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Maltose
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Maltose

α-Maltose

β-Maltose
Names
IUPAC name
2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyox ane-3,4,5-triol
Other names
4-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose
Identifiers
CAS Number
69-79-4 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:17306 Y
ChEMBL
ChEMBL1234209 N
ChemSpider
388329 α-maltose Y
6019 β-maltose Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.651
EC Number 200-716-5
PubChem CID
6255
UNII
66Y63L379N Y
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-3-5(15)6(16)9(19)12(22-3)23-10-4(2-14)21-11(20)8(18)7(10)17/h3-20H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5-,6+,7-,8-,9-,10-,11?,12-/m1/s1 Y
Key: GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-PICCSMPSSA-N Y
InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-3-5(15)6(16)9(19)12(22-3)23-10-4(2-14)21-11(20)8(18)7(10)17/h3-20H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5-,6+,7-,8-,9-,10-,11?,12-/m1/s1
Key: GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-PICCSMPSSA-N
SMILES[show]
O([C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]1CO)[C@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)CO
Properties[1]
Chemical formula
C12H22O11
Molar mass 342.30 g·mol−1
Appearance White powder or crystals
Density 1.54 g/cm3
Melting point 160 to 165 °C (320 to 329 °F; 433 to 438 K) (anhydrous)
102–103 °C (monohydrate)
Solubility in water
1.080 g/mL (20 °C)
Chiral rotation ([α]D)
+140.7° (H2O, c = 10)
Hazards
Safety data sheet External MSDS
Related compounds
Related
Sucrose
Lactose
Trehalose
Cellobiose
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is Y N ?)
Infobox references
Amylase reaction consisting of hydrolyzing amylose, producing maltose
Maltose (/ˈmɔːltoʊs/[2] or /ˈmɔːltoʊz/[3]), also known as maltobiose or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond. In the isomer isomaltose, the two glucose molecules are joined with an α(1→6) bond. Maltose is the two-unit member of the amylose homologous series, the key structural motif of starch. When beta-amylase breaks down starch, it removes two glucose units at a time, producing maltose. An example of this reaction is found in germinating seeds, which is why it was named after malt.[4] Unlike sucrose, it is a reducing sugar.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Structure and nomenclature
3 Properties
4 Sources and absorption
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Maltose was discovered by Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut, although this discovery was not widely accepted until it was confirmed in 1872 by Irish chemist and brewer Cornelius O'Sullivan.[5][6] Its name comes from malt, combined with the suffix '-ose' which is used in names of sugars and other carbohydrates.[4]
Structure and nomenclature[edit]
Maltose is a disaccharide: the carbohydrates are generally divided into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides depending on the number of sugar subunits. Maltose, with two sugar units, is an oligosaccharide, specifically a disaccharide, because it consists of two glucose molecules. Glucose is a hexose: a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms. The two glucose units are in the pyranose form and are joined by an O-glycosidic bond, with the first carbon (C1) of the first glucose linked to the fourth carbon (C4) of the second glucose, indicated as (1 → 4). The link is characterized as α because the glycosidic bond to the anomeric carbon (C1) is in the opposite plane from the CH
2OH substituent in the same ring (C6 of the first glucose). If the glycosidic bond to the anomeric carbon (C1) were in the same plane as the CH
2OH substituent, it would be classified as a β(1 → 4) bond, and the resulting molecule would be cellobiose. The anomeric carbon (C1) of the second glucose molecule, which is not involved in a glycosidic bond, could be either an α- or β-anomer depending on the bond direction of the attached hydroxyl group relative to the CH
2OH substituent of the same ring, resulting in either α-maltose or β-maltose.
An isomer of maltose is isomaltose. This is similar to maltose but instead of a bond in the α(1 → 4) position, it is in the α(1 → 6) position, the same bond that is found at the branch points of glycogen and amylopectin.
