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Common Interface
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Various components of Conditional Access
Common Interface scheme
DVB-Receiver with Common Interface module
In Digital Video Broadcasting, the Common Interface (also called DVB-CI) is a technology which allows decryption of pay TV channels. Pay TV stations want to choose which encryption method to use. The Common Interface allows TV manufacturers to support many different pay TV stations, by allowing to plug in exchangeable CAM modules for various encryption schemes.
The Common Interface is the connection between the TV tuner (TV or set-top box) and the module (CAM) that decrypts the TV signal. The CAM module, in turn, then accepts the pay-to-view subscriber card, which contains the access keys and permissions.
The host (TV or set-top box) is responsible for tuning to pay TV channels and demodulation of the RF signal, while CAM is responsible for CA descrambling. The Common Interface allows them to communicate with each other. All Common Interface equipment must comply with the EN 50221-1997 standard. This is a defined standard that enables the addition of a conditional-access module (CAM) in a DTV receiver to adapt it to different kinds of cryptography. The EN 50221 specification allows many types of modules but only the conditional-access module (CAM) has found popularity because of the pay TV market. Indeed, one of Digital Video Broadcasting's main strengths is the option of implementing the required conditional access capability on the Common Interface.
This allows broadcasters to use modules containing solutions from different suppliers, thus increasing their choice of anti-piracy options.
Contents
[hide]
1 Mode of operation
1.1 Conditional-access module (CAM)
2 Standards
2.1 DVB-CI
2.1.1 Transport Stream Interface (TSI)
2.1.2 Command Interface
2.2 CI+
2.2.1 Definition
2.2.2 History
2.2.2.1 Initial versions
2.2.2.2 CI+ v1.3
2.2.2.3 CI+ v1.4
2.2.2.4 CI+ v2.0
2.2.3 Certification
2.2.3.1 Content protection
2.2.3.2 Revocation
2.2.3.3 Enhanced MMI
2.2.4 Operators (partial list)
2.3 Compatible TV sets (partial list)
3 Embedded Common Interface
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Mode of operation[edit]
A DVB receiver may have one or two slots implementing the Common Interface (CI). The CI uses the conditional-access module (PCMCIA) connector and conforms to the Common Scrambling Algorithm (CSA), the normative that specifies that such a receiver must be able to accept DES (Data Encryption Standard) keys in intervals of some milliseconds, and use them to decode private channels according to a specific algorithm.
Those algorithms are proprietary to individual suppliers. Each one uses their own algorithms and there is no defined standard for them.
As the full MPEG-2 transport data stream comes out of the demodulator, and error correction units, the DTV Receiver sends it through the card plugged into the Common Interface, before it is processed by the MPEG demultiplexer in the receiver. If several CI cards are present, the MPEG transport data stream will be passed sequentially through all these cards.
An embedded CAM may not physically exist, as it may be in CPU software. In such a case, only the smart card reader normally in the CAM is fitted and not the PCMCIA type CI slots.
Even if the Common Interface has been created to resolve cryptography issues, it can have other functions using other types of modules such as Web Browser, iDTV (Interactive Television), and so forth.
In Europe, DVB-CI is obligatory in all iDTV terminals.
Conditional-access module (CAM)[edit]
Main article: Conditional-access module
The host sends an encrypted MPEG transport stream to the CAM and the CAM sends the decrypted transport stream back to the host. The CAM often contains a smart-card reader.
Standards[edit]
DVB-CI[edit]
The normative DVB-CI standard EN 50221 was defined in 1997 by CENELEC, the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization.
According to the Common Interface scheme:
host : A device where module(s) can be connected; for example, an Integrated receiver/decoder (IRD), a VCR, a PC ...
module : A small device, not working by itself, designed to run specialized tasks in association with a host; for example, a conditional access sub system, an electronic program guide application module, or to provide resources required by an application but not provided directly by the host.
The specification only defines two aspects, two logical interfaces to be included on the same physical interface. The first interface is the MPEG-2 Transport Stream. The link and physical layers are defined in this specification and the higher layers are defined in the MPEG-2 specifications. The second interface, the command interface, carries commands between the host (receiver) and the module.
The specification does not define the operation or functionality of a conditional access system application on the module. The applications that may be performed by a module communicating across the interface are not limited to conditional access or to those described in this specification. More than one module may be supported concurrently.
The common interface shares many features of the PC Card Standard (PCMCIA). By reducing the widths of the address and data busses it has been possible to include a bi-directional parallel transport stream interface.
Transport Stream Interface (TSI)[edit]
The transport stream format is specified by IEC 13818-1 and is the MPEG 2 TS format.
Command Interface[edit]
In addition there is a command interface for communication between the host and module.
This communication is in the form of a layered protocol stack which allows the host and module to share resources. For example, the module can request the current date and time from the host. To use this service, module shall open a session to the "Date-Time" resource provided by host. Or, module can ask the host to display a message on the TV screen and can then read keypresses from the host remote control. This is done by opening a session to host's Man-Machine Interface (MMI) Resource. This resource also allows the CAM to request and receive PIN numbers.
Some of defined by DVB-CI resources are de facto optional. For example, the host could contain a modem for communication over a telephone line allowing the CAM to implement pay-per-view. This can be done by opening a session to host's Low-Speed Communication (LSC) resource (assuming that the host announced the availability of this resource). The Host Control resource (allowing CAM to request force-tuned) also may be absent in some of hosts.
The definitely mandatory resources are Resource Manager, Application Information and Conditional Access Support ones. First two of these three are necessary for initial handshaking between CAM and its Host, while the CA Support resource is necessary for descrambling the selected channels.
The Command Interface is extensible and there are several specification documents available which describe these extensions (e.g. ETSI TS 101 699). However these extensions have often not proved popular with manufacturers.
CI+[edit]
Definition[edit]
CI+ (also known as CI Plus or Common Interface Plus) is a specification that extends the original DVB Common Interface standard (DVB-CI, v1). The main addition introduced by CI+ is a form of copy protection between a CI+ conditional-access module (referenced by the spec as CICAM, while CI+ CAM seems to be a more precise abbreviation) and the television receiver (Host). CI+ is backward compatible with DVB-CIv1. Old television receivers, which have CIv1 CI-slot, can be used with CI+ CAM and vice versa, but for viewing only those of TV programs which are not marked as CI+ protected.
