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New Tappan Zee Bridge
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New Tappan Zee Bridge
New Tappan Zee Bridge while under construction, taken from Tarrytown side, looking towards New York City.
Coordinates
41°04′17″N 73°53′28″W / 41.07139°N 73.89111°W / 41.07139; -73.89111Coordinates: 41°04′17″N 73°53′28″W / 41.07139°N 73.89111°W / 41.07139; -73.89111
Carries
4 northbound/westbound lanes of I-87 / I-287 / New York Thruway
Crosses
Hudson River
Locale
Connecting South Nyack (Rockland County) and Tarrytown (Westchester County)
Official name
Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge
Other name(s)
New NY Bridge
Maintained by
New York State Thruway Authority
Characteristics
Design
dual-span cable-stayed twin bridge
History
Construction start
2013
Construction cost
$3.9 billion (2013 project budget)[1]
Opened
August 26, 2017 (westbound span)[2]
June 15, 2018 (project completion)[3]
Statistics
Daily traffic
138,000+ (2011 est)
The New Tappan Zee Bridge,[4][5] also known as the New NY Bridge[6] and officially named the Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge after the late former governor Mario Cuomo,[7] is a twin cable-stayed bridge being built to replace the current original Tappan Zee Bridge over New York's Hudson River. Construction began in 2013, and on August 26, 2017, the westbound span officially opened to traffic. Both spans are expected to be operational by June 15, 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Construction progress
3 Public transportation
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
7 Further reading
8 External links
Background[edit]
The original Tappan Zee Bridge, built in a period of material shortages during the Korean War
The original Tappan Zee Bridge is a cantilever bridge built during 1952–1955. The bridge is 3 miles (4.8 km) long and spans the Hudson at its second-widest point. The Tappan Zee river crossing was named by 17th century Dutch settlers. The Tappan Zee Bridge, along with the smaller Bear Mountain Bridge, are the only crossings of the Tappan Zee, a 33-mile (53 km) stretch of river that passes through New York City's populous northern suburbs.
The deteriorating current structure bears an average of 138,000 vehicles per day, substantially more traffic than its designed capacity. During its first decade, the bridge carried fewer than 40,000 vehicles per day. Part of the justification for replacing the bridge stems from its construction immediately following the Korean War on a low budget of only $81 million. Unlike other major bridges in metropolitan New York, the Tappan Zee Bridge was designed to last only 50 years.[8] The new bridge is intended to last at least 100 years.[9]
The collapse of Minnesota's I-35W Mississippi River bridge in 2007 raised worries about the Tappan Zee Bridge's structural integrity.[10] These concerns, together with traffic overcapacity and increased maintenance costs, escalated the serious discussions already ongoing about replacing the Tappan Zee with a tunnel or a new bridge.[11][12] Six options were identified and submitted for project study and environmental review.[13]
Construction progress[edit]
Under construction, day view (left, May 2017) and night view (right, September 2016)
The Federal Highway Administration issued a report in October 2011 designating the Tappan Zee's replacement to be a dual-span twin bridge. The new bridge is now under construction a few yards to the north of the existing bridge, and will connect to the existing highway approaches of the New York State Thruway (I-87/I-287) on both river banks.[14] Construction began as scheduled during October 2013,[15][16] with completion targeted for 2017.[17] After some delays, the project is currently expected to be completed by June 15, 2018[3] at a cost of $3.98 billion.[18]
Originally, some motorists thought that bridge tolls could more than double (to $12-$15 for automobiles, eastbound only), rising to those of New York City's Hudson River crossings.[9] However, the state passed legislation freezing the toll on the bridge at $5 through 2020 in its 2016 legislative session.[19]
Aerial view of the new Tappan Zee Bridge currently being constructed next to the existing Tappan Zee Bridge (August 2016)
The new Tappan Zee Bridge was proposed to include four vehicle lanes on each span, for a total of eight lanes, as well as a shared-use bicycle and pedestrian path. Like its predecessor, the new Tappan Zee Bridge is to be administered by the New York State Thruway Authority. The authority is project co-sponsor, along with the state Department of Transportation.[14]
The New York Metropolitan Transportation Council added the Tappan Zee Bridge to its list of projects eligible for federal funds in August 2012.[20] The United States Department of Transportation approved the plan on September 25, 2012. The approval process took fewer than 10 months as opposed to the traditional multi-year process as a result of being placed on a "fast track" for approval by the Obama Administration.[21] On December 17, 2012, New York state officials dropped their proposal for a 45 percent increase on the state Thruway toll for trucks, while advancing a $3.14 billion project to replace the bridge.[22]
The new Tappan Zee Bridge was built by Tappan Zee Constructors, a design-build LLC composed of Fluor Corporation, American Bridge Company, Granite Construction Northeast and Traylor Bros. The Left Coast Lifter was used to install groups of pre-assembled girders one full span at a time.[23] By the end of 2013, General Electric had completed four seasons of dredging to remove contaminants from the river bottom. Approximately 70 percent of the sediments targeted for dredging were removed (totaling more than 1,900,000 cubic yards (1,500,000 m3) of sediment).[24]
The project timeline originally indicated that the old bridge would be closed in 2016 and that the demolition of the old bridge would begin in February 2017,[25] however, that timeline has since been amended. The first span of the bridge opened to westbound traffic on August 26, 2017. Eastbound traffic will be put onto the same span sometime this fall so demolition on the old bridge can begin in order to allow the completion of the south span. The project is expected to be completed by June 15, 2018.[3]
When completed, the new Tappan Zee Bridge will be one of the widest cable-stay bridges on the planet, with a combined deck width across both decks of almost 56 metres (184 ft)—barely one foot (30 cm) wider than the relatively "short-span", cable-stayed Leonard Zakim Bridge in downtown Boston, Massachusetts, itself already 183 feet wide.[26] Turkey's 3rd Bosphorus bridge, completed in 2016, has been built with a single deck almost 59 metres (194 ft) wide, and the Tappan Zee Bridge will also be one of the longest cable-stayed spans in the nation.[27]
On July 19, 2016, a crane used for construction of the bridge collapsed onto the existing older bridge. Five people were injured, including three drivers and two bridge workers; no one was killed or critically injured.[28][29]
The New York State government decided to name the bridge after the father of the current governor of New York, Andrew Cuomo, the late Governor Mario Cuomo on June 29, 2017. This has been met with stiff criticism as a recent poll taken of NYS residents indicate 50 percent oppose the renaming. Many have cited the timing of the NYS legislature vote at the last session before the summer term ended and the last chance to enact a budget for NYS.[30]
The new northbound/westbound span opened on August 26, 2017.[31][32] Southbound/eastbound traffic will remain on the old span until fall 2017, when it will also be shifted the new northbound/westbound span to allow for the completion of the new southbound/eastbound span.[33]
Public transportation[edit]
West of the Tappan Zee, the 680,000 residents of Rockland and Orange counties currently have very limited mass transit to New York City via the Port Jervis Line and Pascack Valley Line commuter rail services. The bridge plan includes as an objective merely, "Providing a crossing that does not preclude future trans-Hudson transit services."[14]
A proposed bus rapid transit system using the new bridge was shelved as too expensive. However, the bridge was structurally built for expansion of the BRT at a later date in mind. Also the new bridge is built to consider a later date expansion which would include a commuter rail. The existing Tarrytown station of the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line is located about 2,000 feet (610 m) from the new bridge's eastern landing. In 2011, the state estimated that a bus connector to the station would add about $151 million, or about 3 percent to projected costs of the new bridge.[34]
Responding to widespread concerns about the lack of new public transit service, bridge planners agreed only to a "dedicated express bus lane" in each direction for use during rush hour.[35]
See also[edit]
Bridges portal
Hudson Valley portal
New York portal
List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "About the Project". The New NY Bridge. New York State Thruway Authority. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Twitter". mobile.twitter.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c DeWitt, Scott Willis, Karen. "Gov. Cuomo Opens Thruway Bridge Across the Hudson Amid Questions About Tolls".
