text:
East of the Sun (and West of the Moon)
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For other uses, see East of the Sun and West of the Moon (disambiguation).
For the song and album by Roy Harper, see East Of The Sun (disambiguation).
"East of the Sun (and West of the Moon)" is a popular song written by Brooks Bowman, an undergraduate member of Princeton University's Class of 1936, for the 1934 production of the Princeton Triangle Club's production of Stags at Bay.[1] It was published in 1934 and soon became a hallmark of the Princeton Tigertones,[2] one of Princeton University's all-male a cappella groups. The standard is also sung by the Princeton Nassoons, Princeton University's oldest a cappella group.
"East of the Sun" was first recorded by Hal Kemp for Brunswick Records on Dec. 1, 1934, and has remained a jazz standard since the 1950s.
Recorded versions[edit]
One of the first recordings was by Arthur Tracy on September 22, 1935 according to CD jacket of ASV Living Era Hits of '35, CD AJA 5185. Sarah Vaughan recorded it in a 1949 Columbia session for the album Sarah Vaughan in Hi-Fi.,[3] and also her 1953 EP "Hot Jazz (album)" Charlie Parker recorded it as early as 1952; it is featured on numerous albums, including two renditions on The Complete Legendary Rockland Palace Date 1952.[4] Benny Goodman recorded a memorable version with his sextet, also in 1952; this performance is included on Benny Goodman Sextet.[5] Stan Getz recorded it in 1955, and it was featured as the first track on his seminal double album The West Coast Jazz.[6] One of the most popular recordings was by Louis Armstrong, featured in his 1957 double-album I've Got the World on a String.[7] The Four Freshmen recorded it on their album Four Freshmen and Five Saxes (1957).[8] Keely Smith recorded it in 1958 for her Capital album, Politely[9] with Billy May & His Orchestra. Lee Wiley recorded it for West of the Moon (1958). Ella Fitzgerald included this on her 1959 Verve release Ella Fitzgerald Sings Sweet Songs for Swingers with the Frank De Vol Orchestra and Harry "Sweets" Edison on trumpet. Frank Sinatra recorded it on I Remember Tommy (1961). Al Hirt released a version on his 1962 album, Trumpet and Strings.[10] Cal Tjader recorded the song on his 1964 album, Breeze from the East.[11] Ellis Marsalis Recorded the song in the Wynton Marsalis album of 1991, Standard Time Vol. 2. Tony Bennett recorded the song on his 1992 tribute to Sinatra Perfectly Frank. Betty Carter recorded the song on her 1996 album I'm Yours, You're Mine. Diana Krall recorded the song on her album When I Look in Your Eyes (1999) and again on Live in Paris (2002).
Other versions recorded include: Guy Mitchell, Billie Holiday,[12] Tommy Dorsey,[13] George Shearing, Dakota Staton,[14] Lester Young,[15] Scott Hamilton (1993),[16] Stacey Kent (1998), Sonny and Perley (1999),[17] Alexis Cole (2005),[18] Rebecca Parris (2007),[19] and Joshua Redman (2007).[20]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-03-12. Retrieved 2013-03-06.
Jump up ^ "Sarah Vaughan - Sarah Vaughan In Hi-Fi". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Charlie Parker - Complete Legendary Rockland Palace Dance Date 1952 -". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Benny Goodman - Sextet". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Stan Getz, Conte Candoli - West Coast Jazz". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Louis Armstrong - I've Got the World on a String / Under the Stars". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Four Freshmen and Five Saxes/Four Freshmen and Five Guitars - The Four Freshmen | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. 1999-12-28. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ Dave Nathan. "Politely! - Keely Smith | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ Scott Yanow. "Trumpet and Strings - Al Hirt | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ Stephen Cook. "Breeze from the East - Cal Tjader | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Billie Holiday - Verve Jazz Masters 47: Billie Holiday Sings Standards". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ Tommy Dorsey, A Portrait of Tommy Dorsey Retrieved 09-19-11
Jump up ^ "Dakota Staton - Spotlight on Dakota Staton (Great Ladies of Song)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Lester Young - Movin' With Lester". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Scott Hamilton - East Of The Sun". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ "sonny and perley - east of the sun". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Alexis Cole | Nearer the Sun | CD Baby Music Store". Cdbaby.com. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Rebecca Parris - You Don't Know Me". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ "JOSHUA TRIO REDMAN - Back East". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_of_the_Sun_(and_West_of_the_Moon)&oldid=800884148"
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1935 songs
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Degree of a polynomial
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The degree of a polynomial is the highest degree of its monomials (individual terms) with non-zero coefficients. The degree of a term is the sum of the exponents of the variables that appear in it, and thus is a non-negative integer. The term order has been used as a synonym of degree but, nowadays, may refer to several other concepts (see order of a polynomial). For example, the polynomial 7 x 2 y 3 + 4 x − 9 , {\displaystyle 7x^{2}y^{3}+4x-9,} which can also be expressed as 7 x 2 y 3 + 4 x 1 y 0 − 9 x 0 y 0 , {\displaystyle 7x^{2}y^{3}+4x^{1}y^{0}-9x^{0}y^{0},} has three terms. The first term has a degree of 5 (the sum of the powers 2 and 3), the second term has a degree of 1, and the last term has a degree of 0. Therefore, the polynomial has a degree of 5, which is the highest degree of any term.
To determine the degree of a polynomial that is not in standard form (for example: ( x + 1 ) 2 − ( x − 1 ) 2 {\displaystyle (x+1)^{2}-(x-1)^{2}} ), one has to put it first in standard form by expanding the products (by distributivity) and combining the like terms; for example ( x + 1 ) 2 − ( x − 1 ) 2 = 4 x {\displaystyle (x+1)^{2}-(x-1)^{2}=4x} is of degree 1, even though each summand has degree 2. However, this is not needed when the polynomial is expressed as a product of polynomials in standard form, because the degree of a product is the sum of the degrees of the factors.
