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Golden Globe Award
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"Golden Globe" redirects here. For other uses, see Golden Globe (disambiguation).
Golden Globe Awards
75th Golden Globe Awards
The Golden Globe statuette
Awarded for
Excellence in film and television
Country
United States of America
Presented by
Hollywood Foreign Press Association since 1943
First awarded
January 20, 1944; 74 years ago (1944-01-20)
Website
goldenglobes.com
Television/radio coverage
Network
NBC
Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign.
The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a major part of the film industry's awards season, which culminates each year in the Academy Awards.[1] The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year (i.e. January 1 through December 31). The most recent ceremony, the 75th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film and television in 2017, was held on January 7, 2018. The next ceremony, the 76th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film and television in 2018, will be held in January 2019.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Rules
2.1 Eligibility
2.2 Screening requirements
2.3 Nominations and voting
3 Ceremony
3.1 2008 disruption
4 Categories
4.1 Motion picture awards
4.2 Television awards
4.3 Retired awards
5 Superlatives
5.1 Acting
5.2 Most Nominations
5.3 Directing
5.4 Two Acting Wins in Same Year
6 Records
6.1 Film
6.1.1 Actors with two or more acting awards in motion pictures
6.1.2 Actors with five or more acting nominations (motion picture)
6.2 Television
6.2.1 Actors with two or more acting awards on television
6.2.2 Actors with five or more acting nominations (television)
7 Criticism
7.1 1968–1974 NBC broadcast ban
7.2 Pia Zadora awarded “New Star of the Year in a Motion Picture” in 1982
7.3 The Tourist for Best Musical/Comedy nominations in 2011
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
In 1943, a group of writers banded together to form the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, and by creating a generously distributed award called the Golden Globe Award, they now play a significant role in film marketing.[2] The 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at various venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel, and the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel.[3]
In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish a special honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as an international figure within the entertainment industry, the first award was presented to director and producer, Cecil B. DeMille. The official name of the award thus became the Cecil B. DeMille Award.[4]
Since 1963, the trophies are handed out by one or more "Miss Golden Globe", a title renamed in 2018 to "Golden Globe Ambassador". The position is traditionally held by the daughter or sometimes the son of a celebrity, and as a point of pride is often contested among celebrity parents.[5]
In 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned (but not for the first time in its history). The New York firm Society Awards collaborated for a year with the Hollywood Foreign Press Association to produce a statuette that included a unique marble and enhanced the statuette’s quality and gold content. It was unveiled at a press conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show.[6]
Revenues generated from the annual ceremony have enabled the Hollywood Foreign Press Association to donate millions of dollars to entertainment-related charities, as well as funding scholarships and other programs for future film and television professionals. The most prominent beneficiary being the Young Artist Awards, presented annually by the Young Artist Foundation, established in 1978 by late Hollywood Foreign Press member, Maureen Dragone to recognize and award excellence of young Hollywood performers under the age of 21, and to provide scholarships for young artists who may be physically and/or financially challenged.[7][8][9]
Rules[edit]
Eligibility[edit]
The qualifying eligibility period for all nominations is the calendar year from January 1 through December 31.[10]
Voice-over performances and cameo appearances in which persons play themselves are disqualified from all of the film and TV acting categories.
Films must be at least 70 minutes, and released for at least a seven-day run in the Greater Los Angeles area starting prior to midnight on December 31. Films can either be released in theaters, on pay-per-view, or digital delivery.[10]
For the Best Foreign Language Film category, they do not need to be released in the United States. At least 51 percent of the dialogue must still be in a language other than English, and they must first be released in their country of origin during a 14-month period from November 1 to December 31 prior to the Awards. However, if a film was not released in its country of origin due to censorship, it can still qualify if it had a one-week release in the United States during the qualifying calendar year. There is no limit to the number of submitted films from a given country.[10]
A TV program must air in the United States between the prime time hours of 8:00 p.m. and 11:00 p.m (or 7:00 p.m. and 11:00 p.m on Sundays). A show can air on broadcast television, basic or premium cable, or digital delivery; it does not qualify of it is only on pay-per-view or via digital delivery of film. Also, a TV show must either be made in the United States, or is a co-production financially and creatively between an American and a foreign production company. Furthermore, reality and non-scripted shows are disqualified.[10]
For a television film, it cannot be entered in both the film and TV categories, and instead should be entered based on its original release format. If it was first aired on American television, then it can be entered into the TV categories. If it was released in theaters or on pay-per-view, then it should instead to be entered into the film categories. A film festival showing does not count towards disqualifying what would otherwise be a TV program.[10]
Actors in a TV series must appear in at least six episodes during the qualifying calendar year. Actors in a TV film or miniseries must appear in at least five percent of the time in that TV film or miniseries.[10]
Screening requirements[edit]
Active HFPA members need to be invited to an official screening of each eligible film directly by its respective distributor or publicist. The screening must take place in the Greater Los Angeles area, either before the film's release or up to one week afterwards. The screening can be a regular one in a theater with the public or a press screening; it does not need to be an HFPA member-only event. The screening must also be cleared with the Motion Picture Association of America so there are not scheduling conflicts with other official screening.[10]
For TV programs, they must merely be available to be seen by HFPA members in any common format, such as the original TV broadcast.
Nominations and voting[edit]
Entry forms for films need to be received by the HFPA within ten days of the official screening. TV programs should be submitted "as early as possible" before the deadline.[10]
As part of their regular journalistic jobs, active HFPA members will participate in covering the press conferences, and interviewing cast members, of selected films and TV programs. The film press conferences need to take place either before the film's release in the Greater Los Angeles area or up to one week afterwards.[10]
Ballots to select the nominations are sent to HFPA members in November, along with a "Reminder List" of eligible film and TV programs.[11] Each HFPA member then votes for their top five choices in each category, numbering them 5 to 1, with 5 being their top choice. The nominees in each category are then the five selections that receive the most votes. The ranked voting is only used to break ties, with number 5 worth 5 points, number 4 worth 4 points, and so on.[10]
After the nominations are announced in mid-December, HFPA members receive the final ballots.[11] The winner in each category is selected from among the nominees by plurality voting. In case of a tie, the winner is the one that had the most votes on the nomination ballot.[10]
Ceremony[edit]
The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars and the Grammy Awards. Since 2010, it was televised live in all United States time zones. Until Ricky Gervais hosted in 2010, the award ceremony was one of two major Hollywood award ceremonies (the other being the Screen Actors Guild Awards) that did not have a regular host; every year a different presenter introduced the ceremony at the beginning of the broadcast. Gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years.[12] Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015. The Golden Globe Awards' theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi.[citation needed]
Since 1993, Dick Clark Productions has produced the ceremony with NBC as broadcaster; its involvement came at a time of instability for the Golden Globes, including reduced credibility and having lost its contract with CBS. Enthusiastic over Clark's commitment, the HFPA granted the studio an unusual clause, that allowed Dick Clark Productions to retain production rights in perpetuity as long as it continued to maintain broadcast rights with NBC.[13]
In 2010, Dick Clark Productions reached an extension with NBC through 2018; however, the deal was negotiated without the HFPA's knowledge. The HFPA sued DCP over the deal, as well as claims that the company was attempting to sell digital rights that it did not hold; the HFPA had wanted a new contract that would grant them a larger share of revenue from the telecast. In April 2012, judge Howard Matz upheld the NBC perpetuity clause and ruled in favor of DCP, noting that the HFPA had a history of "unbusiness-like display[s] of misplaced priorities" and "[succumbing] to bouts of pronounced turmoil and personal feuds", in contrast to DCP, which had been "represented by one experienced executive who was adept at dealing fairly and effectively with the often amateurish conduct of HFPA." Matz pointed out examples of the HFPA's enthusiasm over the relationship and their desire to "not get cancelled", such as having disregarded its own bylaws by approving an extension in 2001 without a formal vote. The case was taken to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.[13]
In 2014, Dick Clark Productions and the HFPA reached a settlement; details were not released, but DCP committed to continue its role as producer through at least the end of its current contract with NBC, and to work with the HFPA to "expand the brand with unique and exciting entertainment experiences". While NBC will hold a right of first refusal to renew its contract beyond 2018, the ceremony may be offered to other broadcasters.[14][15]
2008 disruption[edit]
On January 7, 2008, it was announced that due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, the 65th Golden Globe Awards would not be telecast live. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event and by actors threatening to boycott the ceremony rather than cross picket lines. The Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast.[citation needed]
NBC originally had exclusive broadcast rights to the ceremonies, but on January 11, HFPA President Jorge Camara announced there would be no restrictions placed on media outlets covering the January 13 press conference, announcing the winners at 6:00pm PST.[16] As a result, E!, CNN, the TV Guide Network and KNBC-TV, the network's Los Angeles owned-and-operated affiliate, aired the 31-minute event, emanating from the Grand Ballroom of the Beverly Hilton Hotel live, leaving NBC to fill the hour from 9:00–10:00pm ET with announcements, made after-the-fact by Access Hollywood hosts Billy Bush and Nancy O'Dell.[17] The remaining hours of programming, set aside for the ceremonies by the network, were filled with a special two-hour edition of Dateline, hosted by Matt Lauer, that included film clips, interviews with some of the nominees and commentary from comedian Kathy Griffin and the panelists from Football Night in America.[citation needed]
Categories[edit]
Motion picture awards[edit]
Best Motion Picture – Drama: since 1943 (separated in 1951)
Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy: since 1951
Best Director: since 1943
Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama: since 1943 (separated in 1951)
Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy: since 1951
Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama: since 1943 (separated in 1951)
Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy: since 1951
Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture: since 1943
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture: since 1943
Best Screenplay: since 1947
Best Original Score: since 1947
Best Original Song: since 1961
Best Foreign Language Film: since 1948
Best Animated Feature Film: since 2006
Cecil B. DeMille Award for Lifetime Achievement in Motion Pictures: since 1951
Television awards[edit]
Best Drama Series: since 1962
Best Comedy Series: since 1962
Best Actor in a Television Drama Series: since 1961
Best Actor in a Television Comedy Series: since 1961
Best Actress in a Television Drama Series: since 1961
Best Actress in a Television Comedy Series: since 1961
Best Limited Series or Motion Picture made for Television: since 1971
Best Actor in a Limited Series or Motion Picture made for Television: since 1981
Best Actress in a Limited Series or Motion Picture made for Television: since 1981
Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Limited Series or Motion Picture made for Television: since 1970
Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Limited Series or Motion Picture made for Television: since 1970
Retired awards[edit]
Best Documentary Film • Awarded from 1972 to 1976
Best English-Language Foreign Film • Awarded from 1957 to 1973
New Star of the Year – Actor • Awarded from 1948 to 1983
New Star of the Year – Actress • Awarded from 1948 to 1983
Henrietta Award (World Film Favorite – Female) • Awarded from 1950 to 1979[18]
Henrietta Award (World Film Favorite – Male) • Awarded from 1950 to 1979
Best Film Promoting International Understanding • Awarded from 1945 to 1963[19]
Golden Globe Award for Best Cinematography • Awarded from 1948 to 1953, in 1955 and in 1963.