Jump up ^ http://visitnyack.org/2017/08/22/tzb-west-span-open/
Jump up ^ http://www.hvmag.com/The-New-Tappan-Zee-Bridge-Check-Out-These-Photos/
Jump up ^ "The New NY Bridge Project". www.newnybridge.com. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Berger, Joseph (August 24, 2017). "Bridge of Grand Ambitions Is Set to Open at the Tappan Zee" – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ McGeehan, Patrick (January 17, 2006). "A Bridge That Has Nowhere Left to Go". The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "NY proposes steep toll increases for new Tappan Zee bridge". Reuters. August 4, 2012. Some alternatives to the Tappan Zee bridge are already more expensive. The George Washington Bridge, which crosses the Hudson River south of the Tappan Zee, has a cash toll of US$12, which is expected to rise to $15 in 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tappan Zee Bridge has received 'poor' ratings". Poughkeepsie Journal. Gannett News Service. August 3, 2007. Retrieved August 9, 2008.
Jump up ^ Thruway Authority; MTA Metro-North Railroad (June 2003). "Long List of Level 1 Alternatives". Tappan Zee Bridge Replacement. New York State. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Zhao, Yilu (July 24, 2003). "From 156 Options, Down to 15 Ways to Go on Tappan Zee". New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Dept of Transportation; Thruway Authority; MTA Metro-North Railroad (January 2006). "Alternatives Analysis Report, Level 2". Tappan Zee Bridge Replacement. New York State. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c US Federal Highway Administration (October 13, 2011). "Tappan Zee Hudson River Crossing Project Scoping Information Packet" (PDF). Retrieved October 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Governor Cuomo Announces Beginning of Formal Construction of the New NY Bridge to Replace Tappan Zee". Office of Governor Andrew M. Cuomo. 2014-09-28. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
Jump up ^ "New Tappan Zee construction starts". New York Post. Associated Press. 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
Jump up ^ Haughney, Christine (October 11, 2011). "U.S. Says It Will Expedite Approval to Replace Deteriorating Tappan Zee Bridge". New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2011. The state will pay for the project by issuing $3 billion in bonds against its toll revenues; the remaining $2.2 billion will be financed with loans from labor pension funds and the Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act.
Jump up ^ "About". The New NY Bridge Project. October 12, 2015. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tappan Zee tolls frozen until 2020". News 12 Westchester. News 12 Networks. April 7, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Plotch, Philip Mark. Politics Across the Hudson: The Tappan Zee Megaproject. Rutgers University Press, New Jersey (2015). p. 165-168
Jump up ^ [1] Bloomberg Businessweek, September 25, 2012
Jump up ^ "New York State Advances $3.1 Billion Plan To Replace Tappan Zee Bridge". CBS News New York. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tappan Zee Hudson River Crossing". October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hudson River PCB Dredging Project". Hudsondredging.com. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "About the project". New York State Thruway Authority. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Massachusetts Department of Transportation. "MassDOT — The Big Dig — Tunnels and Bridges — The Cable-stayed Bridge". Retrieved April 5, 2014. Girders, floor beams and two planes of cables support the bridge's 745-foot-long, 183-foot-wide main span.
Jump up ^ "Design Feature".
Jump up ^ "Crane collapse on Tappan Zee Bridge injures at least 5; all lanes closed in both directions". NY Daily News. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Four Hurt When Crane collapses onto Tappan Zee Bridge". NY Post. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tappan Zee Bridge gets new name: The Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge". Lohud/The Journal News. June 29, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Opening day on new Tappan Zee Bridge shows sleek design, new features". Retrieved August 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Watch drone video of New York's new Tappan Zee Bridge". USA TODAY. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rockland-bound traffic to begin traveling on new Tappan Zee Bridge". ABC7 New York. August 26, 2017 at 1:35am. Retrieved August 27, 2017. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ Kazis, Noah (July 12, 2012). "Even a Paltry $150M For Tappan Zee Transit Is Too Much For Andrew Cuomo". Streetsblog NYC. OpenPlans. Retrieved August 4, 2012. 'This is a red herring that it’s going to cost $5 billion to do BRT and therefore we’re not going to do anything,' said Jeff Zupan, a senior fellow with the Regional Plan Association.
Jump up ^ Nicosia, Mareesa (August 15, 2012). "New Tappan Zee Bridge: Nyack residents voice traffic, noise, toll concerns". The Journal News. Westchester & Rockland Counties, New York. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2012. [E]ight general-purpose lanes would be flanked on each side by wide shoulders, which would allow emergency vehicles to pass traffic. One shoulder on each side of the bridge would serve as a dedicated express bus lane.
External links[edit]
More renderings of the new bridge.
Further reading[edit]
Plotch, Philip Mark (2015). Politics Across the Hudson - The Tappan Zee Megaproject. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-7249-9. Archived from the original on July 17, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Tappan Zee Bridge.
The New NY Bridge (official Tappan Zee Bridge replacement project site)
Tappan Zee Bridge/I-287 Environmental Review project site (archived March 15, 2016)
[hide]
Crossings of the Hudson River
Upstream
Haverstraw–Ossining Ferry
New Tappan Zee Bridge
Downstream
George Washington Bridge
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Alhambra
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the palace in Granada, Spain. For other uses, see Alhambra (disambiguation).
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Alhambra
View of Alhambra
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name
Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzín, Granada
Location
Granada, Spain
Coordinates
37°10′37″N 3°35′24″W / 37.17682°N 3.58987°W / 37.17682; -3.58987
Criteria
Cultural: (i), (iii), (iv)
Reference
314-001
Inscription
1984 (8th Session)
Extensions
1994
Website
www.alhambradegranada.org
Location of Alhambra
[edit on Wikidata]
The Alhambra (/ælˈhæmbrə/; Spanish: [aˈlambɾa]; Arabic: الْحَمْرَاء [ʔælħæmˈɾˠɑːʔ], Al-Ḥamrā, lit. "The Red One"),[Note 1][Note 2] the complete Arabic form of which was Qalat Al-Hamra,[Note 3] is a palace and fortress complex located in Granada, Andalusia, Spain. It was originally constructed as a small fortress in AD 889 on the remains of Roman fortifications, and then largely ignored until its ruins were renovated and rebuilt in the mid-13th century by the Moorish emir Mohammed ben Al-Ahmar of the Emirate of Granada, who built its current palace and walls. It was converted into a royal palace in 1333 by Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada.[1] After the conclusion of the Christian Reconquista in 1492, the site became the Royal Court of Ferdinand and Isabella (where Christopher Columbus received royal endorsement for his expedition), and the palaces were partially altered to Renaissance tastes. In 1526 Charles I & V commissioned a new Renaissance palace better befitting the Holy Roman Emperor in the revolutionary Mannerist style influenced by Humanist philosophy in direct juxtaposition with the Nasrid Andalusian architecture, but which was ultimately never completed due to Morisco rebellions in Granada.