Contents
[hide]
1 Names of polynomials by degree
2 Other examples
3 Behavior under polynomial operations
3.1 Addition
3.2 Scalar multiplication
3.3 Multiplication
3.4 Composition
4 Degree of the zero polynomial
5 Computed from the function values
6 Extension to polynomials with two or more variables
7 Degree function in abstract algebra
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Names of polynomials by degree[edit]
Look up Appendix:English polynomial degrees in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The following names are assigned to polynomials according to their degree:[1][2][3]
Special case – zero (see § Degree of the zero polynomial below)
Degree 0 – non-zero constant[4]
Degree 1 – linear
Degree 2 – quadratic
Degree 3 – cubic
Degree 4 – quartic (or, if all terms have even degree, biquadratic)
Degree 5 – quintic
Degree 6 – sextic (or, less commonly, hexic)
Degree 7 – septic (or, less commonly, heptic)
For higher degrees, names have sometimes been proposed,[5] but they are rarely used:
Degree 8 – octic
Degree 9 – nonic
Degree 10 – decic
Names for degree above three are based on Latin ordinal numbers, and end in -ic. This should be distinguished from the names used for the number of variables, the arity, which are based on Latin distributive numbers, and end in -ary. For example, a degree two polynomial in two variables, such as x 2 + x y + y 2 {\displaystyle x^{2}+xy+y^{2}} , is called a "binary quadratic": binary due to two variables, quadratic due to degree two.[a] There are also names for the number of terms, which are also based on Latin distributive numbers, ending in -nomial; the common ones are monomial, binomial, and (less commonly) trinomial; thus x 2 + y 2 {\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}} is a "binary quadratic binomial".
Other examples[edit]
The polynomial 3 − 5 x + 2 x 5 − 7 x 9 {\displaystyle 3-5x+2x^{5}-7x^{9}} is a nonic polynomial
The polynomial ( y − 3 ) ( 2 y + 6 ) ( − 4 y − 21 ) {\displaystyle (y-3)(2y+6)(-4y-21)} is a cubic polynomial
The polynomial ( 3 z 8 + z 5 − 4 z 2 + 6 ) + ( − 3 z 8 + 8 z 4 + 2 z 3 + 14 z ) {\displaystyle (3z^{8}+z^{5}-4z^{2}+6)+(-3z^{8}+8z^{4}+2z^{3}+14z)} is a quintic polynomial (as the z 8 {\displaystyle z^{8}} are cancelled out)
The canonical forms of the three examples above are:
for 3 − 5 x + 2 x 5 − 7 x 9 {\displaystyle 3-5x+2x^{5}-7x^{9}} , after reordering, − 7 x 9 + 2 x 5 − 5 x + 3 {\displaystyle -7x^{9}+2x^{5}-5x+3} ;
for ( y − 3 ) ( 2 y + 6 ) ( − 4 y − 21 ) {\displaystyle (y-3)(2y+6)(-4y-21)} , after multiplying out and collecting terms of the same degree, − 8 y 3 − 42 y 2 + 72 y + 378 {\displaystyle -8y^{3}-42y^{2}+72y+378} ;
for ( 3 z 8 + z 5 − 4 z 2 + 6 ) + ( − 3 z 8 + 8 z 4 + 2 z 3 + 14 z ) {\displaystyle (3z^{8}+z^{5}-4z^{2}+6)+(-3z^{8}+8z^{4}+2z^{3}+14z)} , in which the two terms of degree 8 cancel, z 5 + 8 z 4 + 2 z 3 − 4 z 2 + 14 z + 6 {\displaystyle z^{5}+8z^{4}+2z^{3}-4z^{2}+14z+6} .
Behavior under polynomial operations[edit]
The degree of the sum, the product or the composition of two polynomials is strongly related to the degree of the input polynomials.[6]
Addition[edit]
The degree of the sum (or difference) of two polynomials is less than or equal to the greater of their degrees; the equality always holds when the degrees of the polynomials are different i.e.
deg  ( P + Q ) ≤ max ( deg  ( P ) , deg  ( Q ) ) {\displaystyle \deg(P+Q)\leq \max(\deg(P),\deg(Q))} .
deg  ( P − Q ) ≤ max ( deg  ( P ) , deg  ( Q ) ) {\displaystyle \deg(P-Q)\leq \max(\deg(P),\deg(Q))} .
E.g.
The degree of ( x 3 + x ) + ( x 2 + 1 ) = x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 {\displaystyle (x^{3}+x)+(x^{2}+1)=x^{3}+x^{2}+x+1} is 3. Note that 3 ≤ max(3, 2)
The degree of ( x 3 + x ) − ( x 3 + x 2 ) = − x 2 + x {\displaystyle (x^{3}+x)-(x^{3}+x^{2})=-x^{2}+x} is 2. Note that 2 ≤ max(3, 3)
Scalar multiplication[edit]
The degree of the product of a polynomial by a non-zero scalar is equal to the degree of the polynomial, i.e.
deg  ( c P ) = deg  ( P ) {\displaystyle \deg(cP)=\deg(P)} .
E.g.
The degree of 2 ( x 2 + 3 x − 2 ) = 2 x 2 + 6 x − 4 {\displaystyle 2(x^{2}+3x-2)=2x^{2}+6x-4} is 2, just as the degree of x 2 + 3 x − 2 {\displaystyle x^{2}+3x-2} .
Note that for polynomials over a ring containing divisors of zero, this is not necessarily true. For example, in Z / 4 Z {\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} /4\mathbf {Z} } , deg  ( 1 + 2 x ) = 1 {\displaystyle \deg(1+2x)=1} , but deg  ( 2 ( 1 + 2 x ) ) = deg  ( 2 + 4 x ) = deg  ( 2 ) = 0 {\displaystyle \deg(2(1+2x))=\deg(2+4x)=\deg(2)=0} .
