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Biafra
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For the American musician, see Jello Biafra. For the West African bight known as Bight of Biafra, see Bight of Bonny.
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Republic of Biafra
Biafra
Unrecognized state
1967–1970
Flag
Coat of arms
Motto
"Peace, Unity, and Freedom."
Anthem
"Land of the Rising Sun"
Green: Republic of Biafra
Republic of Biafra in May 1967
Capital Enugu
Languages Igbo (Predominant)
Efik · Ekoi · Ibibio · Ijaw
Government Republic
Historical era Cold War
• Established 30 May 1967
• Rejoins Federal Nigeria 15 January 1970
Area
• 1967 77,306 km2 (29,848 sq mi)
Population
• 1967 est. 13,500,000
Density 175/km2 (452/sq mi)
Currency Biafran pound
Preceded by Succeeded by
Nigeria
Nigeria
Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 762. ISBN 0-313-32384-4.
Biafra, officially the Republic of Biafra, was a secessionist state in eastern Nigeria that is made up of the States in the Old Eastern Region. Its first attempt to leave Nigeria resulted in the Nigeria/Biafra war from 30 May 1967 to January 1970. It took its name from the Bight of Biafra, the Atlantic bay to its south, on the east end of the Gulf of Guinea. The inhabitants are mostly the Igbo people who led the secession due to economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions among the various peoples of Nigeria. Other ethnic groups that constitute the republic are the Efik, Ibibio, Annang, Ejagham, Eket, Ibeno and the Ijaw among others.
The secession of the Biafran region was caused by the pogrom that was committed against the Igbo and other Biafrans living in the north in revenge of what the northerners termed the assassination of northern leaders by a group of young soldiers led by Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu, an Igbo, in Nigeria's first military coup early on 15 January 1966 which was followed by another coup that resulted in the death of the new head of state Major Gen JTU Aguiyi-Ironsi, also an Igbo, the same year. The state was formally recognised by Gabon, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Tanzania and Zambia.[1] Other nations which did not give official recognition, but provided support and assistance to Biafra, included Israel, France, Spain, Portugal, Norway, Rhodesia, South Africa and the Vatican City. Today[when?] a new struggle for Biafran independence is being championed by a mass movement, the Indegenous People of Biafra (IPOB) led by Nnamdi Kanu and his London-based colleagues from where they run Radio Biafra and Biafra Television. The movement has grown so rapidly that it has a following at home and abroad made up of Biafrans in diaspora in nearly every country in the world. International human rights organisations like the Amnesty International and the Human Rights Watch have corroborated IPOB and its sister organisations, among which are Movement for the Actualisation of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB)'s accusations of extrajudicial killings by the Nigerian Army and the police of their members, in their reports. Another group is the Biafra Nations Youth League (BNYL) Led by Princewill C Obuka and Ebuta Ogar Takon with a National Presence on Bakassi Peninsula where the Leaders of the group were apprehended by Nigeria toops on November 9, 2016 in Ikang-Cameroon Boarder Area following an operation against the dreaded Militant group Bakassi Strike Force. [2] BNYL is more of a grassroot Organization which operates within and outside the Igbo speaking areas, their activities has earlier been centered within the coastal areas. The Organization is reportedly in working alliance with Liberation Governing Council of Former British Southern Cameroons, a body seeking to dismember Northwest and Southwest Cameroon from French Cameroon. [3][4][unreliable source?] Biafra also received aid from non-state actors, including Joint Church Aid, Holy Ghost Fathers of Ireland, Caritas International, MarkPress and U.S. Catholic Relief Services.[4][unreliable source?]
After two-and-a-half years of war, during which perhaps a million Biafran civilians died from starvation caused by the total blockade of the region by the Nigerian government and the migration of Biafra's Igbo people into increasingly shrinking territory, Biafran forces under the motto of "No-victor, No-vanquished" surrendered to the Nigerian Federal Military Government (FMG), and Biafra was reintegrated into Nigeria.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Secession
2 War
3 Geography
4 Language
5 Economy
6 Military
7 Legacy
8 Movement to re-secede
9 Meaning of "Biafra" and location
9.1 Historical maps
10 See also
11 References
Secession[edit]
This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:Biafra. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main article: Nigerian Civil War
In 1960, Nigeria became independent of the United Kingdom. As with many other new African states, the borders of the country did not reflect earlier ethnic boundaries. Thus, the northern region of the country is made up of Muslim majority, while the southern population is predominantly Christian. Following independence, Nigeria was divided primarily along ethnic lines with Hausa and Fulani majority in the north, Yoruba and Igbo majority in the south-west and south-east respectively.[6]
In January 1966, a military coup occurred during which a group of predominantly Igbo junior army officers assassinated 30 political leaders including Nigeria's Prime Minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, and the Northern premier, Sir Ahmadu Bello. The four most senior officers of Northern origin were also killed. It was alleged to be an Igbo coup because Nnamdi Azikiwe, the President, of Igbo extraction, and the premier of the southeastern part of the country were not killed and the commander of the army, General Aguiyi Ironsi seized power to maintain order.[7][8][9]
In July 1966 northern officers and army units staged a counter-coup. Muslim officers named a General from a small ethnic group (the Angas) in central Nigeria, General Yakubu "Jack" Gowon, as the head of the Federal Military Government (FMG). The two coups deepened Nigeria's ethnic tensions. In September 1966, approximately 30,000 Igbo were killed in the north, and some Northerners were killed in backlashes in eastern cities.[10]
Now, therefore, I, Lieutenant-Colonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, Military Governor of Eastern Nigeria, by virtue of the authority, and pursuant to the principles, recited above, do hereby solemnly proclaim that the territory and region known as and called Eastern Nigeria together with her continental shelf and territorial waters shall henceforth be an independent sovereign state of the name and title of "The Republic of Biafra".
