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Computer program
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For the TV program, see The Computer Programme.
C-language "Hello, World" source code. This first known "Hello, world" snippet from the seminal book The C Programming Language originates from Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie in 1974.
A computer program is a collection of instructions[1] for performing a specific task that is designed to solve a specific class of problems. The instructions of a program are designed to be executed by a computer and it is required that a computer is able to execute programs in order for it to function.
The instructions of a computer program are often specified by a computer programmer. A computer programmer does this by means of the application of a programming language. From the program in its human-readable form of source code, a compiler can derive machine code, which are computer program instructions that—as a result of being specified in a language that a computer can understand—are able to be directly executed by the computer they have been provided to. Alternatively, a computer program may be executed with the aid of an interpreter.
The method applied by a computer to execute the instructions of a computer program is called an algorithm. A collection of computer programs, libraries, and related data are referred to as software. Computer programs may be categorized along functional lines, such as application software and system software.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Early programmable machines
1.2 Analytical Engine
1.3 Universal Turing machine
1.4 Early programmable computers
1.5 Later computers
2 Computer programming
2.1 Programming languages
2.1.1 Imperative languages
2.1.2 Declarative languages
2.2 Compilation and interpretation
3 Storage and execution
3.1 Simultaneous execution
3.2 Self-modifying programs
4 Functional categories
4.1 Application software
4.2 Utility programs
4.3 Operating system
4.4 Boot program
4.5 Embedded programs
4.6 Microcode programs
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
History[edit]
See also: History of computing, History of programming languages, and History of software
Early programmable machines[edit]
The earliest programmable machines preceded the invention of the digital computer. In 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard devised a loom that would weave a pattern by following a series of perforated cards. Patterns could be woven and repeated by arranging the cards.[2]
Analytical Engine[edit]
Lovelace's diagram from Note G, the first published computer algorithm
In 1837, Charles Babbage was inspired by Jacquard's loom to attempt to build the Analytical Engine.[2] The names of the components of the calculating device were borrowed from the textile industry. In the textile industry, yarn was brought from the store to be milled. The device would have had a "store"—memory to hold 1,000 numbers of 40 decimal digits each. Numbers from the "store" would then have then been transferred to the "mill" (analogous to the CPU of a modern machine), for processing. It was programmed using two sets of perforated cards—one to direct the operation and the other for the input variables.[2] [3] However, after more than 17,000 pounds of the British government's money, the thousands of cogged wheels and gears never fully worked together.[4]
During a nine-month period in 1842–43, Ada Lovelace translated the memoir of Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea. The memoir covered the Analytical Engine. The translation contained Note G which completely detailed a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers using the Analytical Engine. This note is recognized by some historians as the world's first written computer program.[5]
Universal Turing machine[edit]
In 1936, Alan Turing introduced the Universal Turing machine—a theoretical device that can model every computation that can be performed on a Turing complete computing machine.[6] It is a finite-state machine that has an infinitely long read/write tape. The machine can move the tape back and forth, changing its contents as it performs an algorithm. The machine starts in the initial state, goes through a sequence of steps, and halts when it encounters the halt state.[7] This machine is considered by some to be the origin of the stored-program computer—used by John von Neumann (1946) for the "Electronic Computing Instrument" that now bears the von Neumann architecture name.[8]
Early programmable computers[edit]
The Z3 computer, invented by Konrad Zuse (1941) in Germany, was a digital and programmable computer.[9] A digital computer uses electricity as the calculating component. The Z3 contained 2,400 relays to create the circuits. The circuits provided a binary, floating-point, nine-instruction computer. Programming the Z3 was through a specially designed keyboard and punched tape.
The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (Fall 1945) was a Turing complete, general-purpose computer that used 17,468 vacuum tubes to create the circuits. At its core, it was a series of Pascalines wired together.[10] Its 40 units weighed 30 tons, occupied 1,800 square feet (167 m2), and consumed $650 per hour (in 1940s currency) in electricity when idle.[10] It had 20 base-10 accumulators. Programming the ENIAC took up to two months.[10] Three function tables were on wheels and needed to be rolled to fixed function panels. Function tables were connected to function panels using heavy black cables. Each function table had 728 rotating knobs. Programming the ENIAC also involved setting some of the 3,000 switches. Debugging a program took a week.[10] The ENIAC featured parallel operations. Different sets of accumulators could simultaneously work on different algorithms. It used punched card machines for input and output, and it was controlled with a clock signal. It ran for eight years, calculating hydrogen bomb parameters, predicting weather patterns, and producing firing tables to aim artillery guns.
The Manchester Baby (June 1948) was the first electronic stored-program computer.[11] Programming transitioned away from moving cables and setting dials; instead, a computer program was stored in memory as numbers. It was limited to eight instruction types, and program steps were entered by switches.
