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United States budget process
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The United States budget process is the framework used by Congress and the President of the United States to formulate and create the United States federal budget. The process was established by the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921,[1] the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974,[2] and additional budget legislation.
Prior to 1974, Congress had no formal process for establishing a federal budget. When President Richard Nixon began to refuse to spend funds that Congress had allocated, they adopted a more formal means by which to challenge him. The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 created the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), which gained more control of the budget, limiting the power of the President's Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The Act passed easily while the administration was embroiled in the Watergate scandal and was unwilling to provoke Congress.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 The budget processes
1.1 The President's budget request
1.2 Budget resolutions
1.3 Authorization and appropriations
2 Discretionary and mandatory spending
2.1 Discretionary spending
2.2 Mandatory spending
3 Budget functions
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
The budget processes[edit]
The President's budget request[edit]
The United States budget process begins when the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress. The President's budget is formulated over a period of months with the assistance of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the largest office within the Executive Office of the President. The budget request includes funding requests for all federal executive departments and independent agencies. Budget documents include supporting documents and historical budget data and contains detailed information on spending and revenue proposals, along with policy proposals and initiatives with significant budgetary implications. The President's budget request constitutes an extensive proposal of the administration's intended revenue and spending plans for the following fiscal year. The budget proposal includes volumes of supporting information intended to persuade Congress of the necessity and value of the budget provisions. In addition, each federal executive department and independent agency provides additional detail and supporting documentation on its own funding requests. The documents are also posted on the OMB website.
The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 requires the President to submit the budget to Congress for each fiscal year, which is the 12-month period beginning on October 1 and ending on September 30 of the next calendar year. The current federal budget law (31 U.S.C. § 1105(a)) requires that the President submit the budget between the first Monday in January and the first Monday in February. In recent times, the President's budget submission has been issued in the first week of February.[4] The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. The 2014 United States federal budget was not submitted by the President until April 10, 2013 due to negotiations over the United States fiscal cliff and implementation of the sequester cuts mandated by the Budget Control Act of 2011.[5] (The House had already prepared its budget proposal on March 21, and the Senate proposed a budget on March 23.)
President Warren G. Harding brought about the enactment of the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which, for the first time, required the President to submit a budget annually to Congress and which established the Bureau of the Budget, the forerunner of the Office of Management and Budget, to assist in the formulation of the budget. Initially the Bureau was within the U.S. Department of the Treasury, but in 1939 it was moved to the Executive Office of the President.[6]
Budget resolutions[edit]
The President's budget submission is referred to the House and Senate Budget Committees and to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). Other committees with budgetary responsibilities submit requests and estimates to the budget committees during this time.
In March, the CBO publishes an analysis of the President's budget proposals. The CBO budget report and other publications are also posted on the CBO website. CBO computes a current-law baseline budget projection that is intended to estimate what federal spending and revenues would be in the absence of new legislation for the current fiscal year and for the coming 10 fiscal years. However, the CBO also computes a current-policy baseline, which makes assumptions about, for instance, votes on tax cut sunset provisions. The current CBO 10-year budget baseline projection grows from $3.7 trillion in 2011 to $5.7 trillion in 2021.[citation needed]
In March, the budget committees consider the President's budget proposals in the light of the CBO budget report, and each committee submits a budget resolution to its house by April 1. The House and Senate each consider these budget resolutions, and are expected to pass them, possibly with amendments, by April 15. A budget resolution is a kind of concurrent resolution; it is not a law, and therefore does not require the President's signature.
There is no obligation for either or both houses of Congress to pass a budget resolution. There may not be a resolution every year; if none is established, the previous year's resolution remains in force. For example, the Senate has not passed a budget resolution for FY2011, FY2012, or FY2013, and passed the FY2014 budget resolution on March 23, 2013, 23 days before the April 15 deadline set by the No Budget, No Pay Act of 2013. This was the first budget resolution passed by the Senate since a FY2010 budget passed on April 29, 2009. The House and Senate may propose a budget independently of the President's budget. For example, for the 2014 budget process, the House prepared its budget proposal on March 21 and the Senate proposed a budget on March 23, while the President's budget was not submitted until April 10.
After both houses pass a budget resolution, selected Representatives and Senators negotiate a conference report to reconcile differences between the House and the Senate versions. The conference report, in order to become binding, must be approved by both the House and Senate.
The budget resolution is not legally binding but serves as a blueprint for the actual appropriation process, and provides Congress with some control over the appropriation process. All new discretionary spending requires authority through enactment of appropriation bills or continuing resolutions.
Authorization and appropriations[edit]
In general, funds for federal government programs must be authorized by an "authorizing committee" through enactment of legislation. Then, through subsequent acts by Congress, budget authority is then appropriated by the Appropriations Committee of the House. In principle, committees with jurisdiction to authorize programs make policy decisions, while the Appropriations Committees decide on funding levels, limited to a program's authorized funding level, though the amount may be any amount less than the limit.