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu[11]
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu in pursuit of a more agreeable arrangement for peaceful co-existence of all regions in Nigeria proposed for a confederated Nigeria.
In January 1967, the military leaders and senior police officials of each region met in Aburi, Ghana and agreed on a loose confederation of regions. The Northerners were at odds with the Aburi Accord; Obafemi Awolowo, the leader of the Western Region warned that if the Eastern Region seceded, the Western Region would also, which persuaded the northerners.[10]
After the federal and eastern governments failed to reconcile, on 26 May the Eastern region voted to secede from Nigeria. On 30 May, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, the South Eastern Region's military governor, announced the Republic of Biafra, citing the Easterners killed in the post-coup violence.[6][10][12] The large amount of oil in the region created conflict, as oil was already becoming a major component of the Nigerian economy.[13] The Eastern region was very ill-equipped for war, out-manned and out-gunned by the military of the remainder of Nigeria. Their advantages included fighting in their homeland and support of most South Easterners.[14]
War[edit]
The FMG launched "police measures" to annex the Eastern Region on 6 July 1967. The FMG's initial efforts were unsuccessful; the Biafrans successfully launched their own offensive, occupying areas in the mid-Western Region in August 1967. By October 1967, the FMG had regained the land after intense fighting.[10][15] In September 1968, the federal army planned what Gowon described as the "final offensive". Initially the final offensive was neutralised by Biafran troops. In the latter stages, a Southern FMG offensive managed to break through the fierce resistance.[10]
An ex Biafran officer, Sunday Onwuzor Nwiwe, Alias Bazoka, epitomized that Biafrans lost the war as a result of occidental conspiracy and hunger.
Geography[edit]
Satellite pictures of Biafra
Biafra comprised over 29,848 square miles (77,310 km2) of land,[16] with terrestrial borders shared with Nigeria to the north and west, and with Cameroon to the east. Its coast was on the Gulf of Guinea in the south.
The former country's northeast bordered the Benue Hills and mountains that lead to Cameroon. Three major rivers flow from Biafra into the Gulf of Guinea: the Imo River, the Cross River and the Niger River.[17]
The territory of Biafra is covered nowadays by the Nigerian states of Cross River, Ebonyi, Enugu, Anambra, Imo, Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia, and Akwa Ibom. While the Igbo people of the current Nigerian state of Delta were not included in Biafra as per Ojukwu's decree founding Biafra, some Delta Igbo did fight on the Biafran side.
Language[edit]
Whilst it existed, the predominant language of Biafra was Igbo.[18] Along with Igbo, there were a variety of other languages, including Efik, Ogoni, Ijaw, Annang and Ibibio. However, English was indeed the official language.
Economy[edit]
An early institution created by the Biafran government was the Bank of Biafra, accomplished under "Decree No. 3 of 1967".[19] The bank carried out all central banking functions including the administration of foreign exchange and the management of the public debt of the Republic.[19] The bank was administered by a governor and four directors; the first governor, who signed on bank notes, was Sylvester Ugoh.[20] A second decree, "Decree No. 4 of 1967", modified the Banking Act of the Federal Republic of Nigeria for the Republic of Biafra.[19]
The bank was first located in Enugu, but due to the ongoing war, the bank was relocated several times.[19] Biafra attempted to finance the war through foreign exchange. After Nigeria announced their currency would no longer be legal tender (to make way for a new currency), this effort increased. After the announcement, tons of Nigerian bank notes were transported in an effort to acquire foreign exchange. The currency of Biafra had been the Nigerian pound, until the Bank of Biafra started printing out its own notes, the Biafran pound.[19] The new currency went public on 28 January 1968, and the Nigerian pound was not accepted as an exchange unit.[19] The first issue of the bank notes included only 5 shillings notes and 1 pound notes. The Bank of Nigeria exchanged only 30 pounds for an individual and 300 pounds for enterprises in the second half of 1968.[19]
In 1969 new notes were introduced: £10, £5, £1, 10/- and 5/-.[19]
It is estimated that a total of £115–140 million Biafran pounds were in circulation by the end of the conflict, with a population of about 14 million, approximately £10 per person.[19] In uncirculated condition these are very inexpensive and readily available for collectors.
Military[edit]
Roundel of the Biafran Air Force.
