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Cenozoic
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Cenozoic Era
66 - 0 million years ago
Events of the Cenozoic
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Mesozoic
Paleogene
Neogene
Quaternary
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Phanerozoic
An approximate timescale of key Cenozoic events.
Axis scale: millions of years before present.
The Cenozoic Era ( /ˌsiːnəˈzoʊɪk, ˌsɛ-/;[1][2] also Cænozoic, Caenozoic or Cainozoic /ˌkaɪnəˈzoʊɪk, ˌkeɪ-/;[3][4] meaning "new life", from Greek καινός kainós "new", and ζωή zōḗ "life"[5]) is the current and most recent of the three Phanerozoic geological eras, following the Mesozoic Era and covering the period from 66 million years ago to the present day.
The Cenozoic is also known as the Age of Mammals, because of the large mammals that dominated, such as Entelodon (a so-called "hell pig"), Paraceratherium (a hornless rhinoceros relative) and Basilosaurus (an early whale - despite the "-saurus" misnomer). The extinction of many large diapsid groups such as non-avian dinosaurs, Plesiosauria and Pterosauria allowed the mammals and birds to greatly diversify and become the world's predominant fauna.
Early in the Cenozoic, following the K-Pg event, the planet was dominated by relatively small fauna, including small mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. From a geological perspective, it did not take long for mammals and birds to greatly diversify in the absence of the dinosaurs that had dominated during the Mesozoic. Some flightless birds grew larger than humans. These species are sometimes referred to as "terror birds," and were formidable predators. Mammals came to occupy almost every available niche (both marine and terrestrial), and some also grew very large, attaining sizes not seen in most of today's terrestrial mammals.
Following the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the Earth's climate began a drying and cooling trend, culminating in the glaciations of the Pleistocene Epoch. The continents also began looking roughly familiar at this time and moved into their current positions.
Contents
[hide]
1 Subdivisions
1.1 Paleogene Period
1.2 Neogene
1.3 Quaternary
2 Tectonics
3 Climate
4 Life
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Subdivisions[edit]
The Cenozoic is divided into three periods: the Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary; and seven epochs: the Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene. The Quaternary Period was officially recognized by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in June 2009,[6] and the former Tertiary Period was officially disused in 2004 because of the necessity to divide the Cenozoic into periods more like that of the previous Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.[7][why?] The common use of epochs during the Cenozoic helps paleontologists better organize and group the many significant events that occurred during this comparatively short interval of time. There is also more detailed knowledge of this era than any other because of the relatively young, well-preserved rocks associated with it.
Paleogene Period[edit]
The Paleogene spans from the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs, 66 million years ago, to the dawn of the Neogene, 23.03 million years ago. It features three epochs: the Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene.
Basilosaurus
The Paleocene epoch ranged from 66 million to 56 million years ago. The Paleocene is a transitional point between the devastation that is the K-T extinction, to the rich jungles environment that is the Early Eocene. The Early Paleocene saw the recovery of the earth. The continents began to take their modern shape, but all the continents and subcontinent India were separated from each other. Afro-Eurasia was separated by the Tethys Sea, and the Americas were separated by the strait of Panama, as the isthmus had not yet formed. This epoch featured a general warming trend, with jungles eventually reaching the poles. The oceans were dominated by sharks[8] as the large reptiles that had once ruled became extinct. Archaic mammals filled the world such as creodonts (extinct carnivores, unrelated to existing Carnivora) and early primates that evolved during the Mesozoic, and as a result, there was nothing over 10 kilograms. Mammals were still quite small.[9]
The Eocene Epoch ranged from 56 million years to 33.9 million years ago. In the Early-Eocene, life was small and lived in cramped jungles, much like the Paleocene. There was nothing over the weight of 10 kilograms.[10] Among them were early primates, whales and horses along with many other early forms of mammals. At the top of the food chains were huge birds, such as Paracrax. The temperature was 30 degrees Celsius with little temperature gradient from pole to pole. In the Mid-Eocene, the Circumpolar-Antarctic current between Australia and Antarctica formed which disrupted ocean currents worldwide and as a result caused a global cooling effect, shrinking the jungles. This allowed mammals to grow to mammoth proportions, such as whales which, by that time, were almost fully aquatic. Mammals like Andrewsarchus were at the top of the food-chain. The Late Eocene saw the rebirth of seasons, which caused the expansion of savanna-like areas, along with the evolution of grass.[11][12] The end of the Eocene was marked by the Eocene-Oligocene extinction event, the European face of which is known as the Grande Coupure.
The Oligocene Epoch spans from 33.9 million to 23.03 million years ago. The Oligocene featured the expansion of grass which had led to many new species to evolve, including the first elephants, cats, dogs, marsupials and many other species still prevalent today. Many other species of plants evolved in this period too, such as the evergreen trees [ Conifers originated during the Carboniferous and dominated during the Mesozoic era - what kind of evergreen trees evolved during the Oligocene? ]. A cooling period was still in effect and seasonal rains were as well. Mammals still continued to grow larger and larger. Paraceratherium, the largest land mammal to ever live evolved during this period.[13]
Neogene[edit]
Animals of the Miocene (Chalicotherium, Hyenadon, Entelodont...). Mammals are the dominant terrestrial vertebrates of the Cenozoic.
The Neogene spans from 23.03 million to 2.58 million years ago. It features 2 epochs: the Miocene, and the Pliocene.[14]
The Miocene epoch spans from 23.03 to 5.333 million years ago and is a period in which grass spread further, dominating a large portion of the world, at the expense of forests. Kelp forests evolved, encouraging the evolution of new species, such as sea otters. During this time, perissodactyla thrived, and evolved into many different varieties. Apes evolved into 30 species. The Tethys Sea finally closed with the creation of the Arabian Peninsula, leaving only remnants as the Black, Red, Mediterranean and Caspian Seas. This increased aridity. Many new plants evolved: 95% of modern seed plants evolved in the mid-Miocene.[15]
The Pliocene epoch lasted from 5.333 to 2.58 million years ago. The Pliocene featured dramatic climactic changes, which ultimately led to modern species and plants. The Mediterranean Sea dried up for several million years (because the ice ages reduced sea levels, disconnecting the Atlantic from the Mediterranean, and evaporation rates exceeded inflow from rivers). Australopithecus evolved in Africa, beginning the human branch. The isthmus of Panama formed, and animals migrated between North and South America, wreaking havoc on local ecologies. Climatic changes brought: savannas that are still continuing to spread across the world; Indian monsoons; deserts in central Asia; and the beginnings of the Sahara desert. The world map has not changed much since, save for changes brought about by the glaciations of the Quaternary, such as the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and the Baltic sea.[16][17]
Quaternary[edit]
The Quaternary spans from 2.58 million years ago to present day, and is the shortest geological period in the Phanerozoic Eon. It features modern animals, and dramatic changes in the climate. It is divided into two epochs: the Pleistocene and the Holocene.