Alhambra's late flowering of Islamic palaces were built for the last Muslim emirs in Spain during the decline of the Nasrid dynasty who were increasingly subject to the Christian Kings of Castile. After being allowed to fall into disrepair for centuries, the buildings occupied by squatters, Alhambra was rediscovered following the defeat of Napoleon, who had conducted retaliatory destruction of the site, the re-discoverers were first British intellectuals and then other north European Romantic travelers. It is now one of Spain's major tourist attractions, exhibiting the country's most significant and well-known Islamic architecture, together with 16th-century and later Christian building and garden interventions. The Alhambra is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the inspiration for many songs and stories.[2]
Moorish poets described it as "a pearl set in emeralds," an allusion to the colour of its buildings and the woods around them.[3] The palace complex was designed with the mountainous site in mind and many forms of technology were considered. The park (Alameda de la Alhambra), which is overgrown with wildflowers and grass in the spring, was planted by the Moors with roses, oranges, and myrtles; its most characteristic feature, however, is the dense wood of English elms brought by the Duke of Wellington in 1812. The park has a multitude of nightingales and is usually filled with the sound of running water from several fountains and cascades. These are supplied through a conduit 8 km (5.0 mi) long, which is connected with the Darro at the monastery of Jesus del Valle above Granada.[4]
Despite long neglect, willful vandalism, and some ill-judged restoration, the Alhambra endures as an atypical example of Muslim art in its final European stages, relatively uninfluenced by the direct Byzantine influences found in the Mezquita of Córdoba. The majority of the palace buildings are quadrangular in plan, with all the rooms opening on to a central court, and the whole reached its present size simply by the gradual addition of new quadrangles, designed on the same principle, though varying in dimensions, and connected with each other by smaller rooms and passages. Alhambra was extended by the different Muslim rulers who lived in the complex. However, each new section that was added followed the consistent theme of "paradise on earth". Column arcades, fountains with running water, and reflecting pools were used to add to the aesthetic and functional complexity. In every case, the exterior was left plain and austere. Sun and wind were freely admitted. Blue, red, and a golden yellow, all somewhat faded through lapse of time and exposure, are the colors chiefly employed.[4]
The decoration consists for the upper part of the walls, as a rule, of Arabic inscriptions—mostly poems by Ibn Zamrak and others praising the palace—that are manipulated into geometrical patterns with vegetal background set onto an arabesque setting ("Ataurique"). Much of this ornament is carved stucco (plaster) rather than stone. Tile mosaics ("alicatado"), with complicated mathematical patterns ("tracería", most precisely "lacería"), are largely used as panelling for the lower part. Similar designs are displayed on wooden ceilings (Alfarje).[4] Muqarnas are the main elements for vaulting with stucco, and some of the most accomplished dome examples of this kind are in the Court of the Lions halls. The palace complex is designed in the Nasrid style, the last blooming of Islamic Art in the Iberian Peninsula, that had a great influence on the Maghreb to the present day, and on contemporary Mudejar Art, which is characteristic of western elements reinterpreted into Islamic forms and widely popular during the Reconquista in Spain.
Panorama of the Alhambra from Mirador de San Nicolas. From left to right: Generalife, Pico del Veleta (mountain), Palacios Nazaríes, Palace of Charles V, Alcazaba
Panoramic view, illuminated at night
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Layout
3 Main structures
3.1 Royal complex
3.2 Court of the Myrtles
3.3 Hall of the Ambassadors
3.4 Court of the Lions and fountain
3.4.1 Fountain of Lions
3.5 Hall of the Abencerrajes
3.6 Generalife
3.7 Other features
4 Influence
4.1 In literature
4.2 In music
4.3 In mathematics
4.4 In film
4.5 In video games
4.6 In board games
4.7 In astronomy
4.8 In architecture
5 See also
6 Further reading
7 Notes
8 References
8.1 Bibliography
9 External links
History[edit]
The Tower of Justice (Puerta de la Justicia) is the original entrance gate to the Alhambra, built by Yusuf I in 1348.
Completed towards the end of Muslim rule of Spain by Yusuf I (1333–1353) and Muhammed V, Sultan of Granada (1353–1391), the Alhambra is a reflection of the culture of the last centuries of the Moorish rule of Al Andalus, reduced to the Nasrid Emirate of Granada. It is a place where artists and intellectuals had taken refuge as the Reconquista by Spanish Christians won victories over Al Andalus. The Alhambra integrates natural site qualities with constructed structures and gardens, and is a testament to Moorish culture in Spain and the skills of Muslim, Jewish, and Christian artisans, craftsmen, and builders of their era.
The literal translation of Alhambra, "the red (female)," reflects the color of the red clay of the surroundings of which the fort is made. The buildings of the Alhambra were originally whitewashed; however, the buildings as seen today are reddish. Another possible origin of the name is the tribal designation of the Nasrid Dynasty, known as the Banu al-Ahmar Arabic: Sons of the Red (male), a sub-tribe of the Arab Qahtanite Banu Khazraj tribe. One of the early Nasrid ancestors was nicknamed Yusuf Al Ahmar (Yusuf the Red) and hence the (Nasrid) fraction of the Banu Khazraj took up the name of Banu al-Ahmar.
Detail of Islamic calligraphy in Mexuar Hall: "God is the only Victor"
The Fountain of Lions in the Alhambra
The first reference to the Qal‘at al-Ḥamra was during the battles between the Arabs and the Muladies (people of mixed Arab and European descent) during the rule of the ‘Abdullah ibn Muhammad (r. 888–912). In one particularly fierce and bloody skirmish, the Muladies soundly defeated the Arabs, who were then forced to take shelter in a primitive red castle located in the province of Elvira, presently located in Granada. According to surviving documents from the era, the red castle was quite small, and its walls were not capable of deterring an army intent on conquering. The castle was then largely ignored until the eleventh century, when its ruins were renovated and rebuilt by Samuel ibn Naghrela, vizier to the emir Badis ben Habus of the Zirid Dynasty of Al Andalus, in an attempt to preserve the small Jewish settlement also located on the natural plateau, Sabikah Hill.
Ibn Nasr, the founder of the Nasrid Dynasty, was forced to flee to Jaén to avoid persecution by King Ferdinand III of Castile and the Reconquista supporters working to end Spain's Moorish rule. After retreating to Granada, Ibn-Nasr took up residence at the Palace of Badis ben Habus in the Alhambra. A few months later, he embarked on the construction of a new Alhambra fit for the residence of a sultan. According to an Arabic manuscript since published as the Anónimo de Granada y Copenhague,
This year, 1238 Abdallah ibn al-Ahmar climbed to the place called "the Alhambra" inspected it, laid out the foundations of a castle and left someone in charge of its construction...