At the beginning of the war Biafra had 3,000 soldiers, but at the end of the war the soldiers totalled 30,000.[21] There was no official support for the Biafran Army by any other nation throughout the war, although arms were clandestinely acquired. Because of the lack of official support, the Biafrans manufactured many of their weapons locally. Europeans served in the Biafran cause; German born Rolf Steiner was a lieutenant colonel assigned to the 4th Commando Brigade and Welshman Taffy Williams served as a Major until the very end of the conflict.[22] A special guerrilla unit, the Biafran Organization of Freedom Fighters, was established, designed to emulate the Viet Cong, targeting Nigerian supply lines and forcing them to shift forces to internal security efforts.[23]
The Biafrans managed to set up a small yet effective air force. The BAF commanders were Chude Sokey and later Godwin Ezeilo, who had trained with the Royal Canadian Air Force.[24] Early inventory included two B-25 Mitchells, two B-26 Invaders, (one piloted by Polish World War II ace Jan Zumbach, known also as John Brown), a converted DC-3 and one Dove. In 1968 the Swedish pilot Carl Gustaf von Rosen suggested the MiniCOIN project to General Ojukwu. By early 1969, Biafra had assembled five MFI-9Bs in Gabon, calling them "Biafra Babies". They were coloured green, were able to carry six 68 mm anti-armour rockets under each wing and had simple sights. The six aeroplanes were flown by three Swedish pilots and three Biafran pilots. In September 1969, Biafra acquired four ex-Armee de l'Air North American T-6Gs, which were flown to Biafra the following month, with another aircraft lost on the ferry flight. These aircraft flew missions until January 1970 and were flown by Portuguese ex-military pilots.[24]
Biafra also had a small improvised navy, but it never gained the success their air force did. It was headquartered in Kidney Island, Port Harcourt, and commanded by Winifred Anuku. The Biafran Navy was made up of captured craft, converted tugs, and armor-reinforced civilian vessels armed with machine guns or captured 6-pounder guns. It mainly operated in the Niger Delta and along the Niger River.[25]
Legacy[edit]
A child suffering the effects of severe hunger and malnutrition during the Nigerian blockade
The international humanitarian organisation Médecins Sans Frontières originated in response to the suffering in Biafra.[26] During the crisis, French medical volunteers, in addition to Biafran health workers and hospitals, were subjected to attacks by the Nigerian army and witnessed civilians being murdered and starved by the blockading forces. French doctor Bernard Kouchner also witnessed these events, particularly the huge number of starving children, and, when he returned to France, he publicly criticised the Nigerian government and the Red Cross for their seemingly complicit behaviour. With the help of other French doctors, Kouchner put Biafra in the media spotlight and called for an international response to the situation. These doctors, led by Kouchner, concluded that a new aid organisation was needed that would ignore political/religious boundaries and prioritise the welfare of victims.[27]
In their study, Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner and colleagues describe how vaccine supply shortages during the Biafra smallpox campaign led to the development of the focal vaccination technique, later adopted worldwide by the World Health Organization, which led to the early and cost effective interruption of smallpox transmission in west Africa and elsewhere.[28]
On 29 May 2000, the Lagos Guardian newspaper reported that the now ex-president Olusegun Obasanjo commuted to retirement the dismissal of all military persons who fought for the breakaway state of Biafra during Nigeria's 1967–1970 civil war. In a national broadcast, he said the decision was based on the belief that "justice must at all times be tempered with mercy".[29]
In July 2006 the Center for World Indigenous Studies reported that government sanctioned killings were taking place in the southeastern city of Onitsha, because of a shoot-to-kill policy directed toward Biafran loyalists, particularly members of the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB).[30][31]
In 2010, researchers from Karolinska Institutet in Sweden and University of Nigeria, Nsukka, showed that Igbos born in Biafra during the years of the famine were of higher risk of suffering from obesity, hypertension and impaired glucose metabolism compared to controls born a short period after the famine had ended. The findings are in line with the developmental origin of health and disease hypothesis suggesting that malnutrition in early life is a predisposing factor for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes later in life.[32][33]
A 2017 National Bureau of Economic Research paper found that Biafran "women exposed to the war in their growing years exhibit reduced adult stature, increased likelihood of being overweight, earlier age at first birth, and lower educational attainment. Exposure to a primary education program mitigates impacts of war exposure on education. War exposed men marry later and have fewer children. War exposure of mothers (but not fathers) has adverse impacts on child growth, survival, and education. Impacts vary with age of exposure. For mother and child health, the largest impacts stem from adolescent exposure."[34]
Movement to re-secede[edit]
There is no central authority coordinating the Biafran re-secession campaign. The Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) is one of the numerous groups advocating for a separate country for the people of south-eastern Nigeria.[35] They accuse the state of marginalising the Igbo people. MASSOB says it is a peaceful group and advertises a 25-stage plan to achieve its goal peacefully.[36] It has two arms of government, the Biafra Government in Exile and Biafra Shadow Government.[37]
The Nigerian government accuses MASSOB of violence; MASSOB's leader, Ralph Uwazuruike, was arrested in 2005 and was detained on treason charges. He has since been released. In 2009, MASSOB launched an unrecognized "Biafran International Passport" in response to persistent demand by some Biafran sympathizers in the diaspora.[38] On 16 June 2015, the Supreme Council of Elders of the Indigenous People of Biafra, another pro-Biafra organization, sued the Federal Republic of Nigeria for the right to self-determination within their region as a sovereign state.[39]
Another group, Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB), led by a United Kingdom-based Biafran, Nnamdi Kanu, reinvigorated the quest for Biafran realisation in 2012. He established a pirate radio station to champion the Biafran cause, Radio Biafra, which has been broadcasting at various frequencies around the world. The Nigerian Government, through its broadcasting regulators, the Broadcasting Organisation of Nigerian (BON) and Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), has sought to clamp down on the UK-based station with limited success. On 17 November 2015, the Abia state police command seized an IPOB radio transmitter in Umuahia.[40][41] Kanu was detained by the federal government and released on 24 April 2017. Meanwhile, the group, Biafra Nations Youth League (BNYL) comprising mainly members from the Cross River, Akwa Ibom, Bakassi Peninsula, Rivers, Delta, Bayelsa and members of Igbo extraction have organised series of grassroots congress especially in towns such as Ikom, Eket, Bakassi, Itu, Ikwerre, Obudu, Ahoada and other areas of their influence, one of their Leader, Ebuta Ogar Takon, a member of the Ekoi race, disclosed to Nigeria Sun Newspaper that the BNYL struggle for Biafra independence is not limited to the Igbo People cluster of South East Nigeria alone but all inhabitants of the Bight of Biafra in Nigeria. BNYL Leadership said that the neglect of Bakassi refugees and marginalization of the Igbo, Ekoi, Ibibio and other ethnic groups of South Eastern Nigeria are among reasons for Biafra agitation.