Megafauna of the Pleistocene (mammoths, cave lions, woolly rhino, Megaloceros, horses)
The Pleistocene lasted from 2.58 million to 11,700 years ago. This epoch was marked by ice ages as a result of the cooling trend that started in the Mid-Eocene. There were at least four separate glaciation periods marked by the advance of ice caps as far south as 40 degrees N latitude in mountainous areas. Meanwhile, Africa experienced a trend of desiccation which resulted in the creation of the Sahara, Namib, and Kalahari deserts. Many animals evolved including mammoths, giant ground sloths, dire wolves, saber-toothed cats, and most famously Homo sapiens. 100,000 years ago marked the end of one of the worst droughts of Africa, and led to the expansion of primitive man. As the Pleistocene drew to a close, a major extinction wiped out much of the world's megafauna, including some of the hominid species, such as Neanderthals. All the continents were affected, but Africa to a lesser extent. The continent retains many large animals, such as hippos.[18]
The Holocene began 11,700 years ago and lasts until to present day. All recorded history and "the history of the world" lies within the boundaries of the Holocene epoch.[19] Human activity is blamed for a mass extinction that began roughly 10,000 years ago, though the species becoming extinct have only been recorded since the Industrial Revolution. This is sometimes referred to as the "Sixth Extinction". Over 322 species have become extinct due to human activity since the Industrial Revolution.[20][21]
Tectonics[edit]
Geologically, the Cenozoic is the era when the continents moved into their current positions. Australia-New Guinea, having split from Pangea during the early Cretaceous, drifted north and, eventually, collided with South-east Asia; Antarctica moved into its current position over the South Pole; the Atlantic Ocean widened and, later in the era (2.8 million years ago), South America became attached to North America with the isthmus of Panama.
India collided with Asia 55 to 45 million years ago creating the Himalayas; Arabia collided with Eurasia, closing the Tethys Ocean and creating the Zagros Mountains, around 35 million years ago.[22]
Climate[edit]
The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum at about 55.5 million years ago was a significant global warming event; however, since the Azolla event of 49 million years ago, the Cenozoic Era has been a period of long-term cooling. After the tectonic creation of Drake Passage at 41 million years ago, when South America fully detached from Antarctica during the Oligocene, the climate cooled significantly due to the advent of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current which brought cool deep Antarctic water to the surface. The cooling trend continued in the Miocene, with relatively short warmer periods. When South America became attached to North America creating the Isthmus of Panama around 2.8 million years ago, the Arctic region cooled due to the strengthening of the Humboldt and Gulf Stream currents,[23] eventually leading to the glaciations of the Quaternary ice age, the current interglacial of which is the Holocene Epoch. Recent analysis of the geomagnetic reversal frequency, oxygen isotope record, and tectonic plate subduction rate, which are indicators of the changes in the heat flux at the core mantle boundary, climate and plate tectonic activity, shows that all these changes indicate similar rhythms on million years’ timescale in the Cenozoic Era occurring with the common fundamental periodicity of ∼13 Myr during most of the time.[24]
Life[edit]
During the Cenozoic, mammals proliferated from a few small, simple, generalized forms into a diverse collection of terrestrial, marine, and flying animals, giving this period its other name, the Age of Mammals, despite the fact that there are more than twice as many bird species as mammal species. The Cenozoic is just as much the age of savannas, the age of co-dependent flowering plants and insects, and the age of birds.[25] Grass also played a very important role in this era, shaping the evolution of the birds and mammals that fed on it. One group that diversified significantly in the Cenozoic as well were the snakes. Evolving in the Cenozoic, the variety of snakes increased tremendously, resulting in many colubrids, following the evolution of their current primary prey source, the rodents.
In the earlier part of the Cenozoic, the world was dominated by the gastornithid birds, terrestrial crocodiles like Pristichampsus, and a handful of primitive large mammal groups like uintatheres, mesonychids, and pantodonts. But as the forests began to recede and the climate began to cool, other mammals took over.
The Cenozoic is full of mammals both strange and familiar, including chalicotheres, creodonts, whales, primates, entelodonts, saber-toothed cats, mastodons and mammoths, three-toed horses, giant rhinoceros like Indricotherium, the rhinoceros-like brontotheres, various bizarre groups of mammals from South America, such as the vaguely elephant-like pyrotheres and the dog-like marsupial relatives called borhyaenids and the monotremes and marsupials of Australia.
See also[edit]
Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–T boundary)
Geologic time scale
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Phanerozoic Eon
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cenozoic". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House.
Jump up ^ "Cenozoic". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
Jump up ^ "Cainozoic". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition, 1989.
Jump up ^ "Cenozoic". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Gibbard, P. L.; Head, M. J.; Walker, M. J. C. (2010). "Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma". Journal of Quaternary Science. 25 (2): 96–102. Bibcode:2010JQS....25...96G. doi:10.1002/jqs.1338.
Jump up ^ International Stratigraphic Chart
Jump up ^ Royal Tyrrell Museum (2012-03-28), Lamniform sharks: 110 million years of ocean supremacy, retrieved 2017-07-12
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Paleocene". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Eocene Epoch". University of California.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Eocene Climate". University of California.
Jump up ^ National Geographic Society. "Eocene". National Geographic.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Oligocene". University of California.
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Neogene". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Miocene". University of California.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Pliocene". University of California.
Jump up ^ Jonathan Adams. "Pliocene climate". Oak Ridge National Library.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Pleistocene". University of California.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Holocene". University of California.
Jump up ^ Scientific American. "Sixth Extinction extinctions". Scientific American.
Jump up ^ IUCN. "Sixth Extinction". IUCN.
Jump up ^ Allen, M. B.; Armstrong, H. A. (2008). "Arabia-Eurasia collision and the forcing of mid Cenozoic global cooling". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 265 (1–2): 52–58. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.021.
Jump up ^ "How the Isthmus of Panama Put Ice in the Arctic". Oceanus Magazine.
Jump up ^ Chen, J.; Kravchinsky, V.A.; Liu, X. (2015). "The 13 million year Cenozoic pulse of the Earth". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 431: 256–263. Bibcode:2015E&PSL.431..256C. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.09.033.
Jump up ^ "The Cenozoic Era".
Bibliography[edit]
British Caenozoic Fossils, 1975, The Natural History Museum, London.
Geologic Time, by Henry Roberts.
After the Dinosaurs: The Age of Mammals, by Donald R. Prothero, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-253-34733-6
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Cainozoic.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cenozoic.