The design included plans for six palaces, five of which were grouped in the northeast quadrant forming a royal quarter, two circuit towers, and numerous bathhouses. During the reign of the Nasrid Dynasty, the Alhambra was transformed into a palatine city, complete with an irrigation system composed of acequias for the gardens of the Generalife located outside the fortress. Previously, the old Alhambra structure had been dependent upon rainwater collected from a cistern and from what could be brought up from the Albaicín. The creation of the Sultan's Canal solidified the identity of the Alhambra as a palace-city rather than a defensive and ascetic structure.
Detail of arabesques
A court in the Alhambra at the time of the Nasrids
The last Nasrid sultan Muhammad XII of Granada surrendered the Emirate of Granada in 1492 without the Alhambra itself being attacked when the forces of the Reyes Católicos, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, took the surrounding territory with a force of overwhelming numbers.
The decoration within the palaces comes from the last great period of Andalusian art in Granada. With little of the Byzantine influence of contemporary Abassid architecture,[3] artists endlessly reproduced the same forms and trends, creating a new style that developed over the course of the Nasrid Dynasty. The Nasrids used freely all the stylistic elements that had been created and developed during eight centuries of Muslim rule in the Peninsula, including the Caliphate horseshoe arch, the Almohad sebka (a grid of rhombuses), the Almoravid palm, and unique combinations of them, as well as innovations such as stilted arches and muqarnas (stalactite ceiling decorations). Structurally, the design is simple and does not evince significant innovation. While artistically pleasing it was until the reconquest structurally ad hoc and reliant on the skills of subject artisans and workers.
Columns and muqarnas appear in several chambers, and the interiors of numerous palaces are decorated with arabesques and calligraphy. The arabesques of the interior are ascribed to, among other sultans, Yusuf I, Mohammed V, and Ismail I, Sultan of Granada.
Illustration from Recuerdos y bellezas de España. Reino de Granada by Francisco Javier, 1850
After the Christian conquest of the city in 1492, the conquerors began to alter the Alhambra. The open work was filled up with whitewash, the painting and gilding effaced, and the furniture soiled, torn, or removed.[3] Charles I (1516–1556) rebuilt portions in the Renaissance style of the period and destroyed the greater part of the winter palace to make room for a Renaissance-style structure which was never completed. Philip V (1700–1746) Italianised the rooms and completed his palace in the middle of what had been the Moorish building; he had partitions constructed which blocked up whole apartments.[4]
Over subsequent centuries the Moorish art was further damaged, and in 1812 some of the towers were destroyed by the French under Count Sebastiani.[4] In 1821, an earthquake caused further damage. Restoration work was undertaken in 1828 by the architect José Contreras, endowed in 1830 by Ferdinand VII. After the death of Contreras in 1847, it was continued with fair success by his son Rafael (died 1890) and his grandson.[4]
Especially notable was the intervention of Leopoldo Torres Balbás in the 1930s: the young architect "opened arcades that had been walled up, re-excavated filled-in pools, replaced missing tiles, completed inscriptions that lacked portions of their stuccoed lettering, and installed a ceiling in the still unfinished palace of Charles V".[5]
Layout[edit]
Modern plan of the Alhambra
According to the site's current architect Pedro Salmeron Escobar, the Alhambra evolved organically over a period of several centuries from the ancient hilltop fortress defined by a narrow promontory carved by the river Daro and overlooking the Vega or Plain of Granada as it descends from the Sierra Nevada.[6] The red earth from which the fortress is constructed is a granular aggregate held together by a medium of red clay which gives the resulting layered brick- and stone- reinforced construction (tapial calicastrado) its characteristic hue and is at the root of the name of 'the Red Hill'.[7]
This crude earthiness is counterpointed by the startling fine alabaster white stucco work of the famous interiors.[7] Meltwater from the 'Snowy Mountains' is drawn across an arched vault at the eastern tip of the Torre del Agua ('Water Tower') and channeled through the citadel via a complex system of conduits (acequia) and water tanks (los albercones) which create the celebrated interplay of light, sound and surface.[7]
Alhambra is about 740 metres (2,430 ft) in length by 205 metres (670 ft) at its greatest width. It extends from west-northwest to east-southeast and covers an area of about 142,000 square metres (1,530,000 sq ft) or 35 acres.[8] The Alhambra's most westerly feature is the Alcazaba (citadel), a strongly fortified position built to protect the original post-Roman districts of Iliberri, now 'Centro', and Gárnata al-yahūd ('Granada of the Jews', now Realejo, and the Moorish suburb of El Albayzín.
Plan of the Nasrid Palaces, Alhambra, 1889.
Palaces of the Ambassadors
Palace of the Lions
Mexuar
Garden of Lindajar and later habitation of the Emir
Due to touristic demand, modern access runs contrary to the original sequence which began from a principal access via the Puerta de la Justicia ('Gate of Justice') onto a large Souq or public market square facing the Alcazaba, now subdivided and obscured by later Christian-era development.[7] From the Puerta del Vino (Wine Gate) ran the Calle Real ('Royal Street') dividing the Alhambra along its axial spine into a southern residential quarter with mosques, hamams (bathhouses) and diverse functional establishments.[9] The greater portion, occupying the northern edge, was occupied by several palaces of the nobility with extensive landscaped gardens commanding views over the Albayzin, all of which were subservient to the great Tower of the Ambassadors in the Palacio Comares which acted as the royal audience chamber and throne room with its three arched windows dominating the city. The private internalised universe of the Palacio de Los Leones (Palace of the Lions) adjoins the public spaces at right angles (see Plan illustration) but was originally connected only by the function of the Royal Baths, the "Eye of Aixa's Room" serving as the exquisitely decorated focus of meditation and authority overlooking the refined garden of Lindaraja/Daraxa toward the city.[9]
Rest of the plateau comprises a number of earlier and later Moorish palaces, enclosed by a fortified wall, with thirteen defensive towers, some such as the Torres de la Infanta and Cattiva containing elaborate vertical palaces in miniature.[9] The river Darro passes through a ravine on the north and divides the plateau from the Albaicín district of Granada. Similarly, the Assabica valley, containing the Alhambra Park on the west and south, and, beyond this valley, the almost parallel ridge of Monte Mauror, separate it from the Antequeruela district. Another ravine separates it from the Generalife, the summer pleasure gardens of the Emir. Escobar notes that the later planting of deciduous elms obscures the overall perception of the layout such that a better reading of the original landscape is given in winter when the trees are bare.[10]
Main structures[edit]
The citadel before and after the 20th-century reconstruction campaign
The Alhambra resembles many medieval Christian strongholds in its threefold arrangement as a castle, a palace and a residential annex for subordinates. The alcazaba or citadel, its oldest part, is built on the isolated and precipitous foreland which terminates the plateau on the northwest. All that remains are its massive outer walls, towers and ramparts. On its watchtower, the 25 m (85 ft) high Torre de la Vela, the flag of Ferdinand and Isabella was first raised as a symbol of the Spanish conquest of Granada on 2 January 1492.[3] A turret containing a large bell was added in the 18th century and restored after being damaged by lightning in 1881. Beyond the Alcazaba is the palace of the Moorish rulers, The Nasrid Palaces or Alhambra proper, and beyond this is the Alhambra Alta (Upper Alhambra), originally occupied by officials and courtiers.
