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Primary production
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For other uses, see Primary production (economics).
Global oceanic and terrestrial photoautotroph abundance, from September 1997 to August 2000 as well. As an estimate of autotroph biomass, it is only a rough indicator of primary-production potential, and not an actual estimate of it. Provided by the SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and ORBIMAGE.
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The maps above show Earth's monthly terrestrial net primary productivity from February 2000 to December 2013. The data come from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite. Values range from near 0 grams of carbon per square meter per day (tan) to 6.5 grams per square meter per day (dark green). A negative value means decomposition or respiration overpowered carbon absorption; more carbon was released to the atmosphere than the plants took in. In mid-latitudes, productivity obviously interacts with seasonal change, with productivity peaking in each hemisphere’s summer. The boreal forests of Canada and Russia experience high productivity in June and July and then a slow decline through fall and winter. Year-round, tropical forests in South America, Africa, Southeast Asia, and Indonesia have high productivity, not surprising with the abundant sunlight, warmth, and rainfall. However, even in the tropics, there are variations in productivity over the course of the year. For example, the Amazon basin exhibits especially high productivity from roughly August through October - the period of the area's dry season. Because the trees have access to a plentiful supply of ground water that builds up in the rainy season, they actually grow better when the rainy skies clear and allow more sunlight to reach the forest.[1]
In ecology, primary production is the synthesis of organic compounds from atmospheric or aqueous carbon dioxide. It principally occurs through the process of photosynthesis, which uses light as its source of energy, but it also occurs through chemosynthesis, which uses the oxidation or reduction of inorganic chemical compounds as its source of energy. Almost all life on Earth relies directly or indirectly on primary production. The organisms responsible for primary production are known as primary producers or autotrophs, and form the base of the food chain. In terrestrial ecoregions, these are mainly plants, while in aquatic ecoregions algae predominate in this role. Ecologists distinguish primary production as either net or gross, the former accounting for losses to processes such as cellular respiration, the latter not.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Gross primary production and net primary production
3 Terrestrial production
4 Oceanic production
4.1 Light
4.2 Nutrients
4.3 Iron
5 Measurement
5.1 Terrestrial
5.1.1 Grasslands
5.1.2 Forests
5.2 Aquatic
5.3 Global
5.4 Estimates
6 Primary Production and Plant Biomass for the Earth
7 Human impact and appropriation
8 See also
9 References
Overview[edit]
The Calvin cycle of photosynthesis
Primary production is the production of chemical energy in organic compounds by living organisms. The main source of this energy is sunlight but a minute fraction of primary production is driven by lithotrophic organisms using the chemical energy of inorganic molecules.
Regardless of its source, this energy is used to synthesize complex organic molecules from simpler inorganic compounds such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). The following two equations are simplified representations of photosynthesis (top) and (one form of) chemosynthesis (bottom):
CO2 + H2O + light → CH2O + O2
CO2 + O2 + 4 H2S → CH2O + 4 S + 3 H2O
In both cases, the end point is a polymer of reduced carbohydrate, (CH2O)n, typically molecules such as glucose or other sugars. These relatively simple molecules may be then used to further synthesise more complicated molecules, including proteins, complex carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, or be respired to perform work. Consumption of primary producers by heterotrophic organisms, such as animals, then transfers these organic molecules (and the energy stored within them) up the food web, fueling all of the Earth's living systems.
Gross primary production and net primary production[edit]
Gross primary production (GPP) is the amount of chemical energy as biomass that primary producers create in a given length of time. (GPP is sometimes confused with Gross Primary productivity, which is the rate at which photosynthesis or chemosynthesis occurs.) Some fraction of this fixed energy is used by primary producers for cellular respiration and maintenance of existing tissues (i.e., "growth respiration" and "maintenance respiration").[2][3] The remaining fixed energy (i.e., mass of photosynthate) is referred to as net primary production (NPP).
NPP = GPP - respiration [by plants]
Net primary production is the rate at which all the plants in an ecosystem produce net useful chemical energy; it is equal to the difference between the rate at which the plants in an ecosystem produce useful chemical energy (GPP) and the rate at which they use some of that energy during respiration. Some net primary production goes toward growth and reproduction of primary producers, while some is consumed by herbivores.
Both gross and net primary production are in units of mass per unit area per unit time interval. In terrestrial ecosystems, mass of carbon per unit area per year (g C m−2 yr−1) is most often used as the unit of measurement.
Terrestrial production[edit]
An oak tree; a typical modern, terrestrial autotroph
On the land, almost all primary production is now performed by vascular plants, with a small fraction coming from algae and non-vascular plants such as mosses and liverworts. Before the evolution of vascular plants, non-vascular plants likely played a more significant role. Primary production on land is a function of many factors, but principally local hydrology and temperature (the latter covaries to an extent with light, specifically photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), the source of energy for photosynthesis). While plants cover much of the Earth's surface, they are strongly curtailed wherever temperatures are too extreme or where necessary plant resources (principally water and PAR) are limiting, such as deserts or polar regions.
Water is "consumed" in plants by the processes of photosynthesis (see above) and transpiration. The latter process (which is responsible for about 90% of water use) is driven by the evaporation of water from the leaves of plants. Transpiration allows plants to transport water and mineral nutrients from the soil to growth regions, and also cools the plant. Diffusion of water vapour out of a leaf, the force that drives transpiration, is regulated by structures known as stomata. These structure also regulate the diffusion of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into the leaf, such that decreasing water loss (by partially closing stomata) also decreases carbon dioxide gain. Certain plants use alternative forms of photosynthesis, called Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and C4. These employ physiological and anatomical adaptations to increase water-use efficiency and allow increased primary production to take place under conditions that would normally limit carbon fixation by C3 plants (the majority of plant species).
Oceanic production[edit]
Marine diatoms; an example of planktonic microalgae
In a reversal of the pattern on land, in the oceans, almost all photosynthesis is performed by algae, with a small fraction contributed by vascular plants and other groups. Algae encompass a diverse range of organisms, ranging from single floating cells to attached seaweeds. They include photoautotrophs from a variety of groups. Eubacteria are important photosynthetizers in both oceanic and terrestrial ecosystems, and while some archaea are phototrophic, none are known to utilise oxygen-evolving photosynthesis.[4] A number of eukaryotes are significant contributors to primary production in the ocean, including green algae, brown algae and red algae, and a diverse group of unicellular groups. Vascular plants are also represented in the ocean by groups such as the seagrasses.
Unlike terrestrial ecosystems, the majority of primary production in the ocean is performed by free-living microscopic organisms called phytoplankton. Larger autotrophs, such as the seagrasses and macroalgae (seaweeds) are generally confined to the littoral zone and adjacent shallow waters, where they can attach to the underlying substrate but still be within the photic zone. There are exceptions, such as Sargassum, but the vast majority of free-floating production takes place within microscopic organisms.
