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Ames, Iowa
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City in Iowa, United States
Ames, Iowa
City
Clockwise from top: Main Street in downtown Ames, Iowa State University Alumni Hall, Marston Water Tower and Hoover Hall at ISU, Reiman Gardens, a train station in Ames, and Beardshear Hall.
Motto(s): "Smart Choice"

Location in the State of Iowa
Ames, Iowa
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 42°02′05″N 93°37′12″W / 42.03472°N 93.62000°W / 42.03472; -93.62000Coordinates: 42°02′05″N 93°37′12″W / 42.03472°N 93.62000°W / 42.03472; -93.62000
Country
United States
State
Iowa
County
Story
Incorporated
1864
Government
• Mayor
Ann Campbell
• Senate
Senate list[show]
Herman Quirmbach (D)
Jerry Behn (R)
• House
House list[show]
Lisa Heddens (D)
Robert Bacon (R)
Beth Wessel-Kroeschell (D)
• U.S. Congress
Steve King (R)
Area[1]
• City
24.27 sq mi (62.86 km2)
• Land
24.21 sq mi (62.70 km2)
• Water
0.06 sq mi (0.16 km2)
Elevation
942 ft (287 m)
Population (2010)[3][4]
• City
58,965
• Estimate (2016)[5]
66,191
• Rank
8th in Iowa
• Density
2,436/sq mi (940.4/km2)
• Urban
60,438[2]
• Metro
89,542 (estimate based on Story County)
Time zone
CST (UTC−6)
• Summer (DST)
CDT (UTC−5)
ZIP code(s)™
50010, 50011-50013 (UNIQUE ZIP Codes™-for Iowa State University), 50014
GNIS feature ID
0454167
Website
http://www.cityofames.org/
Ames is a city in central Iowa approximately 30 miles (48 km) north of Des Moines. It is best known as the home of Iowa State University (ISU), with leading Agriculture, Design, Engineering, and Veterinary Medicine colleges. An United States Department of Energy national laboratory, Ames Laboratory, is located on the ISU campus.
In 2017, Ames had a population of 66,498.[6] Iowa State University is home to 36,321 students (Fall 2017),[7] which make up approximately one half of the city's population.
Ames also hosts United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) sites: the largest federal animal disease center in the United States, USDA's Agricultural Research Service's National Animal Disease Center (NADC).[8], as well as, one of two national USDA sites for the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), which comprises the National Veterinary Services Laboratory and the Center for Veterinary Biologics.[9] Ames has the headquarters for the Iowa Department of Transportation.
In 2010, Ames was ranked ninth on CNNMoney "Best Places to Live" list.[10]
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
2.1 Campustown
2.2 Climate
3 Demographics
3.1 2010 census
3.2 2000 census
3.3 Metropolitan area
4 Economy
4.1 Top employers
5 Arts and culture
5.1 Popular culture
6 Sports
7 Parks and recreation
8 Education
8.1 Iowa State University
9 Media
10 Infrastructure
10.1 Transportation
10.2 Health care
11 Notable people
11.1 Acting
11.2 Artists and photographers
11.3 Musician
11.4 Journalists
11.5 Politicians
11.6 Sports
11.7 Scientists
11.8 Writers and poets
11.9 Other
12 Other topics
12.1 Politics
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
History[edit]
The city was founded in 1864 as a station stop on the Cedar Rapids and Missouri Railroad and was named after 19th century U.S. Congressman Oakes Ames of Massachusetts, who was influential in the building of the transcontinental railroad.[11] Ames was founded by local resident Cynthia Olive Duff (née Kellogg) and railroad magnate John Insley Blair,[12] near a location that was deemed favorable for a railroad crossing of the Skunk River.
Geography[edit]
Ames is located along the western edge of Story County, Iowa, United States. It is located roughly 30 miles (48 km) north of the state capital Des Moines, near the intersection of Interstate 35 and U.S. Route 30. A smaller highway, U.S. Route 69, runs through the town. Also passing through Ames is the cross country line of the Union Pacific Railroad & two small streams (the South Skunk River and Squaw Creek).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 24.27 square miles (62.86 km2), of which 24.21 square miles (62.70 km2) is land and 0.06 square miles (0.16 km2) is water.[1]

Campustown[edit]
Campustown is the neighborhood directly south of Iowa State University Central Campus bordered by Lincoln Way on the north. Campustown is a high-density mixed-use neighborhood that is home to many student apartments, nightlife venues, restaurants, and numerous other establishments, most of which are unique to Ames.
Climate[edit]
Ames has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa). On average, the warmest month is July and the coldest is January. The highest recorded temperature was 102 °F (39 °C) in 1988 and the lowest was −28 °F in 1996.[13]
hideClimate data for Ames, Iowa
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
67
(19) 67
(19) 90
(32) 97
(36) 100
(38) 101
(38) 102
(39) 102
(39) 98
(37) 95
(35) 80
(27) 66
(19) 88.6
(31.4)
Average high °F (°C)
30
(−1) 35
(2) 48
(9) 63
(17) 73
(23) 82
(28) 84
(29) 83
(28) 77
(25) 64
(18) 47
(8) 32
(0) 59.6
(15.3)
Average low °F (°C)
12
(−11) 17
(−8) 28
(−2) 39
(4) 50
(10) 60
(16) 64
(18) 62
(17) 53
(12) 41
(5) 28
(−2) 15
(−9) 39
(4)
Record low °F (°C)
−26
(−32) −28
(−33) −11
(−24) 8
(−13) 27
(−3) 38
(3) 44
(7) 40
(4) 29
(−2) 13
(−11) −7
(−22) −24
(−31) 8.58
(−13.01)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
.74
(18.8) .86
(21.8) 2.05
(52.1) 3.50
(88.9) 4.35
(110.5) 5.01
(127.3) 3.23
(82) 4.33
(110) 3.09
(78.5) 2.67
(67.8) 1.98
(50.3) 1.06
(26.9) 34.07
(865.4)
Source: Weather Channel[14]
Demographics[edit]
Historical populations
Year
Pop.
