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List of Alamo defenders
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Partial scan of the March 24, 1836 Telegraph and Texas Register with the first Texian list of defenders killed at the Battle of the Alamo
The Battle of the Alamo (February 23 – March 6, 1836) was a crucial conflict of the Texas Revolution. In 1835, colonists from the United States joined with Tejanos (Mexicans born in Texas) in putting up armed resistance to the centralization of the Mexican government.[1] President Antonio López de Santa Anna and the government in Mexico City believed the United States had instigated the insurrection with a goal of annexing Texas.[2]
In an effort to tamp down on the unrest, martial law was declared and military governor General Martín Perfecto de Cos established headquarters in San Antonio de Béxar, stationing his troops at the Alamo.[3] When the Texian volunteer soldiers gained control of the fortress at the Siege of Béxar, compelling Cos to surrender on December 9, many saw his expulsion to the other side of the Rio Grande as the end of Mexican forces in Texas.[4] Most Texian soldiers in Béxar left to join a planned invasion of Matamoros, Mexico.[5]
Garrison commander James C. Neill went home on family matters February 11, 1836, leaving James Bowie and William B. Travis as co-commanders over the predominantly volunteer force.[6] When the Mexican Army of Operations under the command of Santa Anna arrived in Béxar with 1,500 troops on February 23, the remaining Alamo garrison numbered 150.[Note 1] Over the course of the next several days, new volunteers arrived inside the fortress while others were sent out as couriers, to forage for food, or to buy supplies.[7]
A fierce defense was launched from within the walls, even as Bowie and Travis made unsuccessful attempts to negotiate with the Mexican army.[8] Travis repeatedly dispatched couriers with pleas for reinforcements.[9] Although Santa Anna refused to consider a proposed conditional surrender, he extended an offer of amnesty for all Tejanos inside the fortress to walk away unharmed. Most Tejanos evacuated from the fortress about February 25, either as part of the amnesty, or as a part of Juan Seguín's company of courier scouts on their last run.[Note 2]
Cathedral of San Fernando sarcophagus with images of Travis, Bowie and Crockett
In response to pleas from Travis, James Fannin started from Goliad with 320 men, supplies and armaments, yet had to abort a day later due to a wagon breakdown. Final reinforcements were able to enter the Alamo during March 1–4, most of them from Gonzales which had become a recruitment camp.[Note 3] Others who had left intending to return were unable to re-enter.[10] At 5:30 a.m. on March 6, the Mexican army began the final siege. An hour later, all combatants inside the Alamo were dead.[11] The bodies, with the exception of Gregorio Esparza's, were cremated on pyres and abandoned. Esparza's brother Francisco was a soldier in the Mexican army and received permission from Santa Anna for a Christian burial.[12]
Juan Seguín oversaw the 1837 recovery of the abandoned ashes and officiated at the February 25 funeral. The March 28 issue of the Telegraph and Texas Register only gave the burial location as where "the principal heap of ashes" had been found.[13] In the following decades, the public wanted to know the location of the burial site, but Seguín gave conflicting statements, perceived as due to age-related memory problems.[14] Remains thought to be those of the Alamo defenders were discovered at the Cathedral of San Fernando during the Texas 1936 centennial, and re-interred in a marble sarcophagus. Purported to hold the ashes of Travis, Bowie and Crockett, some have doubted it can be proven whose remains are entombed there.[14]
Contents
1 Identifying the combatants
2 Key to military rank abbreviations
3 Defenders
4 See also
5 Citations
5.1 Notes
5.2 Footnotes
5.3 References
6 External links
Identifying the combatants[edit]
Below are 256 known combatants: 212 who died during the siege, 43 survivors, and one escapee who later died of his wounds.
Mexican Colonel Juan Almonte, Santa Anna's aide-de-camp, recorded the Texian fatality toll as 250 in his March 6 journal entry. He listed the survivors as five women, one Mexican soldier and one slave. Almonte did not record names, and his count was based solely on who was there during the final assault.[15] Santa Anna reported to Mexico's Secretary of War Tornel that Texian fatalities exceeded 600. Historians Jack Jackson and John Wheat attributed that high figure to Santa Anna's playing to his political base.[16]
Research into the battle, and exactly who was inside the fortress, began when the Alamo fell and has continued with no signs of abatement. The first published Texian list of casualties was in the March 24, 1836 issue of the Telegraph and Texas Register. The 115 names were supplied by couriers John Smith and Gerald Navan,[17] whom historian Thomas Ricks Lindley believed likely drew from their own memories, as well as from interviews with those who might have left or tried to enter.[18] In an 1860 statement for the Texas Almanac, former San Antonio alcalde (mayor) Francisco Antonio Ruiz set the number at 182.[19]
When the Alamo Cenotaph was created by Pompeo Coppini in 1939, the 187 defender names on the monument came from the research of Amelia Williams,[20] considered the leading Alamo authority of her day.[21] Her work is still used by some as a benchmark, although skepticism has been voiced. Lindley's 2003 Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions is the result of his 15-year study of the battle, and upended much of what was previously accepted as fact.[22] He devoted a chapter to deconstructing Williams' research as "misrepresentation, alteration, and fabrication of data",[23] criticizing her sole reliance on the military land grants without checking through the muster lists to identify the combatants.[24] In lieu of service pay, the cash-poor Republic of Texas adopted the system of military land grants. Issuance was dependent upon the military muster lists and either the veterans or their heirs filing a claim, a process that required an upfront fee to complete. Lacking a completed claim, proof of service would appear only on a muster list.[25]
In the pursuit of uncovering every infinitesimal piece of evidence about what happened during the battle, more thorough research methods continue to evolve and Tejanos have begun to add their voices. Until recent decades, accounts of Tejano participation in the Texas revolution were notably absent, but historians such as Timothy M. Matovina[26] and Jesús F. de la Teja[27] have helped add that missing perspective to the battle's events.
Key to military rank abbreviations[edit]
Key to military rank abbreviations
COL
Colonel
LT
Lieutenant
SGM
Sergeant-Major
CPL
Corporal
LTC
Lieutenant Colonel
1LT
First Lieutenant
4SG
Fourth Sergeant
PVT
Private
MAJ
Major
2LT
Second Lieutenant
SGT
Sergeant
QM
Quartermaster
CPT
Captain
CNT
Cornet
3CPL
Third Corporal
AQM
Assistant Quartermaster
Defenders[edit]
Name
Rank
Birth Year
Birthplace
Status
Legacy and notes
Ref(s)
Juan Abamillo
SGT — Texas fatality Entered March 4 [28]
James L. Allen
PVT 1815 Kentucky survivor Left on March 5 as the final courier sent from the Alamo [29]
Robert Allen
PVT — Virginia fatality [30]
Horace Alsbury
PVT 1805 Kentucky survivor First courier sent out after arrival of Mexican troops on February 23 [31]
George Andrews
— — — fatality Entered March 4 [32]
Miles DeForest Andross
PVT 1809 Vermont fatality [33]
José María Arocha
— — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Simon Arreola
— — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Micajah Autry
PVT 1793[34] North Carolina fatality [35]
Jesse B. Badgett
— 1807 Texas survivor Garrison delegate to the March 1 Convention of 1836 at Washington-on-the-Brazos [36]
Juan A. Badillo
SGT — Texas fatality Entered March 4 [37]
Peter James Bailey III
PVT 1812 Kentucky fatality Namesake of Bailey County, Texas [38]
Isaac G. Baker
PVT 1814 Arkansas fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [39]
William Charles M. Baker
CPT — Missouri fatality [40]
John Ballard
— — — fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [41]
John J. Ballentine
PVT — Pennsylvania fatality [42]
Richard W. Ballentine
PVT 1814 Scotland fatality [43]
Andrew Barcena
— — — survivor [Note 4]
John J. Baugh
CPT 1803 Virginia fatality Adjutant of the garrison, next in command after co-commanders Bowie and Travis [44]
Samuel G. Bastain
— — Louisiana survivor Left February 29 as a courier to Gonzales, unable to enter the Alamo [45]
Joseph Bayliss
PVT 1808 Tennessee fatality [44]
John Walker Baylor Jr.