Later computers[edit]
Switches for manual input on a Data General Nova 3, manufactured in the mid-1970s
Computers manufactured until the 1970s had front-panel switches for programming. The computer program was written on paper for reference. An instruction was represented by a configuration of on/off settings. After setting the configuration, an execute button was pressed. This process was then repeated. Computer programs also were manually input via paper tape or punched cards. After the medium was loaded, the starting address was set via switches and the execute button pressed.[12]
In 1961, the Burroughs B5000 was built specifically to be programmed in the ALGOL 60 language. The hardware featured circuits to ease the compile phase.[13]
In 1964, the IBM System/360 was a line of six computers each having the same instruction set architecture. The Model 30 was the smallest and least expensive. Customers could upgrade and retain the same application software.[14] Each System/360 model featured multiprogramming. With operating system support, multiple programs could be in memory at once. When one was waiting for input/output, another could compute. Each model also could emulate other computers. Customers could upgrade to the System/360 and retain their IBM 7094 or IBM 1401 application software.[14]
Computer programming[edit]
Main article: Computer programming
Computer programming is the process of writing or editing source code. Editing source code involves testing, analyzing, refining, and sometimes coordinating with other programmers on a jointly developed program. A person who practices this skill is referred to as a computer programmer, software developer, and sometimes coder.
The sometimes lengthy process of computer programming is usually referred to as software development. The term software engineering is becoming popular as the process is seen as an engineering discipline.
Programming languages[edit]
Main article: Programming language
A computer program written in the imperative programming style
Computer programs can be categorized by the programming language paradigm used to produce them. Two of the main paradigms are imperative and declarative.
Imperative languages[edit]
Imperative programming languages specify a sequential algorithm using declarations, expressions, and statements:[15]
A declaration couples a variable name to a datatype – for example: var x: integer;
An expression yields a value – for example: 2 + 2 yields 4
A statement might assign an expression to a variable or use the value of a variable to alter the program's control flow – for example: x := 2 + 2; if x = 4 then do_something();
One criticism of imperative languages is the side effect of an assignment statement on a class of variables called non-local variables.[16]
Declarative languages[edit]
Declarative programming languages describe what computation should be performed and not how to compute it. Declarative programs omit the control flow and are considered sets of instructions. Two broad categories of declarative languages are functional languages and logical languages. The principle behind functional languages (like Haskell) is to not allow side effects, which makes it easier to reason about programs like mathematical functions.[16] The principle behind logical languages (like Prolog) is to define the problem to be solved – the goal – and leave the detailed solution to the Prolog system itself.[17] The goal is defined by providing a list of subgoals. Then each subgoal is defined by further providing a list of its subgoals, etc. If a path of subgoals fails to find a solution, then that subgoal is backtracked and another path is systematically attempted.
Compilation and interpretation[edit]
A computer program in the form of a human-readable, computer programming language is called source code. Source code may be converted into an executable image by a compiler or executed immediately with the aid of an interpreter.
Compilers are used to translate source code from a programming language into either object code or machine code.[18] Object code needs further processing to become machine code, and machine code consists of the central processing unit's native instructions, ready for execution. Compiled computer programs are commonly referred to as executables, binary images, or simply as binaries – a reference to the binary file format used to store the executable code.
Interpreters are used to execute source code from a programming language line-by-line. The interpreter decodes each statement and performs its behavior. One advantage of interpreters is that they can easily be extended to an interactive session. The programmer is presented with a prompt, and individual lines of code are typed in and performed immediately.
The main disadvantage of interpreters is computer programs run slower than when compiled. Interpreting code is slower because the interpreter must decode each statement and then perform it. However, software development may be faster using an interpreter because testing is immediate when the compiling step is omitted. Another disadvantage of interpreters is an interpreter must be present on the executing computer. By contrast, compiled computer programs need no compiler present during execution.
Just in time compilers pre-compile computer programs just before execution. For example, the Java virtual machine Hotspot contains a Just In Time Compiler which selectively compiles Java bytecode into machine code - but only code which Hotspot predicts is likely to be used many times.
Either compiled or interpreted programs might be executed in a batch process without human interaction.
Scripting languages are often used to create batch processes. One common scripting language is Unix shell, and its executing environment is called the command-line interface.
No properties of a programming language require it to be exclusively compiled or exclusively interpreted. The categorization usually reflects the most popular method of language execution. For example, Java is thought of as an interpreted language and C a compiled language, despite the existence of Java compilers and C interpreters.
Storage and execution[edit]
In the 1950s, computer programs were stored on perforated paper tape
Typically, computer programs are stored in non-volatile memory until requested either directly or indirectly to be executed by the computer user. Upon such a request, the program is loaded into random-access memory, by a computer program called an operating system, where it can be accessed directly by the central processor. The central processor then executes ("runs") the program, instruction by instruction, until termination. A program in execution is called a process.[19] Termination is either by normal self-termination or by error – software or hardware error.
Simultaneous execution[edit]
See also: Process (computing) and Multiprocessing
Many operating systems support multitasking which enables many computer programs to appear to run simultaneously on one computer. Operating systems may run multiple programs through process scheduling – a software mechanism to switch the CPU among processes often so users can interact with each program while it runs.[20] Within hardware, modern day multiprocessor computers or computers with multicore processors may run multiple programs.[21]
Multiple lines of the same computer program may be simultaneously executed using threads. Multithreading processors are optimized to execute multiple threads efficiently.