Access from the city to the Alhambra Park is afforded by the Puerta de las Granadas (Gate of Pomegranates), a triumphal arch dating from the 15th century. A steep ascent leads past the Pillar of Charles V, a fountain erected in 1554, to the main entrance of the Alhambra. This is the Puerta de la Justicia (Gate of Judgment), a massive horseshoe archway surmounted by a square tower and used by the Moors as an informal court of justice. The hand of Fatima, with fingers outstretched as a talisman against the evil eye, is carved above this gate on the exterior; a key, the symbol of authority, occupies the corresponding place on the interior. A narrow passage leads inward to the Plaza de los Aljibes (Place of the Cisterns), a broad open space which divides the Alcazaba from the Moorish palace. To the left of the passage rises the Torre del Vino (Wine Tower), built in 1345 and used in the 16th century as a cellar. On the right is the palace of Charles V, a smaller Renaissance building, to construct which part of the Alhambra, including the original main entrance, was torn down.
Royal complex[edit]
Courtyard of the Palace of Charles V
The Royal Complex consists of three main parts: Mexuar, Serallo, and the Harem. The Mexuar is modest in decor and houses the functional areas for conducting business and administration. Strapwork is used to decorate the surfaces in Mexuar. The ceilings, floors, and trim are made of dark wood and are in sharp contrast to white, plaster walls. Serallo, built during the reign of Yusuf I in the 14th century, contains the Patio de los Arrayanes (Court of the Myrtles). Brightly colored interiors featured dado panels, yesería, azulejo, cedar, and artesonado. Artesonado are highly decorative ceilings and other woodwork. Lastly, the Harem is also elaborately decorated and contains the living quarters for the wives and mistresses of the Berber monarchs. This area contains a bathroom with running water (cold and hot), baths, and pressurized water for showering. The bathrooms were open to the elements in order to allow in light and air.
Court of the Myrtles[edit]
Main article: Court of the Myrtles
Windows of the Court of Myrtles
The present entrance to the Palacio Árabe (Arab palace), or Casa Real, is by a small door from which a corridor connects to the Patio de los Arrayanes (Court of the Myrtles), also called the Patio de la Alberca (Court of the Blessing or Court of the Pond), from the Arabic birka, "pool". The birka helped to cool the palace and acted as a symbol of power. Because water was usually in short supply, the technology required to keep these pools full was expensive and difficult. This court is 42 m (140 ft) long by 22 m (74 ft) broad, and in the centre there is a large pond set in the marble pavement, full of goldfish, and with myrtles growing along its sides. There are galleries on the north and south sides; the southern gallery is 7 m (23 ft) high and supported by a marble colonnade. Underneath it, to the right, was the principal entrance, and over it are three windows with arches and miniature pillars. From this court, the walls of the Torre de Comares are seen rising over the roof to the north and reflected in the pond.[11]
Hall of the Ambassadors[edit]
Ceiling of the Hall of the Ambassadors
The Salón de los Embajadores (Hall of the Ambassadors) is the largest room in the Alhambra and occupies all the Torre de Comares. It is a square room, the sides being 12 m (37 ft) in length, while the centre of the dome is 23 m (75 ft) high. This was the grand reception room, and the throne of the sultan was placed opposite the entrance. The grand hall projects from the walls of the palace, providing views in three directions. In this sense, it was a "mirador" from which the palace's inhabitants could gaze outward to the surrounding landscape.[12] The tiles are nearly 4 ft (1.2 m) high all round, and the colours vary at intervals. Over them is a series of oval medallions with inscriptions, interwoven with flowers and leaves. There are nine windows, three on each facade, and the ceiling is decorated with white, blue and gold inlays in the shape of circles, crowns and stars. The walls are covered with varied stucco works, surrounding many ancient escutcheons.[11]
Court of the Lions and fountain[edit]
Main article: Court of the Lions
The Court of the Lions, an example of Islamic Moorish architecture and garden design
The Court of the Lions (Patio de los Leones) is an oblong courtyard, 116 ft (35 m) in length by 66 ft (20 m) in width, surrounded by a low gallery supported on 124 white marble columns. A pavilion projects into the court at each extremity, with filigree walls and a light domed roof. The square is paved with coloured tiles and the colonnade with white marble, while the walls are covered 5 ft (1.5 m) up from the ground with blue and yellow tiles, with a border above and below of enamelled blue and gold. The columns supporting the roof and gallery are irregularly placed. They are adorned by varieties of foliage, etc.; about each arch there is a large square of stucco arabesques; and over the pillars is another stucco square of filigree work.
Fountain of Lions[edit]
In the centre of the court is the Fountain of Lions, an alabaster basin supported by the figures of twelve lions in white marble, not designed with sculptural accuracy but as symbols of strength, power, and sovereignty. Each hour one lion would produce water from its mouth.[13] At the edge of the great fountain there is a poem written by Ibn Zamrak. This praises the beauty of the fountain and the power of the lions, but it also describes their ingenious hydraulic systems and how they actually worked, which baffled all those who saw them.[14]
Hall of the Abencerrajes[edit]
"Honeycomb," "stalactite," or "mocárabe" vaulting in the Hall of the Abencerrajes
The Sala de los Abencerrajes (Hall of the Abencerrages) derives its name from a legend according to which the father of Boabdil, the last sultan of Granada, having invited the chiefs of that line to a banquet, massacred them here.[15] This room is a perfect square, with a lofty dome and trellised windows at its base. The roof is decorated in blue, brown, red and gold, and the columns supporting it spring out into the arch form in a remarkably beautiful manner. Opposite to this hall is the Sala de las dos Hermanas (Hall of the two Sisters), so-called from two white marble slabs laid as part of the pavement. These slabs measure 500 by 220 cm (15 by 7½ ft). There is a fountain in the middle of this hall, and the roof — a dome honeycombed with tiny cells, all different, and said to number 5000 — is an example of the "stalactite vaulting" of the Moors.
Generalife[edit]
Main article: Generalife
Pools in the Palacio de Generalife (left) and the Partal (right; in the Alta Alhambra of the complex)
Of the outlying buildings connected to the Alhambra, the foremost in interest is the Palacio de Generalife or Gineralife (the Muslim Jennat al Arif, "Garden of Arif," or "Garden of the Architect"). This villa dates from the beginning of the 14th century but has been restored several times. The Villa de los Martires (Martyrs' Villa), on the summit of Monte Mauror, commemorates by its name the Christian slaves who were forced to build the Alhambra and confined here in subterranean cells.[16] The Torres Bermejas (Vermilion Towers), also on Monte Mauror, are a well-preserved Moorish fortification, with underground cisterns, stables, and accommodation for a garrison of 200 men. Several Roman tombs were discovered in 1829 and 1857 at the base of Monte Mauror.[11][16]
Other features[edit]
Among the other features of the Alhambra are the Sala de la Justicia (Hall of Justice), the Patio del Mexuar (Court of the Council Chamber), the Patio de Daraxa (Court of the Vestibule), and the Peinador de la Reina (Queen's Robing Room), in which there is similar architecture and decoration. The palace and the Upper Alhambra also contain baths, rows of bedrooms and summer-rooms, a whispering gallery and labyrinth, and vaulted sepulchres.