PVT 1813 Kentucky survivor Sent as a courier to Goliad [46]
Anselmo Bergara
— — Mexico survivor [Note 4]
John Blair
PVT 1803 Tennessee fatality [47]
Samuel Blair
CPT 1807 Tennessee fatality Assistant to Master of Ordnance [48]
William Blazeby
CPT 1795 England fatality [48]
James Bonham
2LT 1807 South Carolina fatality Courier to Goliad and Gonzales, returned March 3 [49]
Daniel Bourne
PVT 1810 England fatality [50]
James Bowie
COL c. 1796 Kentucky fatality Co-commander of the garrison after the departure of James. C. Neill [51]
J. B. Bowman
— — — fatality Possibly a.k.a. James H. Bowman [52]
Robert Brown
PVT c. 1818 — survivor Left after February 25, later served as a baggage guard at the Battle of San Jacinto [53]
James Buchanan
PVT 1813 Alabama fatality [54]
Samuel E. Burns
PVT 1810 Ireland fatality [54]
George D. Butler
PVT 1813 Missouri fatality [54]
John Cain
PVT 1802 Pennsylvania fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [55]
Robert Campbell
LT 1810 Tennessee fatality [56]
William R. Carey
CPT 1806 Virginia fatality [56]
Cesario Carmona
— — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
M.B. Clark
PVT — Mississippi fatality Entered March 4 [57]
Daniel W. Cloud
PVT 1812 Kentucky fatality [58]
Robert E. Cochran
PVT 1810 New Hampshire fatality Namesake of Cochran County, Texas [59]
George Washington Cottle
LT 1811 Missouri fatality Entered March 1 or 4 Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company; namesake of Cottle County, Texas [60]
Henry Courtman
PVT 1808 Germany fatality Entered March 4 [61]
Lemuel Crawford
PVT 1814 South Carolina fatality [62]
David Crockett
COL 1786 Tennessee fatality [63]
Robert Crossman
PVT 1810 Pennsylvania fatality [64]
Antonio Cruz y Arocha
PVT — Mexico survivor Left as courier with Seguin on February 25 [65]
David P. Cummings
PVT 1809 Pennsylvania fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [66]
Robert Cunningham
PVT 1804 New York fatality [67]
Matias Curvier
— — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Jacob C. Darst
LT 1793 Kentucky fatality Entered March 1 or 4 Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [68]
John Davis
PVT 1811 Kentucky fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [69]
Freeman H.K. Day
PVT 1806 — fatality Entered March 1 or 4 [70]
Squire Daymon
PVT 1808 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [71]
William Dearduff
PVT c. 1811 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [71]
Alexandro De la Garza
PVT — Texas survivor Dispatched as a courier [72]
N. Debichi
— — — fatality Entered March 4 [73]
Stephen Dennison
PVT 1812 England or Ireland fatality Entered March 4 [74]
Francis L. DeSauque
CPT — Pennsylvania survivor Left to gather supplies at Goliad [75]
John Desauque
— — Louisiana fatality Slave of Desauque, served as a combatant (Slaves identified by last names of their masters) [76]
Charles Despallier
PVT 1812 Louisiana fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [77]
Lewis Dewall
PVT 1812 New York fatality [78]
Almaron Dickinson
CPT 1810 Tennessee fatality [79]
James Dickson
— — — fatality [80]
John Henry Dillard
PVT 1805 Tennessee fatality [81]
Philip Dimmitt
CPT 1801 Kentucky survivor On a scouting run when the Mexican troops arrived on February 23 [82]
James R. Dimpkins
SGT — England fatality [83]
Andrew Duvalt
PVT 1804 Ireland fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [84]
Samuel M. Edwards
— — — fatality Entered March 4 [85]
Conrad Eigenauer
— — — fatality Entered March 4 [73]
J.D. Elliott
— — — fatality Entered March 4 [73]
Frederick E. Elm
— — — fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [41]
Lucio Enriques
— — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Carlos Espalier
PVT 1819 Texas fatality Entered March 4 [86]
José Gregorio Esparza
PVT 1802 Texas fatality [87]
Robert Evans
MAJ 1800 Ireland fatality Master of Ordnance [88]
Samuel B. Evans
PVT 1812 New York fatality [89]
James L. Ewing
PVT 1812 Tennessee fatality [89]
William Keener Fauntleroy
PVT 1814 Kentucky fatality [90]
William Fishbaugh
PVT — Alabama fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [91]
John Flanders
PVT 1800 New Hampshire fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [91]
Manuel N. Flores
— c.1801 Texas survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Salvador Flores
CPT 1806 Texas survivor Left with Seguín on February 25 [92]
Dolphin Ward Floyd
PVT 1804 North Carolina fatality Namesake of Floyd County, Texas; Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [93]
John Hubbard Forsyth
CPT 1797 New York fatality [94]
Antonio Fuentes
PVT 1813 Texas fatality [95]
Galba Fuqua
PVT 1819 Alabama fatality Entered March 1 or 4 Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [96]
William Garnett
PVT 1812 Virginia fatality [97]
James W. Garrand
PVT 1813 Louisiana fatality [97]
James Girard Garrett
PVT 1806 Tennessee fatality [98]
John E. Garvin
PVT 1809 — fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [99]
John E. Gaston
PVT 1819 — fatality Entered March 1 or 4 Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [100]
James George
PVT 1802 — fatality Entered March 1 or 4 Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [101]
William George
— — — fatality Entered March1 or 4 [85]
James Gibson
— — — fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [41]
John C. Goodrich
CNT 1809 Virginia fatality [102]
Francis H. Gray
— — — fatality Entered March 4 [85]
W.T. Green
— — — fatality Entered March 4 [73]
Albert Calvin Grimes
PVT 1817 Georgia fatality [103]
Ignacio Gurrea
— — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Brigido Guerrero
PVT — Mexico survivor A deserter from Ugartechea's troops, convinced the Mexican troops he was a prisoner of war [104]
James C. Gwin
PVT 1804 England fatality aka Gwynne [105]
John Harris
PVT 1813 Kentucky fatality [106]
Andrew Jackson Harrison
PVT 1809 Tennessee fatality [106]
I.L.K. Harrison
— — — fatality [107]
William B. Harrison
CPT 1811 Ohio fatality [108]
Joseph M. Hawkins
PVT 1799 Ireland fatality [108]
John M. Hays
PVT 1814 Tennessee fatality [109]
Charles M. Heiskell
PVT 1813 Tennessee fatality [109]
Patrick Henry Herndon
PVT 1802 Virginia fatality [110]
Pedro Herrera
— — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
William Daniel Hersee
SGT 1805 England fatality [111]
Benjamin Franklin Highsmith
PVT 1817 Missouri Territory survivor Left as a courier March 1 [112]
Tapley Holland
PVT 1810 Ohio fatality [113]
James Holloway
— — — fatality Entered March 4 [32]
Samuel Holloway
PVT 1808 Pennsylvania fatality [114]
William D. Howell
— 1791 Massachusetts fatality Entered March 4 [115]
William Hunter
— — — fatality Entered March 4 [73]
Thomas P. Hutchinson
— — — fatality Entered March 4 [32]
William A. Irwin
— — — fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [41]
Thomas R. Jackson
PVT — Ireland fatality Entered March 1 or 4 Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [116]
William Daniel Jackson
LT 1807 Kentucky fatality [117]
Green B. Jameson
MAJ 1807 Kentucky fatality [118]
Gordon C. Jennings
CPL 1780 Connecticut fatality [119]
Damacio Jiménez
PVT — Texas fatality Entered March 4 [120]
John Johnson
PVT 1800 Missouri survivor Dispatched as courier February 23 [121]
Lewis Johnson
PVT — Illinois Territory fatality [122]
William Johnson
PVT — Pennsylvania fatality [123]
William P. Johnson
SGT — — survivor Likely dispatched as courier February 23 [123]
John Jones
1LT 1810 New York fatality [123]
James Kenny
PVT 1814 Virginia fatality [124]
Andrew Kent
PVT 1798 Virginia fatality Namesake of Kent County, Texas, Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [125]
Joseph Kent
— — — fatality Entered March 1 or 4 Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [126]
Joseph Kerr
PVT 1814 Louisiana fatality [127]
George C. Kimble
LT 1803 Pennsylvania fatality Namesake of Kimble County, Texas; entered March 1 or 4 Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [128]
John C. Kin
— — — fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [41]
William Philip King
PVT 1820 Mississippi fatality Youngest defender fatality; namesake of King County; Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [129]
William Irvine Lewis
PVT 1806 Virginia fatality [130]
William J. Lightfoot
3CPL 1805 Kentucky fatality [130]
Jonathan Lindley
PVT 1814 Illinois fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [131]
William Linn
PVT — Massachusetts fatality [132]
Byrd Lockhart
CPT 1782 Virginia survivor Left with Andrew Jackson Sowell left to buy supplies; namesake of Lockhart, Texas [133]
Toribio Losoya
PVT 1808 Texas fatality [124]
George Washington Main
LT 1807 Virginia fatality [134]
William T. Malone
PVT 1817 Georgia fatality [135]
William Marshall
PVT 1808 Tennessee fatality [135]
Albert Martin
CPT 1808 Rhode Island fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company dispatched with the Travis letter To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World; returned to the Alamo [136]
Samuel Augustus Maverick
PVT 1803 South Carolina survivor Garrison delegate to the March 1 Convention of 1836 at Washington-on-the-Brazos [137]
Edward McCafferty
LT — — fatality Entered March 4 [138]
Ross McClelland
— — — fatality [139]
Daniel McCoy Jr.
— — — fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [41]
Jesse McCoy
PVT 1804 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [140]
Prospect McCoy
— — — fatality [41]
William McDowell
PVT 1794 Pennsylvania fatality [141]
James McGee
PVT — Ireland fatality [141]
John McGregor
SGT — Scotland fatality [142]
Robert McKinney
PVT 1809 Ireland fatality [143]
S.W. McNeilly
— — — fatality Entered March 4 [73]
Eliel Melton
QM, LT 1798 Georgia fatality [144]
Antonio Menchaca
— 1800 Texas survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Thomas R. Miller
PVT 1795 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [145]
William Mills
PVT 1815 Tennessee fatality [146]
Isaac Millsaps
PVT c. 1795 Mississippi fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [147]
Edward F. Mitchasson
— 1806 Virginia fatality Entered March 4 a.k.a. Dr. E.F. Mitchusson [148]
Edwin T. Mitchell
PVT 1806 — fatality Entered March 4 [149]
Napoleon B. Mitchell
PVT 1804 — fatality [150]
Robert B. Moore
PVT 1781 Virginia fatality Entered March 4 [151]
Willis A. Moore
PVT 1808 — fatality Entered March 4 [151]
John Morman
— — — fatality [80]
William Morrison
— — — fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [41]
Robert Musselman
SGT 1805 Ohio fatality [152]
James Nash
— — — fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [41]
Andrés Nava
SGT 1810 Texas fatality Entered March 4 [153]
Gerald Navan
PVT — — survivor Dispatched as courier March 3 [17]
George Neggan
PVT 1808 South Carolina fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [154]
Andrew M. Nelson
PVT 1809 Tennessee fatality [155]
Edward Nelson
PVT 1816 South Carolina fatality [155]
George Nelson
PVT 1805 South Carolina fatality [156]
Benjamin F. Nobles
LT — — survivor On a scouting run when the Mexican troops arrived on February 23 [157]
James Northcross
PVT 1804 Virginia fatality [158]
James Nowlan
PVT 1809 England fatality [159]
L.R. O'Neil
— — — fatality Entered March 4 [73]
George Olamio
PVT — Ireland fatality Entered March 4 [85]
William Sanders Oury
PVT 1817 Virginia survivor Dispatched as a courier February 29 [160]
Jose Sebastian "Luciano" Pacheco
— — — survivor Dispatched on a personal errand for Seguín February 23 [161]
George Pagan
PVT 1810 — fatality [162]
Christopher Adams Parker
PVT 1814 — fatality [152]
William Parks
PVT 1805 North Carolina fatality [152]
William Patton
AQM, LT 1808 Kentucky survivor Assumed to be a courier, who left with John William Smith [163]
Richardson Perry
PVT 1817 Mississippi fatality [164]
Adolf Petrasweiz
— — — fatality Entered March 4 [165]
Amos Pollard
— 1803 Massachusetts fatality Chief surgeon of the garrison, created a hospital in the fortress [166]
Eduardo Ramirez
— — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
John Purdy Reynolds
PVT 1806 Pennsylvania fatality [167]
Thomas H. Roberts
PVT — — fatality Entered March 4 [168]
James Waters Robertson
PVT 1812 Tennessee fatality [169]
Ambrosio Rodriguez
— — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Guadalupe Rodriquez
— — — fatality Entered March 4 [85]
James M. Rose
PVT 1805 Ohio fatality With Crockett; not to be confused with Louis Moses Rose, the individual purported to have chosen not to stay and defend the Alamo (but who cannot definitely be proven to have been there) [170]
Jacob Roth
MAJ — — fatality [107]
Jackson J. Rusk
PVT — Ireland fatality [171]
Joseph Rutherford
PVT 1798 Kentucky fatality [172]
Isaac Ryan
PVT 1805 Louisiana fatality [171]
W.H. Sanders
— — — fatality Entered March 4 [73]
Mial Scurlock
PVT 1809 North Carolina fatality [164]
Juan Seguín
CPT 1806 Texas survivor Left February 25 to recruit reinforcements [173]
Marcus L. Sewell
PVT 1805 England fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [Note 5]
Manson Shied
PVT 1811 Georgia fatality aka Shudd [164]
Silvero
— — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Cleveland Kinloch Simmons
LT 1815 South Carolina fatality [174]
Andrew H. Smith
PVT 1815 Tennessee fatality [174]
Charles S. Smith
PVT 1806 Maryland fatality [175]
John William Smith
— 1792 Virginia survivor The final courier sent to Washington-on-the-Brazos, unable to return [176]
Joshua G. Smith
SGT 1808 North Carolina fatality [177]
William H. Smith
PVT 1811 — fatality [178]
Launcelot Smither
PVT 1800 — survivor Left for Gonzales as a courier on February 23; relayed the Travis letter from Albert Martin to the provisional government at San Felipe [179]
Andrew Jackson Sowell
PVT 1815 Tennessee survivor Left with Byrd Lockhart to buy supplies [180]
John Spratt
— — — fatality Entered March 4 [32]
Richard Starr
PVT 1811 England fatality [181]
James E. Stewart
PVT 1808 England fatality [181]
Richard L. Stockton
PVT 1817 New Jersey fatality [181]
A. Spain Summerlin
PVT 1817 Tennessee fatality [182]
William E. Summers
PVT 1812 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [183]
John Sutherland
PVT 1792 Virginia survivor Sent to Gonzales for reinforcements on February 23 [184]
William DePriest Sutherland
PVT 1818 Alabama fatality [178]
Edward Taylor
PVT 1812 Tennessee fatality Namesake of Taylor County, Texas, brother of James and George, entered March 1 or 4 [185]
George Taylor
PVT 1816 Tennessee fatality Namesake of Taylor County, brother of Edward and James, entered March 1 or 4 [186]
James Taylor
PVT 1814 Tennessee fatality Namesake of Taylor County, Texas, brother of George and Edward, entered March 1 or 4 [187]
William Taylor
PVT 1799 Tennessee fatality Entered March 1 or 4 [188]
B. Archer M. Thomas
PVT 1818 Kentucky fatality [189]
Henry Thomas
PVT 1811 Germany fatality Entered March 4 [190]
Thompson
— — — fatality Per historian Lindley, no first name on the muster rolls [191]
John W. Thomson
PVT 1807 North Carolina fatality [192]
John, M. Thurston
2LT 1812 Pennsylvania fatality [193]
Burke Trammel
PVT 1810 Ireland fatality [193]
Joe Travis
— 1813 or 1815 Alabama survivor Slave of William B. Travis, fought beside him in the battle; accompanied Susanna Dickinson to Gonzales. (Slaves identified by last names of their masters) [194]
William B. Travis
LTC 1809 South Carolina fatality Co-commander of the garrison after the departure of James. C. Neill [195]
George W. Tumlinson
PVT 1814 Missouri fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [196]
James Tylee, James
PVT 1795 New York fatality [197]
Asa Walker
PVT 1813 Tennessee fatality [198]
Jacob Walker
PVT 1799 Tennessee fatality [198]
William B. Ward
SGT 1806 Ireland fatality [198]
Henry Warnell
PVT 1812 Arkansas escaped Died June 1836 of wounds incurred during the battle or during his escape [199]
Joseph G. Washington
PVT c. 1808 Tennessee fatality Possibly a.k.a. James Morgan [198]
Thomas Waters
PVT 1812 England fatality [198]
William Wells
PVT 1798 Georgia fatality [198]
Isaac White
SGT — — fatality [200]
Robert White
CPT 1806 England fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [201]
Hiram James Williamson
SMA 1810 Pennsylvania fatality [202]
William Wills
— — — fatality [202]
David L. Wilson
PVT 1807 Scotland fatality [202]
John Wilson
PVT 1804 Pennsylvania fatality [202]
Anthony Wolf
PVT 1782 — fatality [202]
Claiborne Wright
PVT 1810 North Carolina fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [203]
Charles Zanco
LT 1808 Denmark fatality [202]
Vicente Zepeda
— — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
See also[edit]
Texas portal
List of Texian survivors of the Battle of the Alamo
Citations[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "The enemy in large force is in sight. We want men and provisions. Send them to us. We have 150 men and are determined to defend the Alamo to the last. Give us assistance. (signed) William Barret Travis, February 23, 1836" Letter to Gonzales alcalde Andrew Ponton. Groneman (2001), p. 1; The Alamo was under Sam Houston's authority as commander-in-chief of the paid army, which included Neill, Bowie, Travis and Crockett. Until March 4, Houston's authority did not extend to volunteers and local militias, which were the majority of the fighting force inside the Alamo. Hatch (1999), p. 188.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Some Tejanos were part of the Bexar military garrison, but others were part of Seguin's volunteer scout company and were in the Alamo on or before Feb 23. Enrique Esparza, who was inside the fortress as the son of defender Gregorio Esparza, later recalled that Santa Anna offered a three-day amnesty to all Tejano defenders. According to Esparza, Tejanos discussed the matter with Bowie who advised them to take the amnesty. It is believed most of the Tejanos left when Seguin did, either as couriers or because of the amnesty. Poyo (1996), p. 53, 58 "Efficient in the Cause" (Stephen L. Harden); Lindley (2003), p. 94, 134.