History[edit]
Initial versions[edit]
CI+ specification has been developed by consumer electronic firms Panasonic, Philips, Samsung and Sony, as well as pay-TV technology company SmarDTV and fabless chip maker Neotion.[1]
A first draft of the specification was put up for review in January 2008 as V1.00 CI Plus Specification. The establishment of the Trusted Authority has been completed[2] and an official security certification lab appointed.[3]
In 2009, versions 1.1 and 1.2 were released. The 1.2 version became the first one which was massively deployed. The main features added to the original DVB-CI standard by the CI+ V1.2 are:
Content Control (allows re-encryption of video and audio on their way from CI+ CAM to its host)
coordination of CAM firmware upgrade between CAM and its host
"CI Plus browser" - support of MHEG-5 applications running on a CI+ host, launched by a CI+ CAM and being able to communicate with it
support of IP communication was added to the DVB-CI's Low-Speed Communication (LSC) resource (but without renaming it to "High-Speed").
The spec doesn't state explicitly about each feature if it is mandatory or optional. The mandatory feature (as it's actually the main raison d'être of CI+) is Content Control. The optional feature of V1.2 version is "PVR Resource" – this can be concluded from the fact that it doesn't appear in newer CI+ spec versions.
CI+ v1.3[edit]
In 2011, version 1.3.1 was released. The main features added by CI+ V1.3.1 to CI+ V1.2 are:
various enhancements of Content Control mechanism
coordination of parental control PIN code handling between CAM and its host
better IP communication support (increased data throughput)
VOD support
a new Operator Profile resource allowing CAM to adapt non-standard broadcast-specific service information to standard DVB format understandable by Host.
CI+ v1.4[edit]
With the development of CI+, the standard has now come under the umbrella of the DVB standards organization.[4]
In 2014, DVB released ETSI TS 103 205 V1.1.1 specification, defining what is often referred as "CI+ v1.4". The main features added by ETSI TS 103 205 V1.1.1 to CI+ v1.3.1 are:
multi-tuner support
URI (usage rules information) extensions (the most prominent is addition of trick mode enable/disable flag)
IP-delivered video support
watermarking and transcoding capability
the communication functionality was extended to support IP multicast and hybrid type of communication (hybrid communication means here that IP multicast data arrive to module over the transport stream interface)
CI Plus™ browser extensions (interaction channel, streaming, video scaling etc.)
letting a CI+ CAM to determine if its Host supports an advanced application environment (e.g. HbbTV or MHP) and, if yes, to launch a corresponding application
allowing CI+ CAM applications to be represented in the Host's channel line-up in form of virtual channels.
CI+ v2.0[edit]
DVB standards organization announced[5] working on version 2.0 of the DVB CI+ specifications. The main evolution of this version is to add USB as physical layer to replace the aging PC Card interface.
Certification[edit]
CI+ Host and CAM testing and certification is carried out by Eurofins Digital Testing (formerly Digital TV Labs) in Belgium, the UK and Hong Kong
Content protection[edit]
By making use of certificates issued by a trusted certification authority, a secure authenticated channel (SAC) is formed between a CI+ CAM and television receiver (Host). This SAC is used to generate a shared key, unique per a CAM-Host pair, which protects from unauthorized copying the content marked in the associated URI (Usage Rules Info) as a content which needs to be re-encrypted on its way from CAM to Host after removal the original CA or DRM scrambling (in the original CI standard, decrypted content could be sent over the PCMCIA interface only in unscrambled form).
Revocation[edit]
CI+ standard allows revocation of compromised CI+ Hosts. This is done by broadcasting a Service Operator Certificate Revocation List (SOCRL) in a DSM-CC data carousel. If CAM detects that its Host's ID, model or brand is listed in SOCRL (and isn't listed in optional SOCWL - Service Operator Certificate White List), the CAM must refuse descrambling the content marked in CI+ URI as protected. A SOCRL is created and signed by the CI+ Root-of-Trust on request of a Service Operator. To prevent replay of out-of-dated SOCRL and SOCWL, they must be broadcast in combination with RSD (Revocation Signaling Data) table which specifies the last versions of SOCRL and SOCWL and their location in the DSM-CC data carousel. The RSD also must be signed.
Enhanced MMI[edit]
A CI+ compliant Host device must also implement MHEG-5 interactive TV engine to manage navigation of the user within an interactive TV application, using its device remote control.[6] Support of MHP or HbbTV interactive TV engines is optional.
Operators (partial list)[edit]
The following operators have currently rolled out CI+ support or plan to do so:
Albania
Digitalb
Tring Digital
Bulgaria
Blizoo - launched CI+ in 2014
Belgium
Telenet – launched CI+ in June 2013[7]
VOO - launched CI+ in September 2015
Croatia
evotv - launched CI+ v1.3
France
Canal+ – launched the "Canal Ready" label for devices able to receive Canal+ channel
Germany
HD+,
Kabel Deutschland,
KBW,
Sky Deutschland,
Tele Columbus
Italy
Mediaset Premium (Digital terrestrial television) - needs CI+ slot on HD television to descramble High Definition channel Premium Calcio HD.
Luxembourg
Eltrona
Netherlands
Caiway – launched CI+ in October 2009[8][9]
Delta NV – launched CI+ in 2010
Kabel Noord – launched CI+ in 2010
Ziggo – launched CI+ in September 2009 (2011 in former UPC areas), SMiT and Neotion CAM modules are used[10]
Poland
Cyfrowy Polsat
UPC Poland
Vectra
Romania
UPC Romania - launched CI+ in April 2012
RCS & RDS - Starting November 2013
Russia
Akado TV
Spain
Gol Televisión
AXN
Sweden
Boxer
Com Hem
Switzerland
UPC Cablecom – Starting June 2010[11]
Turkey
D-Smart
Teledünya
United Kingdom
Top Up TV[12]
In July 2009 the largest Cable operator in the Netherlands, Ziggo, announced that it will support CI+ based Integrated Digital Television sets (IDTVs) actively.[13][14][15] In September 2009 the first batch of 15,000 SMiT (Shenzhen State Micro Technology Co., Ltd.) CI+ CAMs was offered by various Dutch retailers, followed in October 2009 by the first batch of Neotion CAMs.[16] Other supporters include Canal+,[17] and conditional access companies Irdeto[18] and Conax.[19] In 2009, NDS (now Cisco) announced that it will support Kabel Deutschland to deploy CI+ to its customers.[20] In 2014, CI+ CAMs with Cisco VideoGuard CA, manufactured by SMiT were deployed at D-Smart, KDG (Kabel Deutschland), KBW, Sky Deutschland, Tele Columbus etc.
Compatible TV sets (partial list)[edit]
LG 2010 models all LD and LE series also MFT models MXX80D.