The original furniture of the palace is represented by one of the famous Alhambra vases, very large Hispano-Moresque ware vases made in the Sultanate to stand in niches around the palace, famous examples of Hispano-Moresque ware dating from the 14th and 15th centuries. The one remaining in the palace, from about 1400, is 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) high; the background is white, and the decoration is blue, white and gold.[11]
Influence[edit]
In literature[edit]
Nasrid shell vase in the Alhambra
Parts of the following works are set in the Alhambra:
Washington Irving's Tales of the Alhambra. This is a collection of essays, verbal sketches, and stories. Irving lived in the palace while writing the book and was instrumental in introducing the site to Western audiences.
Salman Rushdie's The Moor's Last Sigh
Amin Maalouf's Leo Africanus, depicting the reconquest of Granada by the Catholic Monarchs.
Philippa Gregory's The Constant Princess, depicting Catalina the Infanta of Spain as she lived in the Alhambra after her parents took Granada.
Federico Garcia Lorca's play Doña Rosita the Spinster, mentioned by title character Dona Rosita in her song/speech to the Manola sisters.
Paulo Coelho's novel The Alchemist
Ali Smith's The Accidental
George Bernard Shaw's play Man and Superman
Colin de Silva's Alhambra: Arena of Assassins
László Krasznahorkai's Seiobo There Below
Hanya Yanagihara's "A Little Life"
In music[edit]
The plot of the Ballet-héroïque entitled Zaïde, Reine De Grenade, by the French Baroque composer Joseph-Nicolas-Pancrace Royer (c. 1705–1755), takes place at the Alhambra. Alhambra has directly inspired musical compositions as Francisco Tárrega's famous tremolo study for guitar Recuerdos De La Alhambra. Claude Debussy's piece for two pianos composed in 1901, Lindaraja, and the prelude, La Puerta Del Vino, from the second book of preludes composed from 1912 to 1913. Isaac Albéniz wrote a piano suite Recuerdos De viaje, which included a piece called "En La Alhambra", while his suite Iberia contained a piece called "El Albacin". Albéniz also composed a Suite Alhambra, but was uncompleted.
Gazelles on one of the Alhambra vases made for the palace
"En Los Jardines Del Generalife", the first movement of Manuel de Falla's Noches En Los Jardines De España, and other pieces by composers such as Ruperto Chapí (Los Gnomos De La Alhambra, 1891), Tomás Bretón, and many others are included in a stream referred to by scholars as Alhambrismo.[17][18]
In 1976, filmmaker Christopher Nupen filmed The Song Of The Guitar at the Alhambra which was an hour-long program featuring the legendary Spanish guitarist, Andrés Segovia. British composer Julian Anderson wrote an orchestral piece, Alhambra Fantasy.
In pop and folk music, Alhambra is the subject of the Ghymes song of the same name. The rock band The Grateful Dead released a song called "Terrapin Station" on the 1977 album of the same name. It consisted of a series of small compositions penned by Robert Hunter and put to music by Jerry Garcia; a lyrical section of this suite was called "Alhambra". In September 2006, Canadian singer/composer Loreena McKennitt performed live at the Alhambra. The resulting video recordings premiered on PBS and were later released as a 3-disc DVD/CD set called Nights From The Alhambra. The Basque pop group Mocedades performed a song called "Juntos En La Alhambra". Alhambra is the title of an EP recording by Canadian rock band, The Tea Party, containing acoustic versions of a few of their songs. Alhambra and Albaicín are mentioned in the Mago de Oz song named "El Paseo De Los Tristes" from the album entitled Gaia II. On California rapper Dom Kennedy's 2015 album By Dom Kennedy, there is a song entitled "Alhambra".
In mathematics[edit]
Further information: Mathematics and art
Tessellations like this inspired M.C. Escher's work.
The Alhambra tiles are remarkable in that they contain nearly all, if not all, of the seventeen mathematically possible wallpaper groups.[19] This is a unique accomplishment in world architecture. M. C. Escher's visit in 1922 and study of the Moorish use of symmetries in the Alhambra tiles inspired his subsequent work on tessellation, which he called "regular divisions of the plane".[20]
In film[edit]
Marcel L'Herbier's 1921 film El Dorado features many scenes shot in and around the Alhambra palace. This was the first time permission had been granted for a film company to shoot inside the Alhambra palace and L'Herbier gave prominent place to its gardens, fountains and geometric architectural patterns, which became some of the film's most memorable images.
Animated films by Spanish director Juan Bautista Berasategui such as Ahmed, El Principe De La Alhambra and El Embrujo Del Sur are based on stories in Washington Irving's Tales of the Alhambra.
The Court of the Lions was depicted in Assassin's Creed (film) (2016) when Sultan Muhammad XII surrenders the 'Apple of Eden', a powerful artifact in the center of the movie plot, in exchange for his son's safe return.
The fictional Broadway theatre (the interior actually Auckland, New Zealand's Civic Theatre), in which Kong is displayed as the 'Eighth Wonder of the World' in 2005's King Kong, is named "The Alhambra".[21]
In video games[edit]
It is a multiplayer location in Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood 's final DLC, The Da Vinci Disappearance.[22]
This serves as a location for the Spain stage in The King of Fighters (1998).
Alhambra is a wonder in Civilization V: Gods & Kings.
Alhambra is a wonder in Civilization VI.[23]
In board games[edit]
Dirk Henn's game Der Palast von Alhambra, literally "The Palace of the Alhambra". Players compete to get funds and pay contractors to build the best palace complex. It was published by Queen Games with numerous expansion packs. It won the Spiel des Jahres award in 2003.
In astronomy[edit]
There is a main belt asteroid named Alhambra.
In architecture[edit]
The synagogue Isaac M. Wise Temple.
See also[edit]
Gardening portal
12 Treasures of Spain
Alhambra Decree
Islamic gardens
History of Medieval Arabic and Western European domes
Further reading[edit]
Fernández Puertas, Antonio (1997), The Alhambra. Vol 1: From the Ninth Century to Yusuf I (1354), Saqi Books, ISBN 0-86356-466-6
Fernández Puertas, Antonio (1998), The Alhambra. Vol 2: (1354–1391), Saqi Books, ISBN 0-86356-467-4
Fernández Puertas, Antonio (1999), The Alhambra. Vol 3: From 1391 to the Present Day, Saqi Books, ISBN 978-0-86356-589-2
Grabar, Oleg. The Alhambra. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1978.
Jacobs, Michael; Fernández, Francisco (2009), Alhambra, Frances Lincoln, ISBN 978-0-7112-2518-3
Lowney, Chris. A Vanished World: Medieval Spain's Golden Age of Enlightenment. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 2005.