Properties[edit]
Like glucose, maltose is a reducing sugar, because the ring of one of the two glucose units can open to present a free aldehyde group; the other one cannot because of the nature of the glycosidic bond. Maltose can be broken down to glucose by the maltase enzyme, which catalyses the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond.
Maltose in aqueous solution exhibits mutarotation, because the α and β isomers that are formed by the different conformations of the anomeric carbon have different specific rotations, and in aqueous solutions, these two forms are in equilibrium.
It has a sweet taste, but is only about 30-60% as sweet as sugar, depending on the concentration.[7] A 10% solution of maltose is 35% as sweet as sucrose.[8]
Sources and absorption[edit]
Maltose syrup
Maltose is a component of malt, a substance which is obtained in the process of allowing grain to soften in water and germinate. It is also present in highly variable quantities in partially hydrolysed starch products like maltodextrin, corn syrup and acid-thinned starch.[9]
In humans, maltose is broken down by various maltase enzymes, providing two glucose molecules which can be further processed: either broken down to provide energy, or stored as glycogen. The lack of the sucrase-isomaltase enzyme in humans causes sucrose intolerance, but because there are four different maltase enzymes, complete maltose intolerance is extremely rare.[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Weast, Robert C., ed. (1981). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (62nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. C-367. ISBN 0-8493-0462-8. .
Jump up ^ Dictionary Reference: maltose
Jump up ^ Cambridge dictionary: maltose
^ Jump up to: a b Stoker, H. Stephen (2015-01-02). Organic and Biological Chemistry. Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781305686458.
^ Jump up to: a b Fruton, Joseph S (1999). Proteins, Enzymes, Genes: The Interplay of Chemistry and Biology. Chelsea, Michigan: Yale University Press. p. 144. ISBN 0300153597. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
Jump up ^ O'Sullivan, Cornelius (1872). "XXI.?On the transformation-products of starch". Journal of the Chemical Society. 25: 579–588. doi:10.1039/JS8722500579. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Belitz, H.-D.; Grosch, Werner; Schieberle, Peter (2009-01-15). Food Chemistry. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 863. ISBN 9783540699330.
Jump up ^ Spillane, W. J. (2006-07-17). Optimising Sweet Taste in Foods. Woodhead Publishing. p. 271. ISBN 9781845691646.
Jump up ^ Furia, Thomas E. (1973-01-02). CRC Handbook of Food Additives, Second Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849305429.
Jump up ^ Whelan, W. J.; Cameron, Margaret P. (2009-09-16). Control of Glycogen Metabolism. John Wiley & Sons. p. 60. ISBN 9780470716885.
External links[edit]
Maltose, Elmhurst College Virtual Chembook
[show]
v
t
e
Types of carbohydrates
General
Aldose
Ketose
Furanose
Pyranose
Geometry
Anomer
Cyclohexane conformation
Mutarotation
Monosaccharides
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Glycolaldehyde
Trioses
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Glyceraldehyde
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Above 7
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Multiple
Disaccharides
Cellobiose
Isomaltose
Isomaltulose
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Maltose
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Melezitose
Raffinose
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oligosaccharides
Acarbose
Fructooligosaccharide (FOS)
Galactooligosaccharide (GOS)
Isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO)
Maltodextrin
Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS)
Polysaccharides
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Oat beta-glucan
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[show]
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List of sugars and sugar products
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Category
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Maltose – Afrikaans
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values: مالتوز – Arabic

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https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltoza
Maltoza – Bosnian
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Maltosa – Catalan
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Maltose – Danish
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Maltose – German
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https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltoos
