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Johns Hopkins
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This article is about the philanthropist. For institutions named after him, see Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital.
Johns Hopkins
Born
(1795-05-19)May 19, 1795
White's Hall, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States
Died
December 24, 1873(1873-12-24) (aged 78)
Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Occupation
Entrepreneur, investor, philanthropist, abolitionist
Net worth
USD $10 million at the time of his death (approximately 1/944th of US GNP)[1]
Signature
Johns Hopkins (May 19, 1795[2] – December 24, 1873) was an American entrepreneur, abolitionist and philanthropist of 19th-century Baltimore, Maryland.
His bequests founded numerous institutions bearing his name, most notably Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Johns Hopkins University (including its academic divisions such as Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Carey Business School, and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health).
A biography entitled Johns Hopkins: A Silhouette written by his cousin, Helen Hopkins Thom, was published in 1929 by the Johns Hopkins University Press.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Business years
3 Civil War
4 Abolitionism
5 Philanthropy
5.1 Colored Children Orphan Asylum
5.2 Hospital, university, press, and schools of nursing and medicine
6 Legacy
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Johns Hopkins was born on May 19, 1795. He was one of eleven children born to Samuel Hopkins (1759–1814) of Crofton, Maryland, and Hannah Janney (1774–1864), of Loudoun County, Virginia.[3] His home was Whitehall, a 500-acre (two km²) tobacco plantation in Anne Arundel County.[4] His first name was inherited from his grandfather Johns Hopkins who received his first name when his mother Margaret Johns married Gerard Hopkins.[3]
The Hopkins family were members of the Society of Friends (Quakers). In 1807 they emancipated their slaves in accordance with their local Society decree, which called for freeing the able-bodied and caring for the others, who would remain at the plantation and provide labor as they could.[5] The second eldest of eleven children, 12-year-old Johns was required to work on the farm, interrupting his formal education. From 1806 to 1809, he likely attended The Free School of Anne Arundel County, which was located in today's Davidsonville, Maryland.
In 1812, at the age of 17, Hopkins left the plantation to work in his uncle Gerard Hopkins' Baltimore wholesale grocery business. While living with his uncle's family, Johns and his cousin, Elizabeth, fell in love; however, the Quaker taboo against marriage of first cousins was especially strong, and neither Johns nor Elizabeth ever married.[4]
As he became able, Hopkins provided for his extended family, both during his life and posthumously through his will. He bequeathed a home for Elizabeth, where she lived until her death in 1889.
Whitehall Plantation is located in today's Crofton, Maryland. Its home, since restored and modified, is on Johns Hopkins Road, adjacent to Riedel Road. The heavily landscaped property is surrounded by Walden Golf Course, and bears a historic marker.
Business years[edit]
Hopkins' early experiences and successes in business came when he was put in charge of the store while his uncle was away during the War of 1812. After seven years with his uncle, Hopkins went into business together with Benjamin Moore, a fellow Quaker. The business partnership was later dissolved with Moore purporting Hopkins' penchant for capital accumulation as the cause for the divide.[4]
After Moore's withdrawal, Hopkins partnered with three of his brothers and established Hopkins & Brothers Wholesalers in 1819.[6] The company prospered by selling various wares in the Shenandoah Valley from Conestoga wagons, sometimes in exchange for corn whiskey, which was then sold in Baltimore as "Hopkins' Best". The bulk of Hopkins' fortune however was made by his judicious investments in myriad ventures, most notably the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), of which he became a director in 1847 and chairman of the Finance Committee in 1855. He was also President of Merchants' Bank as well as director of a number of other organizations.[7] After a successful career, Hopkins was able to retire at the age of 52 in 1847.[6]
A charitable individual, Hopkins put up his own money more than once to not only aid Baltimore City during times of financial crises, but also to twice bail the railroad out of debt, in 1857 and 1873.[8] In 1996, Johns Hopkins ranked 69th in "The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates - A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present".[9]
Civil War[edit]
One of the first campaigns of the American Civil War was planned at Johns Hopkins' summer estate, Clifton, where he had also entertained a number of foreign dignitaries including the future King Edward VII.[4] Hopkins was a strong supporter of the Union, unlike some Marylanders, who sympathized with and often supported the South and the Confederacy.[10] During the Civil War, Clifton became a frequent meeting place for local Union sympathizers, and federal officials.
Hopkins' support of Abraham Lincoln also often put him at odds with some of Maryland's most prominent people, particularly Supreme Court Justice Roger B. Taney, who continually opposed Lincoln's presidential decisions, such as his policies of limiting habeas corpus and stationing troops in Maryland. In 1862 Hopkins wrote a letter to Lincoln requesting the President not to heed the detractors' calls and continue to keep soldiers stationed in Maryland. Hopkins also pledged financial and logistic support to Lincoln, in particular the free use of the B&O railway system.[11][12]
Abolitionism[edit]
Johns Hopkins is described as being an "abolitionist before the word was even invented", having been represented as such both prior to the Civil War period, as well as during the Civil War and Reconstruction Era.[7][13][14] There are several accounts that describe the abolitionist influence Hopkins was privy to as a 12-year-old participant in his parents' emancipation of their family's slaves in 1807.[4] Prior to the Civil War Johns Hopkins worked closely with two of America's most famous abolitionists, Myrtilla Miner[15] and Henry Ward Beecher.[15] During the Civil War Johns Hopkins, being a staunch supporter of Lincoln and the Union, was instrumental in bringing fruition to Lincoln's emancipatory vision.[16]
After the Civil War and during Reconstruction, Johns Hopkins' stance on abolitionism infuriated many prominent people in Baltimore.[17][18] During the American Reconstruction period to his death[19] his abolitionism was expressed in the documents founding the Johns Hopkins Institutions, and reported in newspaper articles before, during, and after the founding of these institutions. Before the war, there was significant written opposition to his support for Myrtilla Miner's founding of a school for African American females[20] (now the University of the District of Columbia). Similarly, opposition (and some support) was expressed during Reconstruction, such as in 1867, the same year he filed papers incorporating the Johns Hopkins Institutions, when he attempted unsuccessfully to stop the convening of the Maryland Constitutional Convention where the Democratic Party came into power and where a new state Constitution, the Constitution still in effect, was voted to replace the 1864 Constitution of the Radical Republicans previously in power.[18]
Apparent also in the literature of the times was opposition, and support for, the various other ways he expressed opposition to the racial practices that were beginning to emerge, and re-emerge as well, in the city of Baltimore, the state of Maryland, the nation and in the posthumously constructed and founded institutions that would carry his name,[21] A Baltimore American journalist praised Hopkins for founding three institutions, a university, a hospital and an orphan asylum, specifically for colored children, adding that Hopkins was a "man (beyond his times) who knew no race" citing his provisions for both blacks and whites in the plans for his hospital. The reporter also pointed to similarities between Benjamin Franklin's and Johns Hopkins' views on hospital care and construction, such as their shared interest in free hospitals and the availability of emergency services without prejudice. This article, first published in 1870, also accompanied Hopkins' obituary in the Baltimore American as a tribute in 1873. Cited in many of the newspaper articles on him during his lifetime and immediately after his death were his provisions of scholarships for the poor, and quality health services for the underserved, the poor without regard to their age, sex and color, the colored children asylum and other orphanages, the mentally ill and convalescents.
