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Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
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Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
A portrait of Garrett Anderson circa 1900, by John Singer Sargent
Born
Elizabeth Garrett
(1836-06-09)9 June 1836
Whitechapel, London, England
Died
17 December 1917(1917-12-17) (aged 81)
Aldeburgh, Suffolk, England
Education
Studied privately with physicians in London hospitals
Society of Apothecaries
Known for
First woman to openly gain a medical qualification in Britain
Creating a medical school for women
Relatives
James Anderson (husband)
Louisa Garrett Anderson (daughter)
Alan Garrett Anderson (son)
Millicent Garrett Fawcett (sister)
Newson Garrett (father)
Medical career
Profession
Physician
Institutions
New Hospital for Women
London School of Medicine for Women
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (9 June 1836 – 17 December 1917) was an English physician and suffragist, and the first woman to openly qualify in Britain as a physician and surgeon, and the first woman to do so since James Barry[1] She was the co-founder of the first hospital staffed by women, the first dean of a British medical school, the first female doctor of medicine in France, the first woman in Britain to be elected to a school board and, as Mayor of Aldeburgh, the first female mayor and magistrate in Britain.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Early education
3 Medical education
4 Career
4.1 BMA membership
5 Women’s suffrage movement
6 Personal life
7 Legacy
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Early life[edit]
Her parents, Newson and Louisa Garrett in their old age; from What I Remember by Millicent Garrett Fawcett
Elizabeth Garrett was born on 9 June 1836 in Whitechapel, London, the second of eleven children of Newson Garrett (1812–1893), from Leiston, Suffolk, and his wife, Louisa née Dunnell (1813–1903), from London.[2][3]
The Garrett ancestors had been ironworkers in East Suffolk since the early seventeenth century.[4] Newson was the youngest of three sons and not academically inclined, although he possessed the family’s entrepreneurial spirit. When he finished school, the town of Leiston offered little to Newson, so he left for London to make his fortune. There, he fell in love with his brother's sister-in-law, Louisa Dunnell, the daughter of an innkeeper of Suffolk origin. After their wedding, the couple went to live in a pawnbroker's shop at 1 Commercial Road, Whitechapel. The Garretts had their first three children in quick succession: Louie, Elizabeth and their brother (Dunnell Newson) who died at the age of six months. While Louisa grieved the loss of her third child, it was not easy to raise their two daughters in the city of London at that time.[5] When Garrett was 3 years old, the family moved to 142 Long Acre, where they were to live for 2 years, whilst one more child was born and her father moved up in the world, becoming not only the manager of a larger pawnbroker's shop, but also a silversmith.[6] Garrett's grandfather, owner of the family engineering works, Richard Garrett & Sons, had died in 1837, leaving the business to his eldest son, Garrett's uncle. Despite his lack of capital, Newson was determined to be successful and in 1841, at the age of 29, he moved his family to Suffolk, where he bought a barley and coal merchants business in Snape, constructing Snape Maltings, a fine range of buildings for malting barley.[7]
The Garretts lived in a square Georgian house opposite the church in Aldeburgh until 1852. Newson's malting business expanded and five more children were born, Edmund (1840), Alice (1842), Millicent (1847), who was to become a leader in the constitutional campaign for women's suffrage, Sam (1850), Josephine (1853) and George (1854). By 1850, Newson was a prosperous businessman and was able to build Alde House, a mansion on a hill behind Aldeburgh. A “by-product of the industrial revolution”,[8] Garrett grew up in an atmosphere of “triumphant economic pioneering” and the Garrett children were to grow up to become achievers in the professional classes of late-Victorian England. Garrett was encouraged to take an interest in local politics and, contrary to practices at the time, was allowed the freedom to explore the town with its nearby salt-marshes, beach and the small port of Slaughden with its boatbuilders' yards and sailmakers' lofts.[9]
Early education[edit]
There was no school in Aldeburgh so Garrett learned the three Rs from her mother. When she was 10 years old, a governess, Miss Edgeworth, a poor gentlewoman, was employed to educate Garrett and her sister. Mornings were spent in the schoolroom; there were regimented afternoon walks; educating the young ladies continued at mealtimes when Edgeworth ate with the family; at night, the governess slept in a curtained off area in the girls' bedroom. Garrett despised her governess and sought to outwit the teacher in the classroom.[10] When Garrett was 13 and her sister 15, they were sent to a private school, the Boarding School for Ladies in Blackheath, London, which was run by the step aunts of the poet Robert Browning.[11] There, English literature, French, Italian and German as well as deportment, were taught.[12]
A portrait of Garrett in the 1860s
Later in life, Garrett recalled the stupidity of her teachers there, though her schooling there did help establish a love of reading.[13] Her main complaint about the school was the lack of science and mathematics instruction.[3] Her reading matter included Tennyson, Wordsworth, Milton, Coleridge, Trollope, Thackeray and George Eliot. Elizabeth and Louie were known as “the bathing Garretts”, as their father had insisted they be allowed a hot bath once a week.[14] However, they made what were to be lifelong friends there. When they finished in 1851, they were sent on a short tour abroad, ending with a memorable visit to the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park, London.[3]
After this formal education, Garrett spent the next nine years tending to domestic duties, but she continued to study Latin and arithmetic in the mornings and also read widely. Her sister Millicent recalled Garrett's weekly lectures, “Talks on Things in General”, when her younger siblings would gather while she discussed politics and current affairs from Garibaldi to Macaulay's History of England.[15] In 1854, when she was eighteen, Garrett and her sister went on a long visit to their school friends, Jane and Anne Crow, in Gateshead where she met Emily Davies, the early feminist and future co-founder of Girton College, Cambridge. Davies was to be a lifelong friend and confidante, always ready to give sound advice during the important decisions of Garrett’s career. It may have been in the English Woman's Journal, first issued in 1858, that Garrett first read of Elizabeth Blackwell, who had become the first female doctor in the United States in 1849.[3] When Blackwell visited London in 1859, Garrett travelled to the capital. By then, her sister Louie was married and living in London. Garrett joined the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women, which organised Blackwell's lectures on "Medicine as a Profession for Ladies" and set up a private meeting between Garrett and the doctor.[16] It is said that during a visit to Alde House around 1860, one evening while sitting by the fireside, Garrett and Davies selected careers for advancing the frontiers of women's rights; Garrett was to open the medical profession to women, Davies the doors to a university education for women, while 13-year-old Millicent was allocated politics and votes for women.[17] At first Newson was opposed to the radical idea of his daughter becoming a physician but came round and agreed to do all in his power, both financially and otherwise, to support Garrett.[18]
Medical education[edit]
After an initial unsuccessful visit to leading doctors in Harley Street, Garrett decided to first spend six months as a surgery nurse at Middlesex Hospital, London in August 1860.[3][19] On proving to be a good nurse, she was allowed to attend an outpatients' clinic, then her first operation. She unsuccessfully attempted to enroll in the hospital's Medical School but was allowed to attend private tuition in Latin, Greek and materia medica with the hospital's apothecary, while continuing her work as a nurse. She also employed a tutor to study anatomy and physiology three evenings a week. Eventually she was allowed into the dissecting room and the chemistry lectures. Gradually, Garrett became an unwelcome presence among the male students, who in 1861 presented a memorial to the school against her admittance as a fellow student, despite the support she enjoyed from the administration.[3][20] She was obliged to leave the Middlesex Hospital but she did so with an honours certificate in chemistry and materia medica. Garrett then applied to several medical schools, including Oxford, Cambridge, Glasgow, Edinburgh, St Andrews and the Royal College of Surgeons, all of which refused her admittance.[3][21]
A companion to her in this struggle was the lesser known Dr Sophia Jex-Blake. Whilst both are considered "outstanding" medical figures of the late 19th century, Garrett was able to obtain her credentials by way of a "side door" through a loophole in admissions at the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries.[22] Having privately obtained a certificate in anatomy and physiology, she was admitted in 1862 by the Society of Apothecaries who, as a condition of their charter, could not legally exclude her on account of her sex.[22] She continued her battle to qualify by studying privately with various professors, including some at the University of St Andrews, the Edinburgh Royal Maternity and the London Hospital Medical School.[citation needed]
