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Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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The Nineteenth Amendment (Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex. It was adopted on August 18, 1920. Until the 1910s, most states did not give women the right to vote. The amendment was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the United States, which fought at both state and national levels to achieve the vote. It effectively overruled Minor v. Happersett, in which a unanimous Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment did not give women the right to vote.
The Nineteenth Amendment was originally introduced in Congress in 1878 by Senator Aaron A. Sargent. Forty-one years later, in 1919, Congress submitted it to the states for ratification. It was ratified by three-fourths of the states a year later, with Tennessee's ratification being the last needed to add the amendment to the Constitution. In Leser v. Garnett (1922), the Supreme Court rejected claims that the amendment was unconstitutionally adopted.
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 Background
3 Proposal and ratification
3.1 Ratification timeline
4 Leser v. Garnett
5 Effects
6 Commemoration
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
9.1 Footnotes
9.2 Bibliography
10 External links
Text
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Background
Highest level of women's suffrage laws just before adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment[1][2]
Full suffrage
Presidential suffrage
Primary suffrage
Municipal suffrage
School, bond, or tax suffrage
Municipal suffrage in some cities
Primary suffrage in some cities
No suffrage
The United States Constitution, adopted in 1789, left the boundaries of suffrage undefined. The only directly elected body created by the original Constitution was the House of Representatives, for which voter qualifications were explicitly delegated to the individual states.[3] At that time, all states denied voting rights to women (with the exception of New Jersey, which initially carried women's suffrage but revoked it in 1807).
While scattered movements and organizations dedicated to women's rights existed previously, the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention in New York is traditionally held as the start of the American women's rights movement. Suffrage was not a focus of the convention, however, and its advancement was minimal in the decades preceding the Civil War. While suffrage bills were introduced into most state legislatures during this period, they were generally disregarded and few came to a vote.[4]
The women's suffrage movement took hold after the Civil War, during the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877). During this period, women's rights leaders advocated for inclusion of universal suffrage as a civil right in the Reconstruction amendments (the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments). Despite their efforts, these amendments did nothing to promote women's suffrage.[5][6] Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment explicitly discriminated between men and women by penalizing states who deprived adult male citizens of the vote, but not for denying the vote to adult female citizens.[7] In Minor v. Happersett, 88 U.S. 162 (1875), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment did not provide or protect a right to vote to women.
Continued settlement of the western frontier, along with the establishment of territorial constitutions, allowed the issue to be raised continually at the state level. Through the activism of suffrage organizations and independent political parties, women's suffrage was established in the newly formed constitutions of Wyoming Territory (1869), Utah (1870), and Washington Territory (1883).[6] Existing state legislatures began to consider suffrage bills, and several even held voter referenda, but they were unsuccessful.[8] Efforts at the national level persisted through a strategy of congressional testimony, petitioning, and lobbying.[9]
There were several attempts to amend the Constitution, prior to the adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment, to grant universal and limited suffrage to women. One of the attempts, the "Petition for Universal Suffrage", signed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, among others, called for a Constitutional amendment to "prohibit the several states from disenfranchising any of their citizens on the ground of sex" in 1865.[10] In another attempt, an amendment proposed in the House of Representatives called for limited suffrage for women who were spinsters or widows and owned property in 1888.[11]
Two rival organizations, the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), were formed in 1869.[5] The NWSA, led by suffrage leaders Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, attempted several unsuccessful court challenges in the mid-1870s.[8] Their legal case, known as the New Departure strategy, was that the Fourteenth Amendment (granting universal citizenship) and Fifteenth Amendment (granting the vote irrespective of race) together served to guarantee voting rights to women. Three Supreme Court decisions from 1873 to 1875 rejected this argument, so these groups shifted to advocating for a new constitutional amendment.[12]
Proposal and ratification
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (seated) and Susan B. Anthony c. 1900
The Nineteenth Amendment is identical to the Fifteenth Amendment, except that the Nineteenth prohibits the denial of suffrage because of sex and the Fifteenth because of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude".[13] Colloquially known as the "Anthony Amendment", it was first introduced in the Senate by Republican Senator Aaron A. Sargent of California. Sargent, who had met and befriended Anthony on a train ride in 1872, was a dedicated women's suffrage advocate. He had frequently attempted to insert women's suffrage provisions into unrelated bills, but did not formally introduce a constitutional amendment until January 1878.[14] Stanton and other women testified before the Senate in support of the amendment.[15] The proposal sat in a committee until it was considered by the full Senate and rejected in a 16 to 34 vote in 1887.[16]
A three-decade period known as "the doldrums" followed, during which the amendment was not considered by Congress and the women's suffrage movement achieved few victories.[17][18] During this period, the suffragists pressed for the right to vote in the laws of individual states and territories while retaining the goal of federal recognition.[16] A flurry of activity began in 1910 and 1911 with surprise successes in Washington and California.[17] Over the next few years, most western states passed legislation or voter referenda enacting full or partial suffrage for women.[19] These successes were linked to the 1912 election, which saw the rise of the Progressive and Socialist parties, as well as the election of Democratic President Woodrow Wilson.[17][18] Not until 1914 was the constitutional amendment again considered by the Senate, where it was again rejected.[16]
Carrie Chapman Catt was instrumental in the final push to gain ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. In 1900, she succeeded Susan B. Anthony as the president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). Starting in 1915, Catt revitalized NAWSA and led a successful campaign in New York to achieve state-level suffrage in 1917. When the U.S. entered World War I, Catt made the controversial decision to support the war effort, despite the widespread pacifist sentiment of many of her colleagues and supporters.[20] NAWSA women's work to aid the war effort turned them into highly visible symbols of nationalism.
The republican work of NAWSA stood in contrast to the more radical and aggressive tactics of the National Woman's Party (NWP), led by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns. In 1917, the NWP staged controversial demonstrations in Washington, D.C. to draw attention away from the war and back to women’s suffrage. Catt was successful in turning NAWSA into a patriotic organization, entirely separate from the NWP, and was rewarded when President Wilson spoke out in favor of women's suffrage in his 1918 State of the Union address before Congress.[21]
Speaker Frederick H. Gillett signing the constitutional amendment bill
Another proposal was brought before the House on January 10, 1918. During the previous evening, President Wilson made a strong and widely published appeal to the House to pass the amendment. It was passed by the required two-thirds of the House, with only one vote to spare. The vote was then carried into the Senate. Wilson again made an appeal, but on September 30, 1918, the proposal fell two votes short of passage. On February 10, 1919, it was again voted upon and failed by only one vote.