Western Australian Museum - The Age of the Mammals
Preceded by Proterozoic Eon
Phanerozoic Eon
Paleozoic Era
Mesozoic Era
Cenozoic Era
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Carboniferous
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Paleogene
Neogene
4ry
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Geologic history of Earth
Cenozoic era
(present–66.0 Mya)
Quaternary (present–2.588 Mya)
Holocene (present–11.784 kya)
Pleistocene (11.784 kya–2.588 Mya)
Neogene (2.588–23.03 Mya)
Pliocene (2.588–5.333 Mya)
Miocene (5.333–23.03 Mya)
Paleogene (23.03–66.0 Mya)
Oligocene (23.03–33.9 Mya)
Eocene (33.9–56.0 Mya)
Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Mya)
Mesozoic era
(66.0–252.17 Mya)
Cretaceous (66.0–145.0 Mya)
Late (66.0–100.5 Mya)
Early (100.5–145.0 Mya)
Jurassic (145.0–201.3 Mya)
Late (145.0–163.5 Mya)
Middle (163.5–174.1 Mya)
Early (174.1–201.3 Mya)
Triassic (201.3–252.17 Mya)
Late (201.3–237 Mya)
Middle (237–247.2 Mya)
Early (247.2–252.17 Mya)
Paleozoic era
(252.17–541.0 Mya)
Permian (252.17–298.9 Mya)
Lopingian (252.17–259.8 Mya)
Guadalupian (259.8–272.3 Mya)
Cisuralian (272.3–298.9 Mya)
Carboniferous (298.9–358.9 Mya)
Pennsylvanian (298.9–323.2 Mya)
Mississippian (323.2–358.9 Mya)
Devonian (358.9–419.2 Mya)
Late (358.9–382.7 Mya)
Middle (382.7–393.3 Mya)
Early (393.3–419.2 Mya)
Silurian (419.2–443.8 Mya)
Pridoli (419.2–423.0 Mya)
Ludlow (423.0–427.4 Mya)
Wenlock (427.4–433.4 Mya)
Llandovery (433.4–443.8 Mya)
Ordovician (443.8–485.4 Mya)
Late (443.8–458.4 Mya)
Middle (458.4–470.0 Mya)
Early (470.0–485.4 Mya)
Cambrian (485.4–541.0 Mya)
Furongian (485.4–497 Mya)
Series 3 (497–509 Mya)
Series 2 (509–521 Mya)
Terreneuvian (521–541.0 Mya)
Proterozoic eon
(541.0 Mya–2.5 Gya)
Neoproterozoic (541.0 Mya–1 Gya)
Ediacaran (541.0-~635 Mya)
Cryogenian (~635-~720 Mya)
Tonian (~720 Mya-1 Gya)
Mesoproterozoic (1–1.6 Gya)
Stenian (1-1.2 Gya)
Ectasian (1.2-1.4 Gya)
Calymmian (1.4-1.6 Gya)
Paleoproterozoic (1.6–2.5 Gya)
Statherian (1.6-1.8 Gya)
Orosirian (1.8-2.05 Gya)
Rhyacian (2.05-2.3 Gya)
Siderian (2.3-2.5 Gya)
Archean eon (2.5–4 Gya)
Eras
Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Gya)
Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Gya)
Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Gya)
Eoarchean (3.6–4 Gya)
Hadean eon (4–4.6 Gya)
(Informal)
kya = thousands years ago. Mya = millions years ago. Gya = billions years ago.
Source: (2015/01). International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 13 July 2015. Divisions of Geologic Time—Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units USGS Retrieved 10 March 2013.
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text:
Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 2014
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Sikkim Legislative Assembly election 2014
← 2009 12 April 2014 2019 →
All 32 Assembly Constituencies
17 by seats needed for a majority
Turnout
80.97%[1]
Majority party
Minority party
Leader
Pawan Kumar Chamling Prem Singh Tamang alias
P S Golay
Party
SDF SKM
Leader since
1994 2014
Leader's seat
Namchi-Singhithang
and
Rangang-Yangang Namthang-Rateypani
(lost)
and
Upper Burtuk
Last election
-
Seats before
all 32 -
Seats won
22 10
Seat change
10 10
Popular vote
169986[2] 126024[2]
Percentage
55%[2] 40.8%[2]
Constituencies of Sikkim
Chief Minister of Sikkim before election
Pawan Chamling
SDF
Chief Minister of Sikkim
Pawan Chamling
SDF
The election was held on 12 April 2014 for 7th assembly of Sikkim, the northeastern state of India. It elected 32 members of Sikkim Legislative Assembly.[3][4]
Contents
1 Background
2 Campaign and issues
3 Schedule of election
4 Polling
4.1 Voter turnout
5 Parties and candidates
6 Result
7 Government formation
8 See also
9 References
Background[edit]
Pawan Chamling led SDF had already formed the previous four governments in Sikkim having first formed the government after the 1994 election, when they won 19 seats within a year of the party being formed,[5] and then again after the 1999 election, when they increased their tally to 24 seats.[6] Chamling's third term began on May 21, 2004 after increasing his telly to 31.[7][8] In the Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 2009, the SDF had a clean-sweep winning all 32 seats in the state assembly and Chamling sworn in as a Chief Minister fourth times on May 20, 2009. SDF is contesting for the fifth consecutive term.[9]
Campaign and issues[edit]
The Buddhist minority demanded Karmapa to contest from Rumtek monastery. Nepali community in Sikkim demanded tribal status.[9]
Sikkim Krantikari Morcha (SKM) was formed by Prem Singh Tamang in February 2013. Prem Singh Tamang alias P S Golay left Chamling's SDF in September 2014 and joined SKM. SKM contested from all 32 seats.[9][10]
Schedule of election[edit]
Poll Event
Dates
Announcement & Issue of Press Note March 5, 2014
Issue of Notification March 19, 2014
Last Date for filing Nominations March 26, 2014
Scrutiny of Nominations March 27, 2014
Last date for withdrawal of Candidature March 29, 2014
Date of Poll April 12, 2014
Counting of Votes on May 16, 2014
Date before which election shall be completed May 20, 2014
Constituencies Polling on this day
32
Source: Election Commission of India[3]
Polling[edit]
There were 370,731eligible voters including 1,79,650 female voters. 538 polling stations were set up by election commission which were guarded by 3500 policemens and 15 companies of West Bengal Police. There are two seats reserved for scheduled castes (SC), 12 for Bhutia and Lepcha (BL) communities out of 32 seats. One Sangha seat is reserved for 2900 monks of over 100 monasteries.[9]
SKM leader Golay contested from Namthang-Rateypani seat against incumbent SDF minister Tilu Gurung.[9]
SDF leader and incumbent chief minister Chamling contested from two places, Namchi-Singhithang and Rangang-Yangang.[9]
Voter turnout[edit]
Total 80.97% of electorate including 80.57% males and 81.40% females cast their vote.[1]
Voter turnout at each constituency was as below:[1]
hideNo.