Maltoos – Estonian
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values: Μαλτόζη – Greek

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Maltosa – Spanish
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Maltozo – Esperanto
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Maltosa – Basque
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values: مالتوز – Persian

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Maltose – French
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Maltosa – Galician
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Maltoza – Croatian
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Maltosa – Indonesian
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Maltosio – Italian
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values: מלטוז – Hebrew

values: Мальтоза – Kazakh

values: Мальтоза – Kyrgyz

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Maltosum – Latin
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Maltoze – Latvian
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Maltose – Portuguese
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Maltose – Scots
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Maltoza – Albanian
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Maltoza – Slovenian
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text:
Bohemian Rhapsody (film)
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Bohemian Rhapsody
British release poster
Directed by
Bryan Singer[a]
Produced by
Graham King
Jim Beach
Robert De Niro
Peter Oberth
Brian May
Roger Taylor
Screenplay by
Anthony McCarten
Story by
Anthony McCarten
Peter Morgan
Starring
Rami Malek
Lucy Boynton
Gwilym Lee
Ben Hardy
Joseph Mazzello
Aidan Gillen
Tom Hollander
Allen Leech
Mike Myers
Music by
John Ottman
Cinematography
Newton Thomas Sigel
Edited by
John Ottman
Production
company
20th Century Fox[2]
New Regency[2]
GK Films[2]
Queen Films[2]
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
24 October 2018 (2018-10-24) (United Kingdom)
2 November 2018 (2018-11-02) (United States)
Running time
106 minutes[3]
Country
United Kingdom[4]
United States[4]
Language
English
Bohemian Rhapsody is an upcoming biographical film about the British rock band Queen, focusing on lead singer Freddie Mercury's life and leading up to Queen's Live Aid performance in 1985. The film is a British and American venture produced by 20th Century Fox, New Regency, GK Films and Queen Films, with Fox serving as its distributor. It was directed by Bryan Singer, written by Anthony McCarten and stars Rami Malek as Mercury, with Lucy Boynton, Gwilym Lee, Ben Hardy, Joseph Mazzello, Aidan Gillen, Tom Hollander, Allen Leech, and Mike Myers in supporting roles. Queen founding members Brian May and Roger Taylor and Queen manager Jim Beach serve as producers.
Principal photography began in London in September 2017 with Singer as director. In December 2017, Singer was fired for absence and clashing with the cast and crew; Dexter Fletcher was hired to complete the film, although Singer will retain sole director credit as per DGA guidelines. Filming concluded in January 2018. The film is scheduled for release in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2018 and in the United States on 2 November 2018.
Contents
1 Cast
2 Crew
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Directing credit
4 Release
4.1 Marketing
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Cast[edit]
Rami Malek as Freddie Mercury, lead vocalist of the rock band Queen[5]
Adam Rauf as young Freddie Mercury
Lucy Boynton as Mary Austin, Mercury's lifelong companion[6]
Gwilym Lee as Brian May, Queen lead guitarist[7]
Ben Hardy as Roger Taylor, Queen drummer[7]
Joseph Mazzello as John Deacon, Queen bass guitarist[7]
Aidan Gillen as John Reid, Queen's second manager[8]
Tom Hollander as Jim Beach, Queen's third manager[8]
Allen Leech as Paul Prenter, Mercury's personal manager[9]
Mike Myers as Ray Foster, an EMI executive[10]
Aaron McCusker as Jim Hutton, Mercury's boyfriend[11]
Dermot Murphy as Bob Geldof
Meneka Das as Jer Bulsara, Mercury's mother
Ace Bhatti as Bomi Bulsara, Mercury's father
Dickie Beau as Kenny Everett
Neil Fox-Roberts as Mr. Austin, Mary's father
Philip Andrew as Reinhold Mack
Matthew Houston as Larry Mullen Jr., the drummer of the Irish rock band U2
Michelle Duncan as Shelley Stern
Crew[edit]
Bryan Singer[a] – director, producer
Jim Beach – producer
Robert De Niro – producer
Richard Hewitt – co-producer
Graham King – producer
Brian May – producer
Roger Taylor – producer
Arnon Milchan – executive producer
Denis O'Sullivan – executive producer