Jump up ^ The most notable group from Gonzales in the final days was the Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company, nicknamed the Immortal 32 in later decades, although the exact head count of that company varies by source. Moore (2004), pp. 28–29, 39–43, 46, 51; Moore (2007), p. 100; Lindley (2003), p. 98.
^ Jump up to: a b Andrew Barcena (a.k.a. Andres Barcinas) and Anselmo Bergara had been part of Seguín's company. They were the first witnesses of the Alamo's fall to arrive in Houston's camp at Gonzales on March 11. Houston denounced them as Mexican spies and had them arrested, but Barcena fought under Seguín at the Battle of San Jacinto. Moore (2004), pp. 45–46, 451.
Jump up ^ Some lore give the birthplace of Sewell as Tennessee but have no definitive source; however, scholars and other sourcicng, including the Alamo, say he was born in England. Todish (1998), p. 85; Moore (2007), p. 100.; "Marcus L.Sewell". Alamo Mission in San Antonio. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2016. "Who Was Marcus Sewell?". Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas. TAMU. Retrieved March 30, 2016. Groneman, Bill. "Marcus Sewell". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Todish et al. (1998), pp. 2, 4, 6.
Jump up ^ Todish et al. (1998), pp. 137–138.
Jump up ^ Davis (2004), p. 143; Todish et al. (1998), p. 121.
Jump up ^ Poyo (1996), p. 54, "Efficient in the Cause" (Stephen L. Harden).
Jump up ^ Todish et al. (1998), pp. 29, 125.
Jump up ^ Todish et al. (1998), p.126; Moore (2004), p. 39.
Jump up ^ Groneman (2001), p. 1; Lindley (2003), pp. 90, 93.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 92–93; Groneman (2001), pp. 4–5; Jackson, Wheat (2005), p. 367.
Jump up ^ Green, Michael R. (April 1988). "To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. Texas State Historical Association. 91 (4): 483–508. JSTOR 30240052. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Moore (2004), pp. 4, 22.
Jump up ^ Lord (1961), p. 166.
Jump up ^ Edmondson (2000), pp. 45–46, 374.
Jump up ^ "Telegraph and Texas Register May 28, 1837". The Portal to Texas History. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Sibley, Marilyn McAdams (October 1966). "The Burial Place of the Alamo Heroes". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. Texas State Historical Association. 70 (2): 272–280. JSTOR 30236392. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 148; Jackson, Wheat (2005), pp. 374, 377.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Wheat (2005), p. 389.
^ Jump up to: a b Chariton (1990), p. 180.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 226–227.
Jump up ^ Matovina (1995), pp. 43–44.
Jump up ^ Williams, Amelia (January 1934). "Reviewed Work: A Critical Study of the Siege of the Alamo and of the Personnel of Its Defenders: IV. Historical Problems Relating to the Alamo". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. Texas State Historical Association. 37 (3): 157–184. JSTOR 30235477. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Smoot, Jane. "Amelia Worthington Williams". Texas Handbook Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Roell, Craig H. (July 2004). "Reviewed Work: Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions by Thomas Ricks Lindley". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. Texas State Historical Association. 108 (1): 105–106. JSTOR 30239499. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 37, 39–41, 67–68.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 52, 57.
Jump up ^ "Categories of Land Grants in Texas" (PDF). Texas General Land Office. State of Texas. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Flores, Richard R (February 1999). "Reviewed Work: The Alamo Remembered: Tejano Accounts and Perspectives by Timothy M. Matovina". American Ethnologist. American Anthropological Association. 26 (1): 265. doi:10.1525/ae.1999.26.1.265. JSTOR 647542. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ de la Teja, Jesús F (Spring 1998). "Discovering the Tejano Community in "Early" Texas". Journal of the Early Republic. University of Pennsylvania Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic. 18 (1): 73–98. doi:10.2307/3124734. JSTOR 3124734. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 76.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 1.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 2.
Jump up ^ Matovina (1995), pp. 45–48; Lindley (2003), p. 87.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lindley (2003), pp. 54, 143.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 6–7.
Jump up ^ Photo of cemetery monument at Hillcrest Cemetery in northern Mississippi, accessed December 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 7.
Jump up ^ Kemp, L. W. "Jesse B. Badgett". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 8; Todish (1998), p. 76.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 8.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 9; Moore (2007), p. 100
Jump up ^ Todish (1998), p. 76; Groneman (1990), pp. 9–10.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Lindley (2003), p. 98.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 10.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 10–11.
^ Jump up to: a b Groneman (1990), p. 11; Todish (1998), p. 76.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 131.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 12.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 13–14.
^ Jump up to: a b Groneman (1990), p. 14.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 15–16.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 16.
Jump up ^ Hopewell (1994), pp. 2–3, 116.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 62, 79.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 20–21; Moore (2004), p. 457.
^ Jump up to: a b c Groneman (1990), p. 21.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 22; Moore (2007), p. 100.
^ Jump up to: a b Groneman (1990), p. 22.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 24.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 24.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 24–25.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 25; Moore (2007), p. 100.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 25.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 26.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 26–27; Lindley (2003), p. 202.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 29.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 29–30.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 30; Moore (2007), p. 100.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 30–31.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 32; Moore (2007), p. 100.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 32; Moore (2007), p. 100.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 32.
^ Jump up to: a b Groneman (1990), p. 33; Moore (2007), p. 100.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 33.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Lindley (2003), p. 143.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 34.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 34–35.
Jump up ^ Todish (1998), p. 81; Hopewell (1994), p. 125; Nofi (1992), p. 131.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 35–36; Todish (1998), p. 78; Moore (2007), p. 100.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 36.
Jump up ^ Carrington (1993), pp. 74–75; Groneman (1990), pp. 36–37.
^ Jump up to: a b Lindley (2003), p. 54.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 39.
Jump up ^ Todish (1998), p. 89; Groneman (1990), pp.40–41; Roell, Craig H. "Philip Dimmitt". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 41–42.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 42; Moore (2007), p. 100.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lindley (2003), p. 144.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 79.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 45–46.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 47; Edmondson (2000), p. 371.
^ Jump up to: a b Groneman (1990), p. 48.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 48–49.
^ Jump up to: a b Groneman (1990), p. 49; Moore (2007), p. 100.
Jump up ^ de la Teja (1991), pp. 18, 135, 182; Lindley (2003), pp. 94, 112; Moore (2004), p. 60.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 50; Moore (2007), p. 100; Groneman, Bill (12 June 2010). "DOLPHIN WARD FLOYD". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 50.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 51.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 51; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
^ Jump up to: a b Groneman (1990), p. 52.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 52–53.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 53; Moore (2007), p. 100.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 53; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 53–54; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 54–55.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 55.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 55–56.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 56.
^ Jump up to: a b Groneman (1990), p. 57.
^ Jump up to: a b Lindley (2003), p. 53.
^ Jump up to: a b Groneman (1990), p. 58.
^ Jump up to: a b Groneman (1990), p. 59.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 59–60.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 60.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 60–61, 66; Todish (1998), p. 89; Lindley (2003), p. 133.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 61–62.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 62.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 62; Lindley (2003), p. 143.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 63; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 63.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 63–64.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 64.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 81.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 88, 109, 321; Lord (1961), p. 96.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 66–67.
^ Jump up to: a b c Groneman (1990), p. 67.
^ Jump up to: a b Todish (1998), p. 82.
Jump up ^ Todish (1998), p. 82; Moore (2007), p. 100.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 98, 144.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 69.
Jump up ^ Todish (1998), p. 82; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
Jump up ^ Groneman, Bill; Hall, Russell S. "William Philip King". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 8, 2014. ; Leffler, John. "King County, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 8, 2015. ; Moore (2007), p. 100.
^ Jump up to: a b Groneman (1990), p. 71.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 71; Moore (2007), p. 100.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 72.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 90; Groneman (1990), pp. 72–73; Moore (2004), p. 60.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 74.
^ Jump up to: a b Groneman (1990), p. 75.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 76; Green (1988), p. 500; Lindley (2003), p. 91; Moore (2007), p. 100.