The set of polynomials with coefficients from a given field F and degree smaller than or equal to a given number n thus forms a vector space. (Note, however, that this set is not a ring, as it is not closed under multiplication, as is seen below.)
Multiplication[edit]
The degree of the product of two polynomials over a field or an integral domain is the sum of their degrees
deg  ( P Q ) = deg  ( P ) + deg  ( Q ) {\displaystyle \deg(PQ)=\deg(P)+\deg(Q)} .
E.g.
The degree of ( x 3 + x ) ( x 2 + 1 ) = x 5 + 2 x 3 + x {\displaystyle (x^{3}+x)(x^{2}+1)=x^{5}+2x^{3}+x} is 3 + 2 = 5.
Note that for polynomials over an arbitrary ring, this is not necessarily true. For example, in Z / 4 Z {\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} /4\mathbf {Z} } , deg  ( 2 x ) + deg  ( 1 + 2 x ) = 1 + 1 = 2 {\displaystyle \deg(2x)+\deg(1+2x)=1+1=2} , but deg  ( 2 x ( 1 + 2 x ) ) = deg  ( 2 x ) = 1 {\displaystyle \deg(2x(1+2x))=\deg(2x)=1} .
Composition[edit]
The degree of the composition of two non-constant polynomials P {\displaystyle P} and Q {\displaystyle Q} over a field or integral domain is the product of their degrees:
deg  ( P ∘ Q ) = deg  ( P ) deg  ( Q ) {\displaystyle \deg(P\circ Q)=\deg(P)\deg(Q)} .
E.g.
If P = ( x 3 + x ) {\displaystyle P=(x^{3}+x)} , Q = ( x 2 + 1 ) {\displaystyle Q=(x^{2}+1)} , then P ∘ Q = P ∘ ( x 2 + 1 ) = ( x 2 + 1 ) 3 + ( x 2 + 1 ) = x 6 + 3 x 4 + 4 x 2 + 2 {\displaystyle P\circ Q=P\circ (x^{2}+1)=(x^{2}+1)^{3}+(x^{2}+1)=x^{6}+3x^{4}+4x^{2}+2} , which has degree 6.
Note that for polynomials over an arbitrary ring, this is not necessarily true. For example, in Z / 4 Z {\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} /4\mathbf {Z} } , deg  ( 2 x ) deg  ( 1 + 2 x ) = 1 ⋅ 1 = 1 {\displaystyle \deg(2x)\deg(1+2x)=1\cdot 1=1} , but deg  ( 2 x ∘ ( 1 + 2 x ) ) = deg  ( 2 + 4 x ) = deg  ( 2 ) = 0 {\displaystyle \deg(2x\circ (1+2x))=\deg(2+4x)=\deg(2)=0} .
Degree of the zero polynomial[edit]
The degree of the zero polynomial is either left undefined, or is defined to be negative (usually −1 or − ∞ {\displaystyle -\infty } ).[7]
Like any constant value, the value 0 can be considered as a (constant) polynomial, called the zero polynomial. It has no nonzero terms, and so, strictly speaking, it has no degree either. As such, its degree is undefined. The propositions for the degree of sums and products of polynomials in the above section do not apply if any of the polynomials involved is the zero polynomial.[8]
It is convenient, however, to define the degree of the zero polynomial to be negative infinity, − ∞ , {\displaystyle -\infty ,} and introduce the arithmetic rules[9]
max ( a , − ∞ ) = a , {\displaystyle \max(a,-\infty )=a,}
and
a + ( − ∞ ) = − ∞ . {\displaystyle a+(-\infty )=-\infty .}
These examples illustrate how this extension satisfies the behavior rules above:
The degree of the sum ( x 3 + x ) + ( 0 ) = x 3 + x {\displaystyle (x^{3}+x)+(0)=x^{3}+x} is 3. This satisfies the expected behavior, which is that 3 ≤ max ( 3 , − ∞ ) {\displaystyle 3\leq \max(3,-\infty )} .
The degree of the difference ( x ) − ( x ) = 0 {\displaystyle (x)-(x)=0} is − ∞ {\displaystyle -\infty } . This satisfies the expected behavior, which is that − ∞ ≤ max ( 1 , 1 ) {\displaystyle -\infty \leq \max(1,1)} .
The degree of the product ( 0 ) ( x 2 + 1 ) = 0 {\displaystyle (0)(x^{2}+1)=0} is − ∞ {\displaystyle -\infty } . This satisfies the expected behavior, which is that − ∞ = − ∞ + 2 {\displaystyle -\infty =-\infty +2} .
Computed from the function values[edit]
A number of formulae exist which will evaluate the degree of a polynomial function f. One based on asymptotic analysis is
deg  f = lim x → ∞ log  | f ( x ) | log  x {\displaystyle \deg f=\lim _{x\rightarrow \infty }{\frac {\log |f(x)|}{\log x}}} ;
this is the exact counterpart of the method of estimating the slope in a log–log plot.
This formula generalizes the concept of degree to some functions that are not polynomials. For example:
The degree of the multiplicative inverse, 1 / x {\displaystyle \ 1/x} , is −1.
The degree of the square root, x {\displaystyle {\sqrt {x}}} , is 1/2.
The degree of the logarithm, log  x {\displaystyle \ \log x} , is 0.
The degree of the exponential function, exp  x {\displaystyle \exp x} , is ∞ . {\displaystyle \infty .}
Note that the formula also gives sensible results for many combinations of such functions, e.g., the degree of 1 + x x {\displaystyle {\frac {1+{\sqrt {x}}}{x}}} is − 1 / 2 {\displaystyle -1/2} .