Philanthropy[edit]
Johns Hopkins Monument
(at Johns Hopkins University)
See also: History of the Johns Hopkins University
Living his entire adult life in Baltimore, Hopkins made many friends among the city's social elite, many of them Quakers. One of these friends was George Peabody, who was also born in 1795, and who in 1857 founded the Peabody Institute in Baltimore. Other examples of public giving were evident in the city, as public buildings housing free libraries, schools and foundations sprang up along the city's widening streets. On the advice of Peabody, some believe, Hopkins determined to use his great wealth for the public good.
The Civil War had taken its toll on Baltimore, however, as did the yellow fever and cholera epidemics that repeatedly ravaged the nation's cities, killing 853 in Baltimore in the summer of 1832 alone. Hopkins was keenly aware of the city's need for medical facilities, particularly in light of the medical advances made during the war, and in 1870 he made a will setting aside seven million dollars — mostly in B&O stock — for the incorporation of a free hospital and affiliated medical and nurse's training colleges, as well as an orphanage for colored children and a university. Many board members were on both boards. The hospital and orphan asylum would each be overseen by the 12-member hospital board of trustees, and the university by the 12-member university board of trustees. Johns Hopkins' bequest was used to posthumously found the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum[22] first as he requested, in 1875; the Johns Hopkins University in 1876; the Johns Hopkins Press, the longest continuously operating academic press in America, in 1878; the Johns Hopkins Hospital and the Johns Hopkins School of Nursing in 1889; the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 1893; and the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health in 1916.[citation needed]
Johns Hopkins' views on his bequests, and on the duties and responsibilities of the two boards of trustees, especially the hospital board of trustees led by his friend and fellow Quaker Francis King, were formally stated primarily in four documents, the incorporation papers filed in 1867, his instruction letter to the hospital trustees dated March 12, 1873, his will, which was quoted from extensively in his Baltimore Sun obituary,[23] and in his will's two codicils, one dated 1870 and the other dated 1873.[24]
In these documents, Hopkins also made provisions for scholarships to be provided for poor youths in the states where Johns Hopkins had made his wealth, as well as assistance to orphanages other than the one for African American children, to members of his family, to those he employed, black and white, his cousin Elizabeth, and, again, to other institutions for the care and education of youths regardless of color and the care of the elderly, and the ill, including the mentally ill, and convalescents.
John Rudolph Niernsee, one of the most famous architects of the time, designed the orphan asylum and helped to design the Johns Hopkins Hospital. The original site for the Johns Hopkins University had been chosen personally by Hopkins. According to his will, it was to be located at his summer estate, Clifton. However, a decision was made not to found the university there. The property, now owned by the city of Baltimore, is the site of a golf course and a park named Clifton Park. While the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum was founded by the hospital trustees, the other institutions that carry the name of "Johns Hopkins" were founded under the administration of the first president of the Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital, Daniel Coit Gilman and his successors.
Colored Children Orphan Asylum[edit]
As per Johns Hopkins' instruction letter, the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum (JHCCOA)[25] was founded first, in 1875, a year before Gilman's inauguration, now the founding date of the university. The construction of the asylum, including its educational and living facilities, was praised by The Nation and the Baltimore American, the latter stating that the orphan asylum was a place where "nothing was wanting that could benefit science and humanity". As was done for other Johns Hopkins Institutions, it was planned after visits and correspondence with similar institutions in Europe and America.
The Johns Hopkins Orphan Asylum opened with 24 boys and girls. Under Gilman and his successors, this orphanage was later changed to serve as an orphanage and training school for black female orphans principally as domestic workers, and next as an "orthopedic convalescent" home and school for "colored crippled" children and orphans. The asylum was eventually closed in 1924 nearly fifty years after it opened, and was never reopened.
Hospital, university, press, and schools of nursing and medicine[edit]
As per Hopkins' March 1873 Instruction Letter, the School of Nursing was founded alongside the Hospital in 1889 by the hospital board of trustees in consultation with Florence Nightingale. Both the nursing school and the hospital were founded over a decade after the founding of the orphan asylum in 1875 and the university in 1876. Hopkins' instruction letter explicitly stated his vision for the hospital; first, to provide assistance to the poor of "all races", no matter the indigent patient's "age, sex or color"; second, that wealthier patients would pay for services and thereby subsidize the care provided to the indigent; third, that the hospital would be the administrative unit for the orphan asylum for African American children, which was to receive $25,000 in annual support out of the hospital's half of the endowment; and fourth, that the hospital and orphan asylum should serve 400 patients and 400 children respectively, fifth, that the hospital should be part of the university, and, sixth, that religion but not sectarianism should be an influence in the hospital.
By the end of Gilman's presidency, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Press, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum had been founded, the latter by the trustees, and the others in the order listed under the Gilman administration. "Sex" and "color" were major issues in the early history of the Johns Hopkins Institutions. The founding of the School of Nursing is usually linked to Johns Hopkins' statements in his March 1873 instruction letter to the trustees that "I desire you to establish, in connection with the hospital, a training school for female nurses. This provision will secure the services of women competent to care for those sick in the hospital wards, and will enable you to benefit the whole community by supplying it with a class of trained and experienced nurses".
