecumencial dialogue and shared moral theology with the Roman Catholic Church, the current GAFCON structures already meet the spiritual and pastoral needs of conservative Anglicans in Africa.[15]
See also[edit]
List of the largest Protestant bodies
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Gledhill, Ruth. "Anglican membership figures could be out by millions". christianitytoday.com. Christianity Today. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "World Council of Churches". Retrieved 6 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Vision of the Church of Nigeria". Anglican-nig.org. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "About ACU". acuoyo.com. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "History". Church of Nigeria. Archived from the original on 10 January 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Constitutions of the Church of Nigeria" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
Jump up ^ All are listed on [1] directory page at the Anglican Communion official website.
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ "1,000 delegates to attend enthronment of Anglican primate". Nigerian Tribune. 19 March 2010. Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Africa Anglicans Criticise Church of England Over New Direction on Homosexuals | Christian News on Christian Today". www.christiantoday.com. Retrieved 2017-04-09.
Jump up ^ "Church of Nigeria". Anglican-nig.org. 5 March 2007. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Church of Nigeria in Full Communion with the ACNA". Religionblog.dallasnews.com. 20 March 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Inauguration of the Missionary Diocese of the Trinity, Anglican Church in North America Official Website". Anglicanchurch.net. 19 August 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Okoh leads 470 Anglicans to Nairobi for GAFCON 2 - Vanguard News". vanguardngr.com. 20 October 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Miranda, Carlos (27 October 2009). "A Pastoral Exhortation to the Faithful in the Anglican Communion". Catholicevangelical.blogspot.com. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Church of Nigeria.
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Undead Nightmare
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare
Developer(s)
Rockstar San Diego
Publisher(s)
Rockstar Games
Composer(s)
Bill Elm
Woody Jackson
Series
Red Dead
Engine
RAGE
Platform(s)
PlayStation 3
Xbox 360
Release
October 26, 2010
Genre(s)
Action-adventure
Mode(s)
Single-player, multiplayer
Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare is a standalone expansion pack to the 2010 video game Red Dead Redemption. It adds a zombie horror-themed single-player campaign, two multiplayer modes, and cosmetic additions to the environments and characters of the open world Western action-adventure game. The alternate timeline story follows the returning protagonist and former outlaw John Marston as he seeks to find the cause and cure for a zombie plague that has infected his wife and son. Marston liberates towns overrun by the undead and assists other non-playable characters with quests along the way.
Rockstar Games, the game's publisher, had a long-standing interest in creating a zombie game. They found the Red Dead Redemption universe and its American countryside to fit the cinematic heritage of the horror film genre. Rockstar wanted their additional content to function outside rather than within the base game's story, but draw on its characters and atmosphere. The company released Undead Nightmare as downloadable content for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 platforms on October 26, 2010, and as a retail disc bundle with other downloadable content packs in late November.
Undead Nightmare received generally favorable reviews at its release, and the retail disc sold two million copies by 2011. It was praised as a model for downloadable content and named among the best of the year, with top awards from the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards and Shacknews in this category. Critics praised its production values and handling of the zombie video game motif, and noted its lightheartedness compared to the main game, although some reviewers struggled with the game's character movement controls and found the combat unvaried. It is retrospectively considered to be being among the best downloadable content packs on record. Through backward compatibility, the Xbox One supports Undead Nightmare.
Contents
1 Gameplay
2 Development
3 Reception
4 Legacy
5 References
6 External links
Gameplay[edit]
Undead Nightmare is a modified expansion of the 2010 video game Red Dead Redemption,[1] an open world Western action-adventure in which the former outlaw John Marston is coerced by the federal government to capture former members of his gang in exchange for his family's freedom.[2] Undead Nightmare is an alternate timeline expansion that adds a new full-length story in a zombie horror theme and reworks the base game's environment to appear dark and spooky. As corpses begin to rise from the dead to become flesh-eating zombies, some of the living go into hiding and others become hostile.[1] Marston seeks to find the plague's cause and its cure for his wife and son.[3] The game's story lasts about six hours and includes new cutscenes, voice acting, and music. It is accessed separately from the main game menu with its own save files.[1] It does not share play progress and items from the main game,[4] nor does it require the base game in any form.[5]
As in Red Dead Redemption, the player can diverge from the main story on side quests: requests from strangers, checklist challenges, and other digressions.[3] These missions are similar in format to those of the original but their objectives are replaced to fit the zombie horror theme. For example, the player hunts for family members instead of fugitives or empties graveyards instead of gang hideouts. Marston is called to liberate towns overrun by the undead, which unlocks ammo, new places to stay,[1] quests, and the assistance of the living townspeople.[6] After Marston's assistance, the towns remain free of zombies for several in-game days, but will eventually require the player's assistance when zombies return once again.[3] The player decides whether to share ammunition with the townsfolk: ammunition serves as a currency in the game since the shops have closed.[6] The player has fewer correctives for immorality, such as helping or killing other survivors, given the dire circumstances. The game puts a greater emphasis on hyperbolic fun.[1]