Another formula to compute the degree of f from its values is
deg  f = lim x → ∞ x f ′ ( x ) f ( x ) {\displaystyle \deg f=\lim _{x\to \infty }{\frac {xf'(x)}{f(x)}}} ;
this second formula follows from applying L'Hôpital's rule to the first formula. Intuitively though, it is more about exhibiting the degree d as the extra constant factor in the derivative d x d − 1 {\displaystyle dx^{d-1}} of x d {\displaystyle x^{d}} .
A more fine grained (than a simple numeric degree) description of the asymptotics of a function can be had by using big O notation. In the analysis of algorithms, it is for example often relevant to distinguish between the growth rates of x {\displaystyle x} and x log  x {\displaystyle x\log x} , which would both come out as having the same degree according to the above formulae.
Extension to polynomials with two or more variables[edit]
For polynomials in two or more variables, the degree of a term is the sum of the exponents of the variables in the term; the degree (sometimes called the total degree) of the polynomial is again the maximum of the degrees of all terms in the polynomial. For example, the polynomial x2y2 + 3x3 + 4y has degree 4, the same degree as the term x2y2.
However, a polynomial in variables x and y, is a polynomial in x with coefficients which are polynomials in y, and also a polynomial in y with coefficients which are polynomials in x. The polynomial
x 2 y 2 + 3 x 3 + 4 y = ( 3 ) x 3 + ( y 2 ) x 2 + ( 4 y ) = ( x 2 ) y 2 + ( 4 ) y + ( 3 x 3 ) {\displaystyle x^{2}y^{2}+3x^{3}+4y=(3)x^{3}+(y^{2})x^{2}+(4y)=(x^{2})y^{2}+(4)y+(3x^{3})}
has degree 3 in x and degree 2 in y.
Degree function in abstract algebra[edit]
Given a ring R, the polynomial ring R[x] is the set of all polynomials in x that have coefficients chosen from R. In the special case that R is also a field, then the polynomial ring R[x] is a principal ideal domain and, more importantly to our discussion here, a Euclidean domain.
It can be shown that the degree of a polynomial over a field satisfies all of the requirements of the norm function in the euclidean domain. That is, given two polynomials f(x) and g(x), the degree of the product f(x)g(x) must be larger than both the degrees of f and g individually. In fact, something stronger holds:
deg(f(x)g(x)) = deg(f(x)) + deg(g(x))
For an example of why the degree function may fail over a ring that is not a field, take the following example. Let R = Z / 4 Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /4\mathbb {Z} } , the ring of integers modulo 4. This ring is not a field (and is not even an integral domain) because 2 × 2 = 4 ≡ 0 (mod 4). Therefore, let f(x) = g(x) = 2x + 1. Then, f(x)g(x) = 4x2 + 4x + 1 = 1. Thus deg(f⋅g) = 0 which is not greater than the degrees of f and g (which each had degree 1).
Since the norm function is not defined for the zero element of the ring, we consider the degree of the polynomial f(x) = 0 to also be undefined so that it follows the rules of a norm in a euclidean domain.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ For simplicity, this is a homogeneous polynomial, with equal degree in both variables separately.
Jump up ^ "Names of Polynomials". November 25, 1997. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Mac Lane and Birkhoff (1999) define "linear", "quadratic", "cubic", "quartic", and "quintic". (p. 107)
Jump up ^ King (2009) defines "quadratic", "cubic", "quartic", "quintic", "sextic", "septic", and "octic".
Jump up ^ Shafarevich (2003) says of a polynomial of degree zero, f ( x ) = a 0 {\displaystyle f(x)=a_{0}} : "Such a polynomial is called a constant because if we substitute different values of x in it, we always obtain the same value a 0 {\displaystyle a_{0}} ." (p. 23)
Jump up ^ James Cockle proposed the names "sexic", "septic", "octic", "nonic", and "decic" in 1851. (Mechanics Magazine, Vol. LV, p. 171)
Jump up ^ Lang, Sergei (2005). Algebra (3rd ed.). Springer. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-387-95385-4.
Jump up ^ Shafarevich (2003) says of the zero polynomial: "In this case, we consider that the degree of the polynomial is undefined." (p. 27)
Childs (1995) uses −1. (p. 233)
Childs (2009) uses −∞ (p. 287), however he excludes zero polynomials in his Proposition 1 (p. 288) and then explains that the proposition holds for zero polynomials "with the reasonable assumption that − ∞ {\displaystyle -\infty } + m = − ∞ {\displaystyle -\infty } for m any integer or m = − ∞ {\displaystyle -\infty } ".
Axler (1997) uses −∞. (p. 64)
Grillet (2007) says: "The degree of the zero polynomial 0 is sometimes left undefined or is variously defined as −1 ∈ ℤ or as − ∞ {\displaystyle -\infty } , as long as deg 0 < deg A for all A ≠ 0." (A is a polynomial.) However, he excludes zero polynomials in his Proposition 5.3. (p. 121)
Jump up ^ Barile, Margherita. "Zero Polynomial". MathWorld.
Jump up ^ Axler (1997) gives these rules and says: "The 0 polynomial is declared to have degree − ∞ {\displaystyle -\infty } so that exceptions are not needed for various reasonable results." (p. 64)
References[edit]
Axler, Sheldon (1997), Linear Algebra Done Right (2nd ed.), Springer Science & Business Media
Childs, Lindsay N. (1995), A Concrete Introduction to Higher Algebra (2nd ed.), Springer Science & Business Media
Childs, Lindsay N. (2009), A Concrete Introduction to Higher Algebra (3rd ed.), Springer Science & Business Media
Grillet, Pierre Antoine (2007), Abstract Algebra (2nd ed.), Springer Science & Business Media
King, R. Bruce (2009), Beyond the Quartic Equation, Springer Science & Business Media
Mac Lane, Saunders; Birkhoff, Garrett (1999), Algebra (3rd ed.), American Mathematical Society
Shafarevich, Igor R. (2003), Discourses on Algebra, Springer Science & Business Media
External links[edit]
Polynomial Order; Wolfram MathWorld
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Geography of Japan
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Geography of Japan
Continent
Asia
Region
East Asia
Coordinates
35.0000° N 136.0000° E
Area
Ranked 61st
• Total
377,915 km2 (145,914 sq mi)
• Land
87.93099%
• Water
12.06901%
Coastline
29,751 km (18,486 mi)
Borders
None
Highest point
Mount Fuji[1]
Lowest point
Hachirōgata[1]
Longest river
Shinano River[2]
Largest lake
Lake Biwa[3]
Climate
varied; warm subtropical in south to cool continental in north[1]
Terrain
mostly rugged and mountainous[1]
Natural Resources
fish[1]
Natural Hazards
volcanoes, tsunamis, earthquakes and typhoons[1]
Environmental Issues
air pollution; acidification of lakes and reservoirs; overfishing; deforestation[1]
A map of Japan.