Many of Samsung's new LCD, LCD LED and Plasma model variants with CI+ compatible motherboards, although there were some incompatibilities between TV and UPC and RCS-RDS CI+ modules, even with models certified by UPC and RCS-RDS. Some problems were solved by upgrading the firmware of the TV, other were solved by simply replacing ( in many cases under warranty ) the motherboard.
Many of Sony's new models including the Bravia W5500 series. Some older models needed a firmware update.
Philips new 5000 and 9000 series LCD TVs (required firmware pending according to Ziggo).
Panasonic early models (until early 2011) with CI+ slots needed a new firmware to be fully CI+ compatible. (Update 2010). All incompatibility problems were solved by software and firmware updates, or sometimes by using a CI+ card or module with other firmware. All models produced after early 2011 are fully compatible with CI+.
Some Tesco Technika models.
Many Vestel based TV sets. Newer Vestel based TV sets are marking the fact they are CI+ certified in their SHOP MODE ( or DEMO MODE ), which is mentioning, beside other features, the CI+ compatibility ( no matter DVB-T, DVB-C, DVB-S), or simply by a sticker attached on the front of the set. Sometimes, however in many cases, CI+ compatibility of the Vestel sets is mentioned on the package, beside other main features.
Embedded Common Interface[edit]
A new ETSI working group will be working on Embedded Common Interface (ECI).
See also[edit]
Conditional-access module (CAM)
DVB-CPCM
Free-to-view
HDCP
Television encryption
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cabot Communications Ltd. CI+ Technical Paper". Archived from the original on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Führende TV-Hersteller vertrauen bei der Umsetzung des CI Plus-Standards in Europa auf TC TrustCenter (German)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-04-24. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ 10.48 Europe/London (2009-03-05). "Digital TV Labs to test for CI Plus". Broadbandtvnews.com. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ 10.55 Europe/London (2011-02-18). "CI Plus back with the DVB". Broadbandtvnews.com. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ "DVB CIplus 2.0 on its way". DVB World. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "CI PlusSpecification 1.3.1" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-08-28.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Caiway CI+ CAM (Dutch) Archived July 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ 08.54 Europe/London (2009-10-16). "Caiway introduces CI Plus modules". Broadbandtvnews.com. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Digitale Televisie Module (Dutch)". Ziggo.nl. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ Cablecom makes access to digital TV in HD quality and Internet easier and cheaper
Jump up ^ "CI+ Landing". Top Up TV. 2012-07-31. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ Ziggo claims “world first” with CI Plus (visited July 7th 2009)
Jump up ^ Ziggo Approved SMiT CI+ CAM[dead link]
Jump up ^ After initial pioneering, ZIGGO and NEOTION are now further unleashing CI Plus momentum in the Digital Pay TV ecosystem[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ 13.31 Europe/London (2009-08-30). "Ziggo starts supply of CI Plus CAMs". Broadbandtvnews.com. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ 18.06 Europe/London (2009-04-27). "Canal+ backs CI Plus with ‘Canal Ready’ label". Broadbandtvnews.com. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Iredeto press release". Irdeto.com. Archived from the original on 2012-06-30. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ 11.28 Europe/London (2008-09-12). "Conax announces CI+ support". Broadbandtvnews.com. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ 08.45 Europe/London (2009-09-13). "NDS to deliver CI+ to KDG". Broadbandtvnews.com. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
19. http://www.oceanbluesoftware.com/images/stories/documents/Articles_Publications/ci%20white%20paper.pdf[permanent dead link]
External links[edit]
LinuxTV entry for common interface
EN 50221 Specification
ETSI TS 101 699 - DVB Extensions to the Common Interface Specification
R206-001:1998 - Guidelines for Implementation and Use of the Common Interface for DVB Decoder Applications
Gerard O'Driscoll, The essential Guide to Digital Set-Boxes and Interactive TV, reprinted April 2000
Jerry whitaker, Television Receivers, 2001
Consortium DVB
CENELEC
CI Plus official web site
CI Plus Specification V1.2 (2009-04)
CI Plus Specification V1.3.1 (2011-09)
ETSI TS 103 205 V1.1.1 (aka CI+ V1.4)
Official CI Plus TrustCenter
Official CI Plus test lab
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Broadcast encryption and digital rights management
Conditional access
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Renewable security
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See also free-to-view and pay television
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Sign of the Times (Petula Clark song)
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For other uses, see Sign of the times (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Sign of the Times"
Single by Petula Clark
from the album My Love
B-side
"Time for Love"
Released
March 1966
Format
Vinyl
Recorded
1966
Genre
British Invasion, Pop, Vocal
Length
2:55
Label
Pye 7N 17071 (UK)
Warner Bros. (US)
Vogue STU 42223 (DEN)
Songwriter(s)
Tony Hatch
Jackie Trent
Producer(s)
Tony Hatch
Petula Clark singles chronology
"My Love"
(1965) "Sign of the Times"
(1966) "I Couldn't Live Without Your Love"
(1966)
"My Love"
(1965) "A Sign of the Times"
(1966) "I Couldn't Live Without Your Love"
(1966)
"Sign of the Times", also known as "A Sign of the Times", is a song performed by Petula Clark and released from her album My Love in March 1966. It was the follow-up to her #1 US hit "My Love," which had been the title selection from the aforementioned album, and it continued her association with writer/producer Tony Hatch and songwriter Jackie Trent. However, "A Sign of the Times" had a more percussive sound than had been evident on Clark's previous singles, or than would become evident on her later ones.[1][2][3][4] Clark discussed the song with Carl Wiser for Songfacts.com in 2013. "I loved it. It had a slightly different feel. 'A Sign of the Times,' I suppose you might expect some big political statement or something, but it was just a straight-ahead love song. I think Tony rather liked finding titles that made you think, like 'Don't Sleep in the Subway.' People would think, is it about drugs? Is it about this? And these were just straightforward songs. I like 'Sign of the Times.' I think it's a good song."
Contents
[hide]
1 Single and chart performance
1.1 Live CD
1.2 Notable reuse
1.3 2001 hoax regarding alleged "banning"
2 Other versions
3 References
Single and chart performance[edit]
The song was recorded at the Pye Studios in Marble Arch in a session which featured guitarist Big Jim Sullivan and the Breakaways vocal group.
Clark introduced "A Sign of the Times" on The Ed Sullivan Show broadcast of 27 February 1966. The single would debut on the Billboard Hot 100 dated 26 March 1966 and reached its peak of #11 that 23 April. It peaked at #2 on Billboard's "Easy Listening" survey.