Women's most well known success after the founding of the nursing school was their requirement that they be allowed to attend Johns Hopkins medical institutions after they provided funds that made possible the opening of the School of Medicine in 1893. Five African American women were among the first women enrolled in the Johns Hopkins University's undergraduate school in 1970. Furthermore, Kelly Miller and Frederick Scott were the first persons of African descent to attend the Johns Hopkins University's graduate and undergraduate schools, respectively. Frederick Scott was the first graduate of African descent from Johns Hopkins University, and he, Robert Gamble, and Kenyan-born James Nabwangu were the first graduates of African descent from Johns Hopkins University's undergraduate school, and Johns Hopkins' medical schools (1967) respectively. Those employees holding jobs in the service sector are those of African descent who have the longest and most continuous history at the Johns Hopkins Institutions.
Legacy[edit]
Gravestone (center) in Green Mount Cemetery
Following Hopkins' death, The Baltimore Sun wrote a lengthy obituary that closed thus: "In the death of Johns Hopkins a career has been closed which affords a rare example of successful energy in individual accumulations, and of practical beneficence in devoting the gains thus acquired to the public." His contribution to the university that has become his greatest legacy was, by all accounts, the largest philanthropic bequest ever made to an American educational institution.
Johns Hopkins' Quaker faith and his early life experiences, in particular the 1807 emancipation, had a lasting influence throughout his life and his posthumous legacy as a businessman, railroad man, banker, investor, ship owner,[26] philanthropist and a founder of several Institutions. From very early on, Johns Hopkins had looked upon his wealth as a trust to benefit future generations. He is said to have told his gardener that, "like the man in the parable, I have had many talents given to me and I feel they are in trust. I shall not bury them but give them to the lads who long for a wider education"; his philosophy quietly anticipated Andrew Carnegie's much publicized Gospel of Wealth by more than 25 years.[4]
In 1973 Johns Hopkins was cited prominently in the Pulitzer Prize winning book The Americans: The Democratic Experience by Daniel Boorstin, former head of the Library of Congress. From November 14, 1975 to September 6, 1976 a portrait of Hopkins was displayed at the National Portrait Gallery in an exhibit on the democratization of America based on Boorstin's book. In 1989, the United States Postal Service issued a $1 postage stamp in Johns Hopkins' honor, as part of the Great Americans series.[27]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Klepper, Michael; Gunther, Michael (1996), The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates—A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present, Secaucus, New Jersey: Carol Publishing Group, p. xiii, ISBN 978-0-8065-1800-8, OCLC 33818143
Jump up ^ "Death of Johns Hopkins", The Baltimore Sun, December 25, 1873 .
^ Jump up to: a b Jacob, Kathryn A. "Mr. Johns Hopkins." Mr. Johns Hopkins. Johns Hopkins University, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2013. <http://old.library.jhu.edu/collections/specialcollections/archives/jacob.html>.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Kathryn A. Jacob (January 1974). "Mr. Johns Hopkins". The Johns Hopkins Magazine. 25 (1). The Johns Hopkins University. pp. 13–17. Archived from the original on 2004-08-25. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
Jump up ^ Hopkins Thom, Helen (1929), Johns Hopkins: A Silhouette, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, retrieved 2009-10-04 — the first and only book-length biography on Johns Hopkins. Used as source by Jacob cited above, Findalibrary.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hopkins, Johns." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2012. Credo Reference. Web. 07 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "If He Could See Us Now: Mr. Johns Hopkins' Legacy Strong University, hospital benefactor turned 200 on May 19, 1995, Mike Field, Staff Writer, The Gazette, The Newspaper of the Johns Hopkins University". Jhu.edu. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
Jump up ^ Johns Hopkins, Maryland State Archives[dead link]
Jump up ^ "The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates - A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present". Adherents.com. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
Jump up ^ [1] Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War is the memoir of George William Brown an ex-mayor of Baltimore city.
Jump up ^ "The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
Jump up ^ "Border Town, Style Magazine, 2005". Baltimorestyle.com. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
Jump up ^ [2] The Racial Record of Johns Hopkins University in the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 25, Autumn, 1999, pp. 42–43 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ [3] See Jacob's 1974 article and Thom's 1929 biography].
^ Jump up to: a b "Myrtilla Miner, 2007 Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
Jump up ^ "Johns Hopkins' letter to Lincoln". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
Jump up ^ The Baltimore Sun articles, which can be found online in the Maryland Archives, and William Starr Myers' book on "self-reconstruction" in Maryland,
^ Jump up to: a b William Starr Myers, Ph.D., Preceptor in History, Princeton University. The Self-Reconstruction of Maryland, 1864–1867. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Under the Direction of the Departments of History, Political Economy, and Political Science. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2013-04-17. Documents cited in "Chronology", Johns Hopkins University's website. See also "The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University",in particular its chronology and the paper by Danton Rodriguez, "The Racial Record of Johns Hopkins University in the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 25, Autumn, 1999, pp. 42–43 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ DeBow's Review, Volume 22 In a letter to the editor, one subscriber to DeBow's review wrote "It now seems that the Abolitionists not only propose to colonize Virginia from their own numbers, but that they are about to make the District of Columbia, in the midst of the slave region, and once under the jurisdiction of a slave State, the centre of an education movement, which shall embrace the free negroes of the whole North. A vast negro boarding school or college is proposed to be established in the City of Washington, the site for which has been purchased. The proposed edifice is designed to accommodate 150 scholars, and to furnish homes for the teachers and pupils from a distance. The enlarged school will include the higher branches in its system of instruction. There was a meeting lately.... the meeting decided to draw up and circulate a subscription paper, and counted upon receiving $10,000 for the purpose in Boston. The pastors of several churches in New York have pledged their churches in the sum of a thousand dollars each. Mr. Beecher will solicit subscriptions in most of the principal towns of Massachusetts.... The names of the Trustees ought to be mentioned particularly, as some of them are Southern men, and it might interest the South to know who they are": a relative of Johns Hopkins, "Samuel M. Janney Loudoun county, Va.; Johns Hopkins Baltimore...; C. E. Stowe, Andover; H W Beecher, Brooklyn; together with an executive committee consisting of ... M. Miner, Principal, and William H. Beecher, of Reading, Secretary
Jump up ^ [4] "The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University"; see in particular its chronology and the paper by Danton Rodriguez and the chronology on Johns Hopkins University's website cited immediately above. Wolff in a recent article on Baltimore and education during Reconstruction stated that what he saw emerging, during Reconstruction was "slavery under a different name", the disenfranchisement and other practices proposed before the war being carried out after the Civil War.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-09-01. Retrieved 2006-10-28. Johns Hopkins University's Website, The Institutional Records of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Orphan Asylum
Jump up ^ [5] Obituary, The Baltimore Sun, December 25, 1873 in Johns Hopkins Gazette, Jan. 4, 1999,v. 28,no. 16
Jump up ^ [6] The Chronicles of Baltimore: Being a Complete History of "Baltimore Town and Baltimore City from the Earliest Period to the Present Time published in 1874, John Thomas Scharf cited the 1873 instruction letter to the hospital trustees and a city council resolution thanking Johns Hopkins for his philanthropy. Thom's biography and New York and Maryland newspapers were sources that published parts or all of this letter.