Japan is an island nation in East Asia comprising a volcanic archipelago extending along the continent's Pacific coast. It lies between 24° to 46° north latitude and from 123° to 146° east longitude. Japan is southeast of the Russian Far East, separated by the Sea of Okhotsk; slightly east of the Korean Peninsula, separated by the Sea of Japan; and east-northeast of China and Taiwan, separated by the East China Sea. The closest neighboring country to Japan is Russia.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Composition, topography and geography
3 Climate
4 Environmental issues
5 Natural hazards
6 Regions
7 Extreme points
7.1 Japan
7.2 Japan (main islands)
7.3 Elevation extremes
8 Antipodes
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Overview[edit]
The major islands, sometimes called the "Home Islands", are (from east to west) Hokkaido, Honshu (the "mainland"), Shikoku and Kyushu. There are 6,852 islands in total,[5] including the Nansei Islands, the Nanpō Islands and islets, with 430 islands being inhabited and others uninhabited. In total, as of 2006, Japan's territory is 377,923.1 km2 (145,916.9 sq mi), of which 374,834 km2 (144,724 sq mi) is land and 3,091 km2 (1,193 sq mi) water.
Location: Eastern Asia, island chain between the North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan, east of the Korean Peninsula.
Map references: Asia, Oceania
Area:
total: 377,915 km²
land: 364,485 km²
water: 13,430 km²
notes: Includes the Bonin Islands, Daitō Islands, Minami-Tori-shima, Okinotorishima, the Ryukyu Islands, and the Volcano Islands. Ownership of the Senkaku Islands and Liancourt Rocks (Japanese:Takeshima, Korean:Dokdo) is in dispute.
Land boundaries: the ocean
Coastline: 29,751 km (18,486 mi)
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi); between 3 and 12 nmi (5.6 and 22.2 km; 3.5 and 13.8 mi) in the international straits—La Pérouse (or Sōya Strait), Tsugaru Strait, Osumi, and Eastern and Western Channels of the Korea or Tsushima Strait.
exclusive economic zone: 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi)
contiguous zone: 24 nmi (44.4 km; 27.6 mi)
Climate: varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north
Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous, can easily be compared to Norway, both having about 70% of their land in the mountains.
Natural resources: small deposits of coal, oil, iron, and minerals. Major fishing industry.
Land use:
arable land: 11.65%
permanent crops: 0.83%
other: 87.52% (2012)
Irrigated land: 25,000 km² (2010)
Total renewable water resources: 430 km3 (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 90.04 km3/yr (20%/18%/62%)
per capita: 714.3 m3/yr (2007)
Composition, topography and geography[edit]
A topographic map of Japan.
A map of Japan's major cities, main towns and selected smaller centers.
About 73% of Japan is mountainous, with a mountain range running through each of the main islands. Japan's highest mountain is Mount Fuji, with an elevation of 3,776 m (12,388 ft). Japan's forest cover rate is 68.55% since the mountains are heavily forested. The only other developed nations with such a high forest cover percentage are Finland and Sweden.[6]
Since there is little level ground, many hills and mountainsides at lower elevations around towns and cities are often cultivated. As Japan is situated in a volcanic zone along the Pacific deeps, frequent low-intensity earth tremors and occasional volcanic activity are felt throughout the islands. Destructive earthquakes occur several times a century. Hot springs are numerous and have been exploited as an economic capital by the leisure industry.
The mountainous islands of the Japanese archipelago form a crescent off the eastern coast of Asia. They are separated from the mainland by the Sea of Japan, which historically served as a protective barrier. The country consists of four major islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu; with more than 6,500 adjacent smaller islands and islets ("island" defined as land more than 100 m in circumference),[7] including the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands in the Nanpō Islands, and the Satsunan Islands, Okinawa Islands, and Sakishima Islands of the Ryukyu Islands.
The national territory also includes the Volcano Islands (Kazan Retto) such as Iwo Jima, located some 1,200 kilometers south of mainland Tokyo. A territorial dispute with Russia, dating from the end of World War II, over the two southernmost of the Kuril Islands, Etorofu and Kunashiri, and the smaller Shikotan Island and Habomai Islands northeast of Hokkaido remains a sensitive spot in Japanese–Russian relations (as of 2005[update]). Excluding disputed territory, the archipelago covers about 377,000 square kilometers. No point in Japan is more than 150 kilometers from the sea.
The four major islands are separated by narrow straits and form a natural entity. The Ryukyu Islands curve 970 kilometers southward from Kyūshū.
The distance between Japan and the Korean Peninsula, the nearest point on the Asian continent, is about 200 kilometers at the Korea Strait. Japan has always been linked with the continent through trade routes, stretching in the north toward Siberia, in the west through the Tsushima Islands to the Korean Peninsula, and in the south to the ports on the south China coast.