In 1865, she finally took her exam and obtained a licence (LSA) from the Society of Apothecaries to practise medicine, the first woman qualified in Britain to do so (previously there was Dr James Barry who was assigned a female gender at birth but lived his adult life as a man). On the day, three out of seven candidates passed the exam, Garrett with the highest marks.[23] The Society of Apothecaries immediately amended its regulations to prevent other women obtaining a licence [24] meaning that Jex-Blake however could not follow this same path; the new rule disallowed privately educated women to be eligible for examination.[22] It was not until 1876 that the new Medical Act (39 and 40 Vict, Ch. 41) passed which allowed British medical authorities to license all qualified applicants whatever their gender.[25][26][27]
Career[edit]
Garrett before the Faculty of Medicine, Paris
Though she was now a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries, as a woman, Garrett could not take up a medical post in any hospital. So in late 1865, Garrett opened her own practice at 20 Upper Berkeley Street, London.[28] At first, patients were scarce but the practice gradually grew. After six months in practice, she wished to open an outpatients dispensary, to enable poor women to obtain medical help from a qualified practitioner of their own gender. In 1865, there was an outbreak of cholera in Britain, affecting both rich and poor, and in their panic, some people forgot any prejudices they had in relation to a female physician. The first death due to cholera occurred in 1866, but by then Garrett had already opened St Mary's Dispensary for Women and Children, at 69 Seymour Place.[29] In the first year, she tended to 3,000 new patients, who made 9,300 outpatient visits to the dispensary.[30] On hearing that the Dean of the faculty of medicine at the University of Sorbonne, Paris was in favour of admitting women as medical students, Garrett studied French so that she could apply for a medical degree, which she obtained in 1870 after some difficulty.[3][31]
Caricature of Garrett Anderson published in 1872
The same year she was elected to the first London School Board, an office newly opened to women; Garrett's was the highest vote among all the candidates. Also in that year, she was made one of the visiting physicians of the East London Hospital for Children, becoming the first woman in Britain to be appointed to a medical post,[32] but she found the duties of these two positions to be incompatible with her principal work in her private practice and the dispensary, as well as her role as a new mother, so she resigned from these posts by 1873.[33] In 1872, the dispensary became the New Hospital for Women and Children, treating women from all over London for gynaecological conditions; the hospital moved to new premises in Marylebone Street in 1874. Around this time, Garrett also entered into discussion with male medical views regarding women. In 1874, Henry Maudsley’s article on Sex and Mind in Education appeared, which argued that education for women caused over-exertion and thus reduced their reproductive capacity, sometimes causing “nervous and even mental disorders”.[34] Garrett’s counter-argument was that the real danger for women was not education but boredom and that fresh air and exercise were preferable to sitting by the fire with a novel.[35] In the same year, she co-founded London School of Medicine for Women with Sophia Jex-Blake and became a lecturer in what was the only teaching hospital in Britain to offer courses for women.[36] She continued to work there for the rest of her career and was dean of the school from 1883 to 1902. This school was later called the Royal Free Hospital of Medicine,[37] which later became part of what is now the medical school of University College London.
BMA membership[edit]
Garrett Anderson circa 1889
Garrett Anderson as mayor of Aldeburgh, November 1908
In 1873 she gained membership of the British Medical Association and remained the only female member for 19 years, due to the Association's vote against the admission of further women – "one of several instances where Garrett, uniquely, was able to enter a hitherto all male medical institution which subsequently moved formally to exclude any women who might seek to follow her."[38] In 1897, Garrett Anderson was elected president of the East Anglian branch of the British Medical Association.[39]
Garrett Anderson worked steadily at the development of the New Hospital for Women, and (from 1874) at the creation of the London School of Medicine for Women, where she served as its dean.[3] Both institutions have since been handsomely and suitably housed and equipped, the New Hospital for Women (in the Euston Road) for many years being worked entirely by medical women, and the schools (in Hunter Street, WC1) having over 200 students, most of them preparing for the medical degree of London University (the present-day University College London), which was opened to women in 1877.
On 9 November 1908, she was elected mayor of Aldeburgh, the first female mayor in England. Her father was mayor in 1889.
She died in 1917 and is buried in the churchyard of St Peter and St Paul's Church, Aldeburgh.[38]
Women’s suffrage movement[edit]
Garrett Anderson with Emmeline Pankhurst on Black Friday, 18 November 1910
Garrett Anderson
Garrett Anderson was also active in the women's suffrage movement. In 1866, Garrett Anderson and Davies presented petitions signed by more than 1,500 asking that female heads of household be given the vote.[40] That year, Garrett Anderson joined the first British Women's Suffrage Committee.[3] She was not as active as her sister, Millicent Garrett Fawcett, though Garrett Anderson became a member of the Central Committee of the National Society for Women's Suffrage in 1889. After her husband's death in 1907, she became more active. As mayor of Aldeburgh, she gave speeches for suffrage, before the increasing militant activity in the movement led to her withdrawal in 1911.[41] Her daughter Louisa, also a physician, was more active and more militant, spending time in prison in 1912 for her suffrage activities.[42]
Personal life[edit]
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson once remarked that “a doctor leads two lives, the professional and the private, and the boundaries between the two are never traversed”.[43] In 1871, she married[44] James George Skelton Anderson (d. 1907) of the Orient Steamship Company co-owned by his uncle Arthur Anderson, but she did not give up her medical practice. She had three children, Louisa (1873–1943), Margaret (1874–1875), who died of meningitis, and Alan (1877–1952). Louisa also became a pioneering doctor of medicine and feminist activist.
They retired to Aldeburgh in 1902,[45] moving to Alde House in 1903, after the death of Elizabeth’s mother. Skelton died of a stroke in 1907.[3] She enjoyed a happy marriage and in later life, devoted time to Alde House, gardening, and travelling with younger members of the extended family. [46]
Legacy[edit]
The Garrett Anderson Centre, Ipswich Hospital
The New Hospital for Women was renamed the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital in 1918 and amalgamated with the Obstetric Hospital in 2001 to form the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson and Obstetric Hospital[47] before relocating to become the University College Hospital Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Wing at UCH.
The former Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital buildings are incorporated into the new National Headquarters for the public service trade union UNISON. The Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Gallery,[48] a permanent installation set within the restored hospital building, uses a variety of media to set the story of Garrett Anderson, her hospital, and women's struggle to achieve equality in the field of medicine within the wider framework of 19th and 20th century social history.
The critical care centre at Ipswich Hospital was named the Garrett Anderson Centre in her honour, in recognition of her connection to the county of Suffolk.
A secondary school for girls in Islington, London is named after her; Elizabeth Garrett Anderson School.
The archives of Elizabeth Garrett Anderson are held at the Women's Library at the London School of Economics.[49] The archives of the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital (formerly the New Hospital for Women) are held at the London Metropolitan Archives.[50]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Frances Hoggan preceded her as the first British woman to qualify in Europe, having qualified in Switzerland.
Jump up ^ Manton, p. 20
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (1986). Women in science : antiquity through the nineteenth century : a biographical dictionary with annotated bibliography (3. print. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-15031-X.
Jump up ^ Manton, p. 17
Jump up ^ Manton, p. 22
Jump up ^ Manton, p. 23
Jump up ^ Manton, p. 25
Jump up ^ Manton, p. 28
Jump up ^ Manton, pp. 28–32
Jump up ^ Manton, pp. 32–33
Jump up ^ Manton, p. 33
Jump up ^ Ogilvie, Marilyn B (1986). Women in Science: Antiquity Through the Nineteenth Century : a Biographical Dictionary with Annotated Bibliography. MIT Press.