Peter Oberth – producer
Jane Rosenthal – executive producer
Chris Clarke – director of photography
Aaron Haye – production designer
John Ottman – composer, editor
Julian Day – costume designer
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Bohemian Rhapsody was announced in 2010. In a BBC interview published on 17 September 2010, Queen guitarist Brian May spoke about an upcoming film project concerning the history of the band. According to the interview, Sacha Baron Cohen was set to play Freddie Mercury with Graham King as co-producer. King was executive producer of the Muhammad Ali biopic Ali. Peter Morgan, the screenwriter for The Queen and Frost/Nixon, would write the screenplay.[12]
May confirmed in April 2011 that the production was moving forward. He strongly approved of the casting of Baron Cohen, but also had certain reservations about the possible direction the project might take. The band's concerns focused on avoiding any harm to Mercury's legacy.[13] In July 2013, Baron Cohen left the project due to creative differences. Allegedly, he had wished to produce an adult-oriented film, while the band wanted to take a more family-friendly approach.[14] May confirmed later in 2013 that Baron Cohen had left the project on good terms. Comments by May and Roger Taylor suggested that Baron Cohen was too well known as a comedian and prankster (due largely to his fictional personae Ali G and Borat), and that his presence in the film would be distracting.[15]
In March 2016, Baron Cohen spoke about misunderstandings with the surviving members of the band about the intended subject and events of the film, in particular whether the story ought to continue past Mercury's 1991 death. He also mentioned artistic disagreements with the band over the composition of the production team, referring specifically to Morgan, David Fincher, and Tom Hooper.[16]
Following Baron Cohen's departure, in December 2013, Ben Whishaw was mentioned as a possible replacement to play Freddie Mercury. Also at this time, Dexter Fletcher was selected as the film's director.[17] Fletcher removed himself from the project early the following year, amid reports of creative disagreements with King.[18] In August 2014, Whishaw suggested that the film was not progressing well and that there had been scripting problems.[19] Whishaw exited the project seven months later.[20] Rumours followed in 2015 that Baron Cohen had rejoined the project,[20] and also that Whishaw might return.[21]
In November 2015, screenwriter Anthony McCarten had become attached to the project, which now had the working title of Bohemian Rhapsody after the band's song of the same name.[21] A year later, director Bryan Singer was in talks to take over the direction of Bohemian Rhapsody, Rami Malek was cast to play Mercury, and the film was being fast-tracked by 20th Century Fox and New Regency.[22] It was reported elsewhere in 2015 that Johnny Flynn was due to play Roger Taylor, and that Gemma Arterton would play Mercury's partner Mary Austin.[23]
In May 2017, Malek confirmed that he had conducted recordings at Abbey Road Studios and had consulted directly with Taylor and May at Taylor's apartment.[24] The same month, Entertainment Weekly reported that Taylor and May were serving as the film's music producers.[24] By August 2017, Justin Haythe was revealed to have penned another draft of the script.[25]
Casting[edit]
On 4 November 2016, it was announced that Rami Malek would star as Freddie Mercury.[26] On 21 August 2017, additional cast members were announced, including Ben Hardy as drummer Roger Taylor, Gwilym Lee as lead guitarist Brian May, and Joseph Mazzello as bass guitarist John Deacon.[7] On 30 August 2017, it was reported that Allen Leech had been cast in the film to play Mercury's personal manager, Paul Prenter, who worked for him from 1977 to 1986 when he was fired for betraying Mercury by selling his personal information to the UK newspapers.[9]
On 6 September 2017, Lucy Boynton joined the cast of the film to play Mercury's long-term girlfriend, Mary Austin. Lindsey Stirling, Bryce Dallas Howard, Maria Bello and Ashley Johnson were also considered. [6] On 11 September 2017, Mike Myers joined the cast to play EMI executive Ray Foster.[10] On 22 September 2017, Aaron McCusker joined the cast of the film to play Mercury's long-term boyfriend, Jim Hutton.[11] On 26 September 2017, it was announced that Aidan Gillen was cast as John Reid, Queen's second manager, from 1975–1978, who took over from Norman Sheffield of Trident Studios and Tom Hollander is set to play Jim Beach, Queen's third manager, who took over from John Reid in 1978.[citation needed]
Filming[edit]