Jump up ^ Marks, Paula Mitchell. "Samuel Augustus Maverick". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 76.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 59.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 77; Moore (2007), p. 100.
^ Jump up to: a b Groneman (1990), p. 77.
Jump up ^ Todish (1998), p. 83.
Jump up ^ Lord (1961), p. 217; Todish (1998), p. 83.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 78–79.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 79; Todish (1998), p. 83; Moore (2007), p. 100.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 79–80.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 80; Moore (2007), p. 100.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 80.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 81.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 81.
^ Jump up to: a b Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), pp. 81–82.
^ Jump up to: a b c Todish (1998), p. 84.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 84.
Jump up ^ Todish (1998), p. 84; Moore (2007), p. 100.
^ Jump up to: a b Groneman (1990), p. 84.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 85.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 85; Roell, Craig H. "Philip Dimmitt". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 86.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 87.
Jump up ^ Todish (1998), p. 89.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 90.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 88.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 202; Groneman (1990), pp. 89–90; Moore (2004), pp. 52–54, 100.
^ Jump up to: a b c Todish (1998), p. 85.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003). pp. 143, 166.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 91–92.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 92.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 93.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 93.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003). p. 236; Todish (1998), p. 85.
^ Jump up to: a b Groneman (1990), pp. 95–96.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 96.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 97; Nofi (1992), pp. 85–86.
^ Jump up to: a b Groneman (1990), p. 100.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 101.
Jump up ^ Nofi (1992), p. 79; Myers (1948), p. 202; Groneman (1990), pp. 101–102; Todish (1998), p. 90.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 103.
^ Jump up to: a b Todish (1998), p. 86.
Jump up ^ Green (1988), pp. 503–504; Groneman (1990), p. 101.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 90; Groneman (1990), pp. 72–73, 105.
^ Jump up to: a b c Groneman (1990), p. 106.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 107.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 107; Moore (2007), p. 100.
Jump up ^ McCaslin, Richard B. "John Sutherland Jr". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 109.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 110.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 110.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 111.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 111.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 111.
Jump up ^ Lindley (2003), p. 63.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 112.
^ Jump up to: a b Groneman (1990), p. 113.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 64–65; Todish (1998), p. 89; Edmondson (2000), p. 369; Lindley (2003), p. 44.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 115.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 116; Moore (2007), p. 100.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 116.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Todish (1998), p. 87.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 119.
Jump up ^ Todish (1998), pp. 87–88.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1990), p. 120; Moore (2007), p. 100.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Todish (1998), p. 88.
Jump up ^ Todish (1998), p. 88; Moore (2007), p. 100.
References[edit]
Carrington, Evelyn M. (1993). Women in Early Texas. Denton, TX: Texas State Historical Association. OCLC 651721302.
Chariton, Wallace O. (1990). Exploring the Alamo Legends. Dallas, TX: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-55622-255-9.
de la Teja, Jesús (1991). A Revolution Remembered: The Memoirs and Selected Correspondence of Juan N. Seguin. Austin, Texas: State House Press. ISBN 0-938349-68-6.
Edmondson, J. R. (2000). The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts. Plano, Texas: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 1-55622-678-0.
Groneman, Bill (1990). Alamo Defenders: A Genealogy, the People and Their Words. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. ISBN 978-0-89015-757-2.
Groneman, Bill (2001). Eyewitness to the Alamo. Lanham, MD: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-55622-846-9.
Hatch, Thom (1999). Encyclopedia of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-0593-0.
Hopewell, Clifford (1994). James Bowie Texas Fighting Man: A Biography. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. ISBN 0-89015-881-9.
Jackson, Jack; Wheat, John (2005). Almonte's Texas: Juan N. Almonte's 1834 Inspection, Secret Report & Role in the 1836 Campaign. Denton, Texas: Texas State Historical Association. ISBN 978-0-87611-207-6.
Lindley, Thomas Ricks (2003). Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions. Plano, Texas: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 1-55622-983-6.
Lord, Walter (1961). A Time to Stand. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-7902-7.
Matovina, Timothy M. (1995). The Alamo Remembered: Tejano Accounts and Perspectives. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-75186-6.
Moore, Stephen L. (2004). Eighteen Minutes: The Battle of San Jacinto and the Texas Independence Campaign. Dallas, Texas: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-58907-009-7.
Moore, Stephen L. (2007). Savage Frontier: Rangers, Riflemen, and Indian Wars in Texas, Volume I, 1835–1837. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-57441-235-2.
Myers, John Myers (1948). The Alamo. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-5779-1.
Nofi, Albert A. (1992). The Alamo and the Texas War of Independence, September 30, 1835 to April 21, 1836: Heroes, Myths, and History. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Books, Inc. ISBN 0-938289-10-1.
Poyo, Gerald Eugene (1996). Tejano Journey, 1770–1850. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-76570-2.
Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998). Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. ISBN 978-1-57168-152-2.
External links[edit]
Jackson, Ron, "In the Alamo's Shadow" Texas A&M University reprint of an article about Joe Travis, slave of William B. Travis (originally published in True West Magazine, February 1998)
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Battle of the Alamo
Siege
To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World
Defenders
James Bonham
James Bowie
Davy Crockett
Almaron Dickinson
William B. Travis
Mexican commanders
Antonio López de Santa Anna
Martín Perfecto de Cos
Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma
Manuel Fernández Castrillón
Texian survivors
Juana Navarro Alsbury
Susanna Dickinson
Juan Seguín
Legacy
Remember the Alamo (song)
The Immortal Alamo (1911)
Martyrs of the Alamo (1915)
Davy Crockett at the Fall of the Alamo (1926)
Heroes of the Alamo (1937)
The Alamo: Shrine of Texas Liberty (1938)
Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier (1954)
The Last Command (1955)
The Alamo (1960)
The Alamo: 13 Days to Glory (1987)
Alamo: The Price of Freedom (1988)
The Alamo (2004)
See also
Alamo Mission
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The Wind in the Willows
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see The Wind in the Willows (disambiguation).
The Wind in the Willows
Cover of the first edition
Author
Kenneth Grahame
Illustrator
Ernest H. Shepard (1931)
Arthur Rackham (1940)
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Genre
Children's novel
Publisher
Methuen
Publication date
15 June 1908
Text
The Wind in the Willows at Wikisource
The Wind in the Willows is a children's novel by Kenneth Grahame, first published in 1908. Alternately slow moving and fast-paced, it focuses on four anthropomorphised animals in a pastoral version of Edwardian England. The novel is notable for its mixture of mysticism, adventure, morality and camaraderie, and celebrated for its evocation of the nature of the Thames Valley.
In 1908, Grahame retired from his position as secretary of the Bank of England. He moved back to Berkshire, where he had lived as a child, and spent his time by the River Thames doing much as the animal characters in his book do – as the book says, "simply messing about in boats" – and expanding the bedtime stories he had earlier told his son Alastair into a manuscript for the book.
The novel was in its 31st printing when playwright A. A. Milne adapted part of it for the stage as Toad of Toad Hall in 1929. Almost a century later, it was adapted again for the stage as a musical by Julian Fellowes. In 2003, The Wind in the Willows was listed at number 16 in the BBC's survey The Big Read.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Plot summary
2.1 Mole meets Rat
2.2 Toad
2.3 Badger
2.4 Toad and motorcars
2.5 Toad escapes from prison
2.6 Recapture of Toad Hall
2.7 Short stories
3 Main characters
4 Editions
5 Reception
6 Adaptations
6.1 Stage
6.2 Film and television
6.3 Radio
6.4 Sequels and alternative versions
7 Awards
8 Inspiration
9 In popular culture
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
12.1 Works
Background[edit]
Main article: Kenneth Grahame
Kenneth Grahame was born on 8 March 1859 in Edinburgh. When he was 5, his mother died from puerperal fever, and his father, who had a drinking problem, gave the care of his four children over to their grandmother, who lived in Cookham Dean in Berkshire. There they lived in a spacious but dilapidated home, "The Mount", in extensive grounds by the River Thames, and were introduced to the riverside and boating by their uncle, David Ingles, curate at Cookham Dean church.[2] At Christmas 1865 the chimney of the house collapsed and the children moved to Fern Hill Cottage in Cranbourne, Berkshire. In 1866, their father tried to overcome his drinking problem and took the children back to live with him in Argyll, Scotland, but after a year they returned to their grandmother's house in Cranbourne, where Kenneth lived until he entered St Edward's School, Oxford in 1868.[3] During his early years at St. Edwards the boys had freedom to explore the old city with its quaint shops, historic buildings, and cobbled streets, St Giles' Fair, the idyllic upper reaches of the River Thames, and the nearby countryside.[4]
Grahame married Elspeth Thomson in 1899; they had only one child, a boy named Alastair (whose nickname was "Mouse") born blind in one eye and plagued by health problems throughout his life.[5] When Alastair was about four years old, Grahame would tell him bedtime stories, some of which were about a toad, and when Kenneth holidayed alone he would write further tales of Toad, Mole, Ratty and Badger in letters to Alastair.[3]
In 1908 Grahame took early retirement from his job at the Bank of England and moved with his wife and son to an old farmhouse in Blewbury, where he used the bedtime stories he had told Alastair as a basis for the manuscript of The Wind in the Willows.[3]
Plot summary[edit]
Mole meets Rat[edit]
With the arrival of spring and fine weather outside, the good-natured Mole loses patience with spring cleaning. He flees his underground home, emerging to take in the air and ends up at the river, which he has never seen before. Here he meets Rat (a water vole), who at this time of year spends all his days in, on and close by the river. Rat takes Mole for a ride in his rowing boat. They get along well and spend many more days boating, with Rat teaching Mole the ways of the river.