Jump up ^ Manton, pp. 35-36
Jump up ^ Manton, pp. 35–36
Jump up ^ Manton, p. 44
Jump up ^ Manton, pp. 50–52
Jump up ^ Manton, p. 72
Jump up ^ Manton, pp. 73–76
Jump up ^ Manton, pp. 82–93
Jump up ^ Manton, pp. 104–110
Jump up ^ Manton, pp. 114–115
^ Jump up to: a b c Annie G., Porritt (1919). "Reviewed Work: The Life of Sophia Jex-Blake. by Margaret Todd". Political Science Quarterly. 34 (1): 180. JSTOR 2141537.
Jump up ^ Manton, pp. 162–163
Jump up ^ Manton, p. 176
Jump up ^ British Medical Journal. British Medical Association. 1908. pp. 1079–.
Jump up ^ John A. Wagner Ph.D. (25 February 2014). Voices of Victorian England: Contemporary Accounts of Daily Life. ABC-CLIO. pp. 211–. ISBN 978-0-313-38689-3.
Jump up ^ Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (1892). Parliamentary Papers, House of Commons and Command. H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 40–.
Jump up ^ Manton, pp. 167–169
Jump up ^ Manton, p. 173
Jump up ^ Manton, p. 175
Jump up ^ Pioneering Physician, BBC, Last updated: 2 January 2008
Jump up ^ Manton, pp. 193–195
Jump up ^ Manton, p. 235
Jump up ^ Manton, p. 236
Jump up ^ Manton, p. 237
Jump up ^ Manton, pp. 241–243
Jump up ^ Manton, p. 308
^ Jump up to: a b M. A. Elston, "Anderson, Elizabeth Garrett (1836–1917)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Oct 2005.
Jump up ^ Manton, pp. 235–236
Jump up ^ Manton, p. 171
Jump up ^ Manton, pp. 338–345
Jump up ^ Manton, p. 345
Jump up ^ Manton, p. 261
Jump up ^ Manton, pp. 217–218
Jump up ^ Manton, p. 331
Jump up ^ "Elizabeth Garrett Anderson: The Modern Woman". The Guardian Witness. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
Jump up ^ UCLH – Our hospitals – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson and Obstetric Hospital. uclh.nhs.uk
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Gallery
Jump up ^ 7EGA
Jump up ^ Archives held at LMA. ref H13/EGA. cityoflondon.gov.uk
Further reading[edit]
Anonymous (1873). Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day. Illustrated by Frederick Waddy. London: Tinsley Brothers. pp. 30–33. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
Crawford, Elizabeth. Enterprising Women: The Garretts and their Circle. Francis Boutle Publishers. ISBN 1-903427-12-6. Archived from the original on 10 October 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2002.
Glynn, Jenifer (15 January 2008). The Pioneering Garretts: Breaking the Barriers for Women. Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 978-1-84725-207-4. [permanent dead link]
Kellya, Laura. "Elizabeth Garrett Anderson: early pioneer of women in medicine". The Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33112-4. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
Long, Tony. "28 Sep 1865: England Gets Its First Woman Physician, the Hard Way". Wired. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
Manton, Jo (1965). Elizabeth Garrett Anderson: England's First Woman Physician. Methuen, London.
Shearer, Barbara Smith; Shearer, Benjamin F. (1996). Notable women in the life sciences : a biographical dictionary. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313293023.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elizabeth Garrett Anderson.
Wikisource has the text of a 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article about Elizabeth Garrett Anderson.
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
BBC page on Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
Picture of The United Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital and Hospital for Women Soho, near Euston Station in London.
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SNAC: w66t3h3n
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Victoria
Genre
Drama
Created by
Daisy Goodwin
Written by
Daisy Goodwin
Guy Andrews
Ottilie Wilford
Starring
Jenna Coleman
Tom Hughes
Peter Bowles
Catherine Flemming
Daniela Holtz
Nell Hudson
Ferdinand Kingsley
Tommy Knight
Nigel Lindsay
Eve Myles
David Oakes
Paul Rhys
Adrian Schiller
Peter Firth
Alex Jennings
Rufus Sewell
Bebe Cave
Margaret Clunie
Tilly Steele
Leo Suter
Jordan Waller
Anna Wilson-Jones
Diana Rigg
Composer(s)
Ruth Barrett
Martin Phipps
Country of origin
United Kingdom
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
2
No. of episodes
17 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Daisy Goodwin
Dan McCulloch
Damien Timmer
Producer(s)
Rebecca Eaton
Paul Frift
Location(s)
United Kingdom
Running time
46–69 minutes
Production company(s)
Mammoth Screen
Distributor
ITV Studios
Release
Original network
ITV
Picture format
16:9 1080i
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
28 August 2016 (2016-08-28) – present (present)
External links
Website
www.itv.com/hub/victoria/
Victoria is a drama television series created and principally written by Daisy Goodwin and stars Jenna Coleman as Queen Victoria. The series was announced in September 2015 as a co-production of the British network ITV and the American station WGBH Boston for its Masterpiece anthology series on PBS.
Victoria premiered on 28 August 2016 on ITV. The first series consisted of eight episodes and concluded on 9 October 2016. In September 2016, ITV renewed Victoria for an eight-episode second series, which premiered on 27 August 2017 and was followed by a 2017 Christmas special. In December 2017, Victoria was renewed for a third series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.1.1 Featured
2.2 Recurring
3 Episodes
3.1 Series overview
3.2 Series 1 (2016)
3.3 Series 2 (2017)
4 Production
4.1 Development
4.2 Filming
4.3 Music
5 Release
5.1 Broadcast
5.2 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Critical reception
6.2 Accolades
7 References
8 External links
Premise[edit]
The first series depicts the first few years of the reign of Queen Victoria, portrayed by Jenna Coleman, from her accession to the throne at the age of eighteen, to her intense friendship and infatuation with Lord Melbourne, to her courtship and early marriage to Prince Albert (Tom Hughes) and finally to the birth of their first child, Victoria. The second series follows Victoria's struggles on managing her role as Queen with that of her duties to her husband and children.
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Jenna Coleman as Queen Victoria[1]
Tom Hughes as Prince Albert[2]
Peter Bowles as the Duke of Wellington
Catherine Flemming as the Duchess of Kent[1]
Daniela Holtz as Baroness Lehzen[2] (series 1–2)
Nell Hudson as Miss Skerrett[3]
Ferdinand Kingsley as Charles Elmé Francatelli[4]
Tommy Knight as Archibald Brodie[5]
Nigel Lindsay as Sir Robert Peel[2]
Eve Myles as Mrs. Jenkins[6] (series 1)
David Oakes as Prince Ernest
Paul Rhys as Sir John Conroy[1] (series 1)
Adrian Schiller as Mr. Penge[3]
Peter Firth as the Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale[1]
Alex Jennings as King Leopold
Rufus Sewell as Lord Melbourne[1] (series 1–2)
Bebe Cave as Wilhelmina Coke (series 2–)
Margaret Clunie as the Duchess of Sutherland (recurring series 1, main series 2–)
Tilly Steele as Miss Cleary (series 2–)
Leo Suter as Edward Drummond (series 2)
Jordan Waller as Lord Alfred Paget (recurring series 1, main series 2–)
Anna Wilson-Jones as Lady Portman (recurring series 1, main series 2–)
Diana Rigg as the Duchess of Buccleuch (series 2–)
Featured[edit]
Bruno Wolkowitch as King Louis Philippe (series 2)
Martin Compston as Dr. Traill (series 2)
Denis Lawson as the Duke of Atholl (series 2)
Recurring[edit]
Tom Price as the Duke of Sutherland
Robin McCallum as Lord Portman
Richard Dixon as the Lord Chancellor
Julian Finnigan as Lord Hastings
Guy Oliver-Watts as Sir James Hayter
Michael Parkhouse as Lord Melbourne's butler
Alice Orr-Ewing as Lady Flora Hastings
Nichola McAuliffe as the Duchess of Cumberland, the German wife of the Duke of Cumberland[2]
Simon Paisley Day as Lord Chamberlain
Basil Eidenbenz as Lohlein, Prince Albert's valet
Harry McEntire as Edward Oxford
Andrew Scarborough as Captain Childers
Aoife Kennan as Abigail Owen
Samantha Colley as Eliza Skerrett
Robin Soans as Sir James Clark
Bruce Mackinnon as Hannam
James Wilby as Sir Piers Gifford
Annabel Mullion as Lady Beatrice Gifford
Daisy Brown as Soprano
Daniel Donskoy as The Grand Duke
Nicholas Agnew as Prince George
Andrew Bicknell as the Duke of Coburg
Carolin Stoltz as Gretchen
Ben Abell as Rowland Hill
Gertrude Thoma as Hilde
Robert MacPherson as Anson
David Bamber as the Duke of Sussex
Terence Beesley as Buxton
Daisy Goodwin as the Duchess of Inverness
Cornell S. John as Jonas Barrett
Clare Wille as Lady Peel
Peter Ivatts as the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Howley.
