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Prehistory
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For other uses, see Prehistory (disambiguation).
For a timeline of activities in the early history of the universe and prehistoric Earth, see Timeline of prehistory.
Massive stone pillars at Göbekli Tepe, in southeast Turkey, erected for ritual use by early Neolithic people 11,000 years ago.
Human history
and prehistory
↑ before Homo (Pliocene epoch)
Prehistory
(three-age system)
Stone Age
Lower Paleolithic
Homo
Homo erectus
Middle Paleolithic
Early Homo sapiens
Upper Paleolithic
Behavioral modernity
Neolithic
Cradle of civilization
Bronze Age
China
Europe
India
Near East
Iron Age
Bronze Age collapse
China
Europe
India
Japan
Korea
Near East
Nigeria
Recorded history
Ancient history
Earliest records
Post-classical history
Modern history
Early
Later
Contemporary
↓ Future
v
t
e
Prehistory is the period of human activity between the use of the first stone tools c. 3.3 million years ago and the invention of writing systems, the earliest of which appeared c. 5,300 years ago.
Sumer in Mesopotamia, the Indus valley civilisation and ancient Egypt were the first civilisations to develop their own scripts, and to keep historical records; this took place already during the early Bronze Age. Neighbouring civilizations were the first to follow. Most other civilizations reached the end of prehistory during the Iron Age. The three-age system of division of prehistory into the Stone Age, followed by the Bronze Age and Iron Age, remains in use for much of Eurasia and North Africa, but is not generally used in those parts of the world where the working of hard metals arrived abruptly with contact with Eurasian cultures, such as the Americas, Oceania, Australasia and much of Sub-Saharan Africa. These areas also, with some exceptions in Pre-Columbian civilizations in the Americas, did not develop complex writing systems before the arrival of Eurasians, and their prehistory reaches into relatively recent periods.
The period when a culture is written about by others, but has not developed its own writing is often known as the protohistory of the culture. By definition,[1] there are no written records from human prehistory, so dating of prehistoric materials is crucial. Clear techniques for dating were not well-developed until the 19th century.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
1.1 History of the term
2 Means of research
3 Stone Age
3.1 Palaeolithic
3.2 Mesolithic
3.3 Neolithic
3.4 Chalcolithic
4 Bronze Age
5 Iron Age
6 Timeline
7 By region
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Definition
A prehistoric man and boy.
man in wilderness
Beginning
The term "prehistory" can refer to the vast span of time since the beginning of the Universe or the Earth, but more often it refers to the period since life appeared on Earth, or even more specifically to the time since human-like beings appeared.[3][4]
End
The date marking the end of prehistory in a particular culture or region, that is, the date when relevant written historical records become a useful academic resource, varies enormously from region to region. For example, in Egypt it is generally accepted that prehistory ended around 3200 BC, whereas in New Guinea the end of the prehistoric era is set much more recently, at around 1900 AD. In Europe the relatively well-documented classical cultures of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome had neighbouring cultures, including the Celts and to a lesser extent the Etruscans, with little or no writing, and historians must decide how much weight to give to the often highly prejudiced accounts of these "prehistoric" cultures in Greek and Roman literature.
Time periods
In dividing up human prehistory, historians typically use the three-age system, whereas scholars of pre-human time periods typically use the well-defined geologic record and its internationally defined stratum base within the geologic time scale. The three-age system is the periodization of human prehistory into three consecutive time periods, named for their respective predominant tool-making technologies:
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age.[5]
History of the term
The notion of "prehistory" began to surface during the Enlightenment in the work of antiquarians who used the word 'primitive' to describe societies that existed before written records.[6] The first use of the word prehistory in English, however, occurred in the Foreign Quarterly Review in 1836.[7]
The use of the geologic time scale for pre-human time periods, and of the three-age system for human prehistory, is a system that emerged during the late nineteenth century in the work of British, German and Scandinavian archeologists, antiquarians and anthropologists.[5]
Means of research
The main source for prehistory is archaeology, but some scholars are beginning to make more use of evidence from the natural and social sciences.[8][9][10] This view has been articulated by advocates of deep history.
The primary researchers into human prehistory are archaeologists and physical anthropologists who use excavation, geologic and geographic surveys, and other scientific analysis to reveal and interpret the nature and behavior of pre-literate and non-literate peoples.[3] Human population geneticists and historical linguists are also providing valuable insight for these questions.[4] Cultural anthropologists help provide context for societal interactions, by which objects of human origin pass among people, allowing an analysis of any article that arises in a human prehistoric context.[4] Therefore, data about prehistory is provided by a wide variety of natural and social sciences, such as paleontology, biology, archaeology, palynology, geology, archaeoastronomy, comparative linguistics, anthropology, molecular genetics and many others.
Human prehistory differs from history not only in terms of its chronology but in the way it deals with the activities of archaeological cultures rather than named nations or individuals. Restricted to material processes, remains and artifacts rather than written records, prehistory is anonymous. Because of this, reference terms that prehistorians use, such as Neanderthal or Iron Age are modern labels with definitions sometimes subject to debate.
Stone Age
Palaeolithic
Main article: Paleolithic
Map of early human migrations, according to mitochondrial population genetics. Numbers are millennia before the present (accuracy disputed).
"Palaeolithic" means "Old Stone Age", and begins with the first use of stone tools. The Paleolithic is the earliest period of the Stone Age.
The early part of the Palaeolithic is called the Lower Palaeolithic, which predates Homo sapiens, beginning with Homo habilis (and related species) and with the earliest stone tools, dated to around 2.5 million years ago.[11] Evidence of control of fire by early humans during the Lower Palaeolithic Era is uncertain and has at best limited scholarly support. The most widely accepted claim is that H. erectus or H. ergaster made fires between 790,000 and 690,000 BP (before the present period) in a site at Bnot Ya'akov Bridge, Israel. The use of fire enabled early humans to cook food, provide warmth, and have a light source at night.