The Japanese islands are the summits of mountain ridges uplifted near the outer edge of the continental shelf. About 73 percent of Japan's area is mountainous, and scattered plains and intermontane basins (in which the population is concentrated) cover only about 27 percent. A long chain of mountains runs down the middle of the archipelago, dividing it into two halves, the "face", fronting on the Pacific Ocean, and the "back", toward the Sea of Japan. On the Pacific side are steep mountains 1,500 to 3,000 meters high, with deep valleys and gorges.
Central Japan is marked by the convergence of the three mountain chains—the Hida, Kiso, and Akaishi mountains—that form the Japanese Alps (Nihon Arupusu), several of whose peaks are higher than 3,000 meters. The highest point in the Japanese Alps is Mount Kita at 3,193 meters. The highest point in the country is Mount Fuji (Fujisan, also erroneously called Fujiyama), a volcano dormant since 1707 that rises to 3,776 meters above sea level in Shizuoka Prefecture. On the Sea of Japan side are plateaus and low mountain districts, with altitudes of 500 to 1,500 meters.
None of the populated plains or mountain basins are extensive in area. The largest, the Kantō Plain, where Tokyo is situated, covers only 13,000 square kilometers. Other important plains are the Nōbi Plain surrounding Nagoya, the Kinai Plain in the Osaka–Kyoto area, the Sendai Plain around the city of Sendai in northeastern Honshū, and the Ishikari Plain on Hokkaidō. Many of these plains are along the coast, and their areas have been increased by reclamation throughout recorded history.
The small amount of habitable land has prompted significant human modification of the terrain over many centuries. Land was reclaimed from the sea and from river deltas by building dikes and drainage, and rice paddies were built on terraces carved into mountainsides. The process continued in the modern period with extension of shorelines and building of artificial islands for industrial and port development, such as Port Island in Kobe and the new Kansai International Airport in Osaka Bay. Hills and even mountains have been razed to provide flat areas for housing.
Rivers are generally steep and swift, and few are suitable for navigation except in their lower reaches. Although most rivers are less than 300 kilometers in length, their rapid flow from the mountains provides a valuable, renewable resource: hydroelectric power generation. Japan's hydroelectric power potential has been exploited almost to capacity. Seasonal variations in flow have led to extensive development of flood control measures. Most of the rivers are very short. The longest, the Shinano River, which winds through Nagano Prefecture to Niigata Prefecture and flows into the Sea of Japan, is only 367 kilometers long. The largest freshwater lake is Lake Biwa, northeast of Kyoto.
Extensive coastal shipping, especially around the Seto Inland Sea (Seto Naikai), compensates for the lack of navigable rivers. The Pacific coastline south of Tokyo is characterized by long, narrow, gradually shallowing inlets produced by sedimentation, which has created many natural harbors. The Pacific coastline north of Tokyo, the coast of Hokkaidō, and the Sea of Japan coast are generally unindented, with few natural harbors.
In November 2008, Japan filed a request to expand its claimed continental shelf.[8] In April 2012, the U.N. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf recognized around 310,000 square kilometres (120,000 sq mi) of seabed around Okinotorishima, giving Japan priority over access to seabed resources in nearby areas. According to U.N. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, the approved expansion is equal to about 82% of Japan's total land area.[8] The People's Republic of China and South Korea have opposed Japan's claim because they view Okinotorishima not as an island, but as a group of rocks.
Climate[edit]
A Köppen climate classification map of Japan.
A village in Niigata Prefecture in January
Kabira Bay on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture in March
Sakura blossoms with Himeji Castle in Hyōgo Prefecture in April
Mount Yari, Nagano Prefecture in October
Most regions of Japan, such as much of Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, belong to the temperate zone with humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) characterized by four distinct seasons. However, its climate varies from cool humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) in the north such as northern Hokkaido, to warm tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af) in the south such as Ishigaki in the Yaeyama Islands.
The two primary factors influences in Japan's climate are a location near the Asian continent and the existence of major oceanic currents. Two major ocean currents affect Japan: the warm Kuroshio Current (Black Current; also known as the Japan Current); and the cold Oyashio Current (Parent Current; also known as the Okhotsk Current). The Kuroshio Current flows northward on the Pacific side of Japan and warms areas as north as the South Kantō region; a small branch, the Tsushima Current, flows up the Sea of Japan side. The Oyashio Current, which abounds in plankton beneficial to coldwater fish, flows southward along the northern Pacific, cooling adjacent coastal areas. The intersection of these currents at 36 north latitude is a bountiful fishing ground.
Japan's varied geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones.
Hokkaido (北海道, Hokkaidō): Belonging to the humid continental climate, Hokkaido has long, cold winters and cool summers. Precipitation is not great.
Sea of Japan (日本海, Nihonkai): The northwest seasonal wind in winter gives heavy snowfall, which south of Tohoku mostly melts before the beginning of spring. In summer it is a little less rainy than the Pacific area but sometimes experiences extreme high temperatures due to the foehn wind phenomenon.
Central Highland (中央高地, Chūō-kōchi): A typical inland climate gives large temperature variations between summers and winters and between days and nights. Precipitation is lower than on the coast due to rain shadow effects.
Seto Inland Sea (瀬戸内海, Setonaikai): The mountains in the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions block the seasonal winds and bring mild climate and many fine days throughout the year.
Pacific Ocean (太平洋, Taiheiyō): The climate varies greatly between the north and the south but generally winters are significantly milder and sunnier than those of the side that faces the Sea of Japan. Summers are hot due to the southeast seasonal wind. Precipitation is very heavy in the south, and heavy in the summer in the north. The climate of the Ogasawara Island chain in the Pacific Ocean ranges from a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) to tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw) with temperatures being warm to hot all year round.
Ryukyu Islands (南西諸島, Nansei-shotō): The climate of these islands ranges from humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) in the north to tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af) in the south with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation is very high, and is especially affected by the rainy season and typhoons.