The budget resolutions specify funding levels for the House and Senate Appropriations Committees and their 12 subcommittees, establishing various budget totals, allocations, entitlements, and may include reconciliation instructions to designated House or Senate committees. The appropriations committees start with allocations in the budget resolution and draft appropriations bills, which may be considered in the House after May 15. Once appropriations committees pass their bills, they are considered by the House and Senate. When there is a final budget, the spending available to each appropriations committee for the coming fiscal year is usually provided in the joint explanatory statement included in the conference report. The appropriations committees then allocate that amount among their respective subcommittees, each to allocate the funds they control among the programs within their jurisdiction.[7]
A conference committee is typically required to resolve differences between House and Senate appropriation bills. Once a conference bill has passed both chambers of Congress, it is sent to the President, who may sign the bill or veto it. If he signs, the bill becomes law. Otherwise, Congress must pass another bill to avoid a shutdown of at least part of the federal government.
In recent years, Congress has not passed all of the appropriations bills before the start of the fiscal year. Congress may then enact continuing resolutions that provide for the temporary funding of government operations. Failure to appropriate funds results in a partial government shutdown, such the federal government shutdown in October 2013.
In practice, the separation between policy making and funding and the division between appropriations and authorization activities are imperfect. Authorizations for many programs have long lapsed, yet still receive appropriated amounts, while other programs that are authorized receive no funds at all.[citation needed] In addition, policy language, which is legislative text changing permanent law, is included in appropriation measures.
Discretionary and mandatory spending[edit]
Each function within the budget may include "budget authority" and "outlays" that fall within the broad categories of discretionary spending or direct spending.
Discretionary spending[edit]
Discretionary spending requires an annual appropriation bill, which is a piece of legislation. Discretionary spending is typically set by the House and Senate Appropriations Committees and their various subcommittees. Since the spending is typically for a fixed period (usually a year), it is said to be under the discretion of the Congress. Some appropriations last for more than one year (see Appropriation bill for details). In particular, multi-year appropriations are often used for housing programs and military procurement programs.
There are currently 12 appropriation bills that must be passed each fiscal year in order for continued discretionary spending to occur. The subject of each appropriations bill corresponds to the jurisdiction of the respective House and Senate appropriation subcommittees:
As of 2012, there are 12 appropriations bills which need to be passed each year:[8]
Agriculture, Rural Development, and Food and Drug Administration
Commerce, Justice, and Science
Defense
Energy and Water Development
Financial Services and General Government (includes judicial branch, the Executive Office of the President, and District of Columbia appropriations)
Homeland Security
Interior and Environment
Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education
Legislative Branch
Military Construction and Veterans Affairs
State and Foreign Operations
Transportation and Housing and Urban Development
Multiple bills are sometimes combined into one piece of legislation, such as the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009. A continuing resolution is often passed if an appropriations bill has not been signed into law by the end of the fiscal year.
Mandatory spending[edit]
Direct spending, also known as mandatory spending, refers to spending enacted by law, but not dependent on an annual or periodic appropriation bill. Most mandatory spending consists of transfer payments and welfare benefits such as Social Security benefits, Medicare, and Medicaid. Many other expenses, such as salaries of federal judges, are mandatory, but account for a relatively small share of federal spending. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates costs of mandatory spending programs on a regular basis.[citation needed]
Congress can affect spending on entitlement programs by changing eligibility requirements or the structure of programs. Certain programs, because the language authorizing them are included in appropriation bills, are termed "appropriated entitlements." This is a convention rather than a substantive distinction, since the programs, such as Food Stamps, would continue to be funded even were the appropriation bill to be vetoed or otherwise not enacted.[citation needed]
Budget functions[edit]
The federal budget is divided into categories known as budget functions. These functions include all spending for a given topic, regardless of the federal agency that oversees the individual federal program. Both the President's budget, and Congress' budget resolution provide summaries by function.
List of budget functions:[9]
Function Number
Category
Description
050 National Defense The National Defense function includes the military activities of the Department of Defense (DoD), the nuclear-weapons related activities of the Department of Energy (DoE) and the National Nuclear Security Administration, the national security activities of several other agencies such as the Selective Service Agency, and portions of the activities of the Coast Guard and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The programs in this function include: the pay and benefits of active, Guard, and reserve military personnel; DoD operations including training, maintenance of equipment, and facilities; health care for military personnel and dependents; procurement of weapons; research and development; construction of military facilities, including housing; research on nuclear weapons; and the cleanup of nuclear weapons production facilities.
150 International Affairs Function 150 contains funding for all U.S. international activities, including: operating U.S. embassies and consulates throughout the world; providing military assistance to allies; aiding developing nations; dispensing economic assistance to fledgling democracies; promoting U.S. exports abroad; making U.S. payments to international organizations; and contributing to international peacekeeping efforts. Funding for all of these activities constitutes about one percent of the federal budget. The major agencies in this function include the Departments of Agriculture, State, and the Treasury; the United States Agency for International Development; and the Millennium Challenge Corporation.