The various groups clamouring for the restoration of the independence of Biafra have often been beset with internal wranglings that have impeded its secessionist efforts. On 19 October 2015, Chief Ralph Uwazuruike of the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) disclosed that the director of Radio Biafra and leader of the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB), Nnamdi Kanu, does not belong to the movement and was sacked for indiscipline and for inciting violence among members. Biafra Nations Youth League (BNYL) have continued to distance itself from the internal wranglings between MASSOB and IPOB, although, Princewill Obuka of BNYL, as reported by the New Telegraph Nigeria announced the group withdrawal from a Coalition of Pro Biafra Groups, following the union announcement declaring the IPOB Leader Nnamdi Kanu overall Leader of the Biafran struggle, this he said was done without due consultations and consideration of other people's opinions. [42][43]
There has been a renewed, intense agitation for Biafran secession. Since August 2015, protests have erupted in cities across Nigeria's south-east. Though peaceful, the protesters have been routinely attacked by the Nigerian police and army, with scores of people reportedly killed. Many others have been injured and/or arrested.[44] On 23 December 2015, the federal government charged Nnamdi Kanu with treasonable felony in the Federal High Court in Abuja.[45]
According to the South-East Based Coalition of Human Rights Organizations (SBCHROs), security forces under the directive of the federal government has killed 80 members of the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) and their supporters between 30 August 2015 and 9 February 2016 in a renewed clampdown on the movement .[46]
A report by Amnesty International also accuses the Nigerian military of killing at least 17 unarmed Biafran separatists in the city of Onitsha prior to a march on 30 May 2016 commemorating the 49th anniversary of the initial secession of Biafra.[47]
Meaning of "Biafra" and location[edit]
Little is known about the literal meaning of the word Biafra. The word Biafra most likely derives from the subgroup Biafar or Biafada[48] of the Tenda ethnic group who reside primarily in Guinea-Bissau.[49] Manuel Álvares (1526–1583), a Portuguese Jesuit educator, in his work Ethiopia Minor and a geographical account of the Province of Sierra Leone,[50] writes about the "Biafar heathen" in chapter 13 of the same book.[51] The word Biafar thus appears to have been a common word in the Portuguese language back in the 16th century.
According to Igbo language, the literal translation: biafra = bia (come) + fra (together).
Historical maps[edit]
Early modern maps of Africa from the 15th–19th centuries, drawn by European cartographers from accounts written by explorers and travellers, reveal some information about Biafra:
The original word used by the European travellers was not Biafra but Biafara,[52][53] Biafar[54] and sometimes also Biafares.[55]
Senegambia 1707
According to the maps, the European travellers used the word Biafara to describe the region of today's West Cameroon including an area around Equatorial Guinea. The German publisher Johann Heinrich Zedler, in his encyclopedia of 1731, published the exact geographical location of the capital of Biafara, namely alongside the river Rio dos Camaroes underneath 6 degrees 10 min. latitude.[56] The words Biafara and Biafares also appear on maps from the 18th century in the area around Senegal and Gambia.[57]
French map of the Gulf of Guinea from 1849
Maps indicating the word Biafara (sometimes also Biafares or Biafar) with corresponding year:
1584
1644
1660
1662
1707
1729
1737
1805
1858
1871
Maps from the 19th century indicating Biafra as the region around today's Cameroon:
1843
1880
1890
Additional maps from the Michigan State University Map Collection
See also[edit]
Ambazonia
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Half of a Yellow Sun
2015-2016 Killing of Biafran Protesters
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Biafra articles
History
1966 anti-Igbo pogrom
Nigeria-Biafra War
Ahiara Declaration
Aburi Accord
Republic of Benin
Biafran airlift
Ogbunigwe
2016 Niger Delta conflict
Geography
Enugu (first capital)
Umuahia (second capital)
Eastern Nigeria
Politics
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu
Philip Effiong
Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB)
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text:
Seven Nation Army
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Seven Nation Army"
Single by The White Stripes
from the album Elephant
B-side
"Good To Me"
Released
March 2003
Format
7"
CD
Recorded
April 2002
Studio
Toe Rag Studios (London)
Genre
Garage rock[1]
alternative rock[2]
Length
3:52
Label
XL
V2
Third Man
Songwriter(s)
Jack White
Producer(s)
Jack White
The White Stripes singles chronology
"Candy Cane Children"
(2002) "Seven Nation Army"
(2003) "I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself"
(2003)
Music video
"Seven Nation Army" on YouTube
"Seven Nation Army" (also stylized as "7 Nation Army") is a song by American rock duo the White Stripes. It was released as the lead single from their fourth studio album, Elephant, in March 2003, and reached number one on the Alternative Songs chart —maintaining that position for three weeks. It also became the third best-performing song of the decade on the same chart. It was well received commercially as well, and won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Song.
The song is known for its underlying riff, which plays throughout most of the song. Although it sounds like a bass guitar (an instrument the group had never previously used), the sound is actually created by running Jack White's semi-acoustic, 1950s-style Kay Hollowbody guitar through a DigiTech Whammy pedal set down an octave. A combination of the song's popularity, recognizable riff, and defiant lyrics led to it becoming the band's signature song. Often ranked as one of the greatest songs of the 2000s,[3] it has been used widely at sporting events and political protests internationally.
Contents
1 Development
2 Music video
3 Single track listing
4 Reception
4.1 Critical
4.2 Popularity
4.2.1 Sporting events
4.2.2 Hamburg Port Anniversary celebration
4.2.3 "Oh Jeremy Corbyn" and subsequent response
5 Charts
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Certifications
6 Cover versions
6.1 Ben l'Oncle Soul version
6.1.1 Chart performance
6.2 Marcus Collins version
6.2.1 Track listing
6.2.2 Chart performance
6.2.3 Release history
7 In popular culture
8 External links
9 References
Development[edit]
"Seven Nation Army"
Sample from "Seven Nation Army". Jack White used an octave pedal to make the instrument resemble the tone of the bass guitar.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Jack White has stated that he was saving the song's guitar riff in case he was ever asked to do a James Bond theme song. Eventually White concluded that such an offer was unlikely and decided to incorporate the riff into a song instead[4] (White would later perform, with Alicia Keys, the song "Another Way to Die" for the 2008 Bond film Quantum of Solace). The title of the track comes from what Jack White used to call The Salvation Army as a child.[5] The track was named as such as a placeholder before any lyrics were written; however, the name stuck and thus was released as such.[4]
Billboard called the song a "sparse affair led by a simple bassline (actually played on guitar, with an octave effect), and is much more of a straightforward rock song" than "Fell in Love with a Girl."[6]
Music video[edit]
The video, directed by Alex and Martin, consists of one seemingly continuous shot through a kaleidoscopic tunnel of mirrored black, white and red triangles, touching on Jack's love of the number three. The triangle slides alternate between images of Jack or Meg playing, interspersed with marching skeletons and an elephant, referring to the name of the album "Seven Nation Army" appeared on. The speed at which the triangles move forward through the tunnel speeds up and slows down in unison with the dynamics of the song. During the video, when the song begins to intensify, the lights in surrounding the triangles flash and other effects build up as well.