Pre-production began in July 2017 in the United Kingdom, with principal photography beginning in London in September 2017.[27] An exact replica of the 1985 Live Aid set at Wembley Stadium was created and brought to Bovingdon Airfield near Hemel Hempstead where it was set up for rehearsals on 7 September 2017 with extras on set.[28]
When Malek was contacted about playing Mercury, he had only a casual knowledge of Queen. To become Mercury, Malek had to work many intense sessions with a movement coach (as well as learn to talk with prosthetic teeth). Malek said, "I had to re-create things he did on the fly, onstage. There were many days I said to myself, 'This is a lost cause.'" After finishing the film, Malek said that he became a "Queen super-fan", saying, "I see Freddie as the best performer of all time," ... "I never ceased to be astonished by this man."[29]
While Malek sang some parts in the film, producers inserted vocal stems from Queen songs as well as filling in parts with Marc Martel, a winner of the Queen Extravaganza Live Tour auditions.[29]
On 1 December 2017, The Hollywood Reporter reported that 20th Century Fox had temporarily halted production due to the "unexpected unavailability" of director Bryan Singer, with sources saying that Singer had failed to return to the set after the Thanksgiving week, leaving producers nervous about the state of production and started discussions about potentially replacing him, at which point cinematographer Newton Thomas Sigel had to step in and direct during Singer's non-showings.[30] Singer's absence was reportedly due to "a personal health matter concerning Bryan and his family"[31] however, other sources claimed that star Rami Malek and the crew had grown tired of Singer's behavior, reportedly showing up late to set and repeatedly clashing with Malek.[32] On 4 December 2017, Singer was fired as director, with about two weeks remaining in principal photography.[33] 20th Century Fox terminated his Bad Hat Harry Productions deal with the studio.
On 6 December 2017, Dexter Fletcher was announced as Singer's replacement.[34] On 15 December 2017, the film had resumed filming in and around London after replacing Singer with Fletcher.[35] Fletcher estimated two-thirds of the principal photography had been completed when he joined the production, saying "I came into the last few weeks of principal photography and editing and the bits and pieces like that.... I was looking at two complete [acts] in a good film, and [I had to] not let it down."[36]
On 16 January 2018, Brian May uploaded a photo on his Instagram account on the set of the film and said:
"Today, under the auspices of our new supreme pilot, Dexter Fletcher, I got my own directorial chair! I was very touched. So! My first day on the set of Bohemian Rhapsody the Movie for more than 6 weeks, and the atmosphere is massively warm and joyful. The entire BR company has been through storms which would have sunk many a ship, but they're all still on board, full of optimism – and with a team spirit stronger than ever. There's such a great feeling of pride in this movie. I wish I could show you pictures ! But for now it's good to protect the surprises. The Bohemian Rhapsody ship is on course !! With full steam up ! Bri".[37]
On 29 January 2018, several cast members posted to social media that filming finished.[citation needed]
Directing credit[edit]
According to the Directors Guild of America, only one director can be named for a film, and the DGA has sole control over who that will be.[36][38] Although Dexter Fletcher replaced Bryan Singer on the set before filming was completed, producer Graham King announced in June 2018 that Singer would receive the directing credit on the finished film.[1][39]
Release[edit]
Bohemian Rhapsody is scheduled for release in the United States by 20th Century Fox on 2 November 2018 and United Kingdom on 24 October 2018 in IMAX. The film was previously scheduled for release on 25 December 2018.[40]
Marketing[edit]
The teaser trailer for the film was released on 15 May 2018 and with more than 5 million views in the first 24 hours, it was the top trending video on YouTube.[41] Bryan Fuller argued that the trailer favours Mercury's relationship with women as opposed to his ones with men while also highlighting the absence of the singer's AIDS diagnosis from the synopsis. Instead, it's simply referred to as "a life-threatening illness".[42] Executives have stated that the film will still acknowledge Mercury's gay relationships. With the recent release of the trailer, Queen now has 3 of the top 20 positions on Billboard's Hot Rock Songs chart, including "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Another One Bites the Dust" and "We Are the Champions".[43]