250 General Science, Space, and Technology This function includes the National Science Foundation (NSF), programs at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration except for aviation programs, and general science programs at the Department of Energy (DOE).
270 Energy Function 270 contains civilian energy and environmental programs in the Department of Energy (DOE). This function also includes the Rural Utilities Service of the Department of Agriculture, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. This function does not include DOE's national security activities, which are in Function 050 (National Defense), or its basic research and science activities, which are in Function 250 (General Science, Space and Technology).
300 Natural Resources and Environment Function 300 includes programs concerned with environmental protection and enhancement; recreation and wildlife areas; and the development and management of the nation's land, water, and mineral resources. It includes programs within the following federal departments and agencies: Agriculture, Commerce, Interior, Transportation, the Army Corps of Engineers, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
350 Agriculture Function 350 includes farm income stabilization, agricultural research, and other services administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The discretionary programs include research and education programs, economics and statistics services, administration of the farm support programs, farm loan programs, meat and poultry inspection, and a portion of the Public Law (P.L.) 480 international food aid program. The mandatory programs include commodity programs, crop insurance, and certain farm loans.
370 Commerce and Housing Credit Function 370 includes mortgage credit, the Postal Service, deposit insurance, and other advancement of commerce (the majority of the discretionary and mandatory spending in this function). The mortgage credit component includes housing assistance through the Federal Housing Administration, the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), the Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae), and rural housing programs of the Department of Agriculture. The function also includes net postal service spending and spending for deposit insurance activities of banks, thrifts, and credit unions. Most of the Commerce Department is provided for in this function. Finally, the function also includes funding for independent agencies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, the Federal Communications Commission, and the majority of the Small Business Administration.
400 Transportation Function 400 consists mostly of the programs administered by the Department of Transportation, including programs for highways, mass transit, aviation, and maritime activities. This function also includes two components of the Department of Homeland Security: the Coast Guard and the Transportation Security Administration. In addition, this function includes several small transportation-related agencies and the research program for civilian aviation at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
450 Community and Regional Development Function 450 includes federal programs to improve community economic conditions, promote rural development, and assist in federal preparations for and response to disasters. This function provides appropriated funding for the Community Development Block Grant, Department of Agriculture rural development programs, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and other disaster mitigation and community development-related programs. It also provides mandatory funding for the federal flood insurance program.
500 Education, Training, Employment, and Social Services Function 500 includes funding for the Department of Education, social services programs within the Department of Health and Human Services, and employment and training programs within the Department of Labor. It also contains funding for the Library of Congress and independent research and art agencies such as the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the Smithsonian Institution, the National Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, the National Endowment for the Arts, and the National Endowment for the Humanities.
550 Health Function 550 includes most direct health care services programs. Other health programs in this function fund anti-bioterrorism activities, national biomedical research, protecting the health of the general population and workers in their places of employment, providing health services for under-served populations, and promoting training for the health care workforce. Some of the agencies funded in this function include the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health Resources and Services Administration, and the Food and Drug Administration. The major mandatory programs in this function are Medicaid, the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), federal and retirees' health benefits, and health care for Medicare-eligible military retirees.
570 Medicare Function 570 includes only the Medicare program, which provides health insurance to senior citizens and persons with disabilities. Congress provides an annual appropriation for the costs of administering and monitoring the Medicare program. Nearly 99 percent of spending in this function occurs on the mandatory side of the budget, and almost all of the mandatory spending consists of payments for Medicare benefits.
600 Income Security Function 600 consists of a range of income security programs that provide cash or near-cash assistance (e.g., housing, nutrition, and energy assistance) to low-income persons, and benefits to certain retirees, persons with disabilities, and the unemployed. Housing assistance programs account for the largest share of discretionary funding in this function. Major federal entitlement programs in this function include unemployment insurance, trade adjustment assistance income support, food stamps, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, foster care, and Supplemental Security Income. Federal and other retirement and disability programs comprise approximately one third of the funds in this function.
650 Social Security Function 650 consists of the two payroll tax-financed programs that are collectively known as Social Security: Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance (OASDI). This function includes Social Security benefit payments and funds to administer the program. Under provisions of the Congressional Budget Act and the Budget Enforcement Act, Social Security trust funds are off-budget and do not appear in the budget resolution totals. However, a small portion of spending in Function 650 - the general fund transfer of income taxes on Social Security benefits - is considered on-budget and appears in the budget resolution totals.
700 Veterans Benefits and Services Function 700 covers the programs of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), including veterans' medical care, compensation and pensions, education and rehabilitation benefits, and housing programs. It also includes the Department of Labor's Veterans' Employment and Training Service, the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, and the American Battle Monuments Commission. Almost 90 percent of appropriated funding in Function 700 goes to veterans' health care.
750 Administration of Justice The Administration of Justice function consists of federal law enforcement programs, litigation and judicial activities, correctional operations, and state and local justice assistance. Agencies within this function include: the Federal Bureau of Investigation; the Drug Enforcement Administration; Border and Transportation Security; the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives; the United States Attorneys; legal divisions within the Department of Justice; the Legal Services Corporation; the federal Judiciary; and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. This function includes several components of the Department of Homeland Security.