±%
1870
636 —
1880
1,153 +81.3%
1890
1,276 +10.7%
1900
2,422 +89.8%
1910
4,223 +74.4%
1920
6,270 +48.5%
1930
10,261 +63.7%
1940
12,555 +22.4%
1950
22,898 +82.4%
1960
27,003 +17.9%
1970
39,505 +46.3%
1980
45,775 +15.9%
1990
47,198 +3.1%
2000
50,731 +7.5%
2010
58,965 +16.2%
2016
66,191 +12.3%
Source: "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. and Iowa Data Center
Source: U.S. Decennial Census[15]
2010 census[edit]
As of the census[3] of 2010, there were 58,965 people, 22,759 households, and 9,959 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,435.6 inhabitants per square mile (940.4/km2). There were 23,876 housing units at an average density of 986.2 per square mile (380.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 84.5% White, 3.4% African American, 0.2% Native American, 8.8% Asian, 1.1% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.4% of the population.
There were 22,759 households of which 19.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.6% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 56.2% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.82.
The median age in the city was 23.8 years. 13.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 40.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.9% were from 25 to 44; 15% were from 45 to 64; and 8.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 53.0% male and 47.0% female.
2000 census[edit]
As of the census of 2000,[16] there were 50,731 people, 18,085 households, and 8,970 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,352.3 people per square mile (908.1/km²). There were 18,757 housing units at an average density of 869.7 per square mile (335.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 87.34% White, 7.70% Asian, 2.65% African American, 0.04% Native American, 0.76% Pacific Islander and other races, and 1.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.98% of the population.
There were 18,085 households out of which 22.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.0% were married couples living together, 5.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.4% were non-families. 28.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.85.
Age spread: 14.6% under the age of 18, 40.0% from 18 to 24, 23.7% from 25 to 44, 13.9% from 45 to 64, and 7.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $36,042, and the median income for a family was $56,439. Males had a median income of $37,877 versus $28,198 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,881. About 7.6% of families and 20.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.2% of those under age 18 and 4.1% of those age 65 or over.
Metropolitan area[edit]
Location of the Ames-Boone CSA and its components:
Ames Metropolitan Statistical Area
Boone Micropolitan Statistical Area
The U.S. Census Bureau designates the Ames metropolitan statistical area as encompassing all of Story County. While Ames is the largest city in Story County, the county seat is in the nearby city of Nevada 8 miles (13 km) east of Ames.
Ames metropolitan statistical area combined with the Boone, Iowa micropolitan statistical area (Boone County, Iowa) make up the larger Ames-Boone combined statistical area. Ames is the larger principal city of the Combined Statistical Area that includes all of Story County, Iowa and Boone County, Iowa.[17][18][19] which had a combined population of 106,205 at the 2000 census.[16]
Economy[edit]
Ames is home of Iowa State University of Science and Technology, a public land-grant and space-grant research university, and member of the prestigious Association of American Universities. At its founding in 1858, Iowa State was formerly known as the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Ames is the home of the closely allied U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Animal Disease Center (See Ames strain), the U.S. Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory (a major materials research and development facility), and the main offices of the Iowa Department of Transportation. State and Federal institutions are the largest employers in Ames.
Other area employers include a 3M manufacturing plant; Danfoss Power Solutions, a hydraulics manufacturer; Barilla, a pasta manufacturer; Ball, a manufacturer of canning jars and plastic bottles; Renewable Energy Group, America's largest producer of biomass-based diesel; and the National Farmers Organization.
The Iowa State University Research Park is a not-for-profit, business development incubator located in Ames, and affiliated with Iowa State University.[20]
In 2015, Ames was ranked in the top 15 "Cities That Have Done the Best Since the Recession" by Bloomberg Businessweek.[21]
The Bureau of Labor Statistics ranked Ames and Boulder, CO as having the lowest unemployment rate (2.5%) of any metropolitan area in the US in 2016.[22] By June 2018, unemployment in Ames had fallen even further, to 1.5%, and wage increases for workers were not keeping pace with rising rents.[23]
Top employers[edit]
According to Ames's 2015 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:
#
Employer
# of Employees
1 Iowa State University 15,695
2 Mary Greeley Medical Center 1,287
3 City of Ames 1,226
4 Iowa Department of Transportation 920
5 McFarland Clinic 910
6 Hy-Vee 790
7 Ames Community School District 679
8 Danfoss 650
9 Wal-Mart 435
10 Ames Laboratory 432
Arts and culture[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2010)
Velma Wallace Rayness Ames, Iowa was home to Gerard M. and Velma Wallace Rayness. Both artists taught art and were nationally recognized artists. Their art was exhibited nationally as well as abroad. Gerard died in the 1940s. Velma Wallace Rayness died in 1977. Velma Wallace Rayness usually signed her paintings "V.W. Rayness"
Ames Historical Society
Collects, preserves, and provides access to evidence of the history of Ames and its immediate vicinity from pre-settlement times to the present[24]
Brunnier Art Museum (Scheman Building)
Ames Public Library
The Ames Public Library is a Carnegie library[25] founded on October 20, 1904.[26] It currently has 1,386,273 items in circulations, including 799,349 books and 586,924 multimedia items.[27]
The Octagon Center for the Arts
The Center includes galleries, art classes, art studios, and retail shop. They sponsor the local street fair, The Octagon Arts Festival. Also have the Annual National Juried Exhibition Clay, Fiber, Paper Glass Metal, Wood.[28]
The Space for Ames
Formally known as the Ames Progressive, The Space for Ames was a community space that served as an art gallery, music venue and classroom for community workshops.[29]
Popular culture[edit]
The city is featured in the bestselling book The Girls from Ames written by Wall Street Journal columnist Jeffrey Zaslow. It examines the lives and friendships of several young girls who grew up in Ames and have moved on with their adult lives but still remain close.
The city was featured in the episode "Heartache" of the television show Supernatural.