Japan is generally a rainy country with high humidity. Because of its wide range of latitude, seasonal winds and different types of ocean currents, Japan has a variety of climates, with a latitude range of the inhabited islands from 24° to 46° north, which is comparable to the range between Nova Scotia and The Bahamas in the east coast of North America. Tokyo is at about 35 degrees north latitude, comparable to that of Tehran, Athens, or Las Vegas.
Regional climatic variations range from humid continental in the northern island of Hokkaido extending down through northern Japan to the Central Highland, then blending with and eventually changing to a humid subtropical climate on the Pacific Coast and ultimately reaching tropical rainforest climate on the Yaeyama Islands of the Ryukyu Islands. Climate also varies dramatically with altitude and with location on the Pacific Ocean or on the Sea of Japan.
Northern Japan has warm summers but long, cold winters with heavy snow. Central Japan in its elevated position, has hot summers and moderate to short winters with some areas having very heavy snow, and southwestern Japan has long hot summer and short mild winters. The generally temperate climate exhibits marked seasonal variation such as the blooming of the spring cherry blossoms, the calls of the summer cicada and fall foliage colors that are celebrated in art and literature.
The climate from June to September is marked by hot, wet weather brought by tropical airflows from the Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asia. These airflows are full of moisture and deposit substantial amounts of rain when they reach land. There is a marked rainy season, beginning in early June and continuing for about a month. It is followed by hot, sticky weather. Five or six typhoons pass over or near Japan every year from early August to early October, sometimes resulting in significant damage. Annual precipitation averages between 1,000 and 2,500 mm (40 and 100 in) except for the areas such as Kii Peninsula and Yakushima Island which is Japan's wettest place[9] with the annual precipitation being one of the world's highest at 4,000 to 10,000 mm.[10]
Maximum precipitation, like the rest of East Asia, occurs in the summer months except on the Sea of Japan coast where strong northerly winds produce a maximum in late autumn and early winter. Except for a few sheltered inland valleys during December and January, precipitation in Japan is above 25 millimetres (1 in) of rainfall equivalent in all months of the year, and in the wettest coastal areas it is above 100 millimetres (4 in) per month throughout the year.
In winter, the Siberian High develops over the Eurasian land mass and the Aleutian Low develops over the northern Pacific Ocean. The result is a flow of cold air southeastward across Japan that brings freezing temperatures and heavy snowfalls to the central mountain ranges facing the Sea of Japan, but clear skies to areas fronting on the Pacific.
Mid June to mid July is generally the rainy season in Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, excluding Hokkaidō since the seasonal rain front or baiu zensen (梅雨前線) dissipates in northern Honshu before reaching Hokkaido. In Okinawa, the rainy season starts early in May and continues until mid June. Unlike the rainy season in mainland Japan, it rains neither everyday nor all day long during the rainy season in Okinawa. Between July and October, typhoons, grown from tropical depressions generated near the equator, can attack Japan with furious rainstorms.
The warmest winter temperatures are found in the Nanpō and Bonin Islands, which enjoy a tropical climate due to the combination of latitude, distance from the Asian mainland, and warming effect of winds from the Kuroshio, as well as the Volcano Islands (at the latitude of the southernmost of the Ryukyu Islands, 24° N). The coolest summer temperatures are found on the northeastern coast of Hokkaidō in Kushiro and Nemuro Subprefectures.
Sunshine, in accordance with Japan’s uniformly heavy rainfall, is generally modest in quantity, though no part of Japan receives the consistently gloomy fogs that envelope the Sichuan Basin or Taipei. Amounts range from about six hours per day in the Inland Sea coast and sheltered parts of the Pacific Coast and Kantō Plain to four hours per day on the Sea of Japan coast of Hokkaidō. In December there is a very pronounced sunshine gradient between the Sea of Japan and Pacific coasts, as the former side can receive less than 30 hours and the Pacific side as much as 180 hours. In summer, however, sunshine hours are lowest on exposed parts of the Pacific coast where fogs from the Oyashio current create persistent cloud cover similar to that found on the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin.
As an island nation, Japan has the 7th longest coastline in the world.[11][12] A few prefectures are landlocked: Gunma, Tochigi, Saitama, Nagano, Yamanashi, Gifu, Shiga, and Nara. As Mt. Fuji and the coastal Japanese Alps provide a rain shadow, Nagano and Yamanashi Prefectures receive the least precipitation in Honshu, though it still exceeds 900 millimetres (35 in) annually. A similar effect is found in Hokkaido, where Okhotsk Subprefecture receives as little as 750 millimetres (30 in) per year. All other prefectures have coasts on the Pacific Ocean, Sea of Japan, Seto Inland Sea or have a body of salt water connected to them. Two prefectures—Hokkaido and Okinawa—are composed entirely of islands.
The hottest temperature ever measured in Japan, 41.0 °C (105.8 °F), occurred in Shimanto, Kochi on August 12, 2013.[13]
Environmental issues[edit]
Main article: Environmental issues in Japan
Environment - current issues: In the 2006 environment annual report,[14] the Ministry of Environment reported that current major issues are: global warming and preservation of the ozone layer, conservation of the atmospheric environment, water and soil, waste management and recycling, measures for chemical substances, conservation of the natural environment and the participation in the international cooperation.
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes (Basel Convention), Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection (Montreal Protocol), Ship Pollution (MARPOL 73/78), Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands (Ramsar Convention), Whaling
signed and ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Natural hazards[edit]
The aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
Ten percent of the world's active volcanoes—forty in the early 1990s (another 148 were dormant)—are found in Japan, which lies in a zone of extreme crustal instability. As many as 1,500 earthquakes are recorded yearly, and magnitudes of 4 to 7 are common. Minor tremors occur almost daily in one part of the country or another, causing slight shaking of buildings. Major earthquakes occur infrequently; the most famous in the twentieth century was the great Kantō earthquake of 1923, in which 130,000 people died. Undersea earthquakes also expose the Japanese coastline to danger from tsunamis (津波).