Self-modifying programs[edit]
Main article: Self-modifying code
A computer program in execution is normally treated as being different from the data the program operates on. However, in some cases, this distinction is blurred when a computer program modifies itself. The modified computer program is subsequently executed as part of the same program. Self-modifying code is possible for programs written in machine code, assembly language, Lisp, C, COBOL, PL/1, and Prolog.
Functional categories[edit]
Computer programs may be categorized along functional lines. The main functional categories are application software and system software. System software includes the operating system which couples computer hardware with application software.[22] The purpose of the operating system is to provide an environment in which application software executes in a convenient and efficient manner.[22] In addition to the operating system, system software includes embedded programs, boot programs, and micro programs. Application software designed for end users have a user interface. Application software not designed for the end user includes middleware, which couples one application with another. Application software also includes utility programs. The distinction between system software and application software is under debate.
Application software[edit]
Main article: Application software
Example of an app: GCalctool, a software calculator
There are many types of application software:
The word app came to being in 21st century. It is a clipping of the word "application". They have been designed for many platforms, but the word was first used for smaller mobile apps. Desktop apps are traditional computer programs that run on desktop computers. Mobile apps run on mobile devices. Web apps run inside a web browser. Both mobile and desktop apps may be downloaded from the developers' website or purchased from app stores such as Microsoft Store, Apple App Store, Mac App Store, Google Play or Intel AppUp.
An application suite consists of multiple applications bundled together. Examples include Microsoft Office, LibreOffice, and iWork. They bundle a word processor, spreadsheet, and other applications.
Enterprise applications bundle accounting, personnel, customer, and vendor applications. Examples include enterprise resource planning, customer relationship management, and supply chain management software.
Enterprise infrastructure software supports the enterprise's software systems. Examples include databases, email servers, and network servers.
Information worker software are designed for workers at the departmental level. Examples include time management, resource management, analytical, collaborative and documentation tools. Word processors, spreadsheets, email and blog clients, personal information system, and individual media editors may aid in multiple information worker tasks.
Media development software generates print and electronic media for others to consume, most often in a commercial or educational setting. These produce graphics, publications, animations, and videos.
Product engineering software is used to help develop large machines and other application software. Examples includes computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided engineering (CAE), and integrated development environments.
Entertainment Software can refer to video games, movie recorders and players, and music recorders and players.
Utility programs[edit]
Utility programs are application programs designed to aid system administrators and computer programmers.
Operating system[edit]
See also: Operating system
An operating system is a computer program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. [22]
In the 1950s, the programmer, who was also the operator, would write a program and run it.[12] After the program finished executing, the output may have been printed, or it may have been punched onto paper tape or cards for later processing.[12] More often than not the program did not work. [23] The programmer then looked at the console lights and fiddled with the console switches. If less fortunate, a memory printout was made for further study.[23] In the 1960s, programmers reduced the amount of wasted time by automating the operator's job.[23] A program called an operating system was kept in the computer at all times.[23]
Originally, operating systems were programmed in assembly; however, modern operating systems are typically written in C.
Boot program[edit]
A stored-program computer requires an initial computer program stored in its read-only memory to boot. The boot process is to identify and initialize all aspects of the system, from processor registers to device controllers to memory contents.[24] Following the initialization process, this initial computer program loads the operating system and sets the program counter to begin normal operations.
Embedded programs[edit]
The microcontroller on the right of this USB flash drive is controlled with embedded firmware.
Independent of the host computer, a hardware device might have embedded firmware to control its operation. Firmware is used when the computer program is rarely or never expected to change, or when the program must not be lost when the power is off.[23]
Microcode programs[edit]
Main article: Microcode
Microcode programs control some central processing units and some other hardware. This code moves data between the registers, buses, arithmetic logic units, and other functional units in the CPU. Unlike conventional programs, microcode is not usually written by, or even visible to, the end users of systems, and is usually provided by the manufacturer, and is considered internal to the device.
See also[edit]
Automatic programming
Firmware
Killer application
Software
Software bug
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rochkind, Marc J. (2004). Advanced Unix Programming, Second Edition. Addison-Wesley. p. 1.1.2.
^ Jump up to: a b c McCartney, Scott (1999). ENIAC – The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer. Walker and Company. p. 16. ISBN 0-8027-1348-3.
Jump up ^ Bromley, Allan G. (1998). "Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1838" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 20 (4).
Jump up ^ Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990). Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition. Prentice Hall. p. 15. ISBN 0-13-854662-2.
Jump up ^ J. Fuegi; J. Francis (October–December 2003), "Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes'", Annals of the History of Computing, 25 (4): 16, 19, 25, doi:10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887
Jump up ^ Rosen, Kenneth H. (1991). Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications. McGraw-Hill, Inc. p. 654. ISBN 0-07-053744-5.
Jump up ^ Linz, Peter (1990). An Introduction to Formal Languages and Automata. D. C. Heath and Company. p. 234. ISBN 0-669-17342-8.