The character "Kate Austen" from the television show Lost is from Ames.
Sports[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2010)
Iowa Sports Foundation.
The Iowa State University Cyclones play a variety of sports in the Ames area. The Cyclones' football team plays at Jack Trice Stadium near Ames. Also, the Cyclones' Men's and Women's Basketball teams and Volleyball team play at Hilton Coliseum just across the street from Jack Trice Stadium. The Iowa State Cyclones are a charter member of the Big 12 Conference in all sports and compete in NCAA Division I-A.
The Ames Figure Skating Club provides recreational to professional level skating opportunities. The club sponsors the Learn to Skate Program. Coaches provide on and off ice lessons or workshops. The club hosts the figure skating portion of the Iowa Games competition every summer. In the fall the club hosts Cyclone Country Championships. Every year the club puts on the Winter Gala. The big event is the annual Spring Ice Show where young to adult skaters can perform their best moves.
Parks and recreation[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2010)
The Ames area has a large number of parks and arboretums.
Specialized Parks:
Ada Hayden Heritage Park
Ames Dog Park
Bandshell Park
Charles & June Calhoun Park
Daley Park & Greenbelt
Furman Aquatic Center
Gateway Park
Greenbriar Park
Homewood Golf Course
Georgie Tsushima Memorial Skate Park
Squaw Creek (Community Gardens)
Community Parks:
Brookside Park
Daley Park & Greenbelt
Emma McCarthy Lee Park
Inis Grove Park
Moore Memorial Park
River Valley Park
Neighborhood Parks:
Bandshell Park
Christofferson Park
Duff Park
Franklin Park
Hutchison Park
Lloyd Kurtz Park
Moore Park (On Beach Ave)
Old Town Park
O'Neil Park
Parkview Park
Patio Homes West Park
Roosevelt Park
Stuart Smith Park
Teagarden Park
Education[edit]
Public high school in Ames
Ames High School: Grades 9–12
Public elementary/middle schools in Ames
David Edwards Elementary: K-5
Abbie Sawyer Elementary School: Grades K-5
Kate Mitchell Elementary School: Grades K-5
Warren H. Meeker Elementary School: Grades K-5
Gertrude Fellows Elementary School: Grades K-5
Ames Middle School: Grades 6–8
Private schools in Ames
Ames Christian School
Saint Cecilia School (preK – 5th grade)
Iowa State University[edit]
Iowa State University of Science and Technology, more commonly known as Iowa State University (ISU), is a public land-grant and space-grant research university located in Ames. Iowa State University is the birthplace of the Atanasoff–Berry Computer, the world's first electronic digital computer.[30] Iowa State has produced a number of astronauts, scientists, Nobel laureates,[31] Pulitzer Prize winners, and a variety of other notable individuals in their respective fields.[citation needed] Until 1945 it was known as the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. The university is a member of the American Association of Universities and the Big 12 Conference.
ISU is the nation's first designated land-grant university[32] In 1856, the Iowa General Assembly enacted legislation to establish the State Agricultural College and Model Farm. Story County was chosen as the location on June 21, 1859, from proposals by Johnson, Kossuth, Marshall, Polk, and Story counties. When Iowa accepted the provisions of the Morrill Act of 1862, Iowa State became the first institution in nation designated as a land-grant college. The institution was coeducational from the first preparatory class admitted in 1868. The formal admitting of students began the following year, and the first graduating class of 1872 consisted of 24 men and 2 women.[32]
The first building on the Iowa State campus was Farm House. Built in the 1860s, it currently serves as a museum and National Historic Landmark. Today, Iowa State has over 60 notable buildings, including Beardshear Hall, Morrill Hall, Memorial Union, Catt Hall, Curtiss Hall, Carver Hall, Parks Library, the Campanile, Hilton Coliseum, C.Y. Stephens Auditorium, Fisher Theater, Jack Trice Stadium, Lied Recreation Center, numerous residence halls, and many buildings specific to ISU's many different majors and colleges.
The official mascot for ISU is Cy the Cardinal. The official school colors are cardinal and gold. The Iowa State Cyclones play in the NCAA's Division I-A as a member of the Big 12 Conference.
Media[edit]
Online and newsprint
Ames Tribune, Tuesday-Sunday paper produced in Ames.
Iowa State Daily, independent student newspaper produced at Iowa State University.
The Des Moines Register also provides extensive coverage of Iowa news and sports to Ames.
Story County Sun, weekly newspaper that covers the entire county published in Ames.
Radio stations licensed to Ames
KURE, student radio operated at Iowa State University.
WOI-FM, Iowa Public Radio's flagship "Studio One" station, broadcasting an NPR news format during the day and a music format in the evening, owned and operated at Iowa State University.
WOI (AM), Iowa Public Radio's flagship station delivering a 24-hour news format consisting mainly of NPR programming, owned and operated at Iowa State University.
KMYR, Adult Contemporary station licensed to Ames, but operated in Des Moines.
KCYZ, Hot Adult Contemporary station owned and operated by Clear Channel in Ames.
KASI, news/talk station owned and operated by Clear Channel in Ames.
KHOI, Community Radio station licensed to Story City with studios in Ames. KHOI broadcasts music and local public affairs programs and is affiliated with the Pacifica Radio network.
Ames is also served by stations in the Des Moines media market, which includes Clear Channel's 50,000-watt talk station WHO, music stations KAZR, KDRB, KGGO, KKDM, KDXA, KHKI, KIOA, KJJY, KRNT, KSPZ and KSTZ, talk station KWQW, and sports station KXNO,
Television
Like radio, Ames is served by the Des Moines media market. WOI-DT, the ABC affiliate in central Iowa, was originally owned and operated by Iowa State University until the 1990s. The station is still licensed to Ames, but studio's are located in West Des Moines. Other stations serving Ames include KCCI, KDIN-TV, WHO-DT, KCWI-TV, KDMI, KDSM-TV and KFPX.
Infrastructure[edit]
Transportation[edit]
City power plant at night blows steam into the air.