800 General Government This function includes the activities of the White House and the Executive Office of the President, the legislative branch, and programs designed to carry out the legislative and administrative responsibilities of the federal government, including personnel management, fiscal operations, and property control.
900 Net Interest Function 900 consists primarily of the interest paid by the federal government to private and foreign government holders of U.S. Treasury securities. This amount is slightly offset by interest income received by the federal government on loans and cash balances and by earnings of the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust.
920 Allowances This function displays the budgetary effect of proposals that cannot easily be distributed across other budget functions. In the past, this function has included funding for emergencies or proposals contingent on certain events.
950 Undistributed Offsetting Receipts This function comprises major offsetting receipt items that would distort the funding levels of other functional categories if they were distributed to them.
See also[edit]
Office of Management and Budget
United States public debt
Budget resolution
Government financial statements
Anti-Deficiency Act
2015 United States federal appropriations
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 on GPO access Archived October 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 on GPO access
Jump up ^ Budget Resolution Explainer, Rudolph Penner, Urban Institute
Jump up ^ 31 U.S.C. 1105(a) on Cornell Legal Information Institute
Jump up ^ "Obama Will Send Fiscal 2014 Budget to Congress April 10". Bloomberg L.P. March 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Executive Office of the President". whitehouse.gov. Oct 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Tollestrup, Jessica. "The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction". Congressional Research Service. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Status of Appropriations Legislation for Fiscal Year 2012". THOMAS. Library of Congress. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
Jump up ^ http://budget.house.gov/budgetprocess/budgetfunctions.htm
External links[edit]
Budget Calculator Online calculator that places specific tax or spending numbers in the context of the total U.S. budget. It also compares any spending or revenue item to projected defense spending. (Center for Economic and Policy Research)
The Congressional Budget Process: an Explanation - published by the Senate Budget Committee, 1998 (PDF file)
2007 Financial Report of the United States Government
Columbia University selective guide for research on the U.S. Federal budget process
Budget Process Tutorial From the House Budget Committee (Republican Staff)
The Congressional Budget Office
Eric M. Patashnik, "Ideas, Inheritances, and the Dynamics of Budgetary Change," Governance, 12.2 (April 1999): 147-174
Understanding the Federal Budget
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Dylan and Cole Sprouse
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the shared career and activities of two American actors. For the individuals, see Cole Sprouse and Dylan Sprouse.
Dylan and Cole Sprouse
Cole (left) and Dylan (right) Sprouse, with Piper Reese at the 2009 Power of Youth event
Born
Cole Mitchell Sprouse
Dylan Thomas Sprouse
(1992-08-04) August 4, 1992 (age 26)
Arezzo, Tuscany, Italy
Nationality
American
Alma mater
New York University
Occupation
Actors
Years active
1993–2012; 2015–present[1]
Dylan Thomas Sprouse and Cole Mitchell Sprouse (born August 4, 1992)[2] are American actors. They are twins and are referred to as the Sprouse brothers or Sprouse Bros. Their first major theatrical film role was in the 1999 comedy, Big Daddy, in which they co-starred with Adam Sandler. They later appeared in several television sitcoms and starred in the straight-to-DVD films I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus and Just for Kicks.
From 2005 until 2008, they starred in the Disney Channel sitcom The Suite Life of Zack & Cody. As a result of the series' success, the media has termed them "heartthrobs" and "overwhelming draws" among preteen and teen audiences.[3][4] The following year, the brothers launched a franchise known as the Sprouse Bros brand, which included a clothing line, book series and magazine. The majority of the Sprouses' franchise ended in 2008, except for their clothing line. The Suite Life of Zack & Cody was retooled in 2008 as The Suite Life on Deck, in which the brothers reprised their roles as Zack and Cody. The Suite Life on Deck went on to become the most-watched tween/children's television show in 2008 and 2009.[3] The show ended in May 2011. They also starred in The Suite Life Movie, which aired in March of the same year. They began cultivating an adult image by starring in the independent theatrical suspense film The Kings of Appletown in 2009.