Jump up ^ Davis, Martin (2000), Engines of Logic: Mathematicians and the origin of the Computer (1st ed.), New York NY: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-32229-7, (pb.)
Jump up ^ "History of Computing".
^ Jump up to: a b c d McCartney, Scott (1999). ENIAC – The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer. Walker and Company. p. 102. ISBN 0-8027-1348-3.
Jump up ^ Enticknap, Nicholas (Summer 1998), "Computing's Golden Jubilee", Resurrection, The Computer Conservation Society (20), ISSN 0958-7403, retrieved 19 April 2008
^ Jump up to: a b c Silberschatz, Abraham (1994). Operating System Concepts, Fourth Edition. Addison-Wesley. p. 6. ISBN 0-201-50480-4.
Jump up ^ Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990). Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition. Prentice Hall. p. 20. ISBN 0-13-854662-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990). Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition. Prentice Hall. p. 21. ISBN 0-13-854662-2.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Leslie B. (1993). Comparative Programming Languages, Second Edition. Addison-Wesley. p. 75. ISBN 0-201-56885-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Wilson, Leslie B. (1993). Comparative Programming Languages, Second Edition. Addison-Wesley. p. 213. ISBN 0-201-56885-3.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Leslie B. (1993). Comparative Programming Languages, Second Edition. Addison-Wesley. p. 244. ISBN 0-201-56885-3.
Jump up ^ "What is a Compiler?". Retrieved 2012-01-10.
Jump up ^ Silberschatz, Abraham (1994). Operating System Concepts, Fourth Edition. Addison-Wesley. p. 97. ISBN 0-201-50480-4.
Jump up ^ Silberschatz, Abraham (1994). Operating System Concepts, Fourth Edition. Addison-Wesley. p. 100. ISBN 0-201-50480-4.
Jump up ^ Akhter, Shameem (2006). Multi-Core Programming. Richard Bowles (Intel Press). pp. 11–13. ISBN 0-9764832-4-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Silberschatz, Abraham (1994). Operating System Concepts, Fourth Edition. Addison-Wesley. p. 1. ISBN 0-201-50480-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990). Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition. Prentice Hall. p. 11. ISBN 0-13-854662-2.
Jump up ^ Silberschatz, Abraham (1994). Operating System Concepts, Fourth Edition. Addison-Wesley. p. 30. ISBN 0-201-50480-4.
Further reading[edit]
Knuth, Donald E. (1997). The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 1, 3rd Edition. Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-89683-4.
Knuth, Donald E. (1997). The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 2, 3rd Edition. Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-89684-2.
Knuth, Donald E. (1997). The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 3, 3rd Edition. Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-89685-0.
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text:
Johnny Lewis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other people named Johnny Lewis, see Johnny Lewis (disambiguation).
Johnny Lewis
Lewis at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival at the premiere of the film Palo Alto
Born
Jonathan Kendrick Lewis
(1983-10-29)October 29, 1983
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Died
September 26, 2012(2012-09-26) (aged 28)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actor
Years active
2000–2012
Children
1
Jonathan Kendrick Lewis (October 29, 1983 – September 26, 2012), also credited as Johnny K. Lewis, was an American film and television actor. Lewis is best known for playing Kip "Half-Sack" Epps in the first two seasons of the FX series Sons of Anarchy. He also appeared in supporting roles in the films Underclassman (2005), Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (2007), and The Runaways (2010).
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
3.1 Religion
3.2 Legal troubles
4 Psychiatric diagnosis
5 Death
6 Filmography
6.1 Film
6.2 Television
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Lewis grew up in the Los Angeles neighborhoods of North Hollywood and Sherman Oaks. He was the middle child of Michael and Divona Lewis. His parents were practicing Scientologists and Johnny was himself a Scientologist for most of his life. After finishing school, he left home at the age of 18 to pursue an acting career.[1]
Career[edit]
Lewis began making television appearances while in his late teens, with guest starring roles in Boston Public (2000), The Guardian (2001), and American Dreams (2002), among others. His debut feature film performance premiered in 2004, in New Line Cinema's Raise Your Voice, and he followed that up with Miramax Films' Underclassman in 2005. He co-starred as Pearce Chase, one of five siblings on the Fox series Quintuplets, and appeared in the movie Raise Your Voice (2004) alongside Hilary Duff. He guest starred in four episodes of the Nickelodeon television series Drake & Josh as Scottie, one of Drake's bandmates, and from 2005 to 2006, he played Dennis "Chili" Childress on The O.C.. Lewis also had a guest spot in the third episode of Smallville season 5.
He also starred in the film Magic Valley (2011), which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival. Lewis was well known for his role as prospect biker Kip "Half-Sack" Epps in the first two seasons of the FX original series Sons of Anarchy.