There was considerable desire among politicians of both parties to have the proposal made part of the Constitution before the 1920 general elections, so the President called a special session of the Congress so the proposal would be brought before the House again. On May 21, 1919, it passed the House, 42 votes more than necessary being obtained. On June 4, 1919, it was brought before the Senate and, after a long discussion, it was passed with 56 ayes and 25 nays. Within a few days, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan ratified the amendment, their legislatures being in session. Other states followed suit at a regular pace, until the amendment had been ratified by 35 of the necessary 36 state legislatures. Much of the opposition to the amendment came from Southern Democrats, a trend which remained consistent with Tennessee as the last state to pass the amendment, during a special session right before the ratification period was to expire.[21] On August 18, 1920, Tennessee narrowly approved the Nineteenth Amendment, with 50 of 99 members of the Tennessee House of Representatives voting yes.[22] This provided the final ratification necessary to add the amendment to the Constitution.[23]
Ratification timeline
Nineteenth Amendment in the National Archives
The Congress proposed the Nineteenth Amendment on June 4, 1919, and the following states ratified the amendment.[24][25]
Wisconsin (June 10, 1919)
Illinois (June 10, 1919, reaffirmed on June 17, 1919)
Michigan (June 10, 1919)
Kansas (June 16, 1919)
New York (June 16, 1919)
Ohio (June 16, 1919)
Pennsylvania (June 24, 1919)
Massachusetts (June 25, 1919)
Texas (June 28, 1919)
Iowa (July 2, 1919)[note 1]
Missouri (July 3, 1919)
Arkansas (July 28, 1919)
Montana (August 2, 1919)[note 1]
Nebraska (August 2, 1919)
Minnesota (September 8, 1919)
New Hampshire (September 10, 1919)[note 1]
Utah (October 2, 1919)
California (November 1, 1919)
Maine (November 5, 1919)
North Dakota (December 1, 1919)
South Dakota (December 4, 1919)
Colorado (December 15, 1919)[note 1]
Kentucky (January 6, 1920)
Rhode Island (January 6, 1920)
Oregon (January 13, 1920)
Indiana (January 16, 1920)
Wyoming (January 27, 1920)
Nevada (February 7, 1920)
New Jersey (February 9, 1920)
Idaho (February 11, 1920)
Arizona (February 12, 1920)
New Mexico (February 21, 1920)
Oklahoma (February 28, 1920)
West Virginia (March 10, 1920, confirmed on September 21, 1920)
Washington (March 22, 1920)
Tennessee (August 18, 1920)
Ratification was completed on August 18, 1920, and the following states subsequently ratified the amendment:
Connecticut (September 14, 1920, reaffirmed on September 21, 1920)
Vermont (February 8, 1921)
Delaware (March 6, 1923, after being rejected on June 2, 1920)
Maryland (March 29, 1941, after being rejected on February 24, 1920; not certified until February 25, 1958)
Virginia (February 21, 1952, after being rejected on February 12, 1920)
Alabama (September 8, 1953, after being rejected on September 22, 1919)
Florida (May 13, 1969)[26]
South Carolina (July 1, 1969, after being rejected on January 28, 1920; not certified until August 22, 1973)
Georgia (February 20, 1970, after being rejected on July 24, 1919)
Louisiana (June 11, 1970, after being rejected on July 1, 1920)
North Carolina (May 6, 1971)
Mississippi (March 22, 1984, after being rejected on March 29, 1920)
Leser v. Garnett
Justice Louis Brandeis, author of the Supreme Court's opinion in Leser v. Garnett[27]
The amendment's validity was unanimously upheld in Leser v. Garnett, 258 U.S. 130 (1922).[28]
Oscar Leser sued to stop two women registered to vote in Baltimore, Maryland, because he believed that the Maryland Constitution limited the suffrage to men and the Maryland legislature had refused to vote to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment. Two months before, the federal government had proclaimed the amendment incorporated into the Constitution on August 26, 1920.[28]
First, Leser said the amendment "destroyed State autonomy" because it increased Maryland's electorate without the state's consent. The Court answered that the Nineteenth Amendment was worded like the Fifteenth Amendment, which had expanded state electorates without regard to race for over 50 years by that time despite being rejected by six states, including Maryland.[27][28]
Second, Leser claimed that the state constitutions in some ratifying states did not allow their legislatures to ratify. The Court replied that state ratification was a federal function which came from Article V of the Constitution and so is not subject to limitations by a state constitution.[28]
Third, those bringing suit asserted the Nineteenth Amendment was not adopted, because Tennessee and West Virginia violated their own rules of procedure. The Court ruled that the point was moot, because since then Connecticut and Vermont had ratified the amendment and so there was a sufficient number of ratifications for the Nineteenth Amendment to be considered adopted even without Tennessee and West Virginia. Also, the Court ruled that Tennessee and West Virginia's certifying of their ratifications was binding and had been duly authenticated by the Secretary of State.[28]
Thus, the two women were permitted to be registered to vote in Baltimore.[28]
Effects
Following the Nineteenth Amendment's adoption, many legislators feared that a powerful women's bloc would emerge in American politics. This fear led to the passage of such laws as the Sheppard–Towner Act of 1921, which expanded maternity care during the 1920s.[29] However, a women's bloc did not emerge in American politics until the 1950s.[30]
According to political scientists J. Kevin Corder and Christina Wolbrecht, few women turned out to vote in the first elections after they got the right to do so. In 1920, just 36% of eligible women turned out to vote (compared with 68% of men).[31][32] The low turnout was partly due to other barriers to voting, such as literacy tests, long residency requirements and poll taxes. Inexperience with voting and persistent beliefs that voting was inappropriate for women may also have kept turnout low.[31][32] The gap was lowest between men and women in states that were swing states at the time, such as Missouri and Kentucky, and where barriers to voting were lower.[31][32]
Commemoration
On August 26, 2016, a monument commemorating Tennessee's role in providing the required 36th state ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment was unveiled in Centennial Park (Nashville).[33] The memorial, erected by the Tennessee Suffrage Monument, Inc.[34] and created by Alan LeQuire, features likenesses of suffragists who were particularly involved in securing Tennessee's ratification: Carrie Chapman Catt; Anne Dallas Dudley; Abby Crawford Milton; Juno Frankie Pierce; and Sue Shelton White.