The town is served by U.S. Highways 30 and 69 and Interstate 35. Ames is the only town in Iowa with a population of greater than 50,000 that does not have a state highway serving it. As of 2015[update], Ames does not have any roundabouts, though a project to create three roundabouts is planned.[33]
Ames was serviced by the Fort Dodge, Des Moines and Southern Railroad via a branch from Kelley to Iowa State University and to downtown Ames. The tracks were removed in the 1960s. The Chicago and North Western Transportation Company twin mainline runs east and west bisecting the town and running just south of the downtown business district. The C&NW used to operate a branch to Des Moines. This line was removed in the 1980s when the Spine Line through Nevada was purchased from the Rock Island Railroad after its bankruptcy. The Union Pacific, successor to the C&NW, still runs 60–70 trains a day through Ames on twin mainlines, which leads to some traffic delays. There is also a branch to Eagle Grove that leaves Ames to the north. The Union Pacific maintains a small yard called Ames Yard east of Ames between Ames and Nevada. Ames has been testing automatic train horns at several of its crossings. These directional horns which are focused down the streets are activated when the crossing signals turn on and are shut off after the train crosses the crossing. This system cancels out the need for the trains to blow their horns. Train noise had been a problem in the residential areas to the west and northwest of downtown.
Ames Municipal Airport is located 1-mile (1.6 km) southeast of the city. The current (and only) FBO is Hap's Air Service, a company which has been based at the airport since 1975. The airport has two runways – 01/19, which is 5,700 by 100 feet (1,737 m × 30 m), and 13/31, which is 3,492 by 100 feet (1,064 m × 30 m).
The City of Ames offers a transit system throughout town, called CyRide, that is funded jointly by Iowa State University, the ISU Government of the Student Body, and the City of Ames. Rider fares are subsidized through this funding, and are free for children under five. Students pay a set cost as part of their tuition.
In 2009, the Ames metropolitan statistical area (MSA) ranked as the third highest in the United States for percentage of commuters who walked to work (10.4 percent).[34]
Ames has the headquarters of the Iowa Department of Transportation.[35]
Health care[edit]
Ames is served by Mary Greeley Medical Center, a 220-bed regional referral hospital which is adjacent to McFarland Clinic PC, central Iowa's largest physician-owned multi-specialty clinic, and also Iowa Heart Center.
Notable people[edit]
This is a list of notable people associated with Ames, Iowa arranged by career and in alphabetical order.
Acting[edit]
Evan Helmuth, actor (Fever Pitch, The Devil Inside)[36]
Artists and photographers[edit]
John E. Buck, sculptor
Margaret Lloyd, opera singer
Laurel Nakadate, American video artist, filmmaker and photographer
Velma Wallace Rayness (1896–1977), author and artist, painted "Roof Tops in Fall"[37]
Brian Smith, Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer, born July 16, 1959
Musician[edit]
John Darnielle, musician from indie rock band The Mountain Goats; former Ames resident
Envy Corps, indie rock band
Leslie Hall, electronic rap musician/Gem Sweater collector, born in Ames in 1981
Peter Schickele, musician, born in Ames in 1935
Richie Hayward, drummer and founding member of the band Little Feat; former Ames resident and graduate of Ames High School
Journalists[edit]
Robert Bartley, editorial page editor of The Wall Street Journal and a Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient; raised in Ames and ISU graduate
Wally Bruner, ABC News journalist and television host
Michael Gartner, former president of NBC News; retired to own and publish the Ames Tribune
Politicians[edit]
Ruth Bascom, Mayor of Eugene, Oregon
Edward Mezvinsky, former U.S. Congressman who led the impeachment of Richard Nixon; father-in-law of Chelsea Clinton; raised in Ames
Bob Walkup, Mayor of Tucson, Arizona
Sports[edit]
Harrison Barnes, No. 1 ranked high school basketball recruit from class of 2010, Ames HS graduate, high school teammate of Doug McDermott, drafted by the Golden State Warriors in 2012. Won NBA title with Warriors in 2015, starter for Warriors in record-breaking 73-win season in 2015-2016, Olympic Gold Medalist in basketball in 2016 Rio Olympics
Juan Sebastián Botero, soccer player
Kip Corrington, NFL player
Terry Hoage, NFL player
Fred Hoiberg, retired NBA basketball player; raised in Ames, ISU graduate, former ISU basketball coach and current coach of the Chicago Bulls
Doug McDermott, popularly nicknamed Dougie McFreedom; current NBA player with the Oklahoma City Thunder; 3-time All-American at Creighton University and consensus NCAA Division I men's basketball player of the year in 2014; high school teammate of Harrison Barnes
Cael Sanderson, U.S. Olympic gold medalist; undefeated, four-time NCAA wrestling champion; former ISU wrestling coach and alumnus
Herb Sies, pro football player and coach
Billy Sunday, evangelist and Major League Baseball player; born in Ames in 1863
Fred Tisue, Olympian water polo player
Scientists[edit]
George Washington Carver, inventor, Iowa State University alumnus and professor
Laurel Blair Salton Clark, astronaut, died on STS-107
Charles W. "Chuck" Durham, civil engineer, philanthropist, civic leader, former CEO and chairman Emeritus of HDR, Inc.; raised in Ames
Lyle Goodhue, scientist, lived and studied here 1925–1934
Dan Shechtman, awarded 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "the discovery of quasicrystals"; Professor of Materials Science at Iowa State University (2004–present) and Associate at the Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory
George W. Snedecor, statistician, founder of first academic department of statistics in the United States at Iowa State University
Writers and poets[edit]
Ann Cotten, poet, born in Ames, grew up in Vienna
Brian Evenson, author
Jane Espenson, writer and producer for television, including Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Star Trek: The Next Generation, grew up in Ames
Michelle Hoover, author, born in Ames[38]
Fern Kupfer, author
Ted Kooser, U.S. Poet Laureate; raised in Ames and ISU graduate
John Madson, freelance naturalist of tallgrass prairie ecosystems[39]
Sara Paretsky, author of the V.I. Warshawski mysteries; born in Ames in 1947
Jane Smiley, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist; former instructor at ISU (1981–1996); used ISU as the basis for her novel Moo
Neal Stephenson, author, grew up in Ames
Hugh Young, coauthor of University Physics textbook
Other[edit]
Neva Morris, at her death (2010) second-oldest person in the world and oldest American at the age of 114 years; lived in Ames her entire life
Other topics[edit]
Politics[edit]
Iowa is a political "battleground state" that has trended slightly Democratic in recent years, and Ames, like Iowa City, also trends Democratic. Because Iowa is the first caucus state and Ames is a college town, it is the site of many political appearances, debates and events, especially during election years.