Peter Forbes as Craddock
Alexander Owen as Dr Brydon
Phil Rowson as John Bright, MP
Episodes[edit]
Series overview[edit]
Series
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 8 28 August 2016 (2016-08-28) 9 October 2016 (2016-10-09)
2 8 (+1) 27 August 2017 (2017-08-27) 15 October 2017 (2017-10-15)
25 December 2017 (special)
Series 1 (2016)[edit]
Series 1
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [7]
1
1 "Doll 123" Tom Vaughan Daisy Goodwin 28 August 2016 (2016-08-28) 8.00
Victoria ascends to the throne after the death of her paternal uncle, King William IV. She asserts her independence by standing up to her mother and Sir John Conroy, who had reared her under the strict Kensington System. Victoria creates a scandal involving her mother's lady-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings, by spreading the rumor that Lady Flora is pregnant with Sir John's child. Lady Flora is forced to undergo a medical examination, which reveals she is a virgin, but with a growing abdominal tumour that will prove fatal. The public is outraged when they learn of the humiliation the dying Lady Flora suffered at Victoria's hands. Victoria despairs over what she has done and feels her reign is tarnished, but is encouraged by the prime minister, Lord Melbourne, to stand tall and face the public.
2
2 "Ladies in Waiting" Tom Vaughan Daisy Goodwin 29 August 2016 (2016-08-29) 7.37
The Whig Prime Minister Lord Melbourne announces he must resign, saying he lacks the required mandate in parliament. Victoria asks the Duke of Wellington to form a new government but he declines, saying he is too old to be prime minister again. He suggests she instead invite Tory leader Sir Robert Peel, which she does reluctantly. However, Peel agrees only on the condition that she dismiss some of her Ladies of the Bedchamber, as four are married to Whig ministers, and replace them with the wives of Tories. The queen refuses, as she considers the ladies to be her intimate friends and not political pawns. This leads to the Bedchamber crisis. Melbourne insists he cannot undermine the British constitution by governing solely at the monarch's whim, but he eventually gives in and stays on as Prime Minister. Victoria's mother, Sir John, and her paternal uncle, the Duke of Cumberland, scheme to install a regency to limit Victoria's power by making people believe she had inherited the madness of her grandfather, King George III.
3
3 "Brocket Hall" Tom Vaughan Daisy Goodwin 4 September 2016 (2016-09-04) 7.75
Sir John and Victoria's mother want her to marry, believing she is too independent and needs a man to control her. Victoria's maternal uncle, King Leopold of Belgium, arrives to pressure her to marry his nephew and her cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Victoria has no interest in Albert. Leopold tries to get Lord Melbourne to support the scheme; Melbourne believes there is no hurry to push her into a marriage if it is with the wrong person. Victoria, believing she is in love with Melbourne, pursues him, but he rebuffs her. Tired of Sir John, Victoria offers him a baronetcy and pension for him to leave court, devastating her mother. Following the Newport Rising, Victoria takes pity on the leaders and commutes their death sentences to exile in Australia.
4
4 "The Clockwork Prince" Sandra Goldbacher Daisy Goodwin 11 September 2016 (2016-09-11) 7.62
Albert arrives to visit Victoria. They are mutually aloof and resentful for being pushed on each other. Some at court feel Albert, as a younger son and prince of a minor duchy, is beneath her. As they spend time together, an attraction slowly grows. Albert, however, challenges Victoria on Lord Melbourne's influence over her and his sheltering her from reality, such as the poverty of the masses. Following an argument, Albert prepares to leave, believing he has lost her favour, while Victoria herself has come to terms with her love for Albert but is hesitant to propose because she is no longer sure if he will say yes. After confiding her worries to Leopold and being given some encouragement, Victoria proposes and Albert eagerly accepts.
5
5 "An Ordinary Woman" Sandra Goldbacher Daisy Goodwin 18 September 2016 (2016-09-18) 7.65
When Victoria announces her engagement, the Tory parliament reacts with hostility at the idea of a German consort, especially one who would be given a British title and hefty annual allowance. Additionally, the Duke of Wellington calls attention to the certainty that Albert is not a Catholic, which would preclude Victoria from marrying him without abdicating her crown. Though unable to give him a royal title such as Duke or King, Victoria makes Albert a Knight of the Garter and gives him a small allowance. Albert is offended, feeling he will be without position or independence, while Victoria worries that the allowance would enable him to keep a mistress, as did her Uncle Leopold. They reassure each other and, on 10 February 1840, they are married.
6
6 "The Queen's Husband" Olly Blackburn Daisy Goodwin 25 September 2016 (2016-09-25) 7.65
Victoria and Albert are happily married. However, Victoria fears she will die in childbirth like her cousin and aunt Princess Charlotte, whose death led to Victoria inheriting the crown. Her lady's maid gives her useless advice to avoid pregnancy. Victoria curries favor with her paternal uncle the Duke of Sussex, who is unable to present his wife at court because their morganatic marriage was in violation of the Royal Marriages Act 1772. Although his wife is the daughter of an earl, she is not of royal birth. Victoria uses her discretion to make her the Duchess of Inverness and welcomes her to court. An abolitionist group asks Victoria to open its London meeting, held in June 1840. She says she will publicly support the cause, but is unable to open it because of her position. Prince Albert instead volunteers to give an address against slavery, a subject he feels strongly about. His speech is considered a great success for him.
7
7 "The Engine of Change" Olly Blackburn Guy Andrews 2 October 2016 (2016-10-02) 7.31
Victoria, pregnant with her first child, is desperately afraid of dying in childbirth. Her mother insists she refrain from affairs of state and rest full-time. The ministers ask Victoria to choose a regent in the case she dies in childbirth but her baby survives. She insists on Albert as regent, which enrages the Tories. However, Sir Robert Peel believes Albert could be influenced and supports him as regent. Albert takes an interest in the building of the railway to improve Great Britain, a project Victoria discourages him from pursuing. Sir Robert takes Albert to ride on his locomotive, which infuriates her. Albert, however, insists that he have some measure of influence in his new country, while she worries that his doing so could undermine her own authority as queen. Nevertheless Victoria bravely ventures out to take a ride on the locomotive herself, which she finds exhilarating.
8
8 "Young England" Olly Blackburn Daisy Goodwin 9 October 2016 (2016-10-09) 7.74
The pregnant Victoria insists on her daily carriage rides to greet her subjects. The Duke of Cumberland, now the King of Hanover, insists that the British people are unaccepting of the German Albert as regent should death result from childbirth. Cumberland hints of assassination threats. On 10 June 1840, Edward Oxford attempts to assassinate Victoria during a carriage ride. Cumberland, who is first in line to the throne if Victoria dies, is blamed but denies any involvement. Oxford's guns were unloaded at the time. He is declared not guilty by reason of insanity and sent to a lunatic asylum. On 21 November 1840, Victoria gives birth without complications to a healthy baby girl, also named Victoria.
