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Taste bud
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Taste buds
Semidiagrammatic view of a portion of the mucous membrane of the tongue. Two fungiform papillæ are shown. On some of the filiform papillæ the epithelial prolongations stand erect in one they are spread out, and in three they are folded in.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
caliculus gustatererius
MeSH
A03.556.500.885.779
Code
TH H3.04.01.0.02116
TH H3.04.01.0.03013
TA
A15.4.00.002
TH
H3.04.01.0.02116, H3.04.01.0.03013
FMA
54825
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Taste buds contain the taste receptor cells, which are also known as gustatory cells.[1] The taste receptors are located around the small structures known as papillae found on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus, the cheek and epiglottis.[2] These structures are involved in detecting the five elements of taste perception: salty, sour, bitter, sweet and umami; through the combination of these elements we detect "flavors." A popular myth assigns these different tastes to different regions of the tongue; in reality these tastes can be detected by any area of the tongue. Via small openings in the tongue epithelium, called taste pores, parts of the food dissolved in saliva come into contact with the taste receptors.[1] These are located on top of the taste receptor cells that constitute the taste buds. The taste receptor cells send information detected by clusters of various receptors and ion channels to the gustatory areas of the brain via the seventh, ninth and tenth cranial nerves.
On average, the human tongue has 2,000–8,000 taste buds.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Types of papillae
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Types of papillae[edit]
The taste buds on the tongue sit on raised protrusions of the tongue surface called papillae. There are three types of lingual papillae that contain taste buds present on the human tongue:
Fungiform papillae - as the name suggests, these are slightly mushroom-shaped if looked at in longitudinal section. These are present mostly at the dorsal surface of the tongue, as well as at the sides. Innervated by facial nerve.
Foliate papillae - these are ridges and grooves towards the posterior part of the tongue found at the lateral borders. Innervated by facial nerve (anterior papillae) and glossopharyngeal nerve (posterior papillae).
Circumvallate papillae - there are only about 10 to 14 of these papillae on most people, and they are present at the back of the oral part of the tongue. They are arranged in a circular-shaped row just in front of the sulcus terminalis of the tongue. They are associated with ducts of Von Ebner's glands, and are innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
The fourth type of papillae the filiform papillae are the most numerous but do not contain taste buds.[4][5] They are characterized by increased keratinisation and are involved in the mechanical aspect of providing abrasion.
Salt, sweet, sour and umami tastes causes depolarization of the taste cells, although different mechanisms are applied.
Bitter causes an internal release of Ca2+, no external Ca2+ is required.
The bud is formed by two kinds of cells: supporting cells and gustatory cells.
The supporting (sustentacular cells) are mostly arranged like the staves of a cask, and form an outer envelope for the bud. Some, however, are found in the interior of the bud between the gustatory cells.
The gustatory (taste) cells, a chemoreceptor, occupy the central portion of the bud; they are spindle-shaped, and each possesses a large spherical nucleus near the middle of the cell.
The peripheral end of the cell terminates at the gustatory pore in a fine hair filament, the gustatory hair.
The central process passes toward the deep extremity of the bud, and there ends in single or bifurcated varicosities.
The nerve fibrils after losing their medullary sheaths enter the taste bud, and end in fine extremities between the gustatory cells; other nerve fibrils ramify between the supporting cells and terminate in fine extremities; these, however, are believed to be nerves of ordinary sensation and not gustatory.
The average life of a taste bud is 10 days[citation needed] .
See also[edit]
Tongue map
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Shier, David (2016). Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 454–455. ISBN 978-0-07-802429-0.
Jump up ^ Discovery News, October 26, 2010
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Jump up ^ Spacing patterns on tongue surface-gustatory papilla. (2004) Jung HS, Akita K, Kim JY. Int J Dev Biol. 48(2-3):157-61. PMID 15272380
Jump up ^ mcq in anatomy by prof deepthi nanayakkara and prof malkanthi chandrasiri volume 1 head and neck 99th mcq
External links[edit]
Taste Perception: Cracking the Code
Scientists Explore the Workings of Taste Buds from National Public Radio's Talk of the Nation, July 22, 2005
http://kidshealth.org/kid/talk/qa/taste_buds.html For kids about taste buds!
http://www.newser.com/story/103744/your-lungs-have-their-own-taste-buds.html
[show]
v
t
e
Anatomy of taste
Tongue
Taste bud
Lingual papilla
Vallate papilla
Foliate papilla
Fungiform papilla
Filiform papilla
Path
medulla
Solitary tract
VII
IX
X
Solitary nucleus
Gustatory nucleus
pons
Central tegmental tract
Medial parabrachial nucleus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
thalamus
Ventral posteromedial nucleus
cerebrum
Posterior limb of internal capsule
Gustatory cortex
Other
Basic tastes
[show]
v
t
e
Nervous tissue
CNS
Tissue Types
Grey matter
White matter
Projection fibers
Association fiber
Commissural fiber
Lemniscus
Funiculus
Fasciculus
Nerve tract
Decussation
Commissure
Neuropil
Meninges
Cell Types
Neuronal
Pyramidal
Purkinje
Granule
Glial
insulating:
Myelination: Oligodendrocyte
other
Astrocyte
Radial glial cell
Ependymal cells
Tanycyte
Microglia
PNS
General
Dorsal
Root
Ganglion
Ramus
Ventral
Root
Ramus
Ramus communicans
Gray
White
Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers
Postganglionic nerve fibers)
Connective tissues
Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium
Nerve fascicle
Neuroglia
Myelination: Schwann cell
Neurolemma
Myelin incisure
Node of Ranvier
Internodal segment
Satellite glial cell
Neurons/
nerve fibers
Parts
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Axon hillock
Axon
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Axoplasm
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Nissl body
Dendritic spine
Apical dendrite/Basal dendrite
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Bipolar
Unipolar
Pseudounipolar
Multipolar
Interneuron
Renshaw
Afferent nerve fiber/
Sensory neuron
GSA
GVA
SSA
SVA
fibers
Ia or Aα
Ib or Golgi or Aα
II or Aβ and Aγ
III or Aδ or fast pain
IV or C or slow pain
Efferent nerve fiber/
Motor neuron
GSE
GVE
SVE
Upper motor neuron
Lower motor neuron
α motorneuron
β motorneuron
γ motorneuron
Termination
Synapse
Electrical synapse/Gap junction
Chemical synapse
Synaptic vesicle
Active zone
Postsynaptic density
Autapse
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Neuromuscular junction
Sensory receptors
Meissner's corpuscle
Merkel nerve ending
Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini ending
Muscle spindle
Free nerve ending
Nociceptor
Olfactory receptor neuron
Photoreceptor cell
Hair cell
Taste bud
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