Toad[edit]
One summer day, Rat and Mole disembark near the grand Toad Hall and pay a visit to Toad. Toad is rich, jovial, friendly and kind-hearted, but aimless and conceited; he regularly becomes obsessed with current fads, only to abandon them abruptly. Having recently given up boating, Toad's current craze is his horse-drawn caravan. He persuades the reluctant Rat and willing Mole to join him on a trip. Toad soon tires of the realities of camp life, and sleeps in the following day to avoid chores. Later that day, a passing motorcar scares the horse, causing the caravan to overturn into a ditch. Rat threatens to have the law on the car driver, while Mole calms the horse, but Toad's craze for caravan travel is immediately replaced by an obsession with motorcars.
Badger[edit]
Mole wants to meet the respected but elusive Badger, who lives deep in the Wild Wood, but Rat—knowing that Badger does not appreciate visits—tells Mole to be patient and wait for Badger to pay them a visit himself. Nevertheless, on a snowy winter's day, while the seasonally somnolent Rat dozes, Mole impulsively goes to the Wild Wood to explore, hoping to meet Badger. He gets lost in the woods, sees many "evil faces" among the wood's less-welcoming denizens, succumbs to fright and panic and hides, trying to stay warm, among the sheltering roots of a tree. Rat, finding Mole gone, guesses his mission from the direction of Mole's tracks and, equipping himself with two pistols and a stout cudgel, goes in search, finding him as snow begins to fall in earnest. Attempting to find their way home, Rat and Mole quite literally stumble across Badger's home—Mole barks his shin on the boot scraper on Badger's doorstep. Badger—en route to bed in his dressing-gown and slippers—nonetheless warmly welcomes Rat and Mole to his large and cozy underground home, providing them with hot food and dry clothes.
Toad and motorcars[edit]
Badger learns from his visitors that Toad has crashed seven cars, has been in hospital three times, and has spent a fortune on fines. Though nothing can be done at the moment (it being winter), they resolve that when the time is right they will make a plan to protect Toad from himself; they are, after all, his friends, and are worried about his well-being.
With the arrival of summer, Badger visits Mole and Rat to take action over Toad's self-destructive obsession. The three of them go to Toad Hall, and Badger tries talking Toad out of his behaviour, to no avail. They put Toad under house arrest, with themselves as the guards, until Toad changes his mind. Feigning illness, Toad bamboozles the Water Rat (who is on guard duty at the time) and escapes.
Badger and Mole are cross with Rat for his gullibility, but draw comfort because they need no longer waste their summer guarding Toad. However, Badger and Mole continue to live in Toad Hall in the hope that Toad may return. Meanwhile, Toad orders lunch at The Red Lion Inn, and then sees a motorcar pull into the courtyard. He steals the car, drives it recklessly and is caught by the police. He is sent to prison for 20 years.
Toad escapes from prison[edit]
In prison, Toad gains the sympathy of the gaoler's daughter, who helps him to escape disguised as a washerwoman. Though free again, Toad is without money or possessions other than the clothes upon his back. He manages to board a railway engine manned by a sympathetic driver, which is then pursued by a special train loaded with policemen, detectives and prison warders. Toad jumps from the train and, still disguised as a washerwoman, comes across a horse-drawn barge. The barge's female owner offers him a lift in exchange for Toad's services as a washerwoman. After botching the wash, Toad gets into a fight with the barge-woman, who tosses him into the canal. In revenge, Toad makes off with the barge horse, which he then sells to a gypsy. Toad subsequently flags down a passing car, which happens to be the very one he stole earlier. The car owners, not recognising Toad in his disguise, permit him to drive their car. Once behind the wheel, he is repossessed by his former passion and drives furiously, declaring his true identity to the passengers who try to seize him. This leads to the car landing in a horse-pond, after which Toad flees once more. Pursued by police, he runs accidentally into a river, which carries him by sheer chance to the house of Rat.
Recapture of Toad Hall[edit]
Toad now hears from Rat that Toad Hall has been taken over by weasels and stoats from the Wild Wood, who have driven out Mole and Badger. Although upset at the loss of his house, Toad realises what good friends he has and how badly he has behaved. Badger then arrives and announces that he knows of a secret tunnel into Toad Hall through which the enemies may be attacked. Armed to the teeth, Badger, Rat, Mole and Toad enter via the tunnel and pounce upon the unsuspecting Wild Wooders who are holding a celebratory party. Having driven away the intruders, Toad holds a banquet to mark his return, during which (for a change) he behaves both quietly and humbly. He makes up for his earlier excesses by seeking out and compensating those he has wronged, and the four friends live out their lives happily ever after.
Short stories[edit]
In addition to the main narrative, the book contains several independent short stories featuring Rat and Mole. These appear for the most part between the chapters chronicling Toad's adventures, and are often omitted from abridgements and dramatisations. The chapter "Dulce Domum" describes Mole's return to his home, accompanied by Rat, in which, despite finding it in a terrible mess after his abortive spring clean, he rediscovers, with Rat's help, a familiar comfort. "The Piper at the Gates of Dawn" tells how Mole and Rat search for Otter's missing son Portly, whom they find in the care of the god Pan. (Pan removes their memories of this meeting "lest the awful remembrance should remain and grow, and overshadow mirth and pleasure".) Finally, in "Wayfarers All", Ratty shows a restless side to his character when he is sorely tempted to join a Sea Rat on his travelling adventures.
Main characters[edit]
Mole: An altruistic, humble, loyal, polite, home-loving animal, and the first character introduced in the story. Fed up with spring cleaning in his secluded home, he ventures into the outside world. Initially overawed by the hustle and bustle of the riverbank, he eventually adapts. He proves intelligent as shown with his trickery on stoat then tries to prevent them from reinforcing the weasels during the fight with Toad Hall.
Rat: Known as "Ratty" to his friends (though actually a water vole), he is cultured, relaxed and friendly who enjoys a life of leisure; when not spending time on the river, he composes doggerel. Ratty loves the river and takes charge of Mole. He can be stubborn when it comes to doing things outside his riverside lifestyle, but can do which must be done as shown when he risks his life to help Mole in the Wild Wood and to help free Toad Hall from the weasels.
Mr. Toad: The wealthy scion of Toad Hall who inherited his wealth from his late father. Although good and optimistic, he is also arrogant, conceited, and impulsive. He is prone to obsessions and crazes (such as punting, houseboats, and horse-drawn caravans). He gets bored with each of these in turn, and drops them. His motoring craze eventually sees him imprisoned for theft, dangerous driving, and gross impertinence to the police. Several chapters of the book chronicle his daring escape from prison.
Mr Badger: A gruff but benevolent soul, Badger embodies the "wise hermit" figure. A friend of Toad's deceased father, he is uncompromising with the irresponsible Toad, yet hopes that his good qualities will prevail. He lives in a vast underground sett, part of which incorporates the remains of a buried Roman settlement. A brave and a skilled fighter, Badger helps clear the Wild Wooders from Toad Hall with his large stick.
Otter and Portly: A friend of Ratty with a stereotypical "Cockney costermonger" character, the extrovert Otter is tough and self-sufficient. Portly is his young son.
The Weasels: The story's main antagonists. They plot to take over Toad Hall.
Pan: A benevolent and wise god of the wild who makes a single, anomalous appearance in Chapter 7, "The Piper at the Gates of Dawn" when he helps Portly and looks after him until Ratty and Mole come.
The Gaoler's Daughter: The only major human character; a "good, kind, clever girl", she helps Toad escape from prison.
The Wayfarer: A vagabond seafaring rat, who also makes a single appearance. Ratty briefly considers following his example, before Mole persuades him otherwise.
Squirrels and rabbits, who are generally good (although rabbits are described as "a mixed lot").