Series 2 (2017)[edit]
Series 2
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [7]
9
1 "A Soldier's Daughter" Lisa James Larsson Daisy Goodwin 27 August 2017 (2017-08-27) 6.17
A month after the birth of her daughter, Victoria finds that the government has not been confiding in her with their business, and becomes irritated with Albert for helping them. Having been kept in her rooms to recover from giving birth, Victoria comes to learn that the British troops were slain in the Anglo-Afghan War, and she refuses Leopold's decision to organize a betrothal of the princess to another country's power for the purpose of politics. With the public angered by the defeat of their troops, Victoria makes her first public appearance after having given birth at the launch of HMS Trafalgar, while Albert goes to his brother, Ernest, for advice on how to fix the rift between him and Victoria. Miss Skerrett is promoted following the departure of Mrs. Jenkins, while Francatelli, the previous chef for the queen, returns after having been persuaded, and the Duchess of Buccleuch is hired as the Queen's new Mistress of the Robes following the Duchess of Sutherland's resignation.
10
2 "The Green-Eyed Monster" Lisa James Larsson Daisy Goodwin 3 September 2017 (2017-09-03) 6.62
Albert resists his profligate father's demands regarding Albert's finances, and as a result, Albert visits the Royal Society to meet with the pioneers of the computing industry, Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace. He invites the two to a palace function. Victoria becomes suspicious and jealous of Albert's admiration of Lovelace, the daughter of Lord Byron, a man known for his many affairs. Victoria wonders if Albert intends to make her his mistress. She seeks assurance from Lord Melbourne that the relationship between the two exists for the reasons of science and shared interests; he successfully consoles her. Victoria finds herself pregnant again, causing initial distress due to the short lapse of time since the first birth, but it eventually gives her and Albert a reason to reconcile. In the kitchens, a young thief makes his way through the castle, convincing Miss Cleary, the Queen's assistant dresser, that the castle is haunted and a ghost roams the halls.
11
3 "Warp and Weft" Geoffrey Sax Daisy Goodwin 10 September 2017 (2017-09-10) 6.56
After the presence of the thief becomes knowledge to the Queen and her husband, Albert becomes apprehensive about the presence of the boy and inefficiency of the household staff. The wages of the staff are increased as a result, to make them more willing to pay attention. Victoria holds a meeting with a silk weaver from Spitalfields, who explains to her the damage to local weavers when silk comes from foreign countries. As a result, Victoria declares her intent to hold a ball, for which the costumes are made only from the production by the Spitalfields weavers. Sir Robert Peel advises against the ball, but it proceeds, proving Peel right as the villagers protest outside the palace, complaining of the costly and unnecessary extravagance of the ball while they starve and are left for dead. Lord Melbourne also attends the ball, having fallen sick, but he attempts to hide this from Victoria. He reveals to Albert the extent of his condition, and Victoria visits Melbourne for an emotional goodbye. She returns to the palace to tearfully discover her beloved dog, Dash, dead in her sitting room; she inters him on the Palace grounds.
12
4 "The Sins of the Father" Geoffrey Sax Ottilie Wilford 17 September 2017 (2017-09-17) 6.77
Victoria's birth of a son is painful and she experiences postpartum depression. Albert, upon receiving news of his father's sudden death, visits Germany for the funeral, and learns that Leopold believes that he may be Albert's biological father. Albert's mother found comfort with Leopold while her husband ignored her and pursued other women. Albert, questioning his beliefs and his sense of identity, drinks excessively that evening, and then departs for England the next day without a farewell. Victoria, encouraged by the Duchess of Buccleuch, continues to make public appearances, though her depression makes it an exhausting task for her. Miss Skerrett reveals to the Queen that it was her cousin, Eliza, who sold to the newspapers the story of the palace thief, and that her position as dresser was first intended for Eliza, but Eliza fell pregnant so Skerrett was forced to assume her identity. Victoria prepares to remove Skerrett from the palace, but Albert persuades her to allow the woman to remain.
13
5 "Entente Cordiale" Jim Loach Daisy Goodwin 24 September 2017 (2017-09-24) 6.13
Robert Peel appeals to Victoria about his thoughts on the King of France, Louis Philippe I, and the plans for the king's son, the Duke of Montpensier, to marry the Spanish Infanta, Isabel. Peel fears that an alliance between France and Spain could be against the best interests of Britain, and so Victoria travels to France to discuss the matter and persuade Louis Philippe to consider another betrothal. Victoria finds herself annoyed at the King's constant refusal to discuss the topic, and vexed by Albert being unsupportive and distant behaviour. Albert reveals his fear that he may be illegitimate, but Victoria reassures him that who is his father is not her care. They do talk to Louis Philippe about the betrothal and are convinced that he is against the match. Upon return to England, Victoria comes to learn that Louis went ahead with the betrothal. Their frustration is lifted, however, when it is discovered that Victoria is pregnant again.
14
6 "Faith, Hope & Charity" Jim Loach Daisy Goodwin 1 October 2017 (2017-10-01) 6.05
Victoria has given birth to a daughter, Alice, and Ernest returns to England for the christening. A severe famine is caused by a potato blight, affecting the Catholic country of Ireland. The vicar Robert Traill receives an apathetic response from the Protestant clergy, writes to Victoria for assistance and she organizes a meeting with him. Peel refuses to help alongside her, claiming that showing any form of favouritism, especially to the Irish, would cause unrest and resentment at home and in the government. Albert works on improving the palace and of the City of London hygiene and sanitation with the Royal Society. Ernest secretly sees a doctor for his syphilis. After meeting with Victoria, Traill falls sick with typhus, and aid is sent not in time to help him and he dies, along with a million of his countrymen. Francatelli, after talking with Cleary about her family, gives her, to pawn, his gold watch to help her family in the time of need; Cleary is later distressed when she discovers that her relatives have immigrated to the United States to escape the famine.
15
7 "The King Over the Water" Daniel O'Hara Ottilie Wilford 8 October 2017 (2017-10-08) 6.47
After an attempt is made to assassinate Victoria, she and Albert decide to travel to the Scottish Highlands, visiting and staying with the Duke of Atholl. While out on a ride with their entourage, they tire of the entertainment provided, and make an escape to the countryside to spend time alone. They become lost, and seek refuge with an elderly couple in their small home. Victoria and Albert find themselves at peace with this freedom, but are eventually found the following morning. Drummond, who is scheduled to enter into a marriage for political purposes, enjoys his time with Lord Alfred Paget, and they passionately kiss each other. Ernest receives news that the Duchess of Sutherland's husband has passed away, making her a widow, and his attempts at flirting with her come to be successful.
16
8 "The Luxury of Conscience" Daniel O'Hara Daisy Goodwin 15 October 2017 (2017-10-15) 6.40
Peel takes to parliament the ideas of repealing the Corn Laws and making international trade tariff-free, where he faces opposition for his ideas. However, his cause is supported by Albert who attends a session of parliament; his presence and Peel are mocked by both the Tories and the Whigs. A romantic situation begins to form between Francatelli and Nancy Skerrett. When Leopold arrives unexpectedly, Albert is unsettled, and there is tension in the palace. Victoria later quarrels with Albert when he expresses his fears that Baroness Lehzen is improperly caring for their children. When their daughter falls ill, she is diagnosed with a serious fever that could kill her, and Victoria relents and dismisses Lehzen. Peel's bill is passed, and a man shoots at him as he leaves the House of Commons; Drummond is shot dead when he jumps in the way to protect Peel. Devastated by Drummond's loss, Peel resigns as Prime Minister. Ernest breaks off with the duchess when he discovers physical indications of his syphilis, while Leopold makes attempts to improve his relationship with Victoria and Albert.