Beginning with her American breakout, "Downtown," Clark's singles had all had higher chart peaks in the US than in the UK. (The 1966 #23 UK hit "You're the One" was not released in the US.) "A Sign of the Times" became the most extreme example of this discrepancy by spending only one week – that of 23 April 1966 – in the UK Top 50 at #49. Although this trend was reversed with Clark's next single: "I Couldn't Live Without Your Love" (UK #6/US #9), Clark's last two 1966 single releases: "Who Am I?" (US #21) and "Colour My World" (US #16) both failed to rank in the UK Top 50.
"A Sign of the Times" was a hit in Australia (#11) and South Africa (#2).
Live CD[edit]
"A Sign of the Times" also served as the title cut for a live CD by Petula Clark released by Varèse Sarabande 13 November 2001 comprising footage from her concert dates at Chrysler Hall in Norfolk, Virginia on 20 and 21 May 2001 featuring guests Richard Carpenter and Lou Rawls.
Track listing:
"A Sign Of The Times"
"I’m Not Afraid"
"At Last" (with Lou Rawls)
"Downtown"
"I Dreamed A Dream"
"Don’t Give Up"
"I Need To Be In Love" (with Richard Carpenter)
"The Wedding Song (There Is Love)"
"With One Look"
"Celebrate"
"I Couldn’t Live Without Your Love" (with Lou Rawls and Richard Carpenter)
"Here For You"
"Look For The Silver Lining"
"Vivre" (Notre Dame de Paris)

Notable reuse[edit]
The Chrysler Hall engagement was also broadcast by PBS as the television special Petula Clark: A Sign of the Times which – augmented with archive footage from Clark's career – was released on DVD 26 March 2002.
In 1969 B.F. Goodrich utilized the tune to "A Sign of the Times" for TV commercials advertising radial tires: the lyric was adjusted from "It's a sign of the times" to "It's the radial age".
In 1986, "A Sign of the Times" was played in the video documentary An Amazin' Era: The New York Mets. The song was heard over footage of Mets fans carrying banners with messages on them.
In 1999 Target department store ran a series of television commercials featuring "A Sign of the Times." The song's use as a jingle for Target was masterminded by the company's marketing director John Pellegrene who had been responsible for "A Sign of the Times" being used in the 1960s B.F. Goodrich ad campaign.[5]
A brief clip of "A Sign of the Times" was used on Dickie Goodman's 1966 novelty record Batman and his Grandmother.
2001 hoax regarding alleged "banning"[edit]
Main article: 2001 Clear Channel memorandum
In 2001, the radio giant Clear Channel Communications listed "A Sign of the Times" on an advisory list of records that stations might voluntarily choose to avoid playing—on a temporary basis—in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks, the title possibly being construed to refer to a portent of the end of the world. Though some outlets falsely characterized this as a list of "banned" records, Clear Channel maintained that they had not banned any songs from any stations. The New York Times said that stations could and did choose to disregard the list.[6]
Other versions[edit]
An instrumental version by King Richard's Fluegel Knights was an Easy Listening hit reaching #19 on the Easy Listening chart in Billboard magazine in September 1966. King Richard's Fluegel Knights was a session group led by Bob Thompson and Richard Behrke.
Michèle Richard (fr) recorded a French rendering of the song: "Si Tu Prenais Le Temps" (English translation: "If You Took the Time"), for her 1966 album Action '66.
Jazz guitarist Joe Pass recorded a version on his 1966 album A Sign of the Times.

References[edit]
Jump up ^ Simon Frith Popular music. Vol. 4: Music and identity 2004- Page 287 ".."Who Am I?" was the fourth in a remarkable series of songs which established the American career of Petula Clark. Released in 1966 and preceded the year before by "Sign of the Times" and "My Love," it laid to rest any uncharitable notion ..."
Jump up ^ Paul Simpson The Rough guide to cult pop 2003- Page 133 "Much of the other pop he produced and/or co-wrote is listenable, though some is risible. Many songs, like Petula Clark's Sign Of The Times, are almost too infectious. The hook is ruthless, the backing so bright and breezy you almost forget it's ..."
Jump up ^ Billboard 22 Oct 1966 - Page 15 SIGN OF THE TIMES-Petula Clark, Warner Bros. 5802
Jump up ^ Georges Leroux Partita for Glenn Gould: An Inquiry Into the Nature of Genius 2010 Page 221 "It was in a truck stop along Highway 17 that Gould discovered Petula Clark's songs: first “Who Am I?,” then “Sign of the Times,” “My Love,” and finally “Downtown.” He stayed in a motel in Marathon and listened to them all. I am attracted to this ..."
Jump up ^ Rowley, Laura (2003). On Target: how the world's hottest retailer hit a bull's-eye. Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Inc. p. 57. ISBN 0-471-25067-8.
Jump up ^ Mikkelson, David (March 29, 2011). "Clear Channel Banned Songs". Snopes.com. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
[hide]
v
t
e
Petula Clark
Discography
Albums
Downtown
I Know a Place
The International Hits
My Love
I Couldn't Live Without Your Love
Petula Clark's Hit Parade
Colour My World
These Are My Songs
The Other Man's Grass Is Always Greener
Petula
Then & Now: The Very Best of Petula Clark
Singles
"The Little Shoemaker"
"Suddenly There's a Valley"
"With All My Heart"
"Alone (Why Must I Be Alone)"
"Sailor"
"Romeo"
"Dance On"
"Downtown"
"Anyone Who Had a Heart"
"I Know a Place"
"Round Every Corner"
"You're the One"
"My Love"
"A Sign of the Times"
"I Couldn't Live Without Your Love"
"Who Am I"
"Colour My World"
"This Is My Song"
"The Last Waltz"
"Don't Sleep in the Subway"
"The Cat in the Window (The Bird in the Sky)"
"The Other Man's Grass Is Always Greener"
"Kiss Me Goodbye"
"Happy Heart"
"I Don't Know How to Love Him"
"My Guy"
"Wedding Song (There Is Love)"
"The Old Fashioned Way"
"Don't Cry for Me Argentina"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sign_of_the_Times_(Petula_Clark_song)&oldid=785882585"
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1966 singles
Pye Records singles
Songs written by Tony Hatch
Songs written by Jackie Trent
1966 songs
Song recordings produced by Tony Hatch
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I'd Be Better Off (In a Pine Box)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"I'd Be Better Off (In a Pine Box)"
Single by Doug Stone
from the album Doug Stone
B-side
"It's a Good Thing I Don't Love You Anymore"[1]
Released
February 1, 1990[2]
Format
CD Single, Cassingle, 7" single
Recorded
1989
Genre
Country
Length
3:20
Label
Epic 73895
Songwriter(s)
Johnny MacRae, Steve Clark
Producer(s)
Doug Johnson
Doug Stone singles chronology
"I'd Be Better Off (In a Pine Box)"
(1990) "Fourteen Minutes Old"
(1990)
"I'd Be Better Off (In a Pine Box)'"
(1990) "Fourteen Minutes Old"
(1990)
"I'd Be Better Off (In a Pine Box)" is the title of a debut single written by Johnny MacRae and Steve Clark, and recorded by American country music artist Doug Stone. It was released in February 1990 as the first single from his self titled debut album. It peaked at #4 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and #5 on The Canadian RPM Tracks chart. It was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Content
2 Music video
3 Critical reception
4 Chart performance
4.1 Year-end charts
5 References
Content[edit]
In this song, the narrator says he would rather be dead or imprisoned than live without his lover.