From 1979 through 2011, Ames was the location of the Ames Straw Poll, which was held every August prior to a presidential election year in which the Republican presidential nomination was undecided (meaning there was no Republican president running for re-election—as in 2011, 2007, 1999, 1995, 1987, and 1979). The poll would gauge support for the various Republican candidates amongst attendees of a fundraising dinner benefiting the Iowa Republican Party. The straw poll was frequently seen by national media and party insiders as a first test of organizational strength in Iowa.[40] In 2015, the straw poll was to be moved to nearby Boone before the Iowa Republican Party eventually decided to cancel it altogether.[41]
See also[edit]
Iowa portal
Ames process
North Grand Mall
Reiman Gardens
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ 2010 Census Urban Area List Archived October 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau. "Cumulative Estimates of Population Change for Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Rankings: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008". Retrieved July 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Ames city, Iowa". Retrieved July 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "FINAL ENROLLMENT – SPRING 2012" (PDF). ISU Registrar's Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 1, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "National Animal Disease Center : Home". Ars.usda.gov. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "USDA – Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) – Animal Health – Veterinary Services". Aphis.usda.gov. August 13, 2009. Archived from the original on September 15, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Best Places to Live 2010". CNN.
Jump up ^ Chicago and North Western Railway Company (1908). A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways. p. 37.
Jump up ^ "Ames Origin". Ames Historical Society. Archived from the original on March 22, 2014. Retrieved Mar 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
Jump up ^ Average weather for Ames Archived June 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Weather Channel Retrieved April 8, 2008
Jump up ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
Jump up ^ Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Components Archived May 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., Office of Management and Budget, May 11, 2007. Accessed August 1, 2008.
Jump up ^ Micropolitan Statistical Areas and Components Archived June 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., Office of Management and Budget, May 11, 2007. Accessed August 1, 2008.
Jump up ^ Combined Statistical Areas and Component Core Based Statistical Areas Archived June 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., Office of Management and Budget, May 11, 2007. Accessed August 1, 2008.
Jump up ^ Wirth, Eric (February 24, 2015). "ISU Research Park: Hiding in Plain Sight". Iowa State University.
Jump up ^ Verge, Julie (June 15, 2015). "Here Are the 15 Cities That Have Done the Best (and the Worst) Since the Recession". Bloomberg Businessweek. Bloomberg LLC.
Jump up ^ "Ames, Iowa, and Boulder, Colorado, had the lowest unemployment rates in January 2016". TED: The Economics Daily. US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. March 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Franckel, Todd C (August 15, 2018). "Stuck in a belligerent doldrum': Wages rise in the nation's hottest job market — but so do costs". Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-08-18.
Jump up ^ Ames Historical Society. "AHS website". Retrieved May 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ University of Iowa (2010). "Home – Carnegie Libraries in Iowa Project". Retrieved December 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ames Public Library. "History of APL". Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved December 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ames Public Library (2009). "Facts & Figures". Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved December 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Art Matters". Octagon Center for the Arts. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Events". Ames Progressive. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ The First Electronic Computer by Arthur W. Burks
Jump up ^ Danielson, Dar. "Nobel Prize winner returns to Iowa State to talk about the experience". Radio Iowa. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
^ Jump up to: a b Iowa State University Time Line, 1858–1874 Archived May 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.Website.
Jump up ^ Erickson, Melissa (January 14, 2015). "University Boulevard plans include Ames' first roundabouts". Ames Tribune. 147 (170). pp. A1, A4.
Jump up ^ "Commuting in the United States: 2009" (PDF). American Community Survey Reports. September 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Where We Are Located Archived July 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.." Iowa Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Emke, Dave (2017-07-28). "Obituary: Actor Evan Helmuth, 40, Lived in Reston as a Boy". RestonNow.com. Retrieved 2017-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Gerard and Velma Rayness Papers, 1861–1979, undated". Iowa State University. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Contemporary Authors Online". Biography in Context. Gale. 2011. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Price, John T. The Tallgrass Prairie Reader. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press. p. 184.
Jump up ^ "Iowa Saturday". CNN. August 14, 1999.
Jump up ^ "The Iowa Straw Poll is dead". The Des Moines Register. June 12, 2015.
External links[edit]
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Official Ames City Website
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Municipalities and communities of Story County, Iowa, United States
County seat: Nevada
Cities
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Biogeochemical cycle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
An illustration of the oceanic whale pump showing how whales cycle nutrients through the water column
In ecology and Earth science, a biogeochemical cycle or substance turnover or cycling of substances is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth. There are biogeochemical cycles for carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and water; and there are human-induced cycles such as those for mercury and atrazine. In some cycles there are reservoirs where a substance remains for a long period of time (such as an ocean or lake for water).
Contents
1 Systems
2 Reservoirs
3 Important cycles
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Systems[edit]
Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis and are found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms. These are Chloroplasts visible in the cells of Plagiomnium affine — Many-fruited Thyme-moss.