Differences in relative photosynthesis between plankton species under different irradiance
The factors limiting primary production in the ocean are also very different from those on land. The availability of water, obviously, is not an issue (though its salinity can be). Similarly, temperature, while affecting metabolic rates (see Q10), ranges less widely in the ocean than on land because the heat capacity of seawater buffers temperature changes, and the formation of sea ice insulates it at lower temperatures. However, the availability of light, the source of energy for photosynthesis, and mineral nutrients, the building blocks for new growth, play crucial roles in regulating primary production in the ocean.[5] Available Earth System Models suggest that ongoing ocean bio-geochemical changes could trigger reductions in ocean NPP between 3% and 10% of current values depending on the emissions scenario.[6]
Light[edit]
A kelp forest; an example of attached macroalgae
The sunlit zone of the ocean is called the photic zone (or euphotic zone). This is a relatively thin layer (10–100 m) near the ocean's surface where there is sufficient light for photosynthesis to occur. For practical purposes, the thickness of the photic zone is typically defined by the depth at which light reaches 1% of its surface value. Light is attenuated down the water column by its absorption or scattering by the water itself, and by dissolved or particulate material within it (including phytoplankton).
Net photosynthesis in the water column is determined by the interaction between the photic zone and the mixed layer. Turbulent mixing by wind energy at the ocean's surface homogenises the water column vertically until the turbulence dissipates (creating the aforementioned mixed layer). The deeper the mixed layer, the lower the average amount of light intercepted by phytoplankton within it. The mixed layer can vary from being shallower than the photic zone, to being much deeper than the photic zone. When it is much deeper than the photic zone, this results in phytoplankton spending too much time in the dark for net growth to occur. The maximum depth of the mixed layer in which net growth can occur is called the critical depth. As long as there are adequate nutrients available, net primary production occurs whenever the mixed layer is shallower than the critical depth.
Both the magnitude of wind mixing and the availability of light at the ocean's surface are affected across a range of space- and time-scales. The most characteristic of these is the seasonal cycle (caused by the consequences of the Earth's axial tilt), although wind magnitudes additionally have strong spatial components. Consequently, primary production in temperate regions such as the North Atlantic is highly seasonal, varying with both incident light at the water's surface (reduced in winter) and the degree of mixing (increased in winter). In tropical regions, such as the gyres in the middle of the major basins, light may only vary slightly across the year, and mixing may only occur episodically, such as during large storms or hurricanes.
Nutrients[edit]
Annual mean sea surface nitrate for the World Ocean. Data from the World Ocean Atlas 2009.
Mixing also plays an important role in the limitation of primary production by nutrients. Inorganic nutrients, such as nitrate, phosphate and silicic acid are necessary for phytoplankton to synthesise their cells and cellular machinery. Because of gravitational sinking of particulate material (such as plankton, dead or fecal material), nutrients are constantly lost from the photic zone, and are only replenished by mixing or upwelling of deeper water. This is exacerbated where summertime solar heating and reduced winds increases vertical stratification and leads to a strong thermocline, since this makes it more difficult for wind mixing to entrain deeper water. Consequently, between mixing events, primary production (and the resulting processes that leads to sinking particulate material) constantly acts to consume nutrients in the mixed layer, and in many regions this leads to nutrient exhaustion and decreased mixed layer production in the summer (even in the presence of abundant light). However, as long as the photic zone is deep enough, primary production may continue below the mixed layer where light-limited growth rates mean that nutrients are often more abundant.
Iron[edit]
Another factor relatively recently discovered to play a significant role in oceanic primary production is the micronutrient iron.[7] This is used as a cofactor in enzymes involved in processes such as nitrate reduction and nitrogen fixation. A major source of iron to the oceans is dust from the Earth's deserts, picked up and delivered by the wind as aeolian dust.
In regions of the ocean that are distant from deserts or that are not reached by dust-carrying winds (for example, the Southern and North Pacific oceans), the lack of iron can severely limit the amount of primary production that can occur. These areas are sometimes known as HNLC (High-Nutrient, Low-Chlorophyll) regions, because the scarcity of iron both limits phytoplankton growth and leaves a surplus of other nutrients. Some scientists have suggested introducing iron to these areas as a means of increasing primary productivity and sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.[8]
Measurement[edit]
The methods for measurement of primary production vary depending on whether gross vs net production is the desired measure, and whether terrestrial or aquatic systems are the focus. Gross production is almost always harder to measure than net, because of respiration, which is a continuous and ongoing process that consumes some of the products of primary production (i.e. sugars) before they can be accurately measured. Also, terrestrial ecosystems are generally more difficult because a substantial proportion of total productivity is shunted to below-ground organs and tissues, where it is logistically difficult to measure. Shallow water aquatic systems can also face this problem.
Scale also greatly affects measurement techniques. The rate of carbon assimilation in plant tissues, organs, whole plants, or plankton samples can be quantified by biochemically based techniques, but these techniques are decidedly inappropriate for large scale terrestrial field situations. There, net primary production is almost always the desired variable, and estimation techniques involve various methods of estimating dry-weight biomass changes over time. Biomass estimates are often converted to an energy measure, such as kilocalories, by an empirically determined conversion factor.
Terrestrial[edit]
In terrestrial ecosystems, researchers generally measure net primary production (NPP). Although its definition is straightforward, field measurements used to estimate productivity vary according to investigator and biome. Field estimates rarely account for below ground productivity, herbivory, turnover, litterfall, volatile organic compounds, root exudates, and allocation to symbiotic microorganisms. Biomass based NPP estimates result in underestimation of NPP due to incomplete accounting of these components.[9][10] However, many field measurements correlate well to NPP. There are a number of comprehensive reviews of the field methods used to estimate NPP.[9][10][11] Estimates of ecosystem respiration, the total carbon dioxide produced by the ecosystem, can also be made with gas flux measurements.
The major unaccounted pool is belowground productivity, especially production and turnover of roots. Belowground components of NPP are difficult to measure. BNPP (below-ground NPP) is often estimated based on a ratio of ANPP:BNPP (above-ground NPP:below-ground NPP) rather than direct measurements.