Early Homo sapiens originated some 200,000 years ago, ushering in the Middle Palaeolithic. Anatomic changes indicating modern language capacity also arise during the Middle Palaeolithic.[12] During the Middle Palaeolithic Era, there is the first definitive evidence of human use of fire. Sites in Zambia have charred bone and wood that have been dated to 61,000 B.P. The systematic burial of the dead, music, early art, and the use of increasingly sophisticated multi-part tools are highlights of the Middle Paleolithic.
Throughout the Palaeolithic, humans generally lived as nomadic hunter-gatherers. Hunter-gatherer societies tended to be very small and egalitarian,[13] though hunter-gatherer societies with abundant resources or advanced food-storage techniques sometimes developed sedentary lifestyles with complex social structures such as chiefdoms[citation needed], and social stratification. Long-distance contacts may have been established, as in the case of Indigenous Australian "highways" known as songlines.[citation needed]
Mesolithic
Main article: Mesolithic
Dugout canoe
The "Mesolithic", or "Middle Stone Age" (from the Greek "mesos", "middle", and "lithos", "stone") was a period in the development of human technology between the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age.
In the archaeology of sub-Saharan Africa, Lower Paleolithic is replaced by "Early Stone Age", Middle Paleolithic is replaced by "Middle Stone Age" and Upper Paleolithic by "Later Stone Age" according to the terminology introduced by John Hilary Goodman and Clarence van Riet Lowe of South Africa in the early 20th century. Therefore, care must be taken in translating "Mesolithic" as "Middle Stone Age", as the latter term has an unrelated technical meaning in the context of African archaeology.
The Mesolithic period began at the end of the Pleistocene epoch, some 10,000 BP, and ended with the introduction of agriculture, the date of which varied by geographic region. In some areas, such as the Near East, agriculture was already underway by the end of the Pleistocene, and there the Mesolithic is short and poorly defined. In areas with limited glacial impact, the term "Epipalaeolithic" is sometimes preferred.
Regions that experienced greater environmental effects as the last ice age ended have a much more evident Mesolithic era, lasting millennia. In Northern Europe, societies were able to live well on rich food supplies from the marshlands fostered by the warmer climate. Such conditions produced distinctive human behaviours that are preserved in the material record, such as the Maglemosian and Azilian cultures. These conditions also delayed the coming of the Neolithic until as late as 4000 BC (6,000 BP) in northern Europe.
Remains from this period are few and far between, often limited to middens. In forested areas, the first signs of deforestation have been found, although this would only begin in earnest during the Neolithic, when more space was needed for agriculture.
The Mesolithic is characterized in most areas by small composite flint tools — microliths and microburins. Fishing tackle, stone adzes and wooden objects, e.g. canoes and bows, have been found at some sites. These technologies first occur in Africa, associated with the Azilian cultures, before spreading to Europe through the Ibero-Maurusian culture of Northern Africa and the Kebaran culture of the Levant. Independent discovery is not always ruled out.
Neolithic
Main article: Neolithic
Entrance to the Ġgantija phase temple complex of Hagar Qim, Malta, 3900 BC.[14]
An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. Neolithic stone artifacts are by definition polished and, except for specialty items, not chipped.
"Neolithic" means "New Stone Age." Although there were several species of human beings during the Paleolithic, by the Neolithic only Homo sapiens sapiens remained.[15] (Homo floresiensis may have survived right up to the very dawn of the Neolithic, about 12,200 years ago.)[16] This was a period of primitive technological and social development. It began about 10,200 BC in some parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world[17] and ended between 4,500 and 2,000 BC. The Neolithic is a progression of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and of domesticated animals.
Early Neolithic farming was limited to a narrow range of plants, both wild and domesticated, which included einkorn wheat, millet and spelt, and the keeping of dogs, sheep and goats. By about 6,900–6,400 BC, it included domesticated cattle and pigs, the establishment of permanently or seasonally inhabited settlements, and the use of pottery. The Neolithic period saw the development of early villages, agriculture, animal domestication, tools and the onset of the earliest recorded incidents of warfare.[18] The Neolithic era commenced with the beginning of farming, which produced the "Neolithic Revolution". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regions, in the Iron Age).The term Neolithic is commonly used in the Old World, as its application to cultures in the Americas and Oceania that did not fully develop metal-working technology raises problems.
The monumental building at Luni sul Mignone in Blera, Italy, 3500 BC.
Settlements became more permanent with some having circular houses with single rooms made of mudbrick. Settlements might have a surrounding stone wall to keep domesticated animals in and protect the inhabitants from other tribes. Later settlements have rectangular mud-brick houses where the family lived together in single or multiple rooms. Burial findings suggest an ancestor cult where people preserved skulls of the dead. The Vinča culture may have created the earliest system of writing.[19] The megalithic temple complexes of Ġgantija are notable for their gigantic structures. Although some late Eurasian Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms or even states, states evolved in Eurasia only with the rise of metallurgy, and most Neolithic societies on the whole were relatively simple and egalitarian.[20] Most clothing appears to have been made of animal skins, as indicated by finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins which are ideal for fastening leather. Wool cloth and linen might have become available during the later Neolithic,[21][22] as suggested by finds of perforated stones that (depending on size) may have served as spindle whorls or loom weights.[23][24][25]
Chalcolithic
Main article: Chalcolithic
Artist's impression of a Copper Age walled city, Los Millares, Iberia
In Old World archaeology, the "Chalcolithic", "Eneolithic" or "Copper Age" refers to a transitional period where early copper metallurgy appeared alongside the widespread use of stone tools. During this period, some weapons and tools were made of copper. This period was still largely Neolithic in character. It is a phase of the Bronze Age before it was discovered that adding tin to copper formed the harder bronze. The Copper Age was originally defined as a transition between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. However, because it is characterized by the use of metals, the Copper Age is considered a part of the Bronze Age rather than the Stone Age.