Dylan and Cole were two of the wealthiest children alive in 2007, and in 2010, the Sprouse brothers were the highest-paid teenage Disney television actors, earning $40,000 per episode combined.[5][6] MSN reported by the end of the 2000s that the twin brothers became the richest teenage twins in the world.[7] In 2010, the brothers were accepted to New York University. They deferred admission for one year, and attended the university from 2011 to 2015. Both Cole and Dylan confirmed they wish to pursue acting post-university.[1]
As of 2018, Cole appears as Jughead Jones on the television series Riverdale,[8] and Dylan is a co-owner & brewmaster of the All-Wise Meadery in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.[9]
Contents
1 Early lives
2 Acting
3 Sprouse Bros brand
4 Personal lives
5 Filmography
5.1 Film
5.2 Television
6 Awards and nominations
7 Discography
8 References
9 External links
Early lives
The Sprouses were born at a small hospital called Clinica Tanganelli in Arezzo, Italy, to American parents Matthew Sprouse and Melanie Wright, while they were teaching at an English language school in Tuscany.[10] Dylan was named after Welsh poet Dylan Thomas, and Cole is named after jazz singer and pianist Nat King Cole.[11][12] Dylan is 15 minutes older than Cole.[13] They have German ancestry.[14] The boys moved back to the United States four months after their birth to their parents' native Long Beach, California.[15] Some of the money Dylan and Cole earned by acting was used to buy a house in Calabasas, California, where their family still lived as of summer 2012[update].[16]
Acting
Dylan (left) and Cole (right), with their acting coach, Gary Spatz c. 2007
The Sprouses began acting at the age of eight months following a suggestion from their grandmother, Jonine Booth Wright, who was a drama teacher and actress.[17] The twins first appeared in a commercial for diapers, switching on-screen time every few seconds.[18] As with many twins, the two have often played the same role, due to child labor laws in California restricting the amount of time children can be filmed in a day. Casting twins in a single role thus allows more time for the character to be filmed.[19] Beginning at eight months old, the two played a single character, Patrick Kelly, on the ABC series Grace Under Fire.[20][21]
In 1999, the boys appeared in their first major feature film, Big Daddy, in which they shared the role of a five-year-old boy named Julian who is adopted by Adam Sandler's character, Sonny Koufax. Though the film received mixed reviews, the two were nominated for multiple awards for their role in the film.[22] However, they did not win any.[23][24][25][26] The same year, the boys also had a minor role in the thriller The Astronaut's Wife.[27][28] The Sprouses have noted that after Big Daddy's release, they entered a slow period in their careers and were not cast in any major roles for a time.[3] During the early 2000s, the twins appeared in episodes of The Nightmare Room and That '70s Show, as well as in Mad TV and portrayed roles in the feature films The Master of Disguise and Adam Sandler's Eight Crazy Nights.[27][29][30][31] Cole began appearing in episodes of the television show Friends, as Ross Geller's son Ben in 2001; this role was not shared with Dylan.[20][21]
They both appeared in I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus and Just for Kicks, both of which were family films that received a direct-to-video release. David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews said of their acting in Just for Kicks that the brothers "aren't the worst child actors I've ever seen,... but they certainly leave a lot to be desired."[32] Dylan and Cole were later cast in the Disney Channel original series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, where they portrayed identical twins Zack and Cody Martin, respectively.[27] The series, which debuted in March 2005, became a ratings success.[3] As part of their involvement with Disney, the brothers also became part of the 11-member group, the Disney Channel Circle of Stars, and sang the song "A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes" along with the members of the circle, for a video that was released as bonus material in the special edition version of the Disney film Cinderella.[33] They also participated in the Disney Channel Games.[34][35][36]
Cole Sprouse at the 2010 White House Easter Egg roll
The Sprouses played one character, Jeremiah, in the independent film The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things. The film was produced in 2004 but not given a theatrical release until March 2006, when it played at three theatres in the United States, ultimately grossing $29,000 domestically.[37] Harvey Karten praised their acting, stating that "acting is superlative all around", and Tamara Straus of the San Francisco Chronicle called them "the movie's only saving grace".[38][39] In 2007, the two filmed A Modern Twain Story: The Prince and the Pauper. Carrie R. Wheadon of Common Sense Media said the film was a "slow story for Zack and Cody fans only".[40] The Sprouse brothers both had voice roles in the animated film Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen alongside Brenda Song and Emily Osment.[41] Dylan played the voice of Shasta in Disney's "Snow Buddies". The brothers both starred in the theatrical film The Kings of Appletown, which is based on the book The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. The film was directed by Bobby Moresco and written by Amanda Moresco.[42] Shot in New Braunfels, Texas, the film was originally estimated to be released in the winter of 2008.[43] Kings of Appletown had a limited theatrical release on December 12, 2009 and was officially released at the Newport Beach Film Festival in April 2010.[44]
They appeared on the cover of the May 2009 issue People Magazine, in an eighty-page special edition issue devoted to The Suite Life on Deck.[45] The twin brothers began filming another Modern Twain Story film in the summer of 2009. The film was tentatively titled "Sivilized" and was a modern version of Huckleberry Finn. However, in mid-2010, Dylan stated that they would not be doing the film, in part because they "outgrew" the film.[46] They became the new face of the children's yogurt, Dannon Danimals, in 2009; their endorsement deal was renewed in 2010. The twin brothers signed an endorsement deal with Nintendo DS in August 2010.[47]