Gross primary production can be estimated from measurements of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide made by the eddy covariance technique. During night, this technique measures all components of ecosystem respiration. This respiration is scaled to day-time values and further subtracted from NEE.[12]
Grasslands[edit]
The Konza tallgrass prairie in the Flint Hills of northeastern Kansas
Most frequently, peak standing biomass is assumed to measure NPP. In systems with persistent standing litter, live biomass is commonly reported. Measures of peak biomass are more reliable if the system is predominantly annuals. However, perennial measurements could be reliable if there were a synchronous phenology driven by a strong seasonal climate. These methods may underestimate ANPP in grasslands by as much as 2 (temperate) to 4 (tropical) fold.[10] Repeated measures of standing live and dead biomass provide more accurate estimates of all grasslands, particularly those with large turnover, rapid decomposition, and interspecific variation in timing of peak biomass. Wetland productivity (marshes and fens) is similarly measured. In Europe, annual mowing makes the annual biomass increment of wetlands evident.
Forests[edit]
Methods used to measure forest productivity are more diverse than those of grasslands. Biomass increment based on stand specific allometry plus litterfall is considered a suitable although incomplete accounting of above-ground net primary production (ANPP).[9] Field measurements used as a proxy for ANPP include annual litterfall, diameter or basal area increment (DBH or BAI), and volume increment.
Aquatic[edit]
In aquatic systems, primary production is typically measured using one of six main techniques:[13]
variations in oxygen concentration within a sealed bottle (developed by Gaarder and Gran in 1927)
incorporation of inorganic carbon-14 (14C in the form of sodium bicarbonate) into organic matter[14][15]
Stable isotopes of Oxygen (16O, 18O and 17O)[16][17]
fluorescence kinetics (technique still a research topic)
Stable isotopes of Carbon (12C and 13C)[18]
Oxygen/Argon Ratios [19]
The technique developed by Gaarder and Gran uses variations in the concentration of oxygen under different experimental conditions to infer gross primary production. Typically, three identical transparent vessels are filled with sample water and stoppered. The first is analysed immediately and used to determine the initial oxygen concentration; usually this is done by performing a Winkler titration. The other two vessels are incubated, one each in under light and darkened. After a fixed period of time, the experiment ends, and the oxygen concentration in both vessels is measured. As photosynthesis has not taken place in the dark vessel, it provides a measure of ecosystem respiration. The light vessel permits both photosynthesis and respiration, so provides a measure of net photosynthesis (i.e. oxygen production via photosynthesis subtract oxygen consumption by respiration). Gross primary production is then obtained by adding oxygen consumption in the dark vessel to net oxygen production in the light vessel.
The technique of using 14C incorporation (added as labelled Na2CO3) to infer primary production is most commonly used today because it is sensitive, and can be used in all ocean environments. As 14C is radioactive (via beta decay), it is relatively straightforward to measure its incorporation in organic material using devices such as scintillation counters.
Depending upon the incubation time chosen, net or gross primary production can be estimated. Gross primary production is best estimated using relatively short incubation times (1 hour or less), since the loss of incorporated 14C (by respiration and organic material excretion / exudation) will be more limited. Net primary production is the fraction of gross production remaining after these loss processes have consumed some of the fixed carbon.
Loss processes can range between 10-60% of incorporated 14C according to the incubation period, ambient environmental conditions (especially temperature) and the experimental species used. Aside from those caused by the physiology of the experimental subject itself, potential losses due to the activity of consumers also need to be considered. This is particularly true in experiments making use of natural assemblages of microscopic autotrophs, where it is not possible to isolate them from their consumers.
The methods based on stable isotopes and O2/Ar ratios have the advantage of providing estimates of respiration rates in the light without the need of incubations in the dark. Among them, the method of the triple oxygen isotopes and O2/Ar have the additional advantage of not needing incubations in closed containers and O2/Ar can even be measured continuously at sea using equilibrator inlet mass spectrometry (EIMS)[20] or a membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS).[21] However, if results relevant to the carbon cycle are desired, it is probably better to rely on methods based on carbon (and not oxygen) isotopes. It is important to notice that the method based on carbon stable isotopes is not simply an adaptation of the classic 14C method, but an entirely different approach that does not suffer from the problem of lack of account of carbon recycling during photosynthesis.
Global[edit]
As primary production in the biosphere is an important part of the carbon cycle, estimating it at the global scale is important in Earth system science. However, quantifying primary production at this scale is difficult because of the range of habitats on Earth, and because of the impact of weather events (availability of sunlight, water) on its variability. Using satellite-derived estimates of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for terrestrial habitats and sea-surface chlorophyll for the oceans, it is estimated that the total (photoautotrophic) primary production for the Earth was 104.9 Gt C yr−1.[22] Of this, 56.4 Gt C yr−1 (53.8%), was the product of terrestrial organisms, while the remaining 48.5 Gt C yr−1, was accounted for by oceanic production.
Scaling ecosystem-level GPP estimations based on eddy covariance measurements of net ecosystem exchange (see above) to regional and global values using spatial details of different predictor variables, such as climate variables and remotely sensed fAPAR or LAI led to a terrestrial gross primary production of 123±8 Gt carbon (NOT carbon dioxide) per year during 1998-2005 [23]
In areal terms, it was estimated that land production was approximately 426 g C m−2 yr−1 (excluding areas with permanent ice cover), while that for the oceans was 140 g C m−2 yr−1.[22] Another significant difference between the land and the oceans lies in their standing stocks - while accounting for almost half of total production, oceanic autotrophs only account for about 0.2% of the total biomass.
Estimates[edit]
Primary Production and Plant Biomass for the Earth[edit]
Ecosystem Type
Area
(10⁶ km²)
Mean NPP
(g/m²/yr)
World NPP
(10⁹ tons/yr)
Mean Biomass
(kg/m²)
World Biomass
(10⁹ tons)
Tropical Rain Forest 17.0 2,200 37.4 45 763
Tropical Seasonal Forest 7.5 1,600 12.0 35 260
Temperate Evergreen Forest 5.0 1,300 6.5 35 175
Temperate Deciduous Forest 7.0 1,200 8.4 30 210
Boreal Forest 12.0 800 9.6 20 240
Woodlands & Shrublands 8.5 700 6.0 6 50
Savanna 15.0 900 13.6 4 60
Temperate Grasslands 9.0 600 5.4 1.6 14
Tundra & Alpine 8.0 140 1.1 0.6 5
Desert & Semi-Desert 18.0 90 1.6 0.7 13
Extreme Desert & Ice 24.0 3 0.07 0.02 0.5
Cultivated Land 14.0 650 9.1 1.0 14
Swamp & Wetland 2.0 2,000 4.0 12.3 30
Lake & Stream 2.0 250 0.5 0.02 0.05
-- Total Continental 149 773 115 12.3 1837
Open Ocean 332.0 125 41.5 0.003 1.0
Upwelling Zones 0.4 500 0.2 0.02 0.008
Continental Shelf 26.6 360 9.6 0.01 0.27
Algal Bed & Reef 0.6 2,500 1.6 2.0 1.2
Estuaries 1.4 1,500 2.1 1.0 1.4
-- Total Marine 361 152 55.0 0.01 3.9
---- Grand Total 510 333 170 3.6 1841
From R.H. Whittaker, quoted in Peter Stiling (1996), "Ecology: Theories and Applications" (Prentice Hall).