Chalcolithic copper mine in Timna Valley, Negev Desert, Israel
An archaeological site in Serbia contains the oldest securely dated evidence of copper making at high temperature, from 7,500 years ago. The find in June 2010 extends the known record of copper smelting by about 800 years, and suggests that copper smelting may have been invented in separate parts of Asia and Europe at that time rather than spreading from a single source.[26] The emergence of metallurgy may have occurred first in the Fertile Crescent, where it gave rise to the Bronze Age in the 4th millennium BC (the traditional view), though finds from the Vinča culture in Europe have now been securely dated to slightly earlier than those of the Fertile Crescent. Timna Valley contains evidence of copper mining 9,000 to 7,000 years ago. The process of transition from Neolithic to Chalcolithic in the Middle East is characterized in archaeological stone tool assemblages by a decline in high quality raw material procurement and use. North Africa and the Nile Valley imported its iron technology from the Near East and followed the Near Eastern course of Bronze Age and Iron Age development. However the Iron Age and Bronze Age occurred simultaneously in much of Africa.
Bronze Age
Main article: Bronze Age
Ox-drawn plow, Egypt, ca. 1200 BCE.
The Bronze Age is the earliest period in which some civilizations have reached the end of prehistory, by introducing written records. The Bronze Age or parts thereof are thus considered to be part of prehistory only for the regions and civilizations who adopted or developed a system of keeping written records during later periods. The invention of writing coincides in some areas with the early beginnings of the Bronze Age. Soon after the appearance of writing, people started creating texts including written accounts of events and records of administrative matters.
The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) included techniques for smelting copper and tin from naturally occurring outcroppings of ores, and then combining them to cast bronze. These naturally occurring ores typically included arsenic as a common impurity. Copper/tin ores are rare, as reflected in the fact that there were no tin bronzes in Western Asia before 3000 BC. The Bronze Age forms part of the three-age system for prehistoric societies. In this system, it follows the Neolithic in some areas of the world.
While copper is a common ore, deposits of tin are rare in the Old World, and often had to be traded or carried considerable distances from the few mines, stimulating the creation of extensive trading routes. In many areas as far apart as China and England, the valuable new material was used for weapons but for a long time apparently not available for agricultural tools. Much of it seems to have been hoarded by social elites, and sometimes deposited in extravagant quantities, from Chinese ritual bronzes and Indian copper hoards to European hoards of unused axe-heads.
By the end of the Bronze Age large states, which are often called empires, had arisen in Egypt, China, Anatolia (the Hittites) and Mesopotamia, all of them literate.
Iron Age
Main articles: Iron Age and Classical antiquity
The Iron Age is not part of prehistory for all civilizations who had introduced written records during the Bronze Age. Most remaining civilizations did so during the Iron Age, often through conquest by the empires, which continued to expand during this period. For example, in most of Europe conquest by the Roman Empire means that the term Iron Age is replaced by "Roman", "Gallo-Roman" and similar terms after the conquest.
In archaeology, the Iron Age refers to the advent of ferrous metallurgy. The adoption of iron coincided with other changes in some past cultures, often including more sophisticated agricultural practices, religious beliefs and artistic styles, which makes the archaeological Iron Age coincide with the "Axial Age" in the history of philosophy. Although iron ore is common, the metalworking techniques necessary to use iron are very different from those needed for the metal used earlier, and iron was slow-spreading and for long mainly used for weapons, while bronze remained typical for tools, as well as art.
Timeline
Human timeline
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Human-like
apes
Nakalipithecus
Ouranopithecus
Sahelanthropus
Orrorin
Ardipithecus
Australopithecus
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Neanderthal
Homo sapiens
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Earlier apes
←
Separation from gorillas
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Possibly bipedal
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Separation from chimpanzees
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Earliest bipedal
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Earliest stone tools
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Earliest exit from Africa
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Earliest fire use
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Earliest in Europe
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Earliest cooking
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Earliest clothes
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Modern speech
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Modern humans

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Axis scale: millions of years.
Also see: Life timeline and Nature timeline
Further information: Timeline of human evolution, Timeline of the Stone Age, and Timeline of human prehistory
All dates are approximate and conjectural, obtained through research in the fields of anthropology, archaeology, genetics, geology, or linguistics. They are all subject to revision due to new discoveries or improved calculations. BP stands for "Before Present (1950)." BCE stands for Before Common Era".
Lower Paleolithic
c. 2.8 million BP – Genus Homo appears
c. 2.5 million BP – Evidence of early human tools
c. 600,000 BP – Hunting-gathering
c. 400,000 BP – Control of fire by early humans
Middle Paleolithic
c. 300,000–30,000 BP – Mousterian (Neanderthal) culture in Europe.[27]
c. 200,000 BP – Anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) appear in Africa, one of whose characteristics is a lack of significant body hair compared to other primates. See e.g. Omo remains.
c. 170,000?–83,000 BP – Invention of clothing[28]
c. 75,000 BP – Toba Volcano supereruption.[29]
c. 80,000–50,000 BP – Homo sapiens exit Africa as a single population.[30][31] In the next millennia, descendants from this population migrate to southern India, the Malay islands, Australia, Japan, China, Siberia, Alaska, and the northwestern coast of North America.[31]
c. 80,000-50,000? BP – Behavioral modernity, by this point including language and sophisticated cognition
Upper Paleolithic
c. 45,000 BP / 43,000 BCE – Beginnings of Châtelperronian culture in France.
c. 40,000 BP / 38,000 BCE – First human (Aboriginal Australian) settlement in Sydney,[32][33] Perth[34] and Melbourne.[35]
c. 32,000 BP / 30,000 BCE – Beginnings of Aurignacian culture, exemplified by the cave paintings ("parietal art") of Chauvet Cave in France.