Constituency
Voter turnout %
1 Yoksam- Tashiding (BL) 84.66
2 Yangthang 82.18
3 Maneybong Dentam 83.59
4 Gyalshing Barnyak 82.19
5 Rinchenpong 84.73
6 Daramdin 82.34
7 Soreng Chakung 83.52
8 Salghari Zoom (SC) 82.61
9 Barfung (BL) 83.37
10 Poklok Kamrang 84.16
11 Namchi Singhithang 76.87
12 Melli 82.16
13 Namthang Rateypani 81.64
14 Temi Namphing 81.33
15 Rangang Yangang 82.53
16 Tumin Lingee (BL) 82.66
17 Khamdong Singtam 82.32
18 West Pendam (SC) 81.15
19 Rhenok 82.02
20 Chujachen 80.44
21 Gnathang Machong (BL) 81.40
22 Namchwybong 82.42
23 Shyari (BL) 78.14
24 Martam Rumtek (BL) 80.23
25 Upper Tadong 73.54
26 Arithang 71.14
27 Gangtok (BL) 65.94
28 Upper Burtuk 78.77
29 Kabi Lungchuk (BL) 80.37
30 Djongu (BL) 86.49
31 Lachen Mangan (BL) 82.72
32 Sangha 74.62
Total
80.97
Parties and candidates[edit]
Party Type
Code
Party Name
Number of
candidates
Total
National Parties
BJP Bharatiya Janata Party 13 45
INC Indian National Congress 32
State registered and recognized parties
SDF Sikkim Democratic Front 32 32
State registered and unrecognised parties
TMC Trinamool Congress 7 39
SKM Sikkim Krantikari Morcha 32
Independents
n/a Independents 5 5
Total:
121
Source:[9]
Result[edit]
Votes were counted and results were declared on May 16, 2014. SDF lost 10 seats to SKM resulting in formation of opposition in the assembly which did not exist in previous assembly.
Summary:[2]
e • d Summary of results of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 2014
Political Party Flag Candidates Number of Votes Seats Won Net Change
in seats % of Votes Change in %
of vote
SDF 32 169983 22 10 55.0%
SKM 32 126024 10 10 40.8% -
INC 32 4390 0 0 1.4%
BJP 13 2208 0 0 0.7%
Trinamool Congress 7 586 0 0 0.2% -
Independent 5 1227 0 0 0.4
NOTA - 4460 - - 1.4% -
Total
478,861
Turnout
-
Voters
-
The candidates elected to seventh legislative assembly are listed below:[11][12][13][14]
hideNo.
Constituency
Member
Party
1 Yoksam- Tashiding (BL) Sonam Dadul Bhutia SDF
2 Yangthang Chandra Maya Limboo (Subba) SDF
3 Maneybong Dentam Narendra Kumar Subba SDF
4 Gyalshing Barnyak Sher Bahadur Subedi SDF
5 Rinchenpong Karma Sonam Lepcha SDF
6 Daramdin Danorbu Sherpa SDF
7 Soreng Chakung Ram Bahadur Limboo (Subba) SDF
8 Salghari Zoom (SC) Arjun Kumar Ghatani SDF
9 Barfung (BL) Dorjee Dazom Bhutia SDF
10 Poklok Kamrang Kedar Nath Rai SDF
11 Namchi Singhithang Pawan Chamling SDF
12 Melli Tulshi Devi Rai SDF
13 Namthang Rateypani Tilu Gurung SDF
14 Temi Namphing Garjaman Gurung SDF
15 Rangang Yangang Pawan Chamling SDF
16 Tumin Lingee (BL) Ugen T Gyatso Bhutia SDF
17 Khamdong Singtam Som Nath Poudyal SDF
18 West Pendam (SC) Gopal Baraily SKM
19 Rhenock Hemendra Adhikari SKM
20 Chujachen Bikram Pradhan SDF
21 Gnathang Machong (BL) Dorjee Tsh. Lepcha SDF
22 Namchwybong Bek Bahadur Rai SDF
23 Shyari (BL) Kunga Nima Lepchs SKM
24 Martam Rumtek (BL) Mechung Bhutia SKM
25 Upper Tadong Timothy William Basnett SKM
26 Arithang Shyam Pradhan SKM
27 Gangtok (BL) Pintso Chopel SKM
28 Upper Burtuk Prem Singh Tamang SKM
29 Kabi Lungchuk (BL) Ugen Nedup Bhutia SKM
30 Djongu (BL) Sonam Gyatso Lepcha SDF
31 Lachen Mangan (BL) Tshering Wangdi Lepcha SDF
32 Sangha Sonam Lama SKM
Government formation[edit]
SDF led by Chamling secured majority by winning 22 out of 32 seats. SKM won the rest ten seats.
Pawan Kumar Chamling was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Sikkim for the fifth time on May 21, 2014 by Shriniwas Dadasaheb Patil, the Governor of Sikkim. He became the chief minister fifth time, a record previously held by Jyoti Basu who ruled West Bengal from 1977 to 2000.[15]
See also[edit]
Sikkim Legislative Assembly
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sikkim Legislative Assembly election 2014 voter turnout". Chief Election Officer, Sikkim. April 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 13, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Partywise assembly election result status". ECI. Archived from the original on 2014-05-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA GENERAL ELECTIONS 2014 ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES IN SIKKIM" (PDF). Election Commission Of India Portal, Page 57.
Jump up ^ "SIKKIM LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY". legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in.
Jump up ^ "STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1994 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF SIKKIM" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 10, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
Jump up ^ "STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1999 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF SIKKIM" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 10, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
Jump up ^ Dam, Marcus (2009-05-21). "Will strive to remove urban, rural disparities: Chamling". The Hindu. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
Jump up ^ "All my State wants is justice: Chamling". The Hindu. 2009-05-20. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Sikkim Assembly polls LIVE: Pawan Chamling's fate hangs in balance as voting begins". Zee news. April 12, 2014. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Why Sikkim is more excited about assembly polls than Lok Sabha elections?". DNA. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sikkim Result Status". ECI. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2014-05-16.
Jump up ^ "Sikkim Result Status". ECI. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2014-05-16.
Jump up ^ "Sikkim Result Status". ECI. p. 3. Archived from the original on 2014-05-16.
Jump up ^ "Sikkim Result Status". ECI. p. 4. Archived from the original on 2014-05-16.