See also
United States portal
Women's suffrage in the United States
Timeline of women's suffrage
List of suffragists and suffragettes
List of women's rights activists
History of feminism
Women's Equality Day
Women's rights
Women's suffrage organizations
Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution (1971, uniform voting age of 18 or older)
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c d date on which approved by governor
References
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Shuler, Marjorie (September 4, 1920). "Out of Subjection Into Freedom". The Woman Citizen: 360.
Jump up ^ Keyssar, Alexander. The Right to Vote. ISBN 0-465-02969-8.
Jump up ^ "the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature" (US Constitution, Article I, Section 2)
Jump up ^ Banaszak 1996, pp. 5–6.
^ Jump up to: a b Banaszak 1996, pp. 6–7.
^ Jump up to: a b Mead 2004, p. 2.
Jump up ^ "But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State." (US Constitution, Amendment XIV, Section 2, emphasis added).
^ Jump up to: a b Banaszak 1996, p. 8.
Jump up ^ Banaszak 1996, pp. 133–134.
Jump up ^ United States Senate. "Petition for Universal Suffrage which Asks for an Amendment to the Constitution that Shall Prohibit the Several States from Disenfranchising Any of Their Citizens on the Ground of Sex". National Archives Catalog. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
Jump up ^ United States House of Representatives. "House Joint Resolution (H.J. Res.) 159, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution to Extend the Right to Vote to Widows and Spinsters who are Property Holders". National Archives Catalog. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Mead 2004, pp. 35–38.
Jump up ^ Flexner 1959, p. 165.
Jump up ^ Mead 2004, p. 38.
Jump up ^ Amar 2005, pp. 421.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kobach, Kris (May 1994). "Woman suffrage and the Nineteenth Amendment". University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law.
Excerpt from Kobach, Kris (May 1994). "Rethinking Article V: term limits and the Seventeenth and Nineteenth Amendments". Yale Law Journal. Yale Law School. 103 (7): 1971–2007. doi:10.2307/797019. JSTOR 797019.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mead 2004, pp. 94–95.
^ Jump up to: a b Baker 2002, pp. 98–101.
Jump up ^ Baker 2002, p. 90.
Jump up ^ Sara M. Evans. Born for Liberty: A History of Women in America. New York: The Free Press, 1989, pp. 164-172.
^ Jump up to: a b Christine Stansell. The Feminist Promise. New York: The Modern Library, 2011, pp 171-174.
Jump up ^ Van West 1998.
Jump up ^ Hakim 1995, pp. 29–33.
Jump up ^ Mount, Steve (January 2007). "Ratification of Constitutional Amendments". Retrieved February 24, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Claim Wisconsin First to O.K. Suffrage". Milwaukee Journal. November 2, 1919. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment by the Florida Legislature, 1969". Institute of Museum and Library Services. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "258 U.S. 130 - Leser v. Garnett". OpenJurist. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Anzalone 2002, pp. 17.
Jump up ^ Dumenil 1995, pp. 23–30.
Jump up ^ Moses & Hartmann 1995, pp. xx-xxi.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Was women's suffrage a failure? What new evidence tells us about the first women voters". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-08-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Counting Women's Ballots". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2016-08-26.
Jump up ^ Bliss, Jessica (26 August 2016). "Alan LeQuire's Women Suffrage Monument unveiled in Nashville's Centennial Park". Nashville Tennessean. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Too Few Statues of Women". Tennessee Suffrage Monument, Inc.
Bibliography
Amar, Akhil Reed (2005). America's Constitution: A Biography. Random House trade pbk. ed. ISBN 0-8129-7272-4.
Anzalone, Christopher A (2002). Supreme Court Cases on Gender and Sexual Equality, 1787–2001. United States Supreme Court (Sharpe). ISBN 0-7656-0683-6.
Baker, Jean H. (ed.) (2002). Votes for Women: The Struggle for Suffrage Revisited. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-802983-0. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Banaszak, Lee A. (1996). Why Movements Succeed or Fail: Opportunity, Culture, and the Struggle for Woman Suffrage. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-2207-2.
DuBois, Ellen C., Ellen C. (1998). Woman Suffrage & Women's Rights. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-1900-8.
Dumenil, Lynn (1995). The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s. Hill and Wang. ISBN 0-8090-6978-4.
Hakim, Joy (1995). "Book 9: War, Peace, and All That Jazz". A History of US. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509514-6.
Flexner, Eleanor (1959). Century of Struggle. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University. ISBN 978-0674106536.
Mead, Rebecca J. (2004). How the Vote Was Won: Woman Suffrage in the Western United States, 1868–1914. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-5676-8.
Moses, Claire Goldberg; Hartmann, Heidi I. (1995). U.S. Women in Struggle: A Feminist Studies Anthology. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02166-5.
Van West, Carroll (ed.) (1998). "Woman Suffrage Movement". Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Tennessee Historical Society. ISBN 1-55853-599-3. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Wheeler, Marjorie S. (1993). New Women of the New South: The Leaders of the Woman Suffrage Movement in the Southern States. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535957-2.
Stansell, Christine (2011). The Feminist Promise. The Modern Library. ISBN 9781588369161.
External links
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text:
List of U.S. states and territories by population
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Population by state, including Puerto Rico (2015)
580k–2.8M
2.8M–5.28M
5.28M–8.26M
8.26M–11.6M
11.6M–19.6M
19.6M–26.5M
26.5M–38.4M
38.4M+
As of April 1, 2010, the date of the 2010 United States Census, the nine most populous U.S. states contain slightly more than half of the total population. The 25 least populous states contain less than one-sixth of the total population. California, the most populous state, contains more people than the 21 least populous states combined, and Wyoming is the least populous state, with a population less than the 31 most populous U.S. cities.