Single track listing[edit]
"Seven Nation Army" (Jack White)
"Good to Me" (Brendan Benson/Jason Falkner)
"Black Jack Davey" (Traditional)
The 7" single only contains the first two tracks.
Reception[edit]
Critical[edit]
"Seven Nation Army" received widespread critical acclaim. Remarking on the White Stripe's reputation as a "garage rock" band, Billboard wrote that even "adventurous rock programmers might want to join the 'Army.'"[6] AllMusic described the song as "breathtaking," writing that it delivers "some of the fiercest blues-punk of the White Stripes' career."[7] The New Yorker would eventually note that the main guitar riff "might be the second-best-known guitar phrase in popular music, after the one from 'Satisfaction.'" [8]
The song featured on many "best-of" lists. In 2004, "Seven Nation Army" ranked No. 3 on the Pazz & Jop critics' poll, conducted by the U.S. music magazine The Village Voice.
It was No. 6 on Rolling Stone's 2009 list of the 50 Best Songs of the Decade.[9], and No. 5 on NME's 2005 ranking of the 50 Greatest Tracks Of The Decade.[10] The U.S. website Consequence of Sound named "Seven Nation Army" as its top rock track of the 2000s[11], as did Boston's WFNX Radio.[12] It was also ranked No. 1 on Rhapsody's list of the Top 100 Tracks of the Decade.[13] The song was listed at No. 30 on Pitchfork Media's top 500 songs of the 2000s, and at No. 2 in Observer Music Monthly's top 75 songs of the decade. It ranked No. 2 on Channel V Australia's top 1000 songs of the 2000s.
It was voted No. 6 in Detroit's 100 Greatest Songs, a 2016 project by the Detroit Free Press.[14]
In March 2005, Q magazine ranked "Seven Nation Army" at No. 8 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks.[15] It was also called the 75th greatest hard rock song by VH1. In May 2008, Rolling Stone placed the song at No. 21 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time.[16]
In October 2011, NME placed "Seven Nation Army" at No. 23 on its 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years.[17]
"Seven Nation Army" ranked No. 20 in the 2009 Hottest 100 of All Time poll conducted by the Australian rock-radio network Triple J.
On Rolling Stone's updated version of its The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2010, "Seven Nation Army" was listed at No. 286.[18]
In February 2013, listeners to BBC Radio 6 Music placed the song at No. 6 on "6 Music's 100 Greatest Hits," reflecting the top songs released in the station's lifetime.[19]
Popularity[edit]
Sporting events[edit]
The song is played after every goal scored by Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena
The song is very popular in European football stadiums, even becoming the unofficial anthem of Italy's World Cup win in 2006 (in Italy known as "the Po Po Po song") and was used in both Euro 2008, when the teams walked onto the pitch at the start of the game[20] and in Euro 2012, U-21 Euro 2013 and Euro 2016, when it was played when a goal was scored. It all started when supporters of Club Brugge K.V. began chanting it in 2003 and subsequently Club Brugge K.V. began playing it in Jan Breydel Stadium during matches after every goal the home team scored. After Brugge hosted A.S. Roma in a UEFA Cup match on February 15, 2006, the Italian side brought the song back home with them and it began to be played inside the stadium. By the time the World Cup had begun in June, the song had become the national team's unofficial anthem.[21]
At the 2018 World Cup the guitar riff is played at every game when the players take the pitch.
In response to the song's popularity in Italy, Jack White said:
I am honored that the Italians have adopted this song as their own... Nothing is more beautiful than when people embrace a melody and allow it to enter the pantheon of folk music. As a songwriter it is something impossible to plan. Especially in modern times. I love that most people who are chanting it have no idea where it came from. That's folk music.[22]
Falkirk fans have also taken to singing the main riff whenever they win a corner to the words "We're the navy blue army". Oldham fans also use the chorus, singing "we're following Oldham" to it. The song is also sung by Sheffield United, who sing "we're the red and white army"; their main rivals, Sheffield Wednesday, subsequently changed the lyrics into their own chant, "dirty red and white bastards", sung to taunt their rivals or, increasingly, any other team that plays in red. Also they sing, "Ohhhh Forestieri", after the famous Owls Striker who has a bike and Wednesday shin pads.
The song is also played at home games of La Liga team Atletico Madrid[23] and A-League team Melbourne Victory following a team goal, with the song becoming an almost unofficial anthem for the club's fans.[24][25][26] The song was also chosen by the newly formed Western Sydney Wanderers FC as their goal scoring music. The club did not know the song was already connected to Melbourne Victory, and once the Wanderers active support group the Red & Black Bloc informed the club they stopped using the song. Fans of Premier League clubs generally chant to the riff of this song using the five-syllable name of a footballer who plays for them, especially after said footballer scores a goal during the match.