Ecological systems (ecosystems) have many biogeochemical cycles operating as a part of the system, for example the water cycle, the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, etc. All chemical elements occurring in organisms are part of biogeochemical cycles. In addition to being a part of living organisms, these chemical elements also cycle through abiotic factors of ecosystems such as water (hydrosphere), land (lithosphere), and/or the air (atmosphere).[1]
The living factors of the planet can be referred to collectively as the biosphere. All the nutrients—such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur—used in ecosystems by living organisms are a part of a closed system; therefore, these chemicals are recycled instead of being lost and replenished constantly such as in an open system.[1]
The flow of energy in an ecosystem is an open system; the sun constantly gives the planet energy in the form of light while it is eventually used and lost in the form of heat throughout the trophic levels of a food web. Carbon is used to make carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, the major sources of food energy. These compounds are oxidized to release carbon dioxide, which can be captured by plants to make organic compounds. The chemical reaction is powered by the light energy of the sun.
It is possible for an ecosystem to obtain energy without sunlight. Carbon must be combined with hydrogen and oxygen in order to be utilized as an energy source, and this process depends on sunlight. Ecosystems in the deep sea, where no sunlight can penetrate, use sulfur. Hydrogen sulfide near hydrothermal vents can be utilized by organisms such as the giant tube worm. In the sulfur cycle, sulfur can be forever recycled as a source of energy. Energy can be released through the oxidation and reduction of sulfur compounds (e.g., oxidizing elemental sulfur to sulfite and then to sulfate).
Although the Earth constantly receives energy from the sun, its chemical composition is essentially fixed, as additional matter is only occasionally added by meteorites. Because this chemical composition is not replenished like energy, all processes that depend on these chemicals must be recycled. These cycles include both the living biosphere and the nonliving lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere.
Reservoirs[edit]
Coal is a reservoir of carbon.
The chemicals are sometimes held for long periods of time in one place. This place is called a reservoir, which, for example, includes such things as coal deposits that are storing carbon for a long period of time.[2] When chemicals are held for only short periods of time, they are being held in exchange pools. Examples of exchange pools include plants and animals.[2]
Plants and animals utilize carbon to produce carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, which can then be used to build their internal structures or to obtain energy. Plants and animals temporarily use carbon in their systems and then release it back into the air or surrounding medium. Generally, reservoirs are abiotic factors whereas exchange pools are biotic factors. Carbon is held for a relatively short time in plants and animals in comparison to coal deposits. The amount of time that a chemical is held in one place is called its residence.[2]
Important cycles[edit]
The most well-known and important biogeochemical cycles are shown below:
Carbon cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Nutrient cycle
Oxygen cycle
Phosphorus cycle
Sulfur cycle
Rock cycle
Water cycle
There are many biogeochemical cycles that are currently being studied for the first time as climate change and human impacts are drastically changing the speed, intensity, and balance of these relatively unknown cycles. These newly studied biogeochemical cycles include
the mercury cycle,[3] and
the human-caused cycle of atrazine, which may affect certain species.
Biogeochemical cycles always involve hot equilibrium states: a balance in the cycling of the element between compartments. However, overall balance may involve compartments distributed on a global scale.
As biogeochemical cycles describe the movements of substances on the entire globe, the study of these is inherently multidisciplinary. The carbon cycle may be related to research in ecology and atmospheric sciences.[4] Biochemical dynamics would also be related to the fields of geology and pedology (soil study).[5]
Functions of biogeochemical cycles
They assist in the functioning of the ecosystem.
They facilitate the storage of elements.
They enable the transformation of matter from one form to another.
They regulate the flow of substances.
See also[edit]
Environment portal
Ecology portal
Earth sciences portal
Sustainable development portal
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Biogeochemical cycle
Biogeochemistry
Biodiversity
Bioregion
Soil zoology
GEOTRACES
Natural environment
Nature
Recycling (ecological)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Biogeochemical Cycles". The Environmental Literacy Council. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Baedke, Steve J.; Fichter, Lynn S. "Biogeochemical Cycles: Carbon Cycle". Supplimental Lecture Notes for Geol 398. James Madison University. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mercury Cycling in the Environment". Wisconsin Water Science Center. United States Geological Survey. 10 January 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ McGuire, 1A. D.; Lukina, N. V. (2007). "Biogeochemical cycles". In Groisman, P.; Bartalev, S. A.; NEESPI Science Plan Development Team. Northern Eurasia earth science partnership initiative (NEESPI), Science plan overview (PDF). Global Planetary Change. 56. pp. 215–234. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Distributed Active Archive Center for Biogeochemical Dynamics". daac.ornl.gov. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Butcher, Samuel S., ed. (1993). Global biogeochemical cycles. London: Academic Press. ISBN 9780080954707.
Exley, C (15 September 2003). "A biogeochemical cycle for aluminium?". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 97 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1016/S0162-0134(03)00274-5.
Jacobson, Michael C.; Charlson, Robert J.; Rodhe, Henning; Orians, Gordon H. (2000). Earth system science from biogeochemical cycles to global change (2nd ed.). San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press. ISBN 9780080530642.
Palmeri, Luca; Barausse,, Alberto; Jorgensen, Sven Erik (2013). "12. Biogeochemical cycles". Ecological processes handbook. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781466558489.
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Biogeochemical cycles
Cycles
Carbon cycle
Hydrogen cycle
Iron cycle
Mercury cycle
Mineral cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Oxygen cycle
ozone
Phosphorus cycle
Rock cycle
Selenium cycle
Sulfur cycle
Water cycle
Research groups
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G0 phase
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Many mammal cells, such as this 9x H neuron, remain permanently or semipermanently in G0.
The G0 phase describes a cellular state outside of the replicative cell cycle. Classically, cells were thought to enter G0 primarily due to environmental factors, like nutrient deprivation, that limited the resources necessary for proliferation. Thus it was thought of as a resting phase. G0 is now known to take different forms and occur for multiple reasons. For example, most adult neuronal cells, among the most metabolically active cells in the body, are fully differentiated and reside in a terminal G0 phase. Neurons reside in this state, not because of stochastic or limited nutrient supply, but because it's part of their internal genetic programming.