Jump up ^ [7] Archived July 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Johns Hopkins Dream for a Model of its Kind: The JHH Colored Orphans Asylum, abstract, 2000 Conference International Society for the History of Medicine By Dr. P. Reynolds
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-04-20. Retrieved 2008-05-20. "Merchants & Miners Transportation Co.", [8] "Troopships of World War II"
Jump up ^ Scott catalog # 2194A.
External links[edit]
United States portal
Maryland portal
Hopkins Family Papers, Sheridan Libraries, Johns Hopkins University
Thom and Jacob discuss his love for his cousin and Quaker traditions
In his 1887 memoir, Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War, George William Brown cites Johns Hopkins as a wealthy Union man in Baltimore, a city with strong Confederate and Southern leanings
In The Chronicles of Baltimore: Being a Complete History of "Baltimore Town" and Baltimore City from the Earliest Period to the Present Time published in 1874, John Thomas Scharf cited the 1873 instruction letter to the hospital trustees and a city council resolution thanking Johns Hopkins for his philanthropy. Thom's biography and New York and Maryland newspapers were sources that published parts or all of this letter
The Institutional Records of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Orphan Asylum
Abstract Johns Hopkins Dream for a Model of its Kind: The JHH Colored Orphans Asylum", 2000 Conference International Society for the History of Medicine BY Dr. P. Reynolds
Johns Hopkins at Find a Grave
Graveside ceremony for Johns Hopkins
Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War, the memoir of George William Brown then the mayor of Baltimore city, later a member of the university board of trustees of the Johns Hopkins University
The Chronicles of Baltimore: Being a Complete History of "Baltimore Town" and Baltimore City from the Earliest Period to the Present Time published in 1874 by John Thomas Scharf
"If He Could See Us Now: Mr. Johns Hopkins' Legacy Strong University, Hospital Benefactor Turned 200 on May 19, 1995", Mike Field, the author, contradicts this statement
Chronology, Nursing school
The Institutional Records of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Orphan
Abstract Johns Hopkins Dream for a Model of its Kind: The JHH Colored Orphans Asylum" By Dr. P. Reynolds
"If He Could See Us Now: Mr. Johns Hopkins' Legacy Strong University, Hospital Benefactor Turned 200 on May 19, 1995" by Mike Field a writer for the Johns Hopkins Gazette. Field, Thom, and Jacob called Johns Hopkins an abolitionist. See also The Racial Record of Johns Hopkins University in the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 25, Autumn, 1999, pp. 42–43/ JSTOR
Johns Hopkins, Maryland State Archives
"The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University" See in particular the chronology and the paper by Danton Rodriguez.
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The Ghost & Mrs. Muir (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Ghost & Mrs. Muir
Edward Mulhare and Hope Lange, 1968.
Genre
Situation comedy
Starring
Hope Lange
Edward Mulhare
Reta Shaw
Charles Nelson Reilly
Theme music composer
Dave Grusin
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
50 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
David Gerber
Producer(s)
Howard Leeds
Gene Reynolds
Stanley Rubin
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
30 min.
Production company(s)
20th Century Fox Television
Release
Original network
NBC (1st season)
ABC (2nd season)
Audio format
Monaural
Original release
September 28, 1968 (1968-09-28) – March 13, 1970 (1970-03-13)
Chronology
Related shows
The Ghost and Mrs. Muir (1947 film)
The Ghost & Mrs. Muir is an American sitcom based on the 1947 film of the same name, which was based on the 1945 novel by R. A. Dick. It premiered in September 1968 on NBC. After NBC canceled the series, it aired on ABC for one season before being canceled a final time. The program is occasionally broadcast weekday mornings on the digital subchannel "GetTV."
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Production and reception
3 Cast
4 Episodes
5 DVD release
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Premise[edit]
The series stars Hope Lange as Carolyn Muir, a young widow and writer who rents Gull Cottage, near the fictional fishing village of Schooner Bay, Maine, along with her two children, a housekeeper (played by Reta Shaw) and their dog. The cottage is haunted by the ghost of its former owner Daniel Gregg, a 19th-century sea captain, played by Edward Mulhare. Charles Nelson Reilly plays wacky local man Claymore Gregg, who rents the cottage to Mrs. Muir without telling her it is haunted by his ancestor.
The book of the same name, by R.A. Dick, was published in 1945. It was brought to the silver screen in 1947 with Gene Tierney playing Mrs. Muir and Rex Harrison as Captain Gregg. While the movie had been a romantic fantasy combining comic and dramatic elements, the series focused much more on laughs.
Production and reception[edit]
The story was developed as a TV series by Jean Holloway and filmed at the Hollywood Studios. Hope Lange won two Emmy Awards for Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for 1968–1969 and 1969–1970. Despite Lange's consecutive Emmy wins, the show struggled in the ratings and only ran for two seasons. During its first year on NBC, it followed Get Smart; its Big Three competition was My Three Sons on CBS and The Lawrence Welk Show on ABC.
In Spring 1969, NBC canceled the series. ABC picked it up and scheduled it to be shown on Thursday nights at 7:30 P.M. in September 1969, followed by That Girl and Bewitched. The series was again unsuccessful in beating out another hit CBS series, Family Affair. As a result, ABC canceled The Ghost & Mrs. Muir in Spring 1970. Ironically, the following year Family Affair was itself canceled by CBS after a five-year run because it was in the same time slot as the NBC hit variety series The Flip Wilson Show.
Cast[edit]
Hope Lange as Carolyn Muir, a widowed writer.