Contents
[hide]
1 Methodology
2 Electoral apportionment
3 State Rankings
4 Summary of population by region
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Methodology[edit]
Map of population change in U.S. states from April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017
The United States Census counts most persons residing in the United States including citizens, non-citizen permanent residents, and non-citizen long-term visitors.[1] Civilian and military federal employees serving abroad and their dependents are counted in their home state.[2]
Electoral apportionment[edit]
Based on data from the decennial census, each state is allocated a proportion of the 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives, although each state is guaranteed a minimum of one seat, regardless of population. This apportionment is based on the proportion of each state's population to that of the fifty states together (without regard to the populations of the District of Columbia, AS, GU, MP, PR, or VI). The Electoral College is the body that, every four years, elects the President and Vice President of the United States. Each state's representation in the Electoral College is equal to that state's total number of members in both houses of the United States Congress. The Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution effectively grants the District of Columbia, which is separate from any state, three votes. More precisely, the district gets as many votes in the Electoral College as it would have if it were a state, with the caveat that the district can have no more votes than the least populous state (which is currently Wyoming). Currently, this caveat is a moot point since the District of Columbia would only be entitled to one representative if it were a state, and is more populous than only two of the seven states with a single member in the House since 2013. Since the Constitution guarantees every state at least one U.S. Representative and two U.S. Senators, it effectively guarantees every state (and, since the ratification of the 23rd Amendment, the District of Columbia) at least three electoral votes. Thus, the total representation in the Electoral College is 538 members (equal to 100 senators plus 435 representatives, plus 3 members for the District of Columbia).[3]
State Rankings[edit]
Rank in the fifty states, 2017
Rank in all states and territories, 2010
State or territory
Population estimate, July 1, 2017[4]
Census population, April 1, 2010
Total seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, 2013–2023
Estimated population per House seat, 2017
Census population per House seat, 2010
Percent of the total U.S. population, 2017[note 1]
7000100000000000000♠1 7000100000000000000♠1 California 39,536,653 37,252,895 7001530000000000000♠53 745,974 702,885 12.14%
7000200000000000000♠2 7000200000000000000♠2 Texas 28,304,596 25,146,105 7001360000000000000♠36 786,238 698,503 8.69%
7000300000000000000♠3 7000400000000000000♠4 Florida 20,984,400 18,804,623 7001270000000000000♠27 777,200 696,468 6.44%
7000400000000000000♠4 7000300000000000000♠3 New York 19,849,399 19,378,087 7001270000000000000♠27 735,163 717,707 6.09%
7000500000000000000♠5 7000600000000000000♠6 Pennsylvania 12,805,537 12,702,887 7001180000000000000♠18 711,419 705,715 3.93%
7000600000000000000♠6 7000500000000000000♠5 Illinois 12,802,023 12,831,549 7001180000000000000♠18 711,224 712,864 3.93%
7000700000000000000♠7 7000700000000000000♠7 Ohio 11,658,609 11,536,725 7001160000000000000♠16 728,663 721,032 3.58%
7000800000000000000♠8 9 Georgia 10,429,379 9,688,681 7001140000000000000♠14 744,956 691,975 3.20%
7000900000000000000♠9 10 North Carolina 10,273,419 9,535,692 7001130000000000000♠13 790,263 733,498 3.15%
7001100000000000000♠10 8 Michigan 9,962,311 9,884,129 7001140000000000000♠14 711,594 705,974 3.06%
7001110000000000000♠11 7001110000000000000♠11 New Jersey 9,005,644 8,791,936 7001120000000000000♠12 750,470 732,658 2.76%
7001120000000000000♠12 7001120000000000000♠12 Virginia 8,470,020 8,001,045 7001110000000000000♠11 770,002 727,366 2.60%
7001130000000000000♠13 7001130000000000000♠13 Washington 7,405,743 6,724,543 7001100000000000000♠10 740,574 672,454 2.27%
7001140000000000000♠14 7001160000000000000♠16 Arizona 7,016,270 6,392,307 7000900000000000000♠9 779,586 710,224 2.15%
7001150000000000000♠15 7001140000000000000♠14 Massachusetts 6,859,819 6,547,817 7000900000000000000♠9 762,202 727,514 2.11%
7001160000000000000♠16 7001170000000000000♠17 Tennessee 6,715,984 6,346,275 7000900000000000000♠9 746,220 705,123 2.06%
7001170000000000000♠17 7001150000000000000♠15 Indiana 6,666,818 6,484,229 7000900000000000000♠9 740,758 720,422 2.05%
7001180000000000000♠18 7001180000000000000♠18 Missouri 6,113,532 5,988,927 7000800000000000000♠8 764,192 748,615 1.88%
7001190000000000000♠19 7001190000000000000♠19 Maryland 6,052,177 5,773,785 7000800000000000000♠8 756,522 721,694 1.86%
7001200000000000000♠20 7001200000000000000♠20 Wisconsin 5,795,483 5,687,289 7000800000000000000♠8 724,435 710,873 1.78%
7001210000000000000♠21 7001220000000000000♠22 Colorado 5,607,154 5,029,324 7000700000000000000♠7 801,022 720,704 1.72%
7001220000000000000♠22 7001210000000000000♠21 Minnesota 5,576,606 5,303,925 7000800000000000000♠8 697,076 662,991 1.71%
7001230000000000000♠23 7001240000000000000♠24 South Carolina 5,024,369 4,625,401 7000700000000000000♠7 717,767 660,766 1.54%