Every time the German club Bayern Munich score, a remixed version of the song is played. Also the song was played every time a team scored a goal in the Amsterdam Arena at the 2013 UEFA Europa League Final, in Wembley Stadium for the 2013 UEFA Champions League Final, which Bayern Munich won 2–1 against Borussia Dortmund. And in the 2013 UEFA Super Cup the song was played again, every time a team scored a goal, which saw Bayern Munich win the match against Chelsea, in a penalty shooutout 5–4, after the match ended 2–2 in normal and extra time.
Also there became present in the final instances of the UEFA Champions League 2013–2014, being sung by the fans of Real Madrid in the celebration later to that were gaining the tenth European Cup. And in the celebration later to the conquest of the eleventh European Cup in the final of the UEFA Champions League 2015–2016.
Darts player Michael van Gerwen uses the song as his walk-on song. Fans asked him to change his walk-on song from "Breathe" by The Prodigy, and Sky Sports chose Seven Nation Army, and the darts audience took an immediate liking to it, chanting his name to the beat of the song.[27]
The song has also become increasingly popular at American college football games, being used at many large venues throughout the country.[28] Introduction of the song to college football can be traced to the Penn State football program, where in 2006 the communication and media director, Guido D’Elia, was inspired after hearing a Public Radio International story about A.S. Roma's use of the song. At about the same time, Arrangers' Publishing Company began to sell sheet music of the song for marching bands and by January 2012 had sold around 2,000 copies.[21] The University of Southern California marching band plays the song in reference to quarterback Matt Barkley's jersey number 7[citation needed]. The Oregon Marching Band plays the tune every time the Oregon Ducks Football defense comes onto the field during football games. The song can also be heard at all home games of traditional rivals Ohio State and Michigan before kickoff following a home team score.[21]
The song has been used since 2011 as the official hype song of the Baltimore Ravens.[29] During the 2012 season, it was cited in an ESPN story declaring M&T Bank Stadium the top home field advantage in the NFL.[30] During Super Bowl XLVII, Ravens fans could be heard chanting the song as the power went out during live TV coverage in the third quarter.[31]
It has been used by the Baltimore Orioles since the 2012 season, being heard during key moments in games during and since.
At many college and some pro American football games, the seven note hollow-body guitar sequence that is repeated throughout most of the song can be heard spontaneously chanted (wordlessly) by the fans, with no accompaniment from the official stadium audio system. It is also played before tip-off at New York Knicks games.
The song is also used at college basketball games in the United States at schools such as NC State University, Saint Louis University, West Virginia University, Wichita State Shockers men's basketball (Wichita State University) and Butler University.[citation needed]
The song was played at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum when the New York Islanders are on the power play.
In November 2013, the song replaced Bon Jovi's "This Is Our House" as the goal song of the New Jersey Devils. The change came after a fan vote in response to the controversial replacement of Gary Glitter's Rock and Roll" with "This Is Our House", due to concerns by team staff surrounding a mocking "Hey, you suck!" chant done to the former.[32][33][34]
The song has been used in the hype videos played before each Miami Heat home game in the 2012–13 and 2013–14 seasons. The famous underlying riff of the song is also sung frequently by Heat fans as a chant. After the Heat's popularization of the song's main riff as a "battle cry", many other NBA teams have started using it for the same effect, and it is now in essence the NBA "battle song". During the 2013 NBA Finals 3rd game between the San Antonio Spurs and the Heat, Spurs fans used the chant when they won the game to mock the Heat's use of the song in their hype video.[35] The fans also used the chant in game 5 of the 2014 NBA Finals, also against the Heat, when the Spurs won the NBA championship in five games.[36]
The song was played in-between innings during the 2012–2013 home games of the Los Angeles Dodgers. The accompanying hype video takes inspiration from the Seven Nation Army music video and ends with baseball gloved hands making the famous LA sign. The Dodgers, and many other teams, have copied it from fans of the Baltimore Orioles, who are known to chant the signature guitar riff during home games at Camden Yards.
During the episode of WWE Raw the night after WrestleMania 32 in Dallas, Texas, as well as on the same show two weeks later in London, England, the crowd chanted wrestler Enzo Amore's name in tune with the guitar riff, singing, "Ohhhhhh, En-zo A-moooooo-re!" 8 years earlier, on an episode of Raw emanating from Italy, the riff was chanted wordlessly by a raucous crowd during the debut match of fellow wrestler Santino Marella. On the Raw after WrestleMania 34 in New Orleans, the crowd chanted wrestler Elias' signature catchphrase in tune to the riff, singing, "Ohhhhhh, Walk With E-liiiiii-as!".
The song is also the entrance music of middleweight boxing champion Gennady Golovkin.
The song is played regularly at Matchroom boxing events organised by UK boxing promoter Eddie Hearn. This has subsequently resulted in the popular chant “ohhhh Anthony Joshua’’ whenever WBA, IBF & WBO Heavyweight Champion Anthony Joshua is fighting. The popularity of the chant is amplified by Joshua’s ability to draw large crowds, notably selling out Wembley Stadium and the principality stadium.
Following the 2016 Italian Grand Prix Italian speaking German Formula One driver Nico Rosberg led the crowd, known as the Tifosi, in singing the main riff of the song during the podium celebrations.[37]
The song was used many times during the baseball documentary 10th Inning by Ken Burns.
Starting in October 2017, the Philadelphia Flyers began using the song as the second part of their goal song mash-up.