Edward Mulhare as Captain Daniel Gregg. The captain is a poltergeist, able to affect things not only in the house but also at a distance, and can appear and disappear at will. He can only be seen and heard by the people he chooses. His bad temper can affect the weather.
Charles Nelson Reilly as Claymore Gregg, the town clerk among other jobs, who is a great nephew of Capt. Gregg (although the captain is often ashamed of this and claims that Claymore is not related to him), and Mrs. Muir's landlord. He is one of the few who knows of the captain's continued presence, and is usually terrified of his ancestor. Reilly made this terror of "The Captain" a running gag during his appearances on The Hollywood Squares.
Reta Shaw as Martha Grant, the housekeeper. Towards the end of the series, the Captain reveals himself to her. But during most of the series, she is unaware of the ghost.
Kellie Flanagan as nine-year-old Candace 'Candy' Muir, Mrs. Muir's daughter; a tomboy with short hair. Starting in the second episode of season two, she can also see and hear the Captain.
Harlen Carraher as Jonathan Muir, Mrs. Muir's son; at the beginning of the series, he can see, hear and talk to the Captain.
Scruffy as Scruffy, the Muirs' Wire Fox Terrier.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of The Ghost & Mrs. Muir episodes
DVD release[edit]
On April 16, 2014, Madman Entertainment released both seasons on DVD in Region 4 (Australia ) for the very first time. In July 2014 Amazon.com started selling both seasons of the Ghost & Mrs. Muir in the United States.[1][2]
See also[edit]
List of ghost films
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Ghost & Mrs. Muir (TV series).
Jump up ^ "The Ghost & Mrs. Muir: The Complete First Season". Madman Entertainment. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Ghost & Mrs. Muir: The Complete Second Season". Madman Entertainment. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
External links[edit]
The Ghost & Mrs. Muir on IMDb
"...And Then I Wrote" - Interview with Kellie Flanagan (2014)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ghost_%26_Mrs._Muir_(TV_series)&oldid=809950542"
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George Fitzhugh
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Chancellor of Cambridge University and Dean of Lincoln, see George Fitzhugh (priest).
George Fitzhugh
Personal details
Born
(1806-11-04)4 November 1806
Prince William County, Virginia, U.S.
Died
30 July 1881(1881-07-30) (aged 74)
Huntsville, Texas, U.S.
Nationality
American
Political party
Democratic Party
Spouse(s)
Mary Metcalf Brockenbrough
Relations
George Fitzhugh (father), Lucy Stuart Fitzhugh (mother)
Children
Robert Hunter Fitzhugh (1836-1919), Augusta Fitzhugh Woodall (1839-1908), Mariella Foster, Rev. George Stuart Fitzhugh (1844-1925)
Profession
Judge, writer
George Fitzhugh (November 4, 1806 – July 30, 1881) was an American social theorist who published racial and slavery-based sociological theories in the antebellum era. He argued that "the negro is but a grown up child"[1][2] who needs the economic and social protections of slavery. Fitzhugh decried capitalism as spawning "a war of the rich with the poor, and the poor with one another"[3] – rendering free blacks "far outstripped or outwitted in the chase of free competition."[4] Slavery, he contended, ensured that blacks would be economically secure and morally civilized.
Fitzhugh practiced law and was a painter for years, but attracted both fame and infamy when he published two sociological tracts for the South. He was a leading pro-slavery intellectual[5] and spoke for many of the Southern plantation owners. Before printing books, Fitzhugh tried his hand at a pamphlet titled "Slavery Justified" (1849). His first book, Sociology for the South (1854) was not as widely known as his second book, Cannibals All! (1857). Sociology for the South is the first known English-language book to include the term "sociology" in its title.[6]
Fitzhugh differed from nearly all of his southern contemporaries by advocating a slavery that crossed racial boundaries. In 1860 Fitzhugh stated that "It is a libel on white men to say they are unfit for slavery" and suggested that if Yankees were caught young they could be trained, domesticated and civilized to make "faithful and valuable servants".[7] Writing in the Richmond Inquirer on 15 December 1855, Fitzhugh proclaimed: "The principle of slavery is in itself right, and does not depend on difference of complexion", "Nature has made the weak in mind or body slaves ... The wise and virtuous, the strong in body and mind, are born to command", and "The Declaration of Independence is exuberantly false, and aborescently fallacious.".[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Life
2 Writings
2.1 Sociology for the South
2.2 Cannibals All!
3 Works
3.1 Articles
3.2 Other
4 Notes
5 Further reading
6 External links
Life[edit]
George Fitzhugh was born on November 4, 1806, to George Fitzhugh Sr. (a surgeon/physician) and Lucy Stuart. He was born in Prince William County, Virginia. His family moved to Alexandria, Virginia, when he was six. He attended public school though his career was built on self-education. He married Mary Metcalf Brockenbrough in 1829 and moved to Port Royal, Virginia. There he began his own law business. Fitzhugh took up residence in a "rickety old mansion" known for a vast collection of bats in its attic that he inherited through his wife's family. He was something of a recluse in this home for most of his life and rarely travelled away from it for extended periods of time, spending most of his days there engaged in unguided reading from a vast library of books and pamphlets. Of the writers in his library, Fitzhugh's beliefs were most heavily influenced by Thomas Carlyle, whom he read frequently and referenced in many of his works.[9] Atypical for a slavery advocate, Fitzhugh also subscribed to and regularly read abolitionist pamphlets such as The Liberator. He made only one major visit to other parts of the nation in the entire antebellum period – an 1855 journey to the north where he met and argued with abolitionists Gerrit Smith and Wendell Phillips.