Superlatives[edit]
Acting[edit]
In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight. However, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand tied this record with nine. Additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born), producing the Best Picture (Comedy/Musical) (A Star Is Born in the ceremony held in 1977), and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each. Behind them are Ed Asner, Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins.
At the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred: a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama (Sigourney Weaver for Gorillas in the Mist, Jodie Foster for The Accused, and Shirley MacLaine for Madame Sousatzka).
Most Nominations[edit]
Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty-one (as of the 2017 nominations) and John Williams is second with twenty-six.
Directing[edit]
In the category Best Director, Elia Kazan leads with four wins, followed by Clint Eastwood, Oliver Stone, Miloš Forman, David Lean and Martin Scorsese with three wins each. Steven Spielberg holds the record for most nominations with eleven (as of the 2015 nominations). Francis Ford Coppola, Clint Eastwood and Steven Soderbergh are the only directors to receive two nominations in the same year. As of the 75th Golden Globe Awards, Barbra Streisand is the only woman to have won in this category; she won for Yentl in 1983.
Two Acting Wins in Same Year[edit]
Only four people have won two acting awards in the same year:
Sigourney Weaver (1989)
Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama, Gorillas in the Mist
Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture, Working Girl
Joan Plowright (1993)
Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture, Enchanted April
Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or TV Film, Stalin
Helen Mirren (2007)
Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama, The Queen
Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film, Elizabeth I
Kate Winslet (2009)
Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama, Revolutionary Road
Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture, The Reader
Other superlatives:
Most awards won by a single film
One film has won seven Golden Globe Awards.
La La Land (2016)
Two films have won six Golden Globe Awards.
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
Midnight Express (1978)
Four films have won five Golden Globe Awards.
Doctor Zhivago (1965)
Love Story (1970)
The Godfather (1972)
A Star Is Born (1976)
Most nominations received by a single film
Nashville, with nine nominations
Highest Sweep (Winning every nominated category)
La La Land won all seven Golden Globes that it was nominated for.
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest won all six of its nominations.
Both Doctor Zhivago and A Star Is Born won all five that they were respectively nominated for.
Most nominations without winning an award
Motion Picture: Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, Foul Play and The Godfather Part III, all with seven nominations.
Television: Will & Grace with 29 nominations (as of the 75th Golden Globe Awards).
Youngest person to win an award
Ricky Schroder winning New Star of the Year – Actor in 1980 (9 years old).
Oldest person to win an award
Ennio Morricone winning Best Original Score for The Hateful Eight (87 years old).
Records[edit]
Film[edit]
Actors with two or more acting awards in motion pictures[edit]
Actor/Actress
Leading Role
Supporting Role
Total awards
Total nominations
Streep, MerylMeryl Streep The French Lieutenant's Woman (D, 1981)
Sophie's Choice (D, 1982)
The Devil Wears Prada (C/M, 2006)
Julie & Julia (C/M, 2009)
The Iron Lady (D, 2011) Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)
Adaptation. (2002) 7 29
Nicholson, JackJack Nicholson Chinatown (D, 1974)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (D, 1975)
Prizzi's Honor (C/M, 1985)
As Good as It Gets (C/M, 1997)
About Schmidt (D, 2002) Terms of Endearment (1983) 6 17
Russell, RosalindRosalind Russell Sister Kenny (1946)
Mourning Becomes Electra (1947)
Auntie Mame (C/M, 1958)
A Majority of One (C/M, 1961)
Gypsy (C/M, 1962) 5 5
MacLaine, ShirleyShirley MacLaine The Apartment (C/M, 1960)
Irma la Douce (C/M, 1963)
Terms of Endearment (D, 1983)
Madame Sousatzka (D, 1988) 4 15
Hanks, TomTom Hanks Big (C/M, 1988)
Philadelphia (D, 1993)
Forrest Gump (D, 1994)
Cast Away (D, 2000) 4 9
Lemmon, JackJack Lemmon Some Like It Hot (C/M, 1959)
The Apartment (C/M, 1960)
Avanti! (C/M, 1972) 3 16
DiCaprio, LeonardoLeonardo DiCaprio The Aviator (D, 2004)
The Wolf of Wall Street (C/M, 2013)
The Revenant (D, 2015) 3 11
Hoffman, DustinDustin Hoffman Kramer vs. Kramer (D, 1979)
Tootsie (C/M, 1982)
Rain Man (D, 1988) 3 11
Fonda, JaneJane Fonda Klute (D, 1971)
Julia (D, 1977)
Coming Home (D, 1978) 3 10
Kidman, NicoleNicole Kidman To Die For (C/M, 1995)
Moulin Rouge! (C/M, 2001)
The Hours (D, 2002) 3 10
Winslet, KateKate Winslet Revolutionary Road (D, 2008) The Reader (2008)
Steve Jobs (2015) 3 10
Andrews, JulieJulie Andrews Mary Poppins (C/M, 1964)
The Sound of Music (C/M, 1965)
Victor/Victoria (C/M, 1982) 3 9
Blanchett, CateCate Blanchett Elizabeth (D, 1998)
Blue Jasmine (D, 2013) I'm Not There (2007) 3 9
Hackman, GeneGene Hackman The French Connection (D, 1971)
The Royal Tenenbaums (C/M, 2001) Unforgiven (1992) 3 8
O'Toole, PeterPeter O'Toole Becket (D, 1964)
The Lion in Winter (D, 1968)
Goodbye, Mr. Chips (C/M, 1969) 3 8
Roberts, JuliaJulia Roberts Pretty Woman (C/M, 1990)
Erin Brockovich (D, 2000) Steel Magnolias (1989) 3 8
Williams, RobinRobin Williams Good Morning, Vietnam (C/M, 1987)
The Fisher King (C/M, 1991)
Mrs. Doubtfire (C/M, 1993) 3 8
Bergman, IngridIngrid Bergman Gaslight (1944)
The Bells of St. Mary's (1945)
Anastasia (D, 1956) 3 7
Cruise, TomTom Cruise Born on the Fourth of July (D, 1989)
Jerry Maguire (C/M, 1996) Magnolia (1999) 3 7
Spacek, SissySissy Spacek Coal Miner's Daughter (C/M, 1980)
Crimes of the Heart (C/M, 1986)
In the Bedroom (D, 2001) 3 6
Zellweger, RenéeRenée Zellweger Nurse Betty (C/M, 2000)
Chicago (C/M, 2002) Cold Mountain (2003) 3 6
Clooney, GeorgeGeorge Clooney O Brother, Where Art Thou? (C/M, 2000)
The Descendants (D, 2011) Syriana (2005) 3 5
Lawrence, JenniferJennifer Lawrence Silver Linings Playbook (C/M, 2012)
Joy (C/M, 2015) American Hustle (2013) 3 4
Pacino, AlAl Pacino Serpico (D, 1973)
Scent of a Woman (D, 1992) 2 14
Caine, MichaelMichael Caine Educating Rita (C/M, 1983)
Little Voice (C/M, 1998) 2 9
Streisand, BarbraBarbra Streisand Funny Girl (C/M, 1968)
A Star Is Born (C/M, 1976) 2 9
Washington, DenzelDenzel Washington The Hurricane (D, 1999) Glory (1989) 2 9
Bancroft, AnneAnne Bancroft The Pumpkin Eater (D, 1964)
The Graduate (C/M, 1967) 2 8
Day-Lewis, DanielDaniel Day-Lewis There Will Be Blood (D, 2007)
Lincoln (D, 2012) 2 8
Field, SallySally Field Norma Rae (D, 1979)
Places in the Heart (D, 1984) 2 8
Keaton, DianeDiane Keaton Annie Hall (C/M, 1977)
Something's Gotta Give (C/M, 2003) 2 8
Page, GeraldineGeraldine Page Summer and Smoke (D, 1961)
Sweet Bird of Youth (D, 1962) 2 8
Smith, MaggieMaggie Smith California Suite (C/M, 1978) A Room with a View (1985) 2 8
Adams, AmyAmy Adams American Hustle (C/M, 2013)
Big Eyes (C/M, 2014) 2 7
Bening, AnnetteAnnette Bening Being Julia (C/M, 2004)
The Kids Are All Right (C/M, 2010) 2 7
Foster, JodieJodie Foster The Accused (D, 1988)
The Silence of the Lambs (D, 1991) 2 7
Voight, JonJon Voight Coming Home (D, 1978)
Runaway Train (D, 1985) 2 7
Brando, MarlonMarlon Brando On the Waterfront (D, 1954)
The Godfather (D, 1972) 2 6
Carrey, JimJim Carrey The Truman Show (D, 1998)
Man on the Moon (C/M, 1999) 2 6
Lange, JessicaJessica Lange Blue Sky (D, 1994) Tootsie (1982) 2 6
Woodward, JoanneJoanne Woodward The Three Faces of Eve (D, 1957)
Rachel, Rachel (D, 1968) 2 6
Astaire, FredFred Astaire Three Little Words (C/M, 1950) The Towering Inferno (1974) 2 5
Midler, BetteBette Midler The Rose (C/M, 1979)
For the Boys (C/M, 1991) 2 5
Olivier, LaurenceLaurence Olivier Hamlet (1948) Marathon Man (1976) 2 5
Peck, GregoryGregory Peck The Yearling (1946)
To Kill a Mockingbird (D, 1962) 2 5
Weaver, SigourneySigourney Weaver Gorillas in the Mist (D, 1988) Working Girl (1988) 2 5
, Ann-MargretAnn-Margret Tommy (C/M, 1975) Carnal Knowledge (1971) 2 4
, CherCher Moonstruck (C/M, 1987) Silkwood (1983) 2 4
Duvall, RobertRobert Duvall Tender Mercies (D, 1983) Apocalypse Now (1979) 2 4
Kaye, DannyDanny Kaye On the Riviera (C/M, 1951)
Me and the Colonel (C/M, 1958) 2 4
Lansbury, AngelaAngela Lansbury The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945)
The Manchurian Candidate (1962) 2 4
Mason, MarshaMarsha Mason Cinderella Liberty (D, 1973)
The Goodbye Girl (C/M, 1977) 2 4
Moore, DudleyDudley Moore Arthur (C/M, 1981)
Micki & Maude (C/M, 1984) 2 4
Portman, NatalieNatalie Portman Black Swan (D, 2010) Closer (2004) 2 4
Turner, KathleenKathleen Turner Romancing the Stone (C/M, 1984)
Prizzi's Honor (C/M, 1985) 2 4
Black, KarenKaren Black Five Easy Pieces (1970)
The Great Gatsby (1974) 2 3
Goldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg The Color Purple (D, 1985) Ghost (1990) 2 3
Gordon, RuthRuth Gordon Inside Daisy Clover (1965)
Rosemary's Baby (1968) 2 3
Niven, DavidDavid Niven The Moon Is Blue (C/M, 1953)
Separate Tables (D, 1958) 2 3
Robbins, TimTim Robbins The Player (C/M, 1992) Mystic River (2003) 2 3
Sinatra, FrankFrank Sinatra Pal Joey (C/M, 1957) From Here to Eternity (1953) 2 3
Waltz, ChristophChristoph Waltz Inglourious Basterds (2009)
Django Unchained (2012) 2 3
Attenborough, RichardRichard Attenborough The Sand Pebbles (1966)
Doctor Dolittle (1967) 2 2
Gwenn, EdmundEdmund Gwenn Miracle on 34th Street (1947)
Mister 880 (1950) 2 2
Hayward, SusanSusan Hayward With a Song in My Heart (C/M, 1952)
I Want to Live! (D, 1958) 2 2
Kelly, GraceGrace Kelly The Country Girl (D, 1954) Mogambo (1953) 2 2
Landau, MartinMartin Landau Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988)
Ed Wood (1994) 2 2
Moorehead, AgnesAgnes Moorehead Mrs. Parkington (1944)
Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964) 2 2
O'Brien, EdmondEdmond O'Brien The Barefoot Contessa (1954)
Seven Days in May (1964) 2 2
Redgrave, LynnLynn Redgrave Georgy Girl (C/M, 1966) Gods and Monsters (1998) 2 2
Sharif, OmarOmar Sharif Doctor Zhivago (D, 1965) Lawrence of Arabia (1962) 2 2
Swank, HilaryHilary Swank Boys Don't Cry (D, 1999)
Million Dollar Baby (D, 2004) 2 2
Wyman, JaneJane Wyman Johnny Belinda (1948)
The Blue Veil (D, 1951) 2 2
Notes:
D - indicates a winning role in Drama categories
C/M - indicates a winning role in Comedy or Musical categories.