As of early to mid-2011[update], Dylan and Cole were not in any acting projects and were focusing instead on college as well as art and photography, respectively.[46][48][49] However, Dylan has stated that they would both like to continue acting while in college.[50] Dylan and Cole are represented by William Morris Endeavor as of 2011[update].[51]
In January 2016, Cole was cast as Jughead Jones in The CW's teen drama series Riverdale, based on Archie.[52]
Sprouse Bros brand
In 2005, the Sprouse brothers signed a licensing agreement with Dualstar Entertainment to produce Sprouse Bros branded merchandise for the preteen and teenage market, the Sprouse Bros brand included a clothing line, comics series and a magazine, as well as personal hygiene line and a line of sportswear.[53] Dylan said of the brand that they wanted to "reach out to the nerd group and the cool group" and "appeal to everybody".[53] A magazine targeting boys was launched by Dualstar and Leisure Publishing LLC in 2006 called Sprouse Bros. Code.[54] Simon & Schuster Inc. published two volumes of a book series titled Sprouse Bros. 47 R.O.N.I.N., which was described as featuring the Sprouse twins as "young James Bonds or undercover agents"; the book series continued.[55][56] In 2008, the brothers ended their association with the Olsens' Dualstar, but they continued to sell their clothing line. The items in their clothing lines were sold exclusively online until mid-March 2012[update], when the online store could no longer be accessed.[57][58][59]
Dylan Sprouse at the 2010 White House Easter Egg roll
Personal lives
Dylan Sprouse has stated that the experience of coming to fame after the success of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody is "kind of scary, how fast everything is moving" and that a year prior "none of this was happening, it was just doing Suite Life", and that he was excited for the future.[53] While filming The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, the both of them received on-set tutoring for three hours each day for school, and said they were getting "straight A's and honors".[3][11] In their last year of high school, the brothers both took Advanced Placement classes. Dylan took AP Psychology and AP Spanish, and Cole took AP Psychology and AP Government.[60]
The twins' family has three dogs: Bubba, which belongs to Dylan and Cole; Pinky, who is their father's; and Curry, their stepmother's.[61] Their favorite actor and co-star is Adam Sandler.[13] Dylan has said that Adam is "a role model in acting" and that they learned a lot about comedy from him.[21][62] In mid-2010, Dylan launched a site for his art called Sprouse Arts, and in mid-2011, Cole launched a site for his photography called Cole Sprouse Photography.[48][63]
In 2010, the brothers were both accepted to New York University.[64] They had initial plans to attend the university in the fall of 2010; however, they deferred for one year.[65] Dylan initially planned on majoring in fine/studio arts and minoring in economics while Cole planned on majoring in film and television production and minoring in drama.[66] Instead, they both enrolled in the Gallatin School of Individualized Study, which allows students to plan their own curriculum.[67][68] Cole focused his curriculum on the humanities and archaeology while Dylan focused on video game design.[69][70] In 2011, Dylan was elected president of the Third Avenue North residence hall at New York University.[68] Both brothers graduated in May 2015; they told Entertainment magazine that they had walked away with each other's diplomas at the graduation ceremony.[71]
In 2012, Dylan and Cole were officially appointed as the International Ambassadors of the Koyamada Foundation.[72] They traveled to Japan with Shin Koyamada to empower the youth of Japan to better themselves and rebuild Japan as a society as well as to deepen the friendly relations and brotherhood between the youth of Japan and America in August 2013.[73][74][75]
As of 2013, Dylan was working as a host at a New York City restaurant, which he explained was a result of his desire to try a new experience, as he said, "working somewhat below the means I'm used to, as well as a way to socialize and get out of the house."[76][77][78]
Since 2014, Dylan has commentated a few Super Smash Bros. tournaments.[79][80]
In early 2017, Dylan announced that with two partners he was preparing to open All-Wise Meadery in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn, New York; he is the brewmaster. He disclosed that he has been a Heathen since he was 15.[81]
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Dylan's role
Cole's role
Notes
1999 Big Daddy[27][82] Julian McGrath
1999 The Astronaut's Wife[27][82] Twin Twin
2001 Diary of a Sex Addict[83] Sammy Jr. Direct-to-video film
2001 I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus[84] Justin Carver
2002 The Master of Disguise[27][85] Young Pistachio Disguisey
2002 Eight Crazy Nights[27][85] KB Toys soldier Voice
2003 Apple Jack[86] Jack Pyne Short film
2003 Just for Kicks[87] Dylan Martin Cole Martin Direct-to-video film
2004 The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things[88] Older Jeremiah
2005 Piggy Banks[89] Young John N/A Alternate title: Born Killers
2006 Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen[90] Kid Voice; direct-to-video film
2007 A Modern Twain Story: The Prince and the Pauper[91] Tom Canty Eddie Tudor
2008 Snow Buddies[27] Shasta N/A Voice; direct-to-video film
2009 The Kings of Appletown[85] Will Clayton
2010 Kung Fu Magoo[92] Justin Magoo Brad Landry Direct-to-video film
Television
Year
Title
Dylan's role
Cole's role
Notes
1993–98 Grace Under Fire[27][82] Patrick Kelly Main role; 72 episodes
1998 Mad TV[31] Kid Kid 2 episodes
2000–02 Friends[82] N/A Ben Geller 7 episodes
2001 The Nightmare Room[29] Buddy Episode: "Scareful What You Wish For"
2001 That '70s Show[93] Bobby Billy Episode: "Eric's Depression"
2005–08 The Suite Life of Zack & Cody[27][82] Zack Martin Cody Martin Lead role; all 87 episodes
2006 The Emperor's New School[94] Zam Zim Voice; episode: "Oops, All Doodles/Chipmunky Business"
2006 That's So Raven[95] Zack Martin Cody Martin Episode: "Checkin' Out"
2008 According to Jim[96] Himself Himself Episode: "I Drink Your Milkshake"