c. 30,500 BP / 28,500 BCE – New Guinea is populated by colonists from Asia or Australia.[36]
c. 30,000 BP / 28,000 BCE – A herd of reindeer is slaughtered and butchered by humans in the Vezere Valley in what is today France.[37]
c. 28,000–20,000 BP – Gravettian period in Europe. Harpoons, needles, and saws invented.
c. 26,500 BP – Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Subsequently, the ice melts and the glaciers retreat again (Late Glacial Maximum). During this latter period human beings return to Western Europe (see Magdalenian culture) and enter North America from Eastern Siberia for the first time (see Paleo-Indians, pre-Clovis culture and Settlement of the Americas).
c. 26,000 BP / 24,000 BCE – People around the world use fibers to make baby-carriers, clothes, bags, baskets, and nets.[citation needed]
c. 25,000 BP / 23,000 BCE – A settlement consisting of huts built of rocks and mammoth bones is founded near what is now Dolní Věstonice in Moravia in the Czech Republic. This is the oldest human permanent settlement that has been found by archaeologists.[38]
c. 23,000 BP / 21,000 BCE – Small-scale trial cultivation of plants in Ohalo II, a hunter-gatherers' sedentary camp on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, Israel.[39]
c. 16,000 BP / 14,000 BCE – Wisent sculpted in clay deep inside the cave now known as Le Tuc d'Audoubert in the French Pyrenees near what is now the border of Spain.[40]
c. 14,800 BP / 12,800 BCE – The Humid Period begins in North Africa. The region that would later become the Sahara is wet and fertile, and the Aquifers are full.[41]
Mesolithic/Epipaleolithic
c. 12,500 to 9,500 BCE – Natufian culture: a culture of sedentary hunter-gatherers who may have cultivated Rye in the Levant (Eastern Mediterranean)
Neolithic
c. 9,400–9,200 BCE – Figs of a parthenocarpic (and therefore sterile) type are cultivated in the early Neolithic village Gilgal I (in the Jordan Valley, 13 km north of Jericho). The find predates the domestication of wheat, barley, and legumes, and may thus be the first known instance of agriculture.[42]
c. 9,000 BCE – Circles of T-shaped stone pillars erected at Göbekli Tepe in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey during pre-pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) period. As yet unexcavated structures at the site are thought to date back to the epipaleolithic.
c. 8,000 BC / 7000 BCE – In northern Mesopotamia, now northern Iraq, cultivation of barley and wheat begins. At first they are used for beer, gruel, and soup, eventually for bread.[43] In early agriculture at this time the planting stick is used, but it is replaced by a primitive plow in subsequent centuries.[44] Around this time, a round stone tower, now preserved at about 8.5 meters high and 8.5 meters in diameter is built in Jericho.[45]
Chalcolithic
c. 3,700 BCE – Cuneiform writing appears in Sumer, and records begin to be kept. According to the majority of specialists, the first Mesopotamian writing was a tool that had little connection to the spoken language.[46]
c. 3,300 BCE – Approximate date of death of "Ötzi the Iceman", found preserved in ice in the Ötztal Alps in 1991. A copper-bladed axe, which is a characteristic technology of this era, was found with the corpse.
c. 3,000 BCE – Stonehenge construction begins. In its first version, it consisted of a circular ditch and bank, with 56 wooden posts.[47]
By region
Old World
Prehistoric Africa
Predynastic Egypt
Prehistoric Central North Africa
Prehistoric Asia
East Asia:
Prehistoric China
Prehistoric Thailand
Prehistoric Korea
Japanese Paleolithic
East Asian Bronze Age
Chinese Bronze Age
South Asia
Prehistory of India
South Asian Stone Age
Prehistory of Sri Lanka
Prehistory of Central Asia
Prehistoric Siberia
Southwest Asia (Near East)
Prehistory of Iran
Aurignacian
Natufian culture
Ubaid period
Uruk period
Ancient Near East
Prehistoric Europe
Prehistoric Caucasus
Prehistoric Georgia
Prehistoric Armenia
Paleolithic Europe
Neolithic Europe
Bronze Age Europe
Iron Age Europe
Atlantic fringe
Prehistoric Britain
Prehistoric Ireland
Prehistoric Iberia
Prehistoric Balkans
New World
Pre-Columbian Americas
Prehistoric Southwestern cultural divisions
2nd millennium BCE in North American history
1st millennium BCE in North American history
1st millennium in North American history
Prehistoric Australia
See also
Archaeoastronomy
Archaeology
Archaic Homo sapiens
Band society
Behavioral modernity
History of the family
Holocene
Human evolution
Lineage-bonded society
Paleoanthropology
Pantribal sodalities
Periodization
Prehistoric art
List of Stone Age art
Prehistoric medicine
Prehistoric migration
Prehistoric music
Prehistoric religion
Prehistoric technology
Prehistoric warfare
Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures
Three-age system
Younger Dryas
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Jump up ^ Stuart, Gene S. (1979). "Ice Age Hunters: Artists in Hidden Cages". Mysteries of the Ancient World. National Geographic Society. p. 19.
Jump up ^ The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming Ainit Snir et al., PLOS July 22, 2015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131422
Jump up ^ Stuart, Gene S. (1979). "Ice Age Hunters: Artists in Hidden Cages". Mysteries of the Ancient World. National Geographic Society. pp. 8–10.
Jump up ^ "Shift from Savannah to Sahara was Gradual", by Kenneth Chang, New York Times, May 9, 2008.
Jump up ^ Kislev et al. (2006a, b), Lev-Yadun et al. (2006)
Jump up ^ Kiple, Kenneth F. and Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè, eds., The Cambridge World History of Food, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 83
Jump up ^ "No-Till: The Quiet Revolution", by David Huggins and John Reganold, Scientific American, July 2008, pages 70–77.