Music video[edit]
The music video was directed by directing duo Deaton-Flanigen. The video features Stone singing the song in a motel room, with him hitchhiking for a ride. At the end of the video, it shows his former lover getting married to another man. As Stone walks away, the woman takes a glance at him as the limo that she and her new husband is in leaves the church.
Critical reception[edit]
Brian Mansfield of Allmusic praised the song by calling it "a towering expression of self-pity that most singers could spend a career trying to top".[3]
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1990)
Peak
position
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[4] 5
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[5] 4
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1990)
Position
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[6] 65
US Country Songs (Billboard)[7] 34
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 405. ISBN 0-89820-177-2.
Jump up ^ AOL Music Profile for "I'd Be Better Off (In a Pine Box)"
Jump up ^ Mansfield, Brian. "Doug Stone". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 7924." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. June 9, 1990. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Doug Stone – Chart history" Billboard Hot Country Songs for Doug Stone.
Jump up ^ "RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1990". RPM. December 22, 1990. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best of 1990: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 1990. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
[hide]
v
t
e
Doug Stone
Studio albums
Doug Stone
I Thought It Was You
From the Heart
The First Christmas
More Love
Faith in Me, Faith in You
Make Up in Love
The Long Way
In a Different Light
My Turn
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits, Vol. 1
Super Hits
Live at Billy Bob's Texas
Notable singles
"I'd Be Better Off (In a Pine Box)"
"Fourteen Minutes Old"
"These Lips Don't Know How to Say Goodbye"
"In a Different Light"
"I Thought It Was You"
"A Jukebox with a Country Song"
"Come In Out of the Pain"
"Warning Labels"
"Too Busy Being in Love"
"Made for Lovin' You"
"Why Didn't I Think of That"
"I Never Knew Love"
"Addicted to a Dollar"
"More Love"
"Little Houses"
"Faith in Me, Faith in You"
"Born in the Dark"
"Make Up in Love"
"Take a Letter Maria"
Related articles
Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27d_Be_Better_Off_(In_a_Pine_Box)&oldid=765952772"
Categories:
1990 singles
Doug Stone songs
Debut singles
Music videos directed by Deaton-Flanigen Productions
Epic Records singles
Song recordings produced by Doug Johnson (record producer)
1990 songs
Songs written by Johnny MacRae
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Binomial nomenclature
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Latin name" redirects here. For personal names in the Roman Empire, see Roman naming conventions.
Binomial nomenclature, also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen, binominal name or a scientific name; more informally it is also called a Latin name. The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs; the second part – the specific name or specific epithet – identifies the species within the genus. For example, humans belong to the genus Homo and within this genus to the species Homo sapiens. Tyrannosaurus rex is probably the most widely known binomial.[1] The formal introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work Species Plantarum in 1753.[2] But Gaspard Bauhin, in as early as 1623, had introduced in his book Pinax theatri botanici (English, Illustrated exposition of plants) many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus.[3]
The application of binomial nomenclature is now governed by various internationally agreed codes of rules, of which the two most important are the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) for animals and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). Although the general principles underlying binomial nomenclature are common to these two codes, there are some differences, both in the terminology they use and in their precise rules.
In modern usage, the first letter of the first part of the name, the genus, is always capitalized in writing, while that of the second part is not, even when derived from a proper noun such as the name of a person or place. Similarly, both parts are italicized when a binomial name occurs in normal text (or underlined in handwriting). Thus the binomial name of the annual phlox (named after botanist Thomas Drummond) is now written as Phlox drummondii.
In scientific works, the "authority" for a binomial name is usually given, at least when it is first mentioned, and the date of publication may be specified.
In zoology
"Patella vulgata Linnaeus, 1758". The name "Linnaeus" tells the reader who it was that first published a description and name for this species of limpet; 1758 is the date of the publication in which the original description can be found (in this case the 10th edition of the book Systema Naturae).
"Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)". The original name given by Linnaeus was Fringilla domestica; the parentheses indicate that the species is now considered to belong in a different genus. The ICZN does not require that the name of the person who changed the genus be given, nor the date on which the change was made, although nomenclatorial catalogs usually include such information.
In botany
"Amaranthus retroflexus L." – "L." is the standard abbreviation used in botany for "Linnaeus".
"Hyacinthoides italica (L.) Rothm. – Linnaeus first named this bluebell species Scilla italica; Rothmaler transferred it to the genus Hyacinthoides; the ICN does not require that the dates of either publication be specified.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 History
3 Value
4 Problems
5 Relationship to classification and taxonomy
6 Derivation of binomial names
7 Codes
8 Writing binomial names
8.1 Authority
9 Other ranks
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 Bibliography
14 External links
Origin[edit]
The name is composed of two word-forming elements: "bi", a Latin prefix for two, and "nomial", which is a noun commonly used in mathematics to define a name or term.
History[edit]
See also: Biological classification: Early systems
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), a Swedish botanist, invented the modern system of binomial nomenclature
Prior to the adoption of the modern binomial system of naming species, a scientific name consisted of a generic name combined with a specific name that was from one to several words long. Together they formed a system of polynomial nomenclature.[4] These names had two separate functions. First, to designate or label the species, and second, to be a diagnosis or description; however these two goals were eventually found to be incompatible.[5] In a simple genus, containing only two species, it was easy to tell them apart with a one-word genus and a one-word specific name; but as more species were discovered the names necessarily became longer and unwieldy, for instance Plantago foliis ovato-lanceolatus pubescentibus, spica cylindrica, scapo tereti ("Plantain with pubescent ovate-lanceolate leaves, a cylindric spike and a terete scape"), which we know today as Plantago media.