7001240000000000000♠24 7001230000000000000♠23 Alabama 4,874,747 4,780,127 7000700000000000000♠7 696,392 682,819 1.50%
7001250000000000000♠25 7001250000000000000♠25 Louisiana 4,684,333 4,533,479 7000600000000000000♠6 780,722 755,562 1.44%
7001260000000000000♠26 7001260000000000000♠26 Kentucky 4,454,189 4,339,349 7000600000000000000♠6 742,365 723,228 1.37%
7001270000000000000♠27 7001270000000000000♠27 Oregon 4,142,776 3,831,073 7000500000000000000♠5 828,555 766,215 1.27%
7001280000000000000♠28 7001280000000000000♠28 Oklahoma 3,930,864 3,751,616 7000500000000000000♠5 786,173 750,270 1.21%
7001290000000000000♠29 7001300000000000000♠30 Connecticut 3,588,184 3,574,118 7000500000000000000♠5 717,637 714,824 1.10%
7001710000000000000♠ — 7001290000000000000♠29 Puerto Rico 3,337,177 3,726,157 1 (non-voting) — — 1.01%
7001300000000000000♠30 7001310000000000000♠31 Iowa 3,145,711 3,046,869 7000400000000000000♠4 786,428 761,717 0.97%
7001310000000000000♠31 7001350000000000000♠35 Utah 3,101,833 2,763,888 7000400000000000000♠4 775,458 690,972 0.95%
7001320000000000000♠32 7001330000000000000♠33 Arkansas 3,004,279 2,915,958 7000400000000000000♠4 751,070 728,990 0.92%
7001330000000000000♠33 7001360000000000000♠36 Nevada 2,998,039 2,700,691 7000400000000000000♠4 749,510 675,173 0.92%
7001340000000000000♠34 7001320000000000000♠32 Mississippi 2,984,100 2,968,103 7000400000000000000♠4 746,025 742,026 0.92%
7001350000000000000♠35 7001340000000000000♠34 Kansas 2,913,123 2,853,132 7000400000000000000♠4 728,281 713,280 0.89%
7001360000000000000♠36 7001370000000000000♠37 New Mexico 2,088,070 2,059,192 7000300000000000000♠3 696,023 686,393 0.64%
7001370000000000000♠37 7001390000000000000♠39 Nebraska 1,920,076 1,826,341 7000300000000000000♠3 640,025 608,780 0.59%
7001380000000000000♠38 7001380000000000000♠38 West Virginia 1,815,857 1,853,011 7000300000000000000♠3 605,285 617,670 0.56%
7001390000000000000♠39 7001400000000000000♠40 Idaho 1,716,943 1,567,652 7000200000000000000♠2 858,472 783,826 0.53%
7001400000000000000♠40 7001410000000000000♠41 Hawaii 1,427,538 1,360,301 7000200000000000000♠2 713,769 680,151 0.44%
7001410000000000000♠41 7001430000000000000♠43 New Hampshire 1,342,795 1,316,466 7000200000000000000♠2 671,398 658,233 0.41%
7001420000000000000♠42 7001420000000000000♠42 Maine 1,335,907 1,328,361 7000200000000000000♠2 667,954 664,181 0.41%
7001430000000000000♠43 7001440000000000000♠44 Rhode Island 1,059,639 1,052,931 7000200000000000000♠2 529,820 526,466 0.33%
7001440000000000000♠44 7001450000000000000♠45 Montana 1,050,493 989,417 7000100000000000000♠1 1,050,493 989,417 0.32%
7001450000000000000♠45 7001460000000000000♠46 Delaware 961,939 897,936 7000100000000000000♠1 961,939 897,936 0.30%
7001460000000000000♠46 7001470000000000000♠47 South Dakota 869,666 814,191 7000100000000000000♠1 869,666 814,191 0.27%
7001470000000000000♠47 7001490000000000000♠49 North Dakota 755,393 672,591 7000100000000000000♠1 755,393 672,591 0.23%
7001480000000000000♠48 7001480000000000000♠48 Alaska 739,795 710,249 7000100000000000000♠1 739,795 710,249 0.23%
7001610000000000000♠— 7001510000000000000♠51 District of Columbia 693,972 601,767 1 (non-voting) — — 0.21%
7001490000000000000♠49 7001500000000000000♠50 Vermont 623,657 625,745 7000100000000000000♠1 623,657 625,745 0.19%
7001500000000000000♠50 7001520000000000000♠52 Wyoming 579,315 563,767 7000100000000000000♠1 579,315 563,767 0.18%
7001720000000000000♠— 7001530000000000000♠53 Guam [note 2] 159,358[5] 1 (non-voting) — — 0.06%
7001730000000000000♠— 7001540000000000000♠54 U.S. Virgin Islands [note 2] 106,405[6] 1 (non-voting) — — 0.04%
7001740000000000000♠— 7001550000000000000♠55 American Samoa [note 2] 55,519[7] 1 (non-voting) — — 0.01%
7001750000000000000♠— 7001560000000000000♠56 Northern Mariana Islands [note 2] 53,883[8] 1 (non-voting) — — 0.00%
7001760000000000000♠— 7001570000000000000♠57 Wake Island 100 188 0 — — 0.00%
7001770000000000000♠— 7001580000000000000♠58 Palmyra Atoll 20 20 0 — — 0.00%
7001780000000000000♠— 7001590000000000000♠59 Midway Atoll 40 0 0 — — 0.00%
7001790000000000000♠— — Johnston Atoll 0 0 0 — — 0.00%
7001800000000000000♠— — Baker Island 0 0 0 — — 0.00%
7001810000000000000♠— — Howland Island 0 0 0 — — 0.00%
7001820000000000000♠— — Jarvis Island 0 0 0 — — 0.00%
7001830000000000000♠— — Kingman Reef 0 0 0 — — 0.00%
7001840000000000000♠— — Navassa Island 0 0 0 — — 0.00%
7001850000000000000♠— — Serranilla Bank 0 0 0 — — 0.00%
7001860000000000000♠— — Bajo Nuevo Bank 0 0 0 — — 0.00%
7001870000000000000♠— 7001870000000000000♠— Contiguous United States 323,551,845 306,687,555 432 (+ 1 non-voting) — — 98.18%
7001820000000000000♠— 7001820000000000000♠— The fifty states 325,025,206 308,156,338 435 737,348 708,376 98.48%
7001830000000000000♠— 7001830000000000000♠— Fifty states + D.C. 325,719,178 308,758,105 435 (+ 1 non-voting) — — 98.67%
7001840000000000000♠— 7001840000000000000♠— Total U.S. (including D.C. and territories) 329,431,520 312,913,872 435 (+ 6 non-voting) — — 100.00%
Jump up ^ Because of rounding of the individual percentages, the entries in this column may not sum to 100%.
^ Jump up to: a b c d There is no official population estimate for American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and United States Virgin Islands between the decennial censuses.
Summary of population by region[edit]
Legend
Division totals – 9 divisions for 50 states and D.C.