The expansion's zombie enemies are similar to that of other games. "Walker" zombies are slow from afar but run when they near the character. Fat zombies attempt to knock the player-character down and others spew green venom. Marston has new weapons, including holy water, bait for the undead, and a blunderbuss that uses zombie parts as ammunition. The player can use a combination of these skills to defeat hordes of reanimated humans, who stop only once their heads explode. For example, Marston can bait a group to an area to set off a bomb, use the time-slowing Dead Eye mode to shoot each in the head,[1] or eliminate enemies from a roof because zombies cannot climb.[6] Other non-playable characters who contract the infection turn into the undead in real-time and are likely to attack the player.[1]
Undead Nightmare removes the traditional fast travel features of the base game, and this encourages the player to use settlements to store their caravan. Marston rides undead horses in Undead Nightmare, which he can summon by whistling. Four mythical horses—the four horses of the apocalypse—with faster abilities are scattered throughout the game for the player to find, tame, and ride.[1] Other mythical creatures to hunt include Sasquatch, El Chupacabra, and a unicorn.[3] Also included are two new outfits for Marston, other cosmetic options for weapons and player horses ("mounts"),[1] and achievements.[3]
Apart from the single-player story, Undead Nightmare adds two multiplayer modes: Undead Overrun and Land Grab.[1] The former is a horde mode in which up to four players cooperatively fight off waves of zombies. Players must open coffins between waves to replenish a countdown timer, which discourages players from camping in the same location. It is also designed so as to encourage cooperation such that players can revive each other if nearby.[6] The other mode, Land Grab, is an additional game mode within the main game's multiplayer free roam and otherwise unconnected to the undead theme. In Land Grab, players attempt to secure seven areas across the game's environment. While players with the base game can join in Land Grab games, only Undead Nightmare owners can initiate them.[1]
Development[edit]
Following the 2010 release of the base game, Rockstar San Diego prepared and released a series of downloadable content packs, of which Undead Nightmare was one.[7] The Red Dead Redemption world was designed to be not necessarily serious but within the Western genre without regressing to "cheesy or camp" pastiche. After finding success, Rockstar wanted to make more content in keeping with the game's atmosphere. The team balanced the "inherently ridiculous" zombie concept with their horror aspects and some self-aware humor. They relied on the backstory of the universe's characters and popular associations with the American countryside to build the narrative's emotional content. In the game's canon, the Undead Nightmare scenario fits in the time between when Marston returns home and the end of the base game, though the expansion's events do not cross the main story in any way.[8]
Rockstar found a match in the Red Dead Redemption universe for their long-standing aim to create a zombie game. In lieu of making a new intellectual property for such a game, Rockstar instead wanted players to see how a zombie outbreak affected a world already familiar to them. The company thought that this would make the zombie trope more interesting. Rockstar also saw similar "cinematic heritage" between the Western and zombie horror genres. The team used the analogy of a 1970s film set to explain their ambitions—that Undead Nightmare in the Red Dead Redemption universe would feel like its characters filming a "serious, revisionist Western" by day and a "somewhat insane horror movie" with the same cast and set by night. Following its experience with Grand Theft Auto IV's downloadable content packs, Rockstar wanted its add-on packs to be a separate story with possible overlaps rather than a continuation of the main story. Rockstar vice president of creative Dan Houser described several reasons for not using the Grand Theft Auto universe for the zombie release: (1) that Red Dead's shooting mechanics, including its slow-motion Dead Eye feature, were a better fit for zombie headshots, (2) that zombies were a better fit for the Great Plains landscape, more reminiscent of a 1970s horror film, and (3) that John Marston was a better fit for hunting zombies than the protagonists of Grand Theft Auto games.[8]
Houser said that reviews of the base game had little impact on the development of Undead Nightmare, though the team used the smaller downloadable content packs and patches to add features that others wanted in the main game. "I don't think we ever saw the phrase 'what this game is missing is the supernatural'", Houser recollected on the team's feedback and their interest in doing something that would not be expected by fans yet enjoyed nonetheless. "And that is part of what attracted us."[8] Rockstar released Undead Nightmare on October 26, 2010. Rockstar's Dan Houser said that the team was satisfied with their results and how the Red Dead Redemption world and zombie theme supplemented each other's context and depth.[8]
A standalone retail disc release of Undead Nightmare followed in late November 2010.[9] The release compiles the Undead Nightmare campaign with two smaller Red Dead Redemption download packs: "Legends and Killers" and "Liars and Cheats".[5] "Legends and Killers" adds more multiplayer features, such as challenges and maps. "Liars and Cheats" adds multiplayer versions of the tabletop bar games featured in the game's single-player campaign.[10] Since the base game and its expansion share the same multiplayer, Official Xbox Magazine described the standalone Undead Nightmare as the same as the original game save for having swapped its single-player campaign for a new one.[5] Rockstar Games released an additional multiplayer download pack, "Myths and Mavericks", in September 2011,[11] which included new multiplayer characters from the single-player story and new multiplayer locations.[12]