Editions[edit]
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The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, frontispiece to a 1913 edition by Paul Bransom
The book was originally published as plain text with a frontispiece illustrated by Graham Robertson, but many illustrated, comic and annotated versions have been published over the years. Notable illustrators include Paul Bransom (1913), Wyndham Payne (1927), Ernest H. Shepard (1931), Arthur Rackham (1940), Tasha Tudor (1966), Michael Hague (1980), Scott McKowen (2005), and Robert Ingpen (2007).
The most popular illustrations are probably by E. H. Shepard, originally published in 1931, and believed to be authorised as Grahame was pleased with the initial sketches, though he did not live to see the completed work.[6]
The Wind in the Willows was the last work illustrated by Arthur Rackham. The book with his illustrations was issued posthumously in a limited edition by the Folio Society with 16 colour plates in 1940 in the US. It was not issued with the Rackham illustrations in the UK until 1950.
The Folio Society 2006 edition featured 85 illustrations, 35 in colour, by Charles van Sandwyk. A fancier centenary edition was produced two years later.
Michel Plessix created a Wind in the Willows watercolour comic album series, which helped to introduce the stories to France. They have been translated into English by Cinebook Ltd.
Patrick Benson re-illustrated the story in 1994 and HarperCollins published it in 1994 together with the William Horwood sequels The Willows in Winter, Toad Triumphant and The Willows and Beyond. It was published in the US in 1995 by St Martin's Press.
Inga Moore's abridged edition features text and illustrations paced so that a line of text, such as "oh my oh my", also serves as a caption.
Barnes & Noble Classics featured an introduction by Gardner McFall in 2007. New York, ISBN 978-1-59308-265-9
Belknap Press, of Harvard University Press, published Seth Lerer's annotated edition in 2009.[7]
W. W. Norton published Annie Gauger and Brian Jacques's annotated edition in 2009.[8]
Jamie Hendry Productions published a special edition of the novel in 2015 and donated it to schools in Plymouth and Salford to celebrate the World Premiere of the musical version of The Wind in the Willows by Julian Fellowes, George Stiles and Anthony Drewe.[9]
IDW Publishing published an illustrated edition of the novel in 2016.[10] The hardcover novel features illustrations from Eisner Award-winning artist David Petersen, who is best known for creating and drawing the comic series Mouse Guard.
Reception[edit]
A number of publishers rejected the manuscript, and it was not until October 1908, after some campaigning by President Theodore Roosevelt, that the book was finally published by Methuen and Co. The critics, who were hoping for a third volume in the style of Graham's earlier works; The Golden Age and Dream Days, generally gave negative reviews.[3] The public loved it, however, and within a few years it sold in such numbers that many reprints were required. In 1909, Roosevelt wrote to Grahame to tell him that he had "read it and reread it, and have come to accept the characters as old friends".[11]
In The Enchanted Places, Christopher Robin Milne wrote of The Wind in the Willows:
A book that we all greatly loved and admired and read aloud or alone, over and over and over: The Wind in the Willows. This book is, in a way, two separate books put into one. There are, on the one hand, those chapters concerned with the adventures of Toad; and on the other hand there are those chapters that explore human emotions—the emotions of fear, nostalgia, awe, wanderlust. My mother was drawn to the second group, of which "The Piper at the Gates of Dawn" was her favourite, read to me again and again with always, towards the end, the catch in the voice and the long pause to find her handkerchief and blow her nose. My father, on his side, was so captivated by the first group that he turned these chapters into the children's play, Toad of Toad Hall. In this play one emotion only is allowed to creep in: nostalgia.
Adaptations[edit]
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Stage[edit]
Toad of Toad Hall by A. A. Milne, produced in 1929
Wind in the Willows, a 1985 Tony-nominated Broadway musical with book by Jane Iredale, lyrics by Roger McGough and music by William P. Perry, starring Nathan Lane
The Wind in the Willows by Alan Bennett (who also appeared as Mole) in 1991
Mr. Toad's Mad Adventures by Vera Morris
Wind in the Willows (UK National Tour) by Ian Billings
The Wind in the Willows,[12] two stage adaptations—a full musical adaptation and a small-scale, shorter, stage play version—by David Gooderson.
The Wind in the Willows,[13] a musical theatre adaption by Scot Copeland and Paul Carrol Binkley.
The Wind in the Willows[14] by George Stiles, Anthony Drewe and Julian Fellowes which opened at Theatre Royal Plymouth in October 2016 before playing at The Lowry, Salford and then the West End.
Film and television[edit]
See also: The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad § The Wind in the Willows
Toad of Toad Hall the first live action film of the novel. Adapted by Michael Barry for BBC Television and transmitted live in 1946. The film featured (in alphabetical order) Julia Braddock as Marigold, Kenneth More as Mr. Badger, Jack Newmark as Mole, Andrew Osborn as Water Rat, Jon Pertwee as the Judge, Alan Reid as Mr. Toad, John Thomas and Victor Woolf as Alfred the Horse, Madoline Thomas as Mother, and an uncredited Pat Pleasanse as various Rats, Weasels and Mice.
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad, a 1949 animated adaptation produced by Walt Disney Productions for RKO Radio Pictures, narrated by Basil Rathbone. One half of the animated feature was based on the unrelated short story, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.
The Wind in the Willows, a 1969 adaptation of the story produced by Anglia Television, told by still illustrations by artist John Worsley. The story was adapted, produced and narrated by Paul Honeyman and directed by John Salway.
The Reluctant Dragon and Mr. Toad Show, a 1970 TV animated series produced by Rankin/Bass Productions and animated by Japanese studio Mushi Productions, based on both The Reluctant Dragon and The Wind in the Willows.
The Wind in the Willows, a 1983 animated film version with stop-motion puppets by Cosgrove Hall.
The Wind in the Willows, a 1984–1990 TV series following the 1983 film, using the same sets and characters in mostly original stories but also including some chapters from the book that were omitted in the film, notably "The Piper at the Gates of Dawn". The cast included David Jason, Sir Michael Hordern, Peter Sallis, Richard Pearson and Ian Carmichael.
The Wind in the Willows, a 1985/1987 animated musical film version for television, produced by Rankin/Bass Productions with animation by Wang Film Productions (also known as Cuckoo's Nest Studios) in Taiwan. This version was very faithful to the book and featured a number of original songs, including the title, "Wind in the Willows", performed by folk singer Judy Collins. Voice actors included Eddie Bracken as Mole, Jose Ferrer as Badger, Roddy McDowell as Ratty, and Charles Nelson Reilly as Toad.[15]
Wind in the Willows, a 1988 animated made-for-TV film by Burbank Films Australia and adapted by Leonard Lee.
The Adventures of Mole, a 1995 animated made-for-TV film with a cast including Hugh Laurie as Toad, Richard Briers and Peter Davison as Ratty and Mole respectively and Paul Eddington as Badger. Was followed by The Adventures of Toad.
The Wind in the Willows, a 1995 animated film adaptation narrated by Vanessa Redgrave (in the live action scenes) with a cast led by Michael Palin and Alan Bennett as Ratty and Mole, Rik Mayall as Toad and Michael Gambon as Badger; followed by an adaptation of The Willows in Winter produced by the now defunct TVC (Television Cartoons) in London.[16]
The Wind in the Willows, a 1996 live-action film written and directed by Terry Jones starring Steve Coogan as Mole, Eric Idle as Rat, and Terry Jones as Mr. Toad.
The Wind in the Willows, another live-action film in 2006 with Lee Ingleby as Mole, Mark Gatiss as Ratty, Matt Lucas as Toad, Bob Hoskins as Badger, and also featuring Imelda Staunton, Anna Maxwell Martin, Mary Walsh and Michael Murphy
In 2003, Guillermo del Toro was working on an adaptation for Disney. It was to mix live action with CG animation, and the director explained why he had to leave the helm. "It was a beautiful book, and then I went to meet with the executives and they said, 'Could you give Toad a skateboard and make him say, 'radical dude' things,' and that's when I said, 'It's been a pleasure...'"[17]
In 2014, Classic Alice took the titular character on a 6 episode reimagining of The Wind in the Willows. Reid Cox played Toad, Kate Hackett and Tony Noto served as loose Badger/Ratty/Mole characters.
Radio[edit]
The BBC has broadcast a number of radio productions of the story.
Dramatisations include:
Eight episodes from 4 to 14 April 1955, BBC Home Service. With Richard Goolden, Frank Duncan, Olaf Pooley and Mary O'Farrell.
episodes from 27 September to 15 November 1965, BBC Home Service. With Leonard Maguire, David Steuart and Douglas Murchie.
Single 90-minute play, dramatised by A.A. Milne under the name Toad of Toad Hall, on 21 April 1973, BBC Radio 4. With Derek Smith, Bernard Cribbins, Richard Goolden and Cyril Luckham.
Six episodes from 28 April to 9 June 1983, BBC Schools Radio, Living Language series. With Paul Darrow as Badger.