Region totals – 4 regions ( 2 or 3 divisions each)
Individual territories
Total U.S. Territories
50 States + District of Columbia
Divisions & regions as defined by U.S. Census Bureau
Last col. shows larger region which contains entity in col. 1
Population of states, territories, divisions and regions
State/Territory/
Division/Region
Rank
2017
population
Rank
2010
population
Rank
2000
population
Rank
2000-
2010
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Geographic
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21 ! Massachusetts 14 !15 28 !6,859,819 14 !14 28 !6,547,629 13 !13 27 !6,349,097 43 !43 56 !3.1% 01 !NEng
07 ! Connecticut 29 !29 44 !3,588,184 29 !29 45 !3,574,097 29 !29 45 !3,405,565 35 !35 45 !4.9% 02 !NEng
19 ! Maine 41 !42 56 !1,335,907 41 !41 57 !1,328,361 40 !40 56 !1,274,923 39 !39 49 !4.2% 03 !NEng
29 ! New Hampshire 42 !41 57 !1,342,795 42 !42 58 !1,316,470 41 !41 57 !1,235,786 32 !32 41 !6.5% 04 !NEng
39 ! Rhode Island 43 !43 58 !1,059,639 43 !43 59 !1,052,567 43 !43 59 !1,048,319 49 !49 65 !0.4% 05 !NEng
45 ! Vermont 49 !49 623,657 49 !49 65 !625,741 49 !49 65 !608,827 44 !44 60 !2.8% 06 !NEng
55 ! New England 59 !9 14,810,001 59 !9 18 !14,444,865 59 !9 18 !13,922,517 57 !7 52 !3.8% 07 !NEast
32 ! New York 03 !3 15 !19,849,399 03 !3 15 !19,378,102 03 !3 14 !18,976,457 46 !46 62 !2.1% 08 !MAtl
38 ! Pennsylvania 06 !5 20 !12,805,537 06 !6 20 !12,702,379 06 !6 20 !12,281,054 41 !41 53 !3.4% 09 !MAtl
30 ! New Jersey 11 !11 25 !9,005,644 11 !11 25 !8,791,894 09 !9 23 !8,414,350 37 !37 47 !4.5% 10 !MAtl
53 ! Mid-Atlantic 54 !4 09 !41,660,580 54 !4 09 !40,872,375 54 !4 09 !39,671,861 58 !8 57 !3.0% 11 !NEast
61 ! Northeast 63 !4 06 !56,470,581 63 !4 06 !55,317,240 63 !4 05 !53,594,378 63 !4 55 !3.2% 12 !USA
09 ! Florida 04 !4 16 !19,552,860 04 !4 16 !18,801,310 04 !4 17 !15,982,378 08 !8 09 !17.6% 13 !SAtl
10 ! Georgia 08 !8 22 !9,992,167 09 !9 23 !9,687,653 10 !10 24 !8,186,453 07 !7 08 !18.3% 14 !SAtl
33 ! North Carolina 10 !10 24 !9,848,060 10 !10 24 !9,535,483 11 !11 25 !8,049,313 06 !6 07 !18.5% 15 !SAtl
46 ! Virginia 12 !12 26 !8,260,405 12 !12 26 !8,001,024 12 !12 26 !7,078,515 16 !16 21 !13.0% 16 !SAtl
20 ! Maryland 19 !19 33 !5,928,814 19 !19 33 !5,773,552 19 !19 33 !5,296,486 23 !23 30 !9.0% 17 !SAtl
40 ! South Carolina 24 !24 38 !4,774,839 24 !24 38 !4,625,364 26 !26 41 !4,012,012 10 !10 13 !15.3% 18 !SAtl
48 ! West Virginia 38 !38 53 !1,854,304 37 !37 53 !1,852,994 37 !37 53 !1,808,344 45 !45 61 !2.5% 19 !SAtl
08 ! Delaware 45 !45 60 !925,749 45 !45 61 !897,934 45 !45 61 !783,600 11 !11 14 !14.6% 20 !SAtl
64 ! District of Columbia 64 !-- 64 !646,449 64 !-- 66 !601,723 64 !-- 66 !572,059 64 !-- 44 !5.2% 21 !SAtl
57 ! South Atlantic 51 !1 05 !64,705,532 51 !1 05 !59,777,037 51 !1 06 !51,769,160 53 !3 12 !15.5% 22 !South
42 ! Tennessee 17 !17 31 !6,495,978 17 !17 31 !6,346,105 16 !16 30 !5,689,283 19 !19 24 !11.5% 23 !ESC
01 ! Alabama 23 !23 37 !4,833,722 23 !23 37 !4,779,736 23 !23 37 !4,447,100 27 !27 35 !7.5% 24 !ESC
17 ! Kentucky 26 !26 40 !4,395,295 26 !26 40 !4,339,367 25 !25 40 !4,041,769 28 !28 36 !7.4% 25 !ESC
24 ! Mississippi 31 !31 46 !2,991,207 31 !31 47 !2,967,297 31 !31 47 !2,844,658 38 !38 48 !4.3% 26 !ESC
52 ! East South Central 58 !8 17 !19,029,020 58 !8 17 !18,432,505 58 !8 16 !17,022,810 55 !5 32 !8.3% 27 !South
43 ! Texas 02 !2 12 !26,448,193 02 !2 12 !25,145,561 02 !2 12 !20,851,820 05 !5 06 !20.6% 28 !WSC
18 ! Louisiana 25 !25 39 !4,625,470 25 !25 39 !4,533,372 22 !22 36 !4,468,976 48 !48 64 !1.4% 29 !WSC
36 ! Oklahoma 28 !28 42 !3,850,568 28 !28 43 !3,751,351 27 !27 43 !3,450,654 24 !24 31 !8.7% 30 !WSC
04 ! Arkansas 32 !32 47 !2,959,373 32 !32 48 !2,915,918 33 !33 49 !2,673,400 22 !22 29 !9.1% 31 !WSC
59 ! West South Central 55 !5 11 !39,924,072 55 !5 11 !36,346,202 55 !5 11 !31,444,850 52 !2 11 !15.6% 32 !South