On 11 June 2018, at CineEurope, a showing of the film Bohemian Rhapsody closed the show with appearances by Rami Malek, producer Graham King, and special appearances by Brian May and Roger Taylor, who were playing a concert (Queen + Adam Lambert) in Barcelona.[44]
The second trailer for the film was released on 17 July 2018.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Replaced by Dexter Fletcher near the end of principal photography, but retained his sole director credit in accordance with Directors Guild of America rules.[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Galuppo, Mia (12 June 2018). "Bryan Singer to Get Directing Credit on Queen Biopic 'Bohemian Rhapsody'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Film releases". Variety Insight. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bohemian Rhapsody". AMC Theatres. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bohemian Rhapsody (2018)". AllMovie. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mr Robot star Rami Malek to play Freddie Mercury in Queen biopic". theguardian. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Pedersen, Erik (6 September 2017). "'Bohemian Rhapsody': Lucy Boynton Joins Queen Pic As Mary Austin". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Busch, Anita (21 August 2017). "Queen Pic 'Bohemian Rhapsody' Finds Bandmates In Ben Hardy, Gwilym Lee & Joe Mazzello". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Galuppo, Mia (26 September 2017). "Aidan Gillen, Tom Hollander Join Cast of Queen Biopic 'Bohemian Rhapsody'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Busch, Anita (30 August 2017). "Allen Leech Joins 'Bohemian Rhapsody' As Paul Prenter, Freddy Mercury's Judas". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Jr, Mike Fleming (11 September 2017). "Mike Myers Comes Full Circle With 'Bohemian Rhapsody'".
^ Jump up to: a b Busch, Anita (22 September 2017). "'Bohemian Rhapsody': Aaron McCusker Cast As Freddie Mercury Boyfriend Jim Hutton".
Jump up ^ "Sacha Baron Cohen to play Freddie Mercury". BBC News. 17 September 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sacha Baron Cohen is perfect to play Freddie Mercury but we can't mess up his legacy, says Brian May". dailyrecord.co.uk. 27 April 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Finke, Nikki (22 July 2013). "Sacha Baron Baron Cohen Exits Freddie Mercury Biopic Over Creative Differences With Queen". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Brian May Speaks on Queen Biopic Problems". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sacha Baron Cohen Says David Fincher Eyed Queen Biopic, Producers Wanted Freddie Mercury To Die Mid-Movie". 8 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ben Whishaw joins Freddie Mercury biopic". BBC News. 10 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dexter Fletcher Drops Out Of Freddie Mercury Biopic". www.yahoo.com. Yahoo News. 14 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ben Whishaw says Freddie Mercury film is on hold". www.telegraph.co.uk. The Daily Telegraph. 6 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sacha Baron Cohen rejoins troubled Freddie Mercury biopic". www.telegraph.co.uk. The Daily Telegraph. 28 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Mike Fleming Jr (18 November 2015). "'Theory Of Everything's Anthony McCarten Scripting Freddie Mercury Pic For GK Films; Ben Whishaw In The Wings?". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr (4 November 2016). "Queen Movie Amping Up With Bryan Singer & Rami Malek As Freddie Mercury". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Freddie Mercury biopic starring Ben Whishaw 'will start shooting in June 2016'". www.nme.com. NME. 19 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rami Malek on playing Freddie Mercury: 'I could have my Beyoncé moment'". www.ew.com. Entertainment Weekly. 9 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Ford, Rebecca (21 August 2017). "Bryan Singer's Bohemian Rhapsody Casts Queen Bandmates (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
Jump up ^ ‘Mr. Robot’ Star Rami Malek to Play Freddie Mercury in Queen Biopic, Retrieved 5 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (16 July 2017). "Queen Pic 'Bohemian Rhapsody' Tunes Up For Fall Start With Bryan Singer, Rami Malek". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Live Aid 1985 set transported to field for Freddie Mercury biopic". Mail Online. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Greene, Andy (July 2018). "Freddie Goes to Hollywood". Rolling Stone. p. 30.