Reception[edit]
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic 87/100[13]
Review scores
Publication
Score
Eurogamer 8/10[3]
GameSpot 8/10[6]
IGN 10/10[1]
OXM (UK) 9/10[5]
The Guardian
Undead Nightmare received generally favorable reviews[13] and was named among the best downloadable content of the year.[14][15][16] It won the award for best downloadable content of the year at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards,[16] and at Shacknews over other notable packs like Lair of the Shadow Broker (Mass Effect 2) and Minerva's Den (BioShock 2).[15] IGN awarded the title a perfect score as a "masterpiece" and editor's choice,[1] while GameSpot wrote that, while fun, the game was not as much a masterpiece as the original.[6] Dan Whitehead (Eurogamer) credited Undead Nightmare as proof that Marston is "one of gaming's great characters".[4]
As a continuation, "Red Dead Redemption's elegiac tone knits incredibly well with [its expansion's] arch Gothic horror", wrote Dan Whitehead (Eurogamer).[4] Critics found the expansion's story to be much more lighthearted in comparison to the main game, with a different overall feel.[1][6] IGN marked the title's exaggerated theatricality and overtones of horror B movie panache.[1] At the time, zombies were a recurring motif in video games.[1][3][17] Whitehead added that Rockstar's ability to use the "most played-out and over-exposed cultural meme" in their "epic Western" without the product appearing silly or gimmicky was a testament to their design acumen.[3] For instance, a talk with Sasquatch was both absurd and poignant. The expansion's script, he wrote, understood the spirit of its characters and balanced sardonicism and honest pathos. Whitehead felt that its nuanced treatment of Marston made him "one of gaming's great characters". On the other hand, Whitehead considered the expansion's mission design lackluster and complained of too many quests in which the player fetches items for other people and traveling between points only to initiate cutscenes.[3] GameSpot praised the story's humor but felt that it was less interesting and varied compared to the main game.[6] Reviewers recommended finishing the base game before starting the downloadable content, not for spoilers but to make the most of the game's references to the original story.[1][6]
Reviewers noted the amount of work Rockstar put into the expansion's production.[1][6] GameSpot said that the expansion added significantly new features and kept the main game's best qualities in its presentation.[6] Whitehead (Eurogamer) wrote that Rockstar's effort appeared to challenge their constraints while other developers often aim for the bare minimum. The reviewer compared the game's reinvigoration to that of the download content created for Rockstar's Grand Theft Auto IV.[3] He also appreciated the continuity of the "apocalyptic" and melancholic ambience in which the base game considered the metaphorical extinction of the cowboy west while the expansion considered the literal extinction of civilization.[4] Critics noted ways in which Undead Nightmare borrowed zombie designs from the Left 4 Dead series.[1][4] This disappointed Eurogamer's reviewer in consideration of Rockstar's reputation as a pioneer rather than an imitator.[4] GameSpot's highlights from the game included its multiplayer, imaginative weaponry, and mythical mounts, and eerie soundtrack.[6]
Critics reported that players rarely need to use Undead Nightmare's new weapons.[4][6] Whitehead (Eurogamer) said that Marston's firearms are mostly indistinguishable apart from the blunderbuss, which is only useful when the player is overrun by zombies.[4] GameSpot added that the game's combat is repetitive and less fun in the expansion, as zombies barely pose a threat. The zombies, without guns, cover, horses, lack the complexities of cowboys and, apart from some of the special zombie types, are only a threat at short distances. The reviewer found little variation between weapons when firing at close range, which is more effective than aiming at a distance. The fun of the new guns quickly faded for the critic, who found little incentive to use traditional gunfight strategies.[6] Whitehead (Eurogamer) too noted that the base game relied on its use of cover during gunfights, which the expansion jettisons altogether. Thus the player is forced into the technique of backtracking and turning to use the time-slowing Dead Eye mode to clear zombies with headshots.[3] The reviewer also found the controls clumsy and often tripped on piles of zombie bodies or became stuck in doorways. While the idea of zombie animals scared Whitehead, he was both relieved and disappointed to find that bears and cougars, like the humans, died with a single bullet.[4]
Eurogamer noted the annoyance of returning to defend over 20 towns each with recurring zombie problems, but said that the game mechanic is never too bothersome and even appreciated its element of time management, similar to that of the Dead Rising game series.[3] IGN thought that the lack of fast travel was an impediment.[1] Reviewers also noted technical issues with moving Marston's character, especially when climbing ladders and outrunning zombies.[1][4]
Critics praised Undead Nightmare as a model for downloadable content[1][4] especially in its balance of content and price.[1][17] Neil Davey (The Guardian) said that it was the best purchase of 2010 at its price range,[17] but staff of the Official Xbox Magazine found the price slightly too high.[5] Henry Gilbert of GamesRadar thought that the game's concept sounded like a ploy to make easy money without much work, but admitted how wrong and surprised he was at the game's depth.[14] At the time of its 2010 release, the Official Xbox Magazine counted Undead Nightmare among the best downloadable content in existence.[5] The standalone retail disc had sold two million units as of August 2011. No sales figures were released regarding the download pack itself.[18]