62 ! South 60 !1 02 !123,658,624 60 !1 02 !114,555,744 60 !1 02 !100,236,820 60 !1 15 !14.3% 33 !USA
13 ! Illinois 05 !6 19 !12,882,135 05 !5 19 !12,830,632 05 !5 19 !12,419,293 42 !42 54 !3.3% 34 !ENC
35 ! Ohio 07 !7 21 !11,570,808 07 !7 21 !11,536,504 07 !7 21 !11,353,140 47 !47 63 !1.6% 35 !ENC
22 ! Michigan 09 !10 23 !9,895,622 08 !8 22 !9,883,640 08 !8 22 !9,938,444 50 !50 66 !-0.6% 36 !ENC
14 ! Indiana 16 !17 30 !6,570,902 15 !15 29 !6,483,802 14 !14 28 !6,080,485 31 !31 39 !6.6% 37 !ENC
49 ! Wisconsin 20 !20 34 !5,742,713 20 !20 34 !5,686,986 18 !18 32 !5,363,675 34 !34 43 !6.0% 38 !ENC
51 ! East North Central 53 !3 08 !46,885,244 53 !3 08 !46,421,564 52 !2 07 !45,155,037 59 !9 59 !2.8% 39 !MWest
25 ! Missouri 18 !18 32 !6,044,171 18 !18 32 !5,988,927 17 !17 31 !5,595,211 29 !29 37 !7.0% 40 !WNC
23 ! Minnesota 21 !22 35 !5,420,380 21 !21 35 !5,303,925 21 !21 35 !4,919,479 26 !26 34 !7.8% 41 !WNC
15 ! Iowa 30 !30 45 !3,090,416 30 !30 46 !3,046,355 30 !30 46 !2,926,324 40 !40 50 !4.1% 42 !WNC
16 ! Kansas 34 !34 49 !2,893,957 33 !33 49 !2,853,118 32 !32 48 !2,688,418 33 !33 42 !6.1% 43 !WNC
27 ! Nebraska 37 !37 52 !1,868,516 38 !38 54 !1,826,341 38 !38 54 !1,711,263 30 !30 38 !6.7% 44 !WNC
41 ! South Dakota 46 !46 61 !844,877 46 !46 62 !814,180 46 !46 62 !754,844 25 !25 33 !7.9% 45 !WNC
34 ! North Dakota 48 !47 62 !723,393 48 !48 64 !672,591 47 !47 63 !642,200 36 !36 46 !4.7% 46 !WNC
58 ! West North Central 57 !7 14 !21,294,107 57 !7 14 !20,505,437 56 !6 13 !19,237,739 56 !6 40 !6.6% 47 !MWest
60 ! Midwest 62 !3 04 !68,179,351 62 !3 04 !66,927,001 61 !2 03 !64,392,776 62 !3 51 !3.9% 48 !USA
03 ! Arizona 15 !14 29 !7,016,270 16 !16 30 !6,392,017 20 !20 34 !5,130,632 02 !2 02 !24.6% 49 !Mtn
06 ! Colorado 22 !21 36 !5,607,154 22 !22 36 !5,029,196 24 !24 38 !4,301,261 09 !9 10 !16.9% 50 !Mtn
44 ! Utah 33 !31 48 !3,101,833 34 !34 50 !2,763,885 34 !34 50 !2,233,169 03 !3 03 !23.8% 51 !Mtn
28 ! Nevada 35 !33 50 !2,998,039 35 !35 51 !2,700,551 35 !35 51 !1,998,257 01 !1 01 !35.1% 52 !Mtn
31 ! New Mexico 36 !36 51 !2,088,070 36 !36 52 !2,059,179 36 !36 52 !1,819,046 15 !15 20 !13.2% 53 !Mtn
12 ! Idaho 39 !39 54 !1,716,943 39 !39 55 !1,567,582 39 !39 55 !1,293,953 04 !4 05 !21.1% 54 !Mtn
26 ! Montana 44 !44 59 !1,050,493 44 !44 60 !989,415 44 !44 60 !902,195 21 !21 28 !9.7% 55 !Mtn
50 ! Wyoming 50 !50 66 !579,315 50 !50 67 !563,626 50 !50 67 !493,782 12 !12 16 !14.1% 56 !Mtn
54 ! Mountain 56 !6 13 !24,158,117 56 !6 13 !22,065,451 57 !7 15 !18,172,295 51 !1 04 !21.4% 57 !West
05 ! California 01 !1 10 !39,536,653 01 !1 10 !37,253,956 01 !1 10 !33,871,648 20 !20 26 !10.0% 58 !Pac
47 ! Washington 13 !13 27 !7,405,743 13 !13 27 !6,724,540 15 !15 29 !5,894,121 13 !13 17 !14.1% 59 !Pac
37 ! Oregon 27 !27 41 !4,142,776 27 !27 42 !3,831,074 28 !28 44 !3,421,399 18 !18 23 !12.0% 60 !Pac
11 ! Hawaii 40 !40 55 !1,427,538 40 !40 56 !1,360,301 42 !42 58 !1,211,537 17 !17 22 !12.3% 61 !Pac
02 ! Alaska 47 !48 63 !739,795 47 !47 63 !710,231 48 !48 64 !626,932 14 !14 19 !13.3% 62 !Pac
56 ! Pacific 52 !2 07 !53,252,505 52 !2 07 !49,880,102 53 !3 08 !45,025,637 54 !4 25 !10.8% 63 !West
63 ! West 61 !2 03 !77,410,622 61 !2 03 !71,945,553 62 !3 04 !63,197,932 61 !2 18 !13.8% 64 !USA
65 ! 50 states and D.C. 65 !-- 01 !325,719,178 65 !-- 01 !308,745,538 65 !-- 01 !281,421,906 65 !-- 27 !9.7% 65 !NAmer
69 ! Puerto Rico 66 !1 43 !3,337,177 66 !1 44 !3,725,789 66 !1 42 !3,808,610 68 !3 68 !-2.2% 66 !Terr.
67 ! Guam 67 !2 68 ![note 1] 67 !2 68 !159,358 67 !2 68 !154,805 66 !1 58 !2.9% 67 !Terr.
70 ! U.S. Virgin Islands 68 !3 69 ![note 1] 68 !3 69 !106,405 68 !3 69 !108,612 67 !2 67 !-2.0% 68 !Terr.
66 ! American Samoa 69 !4 71 ![note 1] 69 !4 70 !55,519 70 !5 71 !57,291 69 !4 70 !-3.1% 69 !Terr.
68 ! Northern Mariana Islands 70 !5 70 ![note 1] 70 !5 71 !53,883 69 !4 70 !69,221 70 !5 71 !-22.2% 70 !Terr.