G0 was first suggested as a cell state based on early cell cycle studies. When the first studies defined the four phases of the cell cycle using radioactive labeling techniques, it was discovered that not all cells in a population proliferate at similar rates.[1] A population’s “growth fraction” – or the fraction of the population that was growing – was actively proliferating, but other cells existed in a non-proliferative state. Some of these non-proliferating cells could respond to extrinsic stimuli and proliferate by re-entering the cell cycle.[2] Early contrasting views either considered non-proliferating cells to simply be in an extended G1 phase or in a cell cycle phase distinct from G1 – termed G0.[3] Subsequent research pointed to a restriction point (R-point) in G1 where cells can enter G0 before the R-point but are committed to mitosis after the R-point.[4] These early studies provided evidence for the existence of a G0 state to which access is restricted.
Contents
[hide]
1 Diversity of G0 states
2 Examples of reversible G0 phase
2.1 Tissue stem cells
2.2 Mature hepatocytes
3 Examples of irreversible G0 phase
3.1 Senescent cells
3.2 Differentiated muscle
3.3 Differentiated bone
3.4 Differentiated nerve
4 References
Diversity of G0 states[edit]
Three G0 states exist and can be categorized as either reversible (quiescent) or irreversible (senescent and differentiated). Each of these three states can be entered from the G1 phase before the cell commits to the next round of the cell cycle. Quiescence refers to a reversible G0 state where subpopulations of cells reside in a 'quiescent' state before entering the cell cycle after activation in response to extrinsic signals. Quiescent cells are often identified by low RNA content, lack of cell proliferation markers, and increased label retention indicating low cell turnover.[5][6] Senescence is distinct from quiescence because senescence is an irreversible state that cells enter in response to DNA damage or degradation that would make a cell's progeny nonviable. Such DNA damage can occur from telomere shortening over many cell divisions as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) exposure, oncogene activation, and cell-cell fusion. While senescent cells can no longer replicate, they remain able to perform many normal cellular functions.[7][8][9][10] Senescence is often a biochemical alternative to the self-destruction of such a damaged cell by apoptosis. In contrast to cellular senescence, quiescence is not a reactive event but part of the core programming of several different cell types. Finally, differentiated cells are stem cells that have progressed through a differentiation program to reach a mature – terminally differentiated – state. Differentiated cells continue to stay in G0 and perform their main functions indefinitely.
Examples of reversible G0 phase[edit]
Tissue stem cells[edit]
Stem cells are cells with the unique ability to produce differentiated daughter cells and to preserve their stem cell identity through self-renewal.[11] In mammals, most adult tissues contain tissue-specific stem cells that reside in the tissue and proliferate to maintain homeostasis for the lifespan of the organism. These cells can undergo immense proliferation in response to tissue damage before differentiating and engaging in regeneration. Some tissue stem cells exist in a reversible, quiescent state indefinitely until being activated by external stimuli. Many different types of tissue stem cells exist, including muscle stem cells (MuSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), intestinal stem cells (ISCs), and many others.
Stem cell quiescence has been recently suggested to be composed of two distinct functional phases, G0 and an ‘alert’ phase termed GAlert.[12] Stem cells are believed to actively and reversibly transition between these phases to respond to injury stimuli and seem to gain enhanced tissue regenerative function in GAlert. Thus, transition into GAlert has been proposed as an adaptive response that enables stem cells to rapidly respond to injury or stress by priming them for cell cycle entry. In muscle stem cells, mTORC1 activity has been identified to control the transition from G0 into GAlert along with signaling through the HGF receptor cMet.[12]
Mature hepatocytes[edit]
While a reversible quiescent state is perhaps most important for tissue stem cells to respond quickly to stimuli and maintain proper homeostasis and regeneration, reversible G0 phases can be found in non-stem cells such as mature hepatocytes.[13] Hepatocytes are typically quiescent in normal livers but undergo limited replication (less than 2 cell divisions) during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. However, in certain cases, hepatocytes can experience immense proliferation (more than 70 cell divisions) indicating that their proliferation capacity is not hampered by existing in a reversible quiescent state.[13]
Examples of irreversible G0 phase[edit]
Senescent cells[edit]
Often associated with aging and age-related diseases in vivo, senescent cells can be found in many renewable tissues, including the stroma, vasculature, hematopoietic system, and many epithelial organs. Resulting from accumulation over many cell divisions, senescence is often seen in age-associated degenerative phenotypes. Senescent fibroblasts in models of breast epithelial cell function have been found to disrupt milk protein production due to secretion of matrix metalloproteinases.[14] Similarly, senescent pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells caused nearby smooth muscle cells to proliferate and migrate, perhaps contributing to hypertrophy of pulmonary arteries and eventually pulmonary hypertension.[15]
Differentiated muscle[edit]
During skeletal myogenesis, cycling progenitor cells known as myoblasts differentiate and fuse together into non-cycling muscle cells called myocytes that remain in a terminal G0 phase.[16] As a result, the fibers that make up skeletal muscle (myofibers) are cells with multiple nuclei, referred to as myonuclei, since each myonucleus originated from a single myoblast. Skeletal muscle cells continue indefinitely to provide contractile force through simultaneous contractions of cellular structures called sarcomeres. Importantly, these cells are kept in a terminal G0 phase since disruption of muscle fiber structure after myofiber formation would prevent proper transmission of force through the length of the muscle. Muscle growth can be stimulated by growth or injury and involves the recruitment of muscle stem cells – also known as satellite cells – out of a reversible quiescent state. These stem cells differentiate and fuse to generate new muscle fibers both in parallel and in series to increase force generation capacity.
Cardiac muscle is also formed through myogenesis but instead of recruiting stem cells to fuse and form new cells, heart muscle cells – known as cardiomyocytes – simply increase in size as the heart grows larger. Similarly to skeletal muscle, if cardiomyocytes had to continue dividing to add muscle tissue the contractile structures necessary for heart function would be disrupted.