Menocal, Maria, Rosa. The Ornament of the World. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2002.
Read, Jan. The Moors in Spain and Portugal. London: Faber and Faber, 1974.
Ruggles, D. Fairchild. "Alhambra," in Encyclopaedia of Islam, third edition. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2008.
Ruggles, D. Fairchild. Gardens, Landscape, and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain, Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000.
Ruggles, D. Fairchild. Islamic Gardens and Landscapes, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.
Steves, Rick (2004). Spain and Portugal 2004, pp. 204–205. Avalon Travel Publishing. ISBN 1-56691-529-5.
Stewart, Desmond. The Alhambra. Newsweek Publishing, 1974. ISBN 0-88225-088-4.
The World Heritage. Istanbul and Cordoba, Vol. #15. Film Ideas, 2008. ISBN 1-57557-715-1.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The "Al-" in "Alhambra" means "the" in Arabic, but this is ignored in general usage in both English and Spanish, where the name is normally given the definite article
Jump up ^ Arabic: الْحَمْرَاء, trans. al-Ḥamrāʼ ; literally "the red one", feminine; in colloquial Arabic: el-Ḥamra
Jump up ^ Arabic: الْقَلْعَةُ ٱلْحَمْرَاءُ, trans. al-Qalʻat al-Ḥamrāʼ , "the red fortress"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Alhambra - historical introduction". Retrieved 2 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzín, Granada". World Heritage List. UNESCO. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Chisholm (1911), p. 657
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Chisholm (1911)
Jump up ^ Envisioning Islamic Art and Architecture (ed. David J. Roxburgh). BRILL, 2014. ISBN 9789004280281. P. 18-19.
Jump up ^ Salmerón Escobar (2007)
^ Jump up to: a b c d Salmerón Escobar (2007), III. The material base: construction and form
Jump up ^ "Alhambra, Granada, Spain". AirPano. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Salmerón Escobar (2007), IV. Formation and spatial perception
Jump up ^ Salmerón Escobar (2007), VI. The Alhambra that survives
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mirmobiny, Shadieh. "The Alhambra". Smarthistory at Khan Academy. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Ruggles (1992)
Jump up ^ Al-Hassani, Woodcock & Saoud (2007)
Jump up ^ Al-Hassani, Woodcock & Saoud (2007), p. 233
Jump up ^ Alfonso Lowe, Hugh Seymour-Davies. The Companion Guide to the South of Spain. Companion Guides, 2000. ISBN 9781900639330. P. 8.
^ Jump up to: a b Chisholm (1911), p. 658
Jump up ^ "CVC. Rinconete. Acordes". Cvc.cervantes.es. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "El alhambrismo en la música española hasta la época de Manuel de Falla – Dialnet". Dialnet.unirioja.es. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mathematics in Art and Architecture". Math.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Gelgi, Fatih (July 2010). "The Influence of Islamic Art on M.C. Escher". The Fountain (76).
Jump up ^ "King Kong, 2005". The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pete Haas (February 18, 2011). "Assassin's Creed Brotherhood Da Vinci Disappearance DLC Announced". CINEMABLEND. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Matt Peckham (October 25, 2016). "Review: ‘Civilization 6’ Fixes Most of the Series’ Biggest Flaws". Time. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
Bibliography[edit]
Al-Hassani, Salim T. S.; Woodcock, Elizabeth; Saoud, Rabah (2007). 1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in our World (2nd ed.). Manchester, UK: Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation. ISBN 978-0-9552426-1-8.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alhambra, The". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 656–658.
Irwin, Robert (2004). The Alhambra. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Ruggles, D. Fairchild (1992). "The gardens of the Alhambra and the concept of the garden in Islamic Spain". In Jerrilynn Dodds. Al-Andalus: The Arts of Islamic Spain. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum. pp. 163–171. ISBN 0-87099-636-3.
Salmerón Escobar, Pedro (2007). The Alhambra: Structure and Landscape. La Biblioteca de la Alhambra. Translated by Diana Kelham. ISBN 9788461181230.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alhambra.
Alhambra official website Alhambra Pedagogical & Cultural Association.
Alhambra in turgranada.es Official site for tourism of the province of Granada.
The Alhambra in Granada, Spain Masterpieces of Islamic Architecture.
InFocus: La Alhambra & Generalife (Granada, Spain) at HitchHikers Handbook
Paul F. Hoye, 1967, The Alhambra, Saudi Aramco World
Murphy, James Cavanah, 1816, The Alhamra (Alhambra) at Granada, islamic-arts.org
Al-Andalus: the art of Islamic Spain, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Alhambra (see index)
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Richard White (actor)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Richard White
Nationality
American
Occupation
Actor, tenor opera singer vocalist
Years active
1981–present
Notable work
Voice of Gaston in Disney's Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Richard White (born August 4, 1953) is an American actor and opera singer best known for voicing the character of Gaston in Disney's Beauty and the Beast and in the TV series House of Mouse.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
2 Filmography
2.1 Actor
3 Theatre Work
3.1 Broadway
3.2 Off-Broadway
3.3 Regional
4 Soundtrack
5 References
6 External links
Career[edit]
He also played the character of Gaylord Ravenal in Show Boat at Paper Mill Playhouse and Robert Mission in The New Moon, at the New York City Opera. White also created the title role of Erik in the world premiere of Arthur Kopit and Maury Yeston's musical, Phantom and sings the role on the cast recording.[1] White has performed on Broadway as Joey in The Most Happy Fella and has had roles in New York revivals of Brigadoon, South Pacific, and Auntie Mame.[1][2] He was nominated for a 1985 Joseph Jefferson Award for Actor in a Principal Role in a Musical for "Carousel" at the Marriott Theatre in Chicago, Illinois.[citation needed] From 2012-2013, White starred as Sir Danvers Carew in the national tour and Broadway revival of Jekyll & Hyde.[3]
Filmography[edit]
Actor[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1989 Great Performances Gaylord Ravenal / Robert Mission / Himself Episodes: "The New Moon"
"Show Boat"
"An Evening with Alan Jay Lerner"
1991 Beauty and the Beast Gaston (voice)
1992 The 64th Annual Academy Awards Himself (TV special)
1993 Kill Zone Medic
2001-2003 House of Mouse Gaston (voice) Episodes: "Daisy's Debut"
"Clarabelle's Big Secret"
"The Mouse Who Came to Dinner"
"Humphrey in the House"
"Halloween with Hades"
000000002016-04-26-00002016 King's Quest - Chapter III: Once Upon A Climb Whisper video game[4]
Theatre Work[edit]
Broadway[edit]
1979 – The Most Happy Fella – Neighbor
2013 – Jekyll and Hyde – Sir Danvers Carew
2015 – Gigi [5]
Off-Broadway[edit]
1980 – Elizabeth and Essex – Performer
1987 – The Desert Song – Pierre Birabeau/The Red Shadow
Regional[edit]
1984 – The Desert Song – Pierre Birabeau/The Red Shadow
1985 – Show Boat – Performer
1985 – Carousel – Performer
1987 – Annie Get Your Gun – Performer
1989 – Show Boat – Gaylord Ravenal
1991 – Phantom – Erik/The Phantom
1991 – The Merry Widow – Performer
1992 – Oklahoma! – Performer
1993 – Phantom – Erik/The Phantom
1994 – Camelot – Lancelot
1996 – Gigi – Performer
1998 – Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde – Dr. Jekyll
2004 – Chasing Nicolette – Count de Valence
2013 – A Christmas Carol – Ebenezer Scrooge
Soundtrack[edit]
Year
Artist/Writer
Song
Film
Role
1989 Jerome Kern & Oscar Hammerstein II "Where's The Mate For Me?"
"Make Believe"
"You Are Love"
"Act I Finale"
"Why Do I Love You?"