Actors with five or more acting nominations (motion picture)[edit]
Actor/Actress
Total nominations
Total awards
Streep, MerylMeryl Streep 29 7
Nicholson, JackJack Nicholson 17 6
Lemmon, JackJack Lemmon 16 3
MacLaine, ShirleyShirley MacLaine 15 4
Kidman, NicoleNicole Kidman 12 4
Pacino, AlAl Pacino 14 2
DiCaprio, LeonardoLeonardo DiCaprio 11 3
Hoffman, DustinDustin Hoffman 11 3
Fonda, JaneJane Fonda 10 3
Winslet, KateKate Winslet 10 3
Depp, JohnnyJohnny Depp 10 1
Hanks, TomTom Hanks 9 4
Andrews, JulieJulie Andrews 9 3
Blanchett, CateCate Blanchett 9 3
Caine, MichaelMichael Caine 9 2
Streisand, BarbraBarbra Streisand 9 2
Washington, DenzelDenzel Washington 9 2
Dench, JudiJudi Dench 9 1
Hepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn 9 1
Newman, PaulPaul Newman 9 0
Hackman, GeneGene Hackman 8 3
O'Toole, PeterPeter O'Toole 8 3
Roberts, JuliaJulia Roberts 8 3
Williams, RobinRobin Williams 8 3
Bancroft, AnneAnne Bancroft 8 2
Day-Lewis, DanielDaniel Day-Lewis 8 2
Field, SallySally Field 8 2
Keaton, DianeDiane Keaton 8 2
Page, GeraldineGeraldine Page 8 2
Smith, MaggieMaggie Smith 8 2
De Niro, RobertRobert De Niro 8 1
Hawn, GoldieGoldie Hawn 8 1
Matthau, WalterWalter Matthau 8 1
Mirren, HelenHelen Mirren 8 1
Moore, JulianneJulianne Moore 8 1
Redgrave, VanessaVanessa Redgrave 8 1
Bergman, IngridIngrid Bergman 7 3
Cruise, TomTom Cruise 7 3
Adams, AmyAmy Adams 7 2
Bening, AnnetteAnnette Bening 7 2
Foster, JodieJodie Foster 7 2
Voight, JonJon Voight 7 2
Beatty, WarrenWarren Beatty 7 1
Finney, AlbertAlbert Finney 7 1
Thompson, EmmaEmma Thompson 7 1
Hepburn, KatharineKatharine Hepburn 7 0
Sarandon, SusanSusan Sarandon 7 0
Spacek, SissySissy Spacek 6 3
Zellweger, RenéeRenée Zellweger 6 3
Brando, MarlonMarlon Brando 6 2
Carrey, JimJim Carrey 6 2
Lange, JessicaJessica Lange 6 2
Woodward, JoanneJoanne Woodward 6 2
Burstyn, EllenEllen Burstyn 6 1
Burton, RichardRichard Burton 6 1
Dunaway, FayeFaye Dunaway 6 1
Jackson, GlendaGlenda Jackson 6 1
Pfeiffer, MichelleMichelle Pfeiffer 6 1
Poitier, SidneySidney Poitier 6 1
Travolta, JohnJohn Travolta 6 1
Winters, ShelleyShelley Winters 6 1
Russell, RosalindRosalind Russell 5 5
Clooney, GeorgeGeorge Clooney 5 3
Astaire, FredFred Astaire 5 2
Midler, BetteBette Midler 5 2
Olivier, LaurenceLaurence Olivier 5 2
Peck, GregoryGregory Peck 5 2
Weaver, SigourneySigourney Weaver 5 2
Bridges, JeffJeff Bridges 5 1
Bullock, SandraSandra Bullock 5 1
Chastain, JessicaJessica Chastain 5 1
Crowe, RussellRussell Crowe 5 1
Damon, MattMatt Damon 5 1
Douglas, MichaelMichael Douglas 5 1
Freeman, MorganMorgan Freeman 5 1
Gosling, RyanRyan Gosling 5 1
Hoffman, Philip SeymourPhilip Seymour Hoffman 5 1
Holliday, JudyJudy Holliday 5 1
McDormand, FrancesFrances McDormand 5 1
Minnelli, LizaLiza Minnelli 5 1
Murray, BillBill Murray 5 1
Penn, SeanSean Penn 5 1
Phoenix, JoaquinJoaquin Phoenix 5 1
Pitt, BradBrad Pitt 5 1
Sellers, PeterPeter Sellers 5 1
Simmons, JeanJean Simmons 5 1
Stapleton, MaureenMaureen Stapleton 5 1
Ullmann, LivLiv Ullmann 5 1
Williams, MichelleMichelle Williams 5 1
Day, DorisDoris Day 5 0
Farrow, MiaMia Farrow 5 0
Grant, CaryCary Grant 5 0
Grant, LeeLee Grant 5 0
Hopkins, AnthonyAnthony Hopkins 5 0
Huston, AnjelicaAnjelica Huston 5 0
Martin, SteveSteve Martin 5 0
Spacey, KevinKevin Spacey 5 0
Wood, NatalieNatalie Wood 5 0
Television[edit]
Actors with two or more acting awards on television[edit]
Actor/Actress
Leading Role
Supporting Role
Total awards
Total nominations
Alda, AlanAlan Alda M*A*S*H (C/M, 1974)
M*A*S*H (C/M, 1975)
M*A*S*H (C/M, 1979)
M*A*S*H (C/M, 1980)
M*A*S*H (C/M, 1981)
M*A*S*H (C/M, 1982) 6 12
Burnett, CarolCarol Burnett The Carol Burnett Show (1967)
The Carol Burnett Show (C/M, 1969)
The Carol Burnett Show (C/M, 1971)
The Carol Burnett Show (C/M, 1976)
The Carol Burnett Show (C/M, 1977) 5 13
Asner, EdEd Asner Lou Grant (D, 1977)
Lou Grant (D, 1979) The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1971)
The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1975)
Rich Man, Poor Man (1976) 5 11
Lansbury, AngelaAngela Lansbury Murder, She Wrote (D, 1984)
Murder, She Wrote (D, 1986)
Murder, She Wrote (D,1989)
Murder, She Wrote (D, 1991) 4 11
Fox, Michael J.Michael J. Fox Family Ties (C/M, 1988)
Spin City (C/M, 1997)
Spin City (C/M, 1998)
Spin City (C/M, 1999) 4 9
Parker, Sarah JessicaSarah Jessica Parker Sex and the City (C/M, 1999)
Sex and the City (C/M, 2000)
Sex and the City (C/M, 2001)
Sex and the City (C/M, 2003) 4 8
Danes, ClaireClaire Danes My So-Called Life (D, 1994)
Temple Grandin (M/T, 2010)
Homeland (D, 2011)