Jump up ^ "Chamling sworn in as Sikkim CM for record fifth time". The Indian Express. Gangtok. Press Trust of India. May 21, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
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text:
The Most Beautiful Girl
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"The Most Beautiful Girl"
Single by Charlie Rich
from the album Behind Closed Doors
B-side
"I Feel Like Goin' Home"
Released
September 1973
Genre
Country
Length
2:43
Label
Epic
Songwriter(s)
Rory Michael Bourke
Billy Sherrill
Norro Wilson
Producer(s)
Billy Sherrill
Charlie Rich singles chronology
"Behind Closed Doors"
(1973) "The Most Beautiful Girl"
(1973) "A Very Special Love Song"
(1974)
"Behind Closed Doors"
(1973) "The Most Beautiful Girl"
(1973) "A Very Special Love Song"
(1974)
"The Most Beautiful Girl" is a song recorded by Charlie Rich and written by Bill Sherrill, Norris Wilson, and Rory Bourke. The country and western ballad reached number 1 in the United States in 1973 on three Billboard music charts: the pop chart (two weeks), the country chart (three weeks), and the adult contemporary chart (three weeks),[1] as well as in Canada on three RPM charts: the RPM 100 Top Singles chart, the Country Tracks chart, and the Adult Contemporary chart. Billboard ranked it as the No. 23 song for 1974.
The song was originally recorded as "Hey Mister" in 1968 by co-writer Wilson. The song also uses a part of "Mama McCluskie", also by Wilson.
Rich's B-side, his own "I Feel Like Going Home", was later covered by Rita Coolidge and was released on her 1974 album Fall into Spring. British pop singer Engelbert Humperdinck included "The Most Beautiful Girl" on his 1973 album Engelbert: King of Hearts.
"The Most Beautiful Girl" was also recorded by Slim Whitman in the 1970s. Andy Williams released a version in 1974 on his album The Way We Were. In 1975 ABBA singer Anni-Frid Lyngstad recorded a Swedish-language version called "Vill du låna en man?" (with Swedish lyrics by Stig Anderson) on her solo album Frida ensam. Sergio Franchi recorded the song on his 1976 DynaHouse album 20 Magnificent Songs. Country music boy band South 65 recorded an updated version of the song, titled "The Most Beautiful Girl (2001 Version)", on their 2001 album Dream Large.
The song receives a very brief airing by Brenda Fricker in the film So I Married an Axe Murderer. Jason Alexander also offered a rendition as his character George Costanza on the December 16, 1992, episode of the sitcom Seinfeld titled "The Pick", where he bemoaned the loss of his girlfriend, Susan.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart performance
1.1 Weekly singles charts
1.2 Year-end charts
2 References
3 External links
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly singles charts[edit]
Chart (1973-74)
Peak
position
Australian KMR 7
Belgian VRT Top 30 1
Canadian RPM Country Tracks 1
Canadian RPM Top Singles 1
Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary 1
Danish Singles Chart 5
French Singles Chart 10
German Singles Chart 14
Irish Singles Chart 2
Netherlands 3
Norwegian Singles Chart 8
UK 2
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 1
U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles[3] 1
U.S. Billboard Easy Listening 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1973)
Rank
Australia [4] 57
Canada [5] 84
Chart (1974)
Rank
UK [6] 25
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [7] 23
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 203.
Jump up ^ "The Pick". Seinfeld Scripts. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 289.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Forum - 1970 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ Canada, Library and Archives (July 28, 2017). "Image : RPM Weekly".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 1974 - UK Music Charts". Uk-charts.top-source.info. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1974/Top 100 Songs of 1974". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Paper Roses" by Marie Osmond US Billboard Easy Listening Singles number-one single
November 10, 1973 (three weeks) Succeeded by
"Leave Me Alone (Ruby Red Dress)" by Helen Reddy
Preceded by
"Paper Roses" by Marie Osmond US Billboard Hot Country Singles number-one single
November 24, 1973 (three weeks) Succeeded by
"Amazing Love" by Charley Pride
Canadian RPM Country Tracks number-one single
December 8, 1973 (four weeks)
Preceded by
"Top of the World" by The Carpenters US Billboard Hot 100 number one single
December 15, 1973 (two weeks) Succeeded by
"Time in a Bottle" by Jim Croce
Preceded by
"Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" by Elton John Canadian RPM 100 number one single
December 29, 1973 (two weeks) Succeeded by
"Time in a Bottle" by Jim Croce
[hide]
v
t
e
Charlie Rich
Studio albums
The Fabulous Charlie Rich
I Do My Swingin' at Home
Behind Closed Doors
Notable singles
"Life's Little Ups and Downs"
"Behind Closed Doors"
"The Most Beautiful Girl"
"There Won't Be Anymore"
"A Very Special Love Song"
"I Don't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore"
"I Love My Friend"
"She Called Me Baby"
"My Elusive Dreams"
"Every Time You Touch Me (I Get High)"
"America the Beautiful"
"Rollin' with the Flow"
"On My Knees"
"Spanish Eyes"
"Even a Fool Would Let Go"
Related articles
Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Most_Beautiful_Girl&oldid=825556587"
Categories:
1973 singles
Songs written by Norro Wilson
Songs written by Rory Bourke
Songs written by Billy Sherrill
Charlie Rich songs
South 65 songs
Andy Williams songs
Song recordings produced by Billy Sherrill
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles
Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
RPM Country Tracks number-one singles
RPM Adult Contemporary number-one singles
Epic Records singles
Atlantic Records singles
1973 songs
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text:
J. Bruce Ismay
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
J. Bruce Ismay
Born
Joseph Bruce Ismay
(1862-12-12)12 December 1862
Crosby, Lancashire,[1] England
Died
17 October 1937(1937-10-17) (aged 74)
Mayfair, London, England
Cause of death
Stroke
Other names
Bruce Ismay
Occupation
Chairman and Managing director of White Star Line
Title
Ship-owner
Spouse(s)
Julia Florence Schieffelin
(m. 1888; his death 1937)
Children
Margaret Bruce Ismay
Henry Bruce Ismay
Thomas Bruce Ismay
Evelyn Constance Ismay
George Bruce Ismay
Parent(s)
Thomas Henry Ismay
Margaret Bruce
Joseph Bruce Ismay (/ɪzˈmeɪ/; 12 December 1862 – 17 October 1937) was an English businessman who served as chairman and managing director of the White Star Line.[2] In 1912, he came to international attention as the highest-ranking White Star official to survive the sinking of the company's brand new flagship RMS Titanic, for which he was subject to severe criticism.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Chairman of White Star Line
3 RMS Titanic
3.1 Criticism
4 Titanic controversy
5 Later life
6 Death
7 Portrayals
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Early life[edit]
Ismay was born in Crosby, Lancashire.[3] He was the son of Thomas Henry Ismay (7 January 1837 – 23 November 1899) and Margaret Bruce (13 April 1837 – 9 April 1907), daughter of ship-owner Luke Bruce.[4] Thomas Ismay was the senior partner in Ismay, Imrie and Company and the founder of the White Star Line.[a][5] The younger Ismay was educated at Elstree School and Harrow,[6] then tutored in France for a year. He was apprenticed at his father's office for four years, after which he toured the world. He then went to New York City as the company representative, eventually rising to the rank of agent.[7] Bruce was one of the founding team of Liverpool Ramblers football club in 1882.[8]