Differentiated bone[edit]
Of the four major types of bone cells, osteocytes are the most common and also exist in a terminal G0 phase. Osteocytes arise from osteoblasts that are trapped within a self-secreted matrix. While osteocytes also have reduced synthetic activity, they still serve bone functions besides generating structure. Osteocytes work through various mechanosensory mechanisms to assist in the routine turnover over bony matrix.
Differentiated nerve[edit]
Outside of a few neurogenic niches in the brain, most neurons are fully differentiated and reside in a terminal G0 phase. These fully differentiated neurons form synapses where electrical signals are transmitted by axons to the dendrites of nearby neurons. In this G0 state, neurons continue functioning until senescence or apoptosis.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Howard, Alma; Pelc, S.R. (2009). "Synthesis of Desoxyribonucleic Acid in Normal and Irradiated Cells and Its Relation to Chromosome Breakage". International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine. 49 (2): 207–218. doi:10.1080/09553008514552501. ISSN 0020-7616.
Jump up ^ Baserga, Renato (2008). "BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE CELL CYCLE: A REVIEW". Cell Proliferation. 1 (2): 167–191. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2184.1968.tb00957.x. ISSN 0960-7722.
Jump up ^ Patt, Harvey; Quastler, Henry (1963). "Radiation Effects on Cell Renewal and Related Systems". Physiological Reviews. 43 (3): 357–396.
Jump up ^ Pardee, Arthur (1974). "A Restriction Point for Control of Normal Animal Cell Proliferation". PNAS. 71 (4): 1286–1290. doi:10.1073/pnas.71.4.1286. PMC 388211  . PMID 4524638.
Jump up ^ Hüttmann, A (2001). "Functional heterogeneity within rhodamine123lo Hoechst33342lo/sp primitive hemopoietic stem cells revealed by pyronin Y". Experimental Hematology. 29 (9): 1109–1116. doi:10.1016/S0301-472X(01)00684-1. ISSN 0301-472X.
Jump up ^ Fukada, So-ichiro; Uezumi, Akiyoshi; Ikemoto, Madoka; Masuda, Satoru; Segawa, Masashi; Tanimura, Naoki; Yamamoto, Hiroshi; Miyagoe-Suzuki, Yuko; Takeda, Shin'ichi (2007). "Molecular Signature of Quiescent Satellite Cells in Adult Skeletal Muscle". Stem Cells. 25 (10): 2448–2459. doi:10.1634/stemcells.2007-0019. ISSN 1066-5099.
Jump up ^ Hayflick L; Moorhead PS (December 1961). "The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains". Exp. Cell Res. 25: 585–621. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(61)90192-6. PMID 13905658.
Jump up ^ Campisi, Judith (February 2013). "Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer". Annual Review of Physiology. 75: 685–705. doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183653. PMC 4166529  . PMID 23140366.
Jump up ^ Rodier, F.; Campisi, J. (14 February 2011). "Four faces of cellular senescence". The Journal of Cell Biology. 192 (4): 547–556. doi:10.1083/jcb.201009094.
Jump up ^ Burton, Dominick G. A.; Krizhanovsky, Valery (31 July 2014). "Physiological and pathological consequences of cellular senescence". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 71 (22): 4373–4386. doi:10.1007/s00018-014-1691-3.
Jump up ^ Weissman, Irving L (2000). "Stem Cells". Cell. 100 (1): 157–168. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81692-X. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 10647940.
^ Jump up to: a b Rodgers, Joseph T.; King, Katherine Y.; Brett, Jamie O.; Cromie, Melinda J.; Charville, Gregory W.; Maguire, Katie K.; Brunson, Christopher; Mastey, Namrata; Liu, Ling; Tsai, Chang-Ru; Goodell, Margaret A.; Rando, Thomas A. (2014). "mTORC1 controls the adaptive transition of quiescent stem cells from G0 to GAlert". Nature. 510: 393–6. doi:10.1038/nature13255. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 4065227  . PMID 24870234.
^ Jump up to: a b Fausto, Nelson (2004). "Liver regeneration and repair: Hepatocytes, progenitor cells, and stem cells". Hepatology. 39 (6): 1477–1487. doi:10.1002/hep.20214. ISSN 0270-9139.
Jump up ^ Downward, Julian; Coppé, Jean-Philippe; Patil, Christopher K; Rodier, Francis; Sun, Yu; Muñoz, Denise P; Goldstein, Joshua; Nelson, Peter S; Desprez, Pierre-Yves; Campisi, Judith (2008). "Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotypes Reveal Cell-Nonautonomous Functions of Oncogenic RAS and the p53 Tumor Suppressor". PLoS Biology. 6 (12): e301. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060301. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 2592359  . PMID 19053174.
Jump up ^ Noureddine, H.; Gary-Bobo, G.; Alifano, M.; Marcos, E.; Saker, M.; Vienney, N.; Amsellem, V.; Maitre, B.; Chaouat, A.; Chouaid, C.; Dubois-Rande, J.-L.; Damotte, D.; Adnot, S. (2011). "Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Senescence Is a Pathogenic Mechanism for Pulmonary Hypertension in Chronic Lung Disease". Circulation Research. 109 (5): 543–553. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.241299. ISSN 0009-7330. PMC 3375237  . PMID 21719760.
Jump up ^ page 395, Biology, Fifth Edition, Campbell, 1999
[hide]
v
t
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Cell cycle proteins
Cyclin
A (A1, A2)
B (B1, B2, B3)
D (D1, D2, D3)
E (E1, E2)
CDK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CDK-activating kinase
CDK inhibitor
INK4a/ARF (p14arf/p16, p15, p18, p19)
cip/kip (p21, p27, p57)
P53 p63 p73 family
p53
p63
p73
Other
Cdc2
Cdc25
Cdc42
Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein
E2F
Maturation promoting factor
Wee
Cullin (CUL7)
Phases and
checkpoints
Interphase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase
Mitosis (Preprophase
Prophase
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Cytokinesis
Cell cycle checkpoints
Restriction point
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Other cellular phases
Apoptosis
G0 phase
Meiosis
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