"Nun's Processional"
"Make Believe"
"You Are Love" Great Performances Gaylord Ravenal
1991 Howard Ashman & Alan Menken "Belle"
"The Mob Song"
"Gaston"
"Gaston Reprise" Beauty and the Beast Gaston
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Life is a Banquet" in The 5th Avenue Theatre's MAME Archived 2010-05-23 at the Wayback Machine., 5th Avenue Theatre press release, 2008
Jump up ^ Live Online transcript: South Pacific Archived 2011-06-10 at the Wayback Machine., The Washington Post, January 10, 2003, 3 p.m.
Jump up ^ Full Casting Announced for Jekyll & Hyde, Starring Constantine Maroulis
Jump up ^ The Odd Gentlemen. King's Quest - Chapter III: Once Upon A Climb. Sierra Entertainment. Scene: Closing credits, 1 min in, Cast.
Jump up ^ http://gigionbroadway.com/?gclid=CK-Wme_KgMYCFdUWHwodOg4AEw#cast
External links[edit]
Richard White on IMDb
Richard White at the Internet Broadway Database
The San Diego Drama King - An Interview with Richard White
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb14238886c (data)
GND: 143135007
ISNI: 0000 0001 1998 9179
LCCN: no2003108113
MusicBrainz: 82e10a90-fe21-4b49-85fd-5c5849d0c1da
VIAF: 29744838
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_White_(actor)&oldid=839961897"
Categories:
Living people
American operatic baritones
American opera singers
American male voice actors
1953 births
Hidden categories:
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text:
Indian states and union territories ranked by availability of toilets
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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States and union
territories of India
ordered by
Area
Population
Abbreviations
Capitals
Child Nutrition
Crime rate
Economic Freedom
Electricity penetration
Fertility rate
Forest cover
GDP (per capita)
Highest point
HIV awareness
HDI
Home ownership
Household size
Human Trafficking
Institutional delivery
Life expectancy at birth
Literacy rate
Media exposure
Number of Vehicles
Number of voters
Obesity
Open defecation
Origin of name
Places of worship
Poverty
Power capacity
Safe Drinking Water
Safety of Women
School Enrollment Rate
Sex ratio
Suicides
Tax revenues
Ease of Doing Business
TV ownership
Toilet availability
Transport network
Underweight people
Unemployment
Vaccination coverage
v
t
e
This is a list of Indian states and territories ranked by the availability of toilet facilities per household. Figures are from the 2011 Census of India.[1] The list does not include the newly formed states of Telangana and the residual state of Andhra Pradesh in 2014.[note 1]
Rank
State or union territory
Total toilet (%)
Flush toilet (%)
Pit toilet (%)
Other-type toilet (%)
No toilet (%)
Avg. INDIA 46.9 36.4 9.4 1.1 53.1
01 Lakshadweep 97.8 97.4 0.4 0.0 2.2
02 Kerala 95.4 67.2 28 0.2 4.6
03 Mizoram 91.9 68.6 4.5 0.3 42.7
04 Delhi 89.5 85.7 1.8 2.1 10.5
05 Manipur[note 2] 89.3 46.6 34.6 8.0 10.7
06 Chandigarh 87.6 87.1 0.5 0.1 12.4
07 Sikkim 87.2 75.0 12.0 0.2 12.8
08 Tripura 86 24.8 60.2 1.0 14.0
09 Goa 79.7 74.1 4.4 1.2 20.3
10 Punjab 79.3 59.3 19.2 0.8 20.7
11 Daman & Diu 78.2 77.1 1.0 0.1 21.8
12 Nagaland 76.5 47.7 27.7 1.1 23.5
13 Andaman & Nicobar Islands 70.1 67.0 2.9 0.2 29.9
14 Himachal Pradesh 69.1 60.7 8.1 0.3 30.9
15 Haryana 68.6 50.4 17.4 0.8 31.4
16 Puducherry 68.4 67.4 0.8 0.3 31.6
17 Uttarakhand 65.8 53.2 11.9 0.7 34.2
18 Assam 64.9 28.5 34.7 1.8 35.1
19 Meghalaya 62.9 38.2 23.3 1.5 37.1
20 Arunachal Pradesh 62 38.4 18.8 4.8 38.0
21 West Bengal[note 3] 58.8 31.9 25.6 1.4 41.2
22 Gujarat 57.3 55.85 4.2 0.3 39.65
23 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 54.7 53.7 0.7 0.3 45.3
24 Maharashtra 53.1 43.5 8.8 0.9 46.9
25 Jammu & Kashmir 51.2 33.0 5.5 12.7 48.8
26 Karnataka 51.2 36.9 13.6 0.7 48.8
27 Tamil Nadu 48.3 41.2 6.0 1.1 51.7
28 Uttar Pradesh 35.6 29.8 4.2 1.7 64.4
29 Rajasthan 35 27.6 6.5 0.8 65.0
30 Madhya Pradesh 28.8 26.1 2.3 0.4 71.2
31 Chhattisgarh[note 4] 27.6 21.0 3.5 0.2 75.4
32 Bihar 23.1 20.1 2.5 0.5 76.9
33 Jharkhand 22 20.4 1.4 0.3 78.0
34 Odisha 22 17.7 3.5 0.8 78.0
NA Andhra Pradesh --[2] -- -- --
NA Telangana --[3] -- -- --
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In 2011, the undivided state of Andhra Pradesh ranked 26th among states and territories in terms of toilet availability, just above Tamil Nadu. As of the 2011 census, 43.1 percent of households in Andhra Pradesh had access to a flush toilet, 5.4 percent had access to a pit toilet, and 1.1 percent had access to another type of toilet. 50.4 percent of households in the state lacked toilet facilities.
Jump up ^ Excludes figures of Paomata, Mao-Maram and Purul sub-divisions of Senapati district.
Jump up ^ Excluding figures from 260 villages in Paschim Medinipur district.
Jump up ^ Excluding figures from 70 villages of Dantewada district and 33 villages of Bijapur district.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Availability and type of latrine facility" (PDF). 2011 Census of India, Government of India. 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Nag, Kingshuk (2 June 2014). "T-party today: India's 29th state Telangana is born". Times of India.
Jump up ^ Nag, Kingshuk (2 June 2014). "T-party today: India's 29th state Telangana is born". Times of India.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_states_and_union_territories_ranked_by_availability_of_toilets&oldid=811188512"
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This page was last edited on 20 November 2017, at 01:54.
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