Homeland (D, 2012) 4 5
Dern, LauraLaura Dern Afterburn (M/T, 1992)
Enlightened (C/M, 2011) Recount (2008)
Big Little Lies (2017) 4 5
Danson, TedTed Danson Something About Amelia (M/T, 1984)
Cheers (C/M, 1989)
Cheers (C/M, 1990) 3 11
Baldwin, AlecAlec Baldwin 30 Rock (C/M, 2006)
30 Rock (C/M, 2008)
30 Rock (C/M, 2009) 3 10
Grammer, KelseyKelsey Grammer Frasier (C/M, 1995)
Frasier (C/M, 2000)
Boss (D, 2011) 3 9
Laurie, HughHugh Laurie House (D, 2005)
House (D, 2006) The Night Manager (2016) 3 7
Chamberlain, RichardRichard Chamberlain Dr. Kildare (1962)
Shogun (D, 1980)
The Thorn Birds (M/T, 1983) 3 6
Hunt, HelenHelen Hunt Mad About You (C/M, 1993)
Mad About You (C/M, 1994)
Mad About You (C/M, 1996) 3 6
Shepherd, CybillCybill Shepherd Moonlighting (C/M, 1985)
Moonlighting (C/M, 1986)
Cybill (C/M, 1995) 3 5
Falco, EdieEdie Falco The Sopranos (D, 1999)
The Sopranos (D, 2002) 2 11
Bergen, CandiceCandice Bergen Murphy Brown (C/M, 1988)
Murphy Brown (C/M, 1991) 2 9
Garner, JamesJames Garner Decoration Day (M/T, 1990)
Barbarians at the Gate (M/T, 1993) 2 9
Lange, JessicaJessica Lange A Streetcar Named Desire (M/T, 1995) American Horror Story (2011) 2 9
Stapleton, JeanJean Stapleton All in the Family (C/M, 1972)
All in the Family (C/M, 1973) 2 9
Close, GlennGlenn Close The Lion in Winter (M/T, 2004)
Damages (D, 2007) 2 8
Duchovny, DavidDavid Duchovny The X-Files (D, 1996)
Californication (C/M, 2007) 2 8
Moore, Mary TylerMary Tyler Moore The Dick Van Dyke Show (1964)
The Mary Tyler Moore Show (C/M, 1970) 2 8
Seymour, JaneJane Seymour East of Eden (M/T, 1981)
Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman (D, 1995) 2 8
Gless, SharonSharon Gless Cagney & Lacey (D, 1985)
The Trials of Rosie O'Neill (D, 1990) 2 7
Mirren, HelenHelen Mirren Losing Chase (M/T, 1996)
Elizabeth I (M/T, 2006) 2 7
Brolin, JamesJames Brolin Marcus Welby, M.D. (1970)
Marcus Welby, M.D. (1972) 2 6
Fey, TinaTina Fey 30 Rock (C/M, 2007)
30 Rock (C/M, 2008) 2 6
Forsythe, JohnJohn Forsythe Dynasty (D, 1982)
Dynasty (D, 1983) 2 6
Hamm, JonJon Hamm Mad Men (D, 2007)
Mad Men (D, 2015) 2 6
Lahti, ChristineChristine Lahti No Place Like Home (M/T, 1989)
Chicago Hope (D, 1997) 2 6
Savalas, TellyTelly Savalas Kojak (D, 1974)
Kojak (D, 1975) 2 6
, Ann-MargretAnn-Margret Who Will Love My Children? (M/T, 1983)
A Streetcar Named Desire (M/T, 1984) 2 5
Cosby, BillBill Cosby The Cosby Show (C/M, 1984)
The Cosby Show (C/M, 1985) 2 5
Davis, JudyJudy Davis One Against the Wind (M/T, 1991)
Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows (M/T, 2001) 2 5
Lithgow, JohnJohn Lithgow 3rd Rock from the Sun (C/M, 1996) Dexter (2009) 2 5
Parker, Mary-LouiseMary-Louise Parker Weeds (C/M, 2005) Angels in America (2003) 2 5
Sutherland, DonaldDonald Sutherland Citizen X (1995)
Path to War (2002) 2 5
Cheadle, DonDon Cheadle House of Lies (C/M, 2012) The Rat Pack (1998) 2 4
Dunaway, FayeFaye Dunaway Ellis Island (1984)
Gia (1998) 2 4
Fisher, GailGail Fisher Mannix (D, 1972) Mannix (1970) 2 4
Holliday, PollyPolly Holliday Alice (1978)
Alice (1979) 2 4
Remick, LeeLee Remick The Blue Knight (D, 1973)
Jennie Randolph Churchill (D, 1975) 2 4
Winkler, HenryHenry Winkler Happy Days (C/M, 1976)
Happy Days (C/M, 1977) 2 4
Bertinelli, ValerieValerie Bertinelli One Day at a Time (1980)
One Day at a Time (1981) 2 3
Bridges, BeauBeau Bridges Without Warning: The James Brady Story (M/T, 1991) The Positively True Adventures of the Alleged Texas Cheerleader-Murdering Mom (1993) 2 3
Duvall, RobertRobert Duvall Lonesome Dove (M/T, 1989)
Stalin (M/T, 1992) 2 3
Kiley, RichardRichard Kiley A Year in the Life (D, 1987) The Thorn Birds (1983) 2 3
Lavin, LindaLinda Lavin Alice (C/M, 1978)
Alice (C/M, 1979) 2 3
Linney, LauraLaura Linney John Adams (M/T, 2008)
The Big C (C/M, 2010) 2 3
Long, ShelleyShelley Long Cheers (C/M, 1984) Cheers (1982) 2 3
Moss, ElisabethElisabeth Moss Top of the Lake (M/T, 2013)
The Handmaid's Tale (D, 2017) 2 3
Olmos, Edward JamesEdward James Olmos Miami Vice (1985)
The Burning Season (1994) 2 3
Pacino, AlAl Pacino Angels in America (M/T, 2003)
You Don't Know Jack (M/T, 2010) 2 3
Tayback, VicVic Tayback Alice (1979)
Alice (1980) 2 3
Jolie, AngelinaAngelina Jolie Gia (M/T, 1998) George Wallace (1997) 2 2
Rooney, MickeyMickey Rooney Mickey (1963)
Bill (M/T, 1981) 2 2
Thornton, Billy BobBilly Bob Thornton Fargo (M/T, 2014)
Goliath (D, 2016) 2 2
Tucci, StanleyStanley Tucci Winchell (M/T, 1998) Conspiracy (2001) 2 2
Notes:
D - indicates a winning role in Drama categories
C/M - indicates a winning role in Comedy or Musical categories.