Jump up ^ Fagan, Brian M, ed. The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1996 ISBN 978-0-521-40216-3 p 363
Jump up ^ Glassner, Jean-Jacques. The Invention of Cuneiform: Writing In Sumer. Trans.Zainab, Bahrani. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. Ebook.
Jump up ^ Caroline Alexander, "Stonehenge", National Geographic, June 2008.
External links
Submerged Landscapes Archaeological Network
The Neanderthal site at Veldwezelt-Hezerwater, Belgium.
North Pacific Prehistory is an academic journal specialising in Northeast Asian and North American archaeology.
Prehistory in Algeria and in Morocco
Early Humans a collection of resources for students from the Courtenay Middle School Library.
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It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
Genre
Sitcom
Black comedy
Created by
Rob McElhenney
Developed by
Rob McElhenney
Glenn Howerton
Starring
Charlie Day
Glenn Howerton
Rob McElhenney
Kaitlin Olson
Danny DeVito
Opening theme
"Temptation Sensation" by Heinz Kiessling
Composer(s)
Cormac Bluestone
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
12
No. of episodes
134 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Charlie Day
Glenn Howerton
Rob McElhenney
Michael Rotenberg
Nick Frenkel
Scott Marder
Rob Rosell
David Hornsby
Dan Attias
John Fortenberry
Matt Shakman
Producer(s)
Tom Lofaro
Fred Savage
Matt Shakman
Randall Einhorn
Dave Chernin
John Chernin
Hunter Covington
Todd Biermann
Location(s)
Los Angeles, California
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Cinematography
Peter Smokler
John Tanzer
Editor(s)
Josh Drisko
Tim Roche
Robert Bromwell
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
18–25 minutes[1]
Production company(s)
3 Arts Entertainment
RCG Productions
FX Productions (2007–16)
FXP (2017–present)
Distributor
FX Networks
20th Television
Release
Original network
FX (2005–12)
FXX (2013–present)
Picture format
480i (4:3 SDTV) (2005–08)
480i (16:9 SDTV) (2009)
1080i (16:9 HDTV) (2010–present)
Original release
August 4, 2005 (2005-08-04) – present
External links
Website
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American dark comedy television series that first premiered on FX on August 4, 2005 and has since moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season. It was created by Rob McElhenney who developed it with Glenn Howerton. It is executive produced and primarily written by McElhenney, Howerton, and Charlie Day, all of whom star alongside Kaitlin Olson and Danny DeVito. The series follows the exploits of "The Gang", a group of debauched, self-centered friends who run the Irish bar Paddy's Pub in South Philadelphia.
On April 1, 2016, the series was renewed for a thirteenth and fourteenth season, which will tie it with The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet as the longest running (in number of seasons) live-action sitcom in American TV history.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
3 Episodes
4 Production
5 Broadcast and syndication
6 Music
6.1 Soundtrack track listing
7 Reception
8 Other media
8.1 The Nightman Cometh live
8.2 Russian adaptation
8.3 Book
9 References
10 External links
Premise[edit]
This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The series follows "The Gang", a group of five depraved underachievers: twins Dennis Reynolds (Glenn Howerton) and Deandra "Sweet Dee" Reynolds (Kaitlin Olson), their friends Charlie Kelly (Charlie Day) and Ronald "Mac" McDonald (Rob McElhenney), and (from season 2 onward) Frank Reynolds (Danny DeVito), Dennis' and Dee's legal father. The Gang runs the dilapidated Paddy's Pub, an Irish bar in South Philadelphia.
Each member of the gang shows varying degrees of dishonesty, egotism, selfishness, greed, pettiness, ignorance, laziness, and unethical behavior; they are often engaged in controversial activities. Episodes usually find them hatching elaborate schemes and often conspiring against one another and others for personal gain, vengeance, or simply the entertainment of watching another's downfall. They habitually inflict mental, emotional, and physical pain on each other and anyone who crosses their path. They also regularly use blackmail to manipulate one another and others outside of the group.
The Gang's unity is never solid, and any of them would quickly dump any of the others for quick profit or personal gain, regardless of the consequences. Everything they do results in contention among themselves, and much of the show's dialogue involves the characters arguing or yelling at one another. Despite their lack of success or achievements, they maintain high opinions of themselves and display an obsessive interest in their own reputations and public images.
The Gang has no sense of shame when attempting to get what they want and often engage in activities that others would find humiliating, disgusting, or shocking. Some of these situations include smoking crack cocaine and pretending to be mentally challenged in order to qualify for welfare, attempted cannibalism, kidnapping, blackface, hiding naked inside a couch in order to eavesdrop on people, tricking a man into giving his daughter a lap dance, forcing each other to eat inedible items, huffing paint, foraging in the sewers for valuables, sleeping with each other's romantic interests, seducing a priest, secretly feeding someone their dead pet, plugging their open wounds with trash, setting a room full of people on fire and locking the door to avoid an uncomfortable Thanksgiving meal, fantasizing about killing each other, pretending to have AIDS in order to get priority access to water park rides, taking out life insurance on a suicidal person, orally siphoning gasoline, and stalking their crushes.
During the Season 7 episode "The Gang Gets Trapped", in which The Gang breaks into a family's home and has to hide from them when they return, an angry monologue by Dennis captures the essence of The Gang's modus operandi:
“ We immediately escalate everything to a ten... somebody comes in with some preposterous plan or idea, then all of a sudden everyone's on the gas, nobody's on the brakes, nobody's thinking, everyone's just talking over each other with one idiotic idea after another! Until, finally, we find ourselves in a situation where we've broken into somebody's house – and the homeowner is home! ”
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia characters
McElhenney, Howerton, Day, Olson, and DeVito at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con.