Jump up ^ Fox Halts Production on Queen Biopic Due to Bryan Singer Absence The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Bryan Singer: Illness forces director to stop work on Freddie Mercury film BBC News. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Fox Halts Production on Bryan Singer’s Queen Biopic Bohemian Rhapsody ScreenRant. 1 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Bryan Singer Fired From Directing Queen Biopic After On-Set Chaos (Exclusive) The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Dexter Fletcher Replaces Bryan Singer On ‘Bohemian Rhapsody’ Deadline. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Jump up ^ ‘Bohemian Rhapsody’ + ‘Doctor Who’ Filming Now in the U.K. Backstage. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Marotta, Jenna (10 May 2018). "'Bohemian Rhapsody' Director Dexter Fletcher on the Pressure of Replacing Bryan Singer — Exclusive". IndieWire. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
Jump up ^ [1] Instagram. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ O'Falt, Chris (4 December 2017). "Fox Fired Bryan Singer, but It Won't Be Able to Remove Him as the Director of 'Bohemian Rhapsody'". Indiewire. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (12 June 2018). "Bryan Singer Will Get Directing Credit on 'Bohemian Rhapsody'". Variety. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (26 March 2018). "20th Century Fox Shuffles Release Dates For 'Bohemian Rhapsody', 'Dark Phoenix' & More". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Rolli, Bryan. "The First 'Bohemian Rhapsody' Trailer Gets One Key Aspect Right". Forbes. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Bohemian Rhapsody trailer sparks controversy for 'ignoring' Freddie Mercury's sexuality". Independent.co.uk. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Queen's 'Bohemian Rhapsody' Biopic Trailer Sparks Title Track & Other Classics on Hot Rock Songs Chart". Billboard. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "CineEurope: Fox Revs Up 'Alita,' 'Bohemian Rhapsody' in Likely Last Show Before Sale". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
Bohemian Rhapsody on IMDb
Bohemian Rhapsody at Metacritic
Bohemian Rhapsody at Rotten Tomatoes
Bohemian Rhapsody at AllMovie
Bohemian Rhapsody at Box Office Mojo
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Forest Research Institute (India)
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Forest Research Institute वन अनुसन्धान संस्थान देहरादून
Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, distant view
Established
1906
Location
FRI and College Area, Dehradun
Website
www.fri.res.in
The Forest Research Institute (FRI) वन अनुसन्धान संस्थान is an institute of the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education and is a premier institution in the field of forestry research in India. It is located at Dehradun in Uttarakhand, and is one of the oldest institutions of its kind. In 1991, it was declared a deemed university by the University Grants Commission.[1]
The Forest Research Institute campus hosts the Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA), the staff college that trains officers selected for the Indian Forest Service (IFS).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Architecture
3 Location
4 Training facility
5 Museum
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
It was founded in 1878 as the British Imperial Forest School.[2] by Dietrich Brandis.[3]
In 1906, it was reestablished as the Imperial Forest Research Institute, under the British Imperial Forestry Service.[2]
The Indian Forest College was established in 1938; officers recruited to the Superior Forest Service by the states and provinces were trained there.Great revolutionary Rashbehari Bose worked here
Architecture[edit]
Forest Research Institute front view
Established as Imperial Forest Research Institute in 1906, the Forest Research Institute (FRI) Dehradun, was first located at Chandhbagh (the present location of the Doon School) on the Mall Road. A much larger campus at the present location was acquired ca 1923. Construction of the present buildings commenced thereafter. Styled in Greeko Roman Architecture by C.G. Blomfield, the main building was inaugurated in 1929 by then Viceroy Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon. It is now a National Heritage site.