Never politically active in his own right, Fitzhugh managed to find the company of well known political figures in his day.[10] In addition to the two abolitionists, Fitzhugh was an acquaintance of several public officials. In 1857 Fitzhugh served as a law clerk in Washington, D.C. under Attorney General Jeremiah Sullivan Black. He gained fairly wide circulation in print, writing articles for several Virginia newspapers and for the widely circulated Southern magazine DeBow's Review.[11][12]
After moving to Richmond, Virginia, in 1862 he began to work in the Treasury of the Confederacy. After the Civil War, Fitzhugh spent a short time judging for the Freedmen's Court and then retiring to Kentucky after his wife's death in 1877. He later moved to his daughter's residence in Huntsville, Texas, where he died on July 30, 1881. He is buried in an unmarked grave in Oakwood Cemetery, Huntsville Walker County, Texas.[13]
Writings[edit]
Sociology for the South[edit]
Sociology for the South, or, the Failure of Free Society (1854) was George Fitzhugh's most powerful attack on the philosophical foundations of free society. In it, he took on not only Adam Smith,[14] the foundational thinker of capitalism, but also John Locke,[15] Thomas Jefferson, and the entire liberal tradition. He argued that free labor and free markets enriched the strong while crushing the weak.[16] What society needed, he wrote, was slavery, not just for blacks, but for whites as well. "Slavery," he wrote, "is a form, and the very best form, of socialism."[17] "Socialism," he continued:
Proposes to do away with free competition; to afford protection and support at all times to the laboring class; to bring about, at least, a qualified community of property, and to associate labor. All these purposes, slavery fully land perfectly attains. [...] Socialism is already slavery in all save the master... Our only quarrel with Socialism is, that it will not honestly admit that it owes its recent revival to the failure of universal liberty, and is seeking to bring about slavery again in some form.[18]
Fitzhugh believed that slavery reduced the pressure on the poor and lower classes; in other words, he advocated slavery for poor whites as well as blacks.[19] He also strongly opposed the racial doctrines of the time.[20]
Cannibals All![edit]
Cannibals All!, or Slaves Without Masters (1857) was a critique further developing the themes that Fitzhugh had introduced in Sociology for the South. Both the book's title and its subtitle were phrases taken from the writing of Thomas Carlyle, the Scottish social critic and a great hero to Fitzhugh's generation of proslavery thinkers.[21] The aim of his book, Fitzhugh claimed, was to show that "the unrestricted exploitation of so-called free society is more oppressive to the laborer than domestic slavery."[22]
Cannibals All! was a sharp criticism of the system of "wage-slavery" found in the north.[23] Fitzhugh's ideas were based on his view that the "negro slaves of the South" were considerably more free than those trapped by the oppression of capitalist exploitation.[24][25] His idea to rectify social inequality created by capitalism[26] was to institute a system of universal slavery, based on his belief that "nineteen out of every twenty individuals have... a natural and inalienable right to be slaves."[27] Under this same context, Fitzhugh asserted that society was obligated to protect the weak by controlling and subjugating them. Fitzhugh wrote:
"It is the duty of society to protect the weak;" but protection cannot be efficient without the power of control; therefore, "It is the duty of society to enslave the weak." [28]
Fitzhugh's ideas in Cannibals All!, while often used in the defense of anti-abolition, have a more socially egalitarian undertone which attempted to remedy inequalities in "Property of man."[29] His ideas of reform could be seen in terms of a non-Marxist socialist ideology.[30] The extremes advocated by Fitzhugh's writing led even some of his allies to denounce his bold claims.
Cannibals All! garnered more attention in the Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison's abolitionist newspaper, than any other book. Lincoln is said to have been more angered by George Fitzhugh than by any other pro-slavery writer, yet he unconsciously paraphrased Cannibals All! in his House Divided speech.[31]
Works[edit]
(1854). Sociology for the South, or, the Failure of Free Society, A. Morris Publisher.[32][33]
(1857). Cannibals All!, or Slaves Without Masters, A. Morris Publisher.[34]
Articles[edit]
"Centralization and Socialism," DeBow's Review, Vol. XX, 1856.
"The Counter Current, or Slavery Principles," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXI, 1856.
"The Conservative Principle; or, Social Evils and Their Remedies," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXII, 1857.
"The Conservative Principle; or, Social Evils and Their Remedies, Part II: The Slave Trade," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXII, 1857.
"Black Republicanism in Athens," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIII, 1857.
"The Politics and Economics of Aristotle and Mr. Calhoun," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIII, 1857.
"Southern Thought — Its New and Important Manifestations," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIII, 1857.
"Southern Thought Again," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIII, 1857.
"Wealth of the North and the South," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIII, 1857.
"Private and Public Luxury," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIV, 1858.
"The White Slave Trade," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIV, 1858.
"Public Lands of Rome and America," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIV, 1858.
"Washington City," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIV, 1858.
"Reaction and the Administration," Part II, DeBow's Review, Vol. XXV, 1858.
"The Atlantic Telegraph—Ancient Art and Modern Progress," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXV, 1858.
"Acquisition of Mexico—Filibustering", DeBow's Review, Vol. XXV, 1858.
"Origin of Civilization—What is Property?—Which is the Best Slave Race," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXV, 1858.
"Old Churchies, Ministers and Families of Virginia," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVI, 1859.
"The Administration and the Slave Trade," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVI, 1859.
"The Valleys of Virginia — The Rappahannock," Part II, DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVI, 1859.
"The Old Dominion — Valley of Rappahannock," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVI, 1859.
"Ancient Families of Virginia, Maryland," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVI, 1859.
"Uniform Postage, Railroads, Telegraphs, Fashions," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVI, 1859.
"Samuel Nott, of Massachusetts, on European Experiments with Serfdom," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVII, 1859.
"Law Reports—Multiplicity of Law-Books," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVII, 1859.
"Trade and Panics," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVII, 1859.
"Entails and Primogeniture," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVII, 1859.
"The Northern Neck of Virginia," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVII, 1859.
"Missionary Failures," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVII, 1859.
"Life and Liberty in America," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVII, 1859.
"Bayard Taylor's Travels in Greece and Russia," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVII, 1859.
"Modern Agriculture," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVII, 1859.
"Disunion within the Union," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVIII, 1860.
"Ancient and Modern Art and Literature," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVIII, 1860.
"Slavery Aggressions," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVIII, 1860.
"Love of Danger and Love of War," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVIII, 1860.
"The English Reviews," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVIII, 1860.
"Johnson, Boswell, Goldsmith etc.," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVIII, 1860.
"Oliver Goldsmith and Dr. Johnson," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVIII, 1860.
"Popular Institutions," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVIII, 1860.
"Make Home Attractive," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVIII, 1860.
"Milton and Macaulay," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVIII, 1860.
"Milton, Byron, and Southey," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIX, 1860.
"The Domain of Fashion," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIX, 1860.
"The Times and the War," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXXI, 1861.
"Hayti and the Monroe Doctrine," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXXI, 1861.
"The Women of the South," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXXI, 1861.