Personal life[edit]
Lewis dated American singer Katy Perry from 2005 to 2006.[2] In mid-2009, Lewis learned he and his then-girlfriend, actress Diane Gaeta, were expecting a baby. The couple had split up by April 6, 2010, when the couple's daughter, Culla May, was born, but briefly attempted sharing a residence. Lewis eventually moved out, after which the couple engaged in a "long and painful" custody battle that Lewis ultimately lost.[3]
Religion[edit]
Lewis was raised in a "Jewish-oriented household", though his family also practiced Scientology; his parents attained the highest available level within Scientology, called "Operating Thetan", or OT VIII.[3] He starred in Scientology training films, and was a sponsor of the Scientology drug rehabilitation group Narconon.[4][5] Lewis left the Church of Scientology in his early 20s.[6]
Legal troubles[edit]
Lewis was arrested three times between 2011 and 2012. In January 2012, he struck two men in the head with a bottle while engaged in a fight. He pleaded no contest to charges of assault with a deadly weapon in the case.[6] The second arrest came about six weeks after the first, with Lewis accused of attempting to break into a woman's home. He pleaded no contest in that case as well. Considering the cases, a probation official expressed that he was "very concerned for the well-being of not only the community but that of the defendant", that Lewis suffered from mental health issues as well as chemical dependency, and that Lewis would "continue to be a threat to any community he may reside in".[6] Lewis was released from a Los Angeles County, California, jail on September 21, 2012, five days before his death.[6]
Psychiatric diagnosis[edit]
On October 30, 2011, Lewis suffered head injuries from a high-speed motorcycle accident. Though an MRI was recommended, and Lewis's father scheduled MRI tests twice, Lewis refused to take them. Lewis's father also states that he "pursued and encouraged psychiatric treatment for his son. It was Johnny who refused to comply."[3] He started manifesting bizarre and illogical behavior from that point on and concurrent to his ensuing legal troubles.
Bill Jensen reports in Los Angeles magazine, Lewis and his attorneys pushed for rehab for marijuana addiction. When Lewis rejected this, they pursued rehab for alcoholism, to avoid trial.[3]
In early August 2012, Lewis was well enough to be granted provisional out-patient status. He made a deal with the District Attorney of the San Fernando Court - his freedom for "time served". Lewis was assured that he would likely just spend a couple more days in jail, no more. The couple of days turned into nearly two more months, during which he suffered a severe downturn in health and spirits. Released from jail September 21, he determined to make his own way and get his life together.[7]
Death[edit]
On September 26, 2012, Lewis and his 81-year-old landlady Catherine Davis were found dead at Davis' home.[3] Officers from the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) found Lewis' body on the home's driveway.[8] Davis was found dead inside the villa, which appeared to have been ransacked. Davis' death was investigated as a homicide, in which Lewis was a suspect. It was later determined that Lewis had broken into the house, murdered Davis and killed her pet cat Jesse. According to multiple reports, police were called to the scene after neighbors heard the 81-year-old woman screaming.[8]
Neighbors told police they saw a man jump the fence on the Davis property, assault a painter and a homeowner next door, then jump back over the fence.[8] According to the LAPD, Lewis then either fell or jumped from the roof, garage, or patio of Davis' villa.[8][9][10][11] An autopsy report released on November 29, 2012 stated that Lewis did not have any drugs or alcohol in his system when he died. Lewis had a history of drug abuse, leading to speculation by his attorney that the actor may have suffered a drug-induced psychosis when he allegedly killed his landlord.[12] However, toxicology reports came back negative for alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, psychedelic drugs, or anti-psychotic medication. The autopsy report did indicate he had suffered partial strangulation and had fingernail marks on his neck when he died.[12] There was no indication that Lewis had been pushed or that he jumped from the roof in an act of suicide. His death was ruled accidental.[12]
His family has spoken out about Lewis's history of untreated head trauma, leading some to speculate that he developed a psychological disorder, which led to his sudden spurts of violence.[citation needed] Sons of Anarchy creator Kurt Sutter tweeted about Johnny Lewis's death: "It was a tragic end for an extremely talented guy, who unfortunately had lost his way. I wish I could say that I was shocked by the events last night, but I was not. I am deeply sorry that an innocent life had to be thrown into his destructive path. Yes, it's day or [sic] mourning, but it's also a day of awareness and gratitude. Sadly, some of us carry the message by dying."[13]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
2004 Raise Your Voice Engelbert "Kiwi" Wilson
2005 Pretty Persuasion Warren Prescott
2005 Underclassman Alexander Jeffries
2007 Palo Alto Nolan
2007 Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem Ricky Howard
2008 One Missed Call Brian Sousa
2008 Felon Snowman
2010 The Runaways Scottie
2012 Lovely Molly Tim
2011 Magic Valley John
2012 186 Dollars to Freedom Jorge
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2000 7th Heaven Norton Episode: "Tunes"
2000 Malcolm in the Middle Cadet Martin Episode: "Therapy"
2001–2003 Boston Public Bodhi 4 episodes
2001 Undressed Ray 5 episodes
2001–2002 The Sausage Factory Gilby 13 episodes
2001 Judging Amy Desmond Episode: "Surprised by Gravity"
2002 The Guardian Ted Popper Episode: "Mothers of the Disappeared"
2002 Yes, Dear Ricky Episode: "Making Babies"
2003–2004 American Dreams Lenny 7 episodes
2004 Drake & Josh Scottie 4 episodes
2004–2005 Quintuplets Pearce Chase 22 episodes
2005–2006 The O.C. Dennis "Chili" Childress 9 episodes
2005 Smallville Gabriel Duncan Episode: "Hidden"
2006 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Tad Sidley Episode: "Up in Smoke"
2007 Bones Enzo Falcinella Episode: "The Priest in the Churchyard"
2007 Shark Michael Hackford Episode: "Student Body"
2008 Cold Case Truitt "Spider" Leland '98 Episode: "Spiders"
2008–2009 Sons of Anarchy Kip "Half Sack" Epps 26 episodes
2009 Criminal Minds Eric Ryan Olson Episode: "Zoe's Reprise"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jensen, Bill (January 30, 2014). "The Secret Life of Johnny Lewis". Los Angeles Magazine. Los Angeles, CA.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Lewis, Katy Perry: Singer Distraught Over Ex-Boyfriend's Untimely Death". The Huffington Post. September 27, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bill Jensen (January 30, 2014). "The Secret Life of Johnny Lewis". Los Angeles. p. 1 of 3.