FRI Dehradun is one of the oldest institutions of its kind and acclaimed the world over. The institute’s history is virtually synonymous with the evolution and development of scientific forestry, not only in India, but over the entire sub-continent. Built over a lush green estate spread over 450 hectares, with the outer Himalaya forming its back drop, the institute’s main building is an impressive edifice, marrying Greco-Roman and Colonial styles of architecture, with a plinth area of 2.5 hectares. The building was listed for a time, in the Guinness Book of Records, as the largest purely brick structure in the world. The institute has a developed infrastructure of all equipped laboratories, library, herbarium, arboreta, printing press and experimental field areas for conducting forestry research, quite in keeping with the best of its kind anywhere in the world. It is 7 km from Clock Tower, on the Dehradun-Chakrata motorable road and is of the biggest forest based training institute in India. Most of the forest officers are a part of this institute. The FRI's building also houses a Botanical Museum.[4]
Location[edit]
FRI and College Area campus is a census town, between Kaulagarh in the north and the Indian Military Academy to the south. The Tons River forms its Western Boundary.
Lawn at FRI in Evening
Training facility[edit]
Within its campus it hosts Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA), which is a separate organisation of the Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). It also hosts the Central Academy for State Forest Services (CASFOS). The Wildlife Institute of India was on campus but now has moved to Chandrabani, and is an independent organisation under MoEF. IIFM is an independent autonomous organisation of MoEF and has good liaisoning with FRI for forestry research and related activities. The deemed university of FRI runs four MSc courses viz. Cellulose & Paper Technology, Environment Management, Forestry Management, Wood Science Technology and two P.G.Diploma courses in Natural Resource Management and Aroma Technology. It also enrolls large number of research scholars every year for PhD.
The Front view of the Main FRI building.
Museum[edit]
FRI also contains a museum on forestry. It is open from 9:30am to 5:00pm daily, which an entry fee of Rs 40 per person and a nominal entry fee for vehicles. There are six sections in the museum:
Pathology Museum
Social Forestry Museum
Silviculture Museum
Timber Museum
Non-Wood Forest Products Museum
Entomology Museum
In popular culture[edit]
More than half a dozen movies Dulhan Ek Raat Ki, Krishna Cottage, Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein, 404, Paan Singh Tomar, Nanban, Student of the Year, Student of the Year 2, Dilli Khabar, Yaara and Dear Daddy were majorly shot in this campus. Television commercial ad of Bournvita was also shot here. Punjabi song Pyaar tere naal he and Sajjan Raji by Satinder Sartaj also shot here.[5]
Rash Behari Bose worked here as a head clerk, before becoming a full-time participant in the Independence movement.
See also[edit]
Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM)
Arid Forest Research Institute (AFRI) Jodhpur
Indian Forest Service (IFS)
Forest Survey of India (FSI)
Van Vigyan Kendra (VVK) Forest Science Centres
List of forest research institutes in India
List of historic schools of forestry
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemeduniv.html". Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. External link in |title= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b "Forest Research Institute Dehradun".
Jump up ^ Bauuuoiley, F. (1885). "The Indian Forest School". Transactions of the Scottish Arboricultural Society. 11, part 2: 155–161.
Jump up ^ "FRI Dehradun - Forest Research Institute in Dehradun Uttarakhand".
Jump up ^ "Dehradun Shines in First Look of Karan Johar's Student of the Year". DehradunBuzz.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Forest Research Institute.
Official website
International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO)
Coordinates: 30°20′38″N 77°59′58″E / 30.3439°N 77.9994°E / 30.3439; 77.9994
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forest_Research_Institute_(India)&oldid=849861745"
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Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education
Buildings and structures in Dehradun
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Forestry education in India
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