Human impact and appropriation[edit]
Human societies are part of the Earth's NPP cycle, but exert a disproportionate influence in it.[24] In 1996, Josep Garí designed a new indicator of sustainable development based precisely on the estimation of the human appropriation of NPP: he coined it "HANPP" (Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production) and introduced it at the inaugural conference of the European Society for Ecological Economics.[25] HANPP has since been further developed and widely applied in research on ecological economics as well as in policy analysis for sustainability. HANPP represents a proxy of the human impact on Nature and can be applied to different geographical scales and also globally.
The extensive degree of human use of the Planet's resources, mostly via land use, results in various levels of impact on actual NPP (NPPact). Although in some regions, such as the Nile valley, irrigation has resulted in a considerable increase in primary production, in most of the Planet there us a notable trend of NPP reduction due to land changes (ΔNPPLC) of 9.6% across global land-mass.[26] In addition to this, end consumption by people raises the total HANPP [24] to 23.8% of potential vegetation (NPP0).[26] It is estimated that, in 2000, 34% of the Earth's ice-free land area (12% cropland; 22% pasture) was devoted to human agriculture.[27] This disproportionate amount reduces the energy available to other species, having a marked impact on biodiversity, flows of carbon, water and energy, and ecosystem services,[26] and scientists have questioned how large this fraction can be before these services begin to break down.[28] Reductions in NPP are also expected in the ocean as a result of ongoing climate change, potentially impacting marine ecosystems and goods and services that the oceans provide [6]
See also[edit]
Biological pump
f-ratio
Productivity
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c Haberl, H.; Erb, K.H.; Krausmann, F.; Gaube, V.; Bondeau, A.; Plutzar, C.; Gingrich, S.; Lucht, W.; Fischer-Kowalski, M. (2007). "Quantifying and mapping the human appropriation of net primary production in earth's terrestrial ecosystems". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (31): 12942–12947. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10412942H. PMC 1911196  . PMID 17616580. doi:10.1073/pnas.0704243104.
Jump up ^ Ramankutty, N.; Evan, A.T.; Monfreda, C.; Foley, J.A. (2008). "Farming the planet: 1. Geographic distribution of global agricultural lands in the year 2000". Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 22: GB1003. Bibcode:2008GBioC..22.1003R. doi:10.1029/2007GB002952.
Jump up ^ Foley, J.A.; Monfreda, C.; Ramankutty, N.; Zaks, D. (2007). "Our share of the planetary pie". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (31): 12585–12586. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10412585F. PMC 1937509  . PMID 17646656. doi:10.1073/pnas.0705190104.
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A Star Is Born (2018 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A Star Is Born
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Bradley Cooper
Produced by
Bill Gerber
Jon Peters[1]
Bradley Cooper
Todd Phillips
Lynette Howell Taylor[2]
Screenplay by
Eric Roth
Bradley Cooper
Will Fetters
Based on
A Star Is Born
by William A. Wellman
Robert Carson
Dorothy Parker
Alan Campbell
Starring
Bradley Cooper
Lady Gaga
Andrew Dice Clay
Dave Chappelle
Sam Elliott
Cinematography
Matthew Libatique[2]
Edited by
Jay Cassidy[2]
Production
companies
Warner Bros. Pictures
Live Nation Productions
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures
Gerber Pictures
Peters Entertainment[3]
Joint Effort[4]
Distributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures[5]
Release date
August 31, 2018 (2018-08-31) (Venice)
October 5, 2018 (2018-10-05) (United States)
Running time
135 minutes[6]
Country
United States
Budget
$36–40 million[7][8]
Box office
$254.6 million[9]
A Star Is Born is a 2018 American music-themed romantic drama film produced and directed by Bradley Cooper (in his directorial debut) and written by Cooper, Eric Roth and Will Fetters. A remake of the 1937 film of the same name, it stars Cooper, Lady Gaga, Andrew Dice Clay, Dave Chappelle, and Sam Elliott, and follows a hard-drinking musician (Cooper) who discovers and falls in love with a young singer (Gaga). It marks the fourth remake of the original 1937 film, after the 1954 musical, the 1976 rock musical and the 2013 Bollywood romance film.
Talks of a remake of A Star Is Born began in 2011, with Clint Eastwood attached to direct and Beyoncé set to star. The film was in development hell for several years with various actors approached to co-star, including Christian Bale, Leonardo DiCaprio, Will Smith, and Tom Cruise. In March 2016, Cooper signed on to star and direct, and Lady Gaga joined the cast in August 2016. Principal photography began at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in April 2017.
A Star Is Born premiered at the 75th Venice International Film Festival on August 31, 2018, and was theatrically released in the United States on October 5, 2018, by Warner Bros. The film has grossed over $254 million worldwide and received critical acclaim, with praise for Cooper, Gaga and Elliott's performances and Cooper's direction, as well as the screenplay, cinematography and music.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Music
4 Release
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Accolades
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot
Jackson Maine, a famous country music singer privately battling an alcohol and drug addiction, plays a concert in California. His main support is Bobby, his manager and significantly older half-brother. After the show, Jackson happens upon a drag bar where he witnesses a performance by Ally, a waitress and singer-songwriter. Jackson is amazed by her talent; they spend the night speaking to each other, where Ally discloses to him the troubles she has faced in pursuing a professional music career.
Jackson invites Ally to his next show. Despite her initial refusal she attends and, with Jackson's encouragement, sings on stage with him. Jackson invites Ally to go on tour with him, and they form a romantic relationship. In Arizona, Ally and Jackson visit the ranch where Jackson grew up and where his father is buried, only to discover that Bobby sold the land. Angered at his betrayal, Jackson punches Bobby, who subsequently quits as his manager. Before doing so, Bobby reveals that he did inform Jackson about the sale, but the latter was too inebriated to notice.
While on tour Ally meets Rez, a record producer who offers her a contract. Although visibly bothered, Jackson still supports her decision. Rez refocuses Ally away from country music and towards pop. Jackson misses one of Ally's performances after he passes out drunk in public; he recovers at the home of his friend Noodles, and later makes up with Ally. There he proposes to Ally with a ring made from a loop of guitar string, and they are married that same day.