Six episodes, dramatised by John Scotney, from 13 February to 20 March 1994, BBC Radio 5. With Martin Jarvis, Timothy Bateson, Willie Rushton, George Baker and Dinsdale Landen.
Single two-hour play, dramatised by Alan Bennett, on 27 August 1994, BBC Radio 4.
Abridged readings include:
Ten-part reading by Alan Bennett from 31 July to 11 August 1989, BBC Radio 4.
Twelve-part reading by Bernard Cribbins from 22 December 1983 to 6 January 1984, BBC channel unknown.
Three-hour reading by June Whitfield, Nigel Anthony, James Saxon, and Nigel Lambert; Puffin audiobook, 1996.
Kenneth Williams also did a version of the book for radio.
In 2002 Paul Oakenfold produced a Trance Soundtrack for the story, aired on the Galaxy FM show Urban Soundtracks. These mixes blended classic stories with a mixture of dance and contemporary music.
Sequels and alternative versions[edit]
In 1983 Dixon Scott published A Fresh Wind in the Willows, which not only predates Horwood's sequels (see below) by several years but also includes some of the same incidents, including a climax in which Toad steals a Bleriot monoplane.
William Horwood created several sequels to The Wind in the Willows: The Willows in Winter, Toad Triumphant, The Willows and Beyond, and The Willows at Christmas.
Jacqueline Kelly's sequel Return to the Willows was published in 2012.
Jan Needle's Wild Wood was published in 1981 with illustrations by William Rushton (ISBN 0-233-97346-X). It is a re-telling of the story of The Wind in the Willows from the point of view of the working-class inhabitants of the Wild Wood. For them, money is short and employment hard to find. They have a very different perspective on the wealthy, easy, careless lifestyle of Toad and his friends.
Awards[edit]
Mr. Toad was voted Number 38 among the 100 Best Characters in Fiction Since 1900 by Book magazine in their March/April 2002 issue.[18]
Inspiration[edit]
Mapledurham House in Oxfordshire was an inspiration for Toad Hall,[19] although Hardwick House and Fawley Court also make this claim.[20]
The village of Lerryn, Cornwall claims to be the setting for the book.[21]
Simon Winchester suggested that the character of Ratty was based on Frederick Furnivall, a keen oarsman and acquaintance of Kenneth Grahame.[22] However, Grahame himself said that this character was inspired by his good friend, the writer Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch. Grahame mentions this in a signed copy he gave to Quiller-Couch's daughter, Foy Felicia.[23]
The Scotsman[24] and Oban Times[25] suggested The Wind in the Willows was inspired by the Crinan Canal because Grahame spent some of his childhood in Ardrishaig.
There is a theory that the idea for the story arose when its author saw a water vole beside the River Pang in Berkshire, southern England. A 29 hectare extension to the nature reserve at Moor Copse, near Tidmarsh Berkshire, was acquired in January 2007 by the Berks, Bucks and Oxon Wildlife Trust.[26]
In popular culture[edit]
Mr. Toad's Wild Ride is the name of a ride at Disneyland in Anaheim, California and a former attraction at Disney's Magic Kingdom in Orlando, Florida, inspired by Toad's motorcar adventure. It is the only ride with an alternate Latin title, given as the inscription on Toad's Hall: Toadi Acceleratio Semper Absurda ("Toad's Ever-Absurd Acceleration").
The first album by psychedelic rock group Pink Floyd, The Piper at the Gates of Dawn (1967), was named by former member Syd Barrett after chapter 7 of The Wind in the Willows. However, the songs on the album are not directly related to the contents of the book. The same chapter was the basis for the name and lyrics of "Piper at the Gates of Dawn", a song by Irish singer-songwriter Van Morrison from his 1997 album The Healing Game. The song "The Wicker Man" by British heavy metal band Iron Maiden also includes the phrase. British extreme metal band Cradle of Filth released a special edition of their album Thornography, called Harder, Darker, Faster: Thornography Deluxe; on the song "Snake-Eyed and the Venomous", a pun is made in the lyrics "... all vipers at the gates of dawn" referring to Chapter 7 of the book. The song "Power Flower" on Stevie Wonder's 1979 album Stevie Wonder's Journey Through "The Secret Life of Plants", co-written with Michael Sembello, mentions "the piper at the gates of dawning".
Wind in the Willows is a fantasy for flute, oboe, clarinet and bassoon, narrated by John Frith (2007).
Dutch composer Johan de Meij wrote a music piece for concert band in four movements, named after and based on The Wind in the Willows.
The Edinburgh-based record label Song, by Toad Records takes its name from a passage in The Wind in the Willows.
In 2016, a historian, who owned a rare first edition, was tortured and murdered in his home by a thief intent on finding the book's location hidden somewhere in the house.[27]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Big Read Top 200". BBC. April 2003. Retrieved 17 January 2015. .
Jump up ^ Green, Peter (1983). "Chapter 1: Dragons and Pterodactyles 1859–67". Beyond the Wild Wood: The World of Kenneth Grahame Author of The Wind in the Willows. New York: Facts on File. pp. 9–24. ISBN 0-87196-740-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Biography". kennethgrahamesociety.net. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Green, Peter (1983). "Chapter 2: The Spell of Oxford". Beyond the Wild Wood: The World of Kenneth Grahame Author of The Wind in the Willows. New York: Facts on File. pp. 29–40. ISBN 0-87196-740-5.
Jump up ^ Robin & Valerie Bootle (1990). The Story of Cookham. private, Cookham. p. 188. ISBN 0-9516276-0-0.
Jump up ^ E. H. Shepard ill. ed, Charles Scribner's Sons, US, introduction.
Jump up ^ Grahame 2009b.
Jump up ^ Grahame 2009.
Jump up ^ "Wind in the Willows musical set for world premiere". BBC News.
Jump up ^ "The Wind in the Willows (Illustrated by David Petersen)". IDW Publishing.
Jump up ^ "First edition of The Wind in the Willows sells for £32,400". The Guardian. 24 March 2010. Retrieved 4 November 2014. .
Jump up ^ "The Wind in the Willows: short play or musical adaptation for children". David-gooderson.co.uk. 30 July 2005. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Wind in the Willows (Musical, Copeland)". Dramatic Publishing Company. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Julian Fellowes to write Wind in the Willows Musical".
Jump up ^ "The Wind in the Willows (1987) (TV)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 16 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "IMDb". .
Jump up ^ "Rotten Tomatoes: del Toro on Why Wind in the Willows Went Away". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on 2009-02-05. Retrieved 9 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Christine Paik (19 March 2002). "NPR report". NPR. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
Jump up ^ West, Mark (2003). A Children's Literature Tour of Great Britain. Scarecrow Press Inc. pp. 49 to 51. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Winn, Christopher (2010). I Never Knew That About the River Thames. Ebury Publishing. pp. 84 to 85. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "The animals of Wind in the Willows". Inside Out. BBC. 10 January 2005. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Winchester, Simon. The Meaning of Everything: The Story of the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Jump up ^ Auctioned by Bonhams on Tuesday 23 March 2010 for £32,400: Flood, Alison (24 March 2010). "First edition of The Wind in the Willows sells for £32,400". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 March 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Wind whispered in the Scottish willows first". The Scotsman. 16 April 2005. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Was Crinan the seed for Wind in the Willows?". Oban Times. 11 January 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ratty's Paradise joins eight new reserves", Natural World, p. 10, Spring 2007 .
Jump up ^ Travis M. Andrews (5 October 2016). "Historian tortured, killed for first edition of 'Wind in the Willows,' prosecutor tells British jury". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Grahame, Kenneth (1944), Grahame, Elspeth, ed., First Whisper of 'The Wind in the Willows', Philadelphia & New York: JB Lippincott . Telling how the stories evolved from bedtime stories (and letters, in his absence) for his son Alastair, then known as "Mouse".
——— (2009), Gauger, Annie; Jacques, Brian, eds., The Annotated Wind in the Willows, Norton Annotated Series, Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-05774-4 .
——— (2009b), Lerer, Seth, ed., The Wind in the Willows (annotated ed.), Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-03447-1 .
Hunt, Peter (1994). The Wind in the Willows: A Fragmented Arcadia. New York City: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-8816-7.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Wind in the Willows
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wind in the Willows.
Bodleian Library, Oxford, online display of original manuscript, books and drawings
Pictures and song excerpts from the American stage production
Works[edit]
The Wind in the Willows at Project Gutenberg illustrated by Paul Bransom (1913)
The Wind in the Willows, scanned books from Internet Archive
The Wind in the Willows adapted in 10 parts by BBC School Radio. Read by Bernard Cribbins. Site also contains teaching resources and episode transcripts.
The Wind in the Willows public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Children's literature portal
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