The song was used when teams walked out during the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia
Hamburg Port Anniversary celebration[edit]
On May 9, 2014, during the 825th Hamburg Port Anniversary celebration, the cruise ship MSC Magnifica used the ship’s horns to blast the song while entering the harbor. The event was filmed and subsequently posted to YouTube.[38]
"Oh Jeremy Corbyn" and subsequent response[edit]
Following a speech by Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn at Wirral Live music festival at Tranmere Rovers' ground on May 20, 2017, supporters in the audience began to chant Corbyn's name to the tune of the song's riff. This was repeated on several occasions in the run-up to the British general election 2017, and afterwards at the 2017 Glastonbury Festival, where Corbyn appeared on the Pyramid stage.[39] At a People's Assembly protest on July 1, alternative rock band Wolf Alice performed a version of this song.[40] The increasing popularity of the chant prompted the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club to reissue guidance ahead of the 2017 Wimbledon Tennis Championships advising spectators not to use the chant during tennis matches. The AELTC warned that to do so would violate rules on “any objects or clothing bearing political statements”.[41]
As a direct result of the Corbyn campaign, Seven Nation Army saw an increase in streams of 16,893%, according to music streaming website Deezer.[42]
In response to the popularity of the chant, many members of the Conservative Party attempted find a Tory alternative. During the 2017 Conservative Party Conference, it was widely reported that activists were heard chanting "Oh, David Davis!" to the tune of Seven Nation Army, in support of Davis' rumoured leadership bid against incumbent Prime Minister, Theresa May.[43]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2003–2006)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[44]
17
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[45]
18
Canada (MuchMusic Countdown)[46]
1
France (SNEP)[47]
48
Germany (Official German Charts)[48]
4
Ireland (IRMA)[49]
22
Italy (FIMI)[50]
3
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[51]
6
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[52]
3
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[53]
7
UK Indie (Official Charts Company)[54]
1
US Billboard Hot 100[55]
76
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[56]
1
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[57]
12
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[58]
12
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Germany (BVMI)[59]
Gold 150,000^
Italy (FIMI)[60]
Platinum 50,000
United Kingdom (BPI)[61]
Platinum 600,000
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Cover versions[edit]
The song has been covered by blues musician C. W. Stoneking as well as the country group The Oak Ridge Boys (with bass singer Richard Sterban singing the original guitar riffs),[62] funk metal band Living Colour, rock supergroup Audioslave, indie band Hard-Fi, alternative rock band The Flaming Lips, English indie singer Kate Nash, British soul singer Alice Russell, hard rock band The Pretty Reckless, heavy metal band Metallica and Argentine electrotango band Tanghetto. It was covered by Haley Reinhart for Scott Bradlee's Postmordern Jukebox in a 1920s style. The song has been remixed by The Glitch Mob as well, which was used in the first trailer for the 2016 video game Battlefield 1. It has also been covered by James Valentine leading guitar of Maroon 5 during their Overexposed Tour in 2012. The song was also covered by KT Tunstall (as a medley with her own "Black Horse and the Cherry Tree") on her 2013 Invisible Empire/Crescent Moon tour. European fans of the English pop star Robbie Williams frequently chant the song's riff both before and during a concert; renowned for his call and response relationship with his audience, Williams often improvises lyrics relating to the city in which he is performing, backed by the audience's riff. Thrash metal band Sepultura used the main riff as an outro on Zombie Ritual, a cover by Death (metal band).
Ben l'Oncle Soul version[edit]
"Seven Nation Army"
Single by Ben l'Oncle Soul
from the album Ben l'Oncle Soul
Released
March 8, 2010 (promo)
September 24, 2010 (CD Maxi)
Format
Digital download, CD single
Recorded
2009-2010
Genre
soul, funk
Length
2:57
Label
Motown Records
Songwriter(s)
Jack White
Producer(s)
Guillaume Poncelet, Gabin Lesieur
Ben l'Oncle Soul singles chronology
"Seven Nation Army"
(2010) "Soulman"
(2011)
The French soul singer Ben l'Oncle Soul covered the song on his self-titled album Ben l'Oncle Soul. The album had commercial success and "Seven Nation Army" became the debut single from the album and Ben l'Oncle Soul's first international hit charting in Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, also reaching number 16 on the Belgian (Wallonia) charts. The version was also included in a number of compilations including NRJ Hits 2010 Vol. 2 on Warner Records and Les hits de l'été 2010 on Universal Music Group label.
Chart performance[edit]
Charts (2011)
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[63] 16
Germany (Official German Charts)[64] 51
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[65] 57
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[66] 54
Marcus Collins version[edit]
"Seven Nation Army"
Single by Marcus Collins
from the album Marcus Collins
B-side
"Break These Chains"
Released
March 4, 2012
Format
Digital download, CD single
Recorded
2011-12
Genre
Pop, soul, funk
Length
2:56
Label
RCA Records
Songwriter(s)
Jack White
Producer(s)
Matt Furmidge, Alex Smith, Brian Rawling
Marcus Collins singles chronology
"Wishing on a Star"
(2011) "Seven Nation Army"
(2012) "Mercy"
(2012)
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Digital Spy [67]
British singer and The X Factor runner-up Marcus Collins covered the song as his debut single, in a version based on the cover by Ben l'Oncle Soul. It was released in the United Kingdom on March 4, 2012, a week prior to his debut album Marcus Collins.
Revealing that he has received a lot of abuse from White Stripes fans, Collins said: "I know I can't please everyone. A lot of people have got opinions on it, but they can always listen to the White Stripes version. Why are they listening to me if they don't like it? Listen to the original if you don't like my singing. It's just the X Factor connection but, you know, why are people kicking off about it now?"[68]
A music video to accompany the release of "Seven Nation Army" was first released onto YouTube on February 16, 2012 at a total length of two minutes and fifty-eight seconds.[69] Critically, Lewis Corner of Digital Spy noted the "distinctive soul-pop" vocals showcased by Collins and wrote that, "Truth be told, we wish he'd fought a little harder to get one those eight original compositions he has on his forthcoming record out first."[67]
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Seven Nation Army" 2:56
2. "Break These Chains" 2:27
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (2012)
Peak
position
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[70] 13
Ireland (IRMA)[71] 51
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[72] 9
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[73] 9
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
United Kingdom
March 4, 2012[74][75] Digital download, CD single RCA Records

In popular culture[edit]
In 2016, EA used the Glitch Mob remix of this song in a trailer advertising Battlefield 1, resparking the popularity of the song.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Elephant (album)
White Stripes.net. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
White Stripes.net FAQ Retrieved April 14, 2017.