During Ally's performance on Saturday Night Live, Bobby reconciles with Jackson. Later, Jackson and Ally fight after he drunkenly voices his disapproval of Ally's new image and music, which is nominated for Grammy Awards. At the Grammys, a visibly intoxicated Jackson performs in a tribute to Roy Orbison, and Ally wins the Best New Artist award. When she goes up on stage to receive her award, Jackson follows her, where he wets himself and passes out. Ally's father Lorenzo berates Jackson and Ally helps him sober up. Jackson joins a drug rehabilitation program shortly thereafter.
Jackson recovers in rehab, where he discloses to his counselor that he attempted suicide as a teenager. He tearfully apologizes to Ally for his behavior, and returns home. Ally wishes to bring Jackson to perform with her on the European leg of her tour; Rez refuses, prompting Ally to cancel the remainder of the tour so she can care for Jackson.
Rez later confronts Jackson, informing him of Ally's decision to cancel her tour and accusing him of holding Ally back. That evening, Ally lies to Jackson, and tells him that her record label has cancelled her tour so she can focus on her second album. Jackson promises that he will come to her concert that night, but after Ally leaves, he hangs himself in their garage.
Ally becomes inconsolable after Jackson's death. She is visited by Bobby, who explains Jackson's death was his own fault and not hers. Ally takes a song that Jackson had written but never performed and sings it at a tribute concert, introducing herself as Ally Maine.
Cast
Bradley Cooper as Jackson Maine, an established singer-songwriter and alcoholic. He is Ally's mentor and love interest.
Lady Gaga as Ally Campana-Maine, a nightclub singer-songwriter who is discovered by Jackson.
Sam Elliott as Bobby Maine, Jackson's older brother and manager.
Dave Chappelle as George "Noodles" Stone, Jackson's close friend, himself a retired musician.
Andrew Dice Clay as Lorenzo Campana, Ally's father.
Anthony Ramos as Ramon, Ally's friend.
Michael Harney as Wolfie, a limo driver and friend of Lorenzo.
Rafi Gavron as Rez Gavron, a music producer and Ally's manager.
Additionally, Rebecca Field appears as Gail, Shangela Laquifa Wadley as the drag bar emcee, Willam Belli as drag queen Emerald, Greg Grunberg as Jackson's driver Phil, and Ron Rifkin as Carl. Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real appear as Jackson's band, Eddie Griffin appears as a local preacher and Luenell appears as a cashier. Marlon Williams, Brandi Carlile, Halsey, Alec Baldwin, and Don Roy King cameo as themselves.
Production
Development
In January 2011, it was announced that Clint Eastwood was in talks to direct Beyoncé in a third American remake of the 1937 film A Star Is Born; however, the project was delayed due to Beyoncé's pregnancy.[10] In April 2012, writer Will Fetters told Collider that the script was inspired by Kurt Cobain.[11] Talks with Christian Bale, Leonardo DiCaprio, Tom Cruise, Johnny Depp, and Will Smith to play the male lead failed to come to fruition. On October 9, 2012, Beyoncé left the project, and it was reported that Bradley Cooper was in talks to star. Eastwood was interested in Esperanza Spalding to play the female lead.[12]
On March 24, 2015, Warner Bros. announced that Cooper was in final talks to make his directorial debut with the film, and potentially to star with Beyoncé, who was again in talks to join;[13] Cooper did become the male lead.[14][15][16] On August 16, 2016, it was reported that Lady Gaga had officially become attached and the studio had green-lit the project to begin production early 2017.[17] It marks the fourth remake of the original 1937 film, after the 1954 musical, the 1976 rock musical and the 2013 Bollywood romance film.[18] On November 9, 2016, it was reported that Ray Liotta was in talks to join the film in the role of the manager to Cooper's character, though he ultimately was not involved.[19] On March 17, 2017, Sam Elliott joined the film,[20] with Andrew Dice Clay entering negotiations to play Lorenzo, the father of Lady Gaga's character.[21] Clay was selected over Robert De Niro, John Turturro and John Travolta.[22] In April 2017, Rafi Gavron, Michael Harney, and Rebecca Field also joined the cast.[23]
Filming began on April 17, 2017.[2] In May, Dave Chappelle was cast in the film.[24] In April 2018, it was announced that Halsey would have a small role.[25]
Music
Main article: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)
After seeing him perform at Desert Trip festival, Cooper approached Lukas Nelson (son of country music singer Willie Nelson) and asked him to help work on the film. Nelson agreed and wrote several songs, which he sent to the producers.[26] Nelson subsequently met Lady Gaga and began writing songs with her and she, in turn, provided backing vocals on two tracks on his self-titled 2017 album.[27] The soundtrack, performed by Gaga and Cooper, was released on October 5, 2018, by Interscope Records. The studio announced that the album "features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film."[28]
Release
A Star Is Born had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on August 31, 2018.[29][30] It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival,[31] the San Sebastián International Film Festival, and the Zurich Film Festival in September 2018.[32][33] The film was theatrically released in the United States on October 5, 2018,[34] distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, after initially having been set for September 28, 2018, and May 18, 2018, releases.[35][36]
Reception
Box office
As of October 28, 2018[update], A Star Is Born has grossed $148.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $106 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $254.6 million, against a production budget of $36–40 million.[9]
In the United States and Canada, A Star Is Born grossed $1.35 million from select Tuesday and Wednesday night screenings, and $15.8 million on its first day, including $3.2 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $42.9 million for the weekend and finished second at the box office, behind fellow newcomer Venom.[8] The film remained in second place in its second, third and fourth weekends, grossing a respective $28 million, $19.3 million and $14.1 million.[37][38][39]
Outside North America, the film was released day-and-date with the U.S. in 31 other countries, and made $14.2 million in its opening weekend; its largest markets were the United Kingdom ($5.3 million), France ($2.1 million) and Germany ($1.9 million).[40]
Critical response
The performances of Bradley Cooper, Lady Gaga, and Sam Elliott (all three seen here at the film's screening at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival), as well as Cooper's direction, garnered widespread critical acclaim.[41][42]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, A Star Is Born holds an approval rating of 90% based on 394 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "With appealing leads, deft direction, and an affecting love story, A Star Is Born is a remake done right—and a reminder that some stories can be just as effective in the retelling."[43] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 88 out of 100, based on 60 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[44] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale,[45] while PostTrak reported film-goers gave it a 90% positive score.[8]
Alonso Duralde of TheWrap gave the film a positive review, saying, "Cooper and Lady Gaga are dynamite together; this is a story that lives and dies by the central relationship and the instant chemistry that must blossom between them, and these two have it in spades," and praised the musical numbers, describing them as "electrifying".[46] Owen Gleiberman of Variety lauded Cooper's directing, co-writing, and acting, and called the film "a transcendent Hollywood movie".[47] Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+, singling out Gaga's performance, saying, "she deserves praise for her restrained, human-scale performance as a singer whose real-girl vulnerability feels miles away from the glittery meat-dress delirium of her own stage persona."[41] Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine found the film superior to its previous iterations and similarly praised Cooper's direction, the writing, as well the performances and chemistry of Cooper and Gaga. She stated: "You come away feeling something for these people, flawed individuals who are trying to hold their cracked pieces of self together–or to mend the cracks of those they love," also describing Gaga's performance as a "knockout."[48]