On March 11, 2011 Japan was subject to a devastating magnitude 9.0 earthquake and a massive tsunami as a result. The March 11 quake was the largest ever recorded in Japan and is the world's fourth largest earthquake to strike since 1900, according to the U.S. Geological Service. It struck offshore about 371 kilometres (231 mi) northeast of Tokyo and 130 kilometres (81 mi) east of the city of Sendai, and created a massive tsunami that devastated Japan's northeastern coastal areas. At least 100 aftershocks registering a 6.0 magnitude or higher have followed the main shock. At least 15,000 people died as a result.
Japan has become a world leader in research on causes and prediction of earthquakes. The development of advanced technology has permitted the construction of skyscrapers even in earthquake-prone areas. Extensive civil defence efforts focus on training in protection against earthquakes, in particular against accompanying fire, which represents the greatest danger.
Another common hazard are several typhoons that reach Japan from the Pacific every year and heavy snowfall during winter in the snow country regions, causing landslides, flooding, and avalanches.
Regions[edit]
Main article: Regions of Japan
Japan is informally divided into eight regions. Each contains several prefectures, except the Hokkaido region, which covers only Hokkaido Prefecture.
The region is not an official administrative unit, but has been traditionally used as the regional division of Japan in a number of contexts: for example, maps and geography textbooks divide Japan into the eight regions, weather reports usually give the weather by region, and many businesses and institutions use their home region as part of their name (Kinki Nippon Railway, Chūgoku Bank, Tohoku University, etc.). While Japan has eight High Courts, their jurisdictions do not correspond to the eight regions.
Extreme points[edit]
Main article: Extreme points of Japan
This is a list of the extreme points of Japan, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.
Japan[edit]
Northernmost point
Benten-jima, Wakkanai, Hokkaido – 45°31'35″N, 141°55'09″E
Including land currently disputed with Russia: Cape Kamuiwakka (カムイワッカ岬, Kamuiwakka-misaki)), Etorufu – 45°33'N, 148°45'E
Southernmost point: Okinotorishima – 20°25'N, 136°04'E
Westernmost point: Yonaguni – 24°27′N, 122°59′E
Easternmost point: Minami-Tori-shima – 24°18′N, 153°58′E
Japan (main islands)[edit]
Northernmost point: Cape Sōya, Wakkanai, Hokkaido – 45°31'N, 141°56'E
Southernmost point: Cape Sata on Ōsumi Peninsula, Minamiōsumi, Kagoshima – 30°59'N, 130°39'E
Westernmost point: Kōsakibana (神崎鼻), Sasebo (formerly Kosaza), Nagasaki – 33°13'N, 129°33'E
Easternmost point: Cape Nosappu (納沙布岬, Nosappu-misaki)), Nemuro, Hokkaido – 43°22'N, 145°49′E
Elevation extremes[edit]
Lowest point: Hachirōgata – -4 m
Highest point: Mount Fuji – 3,776 m
Antipodes[edit]
The Ogasawara islands.
The only part of Japan with antipodes over land are the Ryukyu Islands, though the islands off the western coast of Kyūshū are close.
The northernmost antipodal island in the Ryukyu Island chain, Nakanoshima, is opposite the Brazilian coast near Capão da Canoa. The other islands south to the Straits of Okinawa correspond to southern Brazil, with Gaja Island being opposite the outskirts of Santo Antônio da Patrulha, Takarajima with Jua, Amami Ōshima covering the villages of Carasinho and Fazenda Pae João, Ginoza, Okinawa with Palmas, Paraná, the Kerama Islands with Pato Branco, Tonaki Island with São Lourenço do Oeste, and Kume Island corresponding to Palma Sola. The main Daitō Islands correspond to near Guaratuba, with Oki Daitō Island near Apiaí.
The Sakishima Islands beyond the straits are antipodal to Paraguay, from the Brazilian border almost to Asunción, with Ishigaki overlapping San Isidro de Curuguaty, and the uninhabited Senkaku Islands surrounding Villarrica.
See also[edit]
Geology of Japan
List of islands of Japan
List of lakes of Japan
List of mountains and hills of Japan by height
List of national parks of Japan
List of peninsulas of Japan
List of rivers of Japan
Japanese addressing system
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Japan". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Shinano River". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lake Biwa". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
Jump up ^ "離島の現状について" (PDF). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
Jump up ^ "Forest area". The World Bank Group. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
Jump up ^ "島とは何か". Center for Research and Promotion of Japanese Islands. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "Japan granted more continental shelf". Upi.com. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Japan Climate Charts Index". Retrieved 2015-10-11.
Jump up ^ "Yakushima World Heritage property". Ministry of the Environment. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
Jump up ^ "The length of the coast for the countries of the world". Retrieved 2015-10-11.
Jump up ^ "Coastline Lengths / Countries of the World". world.bymap.org. Retrieved 2017-06-28.
Jump up ^ Kochi Prefecture sees highest temperature ever recorded in Japan - 41 Archived 2013-08-13 at the Wayback Machine. - Asahi Shimbun
Jump up ^ Annual Report on the Environment in Japan 2006, Ministry of the Environment
All Geography of Japan information taken from the "Japan". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. .
This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies document "Japan".
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of Japan.
"Colton's Japan: Nippon, Kiusiu, Sikok, Yesso and the Japanese Kuriles" a map from 1855
Terrain of Japan - GJI Maps(Geospatial Information Authority of Japan)
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values: জাপানের ভূগোল – Bangla

values:
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values: Геаграфія Японіі – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: География на Япония – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
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values: جغرافیای ژاپن – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
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values: 일본의 지리 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
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values: גאוגרפיה של יפן – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: იაპონიის გეოგრაფია – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Жапония географиясы – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
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values: География Японии – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
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values: Япония географиясе – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Географія Японії – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
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values: interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

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