On 4 December 1888, Ismay married Julia Florence Schieffelin (5 March 1867 – 31 December 1963), daughter of George Richard Schieffelin and Julia Matilda Delaplaine of New York, with whom he had five children:[9]
Margaret Bruce Ismay (29 December 1889 – 15 May 1967), who married George Ronald Hamilton Cheape (1881–1957) in 1912
Henry Bruce Ismay (3 April 1891 – 1 October 1891)
Thomas Bruce Ismay (18 February 1894 – 27 April 1954[10]), who married Jane Margaret Seymour
Evelyn Constance Ismay (17 July 1897 – 9 August 1940), who married Basil Sanderson (1894–1971) in 1927
George Bruce Ismay (6 June 1902 – 30 April 1943), who married Florence Victoria Edrington in 1926.[11]
In 1891, Ismay returned with his family to the United Kingdom and became a partner in his father's firm, Ismay, Imrie and Company. In 1899, Thomas Ismay died, and Bruce Ismay became head of the family business. Ismay had a head for business, and the White Star Line flourished under his leadership. In addition to running his ship business, Ismay also served as a director of several other companies. In 1901, he was approached by Americans who wished to build an international shipping conglomerate, which agreed to merge his firm into the International Mercantile Marine Company.[5]
Chairman of White Star Line[edit]
After the death of his father on 23 November 1899,[12][13] Bruce Ismay succeeded him as the chairman of White Star Line. He decided to build four ocean liners to surpass the RMS Oceanic built by his father: the ships were dubbed the Big Four: RMS Celtic, RMS Cedric, RMS Baltic, and RMS Adriatic. These vessels were designed more for size and luxury than for speed.[14]
In 1902, Ismay negotiated the sale of the White Star Line to J.P. Morgan & Co., which was organising the formation of International Mercantile Marine Company, an Atlantic shipping combine which absorbed several major American and British lines. IMM was a holding company that controlled subsidiary operating corporations. Morgan hoped to dominate transatlantic shipping through interlocking directorates and contractual arrangements with the railroads, but that proved impossible because of the unscheduled nature of sea transport, American antitrust legislation, and an agreement with the British government.[15] White Star Lines became one of the IMM operating companies and, in February 1904, Ismay became president of the IMM, with the support of Morgan.[16]
RMS Titanic[edit]
Main articles: RMS Titanic and Sinking of the RMS Titanic
Illustration of the sinking of the Titanic
In 1907, Ismay met Lord Pirrie of the Harland & Wolff shipyard to discuss White Star's answer to the RMS Lusitania and the RMS Mauretania,[b] the recently unveiled marvels of their chief competitor, Cunard Line. Ismay's new type of ship would not be as fast as their competitors, but it would have huge steerage capacity and luxury unparalleled in the history of ocean-going steamships. The latter feature was largely meant to attract the wealthy and the prosperous middle class. Three ships of the Olympic Class were planned and built. They were in order RMS Olympic, RMS Titanic and RMS (later HMHS) Britannic. In a highly controversial move, during construction of the first two Olympic class liners, Ismay authorized the projected number of lifeboats reduced from 48 to 16, the latter being the minimum allowed by the Board of Trade, based on the RMS Olympic's tonnage.[17][18]
Ismay occasionally accompanied his ships on their maiden voyages, and this was the case with the Titanic.[5] During the voyage, Ismay talked with either (or possibly both) chief engineer Joseph Bell or Captain Edward J. Smith about a possible test of speed if time permitted.[19] After the ship collided with an iceberg 400 miles south of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland on the night of 14 April 1912, Ismay bore the full brunt of his errors in the ship's lifeboat capacity when it was made clear the ship would founder before any rescue ships would reach the area. Ismay stepped aboard Collapsible C, which was launched less than 20 minutes before the ship went down.[20] He later testified that as the ship was in her final moments, he turned away, unable to watch his creation sink beneath the waters of the North Atlantic. Collapsible C was picked up by the Carpathia about 3–4 hours later.
After being picked up by the Carpathia, Ismay was led to the cabin belonging to the ship's doctor, Frank Mcgee. He gave Captain Rostron a message to send to White Star's New York office: "Deeply regret advise you Titanic sank this morning fifteenth after collision iceberg, resulting serious loss life further particulars later. Bruce Ismay". Ismay did not leave Dr. Mcgee's cabin for the entire journey, ate nothing solid, and was kept under the influence of opiates.[21][22] Another survivor, 17-year-old Jack Thayer, visited Ismay to try to console him, despite having just lost his father in the sinking.
[Ismay] was staring straight ahead, shaking like a leaf. Even when I spoke to him, he paid absolutely no attention. I have never seen a man so completely wrecked.[citation needed]
When he arrived in New York, Ismay was hosted by Philip Franklin, vice president of the company. He also received a summons to appear before a Senate committee headed by Republican Senator William Alden Smith. Ismay later testified at the Titanic disaster inquiry hearings held by both the U.S. Senate (chaired by Senator William Alden Smith) the following day, and the British Board of Trade (chaired by Lord Mersey) a few weeks later.
Criticism[edit]
After the disaster, Ismay was savaged by both the American and the British press for deserting the ship while women and children were still on board. Some papers called him the "Coward of the Titanic" or "J. Brute Ismay" and suggested that the White Star flag be changed to a yellow liver. Some ran negative cartoons depicting him deserting the ship. The writer Ben Hecht, then a young newspaperman in Chicago, wrote a scathing poem contrasting the actions of Capt. Smith and Ismay. The final verse reads: "To hold your place in the ghastly face / of death on the sea at night / is a seaman's job, but to flee with the mob / is an owner's noble right."[23]
Some maintain Ismay followed the "women and children first" principle, having assisted many women and children himself. Ismay's actions were defended in the official British inquiry, which found "Mr. Ismay, after rendering assistance to many passengers, found "C" collapsible, the last boat on the starboard side, actually being lowered. No other people were there at the time. There was room for him and he jumped in. Had he not jumped in he would merely have added one more life, namely, his own, to the number of those lost."[24]
Ismay had boarded Collapsible C with first-class passenger William Carter; both said they did so after there were no more women and children near that particular lifeboat. Carter's own behaviour and reliability, however, were criticised by Mrs. Lucile Carter, who sued him for divorce in 1914; she testified Carter had left her and their children to fend for themselves after the crash and accused him of "cruel and barbarous treatment and indignities to the person".[25] London society ostracised Ismay and labelled him a coward. On 30 June 1913, Ismay resigned as president of International Mercantile Marine and chairman of the White Star Line, to be succeeded by Harold Sanderson.