Jump up ^ Baker Machado; Sheena Rao; Alexis L. Loinaz; Melanie Bromley. "Johnny Lewis' Scientology Link: Sons of Anarchy Star Was "Born Into the Church," Source Says". E! News (UK). Retrieved September 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Dillon, Nancy; Cavaliere, Victoria (September 28, 2012). "'Sons of Anarchy' actor Johnny Lewis was 'out of control' before rampage, championed Scientology drug-treatment program before rampage". nydailynews.com. Retrieved January 9, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Risling, Greg (September 28, 2012). "Warning signs seen before actor's violent end". Associated Press. Retrieved September 29, 2012 – via Yahoo! News.
Jump up ^ "The Secret Life of Johnny Lewis". LAMag. January 30, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Suspect in killing of Los Angeles woman was actor". AP via Yahoo! News. September 27, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "'Sons of Anarchy' Actor Johnny Lewis Found Dead -- Suspect in Bizarre L.A. Double Death". TMZ. September 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Lewis Dead: 'Sons Of Anarchy' Actor Found Dead Outside Los Feliz Woman's Home". The Huffington Post. September 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Katy Perry's ex, Johnny Lewis, found dead". Toronto Sun. September 27, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c McCartney, Anthony (November 29, 2012). "Actor who apparently killed landlady not on drugs". Associated Press. Retrieved December 1, 2012 – via Yahoo! News.
Jump up ^ "Sons of Anarchy creator Kurt Sutter responds to Johnny Lewis' death". LA Times. September 27, 2012.
External links[edit]
Johnny Lewis on IMDb
Johnny Lewis at AllMovie
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0000 4751 3971
LCCN: no2008118666
VIAF: 73673453
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Lewis&oldid=863063130"
Categories:
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21st-century American male actors
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text:
Don't You (Forget About Me)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Don't You (Forget About Me)"
Standard international artwork
Single by Simple Minds
from the album The Breakfast Club (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
B-side
"A Brass Band in African Chimes"
Released
20 February 1985 (US)
8 April 1985 (UK)
Format
12"
7"
Recorded
10 July 1984
Genre
New wave, synthpop, pop rock
Length
4:20
6:32 (extended version)
Label
Virgin
A&M (US)
Songwriter(s)
Keith Forsey
Steve Schiff
Simple Minds singles chronology
"Up on the Catwalk"
(1984) "Don't You (Forget About Me)"
(1985) "Alive and Kicking"
(1985)
"Up on the Catwalk"
(1984) “Don't You (Forget About Me)”
(1985) "Alive and Kicking"
(1985)
Audio sample
file
help
Music video
"Don't You (Forget About Me)" on YouTube
"Don't You (Forget About Me)" is a 1985 pop song performed by Scottish rock band Simple Minds. The song is best known for being played during the opening and closing credits of the John Hughes film The Breakfast Club. It was written and composed by producer Keith Forsey and Steve Schiff, a guitarist and songwriter from the Nina Hagen band.
Contents
[hide]
1 Recording history
2 Music video
3 Charts and certifications
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
3.3 Certifications
4 Notable Appearances in Other Media
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Recording history[edit]
Forsey asked Cy Curnin from The Fixx, Bryan Ferry and Billy Idol to record the song, but all three declined; Idol did later perform a cover of it on his 2001 compilation album Greatest Hits. Schiff then suggested Forsey ask Simple Minds who, after refusing as well, agreed under the encouragement of their label, A&M. According to frontman Jim Kerr, the band was reluctant to record the song as they felt they should only record their own material, relenting after persuasion from Kerr's wife at the time, Chrissie Hynde of The Pretenders, and a phone call from Forsey in which he expressed his admiration for the band.[1] According to one account, the band "rearranged and recorded 'Don't You (Forget About Me)' in three hours in a north London studio and promptly forgot about it."[2]
Continuing the rock direction recently taken on Sparkle in the Rain but also glancing back at their melodic synthpop past, it caught the band at their commercial peak and, propelled by the success of The Breakfast Club, became a #1 hit in the U.S.[3] and around the world. It is also the band's only #1 hit on the U.S. Top Rock Tracks chart, staying atop for three weeks. While only reaching #7 in the UK, it stayed on the charts from 1985 to 1987, one of the longest time spans for any single in the history of the chart.