Charlie Day as Charlie Kelly – Charlie was a co-owner at Paddy's Pub, but traded his capital investment for "goods and services", half a sandwich, and other undisclosed compensation. He is a childhood friend of Mac, and high school friend of Dennis and Dee. He is also the roommate of Frank, who may be his biological father. Charlie does most of the actual work and maintenance (referred to as "Charlie Work") at the pub. He is unable to properly read or write, and is an alcoholic substance abuser who is often seen huffing glue or paint, as well as eating various items not meant for human consumption, such as cat food. He lives in squalor with Frank in a run-down, vermin-infested apartment and has deep-seated psychological problems, believing his dreams to be haunted by a figure known as "The Nightman", who breaks into his home and rapes him. Charlie has unresolved anger issues, often screaming as a means of getting his point across. He also has an unhealthy obsession with "The Waitress", a recurring character who finds Charlie repulsive and shows no interest in him.
Glenn Howerton as Dennis Reynolds – Dennis is a co-owner of Paddy's Pub and is Dee's twin brother. Easily the most sociopathic of the characters, Dennis is abrasive, narcissistic, selfish, histrionic, and vain. Dennis graduated from the University of Pennsylvania. It is at times hinted that Dennis may be a psychopathic serial killer, but this remains ambiguous. After the season 12 finale it is unclear whether or not Dennis will be returning for the show's 13th and 14th seasons.[3]
Rob McElhenney as Ronald "Mac" McDonald – Mac is a co-owner of Paddy's Pub. He is Charlie Kelly's childhood friend and Dennis's high school friend and later roommate. The son of a convicted felon who has been in prison for much of Mac's life, he frequently attempts to demonstrate his toughness and refers to himself as the "sheriff of Paddy's". He also often brags about his hand-to-hand combat skills, although he typically flees from physical confrontation. Mac is a Roman Catholic, though he often espouses strong Christian fundamentalist opinions, despite his often amoral behavior, such as engaging in casual sex with numerous women, including Dennis' mother. Though it is frequently insinuated Mac harbors homosexual feelings, he maintained an adamant denial of any such proclivity, much to the annoyance of the gang, until the season 12 episode "Hero or Hate Crime?", when he finally comes out.
Kaitlin Olson as Deandra "Sweet Dee" Reynolds – Dee is Dennis's twin sister and is the bartender at Paddy's Pub. Dee dreams of becoming an actress, although she lacks any apparent talent and suffers from debilitating stage fright. She wore a back brace in high school, leaving her with the nickname of "The Aluminum Monster", and she is constantly referred to by the gang as a bird, due to their perception of her as a giant, awkward, avian-like creature. She majored in psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, but did not graduate. Dee lives alone in an apartment. Her comments and ideas are usually disregarded by the others, though they will often repeat what she has said word-for-word and pretend it was their idea, at which point it will be hailed as a great idea. She is often left to deal with the negative consequences of the gang's activities. Though often the butt of the gang's jokes, she is frequently involved in their schemes. She is portrayed as the angriest and most physically violent of the group and has a history of assault, including setting her roommate on fire in college.
Danny DeVito as Frank Reynolds – Frank is the legal father of twins Dennis and Dee, and may be the biological father of his roommate Charlie. He used to be a successful businessman with a long history of illegal operations and dealings with sordid characters, but chose to abandon that life and redeem himself after leaving his "whore wife". He has since embraced his "feral" nature and describes himself as "fringe class". Despite having substantial financial resources, he chooses to share a decrepit studio apartment with Charlie, where they live in squalor and sleep together on a pullout couch. The two also share similar interests, such as playing the inexplicable game of 'Night Crawlers' and foraging naked in sewers for valuables. He is also a severe compulsive gambler, seen betting on everything from grade school basketball to Russian roulette, usually with his chain smoking, and high-stakes betting ring of Vietnamese friends. He styles himself a master manipulator and frequently takes the lead in the group's schemes. He is frequently armed with a handgun and often snorts cocaine as part of his daily routine.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
Network
1 7 August 4, 2005 (2005-08-04) September 15, 2005 (2005-09-15) FX
2 10 June 29, 2006 (2006-06-29) August 17, 2006 (2006-08-17)
3 15 September 13, 2007 (2007-09-13) November 15, 2007 (2007-11-15)
4 13 September 18, 2008 (2008-09-18) November 20, 2008 (2008-11-20)
5 12 September 17, 2009 (2009-09-17) December 10, 2009 (2009-12-10)
6 14 September 16, 2010 (2010-09-16) December 16, 2010 (2010-12-16)
7 13 September 15, 2011 (2011-09-15) December 15, 2011 (2011-12-15)
8 10 October 11, 2012 (2012-10-11) December 20, 2012 (2012-12-20)
9 10 September 4, 2013 (2013-09-04) November 6, 2013 (2013-11-06) FXX
10 10 January 14, 2015 (2015-01-14) March 18, 2015 (2015-03-18)
11 10 January 6, 2016 (2016-01-06) March 9, 2016 (2016-03-09)
12 10 January 4, 2017 (2017-01-04) March 8, 2017 (2017-03-08)
Production[edit]
The show began as a short film idea written by Rob McElhenney and Glenn Howerton about a man telling his friend he might have cancer, while the friend is only intent on trying to borrow a cup of sugar for the "shitload of coffee" he has made. This was then developed into a pilot called It's Always Sunny on TV and was shot on a digital camcorder by Charlie Day, Glenn Howerton, and Rob McElhenney. It was believed the pilot was shot with a budget of just $200, but Day would later comment, "We shot it for nothing...I don't know where this $200 came from...We were a bunch of kids with cameras running around shooting each other and [the] next thing you know, we're eleven years in and we're still doing the show."[4] This pilot was shopped by the actors around various studios, their pitch being simply showing the DVD of the pilot to executives. After viewing the pilot, FX Network ordered the first season. Although it is often stated publicly that It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia was one of the first shows to be shot in 24p standard-definition video, using Panasonic's DVX100 MiniDV prosumer video camera, from the sixth season forward, the show was shot in 24p using high-definition video cameras.