M/T - indicates a winning role in Miniseries or Television Film categories.
Actors with five or more acting nominations (television)[edit]
Actor/Actress
Total nominations
Total awards
Burnett, CarolCarol Burnett 13 5
Alda, AlanAlan Alda 12 6
Margulies, JuliannaJulianna Margulies 12 1
Asner, EdEd Asner 11 5
Lansbury, AngelaAngela Lansbury 11 4
Danson, TedTed Danson 11 3
Falco, EdieEdie Falco 11 2
O'Connor, CarrollCarroll O'Connor 11 1
Baldwin, AlecAlec Baldwin 10 3
Fox, Michael J.Michael J. Fox 9 4
Grammer, KelseyKelsey Grammer 9 3
Bergen, CandiceCandice Bergen 9 2
Garner, JamesJames Garner 9 2
Lange, JessicaJessica Lange 9 2
Stapleton, JeanJean Stapleton 9 2
Falk, PeterPeter Falk 9 1
Parker, Sarah JessicaSarah Jessica Parker 8 4
Close, GlennGlenn Close 8 2
Duchovny, DavidDavid Duchovny 8 2
Moore, Mary TylerMary Tyler Moore 8 2
Seymour, JaneJane Seymour 8 2
Louis-Dreyfus, JuliaJulia Louis-Dreyfus 8 1
Arthur, BeatriceBeatrice Arthur 8 0
Messing, DebraDebra Messing 8 0
Laurie, HughHugh Laurie 7 3
Gless, SharonSharon Gless 7 2
Mirren, HelenHelen Mirren 7 2
Hirsch, JuddJudd Hirsch 7 1
Newhart, BobBob Newhart 7 1
Sedgwick, KyraKyra Sedgwick 7 1
Selleck, TomTom Selleck 7 1
Sheen, MartinMartin Sheen 7 1
Woods, JamesJames Woods 7 1
Chamberlain, RichardRichard Chamberlain 6 3
Hunt, HelenHelen Hunt 6 3
Brolin, JamesJames Brolin 6 2
Fey, TinaTina Fey 6 2
Forsythe, JohnJohn Forsythe 6 2
Hamm, JonJon Hamm 6 2
Lahti, ChristineChristine Lahti 6 2
Alley, KirstieKirstie Alley 6 1
Carell, SteveSteve Carell 6 1
Collins, JoanJoan Collins 6 1
Connors, MikeMike Connors 6 1
Cranston, BryanBryan Cranston 6 1
Dey, SusanSusan Dey 6 1
Lemmon, JackJack Lemmon 6 1
Piven, JeremyJeremy Piven 6 1
Sutherland, KieferKiefer Sutherland 6 1
Huffman, FelicityFelicity Huffman 6 0
Locklear, HeatherHeather Locklear 6 0
McCormack, EricEric McCormack 6 0
Perlman, RheaRhea Perlman 6 0
Schreiber, LievLiev Schreiber 6 0
Danes, ClaireClaire Danes 5 4
Dern, LauraLaura Dern 5 4
Shepherd, CybillCybill Shepherd 5 3
, Ann-MargretAnn-Margret 5 2
Cosby, BillBill Cosby 5 2
Davis, JudyJudy Davis 5 2
Lithgow, JohnJohn Lithgow 5 2
Parker, Mary-LouiseMary-Louise Parker 5 2
Allen, TimTim Allen 5 1
Anderson, GillianGillian Anderson 5 1
Barr, RoseanneRoseanne Barr 5 1
Evans, LindaLinda Evans 5 1
Flockhart, CalistaCalista Flockhart 5 1
Hall, Michael C.Michael C. Hall 5 1
Hillerman, JohnJohn Hillerman 5 1
LeBlanc, MattMatt LeBlanc 5 1
Redgrave, VanessaVanessa Redgrave 5 1
Ritter, JohnJohn Ritter 5 1
Rowlands, GenaGena Rowlands 5 1
Sagal, KateyKatey Sagal 5 1
Shalhoub, TonyTony Shalhoub 5 1
Travanti, Daniel J.Daniel J. Travanti 5 1
Young, RobertRobert Young 5 1
Daly, TyneTyne Daly 5 0
Fawcett, FarrahFarrah Fawcett 5 0
Henner, MariluMarilu Henner 5 0
Janney, AllisonAllison Janney 5 0
Lowe, RobRob Lowe 5 0
MacLeod, GavinGavin MacLeod 5 0
Nixon, CynthiaCynthia Nixon 5 0
Hyde Pierce, DavidDavid Hyde Pierce 5 0
Powers, StefanieStefanie Powers 5 0
Reiner, RobRob Reiner 5 0
Sanford, IsabelIsabel Sanford 5 0
Strauss, PeterPeter Strauss 5 0
Wagner, RobertRobert Wagner 5 0
Criticism[edit]
1968–1974 NBC broadcast ban[edit]
The HFPA has had a lucrative contract with NBC for decades,[20] which began broadcasting the award ceremony locally in Los Angeles in 1958, then nationally in 1964. However, in 1968, the Federal Communications Commission claimed the show “misled the public as to how the winners were determined” (allegations included that winners were determined by lobby; to motivate winners to show up to the awards ceremony winners were informed if they did not attend another winner would be named). The FCC admonished NBC for participating in the scandal. Subsequently, NBC refused to broadcast the ceremony from 1968 until after 1974.[21][22]
Pia Zadora awarded “New Star of the Year in a Motion Picture” in 1982[edit]
In 1982, Pia Zadora won a Golden Globe in the category "New Star of the Year in a Motion Picture – Female" for her performance in Butterfly, over such competition as Elizabeth McGovern (Ragtime) and Kathleen Turner (Body Heat).[23] Accusations were made that the Foreign Press Association members had been bought off.[24] Zadora's husband, multimillionaire Meshulam Riklis, flew voting members to his casino, the Riviera Hotel in Las Vegas, which gave the appearance that they voted for Zadora to repay this. Riklis also invited voting members to his house for a lavish lunch and a showing of the film. He also spent a great deal on advertising.[25] Furthermore, Zadora had made her film debut some 17 years earlier as a child performer in Santa Claus Conquers the Martians.[26]
The Tourist for Best Musical/Comedy nominations in 2011[edit]
The nominations for the 2011 Globes drew initial skepticism, as the Hollywood Foreign Press Association nominated The Tourist in its Best Musical/Comedy category, although it was originally advertised as a spy thriller, and also one of the most panned films of the season with host Ricky Gervais even joking to main star of the film Johnny Depp if he had seen the movie. Rumors then surfaced that Sony, the distributor of The Tourist, had influenced Globes voters with an all-expenses-paid trip to Las Vegas, culminating in a concert by Cher.[27]
See also[edit]
List of Golden Globe Awards ceremonies
List of Golden Globe Award winning films
List of Golden Globe Award winners
List of prizes, medals, and other awards
Young Artist Award
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "HFPA History". www.hfpa.org. HFPA. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
Jump up ^ Hess, Stephen (January 1, 2005). "Through Their Eyes: Foreign Correspondents in the United States". Brookings Institution Press. Retrieved October 31, 2016 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "History of the Golden Globes". hfpa.org. Retrieved 2012-12-27.