In his review for Los Angeles Times, Justin Chang called the film "remarkable," and praised Cooper for his fresh take on the well-worn formula of 1937 film, as well his direction, the performances, writing, and the cinematography.[42] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 4.5 out of five stars, and deemed it as a "modern classic," hailing the performances of Cooper and Gaga, and Cooper's direction. He found the film's screenplay and the original songs "seamless" and "terrific," and also called the film a major Oscar contender of the year and one of the year's best films.[49] The Washington Post's Ann Hornaday described the film as "lavishly delightful" and "earthly convincing," and added that it "offers a suitably jaundiced glimpse of starmaking machinery at its most cynical, but also its most thrilling and gratifying." She similarly praised Cooper's direction, the performances and chemistry of Cooper and Gaga, and the supporting performances, particularly Andrew Dice Clay and Sam Elliott.[50]
While praising the direction, acting, and writing, Michael Phillips in the Chicago Tribune argues that a A Star is Born's formula has always been very seductive to audiences, even when it has been written poorly, and Cooper's few missteps include being a bit of a scene hog.[51] Admitting audiences love it, and he just liked it, Phillips drew attention to a skeptical review by Lindsey Romaine of Medium.com who criticized the story's marginalization of the Gaga character in dealing with Cooper's manipulative addict. She at least wanted a scene where Gaga's character processed her behavior of letting the addict boyfriend get away with it. Phillips argued that it is in part the skillful musicianship which gets audiences to blow past such flaws.[52]
Accolades
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref(s)
Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 14, 2018 Best Original Song – Feature Film "Shallow" by Lady Gaga, Mark Ronson, Anthony Rossomando, and Andrew Wyatt Pending [53]
Outstanding Music Supervision – Film Julianne Jordan and Julia Michels Pending
Best Soundtrack Album A Star Is Born Pending
Venice Film Festival September 8, 2018 Smithers Foundation Award A Star Is Born Won [54]
See also
Book: A Star Is Born (2018 film)
List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing
References
Jump up ^ Yang, Rachel (September 14, 2018). "'A Star Is Born' Director Bradley Cooper Talks Jon Peters Allegations". Variety. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Perry, Spencer (April 17, 2017). "First Look at Lady Gaga in A Star is Born Remake". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved April 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Star Is Born (billing block)". Warner Bros. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Star Is Born trailer with Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga". Film-news.co.uk. June 7, 2018. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "A Star is Born". warnerbros.com. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "A Star is Born". Toronto International Film Festival. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg (August 22, 2018). "How 'A Star Is Born' Re-created the "Man's World" of Music, Coachella Concert Scenes". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 7, 2018). "'Venom' Still Showing $80M Fangs; 'A Star Is Born' Hitting $42M+ High Note In Record October Weekend". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Star Is Born (2018)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Magrath, Andrea (January 21, 2011). "A Star Is Born... again: Clint Eastwood in talks to direct Beyonce in yet another remake of Hollywood classic". Daily Mail. London. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (April 1, 2012). "Screenwriter Will Fetters Talks Clint Eastwood's A STAR IS BORN; Says Script Was Inspired by Kurt Cobain". Collider.com. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (October 9, 2012). "Beyonce exits Eastwood's 'A Star Is Born' (Exclusive)". Variety. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (March 24, 2015). "Bradley Cooper To Make Directing Debut, Hopes To Star With Beyonce In 'A Star Is Born' For Warner Bros". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bart, Peter; Fleming Jr, Mike (May 2, 2016). "Bart & Fleming: Bradley Cooper & Lady Gaga Road Test 'A Star Is Born' Team-Up". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (June 16, 2016). "Lady Gaga Looking Like A Strong Match With Bradley Cooper In 'A Star Is Born'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (June 16, 2016). "Lady Gaga Joins Bradley Cooper's 'A Star Is Born' Remake". Variety. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (August 16, 2016). "'A Star Is Born' Gets Warner Bros Green Light; Bradley Cooper Directs, Stars With Lady Gaga". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Noelfi, Joel (April 18, 2017). "How Lady Gaga's A Star Is Born evolved with Jennifer Lopez, Beyoncé, more". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Galuppo, Mia (November 9, 2016). "Ray Liotta in Talks to Join Lady Gaga in 'A Star Is Born' Remake". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (March 17, 2017). "Sam Elliott Joins Bradley Cooper & Lady Gaga In 'A Star Is Born'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (March 23, 2017). "Andrew Dice Clay In Negotiations To Join 'A Star Is Born' In Key Role". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andrew Dice Clay Says He Beat Robert De Niro, John Travolta for ‘A Star Is Born’ Role
Jump up ^ N'Duka, Amanda (April 28, 2017). "'A Star Is Born' Adds Rafi Gavron & Michael Harney". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (May 5, 2017). "Dave Chappelle Joins 'A Star Is Born' Redo". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (April 26, 2018). "Sony Pictures Makes Deal With Halsey For Movie Inspired By Singer's Life". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Finn, Timothy (February 2, 2018). "He's worked with Neil Young, Gaga and his dad, Willie Nelson. Now he's coming to KC". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stephens, Samantha (September 18, 2017). "How Lady Gaga Brought Lukas Nelson and Promise of the Real's "Find Yourself" to Life". CMT. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ @Interscope (August 30, 2018). "#AStarIsBornSoundtrack features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film" (Tweet). Retrieved August 30, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Chu, Henry (July 23, 2018). "'A Star Is Born' to World Premiere at Venice Film Festival". Variety. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy; Hammond, Pete. "Bradley Cooper's 'A Star Is Born' Headed To Venice After 1st Hollywood Screening Impresses Exhibitors – Update". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Orlova-Alvarez, Tamara; Alvarez, Joe (September 10, 2018). "' Lady Gaga 'A Star Is Born' Premiere Toronto Film Festival 2018". Ikon London Magazine. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Vlessing, Etan (July 24, 2018). "Toronto: Timothee Chalamet Starrer 'Beautiful Boy,' Dan Fogelman's 'Life Itself' Among Festival Lineup". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wiseman, Andreas (August 14, 2018). "Damien Chazelle's 'First Man', Alfonso Cuaron's 'Roma', Bradley Cooper's 'A Star Is Born' Head To San Sebastian Fest". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lawrence, Derek (December 20, 2017). "Lady Gaga's A Star Is Born shifts release date back to fall 2018". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (November 10, 2016). "Bradley Cooper-Lady Gaga Movie 'A Star Is Born' Gets 2018 Release Date". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin. "Bradley Cooper-Lady Gaga's 'Star is Born' Moves to May 2018". Variety. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 14, 2018). "'Sony Swings Past $1 Billion As 'Venom' Bites $35M+; 'First Man' Lands Third With $16M+ – Sunday AM". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved October 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 21, 2018). "'Halloween' Scares Up Second-Best October Opening With $77M+; Best Debut For Blumhouse & Carpenter Canon; Great Launch For Miramax". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved October 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 28, 2018). "'Halloween' Screams $32M Second Weekend As October B.O. Moves Toward Record". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (October 7, 2018). "'Venom' Sinks Teeth Into $205M Global Bow; Sets Biggest October Debut WW – International Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Greenblatt, Leah (August 31, 2018). "Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper make (mostly) beautiful music in A Star Is Born: EW review". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Chang, Justin (September 8, 2018). "'A Star Is Born,' 'Beautiful Boy' bring stories of love and addiction to Toronto". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "A Star Is Born (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "A Star Is Born (2018) reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Find CinemaScore" (Type "Star Is Born, A" in the search box). CinemaScore. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Duralde, Alonso (August 31, 2018). "A Star Is Born Film Review: Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga Reinvigorate a Classic". The Wrap. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (August 31, 2018). "Venice Film Review: Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga in A Star Is Born". Variety. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Zacharek, Stephanie (August 31, 2018). "Lady Gaga Delivers a Knockout Performance in A Star Is Born". Time. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (October 1, 2018). "'A Star Is Born' Review: Cooper, Lady Gaga Hit All the Right Notes". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ Hornaday, Ann (September 21, 2018). "Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga's hotly anticipated 'A Star is Born' is here — and it is lavishly delightful". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Michael (October 1, 2018). "'A Star is Born' review: Bradley Cooper goes Gaga in directing debut". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2018-10-21.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Michael (October 18, 2018). "How destructive male behavior in 'A Star is Born' is eclipsed by beautiful music". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2018-10-21.
Jump up ^ Yang, Rachel (October 16, 2018). "'Black Panther', 'A Star Is Born' Lead 2018 Hollywood Music in Media Awards Nominees". Variety. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Collateral Awards of the 75th Venice Film Festival". Venice Biennale. September 7, 2018. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
External links
Film portal
Lady Gaga portal
Official website
A Star Is Born on IMDb
A Star Is Born at the TCM Movie Database
A Star Is Born at Box Office Mojo
A Star Is Born (trailer) on YouTube
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text:
She's Got a Way
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Not to be confused with She's Got a Way with Words.
"She's Got a Way"
1972 UK 7" release
Single by Billy Joel
from the album Cold Spring Harbor and Songs in the Attic
B-side
"Everybody Loves You Now"
"The Ballad of Billy the Kid" (1982)
Released
1972, 1982
Format
7"
Recorded
July 1971 at Record Plant Studios, Los Angeles, CA
June 1980 at Paradise Club, Boston, MA
Genre
Soft rock
Length
3:00
3:10 (live)
Label
Family Productions (U.S.)
Philips (UK)
Columbia (live re-release)
Songwriter(s)
Billy Joel
Producer(s)
Artie Ripp
Phil Ramone (live re-recording)
Billy Joel singles chronology
"She's Got a Way"
(1972) "Piano Man"
(1973)
"She's Got a Way"
(1972) "Piano Man"
(1973)
"Say Goodbye to Hollywood"
(Live)
(1981) Say Goodbye to Hollywood1981
"She's Got a Way"
(Live)
(1982) She's Got a Way1982
"Pressure"
(1982) Pressure1982
1982 live re-release
"She's Got a Way" is a song by American singer-songwriter Billy Joel, originally released on his first solo album, Cold Spring Harbor (1971) and as a single from that album in some countries. It was also featured as a single from the 1981 live album Songs in the Attic, peaking at number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in early 1982.[1]
Contents
1 Lyrics and music
2 Critical reception
3 Live version
4 Chart performance
5 Cover versions
6 References
7 External links
Lyrics and music[edit]
"She's Got a Way" is a love ballad.[2] The lyrics to "She's Got a Way" have the singer describing how various characteristics of a particular woman, such as her laugh, make him love her, even though he can't understand why.[3] To music critic Mark Bego it's a song about a woman who has "mesmerized" him.[2] Joel biographer Fred Schruers describes the lyrics as a "plainspoken, never-quite-corny adoration of a loved one."[4]
According to a friend of the couple, Bruce Gentile, the song was written about Joel's first wife Elizabeth.[5] Joel's liner notes for Songs In The Attic seem to agree with this, commenting, "Written in 1970, I still feel the same way."
Schruers describes the song's melody as alternating between "surging" and "relenting."[4] The original studio version has minimal instrumentation.[3] The most prominent instruments are Joel's piano and some cymbal crashes.[3] Schruers describes Joel's piano playing as "stately."[4] On the 1983 reissue of Cold Spring Harbor, "She's Got a Way" also incorporated strings, which may have been inspired by a live performance at Carnegie Hall in New York City at which strings were included in the instrumentation.[3] Schruers attributes some of the poignance of the song to the way Joel sings the final word of the final phrase "I don't know what it is/But there doesn't have to be a reason anyway."[4] Schruers describes the last word "anyway" as hanging in the air, "trailing off" and "disrupting the tempo" and thus "seemingly giving in to the emotion" of love.[4]
In a 1981 interview, Joel expressed mixed feelings about the song: "I thought it was cornball for years. I had trouble singing it at first. Then I got into it and decided everybody has a corny side, I suppose".[6]
Joel originally included "She's Got a Way" on a five-song demo tape that also included other songs that would appear on Cold Spring Harbor such as "Everybody Loves You Now" and "Tomorrow Is Today" which Joel made in an unsuccessful attempt to secure his first solo recording contract with Paramount Records.[5]
Critical reception[edit]
AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine described the studio version as being "lovely" and rated it as one of Joel's "finest songs."[7] Bego described it as a "beautiful love ballad" and one of Joel's "most serious and adult compositions."[2] Joel biographer Hank Bordowitz called it a "remarkable composition that, while not great, at least indicate[d] a rising talent."[5] Billboard Magazine's Roy Waddell similarly described it as a "chestnut" that didn't get its "proper due" until the live version was released on Songs in the Attic.[8] Joel biographer Fred Schruers described as the one "gem" from Cold Spring Harbor.[4] According to Rolling Stone Album Guide critic Paul Evans, "She's Got a Way" "set the pattern for the ballads Joel would soon turn out effortlessly."[9]
Live version[edit]
The version released on Songs in the Attic was recorded at a live performance in Boston in 1980. Joel performs the song with only his piano accompanying him.[3] Ken Bielen describes the performance as being influenced by Paul McCartney's style and says that the small venue with its "attentive audience" provides an "intense intimacy."[3] Schruers describes this version as being "a technically better performance much more in a chest register" but does not consider it as poignant as the original version.[4] AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine calls this version "richer and warmer" than the studio version.[10] Joel also performed this song on live TV on Saturday Night Live on November 14, 1981.