Christmas special
No.
overall
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [7]
17
"Comfort and Joy" Jim Loach Daisy Goodwin 25 December 2017 (2017-12-25) TBD
During the Christmas of 1846, Albert introduces the court to Christmas Trees, and begins decorating the halls for the festive season. He invites Victoria's mother to Christmas, who's presence is not approved by Victoria. An African girl, Sarah, also arrives, as a gift from the King of Dahomey. Victoria tried her best to make Sarah feel welcome and less awkward within the palace, despite Albert's advice. Ernest's father continues his attempts to marry Ernest to a princess from Germany, who originates from a wealthy family, but he continues his affair with the duchess Harriet, all the while he is forced to keep the secret of his illness from the duchess. Paget, still mourning Drummond after his death, eventually becomes engaged to Wilhelmina, the niece of the Duchess of Buccleuth. Penge, having hoped to make a considerable deal of money from a railway scheme, comes to earn nothing from it, while Nancy comes into an awkward inheritance from her uncle, which she later declines, and becomes engaged to Francatelli.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
The series was announced in September 2015, following Coleman's decision to leave Doctor Who to join the cast as Queen Victoria.[8][9]
Daisy Goodwin said in October 2016 that a Christmas special episode for the 2016 series had been proposed and was rejected by ITV; one was subsequently commissioned for 2017 after the rising ratings popularity for Victoria.[10]
In September 2016, ITV renewed Victoria for a second series, followed by a Christmas special.[11][12] In December 2017, Victoria was renewed for a third series, with Coleman and Hughes set to return.[13]
Beyond the renewal, ITV administration reportedly expects Victoria to run for a total of six series, although whether Jenna Coleman will remain as the lead actress as the series moves into depicting Victoria's later years is uncertain.[14]
Filming[edit]
Much of Victoria was filmed in Yorkshire. The interiors of Castle Howard double as Kensington Palace, Harewood House stands in for Buckingham Palace, with Bramham Park and Wentworth Woodhouse also being in use for both royal residences. Carlton Towers is in use as Windsor Castle, while Beverley Minster replaces Westminster Abbey. Other locations include Raby Castle, Allerton Castle, Newby Hall and Whitby pier. Church Fenton Studios, a converted aircraft hangar at Leeds East Airport near Selby, was in use to recreate some interiors of the Buckingham Palace.[15][16]
Music[edit]
The theme song is by Martin Phipps, sung by the Mediæval Bæbes. Phipps also wrote and conducted incidental music for the early episodes. For later episodes the conducting role was undertaken by Ruth Barrett.[17] An official soundtrack for the first series was released on 12 January 2017.[18][19]
[show]Track listing
No.
Title
Performers
Length
1. "Victoria – The Suite" Benji Merrison, Mediæval Bæbes 3:27
2. "The King is Dead" 2:49
3. "Coronation" Mediæval Babes 3:15
4. "Lord M" 2:44
5. "Locomotives" 1:52
6. "Mirrors" 1:32
7. "The Wedding" Mediæval Babes 3:43
8. "The Royal Birth" 2:14
9. "Privy Council" 2:50
10. "A Royal Affair" 2:05
11. "Victoria Titles" Mediæval Babes 1:35
Total length: 28:03
Release[edit]
Broadcast[edit]
The series premiered on 28 August 2016 on ITV in the UK, and on 15 January 2017 on PBS in the United States as part of Masterpiece.[20] The eight-episode second series premiered on ITV on 27 August 2017, and is set to premiere on 14 January 2018 on PBS.[21][22]
The series premiered on 4 April 2017 in Canada on Vision TV.[23]
Home media[edit]
In Region 2, the first series of Victoria was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 10 October 2016.[24] The second series was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 13 November 2017.[25]
In Region 1, the first series of Victoria was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 31 January 2017.[26] The second series of Victoria is set to be released on DVD and Blu-ray on 30 January 2018.[27]
Reception[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
The critics' reviews, of the first series, have been positive. On Rotten Tomatoes, the first series holds a rating of 81%, based on 37 reviews, with an average rating of 6,83/10. The site's consensus reads, "Strong performances by Jenna Coleman and Rufus Sewell hint at Downton-esque potential for Victoria, but the narrative falls just shy of that soapy mark".[28] On Metacritic, the first series has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews".[29]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref
2017 British Academy Television Craft Awards Best Make Up and Hair Design Nic Collins Nominated [30]
Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Original Dramatic Score) Martin Phipps, Ruth Barrett, Natalie Holt for "Doll 123" Nominated [31]
Outstanding Main Title Theme Music Martin Phipps Nominated [31]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Rufus Sewell to join Jenna Coleman in major new ITV drama Victoria". ITV Press Centre. ITV. 21 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Tom Hughes to star as Prince Albert in major new ITV drama Victoria". ITV Press Centre. ITV. 14 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Tartaglione, Nancy (21 October 2015). "Rufus Sewell Joins ITV's 'Victoria' As Period Drama Adds More Cast". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "It was impossible to turn down Victoria, says Jenna Coleman". The Indian Express. PTI. 14 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Tommy Knight, Facebook
Jump up ^ Leane, Rob (22 October 2015). "Victoria: first pic of Jenna Coleman, Eve Myles joins cast". Den of Geek. Dennis Publishing Limited.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Weekly Viewing Summary (see relevant week)". BARB. The viewer figures take into account total live viewing in SD and HD, and +1 figures, and are viewed under ITV Total (Incl. +1).
Jump up ^ "Jenna Coleman is Leaving Doctor Who". BBC. 18 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Barraclough, Leo (18 September 2015). "Jenna Coleman Leaving 'Doctor Who' to Play Queen Victoria". Variety. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Frost, Caroline (14 October 2016). "'Victoria' Drama Christmas Offer Turned Down By ITV, Reveals Creator Daisy Godwin". Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ Dowell, Ben (23 September 2016). "Hallelujah! Victoria to return for a second series". RadioTimes. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Lazarus, Susanna (6 October 2016). "ITV's Victoria gets a 2017 Christmas special, reveals screenwriter Daisy Goodwin". RadioTimes. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Stewart (12 December 2017). "Jenna Coleman Returning for Season Three of 'Victoria'". Vaariety. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Frost, Caroline (11 October 2016). "'Victoria': ITV Bosses 'Considering Six Series in Total, But Swapping Jenna Coleman Halfway Through'". Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ "Where was Victoria filmed?". Radio Times. 25 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Penfold, Phil (27 August 2016). "Filmed in Yorkshire, could Victoria fill the gap left by Downton?". The Yorkshire Post.
Jump up ^ Dowell, Ben (25 September 2016). "What is the Victoria title music? Who wrote the theme? Who sings it? Was it played at her wedding to Albert?". Radio Times. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Well we have rather excellent news... It's here... Head over to Spotify 👑 🎶 #Victoria #Soundtrack". Facebook. 13 January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Victoria (Original Soundtrack)". Spotify. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Martin, William (12 August 2016). "US start date confirmed for Jenna Coleman's 'Victoria' series". CultBox. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Doran, Sarah (17 August 2017). "JK Rowling and Jenna Coleman set for Bank Holiday Sunday clash". Radio Times. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (16 August 2017). "'Victoria' Gets Season 2 Premiere Date On PBS". Deadline. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Episodes - Vision TV Channel Canada". Vision TV Canada. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Victoria [DVD] [2016]". Amazon. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Victoria Series 2 [DVD] [2017]". Amazon. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (17 November 2016). "Victoria - PBS Press Release for DVDs, Blu-rays of the Upcoming 'Masterpiece' Show". TVShowsOnDVD. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (1 November 2017). "Victoria - Release Date, Box Art for 'The Complete 2nd Season' on DVD, Blu-ray". TVShowsOnDVD. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Victoria: Season 1 (2016)". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Victoria". Metacritic.
Jump up ^ "Television Craft Awards Winners 2017". British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA). Retrieved 19 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "69th Emmy® Awards Nominations" (PDF). Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 13 July 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
External links[edit]
Victoria on IMDb
Victoria at TV.com
Victoria at epguides.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria_(TV_series)&oldid=818968378"
Categories:
2016 British television programme debuts
2010s British drama television series
ITV television dramas
English-language television programs
Gay-related television programs
Cultural depictions of Queen Victoria on television
Television series by Mammoth Screen
Television series by ITV Studios
Television series set in the 1830s
Television series set in the 1840s
Television shows set in the United Kingdom
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Choke (firearms)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In firearms, a choke is a tapered constriction of a shotgun barrel's bore at the muzzle end. Chokes are almost always used with modern hunting and target shotguns, to improve performance. Its purpose is to shape the spread of the shot to gain better range and accuracy.[1] Chokes are implemented as either screw-in chokes, selected for particular applications, or as fixed, permanent chokes, integral to the shotgun barrel.