Such "polynomial names" may sometimes look like binomials, but are significantly different. For example, Gerard's herbal (as amended by Johnson) describes various kinds of spiderwort: "The first is called Phalangium ramosum, Branched Spiderwort; the second, Phalangium non ramosum, Unbranched Spiderwort. The other ... is aptly termed Phalangium Ephemerum Virginianum, Soon-Fading Spiderwort of Virginia".[6] The Latin phrases are short descriptions, rather than identifying labels.
The Bauhins, in particular Caspar Bauhin (1560–1624), took some important steps towards the binomial system, by pruning the Latin descriptions, in many cases to two words.[7] The adoption by biologists of a system of strictly binomial nomenclature is due to Swedish botanist and physician Carl von Linné, more commonly known by his Latinized name Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778). It was in his 1753 Species Plantarum that he first began consistently using a one-word "trivial name" together with a generic name in a system of binomial nomenclature.[8] This trivial name is what is now known as a specific epithet (ICN) or specific name (ICZN).[8] The Bauhins' genus names were retained in many of these, but the descriptive part was reduced to a single word.
Linnaeus's trivial names introduced an important new idea, namely that the function of a name could simply be to give a species a unique label. This meant that the name no longer need be descriptive; for example both parts could be derived from the names of people. Thus Gerard's phalangium ephemerum virginianum became Tradescantia virginiana, where the genus name honoured John Tradescant the younger,[note 1] an English botanist and gardener.[9] A bird in the parrot family was named Psittacus alexandri, meaning "Alexander's parrot", after Alexander the Great whose armies introduced eastern parakeets to Greece.[10] Linnaeus' trivial names were much easier to remember and use than the parallel polynomial names and eventually replaced them.[2]
Value[edit]
The value of the binomial nomenclature system derives primarily from its economy, its widespread use, and the uniqueness and stability of names it generally favors:
Economy. Compared to the polynomial system which it replaced, a binomial name is shorter and easier to remember.[2] It corresponds to the widespread system of family name plus given name(s) used to name people in many cultures.[7]
Widespread use. The binomial system of nomenclature is governed by international codes and is used by biologists worldwide.[11] A few binomials have also entered common speech, such as Homo sapiens, E. coli, and Tyrannosaurus rex.
Uniqueness. Provided that taxonomists agree as to the limits of a species, it can have only one name that is correct under the appropriate nomenclature code, generally the earliest published if two or more names are accidentally assigned to a species.[12] However, establishing that two names actually refer to the same species and then determining which has priority can be difficult, particularly if the species was named by biologists from different countries. Therefore, a species may have more than one regularly used name; all but one of these names are "synonyms".[13]
Stability. Although stability is far from absolute, the procedures associated with establishing binomial names, such as the principle of priority, tend to favor stability.[14] For example, when species are transferred between genera (as not uncommonly happens as a result of new knowledge), if possible the second part of the binomial is kept the same. Thus there is disagreement among botanists as to whether the genera Chionodoxa and Scilla are sufficiently different for them to be kept separate. Those who keep them separate give the plant commonly grown in gardens in Europe the name Chionodoxa siehei; those who do not give it the name Scilla siehei.[15] The siehei element is constant. Similarly if what were previously thought to be two distinct species are demoted to a lower rank, such as subspecies, where possible the second part of the binomial name is retained as the third part of the new name. Thus the Tenerife robin may be treated as a different species from the European robin, in which case its name is Erithacus superbus, or as only a subspecies, in which case its name is Erithacus rubecula superbus.[16] The superbus element of the name is constant.
Problems[edit]
Binomial nomenclature for species has the effect that when a species is moved from one genus to another, sometimes the specific name or epithet must be changed as well. This may happen because the specific name is already used in the new genus, or to agree in gender with the new genus. Some biologists have argued for the combination of the genus name and specific epithet into a single unambiguous name, or for the use of uninomials (as used in nomenclature of ranks above species).[17]
Because binomials are unique only within a kingdom, it is possible for two or more species to share the same binomial if they occur in different kingdoms. At least five instances of such binomial duplication occur.[18]
Relationship to classification and taxonomy[edit]
Nomenclature (including binomial nomenclature) is not the same as classification, although the two are related. Classification is the ordering of items into groups based on similarities or differences; in biological classification, species are one of the kinds of item to be classified.[19] In principle, the names given to species could be completely independent of their classification. This is not the case for binomial names, since the first part of a binomial is the name of the genus into which the species is placed. Above the rank of genus, binomial nomenclature and classification are partly independent; for example, a species retains its binomial name if it is moved from one family to another or from one order to another, unless it better fits a different genus in the same or different family, or it is split from its old genus and placed in a newly created genus. The independence is only partial since the names of families and other higher taxa are usually based on genera.[citation needed]
Taxonomy includes both nomenclature and classification. Its first stages (sometimes called "alpha taxonomy") are concerned with finding, describing and naming species of living or fossil organisms.[20] Binomial nomenclature is thus an important part of taxonomy as it is the system by which species are named. Taxonomists are also concerned with classification, including its principles, procedures and rules.[21]
Derivation of binomial names[edit]
See also: List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names
A complete binomial name is always treated grammatically as if it were a phrase in the Latin language (hence the common use of the term "Latin name" for a binomial name). However, the two parts of a binomial name can each be derived from a number of sources, of which Latin is only one. These include:
Latin, either classical or medieval. Thus, both parts of the binomial name Homo sapiens are Latin words, meaning "wise" (sapiens) "human/man" (Homo).
Classical Greek. The genus Rhododendron was named by Linnaeus from the Greek word ῥοδόδενδρον, itself derived from rhodon, "rose", and dendron, "tree".[22][23] Greek words are often converted to a Latinized form. Thus coca (the plant from which cocaine is obtained) has the name Erythroxylum coca. Erythroxylum is derived from the Greek words erythros, red, and xylon, wood.[24] The Greek neuter ending -ον (-on) is often converted to the Latin neuter ending -um.[note 2]
Other languages. The second part of the name Erythroxylum coca is derived from kuka, the name of the plant in Aymara and Quechua.[25][26] Since many dinosaur fossils were found in Mongolia, their names often use Mongolian words, e.g. Tarchia from tarkhi, meaning "brain", or Saichania meaning "beautiful one".