Jump up ^ "Cecil B. DeMille Award". hfpa.org. Retrieved 2012-12-27.
Jump up ^ Harel, Monica Corcoran (5 January 2018). "Miss Golden Globe Is No More. Long Live the Golden Globe Ambassador". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "New Look For Golden Globe Statuette". cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2012-12-27.
Jump up ^ "HFPA Golden Globes – Young Artist Foundation". hfpa.org. Retrieved 2011-03-31.
Jump up ^ "KABC-TV – Budding stars shine at Young Artist Awards". ABCLocal.go.com. Retrieved 2011-03-31.
Jump up ^ "Young Artist Awards – President's Message". YoungArtistAwards.org. Retrieved 2011-03-31.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Golden Globe Award Consideration Rules" (PDF). Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Award Rules And Entry Forms". Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ricky Gervais to Return as Golden Globes Host!". ComingSoon.net. 2011-11-16. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dick Clark Productions Prevails in Golden Globes Trial, Will Remain Show Producer". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Ted (2014-07-14). "HFPA Settles Golden Globes Lawsuit With Dick Clark Prods". Variety. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
Jump up ^ "Golden Globes Players Settle Long-Running Legal War (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
Jump up ^ "HFPA News". www.hfpa.org. HFPA. 2008-01-08. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen (2008-01-13). "Golden Globes winners? Not the viewers, that's for sure". The Watcher (All TV. All the time). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
Jump up ^ "HFPA". Retrieved October 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Golden Globe Nominees By Nomination Category – Motion Picture Promoting International Understanding". hfpa.org. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
Jump up ^ The NY Post “The Moet the Merrier: Soaked in scandal, the Globes emerge as Hollywood’s biggest booze-up” By Reed Tucker January 16, 2011 And the HFPA has no problem paying for it; a lucrative contract with NBC makes the organization rich.
Jump up ^ The NY Post “The Moet the Merrier: Soaked in scandal, the Globes emerge as Hollywood’s biggest booze-up” By Reed Tucker January 16, 2011 The HFPA’s seemingly cozy relationship with the stars they cover has occasionally led to scandal. From 1968 to 1974, the Globes were booted off NBC after the Federal Communications Commission claimed the show “misled the public as to how the winners were determined.” The government report suggested winners were required to show up at the ceremony, otherwise, another name would be chosen.
Jump up ^ TBD Golden Globes 2011: Why you should care By Ryan Kearney January 14, 2011 In 1968, the Federal Communications Commission accused the HFPA of misleading the public, alleging that Globe winners were determined by lobby rather than blind poll. NBC subsequently pulled the awards ceremony from its broadcast until 1974.
Jump up ^ Golden Globes, USA (1982) IMDb
Jump up ^ "Pia Zadora". Stomptokyo.com. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
Jump up ^ Adelson, Suzanne (1982-02-22). "How Did Actress Pia Zadora Ever Win a Golden Globe? The Answer Is Riklis Love". People.com. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
Jump up ^ [1] IMDB
Jump up ^ Adams, Guy (2010-12-19). "Bribed Golden Globe judges nominate flops after Vegas junket: 'The Tourist' and 'Burlesque' are among poorly reviewed films up for awards". The Independent. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Golden Globe Awards.
Official Golden Globes website
Awards listing at the Internet Movie Database
Awards listing at Official Golden Globes website
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I before E except after C
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see I before E except after C (disambiguation).
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
"I before E, except after C" is a mnemonic rule of thumb for English spelling. If one is unsure whether a word is spelled with the sequence ei or ie, the rhyme suggests that the correct order is ie unless the preceding letter is c, in which case it is ei. For example:
ie in believe, fierce, collie, die, friend
ei after c in receive, ceiling, receipt, ceilidh
The rule is very well known; Edward Carney calls it "this supreme, and for many people solitary, spelling rule".[1] However, the short form quoted above has many common exceptions; for example:
ie after c: species, science, sufficient
ei not preceded by c: seize, vein, weird, their, feisty, foreign
The proportion of exceptions can be reduced by restricting application of the rule based on the sound represented by the spelling. Two common restrictions are:
excluding cases where the spelling represents the "long a"[n 1] sound (the lexical sets of FACE /eɪ/ and perhaps SQUARE /ɛər/). This is commonly expressed by continuing the rhyme "or when sounding like A, as in neighbor or weigh"
including only cases where the spelling represents the "long e"[n 1] sound (the lexical sets of FLEECE /iː/ and perhaps NEAR /ɪər/ and happY /i/).
Some authorities deprecate the rule as having too many exceptions to be worth learning.[2][3][4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 History of the spellings
1.2 History of the mnemonic
2 Modern views
3 Exceptions
3.1 cie
3.1.1 With the "long e" vowel
3.1.2 With other sounds
3.2 ei not preceded by c
3.2.1 With the "long e" vowel
3.2.2 With the "long a" vowel
3.2.3 With other sounds
4 Popular culture
5 Footnote
6 References
6.1 Sources
6.2 Citations
History[edit]
History of the spellings[edit]
The Middle English language evolved from Old English after the Norman conquest, adding many loanwords from Norman French, whose sounds and spellings changed and were changed by the older English customs. In French loanwords, the digraph <ie> generally represented the sound [eː], while <ei> represented [ɛː]. However, Early Modern English spelling was not fixed; many words were spelled with <ie> and <ei> interchangeably, in printed works of the seventeenth century and private correspondence of educated people into the nineteenth century. In the Great Vowel Shift, sounds [eː] and [ɛː] were raised to [iː] and [eː] respectively, with the latter subsequently becoming the diphthong [eɪ]. Exceptionally, words in -ceive and their derivatives evolved from [eː] to [iː] rather than [eɪ].[6][7]
History of the mnemonic[edit]
The mnemonic (in its short form) is found as early as 1866, as a footnote in Manual of English Spelling,[8] edited by schools inspector James Stuart Laurie from the work of a Tavistock schoolmaster named Marshall.[9] Michael Quinion surmises the rhyme was already established before this date.[10] An 1834 manual states a similar rule in prose;[11] others in 1855 and 1862 use different rhymes.[12][13] Many textbooks from the 1870s on use the same rhyme as Laurie's book.[10]
The restriction to the "long e" sound is explicitly made in the 1855 and 1862 books, and applied to the "I before E except after C" rhyme in an 1871 manual.[14] Mark Wainwright's FAQ posting on the alt.usage.English newsgroup characterises this restricted version as British.[15] The restriction may be implicit, or may be explicitly included as an extra line such as "when the sound is e" placed before[15] or after[16] the main part of the rhyme.
A longer form excluding the "long a" sound is found in Rule 37 of Ebenezer Cobham Brewer's 1880 Rules for English Spelling, along with a list of the "chief exceptions":[17]
The following rhymes contain the substance of the last three rules : —
i before e,
Except after c,
Or when sounded as "a,"
As in neighbour and weigh.
"Dr Brewer" is credited as the author by subsequent writers quoting this form of the rhyme,[18][19][20] which became common in American schools.[10]
A Dictionary of Modern English Usage discusses "i before e except after c". Henry Watson Fowler's original 1926 edition called the rule "very useful", restricting it to words with the "long e" sound, stating further that "words in which that sound is not invariable, as either, neither, inveigle, do not come under it", and calling seize "an important exception".[21] The entry was retained in Ernest Gowers's 1965 revision.[22] Robert Burchfield rewrote it for the 1996 edition, stating 'the rule can helpfully be extended "except when the word is pronounced with /eɪ/"', and giving a longer list of exceptions, including words excluded from Fowler's interpretation.[23] Robert Allen's 2008 pocket edition states, "The traditional spelling rule ' i before e except after c ' should be extended to include the statement 'when the combination is pronounced -ee- '".[24] Jeremy Butterfield's 2015 edition suggests both "when ... pronounced -ee-" and "except when ... pronounced -ay-" as extensions to the rhyme, as well as listing various classes of exception.[25]
In 1932 Leonard B. Wheat examined the rules and word lists found in various American elementary school spelling books. He calculated that, of the 3,876 words listed, 128 had ei or ie in the spelling; of these, 83 conformed to I-before-E, 6 to except-after-C, and 12 to sounded-like-A. He found 14 words with i-e in separate syllables, and 2 with e-i in separate syllables. This left 11 "irregular" words: 3 with cie (ancient, conscience, efficiency) and 8 with ei (either, foreign, foreigner, height, leisure, neither, seize, their). Wheat concluded, "If it were not for the fact that the jingle of the rule makes it easy to remember (although not necessarily easy to apply), the writer would recommend that the rule be reduced to 'I usually comes before e,' or that it be discarded entirely".[2]
Modern views[edit]
Sandra Wilde in 1990 claimed the sounded-like-E version of the rule was one of only two sound–letter correspondence rules worth teaching in elementary schools.[27] The rule was covered by five of nine software programs for spelling education studied by Barbara Mullock in 2012.[26]
Edward Carney's 1994 Survey of English Spelling describes the ["long-e" version of the] rule as "peculiar":[1]
Its practical use is ... simply deciding between two correspondences for /iː/ that are a visual metathesis of each other. It is not a general graphotactic rule applicable to other phonemes. So, although seize and heinous (if you pronounce it with /iː/ rather than /eɪ/) are exceptions, heifer, leisure with /e/≡<ei> or rein, vein with /eɪ/≡<ei> are not exceptions; <ie> is not a usual spelling of /e/ or /eɪ/.