"Superiority of Southern Races," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXXI, 1861.
"Reflections on the Conduct of the War," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXXI, 1861.
"Society, Labor, Capital, Etc.," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXXII, 1862.
"Conduct of the War," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXXII, 1862.
"History of the Origin of Representative Government in Europe, by M. Guizot," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXXII, 1862.
"Antinomic Pathology," Southern Literary Messenger, Vol. XXXVII, July 1863.
"The Uses and Morality of War and Peace," DeBow's Review, January 1866.
"Virginia—Her Past, Present, and Future," DeBow's Review, February 1866.
"Liberty and Civilization," DeBow's Review, March 1866.
"Pecuniary Independence—What Is It?," DeBow's Review, May 1866.
"What's to Be Done with the Negroes?," DeBow's Review, June 1866.
"Home Education and the Home Circle," DeBow's Review, July 1866.
"Shall the Spartan Virtues of the South Survive the War?," DeBow's Review, August 1866.
"Terribly in Earnest," DeBow's Review, August 1866.
"Commerce, War, and Civilization," DeBow's Review, September 1866.
"Old Maids and Old Bachelors," DeBow's Review, September 1866.
"Camp Lee and the Freedmen's Bureau," DeBow's Review, October 1866.
"National Debt a National Blessing," DeBow's Review, October 1866.
"Thad. Stevens's Conscience," DeBow's Review, November 1866.
"The Freedmen," DeBow's Review, November 1866.
"Impending Fate of the Country," DeBow's Review, December 1866.
"John Stuart Mill on Political Economy," DeBow's Review, January 1867.
"Excess of Population and Increase of Crime and Pauperism," DeBow's Review, February 1867.
"Our Trip to the Country," DeBow's Review, February 1867.
"Monarchy in America," DeBow's Review, March 1867.
"Exodus from the South," DeBow's Review, April/May 1867.
"Liberty versus Government," DeBow's Review, April/May 1867.
"Moral Philosophies," DeBow's Review, April/May 1867.
"The Negro Imbroglio," DeBow's Review, June 1867.
"Still Life in the Country," DeBow's Review, June 1867.
"Revolutions of '76 and '61," DeBow's Review, August 1867.
"The Poor House System," DeBow's Review, August 1867.
"Mandeville's Fable of the Bees," DeBow's Review, September 1867.
"Cui Bono. The Negro Vote," DeBow's Review, October 1867.
"Land Monopoly — Savage Nature," DeBow's Review, November 1867.
"The Return of Good Feeling," DeBow's Review, December 1867.
"Land Monopoly," Lippincott's Magazine, Vol. IV, September 1869.
Other[edit]
A Controversy on Slavery Between George Fitzhugh and A. Hogeboom, Printed at the "Oneida Sachem" Office, 1857.
Ante-bellum: Writings of George Fitzhugh and Hinton Rowan Helper on Slavery, Capricorn Books 1960.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Fitzhugh, George (1854). "Negro Slavery." In: Sociology for the South, Chap. V, A. Morris Publisher, p. 83.
Jump up ^ "George Fitzhugh Advocates Slavery." In: The Black American: A Documentary History, Foresman and Company, Illinois, 1976, 1970.
Jump up ^ Fitzhugh (1854), p. 22.
Jump up ^ Fitzhugh (1854), p. 84.
Jump up ^ Gilpin, Drew Faust (1977). A Sacred Circle: The Dilemma of the Intellectual in the Old South, 1840–1860, Johns Hopkins University Press.
Jump up ^ Oakwood Cemetery, Walker County Historical Society website accessed on Aug. 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ George Fitzhugh Horace Greely and his Lost Book Southern Literary Messenger Volume 31, Issue 3 1860
Jump up ^ "Brown here quotes from the work of the southern proslavery writer George Fitzhugh, though it is clear that Brown is taking these quotations from published accounts of Fitzhugh's work that appeared in the antislavery press." — Brown, William Wells (2011). My Southern Home: The South and Its People: The South and Its People, Chap. XV, University of North Carolina Press (footnote).
Jump up ^ Straka, Gerald M. (1957). "The Spirit of Carlyle in the Old South," The Historian 20 (1), pp. 39–57.
Jump up ^ Hartz, Louis (1955). The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought Since the Revolution. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.
Jump up ^ Leland, Charles G. (1862). "A Southern Review," The Continental Monthly 2 (4), pp. 466–469.
Jump up ^ Skipper, Ottis Clark (1958). J.D.B. De Bow: Magazinist of the old South. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press.
Jump up ^ George Fitzhugh (1806–1881) Encyclopedia of Virginia website. Contributed by Calvin Schermerhorn and the Dictionary of Virginia Biography
Jump up ^ Dodd, William E. (1920). The Cotton Kingdom: A Chronicle of the Old South, Yale University Press, p. 64.
Jump up ^ Loewenberg, Robert (1985). "John Locke and the Antebellum Defense of Slavery," Political Theory 13 (2), pp. 266–291.
Jump up ^ Fitzhugh (1854), p. 179.
Jump up ^ Fitzhugh (1854), pp. 27–28.
Jump up ^ Fitzhugh (1854), pp. 48, 70.
Jump up ^ Craven, Avery (1944). "Southern Attitudes Toward Abrahan Lincoln," Papers in Illinois History and Transactions for the year 1942, The Illinois State Historical Society, p. 17.
Jump up ^ "We abhor the doctrine of the "Types of Mankind;" first, because it is at war with scripture, which teaches us that the whole human race is descended from a common parentage; and, secondly, because it encourages and incites brutal masters to treat negroes, not as weak, ignorant and dependent brethren, but as wicked beasts, without the pale of humanity. The Southerner is the negro's friend, his only friend. Let no intermeddling abolitionist, no refined philosophy, dissolve this friendship." — Fitzhugh (1854), p. 95.
Jump up ^ Dodd, William E. (1918). "The Social Philosophy of the Old South," American Journal of Sociology 23 (6), pp. 735–746.
Jump up ^ Fitzhugh (1857), Preface, p. ix.
Jump up ^ Persky, Joseph (1992). "Unequal Exchange and Dependency Theory in George Fitzhugh," History of Political Economy 24 (1), pp. 117–128.
Jump up ^ Woodward, C. Vann (1964). "A Southern War Against Capitalism." In: American Counterpoint: Slavery and racism in the North-South Dialogue. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, pp. 107–139.