Ismay announced during the United States Inquiry that all the vessels of the International Mercantile Marine Company would be equipped with lifeboats in sufficient numbers for all passengers.[26] Following the inquiry, Ismay and the surviving officers of the ship returned to England aboard RMS Adriatic.
Titanic controversy[edit]
During the congressional investigations, some passengers testified that during the voyage they heard Ismay pressuring Captain Edward J. Smith to go faster, in order to arrive in New York ahead of schedule and generate some free press about the new liner. The book The White Star Line: An Illustrated History (2000) by Paul Louden-Brown states that this was unlikely, and that Ismay's record does not support the notion that he had any motive to do so.[27]
Writing on the BBC News magazine website, Rosie Waites reports that Ismay was widely vilified in America after the sinking of the Titanic, due to the hostility shown in the yellow press controlled by William Randolph Hearst, who had fallen out with Ismay. Waites writes "Ismay was almost universally condemned in America, where the Hearst syndicated press ran a vitriolic campaign against him, labelling him 'J. Brute Ismay'. It published lists of all those who died but in the column of those saved it had just one name – Ismay's."[28]
Following from the Hearst press depiction of Ismay, Waites writes that every subsequent film about the Titanic has depicted Ismay as a villain, starting with the 1943 Nazi propaganda film Titanic; the 1996 miniseries Titanic; James Cameron's Titanic; and Julian Fellowes' TV miniseries Titanic, where he is shown to be a racist who orders a group of non-British crew members locked below to drown.[28] Louden-Brown, consultant to the Cameron film, has stated that he thought the antagonistic characterisation of Ismay was unfair and he tried to challenge this. Louden-Brown said "Apart from being told, under no circumstances are we prepared to adjust the script, one thing they also said is 'this is what the public expect to see'."[28] The 1958 film A Night to Remember did not blame Ismay for the disaster, but also presented him in an unfavourable and cowardly light, while a Titanic-themed episode of the science fiction television series Voyagers! portrayed Ismay dressing up as a woman in order to sneak into a lifeboat.
Lord Mersey, who led the 1912 British inquiry into the sinking of the Titanic, concluded that Ismay had helped many other passengers before finding a place for himself on the last lifeboat to leave the starboard side.[28]
Later life[edit]
Bruce Ismay's family grave at Putney Vale Cemetery, London in 2014
Ismay's reputation never recovered from the damage done to it by the Titanic disaster, and he kept a low profile afterwards. He lived part of the year in a large cottage, Costelloe Lodge, near Casla in Connemara, Ireland. Paul Louden-Brown, in his history of the White Star Line, writes that Ismay continued to be active in business, and that much of his work was for The Liverpool & London Steamship Protection & Indemnity Association Limited, a company founded by his father. According to Louden-Brown: "Hundreds of thousands of pounds were paid out in insurance claims to the relatives of the Titanic's victims; the misery created by the disaster and its aftermath dealt with by Ismay and his directors with great fortitude, this, despite the fact that he could easily have shirked his responsibilities and resigned from the board. He stuck with the difficult task and during his twenty-five year chairmanship hardly a page of the company's minutes does not contain some mention of the Titanic disaster."[27]
Ismay maintained an interest in maritime affairs. He inaugurated a cadet ship called Mersey used to train officers for Britain's Merchant Navy, donated £11,000 to start a fund for lost seamen, and in 1919 gave £25,000 (equivalent to £1,054,346 in 2016)[29] to set up a fund to recognise the contribution of merchant mariners in World War I.[30]
Death[edit]
His health declined in the 1930s, following a diagnosis of diabetes, which worsened in early 1936, when the illness resulted in amputation of part of his right leg. He returned to Britain a few months later, settling in a small house on the Wirral across the River Mersey from Liverpool. J. Bruce Ismay died in Mayfair, London on 17 October 1937, of a stroke at the age of 74.[2] His funeral was held on 21 October 1937, and he is buried in Putney Vale Cemetery, London.[31] He was survived by his wife, Florence Schieffelin. After his death, she renounced her British subject status in order to restore her American citizenship on 14 November 1949. Julia Florence Ismay, née Schieffelin, died 31 December 1963, aged 96, in Kensington, London.
Portrayals[edit]
Ernst Fritz Fürbringer (1943) (Titanic)
Lowell Gilmore (1955) (You Are There: The Sinking of the Titanic (TV episode, May 22, 1955)
Frank Lawton (1958) (A Night to Remember)
Ian Holm (1979) (S.O.S. Titanic) (TV film)
Sam Chew, Jr. (1982) (Voyagers!) (Voyagers of the Titanic)
Roger Rees (1996) (Titanic) (TV miniseries/2 parts)
Jonathan Hyde (1997) (Titanic) (Film)
David Garrison (1997) (Titanic) (Broadway musical)
David Haines (2006) (Titanic) (Broadway musical – Canadian premiere)
Eric Braeden (1999) (The Titanic Chronicles) (TV documentary)
Ken Marschall (2003) (Ghosts of the Abyss) (Documentary)
Christopher Wright (2005) (Titanic: Birth of a Legend) (TV documentary)
Mark Tandy (2008) (The Unsinkable Titanic) (TV documentary)
Christopher Villiers (2011) (The Curiosity: What Sank Titanic?) (TV series)
James Wilby (2012) (Titanic) (TV series/4 episodes)
Gray O'Brien (2012) (Titanic: Blood and Steel) (TV series/12 episodes)
Julien Ball (2012) (Iceberg – Right Ahead!) (London stage play)
Michael Maloney (2012) (Sherlock Holmes: The Adventure of the Perfidious Mariner) (audio play)
Derek Mahon ("After the Titanic") (poem)
See also[edit]
Passengers of the RMS Titanic
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Oceanic Steam Navigation Company was generally known as White Star Line, which was the name of the company purchased by Thomas Ismay.
Jump up ^ The duo themselves were designed to compete with the SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse and SS Deutschland (1900) owned respectively by the Norddeutscher Lloyd and the Hamburg America Line, the two German top shipping companies.
References[edit]
Citations
Jump up ^ 'Merseyside' did not exist before 1 April 1974.'Lancashire' is correct
^ Jump up to: a b "J. Bruce Ismay, 74, Titanic Survivor. Ex-Head of White Star Line Who Retired After Sea Tragedy Dies in London". New York Times. 19 October 1937. Retrieved 6 April 2008. Joseph Bruce Ismay, former chairman of the White Star Line and a survivor of the Titanic disaster in 1912, died here last night. He was 74 years old.