Names of people (often naturalists or biologists). The name Magnolia campbellii commemorates two people: Pierre Magnol, a French botanist, and Archibald Campbell, a doctor in British India.[27]
Names of places. The lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, is widespread in the United States.[28]
Other sources. Some binominal names have been constructed from anagrams or other re-orderings of existing names. Thus the name of the genus Muilla is derived by reversing the name Allium.[29] Names may also be derived from jokes or puns. For example, Ratcliffe described a number of species of Rhinoceros beetle, including Cyclocephala nodanotherwon.[30]
The first part of the name, which identifies the genus, must be a word which can be treated as a Latin singular noun in the nominative case. It must be unique within each kingdom, but can be repeated between kingdoms. Thus Huia recurvata is an extinct species of plant, found as fossils in Yunnan, China,[31] whereas Huia masonii is a species of frog found in Java, Indonesia.[32]
The second part of the name, which identifies the species within the genus, is also treated grammatically as a Latin word. It can have one of a number of forms.
The second part of a binomial may be an adjective. The adjective must agree with the genus name in gender. Latin has three genders, masculine, feminine and neuter, shown by varying endings to nouns and adjectives. The house sparrow has the binomial name Passer domesticus. Here domesticus ("domestic") simply means "associated with the house". The sacred bamboo is Nandina domestica[33] rather than Nandina domesticus, since Nandina is feminine whereas Passer is masculine. The tropical fruit langsat is a product of the plant Lansium parasiticum, since Lansium is neuter. Some common endings for Latin adjectives in the three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) are -us, -a, -um (as in the previous example of domesticus); -is, -is, -e (e.g. tristis, meaning "sad"); and -or, -or, -us (e.g. minor, meaning "smaller"). For further information, see Latin declension: Adjectives.
The second part of a binomial may be a noun in the nominative case. An example is the binomial name of the lion, which is Panthera leo. Grammatically the noun is said to be in apposition to the genus name and the two nouns do not have to agree in gender; in this case, Panthera is feminine and leo is masculine.
The second part of a binomial may be a noun in the genitive (possessive) case. The genitive case is constructed in a number of ways in Latin, depending on the declension of the noun. Common endings for masculine and neuter nouns are -ii or -i in the singular and -orum in the plural, and for feminine nouns -ae in the singular and -arum in the plural. The noun may be part of a person's name, often the surname, as in the Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsonii, the shrub Magnolia hodgsonii, or the olive-backed pipit Anthus hodgsoni. The meaning is "of the person named", so that Magnolia hodgsonii means "Hodgson's magnolia". The -ii or -i endings show that in each case Hodgson was a man (not the same one); had Hodgson been a woman, hodgsonae would have been used. The person commemorated in the binomial name is not usually (if ever) the person who created the name; for example Anthus hodgsoni was named by Charles Wallace Richmond, in honour of Hodgson. Rather than a person, the noun may be related to a place, as with Latimeria chalumnae, meaning "of the Chalumna River". Another use of genitive nouns is in, for example, the name of the bacterium Escherichia coli, where coli means "of the colon". This formation is common in parasites, as in Xenos vesparum, where vesparum means "of the wasps", since Xenos vesparum is a parasite of wasps.
Whereas the first part of a binomial name must be unique within a kingdom, the second part is quite commonly used in two or more genera (as is shown by examples of hodgsonii above). The full binomial name must be unique within a kingdom.
Codes[edit]
From the early 19th century onwards it became ever more apparent that a body of rules was necessary to govern scientific names. In the course of time these became nomenclature codes. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) governs the naming of animals,[34] the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) that of plants (including cyanobacteria), and the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) that of bacteria (including Archaea). Virus names are governed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), a taxonomic code, which determines taxa as well as names. These codes differ in certain ways, e.g.:
"Binomial nomenclature" is the correct term for botany,[35] although it is also used by zoologists.[36] Since 1953, "binominal nomenclature" is the technically correct term in zoology. A binominal name is also called a binomen (plural binomina).[37]
Both codes consider the first part of the two-part name for a species to be the "generic name". In the zoological code (ICZN), the second part of the name is a "specific name". In the botanical code (ICN), it is a "specific epithet". Together, these two parts are referred to as a "species name" or "binomen" in the zoological code; or "species name", "binomial", or "binary combination" in the botanical code. "Species name" is the only term common to the two codes.
The ICN, the plant Code, does not allow the two parts of a binomial name to be the same (such a name is called a tautonym), whereas the ICZN, the animal Code, does. Thus the American bison has the binomial Bison bison; a name of this kind would not be allowed for a plant.
The starting points, the time from which these codes are in effect (retroactively), vary from group to group. In botany the starting point will often be in 1753 (the year Carl Linnaeus first published Species Plantarum). In zoology the starting point is 1758 (1 January 1758 is considered the date of the publication of Linnaeus's Systema Naturae, 10th Edition, and also Clerck's Aranei Svecici). Bacteriology started anew, with a starting point on 1 January 1980.[38]
Summary of terminology for the names of species in the ICZN and ICN
Code
Full name
First part
Second part
ICZN species name, binomen, binominal name generic name, genus name specific name
ICN species name, binary combination, binomial (name) generic name specific epithet
Unifying the different codes into a single code, the "BioCode", has been suggested, although implementation is not in sight. (There is also a code in development for a different system of classification which does not use ranks, but instead names clades. This is called the PhyloCode.)
Writing binomial names[edit]
By tradition, the binomial names of species are usually typeset in italics; for example, Homo sapiens.[39] Generally, the binomial should be printed in a font style different from that used in the normal text; for example, "Several more Homo sapiens fossils were discovered." When handwritten, a binomial name should be underlined; for example, Homo sapiens.[40]
The first part of the binomial, the genus name, is always written with an initial capital letter. In current usage, the second part is never written with an initial capital.[41][42] Older sources, particularly botanical works published before the 1950s, use a different convention. If the second part of the name is derived from a proper noun, e.g. the name of a person or place, a capital letter was used. Thus the modern form Berberis darwinii was written as Berberis Darwinii. A capital was also used when the name is formed by two nouns in apposition, e.g. Panthera Leo or Centaurea Cyanus.[43][note 3]
When used with a common name, the scientific name often follows in parentheses, although this varies with publication.[44] For example, "The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is decreasing in Europe."
The binomial name should generally be written in full. The exception to this is when several species from the same genus are being listed or discussed in the same paper or report, or the same species is mentioned repeatedly; in which case the genus is written in full when it is first used, but may then be abbreviated to an initial (and a period/full stop).[45] For example, a list of members of the genus Canis might be written as "Canis lupus, C. aureus, C. simensis". In rare cases, this abbreviated form has spread to more general use; for example, the bacterium Escherichia coli is often referred to as just E. coli, and Tyrannosaurus rex is perhaps even better known simply as T. rex, these two both often appearing in this form in popular writing even where the full genus name has not already been given.