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Top Songs of the 2000s". Retrieved January 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, Dan. "20 Things You Might Not Know About 'Seven Nation Army'". NME. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "True believers: The White Stripes live out their rock-and-roll fantasy". Boston Phoenix. April 17, 2003. Archived from the original on October 9, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Taylor, Chuck (March 29, 2003), "Seven Nation Army (Music release)". Billboard. 115 (13):32
Jump up ^ Phares, Heather (date unknown), "Elephant". AllMusic. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Alec. "Jack White's Infinite Imagination". The New Yorker. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Hermes, Will; Hoard, Christian; Rosen, Jody; Sheffield, Rob (December 24, 2009), "50 Best Songs of the Decade". Rolling Stone. (1094/1095):59-62
Jump up ^ RockList.net (2005). "The Greatest Tracks Of The Decade 1996–2006". rocklistmusic.co.uk. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
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Jump up ^ WFNX's top 101 songs of the decade Boston Phoenix. Retrieved February 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Editorial, Rhapsody (December 9, 2009). "Top 100 Tracks of the Decade - Rhapsody SoundBoard". Blog.rhapsody.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ Brian McCollum (2016). "Detroit Free Press - Detroit's 100 Greatest Songs". detroitfreepress.com. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ RockList.net (2005). "Q magazine - 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks Ever!". rocklistmusic.co.uk. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Guitar Songs Of All Time". May 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "150 Best Tracks Of The Past 15 Years - NME". October 6, 2011.
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Jump up ^ "6 Music's 100 Greatest Hits - 6 Music's 100 Greatest Hits: The Top 100 - BBC Radio 6 Music". BBC.
Jump up ^ The guitar riff is used as the entrance music as both teams enter the pitch at all games of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Seven Nation Army: the indiest football anthem ever?, guardian.co.uk
^ Jump up to: a b c Siegel, Alan (January 13, 2012). "How The Song "Seven Nation Army" Conquered The Sports World". deadspin.com. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "A "Seven Nation Army" Can't Hold Back Italian Soccer". artistdirect.com. Rogue Digital, LLC. July 13, 2006. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Fernando Torres marca el gol 100 con la camiseta del Atlético de Madrid". YouTube. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pellizzeri, Teo. "Live A-League: Melbourne Victory v Adelaide United". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Woah Woah Woah". fanchants.com.au/. FanChants. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "FAIRYTALE START FOR THE SOCCEROOS". theturf.com.au. The Turf. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Michael van Gerwen: Is Mighty Mike the next dominant force?". BBC. July 18, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Masoud: This is what college football is all about (Sept. 12) - Irish Football - The Observer - University of Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College". Archived from the original on April 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Wilt, Zach. ""Seven-Nation Army" is Ravens new in-game chant - Baltimore Sports Report". baltimoresportsreport.com.
Jump up ^ "Toughest venues: Scoreboard, baby". Retrieved October 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jones, Lindsay H. (February 3, 2013). "Superdome goes dark during Super Bowl XLVII". USA Today. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "NJ Devils fans boo new Bon Jovi goal song, yearn for Gary Glitter". Puck Daddy. Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Devils change goal song, ask for replacement suggestions; What would you pick instead of Gary Glitter?". NJ.com. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Seven Nation Army voted new goal song". New Jersey Devils. November 2, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Spurs fans trol job Seven Nation Army Chant".
Jump up ^ DavoBirminghamNBA (June 16, 2014). "Spurs fans do the "Seven Nation Army" again - Gm 5, 2014 Finals" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "F1 » F1 Italian GP: Rosberg revels in 'unbelievable' first Monza win ND MSO". Crash.net. September 4, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ bensch777 (May 10, 2014). "MSC Magnifica spielt Happy Birthday & Seven Nation Army" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Oh, Jeremy Corbyn!': how the Labour chant all started". The Guardian. London, UK. June 12, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Watch Wolf Alice cover 'Oh Jeremy Corbyn' at anti-Tory demonstration". Dork Magazine. Hastings, UK. July 1, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Wimbledon warns supporters against political chants and slogans amid fears of outbreak of Corbynism". The Telegraph. London, UK. June 30, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "White Stripes' 'Seven Nation Army' streams up 16,893% following Glastonbury Corbyn chants". NME. London, UK. June 29, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tories are trying to sing the Oh Jeremy Corbyn song, but there's one major problem". The Independent. London, UK. October 2, 2017. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – The White Stripes – 7 Nation Army". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – The White Stripes – 7 Nation Army" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "MuchMusic (Canada) Weekly Singles Charts for 2003". Retrieved 29 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – The White Stripes – 7 Nation Army" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – The White Stripes – 7 Nation Army". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – 7 Nation Army". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – The White Stripes – 7 Nation Army". Top Digital Download. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – The White Stripes – 7 Nation Army". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
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Jump up ^ "The White Stripes Chart History (Hot Rock Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "The White Stripes Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank ('Seven Nation Army')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved July 24, 2017. Select singles in the Format field. Select Platinum in the Certification field.
Jump up ^ Five-Star Fridays The Agitator (March 25, 2011)
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Ben L'Oncle Soul – Seven Nation Army" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Ben L'Oncle Soul – Seven Nation Army". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Ben L'Oncle Soul – Seven Nation Army" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Ben L'Oncle Soul – Seven Nation Army". Swiss Singles Chart.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewis Corner. "Marcus Collins: 'Seven Nation Army' - Single review". Digital Spy. digitalspy.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Marcus Collins unveils new music video". February 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ MarcusCollinsVEVO (February 16, 2012). "Marcus Collins - Seven Nation Army" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
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"Beyond Those Years"
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Guest singles
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