Legacy[edit]
Undead Nightmare has been heralded among the best expansion packs ever produced for a video game.[19][20][21] Kotaku wrote of its originality, despite the trite zombie theme, and added that the expansion functioned best when Rockstar used the game's pretense to exercise their sense of humor, with undead versions of normal animals, and new mythical creatures. The reviewer related the game's level of entertainment to it being the first Rockstar release in years to "wholeheartedly embrace the inherently madcap nature of open world games".[19] Undead Nightmare took a good title and "put it over the top", as USgamer put it.[22] Hardcore Gamer cited the expansion as an example of downloadable content that would have never fit in the main game but instead let the developers explore other ideas.[23]
Microsoft added backward compatibility for the base game and its expansion on the company's Xbox One, the successor to the Xbox 360, in July 2016. Red Dead Redemption had been one of the most requested titles for the feature.[24][25] The game's sales position on Amazon.com spiked following the announcement.[25] The release runs at a smoother frame rate on the Xbox One.[26]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Steimer, Kristine (October 27, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare Review". IGN. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bogenn, Tim; Barba, Rick (May 7, 2010). Red Dead Redemption Signature Series Strategy Guide. Brady Games. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-7440-1030-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Whitehead, Dan (October 28, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare Pack". Eurogamer. p. 1. Archived from the original on July 10, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Whitehead, Dan (October 28, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare Pack". Eurogamer. p. 2. Archived from the original on July 10, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f OXM Staff (February 2, 2011). "Xbox Review: Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare". Official Xbox Magazine. Archived from the original on February 2, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Calvert, Justin (October 27, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare Pack Review". GameSpot. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare Social Club Multiplayer Events on PSN (October 28th) and Xbox LIVE (October 29th)". Rockstar. October 29, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Staff, Gamespot (October 18, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption Undead Nightmare Q&A". GameSpot. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Cullen, Johnny (October 26, 2010). "RDR: Undead Nightmare disc SKU gets US and EU dates". VG247. Archived from the original on July 21, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mastrapa, Gus (July 8, 2010). "Pricey Zombies Shamble Into Red Dead Redemption". Wired. Archived from the original on July 12, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Free Red Dead Redemption Myths and Mavericks Bonus Pack DLC is coming in September". Rockstar Games. July 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Myths and Mavericks". Rockstar Games.
^ Jump up to: a b "Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare Pack Critic Reviews for Xbox 360". Metacritic. Archived from the original on July 8, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Gilbert, Henry (December 23, 2010). "2010's best DLC and downloadable games". GamesRadar. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Staff, Shack (December 29, 2010). "Best of 2010 Awards: DLC Add-on". Shacknews. Archived from the original on July 21, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Anderson, Joe (December 12, 2010). "Spike VGA 2010 winners – Red Dead Redemption scoops GOTY". VG247. Archived from the original on July 21, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Davey, Neil (November 25, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare – review". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (August 8, 2011). "Take-Two sales sink 12% in June quarter". GameSpot. Archived from the original on July 12, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Lane, Rick (December 23, 2015). "The Ten Best Game Expansions". Kotaku. Archived from the original on July 21, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Steinlage, Tate (September 27, 2011). "More Red Dead Redemption DLC on the Way, Holiday XP Weekend". GameZone. Archived from the original on July 21, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Martin, Garrett (February 14, 2014). "5 Videogame DLC Expansions That Get It Right". Paste. Archived from the original on July 21, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lavoy, Bill (January 7, 2015). "The Best Zombie Themed Games". USgamer. Archived from the original on July 21, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Beaudette, Matt (February 21, 2014). "Why Is Most DLC Sub-Par?". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on July 21, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Frank, Allegra (July 5, 2016). "Red Dead Redemption will finally be backward compatible with Xbox One". Polygon. Archived from the original on July 12, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Hussain, Tamoor (July 6, 2016). "Red Dead Redemption Sales Jump 6000% After Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Announcement". GameSpot. Archived from the original on July 12, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Frank, Allegra (July 8, 2016). "Is Red Dead Redemption any better on Xbox One?". Polygon. Archived from the original on July 12, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
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Brady Games

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