Danny DeVito joined the cast in the first episode of the second season, playing the father of Dennis (played by Glenn Howerton) and Dee (played by Kaitlin Olson).
In March 2017, after the conclusion of the twelfth season, Glenn Howerton revealed he might not return to the series, due to working on other projects.[5] In an August 2017 interview, Charlie Day said that he believes Howerton will be back, and that he would not feel right continuing without him.[6]
Broadcast and syndication[edit]
The first season ran for seven episodes with the finale airing September 13, 2005. According to McElhenney,[7] word of mouth on the show was good enough for FX to renew it for a second season, which ran from June 29 to August 17, 2006. Reruns of edited first-season episodes began airing on FX's parent network, Fox, in June 2006, for a planned three-episode run—"The Gang Finds a Dead Guy",[8] "Gun Fever" (which was renamed as "Gun Control")[9] and "Charlie Gets Molested"[10] were shown. The show would not be shown on broadcast television again until 2011, when FX began offering the show for syndication.
The third season ran from September 13, 2007 to November 15, 2007. On March 5, 2008, FX renewed It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia for a fourth season.[11] On July 15, 2008, it was reported that FX had ordered 39 additional episodes of the series, consisting of the fifth and sixth seasons. All five main cast members were secured for the entire scheduled run.[12] The fifth season ran from September 17, 2009 to December 10, 2009.[13] On May 31, 2010, Comedy Central began airing reruns of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia.[14] WGN America also began broadcasting the show as part of its fall 2011 schedule.[15]
The sixth season ran from September 16, 2010 until December 9, 2010, running twelve episodes, plus the Christmas special. The seventh season ran from September 15, 2011 until December 15, 2011, running 13 episodes. On August 6, 2011, FX announced it had picked up the show for an additional two seasons (the show's eighth and ninth) running through 2013.[16] On March 28, 2013, FX renewed the show for a tenth season, along with the announcement that the series would move to its new sister network, FXX.[17]
In April 2017, it was announced by Kaitlin Olson that It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia would go on an extended hiatus. In an interview with TV Guide Olson stated, "We ended up pushing our next season a year because we were all busy with separate projects this year. So at the end of this coming shooting season of The Mick I'll step right into Sunny after that." The show is currently under contract for two more seasons and is expected to return in 2019.[18]
On October 2, 2017, the show premiered on Viceland.[19]
Music[edit]
The theme song is a piece of production music called "Temptation Sensation" by German composer Heinz Kiessling. Additionally, Kiessling's work ("On Your Bike" and "Blue Blood") can also be heard during various scene transitions throughout the show, along with other composers and pieces such as Werner Tautz ("Off Broadway"), Joe Brook ("Moonbeam Kiss") and Karl Grell ("Honey Bunch"). Many of the tracks heard in the series have been taken from Cafe Romantique, an album of easy listening production music collected by Extreme Music, the production music library unit of Sony/ATV Music Publishing. Independent record label Fervor Records has also contributed music to the show. Songs from The Jack Gray Orchestra's album, Easy Listening Symph-O-Nette ("Take A Letter Miss Jones", "Golly Gee Whiz", and "Not a Care in the World") and the John Costello III release Giants of Jazz ("Birdcage", "Cotton Club" and "Quintessential") are heard in several episodes. The soundtrack, featuring most of the music heard on the show, was released in 2010.[20]
Soundtrack track listing[edit]
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (Music from the Original TV Series)
No.
Title
Music
Artist
Length
1. "Temptation Sensation (Main Title Theme)" Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:53
2. "Derby Day" Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:39
3. "Blue Blood" Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:54
4. "On Your Bike" Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:15
5. "Take the Plunge" Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 3:10
6. "Hotsy-Totsy" Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:18
7. "Off Broadway" Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:31
8. "Coconut Shy" Heinz Kiessling The Diamontinos 2:25
9. "Honey Bunch" Karl Grell The Ralph Manning Orchestra 2:44
10. "Glitterati Party" Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:51
11. "Singles Soiree" Richard Faecks The Rüdiger Piesker Orchestra 2:09
12. "Pink Deville" Paul Rothman The Ole Olafsen Band 2:34
13. "Captain's Table" Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:44
14. "Starlet Express" Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:31
15. "Final Fling" Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:29
16. "Sweetheart Serenade" Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:54
17. "Tea at Tiffani's" Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:28
18. "Moonbeam Kiss" Joe Brook The Rüdiger Piesker Orchestra 2:21
19. "Grand Central" Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 3:15
Total length: 50:05
Reception[edit]
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia has received critical acclaim. Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker praised the show, calling it "not merely the best sitcom on television but one of the most arresting and ambitious current TV series, period".[21] Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly reviewed the first season negatively, commenting "it is smug enough to think it's breaking ground, but not smart enough to know it isn't".[22] Brian Lowry of Variety gave the first season a positive review, saying it was "invariably clever and occasionally a laugh-out-loud riot, all while lampooning taboo topics".[23] Later seasons of the show have received favorable ratings on review aggregator Metacritic, receiving 70/100, 78/100 and 85/100 for seasons 4, 5 and 6 respectively.[24] The show has become a cult hit with viewers and is often compared in style to Seinfeld—particularly due to the self-centered nature of its main characters. The Philadelphia Inquirer reviewer Jonathan Storm wrote "It's like Seinfeld on crack," a quote that became widely used to describe the series,[25] to the point that FX attached the tagline, "It's Seinfeld on crack."[26]
In 2014, Entertainment Weekly listed the show at #7 in the "26 Best Cult TV Shows Ever", with the comment that "it's a great underdog story ... If it sounds too dark for you, consider that there's an episode about making mittens for kittens, and it's adorable."[27] In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Sunny was "more popular in college towns (and most popular in Philadelphia)".[28]
In 2015, Rolling Stone rated the top 20 greatest and funniest It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes, stating "for 10 seasons, the series had mined comic gold from the execrable behavior of the owners of Paddy's Pub." They claimed the two-part season 4 episode, "Mac and Charlie Die" is the sitcom's greatest episode yet.[29]
Year
Award
Category
Winner/nominee
Result[30]
2008 Satellite Award Best Actor in a Series, Comedy or Musical Danny DeVito Nominated
Best Television Series, Comedy or Musical It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Nominated