Chokes may be formed at the time of manufacture either as part of the barrel, by squeezing the end of the bore down over a mandrel, or by threading the barrel and screwing in an interchangeable choke tube. Chokes may also be formed even after a barrel is manufactured by increasing the diameter of the bore inside a barrel, creating what is called a "jug choke", or by installing screw-in chokes within a barrel. However implemented, a choke typically consists of a conical section that smoothly tapers from the bore diameter down to the choke diameter, followed by a cylindrical section of the choke diameter. Briley Manufacturing, one maker of interchangeable shotgun chokes, uses a conical portion about 3 times the bore diameter in length, so that the shot is gradually squeezed down with minimal deformation. The cylindrical section is shorter, usually 0.6 to 0.75 inches (15 to 19 mm).
Contents
[hide]
1 Function
2 History
3 Constriction
3.1 Markings
3.2 Alternative chokes
4 Compability chart
5 Steel shot and alternatives
6 See also
7 References
Function[edit]
A choke is designed to alter the distribution of the shot as it leaves the firearm. For shooting most game birds and clay pigeons, a desirable pattern is one that is as large as possible while being dense enough to ensure multiple hits on the target. Shotguns intended for defensive use often have cylinder or improved cylinder chokes for the widest shot pattern at typically short defensive ranges. The choke should be tailored to the range and size of the targets. A skeet shooter shooting at close targets might use 0.005 inches (0.13 mm) of constriction to produce a 30 inches (76 cm) diameter pattern at a distance of 21 yards (19 m). A trap shooter shooting at distant targets might use 0.030 inches (0.76 mm) of constriction to produce a 30 inches (76 cm) diameter pattern at 40 yards (37 m). Special chokes for turkey hunting, which requires long range shots at the small head and neck of the bird, can go as high as 0.060 inches (1.5 mm). The use of too much choke and a small pattern increases the difficulty of hitting the target; the use of too little choke produces large patterns with insufficient pellet density to reliably break targets or kill game. "Cylinder barrels" have no constriction.
History[edit]
The invention of choke boring is usually attributed to American gunsmiths. Mr. J.W. Long, in his book American Wildfowling, credits a Mr. Jeremiah Smith of Southfield, Rhode Island, as the gunsmith who first discovered the concept, as far back as 1827.[2]
The first known patents for choke boring were granted Sylvester H. Roper, an American inventor and gunsmith.[3] This was followed by a patent claim in London by W.R. Pape, an English gun maker, whose patent application was six weeks too late to the 1866 Roper patent.
While American gunsmiths were the pioneers of the choke boring system, they had not really progressed beyond the elementary stage and their choked shotguns would lead, throw irregular patterns, and not shoot straight.
W. W. Greener's first intimation of the choke formation was derived from instructions given in a customer's letter, in early 1874. The customer's instructions described a choke, but did not give any details on the size or shape, or how it was to be obtained. Hence, Greener had to conduct many experiments to determine the perfect shape and size of a choke for a given bore. After that, he developed tools to produce the choke bore profile correctly and smoothly. The system of choke boring that he pioneered was so successful that it was later adopted by other manufacturers and hence, some authorities give him the credit for inventing the concept, since his method became the first repeatable method of choke boring. William Wellington Greener is thus widely credited as being the inventor of the first practical choke, as documented in his classic 1888 publication, The Gun and its Development.[4]
In December 1874, the first mention of Greener's choke bore appeared in an article by J.H. Walsh, the editor of Field magazine. The article mentioned the extraordinary shot pattern that the Greener shotgun could produce. The next issue came with an advertisement from Greener, stating that the firm would guarantee that their new guns would shoot a closer pattern than any other manufacturer. The advertisement claimed that Greener 12 bores were warranted to shoot an average pattern of 210, when the best 12 bore gun in the London Gun Trial of 1866 could only average 127. Naturally, the advertisement generated considerable controversy, especially from rival manufacturers of cylinder guns, who refused to believe the numbers quoted in the advertisement.
To resolve the controversy, the editors of Field magazine decided to conduct a public trial in 1875. The London Trial of 1875 pitted choke bores and cylinder guns of various manufacturers in four categories—Class 1 (large bores, any boring), Class 2 (choke bores, 12 gauge), Class 3 (guns of English boring or cylinders) and Class 4 (small gauges, any boring). The choke bored guns performed better than the cylinder guns in all these tests, and W.W. Greener choke bore guns won the class 1, class 2 and class 4 categories. Greener Choke bores also won at the London Gun Trials of 1877 and 1879, and the Chicago Field Gun Trial of 1879. The results of these trials were responsible for making the W.W. Greener name famous, and for confirming the practical advantage of a repeatable method of controlling the performance of a choke on a shotgun.
Constriction[edit]
The exit end of a choke is smaller by some dimension than the actual bore of the barrel. This difference in diameter is the amount of constriction. For example, for a 12 gauge, the bore diameter of the barrel is nominally 0.729 inches (1.85 cm), although different manufacturers do vary their as-manufactured bore from this diameter slightly. This is commonly called "overbore", when the as-built diameter exceeds the nominal actual diameter of 0.729 inches (1.85 cm). The advantages touted for "overbore" are a perceived reduction in recoil, and a lessened shot deformation for improving shot patterns.
Generally the constriction ranges for chokes will be 0.00-0.045 inch (0.00-1.15 mm) while the constriction for relatively common turkey chokes may be as much as 0.10 inch (2.50 mm). Choke is measured experimentally by observing the percentage of pellets in a charge that impact inside a 30 inch circle at 40 yards (25 yards for "cylinder" and "Skeet1").[5] Although different choke manufacturers have different identification of their chokes, the notches in the chart below are generally accepted.[6]
A common method of expressing the amount of constriction is by "points". A "point" is equivalent to 0.001 inch of constriction of the inner diameter of a choke. Hence, 40 points of constriction would correspond to a constriction of 0.040 inch in the inner diameter of a choke, corresponding to "Extra Full".
Choke (American designation)
Constriction (Inch)
Percentage of lead shot in 30-inch circle at 40 yards (36.58 m)
Identification (Notches)
Identification (British)
Identification (Stars)
(Spanish shotguns)
Cylinder 0.000 40 at 40 yd
70 at 25 yd
IIIII notches ***** stars
Skeet 1 0.005 45 at 40 yd
75 at 25 yd
1/8
Improved Cylinder 0.010 50 IIII notches 1/4 **** stars
Skeet 2 (light Mod.) 0.015 55
Modified 0.020 60 III notches 1/2 *** stars
Improved Modified 0.025 65 II notches 3/4 ** stars
Full 0.030 70 I notch 1/1 * star
Extra Full 0.040 73 I notch
Turkey 0.045 plus 75 plus I notch
Markings[edit]
The marking is usually stamped on the underside of the barrel for older guns without choke tubes, or is spelled out in abbreviated text on the barrel near the gauge marking.
In the case of choke tubes, the amount of choke for each barrel is usually stamped on the side of the choke tube, or there may be thin slots cut in the exposed rim of the tube at the barrel opening with the number of slots corresponding to the number of *'s in this table. (The 4 wider slots present in the exposed rim of the tube are intended for use with a choke wrench, in the event a choke tube ever becomes stuck in the barrel, and have no relationship to the amount of choke.)
For the case of older, side-by-side, Spanish guns, the choke is often marked on the tang of the barrels, becoming exposed when the wooden forearm is removed, after the double barrels are pivoted off of the break-action, such as when performing a field-stripping and cleaning. The manufacturer's mark, along with the proof marks, and the weight of the barrels in grams, and the proof test pressures are also stamped alongside the choke marking on the tang of the barrels, near where the shells are inserted into the barrels.