2008–11 The Suite Life on Deck[97] Zack Martin Cody Martin Lead role; all 71 episodes
2009 Wizards of Waverly Place[98] Zack Martin Cody Martin Episode: "Cast-Away (To Another Show)"
2009 Hannah Montana[98] Zack Martin Cody Martin Episode: "Super(stitious) Girl"
2010 I'm in the Band[99] Zack Martin Cody Martin Episode: "Weasels on Deck"
2011 The Suite Life Movie[27][82] Zack Martin Cody Martin Television film
2012 So Random![100] Himself Himself Episode: "Cole and Dylan Sprouse"
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Work
Category
Cole
Dylan
1999 YoungStar Awards Big Daddy Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Comedy Film Nominated[23] Nominated[23]
2000 MTV Movie Awards Big Daddy Best On-Screen Duo Nominated[24] Nominated[24]
Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Big Daddy Favorite Supporting Actor - Comedy Nominated[25] Nominated[25]
Young Artist Awards Big Daddy Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actor Age Ten or Under Nominated[26] Nominated[26]
2006 Young Artist Awards The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Leading Young Actor Nominated[101] Nominated[101]
2007 Kids' Choice Awards The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Favorite Television Actor Nominated[102] N/A
Young Artist Awards The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Leading Young Actor Nominated[103] Nominated[103]
Popstar Magazine's Poptastic Awards The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Favorite Television Actor Nominated[104] Nominated[104]
2008 Kids' Choice Awards The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Favorite Television Actor Nominated[105] Nominated[105]
Popstar Magazine's Poptastic Awards The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Favorite Television Actor Nominated[106] Nominated[106]
2009 Kids' Choice Awards The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Favorite Television Actor Nominated[107] Won[108]
Popstar Magazine's Poptastic Awards The Suite Life on Deck Favorite Television Actor Nominated[109] Nominated[109]
2010 Kids' Choice Awards The Suite Life on Deck Favorite Television Actor Nominated[110] Won[111]
2011 Kids' Choice Awards The Suite Life on Deck Favorite Television Actor Nominated[112] Won[113]
Discography
2005 – "A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes" in Disneymania 4[114]
2008 – "A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes" in Princess Disneymania[115]
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^ Jump up to: a b "27th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations". Young Artist Awards. Archived from the original on July 4, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Host/Nominees Release - Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2007 Press Kit". 2007. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "28th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations". Young Artist Awards. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Popstar! Magazine. May 2007. Print.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2008 Press Kit - Host and Nominees". Retrieved October 3, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Popstar! Magazine. May 2008. Print.
Jump up ^ "Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2009 Press Kit - Nominees". Retrieved October 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2009 Press Kit - Winners Release". Retrieved October 3, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Popstar! (March 26, 2009). Popstar! Awards Nominees: TV! (Video). YouTube. Event occurs at 0:20. Retrieved September 15, 2017. Poptastic TV Actor ... Cole Sprouse, Dylan Sprouse
Jump up ^ "Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2010 Press Kit - Host and Nominees". Retrieved October 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2010 Press Kit - Winners". Retrieved October 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2011 Nickelodeon's Kids Choice Awards Press Kit - Host and Nominees". Retrieved October 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2011 Nickelodeon's Kids Choice Awards Press Kit - Winners". Retrieved October 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Cole Sprouse, Dylan Sprouse (singers in the Disney Channel Circle of Stars) (2006). "A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes". Disneymania 4 (CD). Walt Disney Records. Event occurs at Track 1. Archived from the original on March 29, 2009. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Cole Sprouse, Dylan Sprouse (singers in the Disney Channel Circle of Stars) (2008). "A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes". Princess Disneymania (CD). Walt Disney Records. Event occurs at Track 14. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dylan Sprouse.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cole Sprouse.
Cole Sprouse on IMDb
Dylan Sprouse on IMDb
Dylan Sprouse on Twitter
Cole Sprouse on Twitter
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Olde English 800
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Olde English 800
Olde English 800 - Forty Ounce
Manufacturer
Miller Brewing Company (since 1999)
Introduced
1964
Alcohol by volume
5.9–8.0
Style
Malt Liquor
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Olde English 800 is a brand of American malt liquor produced by the Miller Brewing Company. It was introduced in 1964 and owned by Miller Brewing Company since 1999.[1] It is available in a variety of serving sizes including, since the late 1980s,[2] a forty ounce (1.183-litre) bottle. The name is a trade mark, and not a geographical indication as with Tennessee whiskey.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Introduction
1.2 1980s
1.3 1990s
1.4 2000s–2010s
2 Alcohol content
3 References
History[edit]
Introduction[edit]
This section needs expansion with: the brands early history. You can help by adding to it. (October 2010)
Olde English 800 was introduced in 1964.[3] It had its origins in the late 1940s as Ruff's Olde English Stout, brewed by Peoples Brewing Company of Duluth, Minnesota.[4] Rebranded Olde English 600, it was later sold to Bohemian Breweries of Spokane, Washington, and then to Blitz-Weinhard of Portland, Oregon, where it became Olde English 800. By the time Blitz-Weinhard was sold to Pabst Brewing Company in 1979, Olde English Malt Liquor had become their top brand.