Jump up ^ Wiener, Jonathan M. (1979). "Coming to Terms with Capitalism: The Postwar Thought of George Fitzhugh," The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 87 (4), pp. 438–447.
Jump up ^ Dowling, David (2009). "'Other and More Terrible Evils': Anticapitalist Rhetoric in Harriet Wilson's 'Our Nig' and Proslavery Propaganda," College Literature 36 (3), pp. 116–136.
Jump up ^ Fitzhugh (1857), p. 102.
Jump up ^ George Fitzhugh (1857), Cannibals All!, or Slaves Without Masters, Richmond: VA: A. Morris Publishers, p. 278.
Jump up ^ Sklansky, Jeffrey P. (2002). The Soul's Economy: Market Society and Selfhood in American Thought, 1820–1920, University of North Carolina Press.
Jump up ^ Frazier, Mark C. (1974). "Slavery and Socialism: Our Brothers' Keepers," Reason 5 (10), pp. 24–27.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Michael (2007). "George Fitzhugh (1806-1881)." In: Junius P. Rodriguez (ed.), Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. I, ABC-CLIO, p. 285.
Jump up ^ "Failure of Free Societies," Southern Literary Messenger 21 (3), March 1855, pp. 129–141.
Jump up ^ Grammer, G. C. (1855). "The Failure of Free Society," Debow's Review 19 (1), pp. 29–38.
Jump up ^ De Bow, J. D. B. (1857). "Cannibals All; or, Slaves without Masters," Debow's Review 22 (5), May 1857, pp. 543–549.
Further reading[edit]
Adler, Mortimer J. (1969). The Negro in American History, Encyclopædia Britannica Educational Corp.
Ambrose, Douglas (1980). Henry Hughes and Proslavery Thought in the Old South, Louisiana State University Press.
Cayton, Andrew; Elisabeth Israels Perry, Linda Reed & Allan M. Winkler (2002). America: Pathways To The Present. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Donald, David (1971). "The Proslavery Argument Reconsidered," The Journal of Southern History 37 (1), pp. 3–18.
Eaton, Clement (1940). The Freedom-of-Thought Struggle in the Old South. Durham: Duke University Press.
Franklin, John Hope (2002). The Militant South, 1800–1861, University of Illinois Press.
Genovese, Eugene D. (1967). The Political Economy of Slavery, Vintage Books.
Genovese, Eugene D. (1969). The World the Slaveholders Made: Two Essays in Interpretation, Pantheon Books [Wesleyan University Press, 1988].
Genovese, Eugene D. (1995). The Southern Front: History and Politics in the Cultural War, University of Missouri Press.
Hite, James C. & Ellen J. Hall (1972). "The Reactionary Evolution of Economic Thought in Antebellum Virginia," The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 80 (4), pp. 476–488.
Hofstadter, Richard (1973). The American Political Tradition and the Men who Made it. New York: Vintage Books.
Jenkins, William Sumner (1935). Pro-Slavery Thought in the Old South, University of North Carolina Press.
Kirkpatrick, Mary Alice (2004). "George Fitzhugh, 1806–1881". Documenting the American South, University of North Carolina.
Leavelle, Arnaud B. & Thomas I. Cook (1945). "George Fitzhugh and the Theory of American Conservatism," The Journal of Politics 7 (2), pp. 145–168.
Lyman, Stanford M. (1988). "System and Function in Ante-Bellum Southern Sociology," International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 2 (1), pp. 95–108.
Mayes, Sharon S. (1980). "Sociological Thought in Emile Durkheim and George Fitzhugh," The British Journal of Sociology 31 (1), pp. 78–94.
McCardell, John (1979). The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830–1860. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
McKitrick, Eric L., ed. (1963). Slavery Defended: The Views of the Old South. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Spectrum-Prentice Hall.
O'Brien, Michael (2010). Intellectual Life and the American South, 1810–1860, University of North Carolina Press.
Ross, Dorothy (1991). The Origins of American Social Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Perry, Lewis and Fellman, Michael (1979). Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists, Louisiana State University Press.
Pole, J. R. (1978). The Pursuit of Equality in American History, University of California Press.
Saunders Jr., Robert (2000). "George Fitzhugh." In: Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, ABC-Clio.
Schermerhorn, Calvin (2016). "George Fitzhugh (1806–1881)" In: Encyclopedia Virginia.
Schneider, Thomas E. (2006). "George Fitzhugh: The Turn of History." In: Lincoln's Defense of Politics: The Public Man and His Opponents in the Crisis Over Slavery, University of Missouri Press, pp. 54–72.
Scott, Anne Firor (1970). The Southern Lady: from Pedestal to Politics, 1830–1930, University of Chicago Press.
Snay, Mitchell (1989). "American Thought and Southern Distinctiveness: The Southern Clergy and the Sanctification of Slaves," Civil War History 35 (4), pp. 117–128.
Tyler, Alice Felt (1944). Freedom's Ferment; Phases of American Social History to 1860, The University of Minnesota Press.
Wilson, Edmund (1962). Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of The American Civil War, Oxford University Press.
Wish, Harvey (1943). George Fitzhugh, Propagandist of the Old South, Louisiana State University Press.
Wyatt-Brown, Bertram (1982). "Modernizing Southern Slavery: The Proslavery Argument Reinterpreted." In: J. Morgan Kousser and James M. McPherson (eds.), Region, Race, and Reconstruction: Essays in honor of C. Vann Woodward. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
External links[edit]
Cannibals All! Or Slaves Without Masters, by George Fitzhugh, Applewood Books, 2008
Fitzhugh, George, by Mark C. Henrie
George Fitzhugh (1806–1881) Encyclopedia of Virginia website. Contributed by Calvin Schermerhorn and the Dictionary of Virginia Biography
George Fitzhugh, 1806–1881, by Eugene D. Genovese
George Fitzhugh (1804–1881), by Anne G. Jones
George Fitzhugh, Sui Generi by C. Vann Woodward
Oakwood Cemetery, Walker County Historical Society website accessed on Aug. 27, 2017.
Proslavery and Modernity in the Late Antebellum South
Sociology for the South, or, The Failure of Free Society
Works by George Fitzhugh at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about George Fitzhugh at Internet Archive
Works by George Fitzhugh, at Hathi Trust
Authority control
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LCCN: n85313502
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