In practice, choke tubes tighter than "Full", such as "Turkey", are also commonly marked with but a single thin notch on the end of the tube. Hence, to distinguish between "Full" vs. even tighter chokes, such as "Turkey", it becomes necessary to measure the bore exit diameter of the choke tube to determine precisely which choke type is present among the "Full" and tighter (smaller diameter) chokes.
Alternative chokes[edit]
Other specialized choke tubes exist as well. Some turkey hunting tubes have constrictions greater than "Turkey", or additional features like porting to reduce recoil, or "straight rifling" that is designed to stop any spin that the shot column might acquire when traveling down the barrel. These tubes are often extended tubes, meaning they project beyond the end of the bore, giving more room for things like a longer conical section. Shot spreaders or diffusion chokes work opposite of normal chokes—they are designed to spread the shot more than a cylinder bore, generating wider patterns for very short range use. A basic spreader choke is simply a "choke" with a larger diameter than the barrel; the spreader choke still makes the barrel more restrictive than just having a shorter barrel, but a shorter barrel may not be allowed due to legal restrictions. A number of recent spreader chokes, such as the Briley "Diffusion" line, actually use rifling in the choke to spin the shot slightly, creating a wider spread. The Briley Diffusion uses a 1 in 36 cm twist, as does the FABARM Lion Paradox shotgun.
Oval chokes, which are designed to provide a shot pattern wider than it is tall, are sometimes found on combat shotguns, primarily those of the Vietnam War era. They were available for aftermarket addition in the 1970s from companies like A & W Engineering.[7] Military versions of the Ithaca 37 with duckbill choke were used in limited numbers during the Vietnam War by US Navy Seals. It arguably increased effectiveness in close range engagements against multiple targets. Two major disadvantages plagued the system. One was erratic patterning. The second was that the shot would spread too quickly providing a very limited effective zone.
Offset chokes, where the pattern is intentionally slightly off of center, are used to change the point of impact. For instance, an offset choke can be used to make a double barrelled shotgun with poorly aligned barrels hit the same spot with both barrels.
For shotguns with fixed chokes integral to the barrel, it is sometimes still possible to change the choke to a tighter choke. This is done by increasing the diameter of the bore inside the barrel for a short length of barrel, while the portion of the barrel and bore nearest the muzzle is left as it was. The effect is to form what is called a "jug choke" or a "reverse choke".[8] This method is sometimes used by gunsmiths to implement a tighter choke on an existing gun without replaceable chokes, and can be done without requiring replacement of a barrel and without installing new screw-in replaceable chokes. Advantages claimed for a "jug choke" include improved patterns, reduction of recoil, and an increase of choke in a shotgun that does not have replaceable choke tubes. When a "jug choke" is implemented in an existing choked barrel, the bore inside the bored-out section of barrel effectively becomes "overbored", and this also typically lessens the amount of shot deformation, thereby increasing the shot pattern density.[4]
Compability chart[edit]
The following list should only be used as a guide, and there may be exceptions.
Gauge
Shotgun threads
(internal)
Choke threads
(external)
Manufacturer And Type
Comment
10 .871"-32 TPI Remington pro-bore
10 .865"-44 TPI Tru-Choke
12 .812"-32 TPI Winchester Win-choke
Browning Invector
Mossberg Accu-choke
Weatherby IMC, Savage
Note that although Win and Rem-choke have the same thread pitch, their shapes are different.
12 .812"-32 TPI Remington Rem-choke Note that although Win-choke and Rem-choke have the same thread pitch, their shape are different.
12 .820"-32 TPI Browning Invector plus
12 20.574-1 mm
(.810"-1 mm) Benelli/ Beretta
Krieghoff
12 20.7518-1 mm
(.817"-1 mm) Hastings choke II barrels
12 .874"-32 TPI Mossberg Ulti-Mag
12 .795"-44 TPI Tru-Choke
12 .774"-44 TPI Tru-Choke thinwall
16 .718"-44 TPI Tru-Choke
20 .687"-32 TPI Winchester Win-choke
Browning Invector
Mossberg Accu-choke
Weatherby IMC, Savage
20 11/16"-32 TPI
(.697"-32 TPI) Remington Rem-choke
20 .675"-44 TPI Tru-Choke
28 .613"-44 TPI Tru-Choke
.410 .478"-44 TPI Tru-Choke
Steel shot and alternatives[edit]
Older shotgun barrels and chokes were designed for use with lead shot only. Due to changing worldwide waterfowl hunting law restrictions, the use of lead shot has been banned in many parts of the world by international agreement. The reason is that waterfowl hunting with lead shot was identified as a major cause of lead poisoning in waterfowl, which often feed off the bottom of lakes and wetlands where lead shot collects.[9][10] In the United States, UK, Canada, and many western European countries (France as of 2006), all shot used for waterfowl must now be non-toxic, and therefore may not contain any lead. One method commonly used to work around this legislative change, at least for hunters with newer shotguns with chokes designed for steel shot, is to use steel shot, but the use of steel shot may damage chokes on older firearms that were designed for use with lead shot only such as Damascus-barreled shotguns. Most non-toxic shot shells produce higher chamber pressures than lead shot and can severely damage these older shotguns and as a rule of thumb, use a more open choke than you would for lead shells. An example would be an improved cylinder choke will perform like a modified choke when shooting steel or tungsten shells. For such hunters, wishing to continue to use older shotguns with chokes not rated for use with steel shot, the use of bismuth shotshells in the place of lead shotshells is common. Other alternatives to lead shotshells than bismuth also exist that are legal for hunting waterfowl, and which are safe for use with older chokes. Within recent years, several companies have created "heavier than lead" non-toxic shot out of tungsten, bismuth, or other elements with a density similar to or greater than lead, and with a shot softness comparable to lead. These shells provide more consistent patterns than steel shot and provide greater range than steel shot. They are also generally safe to use in older shotguns with barrels and chokes not rated for use with steel shot, such as for bismuth and tungsten-polymer (although not tungsten-iron) shot. The increase in performance of "heavier than lead" non-toxic shot comes at a higher cost. Boxes of such non-toxic shotshells can cost upwards of $40 (2013) a box for twenty five shells, compared with less than $8 per box (2013) for lead pellet shotshells.
In practice, steel shot patterns as much as two chokes tighter for a given amount of constriction. In other words, a choke that patterns "Modified" with lead or bismuth shot would give a "Full" pattern with steel shot. To avoid excessive wear or grooving from occurring within chokes when shooting steel shot, many manufacturers recommend avoiding shooting steel shot in any chokes marked tighter than "Modified", unless the choke tube is specifically marked as being safe for use with steel shot.[11]
See also[edit]
Slug barrel
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Shotgun". (2011). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 5, 2011, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition
Jump up ^ W. W. Greener (2002) [1881]. The Gun and its Development. p. 256. ISBN 9781585747344. Retrieved 2013-02-15.
Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 53,881, Improvement In Revolving Fire-Arms, April 10, 1866; and U.S. Patent 79,861, Improvements In Detachable Muzzle For Shot-Guns, dated July 14, 1868
^ Jump up to: a b John Robinson (November 2004). "A beginner's guide to shotgun chokes". Australian Shooter. Retrieved 2013-02-15.
Jump up ^ "Expert Advice". Field and Clays. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Choke Identification". January 16, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Roger H. Robinson (1973). The police shotgun manual. Thomas. pp. 91–94. ISBN 0-398-02630-0.
Jump up ^ "Choke adjusting with Gilchrist Precision Choke Reamer" (PDF). Brownells. 2003. Retrieved 2013-02-15.
Jump up ^ Sanderson, Glen C. and Frank C. Bellrose. 1986. A Review of the Problem of Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois. Special Publication 4. 34pp. full report from scholar.google.com (cache)
Jump up ^ A.M. Scheuhammer and S. L. Norris. 1996. "The ecotoxicology of lead shot and lead fishing weights" Ecotoxicology Vol. 5 Number 5 pp. 279-295
Jump up ^ "Trulock FAQ on Choke Tubes".
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