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1981)
Peak
position
Canada RPM Top Singles[11] 46
Canada RPM Adult Contemporary[12] 2
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[5] 23
U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 4
Cover versions[edit]
Michael Sweet covered this song on 2007's Touched.[13] Phil Keaggy covered the song on 2007's Acoustic Café, accompanied only by acoustic guitar.[3] Ken Bielen described this version as being "sweet, gentle and simple."[3] Don Henley sang "She's Got a Way" as a tribute to Joel when Joel was awarded a Kennedy Center Honor in 2013.[4]
Margie Joseph recorded a femme version of the song, titled "He's Got a Way," in 1974.[3] Her version uses electric piano as the primary instrument, and adds a Hammond B-3 organ in the third verse to add a touch of gospel music influence.[3] She also adds a gospel choir for background vocals which, in Bielen's opinion gives the impression that her interpretation may be directed towards God rather than a human lover.[3] Bernadette Peters covered "He's Got a Way" on her 1996 album I'll Be Your Baby Tonight, accompanied only on piano.[3] Bielen described this version as being "technically perfect albeit emotion-filled."[3] Erlewine says that she is "well-suited" to its "pseudo-show tune stylings."[14]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 8th Edition (Billboard Publications)
^ Jump up to: a b c Bego, Mark (2007). Billy Joel: The Biography. Thunder's Mouth Press. p. 58. ISBN 9781560259893.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bielen, Ken (2011). The Words and Music of Billy Joel. ABC-CLIO. pp. 21, 124, 129, 131. ISBN 9780313380167.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Schruers, Fred (2014). Billy Joel: The Definitive Biography. Crown Archetype. pp. 80–81, 348. ISBN 9780804140201.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bordowitz, Hank (2006). Billy Joel: The Life & Times of an Angry Young Man. Billboard Books. pp. 36, 41, 51, 238. ISBN 9780823082483.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Mary; Associated Press (1981). "Billy Joel Records Early Songs". Retrieved 2010-02-19. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Cold Spring Harbor". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
Jump up ^ Waddell, Roy (May 9, 2009). "The Legend of Billy the Kid". Billboard Magazine. p. 32. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
Jump up ^ Evans, Paul (2004). Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian, eds. The Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Fireside. p. 434. ISBN 0743201698.
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Songs in the Attic". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
Jump up ^ "Collectionscanda.gc.ca". Retrieved 11 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Canada, Library and Archives (17 July 2013). "Image : RPM Weekly". Retrieved 11 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Touched". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "I'll Be Your Baby Tonight". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
hide
v
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Billy Joel
Studio albums
Cold Spring Harbor
Piano Man
Streetlife Serenade
Turnstiles
The Stranger
52nd Street
Glass Houses
The Nylon Curtain
An Innocent Man
The Bridge
Storm Front
River of Dreams
Fantasies & Delusions
Live albums
Songs in the Attic
KOHЦEPT
2000 Years: The Millennium Concert
12 Gardens Live
Live at Shea Stadium: The Concert
Compilations
Greatest Hits, Vol. 1–3
Souvenir: The Ultimate Collection
The Ultimate Collection
The Essential Billy Joel
Piano Man: The Very Best of Billy Joel
My Lives
The Hits
Singles
"She's Got a Way"
"Piano Man"
"You're My Home"
"Worse Comes to Worst"
"Travelin' Prayer"
"The Ballad of Billy the Kid"
"The Entertainer"
"Say Goodbye to Hollywood"
"Just the Way You Are"
"Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)"
"Only the Good Die Young"
"She's Always a Woman"
"Vienna"
"The Stranger"
"My Life"
"Big Shot"
"Honesty"
"Until the Night"
"All for Leyna"
"You May Be Right"
"It's Still Rock and Roll to Me"
"Don't Ask Me Why"
"Sometimes a Fantasy"
"Say Goodbye to Hollywood" (Live)
"She's Got a Way" (Live)
"Pressure"
"Allentown"
"Goodnight Saigon"
"Tell Her About It"
"Uptown Girl"
"An Innocent Man"
"The Longest Time"
"Leave a Tender Moment Alone"
"This Night"
"Keeping the Faith"
"You're Only Human (Second Wind)"
"The Night Is Still Young"
"Modern Woman"
"A Matter of Trust"
"This Is the Time"
"Baby Grand"
"Back in the U.S.S.R." (Live)
"We Didn't Start the Fire"
"Leningrad"
"I Go to Extremes"
"The Downeaster 'Alexa'"
"That's Not Her Style"
"And So It Goes"
"Shameless"
"All Shook Up"
"The River of Dreams"
"All About Soul"
"No Man's Land"
"Lullabye (Goodnight, My Angel)"
"To Make You Feel My Love"
"Hey Girl"
"All My Life"
"Christmas in Fallujah"
Other songs
"Everybody Loves You Now"
"Captain Jack"
"Los Angelenos"
"Root Beer Rag"
"New York State of Mind"
"Prelude/Angry Young Man"
"Miami 2017 (Seen the Lights Go Out on Broadway)"
"Scenes from an Italian Restaurant"
"Zanzibar"
"Laura"
"Scandinavian Skies"
"Big Man on Mulberry Street"
Tours
An Innocent Man Tour
Face to Face 1994
Face to Face 1995
Face to Face 1998
Face to Face 2001
Face to Face 2003
Face to Face 2009
Face to Face 2010
Billy Joel in Concert
Film
Oliver & Company
The Last Play at Shea
See also
Discography
Movin' Out
Billy Joel Band
The Hassles
Attila
Alexa Ray Joel
Christie Brinkley
Katie Lee
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She%27s_Got_a_Way&oldid=864529986"
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Billy Joel songs
1971 songs
1972 singles
1982 singles
Live singles
Songs written by Billy Joel
Columbia Records singles
Philips Records singles
Song recordings produced by Artie Ripp
Song recordings produced by Phil Ramone
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This page was last edited on 17 October 2018, at 20:23 (UTC).
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