The song did not appear on the band's subsequent album Once Upon a Time, but it did appear on the 1992 best-of Glittering Prize 81/92. It soon became a fixture of the band's live sets - with an extended audience participation section during its inclusion on the 2015 tour to promote the band's Big Music album.[4]
Two versions were created for release. A short version, 4:23 in duration, appeared on the single and the original motion picture soundtrack album of The Breakfast Club. A longer version, 6:32 in duration, was released as a 12" single. This version contains longer breakdowns and drum fills, a second appearance of the bridge and a longer ending.
John Leland from Spin wrote that "'Don't You Forget About Me,' a romantic and melancholy dance track, therefore cuts ice both in the living room and on the dance floor."[5]
Music video[edit]
The music video, directed by Daniel Kleinman, takes place on a dancing floor in a dark room with a chandelier, a rocking horse, and television sets displaying scenes from The Breakfast Club. The video on YouTube had been viewed over 89 million times as of December 11, 2017.[6]
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1985)
Peak
Position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[7] 6
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[8] 5
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[9] 2
Belgium (VRT Top 30 Flanders)[10] 2
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[11] 1
Canada (CHUM)[12] 2
France (SNEP)[13] 24
Germany (Official German Charts)[14] 4
Ireland (IRMA)[15] 3
Italy (FIMI)[16] 2
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[17] 1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[18] 2
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[19] 3
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[20] 10
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[21] 13
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[22] 8
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[23] 7
US Billboard Hot 100[3] 1
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[24] 9
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[25] 1
US Cash Box Top 100[26] 1
Chart (1988)
Peak
Position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[27] 100
Chart (2004)
Peak
Position
Italy (FIMI)[28] 16
Chart (2012)
Peak
Position
US Rock Digital Songs (Billboard)[29] 41
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1985)
Position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[30] 47
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[31] 28
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[32] 1
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[33] 21
Germany (Official German Charts)[34] 23
Italy (FIMI)[35] 6
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[36] 8
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[37] 11
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[38] 26
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[39] 26
US Billboard Hot 100[40] 16
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[41] 33
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[42] 10
US Cash Box Top 100[43] 12
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[44]
Gold 5,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[44]
Platinum 10,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[45]
Silver 250,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
[show]
Chart successions
Preceded by
"Forever Man" by Eric Clapton US Billboard Mainstream Rock number-one single
20 April 1985 – 4 May 1985 (3 weeks) Succeeded by
"Trapped" by Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band
Preceded by
"Crazy for You" by Madonna US Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
18 May 1985 (1 week) Succeeded by
"Everything She Wants" by Wham!
Preceded by
"We Are the World" by USA for Africa Dutch Top 40 number-one single
1 June 1985 – 15 June 1985 (3 weeks) Succeeded by
"Dancing in the Dark" by Bruce Springsteen
Preceded by
"Crazy for You" by Madonna Canadian "RPM" Singles Chart number-one single
1 June 1985 (1 week) Succeeded by
"Everybody Wants to Rule the World" by Tears for Fears
Notable Appearances in Other Media[edit]
This song played on the British television soap EastEnders on 30th May 1985, on 4th July 1985, on 8th August 1985, and on 9th August 2013.
This song played in the episode of the American animated comedy series Futurama on 11th March 2001.
This song played in the episode of the American medical comedy series Scrubs on 10th April 2003.
This song played in an episode of the American comedy series 30 Rock on 4th December 2008.
This song played in an episode of the British television soap Hollyoaks on 22nd May 2009.
This song played in an episode of the British chat show Loose Women on 15th July 2009.
This song played in an episiode of the American teen drama series Friday Night Lights on 16th December 2009.
This song played in the American comedy film Easy A in 2010.
This song played in an episode of the American crime drama series Cold Case on 2nd May 2010.
This song played in an episode of the American television series The Handmaid's Tale on 26th April 2017.