As to the usefulness of the rule, he says:[28]
Such rules are warnings against common pitfalls for the unwary. Nevertheless, selection among competing correspondences has never been, and could never be, covered by such aids to memory.
The converse of the "except after c" part is Carney's spelling-to-sound rule E.16: in the sequence <cei>, the <ei> is pronounced /iː/.[29] In Carney's test wordlist, all eight words with <cei> conform to this rule, which he thus describes as being a "marginal" rule with an "efficiency" of 100%.[29] Rarer loanwords not in the wordlist may not conform; e.g. the Gaelic word ceilidh is pronounced /keɪliː/.
Mark Wainwright's FAQ posting interprets the rule as applying only to the FLEECE vowel, not the NEAR vowel; he regards it as useful if "a little common sense" is used for the exceptions.[15] The FAQ includes a 1996 response to Wainwright by an American, listing variations on the rule and their exceptions, contending that even the restricted version has too many exceptions, and concluding "Instead of trying to defend the 'rule' or 'guideline', "'i' before 'e' except after 'c'", why don't we all just agree that it is dumb and useless, and be content just to laugh at it?"[30]
Kory Stamper of Merriam-Webster has said the neighbor-and-weigh version is "chocked with tons of exceptions", listing several types.[3] On Language Log in 2006, Mark Liberman suggested that the alternative "i before e, no matter what" was more reliable than the basic rule.[4] On the same blog in 2009, Geoff Pullum wrote, 'The rule is always taught, by anyone who knows what they are doing, as "i before e except after c when the sound is 'ee'."'[16]
The 2009 edition of Support for Spelling, by the English Department for Education,[5] suggests an "Extension activity" for Year Five (nine-year-olds):
Children investigate the rule i before e except after c. Does this always apply? What sound does ie make in these words?
In the Appendix, after a list of nine "useful spelling guidelines", there is a note:
The i before e except after c rule is not worth teaching. It applies only to words in which the ie or ei stands for a clear /ee/ sound and unless this is known, words such as sufficient, veil and their look like exceptions. There are so few words where the ei spelling for the /ee/ sound follows the letter c that it is easier to learn the specific words: receive, conceive, deceive (+ the related words receipt, conceit, deceit), perceive and ceiling.
There were widespread media reports of this recommendation, which generated some controversy. [10][16]
The Oxford Dictionaries website of Oxford University Press states "The rule only applies when the sound represented is ‘ee’, though. It doesn’t apply to words like science or efficient, in which the –ie- combination does follow the letter c but isn’t pronounced ‘ee’."[31]
David Crystal discusses the rule in his 2012 history of English spelling.[32] He first restricts it to the /iː/ vowel, then accounts for several classes of exception. He states that, while the exceptions are fewer and rarer than the words that follow the rule, there are too many to learn by heart; the factors are "too great to reduce to a simple rule", but "a basic knowledge of grammar and word-history" can handle them.[32]
Exceptions[edit]
The following sections list exceptions to the basic form; many are not exceptions to the augmented forms.
Words which break both the "I before E" part and the "except after C" part of the rule include cheiromancies, cleidomancies, eigenfrequencies, obeisancies, oneiromancies.
cie[edit]
Some large groups of words have cie in the spelling. Few common words have the cei spelling handled by the rule: verbs ending -ceive and their derivatives (perceive, deceit, transceiver, receipts, etc.), and ceiling. The BBC trivia show QI claimed there were 923 words spelled cie, 21 times the number of words which conform to the rule's stated exception by being written with cei.[33] These figures were generated by a QI fan from a Scrabble wordlist.[34] The statistic was repeated by UberFacts.[35]
With the "long e" vowel[edit]
The vowel represented by ie in words spelled cie is rarely the "long e" vowel of FLEECE (/iː/), so few words are exceptions to the version of the rule restricted to that sound. Among them are specie, species.
For those with happy-tensing accents, the final y in words ending -cy has the FLEECE vowel, and therefore so do inflected forms ending -cies or -cied (fancied, policies, etc.).
If the vowel of NEAR (/ɪər/) is considered as "long e", then words ending -cier may also be exceptions. Possible examples include: fancier, if pronounced with two rather than three syllables; or financier, if stressed on the final syllable or pronounced with a happy-tensing accent.
With other sounds[edit]
These are exceptions to the basic and "long a" versions of the rhyme, but not to the "long e" version.
Types include:
Adding suffix -er to root in -cy, giving a two-syllable ending -cier; For example, fancier (adjective "more fancy", or noun "one who fancies")
Words of Latin origin with a root ending in c(i) followed by a suffix or inflexion starting in (i)e; such as
fac or fic "do; make" (efficient, stupefacient, etc.)
soc "sharing; kin" (society)
sci "know" (science, prescient, etc.)
Others: ancient, concierge, glacier
ei not preceded by c[edit]
Many words have ei not preceded by c. In the sections which follow, most derived forms are omitted; for example, as well as seize, there exist disseize and seizure. Words are grouped by the phonemes (sounds) corresponding to ei or ie in the spelling; each phoneme is represented phonetically as at Help:IPA/English and, where applicable, by the keyword in John C. Wells' lexical sets.
An asterisk* after a word indicates the pronunciation implied is one of several found. Some have an /iː/ variant more common in America than Britain (e.g. sheikh, leisure, either have /eɪ/, /ɛ/, /aɪ/ respectively).
With the "long e" vowel[edit]
Words where ei, not preceded by c, represents the vowel of FLEECE (/iː/), are the only exceptions to the strictest British interpretation of the "long e" version of the rhyme. Less strict interpretations admit as exceptions those words where eir, not preceded by c, represents the vowel of NEAR (/ɪər/).
Some categories of exception:
Many proper names, often because they are adopted from other languages. Fowler says the rule "is useless with proper names";[21] Carney says "As one might expect of any rule, there are likely to be even more exceptions in names, many of which are Scottish":[36]
forenames and surnames Keith, Neil, Sheila, Stein, etc.
placenames Leith, Keighley, Rheims, Raleigh, etc.
Eid in the names of Muslim holidays (Eid ul-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, etc.)
others like Cassiopeia
Chemical names ending in -ein or -eine (caffeine, casein, codeine, phthalein, protein, etc.). Here -ein(e) was originally pronounced as two syllables /iː.ɪn/
Scottish English words (deil, deid, weill, etc.) Mark Wainwright writes "There are many exceptions in Scots, so speakers with a large Scots vocabulary may as well give up on this rule."[15]
Other exceptions:
/iː/ FLEECE
either*, heinous*, inveigle*, keister, leisure*, monteith, neither*, obeisance*, seize, seizin, sheikh*, teiid
/ɪər/ NEAR
madeira, weir, weird. (This sound may also be spelled ier, as in pierce.)
With the "long a" vowel[edit]
There are many words where ei, not preceded by c, represents the vowel of FACE (/eɪ/). There are a few where eir, not preceded by c, represents the vowel of SQUARE (/ɛər/). These groups of words are exceptions only to the basic form of the rhyme; they are excluded from both of the common restricted forms.
/eɪ/ FACE
With eigh spelling: eight, freight, heigh-ho*, inveigh, neigh, neighbo(u)r, sleigh, weigh
Others: abseil, beige, capoeira,[37] cleidoic, deign, dreidel, feign, feint, geisha, glei, greige, greisen, heinous*, inveigle*, nonpareil*, obeisance*, peignoir*, reign, rein, seiche, seidel, seine, sheikh*, skein, surveillance, veil, vein. (While Carney says this sound is never spelled ie,[38] the last vowel in lingerie* is often the FACE vowel.).