2011 Best Actor in a Series, Comedy or Musical Charlie Day Nominated
Best Television Series, Comedy or Musical It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Won
2012 People's Choice Award Favorite Cable TV Comedy Nominated
2013 Nominated
Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or a Variety Program Marc Scizak Nominated
2014 Nominated
2015 Nominated
2016 People's Choice Award Favorite Cable TV Comedy It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Won
Other media[edit]
The Nightman Cometh live[edit]
In September 2009, the cast took their show live. The "Gang" performed the musical The Nightman Cometh in New York City, Boston, Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia.[31] Mary Elizabeth Ellis and Artemis Pebdani also appeared in the performance as The Waitress and Artemis. Actress Rhea Perlman (wife of Danny DeVito) assumed the role of Gladys.[32]
Creator Rob McElhenney said that Live Nation originally approached the cast about doing the show at 30 cities, but in the end the cast settled on 6.[33] Co-developer Glenn Howerton described the show as "essentially an expanded version of the actual episode of "The Nightman Cometh", which was the final episode for season four. There are some added moments, added scenes, added songs, and extended versions of songs that already existed."[34] Two new songs were included in the performance and a longer running time allowed for greater improvisation by the actors. The performance was also preceded by a preview screening of a season five episode.
The Los Angeles performance, filmed at The Troubadour, was included as a bonus feature on the season four DVD box set.
Russian adaptation[edit]
A Russian adaptation of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia premiered in Russia on the television channel TNT on May 12, 2014. This version is titled В Москве всегда солнечно (V Moskve vsegda solnechno, It's Always Sunny in Moscow) and like the original, centers around four friends, who own a bar called "Philadelphia" in Moscow.[35]
Book[edit]
A book based upon It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia was released on January 6, 2015, titled The Gang Writes a Self-Help Book: The 7 Secrets of Awakening the Highly Effective Four-Hour Giant, Today.[36]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia". Amazon.com. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (April 1, 2016). "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Renewed for Seasons 13 and 14 at FXX". TVLine. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Is Glen Howerton Leaving 'It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia'?". UPROXX. 2017-03-09. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
Jump up ^ Dowling, Kyle (January 20, 2016). "Charlie Day Claims 'It's Always Sunny' Pilot was Shot for Nothing, Report of $200 is False". MStarsNews. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan (March 8, 2017). "Was This Glenn Howerton's 'Always Sunny' Farewell? 'It's A Little Complicated,' He Says". Uproxx. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bradley, Bill (August 15, 2017). "Charlie Day Wouldn't Want To Do 'It's Always Sunny' Without Dennis". HuffPost. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric (June 28, 2006). "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Premiere". IGN. Retrieved June 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ "(SP-0635) "The Gang Finds a Dead Guy" (Repeat)". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "(SP-0636) "Gun Control" (Repeat)". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "(SP-0637) "Charlie Gets Molested" (Repeat)". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Always Sunny in Philadelphia' Gets Another Season". Entertainment Weekly. March 5, 2008. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric (July 15, 2008). "FX Shows Love for It's Always Sunny". IGN. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Season 5 episodes". TV Guide. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (May 3, 2010). "'It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia' Debuts On Comedy Central May 31". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Cable Guide 2011". Advertising Age. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (August 6, 2011). "FX Renews Louie and Wilfred, Orders Two More Seasons of It's Always Sunny". TVLine. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Etkin, Jaimie (March 28, 2013). "'It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia' Renewed For Season 10 And 'The League' For Season 6 On FX". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Matthews, Liam (April 27, 2017). "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Season 13 Will Be a Year Late". TV Guide. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia on VICELAND - Begins Oct 2". Viceland. September 30, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Barrett, Annie (August 26, 2010). "'It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia' soundtrack to be released September 1: Ta-da, ta-da, ta-da-daah-daah-daah..." Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Nussbaum, Emily (November 11, 2013). "Bar None: "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia" and "The Mindy Project"". New Yorker. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Flynn, Gillian (August 2, 2005). "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Lowry, Brian (July 31, 2005). "Review: 'It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia'". Variety. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia". Metacritic. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Storm, Jonathan (October 16, 2008). "Slackers' revenge – The jokers of 'It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia' take on a (fictional) Inquirer critic, while those on Testees take the juvenile quotient even higher". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. E01.
Jump up ^ Mellor, Louisa (April 12, 2012). "Why you need to watch It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia". Den of Geek. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "26 Best Cult TV Shows Ever". Entertainment Weekly. March 17, 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Katz, Josh (December 27, 2016). "'Duck Dynasty' vs. 'Modern Family': 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide". The New York Times. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Murray, Noel (February 20, 2015). "20 Best 'It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia' Episodes". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia - Awards". IMDb. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Matheson, Whitney (August 6, 2009). "The 'Nightman Cometh' to a city near you". USA Today. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric (April 20, 2009). "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia: Live!". IGN. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Tucker, Alyssa (August 4, 2009). "Rob McElhenney & Glenn Howerton Interview". Flash Flood Media. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Glenn Howerton Talks "It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia" And More!". Icon vs. Icon. September 16, 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ В Москве всегда солнечно (in Russian). THT-Online. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia by The Gang". HarperCollins. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
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