See also[edit]
List of number-one singles of 1985 (Canada)
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of the 1980s
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1985
List of Billboard Mainstream Rock number-one songs of the 1980s
List of Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 1985
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Simpson, Dave (15 November 2016). "Simple Minds: how we made Don't You (Forget About Me)". theguardian.com. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "A History of Simple Minds". The Official Glasgow Barrowland & Barras Market Site. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Simple Minds Chart History (Hot 100)" Billboard. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Simpson, Dave (April 2015). "The Guardian". The Guardian (2). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Leland, John (June 1985). "Singles". Spin. 1 (2): 37. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
Jump up ^ SimpleMindsVEVO (2010-12-03), Simple Minds - Don't You (Forget About Me), retrieved 2017-03-08
Jump up ^ bulion. "Forum - ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts - CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989". ARIA. Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Simple Minds – Don't You (Forget About Me)" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Simple Minds – Don't You (Forget About Me)" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Radio 2 Top 30" (in Dutch). Top 30. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 0530." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "CHART NUMBER 1485 – Saturday, June 08, 1985". Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 2017-01-08. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) . CHUM.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Simple Minds – Don't You (Forget About Me)" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Simple Minds – Don't You (Forget About Me)". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Don't You (Forget About Me)". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hit Parade Italia". HitParadeItalia (in Italian). Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 22, 1985" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Simple Minds – Don't You (Forget About Me)" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Simple Minds – Don't You (Forget About Me)". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1965 – 1989 Acts S". The South African Rock Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Simple Minds – Don't You (Forget About Me)". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Simple Minds – Don't You (Forget About Me)". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Simple Minds Chart History (Dance Club Songs)" Billboard. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Simple Minds Chart History (Mainstream Rock)" Billboard. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending MAY 18, 1985". Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 2017-01-08. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) . Cash Box magazine.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Simple Minds – Don't You (Forget About Me)". Top Digital Download. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Simple Minds - Chart History". Rock Digital Songs. for Simple Minds. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jahreshitparade Singles 1985". Ö3 Austria Top 40 (in German). Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop Jaaroverzichten 1985". Ultratop 50 (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 10 June 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 0619." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts 1985". GfK Entertainment Charts (in German). Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hit Parade Italia - I singoli più venduti del 1985". FIMI (in Italian). Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1985". Dutch Top 40 (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dutch Charts Jaaroverzichten Single 1985". Single Top 100 (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Official NZ Music Charts - End of Year Charts 1985". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "SWISS YEAR-END CHARTS 1985". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top Pop Singles" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 97 no. 52. New York, NY, USA. 28 December 1985. p. T-21. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top Dance Sales Singles" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 97 no. 52. New York, NY, USA. 28 December 1985. p. T-23. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top Rock Tracks" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 97 no. 52. New York, NY, USA. 28 December 1985. p. T-30. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "The CASH BOX Year-End Charts: 1985". Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 2014-05-07. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) . Cash Box magazine.
^ Jump up to: a b "Canadian single certifications – Simple Minds – Don't You Forget About Me". Music Canada. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Simple Minds – Don't You Forget About Me". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 27 November 2016. Enter Don't You Forget About Me in the search field and then press Enter.
External links[edit]
AllMusic: Keith Forsey
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Leave Right Now" by Will Young American Idol Farewell Song
Season 10 (2011) Succeeded by
"Please Remember Me" by Scotty McCreery
[show]
v
t
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Simple Minds
Jim Kerr
Charlie Burchill
Mel Gaynor
Andy Gillespie
Ged Grimes
Brian McGee
Tony Donald
Duncan Barnwell
Mick MacNeil
Derek Forbes
Kenny Hyslop
Mike Ogletree
John Giblin
Eddy Duffy
Albums
Life in a Day
Real to Real Cacophony
Empires and Dance
Sons and Fascination/Sister Feelings Call
New Gold Dream (81–82–83–84)
Sparkle in the Rain
Once Upon a Time
Street Fighting Years
Real Life
Good News from the Next World
Néapolis
Our Secrets Are the Same
Neon Lights
Cry
Black & White 050505
Graffiti Soul
Big Music
Acoustic
Live albums
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Real Live 91
Sunday Express – Live (Volumes 1 & 2)
5X5 Live
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Compilations
Themes for Great Cities 79/81
Celebration
Glittering Prize 81/92
The Promised
The Best of Simple Minds
Early Gold
Silver Box
Celebrate: The Greatest Hits
Singles
"Love Song"
"Promised You a Miracle"
"Glittering Prize"
"Someone Somewhere (In Summertime)"
"Waterfront"
"Speed Your Love to Me"
"Up on the Catwalk"
"Don't You (Forget About Me)"
"Alive and Kicking"
"Sanctify Yourself"
"All the Things She Said"
"Ghost Dancing"
"Belfast Child"
"This Is Your Land"
"Kick It In"
"Let There Be Love"
"Stand By Love"
Promo singles
"Mandela Day" (US)
Themes series
Themes – Volume 1: March 79–April 82
Themes – Volume 2: August 82–April 85
Themes – Volume 3: September 85–June 87
Themes – Volume 4: February 89–May 90
Themes – Volume 5: March 91–September 92
Related articles
Discography
Lostboy! AKA Jim Kerr
Concert tours
Simple Minds concert tours
[show]
v
t
e
David Cook
Discography
Studio albums
Analog Heart
David Cook
This Loud Morning
Digital Vein
Extended plays
This Quiet Night
Singles
"The Time of My Life"
"Light On"
"Come Back to Me / Bar-ba-sol"
"Permanent"
"The Last Goodbye"
"Fade into Me"
"The Last Song I'll Write for You"
"Laying Me Low"
Tours
American Idols LIVE! Tour 2008
The Declaration Tour – 2009
Other songs
"Don't You (Forget About Me)"
"Dream Big"
"Jumpin' Jack Flash"
Related articles
American Idol (season 7)
Axium
"Kiss You Tonight"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_You_(Forget_About_Me)&oldid=814936083"
Categories:
1985 singles
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