71 ! Total Territories 71 !-- 67 !3,712,342 71 !-- 41 !4,100,954 71 !-- 39 !4,198,539 71 !-- 69 !-2.3% 71 !USA
^ Jump up to: a b c d There is no official population estimate for American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and United States Virgin Islands between the decennial censuses.
See also[edit]
Geography portal
North America portal
United States portal
Demographics of the United States
List of United States cities by population
List of U.S. states by African-American population
List of U.S. states by historical population (tables of state populations since 1790)
List of U.S. states by population density
List of U.S. states by population growth rate
List of U.S. states and territories by area
List of U.S. states by vehicles per capita
List of U.S. states by religiosity
United States
References[edit]
General
"National Totals: Vintage 2015". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
"2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
"2010 Apportionment Population", U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2011
"2009 Census estimates". U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2010-08-07. Retrieved 2010-08-13.
Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1995, U.S. Census Bureau, Section 29: Outlying Areas, Table No. 1347. Land Area and Population Characteristics, by [Outlying] Area: 1990 (page 828). Retrieved May 28, 2011
Specific
Jump up ^ "FAQ: Does the Census Bureau collect data on the number of unauthorized migrants?". U. S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2009-05-13. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "FAQ: Will 2010 Census apportionment population counts also include any Americans overseas?". U. S Census Bureau. Retrieved 2009-05-13. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Office of the Federal Register. "A Procedural Guide to the Electoral College". National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2010-08-13.
Jump up ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017" (XLSX). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-09-24. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-11-01. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
External links[edit]
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Fräulein
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Look up fräulein in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
For other uses, see Fräulein (disambiguation).
A scene in post-war Germany: A Fräulein (a Miss, unmarried woman) in an American garden club. The large number of attractive young women in Germany resulted in the notion of the Fräuleinwunder (literally: Miracle of the Miss).[1]
Fräulein (German: [ˈfʁɔɪ̯laɪ̯n] ( listen)) is the German language honorific previously in common use for unmarried women, comparable to Miss in English.
Description[edit]
Fräulein is the diminutive form of Frau, which was previously reserved only for married women. Frau is in origin the equivalent of "Mylady" or "Madam", a form of address of a noblewoman. But by an ongoing process of devaluation of honorifics, it came to be used as the unmarked term for "woman" by about 1800. Therefore, Fräulein came to be interpreted as expressing a "diminutive of woman", as it were implying that a Fräulein is not-quite-a-woman. By the 1960s, this came to be seen as patronising by proponents of feminism, and during the 1970s and 1980s, the term Fräulein became nearly taboo in urban and official settings, while it remained an unmarked standard in many rural areas. This process was somewhat problematic, at least during the 1970s to 1980s, since many unmarried women of the older generation insisted on Fräulein as a term of distinction, respecting their status, and took the address of Frau as offensive or suggestive of extra-marital sexual experience.
Since the 1970s, Fräulein has come to be used less often, and was banned from official use in West Germany in 1972 by the Minister of the Interior.[2] Nowadays, style guides and dictionaries recommend that all women be addressed as Frau regardless of marital status, particularly in formal situations.[3][4] A newsletter published on the website of the German dictionary Duden in 2002, for instance, noted that women should only be addressed as Fräulein when they specifically request this form of address.[5]
Despite its less common everyday use nowadays, Fräulein has seen a revival in recent years as a vogue term, especially in popular culture. [6][7] The term has also seen a rise in use by antiquarians, traditionalists and reactionaries.
See also[edit]
German honorifics
Outline of German expressions in English
Mademoiselle (title), a similar French familiar title
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Okamura Saburo, 'Das „Fräuleinwunder“ im Jahre 2006' (the "Fräuleinwunder" of 2006 with reference to the football fan girls, in relation to the history of the earlier "Fräuleinwunder", German research report)
Jump up ^ Okamura Saburo (2006). "Das Fräulein ist tot! Es lebe das Fräulein! - Fräulein im Archiv der Süddeutschen Zeitung (1994–2005)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-15. Retrieved 2010-12-26. Even into the 1970s, honorific titles in German included Fräulein for unmarried women, but in 1972, the Minister of the Interior banned it from official use; since then, it has largely disappeared from everyday speech as well.
Jump up ^ Exeter University Faculty. "Exeter University Beginners' German". Retrieved 2006-09-29. The formal use of Fräulein to translate "Miss" is outdated and should be avoided, not least because the literal translation of Fräulein is "little woman"! You should instead use Frau.
Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionary. "Writing Letters in German". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2010-12-26. Note that in German all women are addressed as Frau (the equivalent of both Mrs and Ms) in formal and business letters.
Jump up ^ Duden (2002-03-06). "Frau und Fräulein in der Anrede". Retrieved 2007-11-03. Dass es heutzutage als einigermaßen veraltet gilt, eine junge Frau als Fräulein anzusprechen, dürfte sich inzwischen bis zu den verstocktesten Gleichberechtigungsmuffeln herumgesprochen haben. Bei der Anrede für eine erwachsene Frau sollte man immer Frau wählen, und zwar unabhängig von Alter und Familienstand. Fräulein ist nur dann noch angemessen, wenn sich die angesprochene Frau diese Anrede selbst wünscht. Auch in Cafés und Restaurants sollte auf diese Titulierung lieber verzichtet werden. Statt Fräulein, könnten Sie mir bitte die Rechnung bringen? genügt auch ein einfaches Entschuldigung, könnten Sie mir bitte die Rechnung bringen? (That nowadays it is considered fairly outdated to address a young woman as Fräulein should have reached even the most obdurate and sulky opponent of equal status. When addressing a grown woman one should always choose Frau, irrespective of age and marital status. Fräulein is only appropriate when the addressed women wishes this form of address. In cafes and restaurants it is also better to forgo this form of address. Instead of "Fräulein, could you please bring me the bill?", a simple "Excuse me, could you please bring me the bill?" is sufficient)
Jump up ^ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 'German models on the rise - Fräuleins: More and more models 'Made in Germany' are successful on an international scale' (FAZ, German article)
Jump up ^ ZEIT, 'Fräulein Wunder - Model Toni Garrn' (Zeit Online, German article)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fräulein&oldid=805855445"
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