/ɛər/ SQUARE
heir, their. (This sound is never spelled ier)
With other sounds[edit]
These are exceptions to the basic and "long a" versions of the rhyme, but not to the "long e" version.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
/aɪ/ PRICE
German origin: einsteinium, gneiss, leitmotiv, Rottweiler, stein, zeitgeist.
Others: eider, either*, feisty, heigh-ho*, height, heist, kaleidoscope, neither*, seismic, sleight (This sound may also be spelled ie, but only at the end of a morpheme as in die, pies, cried.[39])
/ɪ/ or /ə/ (see weak-vowel merger)
counterfeit, foreign, forfeit, reveille*, sovereign, surfeit
/ɛ/ DRESS
heifer, leisure*, nonpareil*, peignoir*. (This sound is spelled ie in the word friend.)
/æ/ TRAP
reveille*
/ɜ/ NURSE
O'Beirne
e and i in separate segments (and often separate syllables or morphemes)
Prefixes de- or re- before words starting with i (deindustrialize, reignite, etc.)
Inflection -ing of those verbs with roots ending in -e which do not drop the e (being, seeing, swingeing, etc.)
Others: albeit, atheism, deify, deity, herein, nuclei, onomatopoeia
Popular culture[edit]
The rhyme is mentioned in several films and TV episodes about spelling bees, including A Boy Named Charlie Brown, The Simpsons episode "I'm Spelling as Fast as I Can", and an episode of Arthur; and also in the musical The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, when Huck Finn is being taught how to read. The rhyme was used as a climactic plot device in the 1990 TaleSpin episode "Vowel Play" when Kit corrects Baloo's spelling by reciting the second half ("or when sounding like A, as in neighbour or weigh") of the mnemonic.
I Before E (Except After C): Old-School Ways To Remember Stuff was a miscellany released in the UK for the Christmas 2007 "stocking filler" market,[40] which sold well.[41]
"I Before E Except After C" is a song on Yazoo's 1982 album Upstairs at Eric's. The Jackson 5's 1970 hit "ABC" has the lyric "I before E except after C". "I before E except after C" was a 1963 episode of the TV series East Side/West Side.
I Before E is the name of both a short-story collection by Sam Kieth and a music album by Carissa's Wierd, in each case alluding to the unusual spelling of the creator's name. Until the 1930s, Pierce City, Missouri was named "Peirce City", after Andrew Peirce. A 1982 attempt to revert to the original spelling was rejected by the United States Census Bureau.[42]
Comedian Brian Regan employs the rule in a joke on his debut CD Live in the track Stupid in School.[43]
Footnote[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b The labels "long a" and "long e", discredited among educators, are used here as umbrella terms for multiple lexical sets and diaphonemes.
References[edit]
Sources[edit]
Carney, Edward (1994). A survey of English spelling. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-09270-8. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
Upward, Christopher; Davidson, George (2011-09-15). The History of English Spelling. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444342970. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
Citations[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Carney 1994, §2.8.2 pp.67–68
^ Jump up to: a b Wheat, Leonard B. (May 1932). "Four Spelling Rules". The Elementary School Journal. University of Chicago Press. 32 (9): 697–706. doi:10.1086/456796. JSTOR 996052.
^ Jump up to: a b Stamper, Kory. "I before E" (Adobe Flash). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Liberman, Mark (18 November 2006). "Mrs. Olsen gets a D". Language Log. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Support for Spelling" (PDF). The National Strategies: Primary Framework: Literacy Framework. Department for Education. February 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Scragg, D. G. (1974). A History of English Spelling. Manchester University Press. pp. 49 (text and fn.1). ISBN 9780719005534. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Upward and Davidson 2011, pp.127–8
Jump up ^ Laurie, James Stuart (1866). Manual of English spelling. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co. p. 59. OCLC 266992241. Retrieved 4 April 2013. Laurie's book erroneously lists conscience, seine, seize, and seizure under "ei" rather than under "exceptions".
Jump up ^ "Laurie's Manual of English Spelling". The Bookseller. J. Whitaker (109): 15. 31 January 1867. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Quinion, Michael (4 July 2009). "I before E except after C". World Wide Words. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Tallant, Anne (1834). The practice book; containing lessons in dictating, with questions, intended to remove difficulties in English instruction, and to communicate interesting historical and natural facts (2nd ed.). London: J. Hatchard & Son. p. 68, fn. Retrieved 27 February 2011. As a little confusion is experienced by scholars, when spelling dissyllable verbs ending in ie, it is well to remember that when the diphthong is preceded by c, it is invariably ei,—ex: perceive, deceive, conceive, &c, and when preceded by any other consonant, ie, ex:—believe, reprieve, retrieve, &c.
Jump up ^ Michôd, John (1855). "Vowels: Rule 5". Orthographic aids; or, Mnemonics for spelling and exercises in derivation. London: Longman. p. 9. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
The Diphthong ei when it sounds like long e,
Most frequently follows the consonant c;
Reverse it, and then if it still sound the same,
It follows a consonant not c by name,
Except in such words as—counterfeit, seizure,
Plebeian and Proper Names such as Madeira.
Jump up ^ Mongan, James Roscoe (1862). The practical spelling book (2nd ed.). London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co. pp. 13, fn. Retrieved 27 February 2011. Unless preceded by a c, / The i is placed before the e.
Jump up ^ Colquhoun, John Stuart (1871). "Rules for Spelling English Words". A compendious grammar and philological hand-book of the English language. Griffith & Farran. p. 15. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Wainwright, Mark (September 1997). "I before E except after C". alt.english.usage. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pullum, Geoff (22 June 2009). "I before E". Language Log. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1880). Rules for English spelling. p. 48. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Reed, Alonzo (1884). Word lessons: A complete speller adapted for use in the higher primary, intermediate, and grammar grades. Clark & Maynard. pp. 101–102: §§143–146. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
Jump up ^ California State Board of Education (1886). Speller. State Printing Office. p. 127. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Gillingham, Anna; Stillman, Bessie Whitmore (1970). Remedial training for children with specific disability in reading, spelling, and penmanship. Educators Publishing Service. p. 173. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Fowler, Henry Watson (1926). "Spelling points; §4: Miscellaneous". A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (1st ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 556. OCLC 318492.
Jump up ^ Fowler, Henry Watson (1965). "Spelling points; §4: Miscellaneous". Fowler's Modern English Usage. Edited by Sir Ernest Gowers (2nd ed.). Great Britain: Oxford University Press. pp. 577–578. OCLC 318483.
Jump up ^ Burchfield, Robert William (1996). "i before e except after c". The New Fowler's Modern English Usage (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-869126-2. OCLC 36063311.
Jump up ^ Allen, Robert (2008-06-26). "i before e". Pocket Fowler's Modern English Usage. OUP Oxford. p. 348. ISBN 9780199232581. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Butterfield, Jeremy (March 2015). Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 390–391. ISBN 978-0-19-966135-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Mullock, Barbara (2012). "An Examination of Commercial Spelling Programs for Upper Primary Level students". Australasian Journal of Special Education. 36 (2): 172–195. doi:10.1017/jse.2012.14. ISSN 1030-0112.
Jump up ^ Wilde, Sandra (1990). "Spelling textbooks: A critical review". Linguistics and Education. 2 (3): 259–280. doi:10.1016/S0898-5898(05)80022-1. ISSN 0898-5898. cited in Mullock.[26]
Jump up ^ Carney 1994, p.74
^ Jump up to: a b Carney 1994, p.314
Jump up ^ Cunningham, Bob (23 February 2002). "Exceptions to the rule 'I before E except after C'". FAQ. alt.usage.english. Archived from the original on 23 December 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "i before e except after c". Oxford Dictionaries Online. Oxford University Press. 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Crystal, David (2012-09-06). "Ch.24: Spelling 'rules'". Spell It Out: The singular story of English spelling. Profile Books. pp. 177–186. ISBN 1846685680. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "I Before E Except After C". QI Series 8 Ep 14 Hocus Pocus Preview. YouTube. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Series H, Episode 14: Hocus Pocus". QI Talk Forum. 21 December 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
Jump up ^ UberFacts (6 July 2014). "Tweet 485804692292009985". Twitter. Retrieved 9 November 2016. There are 923 words in the English language that break the “I before E” rule. Only 44 words actually follow that rule.
Jump up ^ Carney 1994, §3.3.2.2 p.161
Jump up ^ "Definition of capoeira". Collins English Dictionary. Collins. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Carney 1994, p.168
Jump up ^ Carney 1994, §3.3.2.1 pp.151–2
Jump up ^ "Mnemony clever ways to remember stuff". The Daily Telegraph. 12 December 2007. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "BA book prize lists 20". The Bookseller. 26 August 2008. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
Jump up ^ United Press International (1 September 1982). "Bureau sticks with 'i' before 'e'". The Bulletin. Bend, Oregon. p. 15. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Wikiquote:Brian Regan
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