The abbreviation "sp." is used when the actual specific name cannot or need not be specified. The abbreviation "spp." (plural) indicates "several species". These abbreviations are not italicised (or underlined).[46] For example: "Canis sp." means "an unspecified species of the genus Canis", while "Canis spp." means "two or more species of the genus Canis". (The abbreviations "sp." and "spp." can easily be confused with the abbreviations "ssp." (zoology) or "subsp." (botany), plurals "sspp." or "subspp.", referring to one or more subspecies. See trinomen (zoology) and infraspecific name.)
The abbreviation "cf." (i.e. confer in Latin) is used to compare individuals/taxa with known/described species. Conventions for use of the "cf." qualifier vary.[47] In paleontology, it is typically used when the identification is not confirmed.[48] For example, "Corvus cf. nasicus" was used to indicate "a fossil bird similar to the Cuban crow but not certainly identified as this species".[49] In molecular systematics papers, "cf." may be used to indicate one or more undescribed species assumed related to a described species. For example, in a paper describing the phylogeny of small benthic freshwater fish called darters, five undescribed putative species (Ozark, Sheltowee, Wildcat, Ihiyo, and Mamequit darters), notable for brightly colored nuptial males with distinctive color patterns,[50] were referred to as "Etheostoma cf. spectabile" because they had been viewed as related to, but distinct from, Etheostoma spectabile (orangethroat darter).[51] This view was supported in varying degrees by DNA analysis. The somewhat informal use of taxa names with qualifying abbreviations is referred to as open nomenclature and it is not subject to strict usage codes.
In some contexts the dagger symbol ("†") may be used before or after the binomial name to indicate that the species is extinct.
Authority[edit]
Main articles: Author citation (zoology) and Author citation (botany)
In scholarly texts, at least the first or main use of the binomial name is usually followed by the "authority" – a way of designating the scientist(s) who first published the name. The authority is written in slightly different ways in zoology and botany. For names governed by the ICZN the surname is usually written in full together with the date (normally only the year) of publication. The ICZN recommends that the "original author and date of a name should be cited at least once in each work dealing with the taxon denoted by that name."[52] For names governed by the ICN the name is generally reduced to a standard abbreviation and the date omitted. The International Plant Names Index maintains an approved list of botanical author abbreviations. Historically, abbreviations were used in zoology too.
When the original name is changed, e.g. the species is moved to a different genus, both Codes use parentheses around the original authority; the ICN also requires the person who made the change to be given. Some examples:
(Plant) Amaranthus retroflexus L. – "L." is the standard abbreviation for "Linnaeus"; the absence of parentheses shows that this is his original name.
(Plant) Hyacinthoides italica (L.) Rothm. – Linnaeus first named the Italian bluebell Scilla italica; Rothmaler transferred it to the genus Hyacinthoides.
(Animal) Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) – the original name given by Linnaeus was Fringilla domestica; unlike the ICN, the ICZN does not require the name of the person who changed the genus to be given.
Other ranks[edit]
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Main articles: Biological nomenclature, Trinomial nomenclature, and Infraspecific name (botany)
Binomial nomenclature, as described here, is a system for naming species. Implicitly it includes a system for naming genera, since the first part of the name of the species is a genus name. In a classification system based on ranks there are also ways of naming ranks above the level of genus and below the level of species. Ranks above genus (e.g., family, order, class) receive one-part names, which are conventionally not written in italics. Thus the house sparrow, Passer domesticus, belongs to the family Passeridae. Family names are normally based on genus names, although the endings used differ between zoology and botany.
Ranks below species receive three-part names, conventionally written in italics like the names of species. There are significant differences between the ICZN and the ICN. In zoology, the only rank below species is subspecies and the name is written simply as three parts (a trinomen). Thus one of the subspecies of the olive-backed pipit is Anthus hodgsoni berezowskii. In botany, there are many ranks below species and although the name itself is written in three parts, a "connecting term" (not part of the name) is needed to show the rank. Thus the American black elder is Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis; the white-flowered form of the ivy-leaved cyclamen is Cyclamen hederifolium f. albiflorum.
See also[edit]
Animals portal
Biology portal
Evolutionary biology portal
Plants portal
Science portal
Glossary of scientific naming
Botanical name
Hybrid name (botany)
List of botanists by author abbreviation
List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names
List of zoologists by author abbreviation
Scientific terminology
Species description
Undescribed taxon
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Some sources say that both John Tradescant the younger and his father, John Tradescant the elder, were intended by Linnaeus.
Jump up ^ The ending "-on" may derive from the neuter Greek ending -ον, as in Rhodoxylon floridum, or the masculine Greek ending -ων, as in Rhodochiton atrosanguineus.
Jump up ^ The modern notation was resisted by some, partly because writing names like Centaurea cyanus can suggest that cyanus is an adjective which should agree with Centaurea, i.e. that the name should be Centaurea cyana, whereas Cyanus is derived from the Greek name for the cornflower. See Gilbert-Carter, H. (1955), Glossary of the British Flora (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, OCLC 559413416 , p. xix.
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Isaak, Mark, Curiosities of Biological Nomenclature: Puns, archived from the original on 17 June 2011, retrieved 17 June 2011
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Jump up ^ Hyam & Pankhurst 1995, p. 334
Jump up ^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999), International Code of Zoological Nomenclature online (4th ed.), The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, ISBN 978-0-85301-006-7, retrieved 20 June 2011
Jump up ^ McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG. ISBN 978-3-87429-425-6. , Article 23
Jump up ^ Schmidt, Diane (2003), Guide to reference and information sources in the zoological sciences, Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited, ISBN 978-1-56308-977-0 , p. 4
Jump up ^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999, Chap. 2, Article 5
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Jump up ^ Johnson & Smith 1972, p. 23
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Jump up ^ Orihuela, J. (2013). "Fossil Cuban crow Corvus cf. nasicus from a late Quaternary cave deposit in northern Matanzas, Cuba". Journal of Caribbean Ornithology. 26: 12–16. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
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Bibliography[edit]
Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R.J. (1995), Plants and their names : a concise dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-866189-4
External links[edit]
Curiosities of Biological Nomenclature
NCBI Taxonomy Database
Crinan, Alexander, ed. (2007), Plant Names : A Guide for Horticulturists, Nurserymen, Gardeners and Students (PDF), Horticultural Taxonomy Group, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, retrieved 4 June 2013
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