1980s[edit]
“ Michael Hagan's idea of a good time is to guzzle a few bottles of Olde English "800" Malt Liquor and smoke PCP with his fellow gang members in the slums of south central Los Angeles. There is no telling what might happen. ”
— The first line of an August 1987 Time magazine story called "Life And Death With the Gangs"[5]
In August 1989, when the brand was owned by Pabst and targeted by the brewer towards the "urban contemporary market", a coalition of "22 public interest groups involved in minority issues" criticized the marketing of Olde English — which as a malt liquor has a high alcohol content in comparison with most beers — for what they characterized as an "emphasis on black and Hispanic consumers."[6]
According to The New York Times, the "40-ounce bottle, introduced in the late 1980s with aggressive marketing campaigns aimed at minority drinkers" was by 1993 "fast becoming the intoxicant of choice for black and Hispanic youths in New York and other American cities"; popular culture evidence cited by the paper included the chart popularity of the song "Tap the Bottle" — a song released in November 1992 and "celebrating the consumption of 40-ounce malt liquor" and the experience of Darryl McDaniels of Run-DMC, who had "recently told a rap magazine that he had been hospitalized for alcoholic pancreatitis, the result of years of drinking as many as eight 40-ounce bottles of malt liquor a day."[2] Less anecdotal evidence cited was the increase in U.S. malt liquor consumption from 73.6 million (2.5-US-gallon (9.5 l) cases) in 1989 to a projected 97.8 million cases in 1993.[2]
1990s[edit]
In 1991, 1992, 1994, and 1995, while still owned by Pabst, Olde English was awarded a Gold medal in the American Malt Liquor category at the Great American Beer Festival. In 1992, Pabst introduced Old English 800 Draft, a cold-filtered instead of pasteurized "draft-style" malt liquor.[7][8] Olde English received the Gold medal in the American Style Specialty Lager category in 1997.[9] The 1999 acquisition of Olde English 800 by Miller meant its share of the U.S. malt liquor business grew to 36 percent; it also led to a "less controversial" marketing strategy for the brand, one that by 2000 included the sponsorship of a series of minority business seminars.[10]
2000s–2010s[edit]
Olde English High Gravity 800 won the Bronze medal in the American Style Specialty Lager category in 2006.[9] In 2010, the 3.2% ABW version of Olde English was labeled "The Worst Beer in the World" by RateBeer.com, a beer rating website.[8][11]
Alcohol content[edit]
As of 2010, Olde English 800 is brewed in several versions which vary in alcohol by volume (ABV):
Brand
Region
ABV
Olde English 800 East Coast Through Midwest (USA) 5.9%,[12] 7.7%[3]
Olde English 800 Oklahoma (USA) 3.2% ABW[12] (approximately 4.2% ABV)
Olde English 800 7.5% West Coast (USA) 7.5%[12]
Olde English High Gravity 800 USA 8.0%[12]
Olde English 800 European Union 6.1% ABV[citation needed]
Olde English 800 North America 8.0% ABV [13]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Stroh completes sale, leaves beer business". Modern Brewery Age. FindArticles. May 10, 1999. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c "For Minority Youths, 40 Ounces of Trouble". The New York Times. April 16, 1993. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Olde English 800 Malt Liquor". SABMiller. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
Jump up ^ Hoverson, Doug (2007). Land of Amber Waters: The History of Brewing in Minnesota. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. p. 166.
Jump up ^ "Life And Death With the Gangs". Time. August 24, 1987. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
Jump up ^ "Groups Plan to Protest Malt Liquor Campaigns". The Media Business. The New York Times. August 23, 1989. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
Jump up ^ "Pabst premieres a malt liquor 'draft'". Modern Brewery Age. Retrieved 2010-10-24 – via HighBeam Research. (Subscription required (help)).
^ Jump up to: a b "Is Olde English Truly The Worst Beer?". Ratings. The Consumerist. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Past Winners". Great American Beer Festival. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
Jump up ^ "Miller Goes Soft on Marketing Malt Liquor by Sponsoring Minority Seminars". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. AccessMyLibrary. October 23, 2000. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
Jump up ^ "The worst beer in the world". Ratings. RateBeer.com. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Nutrition and Codes – Domestic". MillerCoors. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
Jump up ^ "Olde English '800'". Retrieved 2011-11-12.
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