Jump up ^ 'Merseyside' did not exist before 1st April 1974.'Lancashire' is correct
Jump up ^ Mr Joseph Bruce Ismay, Encyclopedia Titanica. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c (in French) Histoire de la White Star Line, le Site du Titanic. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Frances Wilson, How to Survive the Titanic Or The Sinking of J. Bruce Ismay, Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4088-2111-4. (page)
Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004, p. 144.
Jump up ^ http://www.liverpoolramblersafc.com/about/
Jump up ^ Married in early December, The New York Times, Encyclopedia Titanica. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "Family 8 - pafg14.htm - Generated by Personal Ancestral File". Ismayons.com. Retrieved 2014-05-08.
Jump up ^ Reading Room Manchester (30 April 1943). "Commonwealth War Graves Commission". Cwgc.org. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Thomas Henry Ismay, The Ismay Family. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Thomas Henry Ismay dead, The New York Times, Encyclopedia Titanica. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004, p. 11.
Jump up ^ John J. Clark, and Margaret T. Clark, "The International Mercantile Marine Company: A Financial Analysis," American Neptune 1997 57(2): 137–154.
Jump up ^ Griscom is no longer head of the Ship Combine, The New York Times, Encyclopedia Titanica. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
Jump up ^ 3 November 2008 Channel 4 documentary The Unsinkable Titanic.
Jump up ^ (in French) Les canots de sauvetage, le Site du Titanic. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Piouffre 2009, pp. 111–112.
Jump up ^ (in French) Composition du radeau pliable C, le Site du Titanic. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Piouffre 2009, p. 207.
Jump up ^ Piouffre 2009, p. 209.
Jump up ^ ISBN 978-0-688-04939-3 Walter Lord, "The Night Lives On". New York: William Morrow and Company. 1986. pp. 211–12.
Jump up ^ "Shipping casualties (loss of the steamship Titanic). Report of a formal investigation into the circumstances attending the foundering on 15th April, 1912, of the British steamship Titanic, of Liverpool, after striking ice in or near latitude 410 46' N., Longitude 500 14' W., North Atlantic Ocean, whereby loss of life ensued." Cd. 6532, p. 40.
Jump up ^ Walter Lord, The Night Lives On. New York: William Morrow and Company. 1986. pp. 216–217. ISBN 978-0-688-04939-3
Jump up ^ Piouffre 2009, p. 257.
^ Jump up to: a b Louden-Brown, Paul (10 January 2001). "Ismay and the Titanic". Titanic Historical Society. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Waites, Rosie (5 April 2012). "Five Titanic myths spread by films". BBC News. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
Jump up ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Titanic 15 April 1912, www.titanictown.plus.com. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Kerrigan, Michael (1998). Who Lies Where – A guide to famous graves. London: Fourth Estate Limited. p. 285. ISBN 978-1-85702-258-2.
Sources
Chirnside, Mark (2004). The Olympic-Class Ships. Stroud, England: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-7524-2868-0.
Piouffre, Gérard (2009). Le Titanic ne répond plus (in French). Larousse. ISBN 978-2-263-02799-4.
Further reading[edit]
Gardiner, Robin (2002). History of the White Star Line. Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7110-2809-8.
Oldham, Wilton J. (1961). "The Ismay Line: The White Star Line, and the Ismay family story". The Journal of Commerce. Liverpool.
Wilson, Frances (2012). How to Survive the Titanic, or the Sinking of J. Bruce Ismay. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0062094551.
External links[edit]
J. Bruce Ismay at Encyclopedia Titanica
J. Bruce Ismay at Find a Grave
Article on Ismay and the Titanic
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RMS Titanic
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Charles H. Lightoller (Second Officer)
Herbert Pitman (Third Officer)
Joseph G. Boxhall (Fourth Officer)
Harold G. Lowe (Fifth Officer)
James Paul Moody (Sixth Officer)
Joseph Bell (Machine Room Manager)
Crew members
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William Denton Cox
Sid Daniels
Alfred Frank Evans
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Violet Jessop
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Passengers
Fatalities
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W. T. Stead
Ida Straus
Isidor Straus
John Borland Thayer Jr.
Frank M. Warren, Sr.
George Dennick Wick
George Dunton Widener
Harry Elkins Widener
Duane Williams
George Henry Wright
Survivors
(last living)
Rhoda Abbott
Trevor Allison
Lillian Asplund
Madeleine Astor
Ruth Becker
Lawrence Beesley
Karl Behr
Dickinson Bishop
Mauritz Håkan Björnström-Steffansson
Elsie Bowerman
Francis Browne
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Dorothy Gibson
Archibald Gracie IV
Frank John William Goldsmith
Edith Haisman
Henry S. Harper
Eva Hart
Margaret Bechstein Hays
Masabumi Hosono
J. Bruce Ismay
Eleanor Ileen Johnson
Louise Laroche
Louise Kink
Margaret Mannion
Michel Marcel Navratil
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Arthur Godfrey Peuchen
Winnifred Quick
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Edith Rosenbaum
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Emily Ryerson
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Popular culture
Books
The Wreck of the Titan: Or, Futility (1898)
A Night to Remember (book)
Polar the Titanic Bear
Films
Saved from the Titanic (1912)
In Nacht und Eis (1912)
Atlantic (1929)
Titanic (1943)
Titanic (1953)
A Night to Remember (1958)
The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964)
Raise the Titanic (1980)
Secrets of the Titanic (1986)
Titanica (1992)
Titanic (1997)
The Legend of the Titanic (1999)
Titanic: The Legend Goes On (2000)
Ghosts of the Abyss (2003)
Tentacolino (2004)
Titanic II (2010)
Television
S.O.S. Titanic (1979)
Titanic: The Complete Story (1994)
Titanic (1996)
No Greater Love (1996)
"A Flight to Remember" (Futurama) (1999)
Titanic (2012)
Titanic: Blood and Steel (2012)
Saving the Titanic (2012)
Music
"The Titanic (It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down)" (folk song)
The Sinking of the Titanic (music composition)
Titanic (musical)
The Unsinkable Molly Brown (musical)
"My Heart Will Go On" (Celine Dion song)
"Nearer, My God, to Thee" (song)
Video games
Titanic: Adventure Out of Time (1996)
Titanic: Honor and Glory (TBA)
Museums
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SeaCity Museum (Southampton)
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Maritime Museum of the Atlantic (Halifax)
Titanic Belfast
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Related
Ships
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CS Mackay-Bennett
SS Californian
Replica Titanic
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White Star Line
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Encyclopedia Titanica
Halomonas titanicae
Women and children first
SOS
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Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb16577786g (data)
GND: 1024501159
ISNI: 0000 0003 5737 5586
LCCN: no2011158335
SNAC: w6xf19pr
VIAF: 186920257
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Bruce_Ismay&oldid=844149106"
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