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Fraud
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In law, fraud is deliberate deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain, or to deprive a victim of a legal right. Fraud itself can be a civil wrong (i.e., a fraud victim may sue the fraud perpetrator to avoid the fraud or recover monetary compensation), a criminal wrong (i.e., a fraud perpetrator may be prosecuted and imprisoned by governmental authorities), or it may cause no loss of money, property or legal right but still be an element of another civil or criminal wrong.[1] The purpose of fraud may be monetary gain or other benefits, such as obtaining a passport or travel document, driver's license or qualifying for a mortgage by way of false statements.[2]
A hoax is a distinct concept that involves deliberate deception without the intention of gain or of materially damaging or depriving a victim.
Contents
1 As a civil wrong
2 As a criminal offence
3 By region
4 North America
4.1 Canada
4.2 United States
4.2.1 Criminal fraud
4.2.2 Civil fraud
5 Pacific Asia
5.1 China
6 Europe
6.1 United Kingdom
6.1.1 England, Wales, and Northern Ireland
6.1.2 Scotland
6.1.3 Serious Fraud Office
6.1.4 National Fraud Authority
6.1.5 Cifas
7 Cost
8 Types of fraudulent acts
9 Anti-fraud movements
10 Detection
11 Notable fraudsters
12 Related
13 See also
14 References
15 Further reading
16 External links
As a civil wrong[edit]
In common law jurisdictions, as a civil wrong, fraud is a tort. While the precise definitions and requirements of proof vary among jurisdictions, the requisite elements of fraud as a tort generally are the intentional misrepresentation or concealment of an important fact upon which the victim is meant to rely, and in fact does rely, to the harm of the victim.[3] Proving fraud in a court of law is often said to be difficult.[citation needed] That difficulty is found, for instance, in that each and every one of the elements of fraud must be proven, that the elements include proving the states of mind of the perpetrator and the victim, and that some jurisdictions require the victim to prove fraud by clear and convincing evidence.[citation needed]
The remedies for fraud may include rescission (i.e., reversal) of a fraudulently obtained agreement or transaction, the recovery of a monetary award to compensate for the harm caused, punitive damages to punish or deter the misconduct, and possibly others.[citation needed]
In cases of a fraudulently induced contract, fraud may serve as a defense in a civil action for breach of contract or specific performance of contract.
Fraud may serve as a basis for a court to invoke its equitable jurisdiction.
As a criminal offence[edit]
In common law jurisdictions, as a criminal offence, fraud takes many different forms, some general (e.g., theft by false pretense) and some specific to particular categories of victims or misconduct (e.g., bank fraud, insurance fraud, forgery). The elements of fraud as a crime similarly vary. The requisite elements of perhaps the most general form of criminal fraud, theft by false pretense, are the intentional deception of a victim by false representation or pretense with the intent of persuading the victim to part with property and with the victim parting with property in reliance on the representation or pretense and with the perpetrator intending to keep the property from the victim.[4]
By region[edit]
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (June 2018)
North America[edit]
Canada[edit]
Section 380(1) of the Criminal Code provides the general definition for fraud in Canada:
380. (1) Every one who, by deceit, falsehood or other fraudulent means, whether or not it is a false pretence within the meaning of this Act, defrauds the public or any person, whether ascertained or not, of any property, money or valuable security or any service,
(a) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to a term of imprisonment not exceeding fourteen years, where the subject-matter of the offence is a testamentary instrument or the value of the subject-matter of the offence exceeds five thousand dollars; or
(b) is guilty
(i) of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years, or
(ii) of an offence punishable on summary conviction, where the value of the subject-matter of the offence does not exceed five thousand dollars.[5]
In addition to the penalties outlined above, the court can also issue a prohibition order under s. 380.2 (preventing a person from "seeking, obtaining or continuing any employment, or becoming or being a volunteer in any capacity, that involves having authority over the real property, money or valuable security of another person"). It can also make a restitution order under s. 380.3.[6]
The Canadian courts have held that the offence consists of two distinct elements:
A prohibited act of deceit, falsehood or other fraudulent means. In the absence of deceit or falsehood, the courts will look objectively for a "dishonest act"; and
The deprivation must be caused by the prohibited act, and deprivation must relate to property, money, valuable security, or any service.[7]
The Supreme Court of Canada has held that deprivation is satisfied on proof of detriment, prejudice or risk of prejudice; it is not essential that there be actual loss.[8] Deprivation of confidential information, in the nature of a trade secret or copyrighted material that has commercial value, has also been held to fall within the scope of the offence.[9]
United States[edit]
Criminal fraud[edit]
The proof requirements for criminal fraud charges in the United States are essentially the same as the requirements for other crimes: guilt must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Throughout the United States fraud charges can be misdemeanors or felonies depending on the amount of loss involved. High value frauds can also include additional penalties. For example, in California losses of $500,000 or more will result in an extra two, three, or five years in prison in addition to the regular penalty for the fraud.[10]
The U.S. government's 2006 fraud review concluded that fraud is a significantly under-reported crime, and while various agencies and organizations were attempting to tackle the issue, greater co-operation was needed to achieve a real impact in the public sector.[11] The scale of the problem pointed to the need for a small but high-powered body to bring together the numerous counter-fraud initiatives that existed.
According to Bloomberg, auto loan application fraud rates in the United States has been steadily rising over the past few years. This type of fraud expected to double from about $2–3 billion in 2015 to $4–6 billion in 2017.[12]
Civil fraud[edit]
Although elements may vary by jurisdiction and the specific allegations made by a plaintiff who files a lawsuit that alleged fraud, typical elements of a fraud case in the United States are that:[13]
Somebody misrepresents a material fact in order to obtain action or forbearance by another person;
The other person relies upon the misrepresentation; and
The other person suffers injury as a result of the act or forbearance taken in reliance upon the misrepresentation.
To establish a civil claim of fraud, most jurisdictions in the United States require that each element of a fraud claim be pleaded with particularity and be proved by a preponderance of the evidence,[14] meaning that it is more likely than not that the fraud occurred. Some jurisdictions impose a higher evidentiary standard, such as Washington State's requirement that the elements of fraud be proved with clear, cogent, and convincing evidence (very probable evidence),[15] or Pennsylvania's requirement that common law fraud be proved by clear and convincing evidence.[16]
The measure of damages in fraud cases is normally computed using one of two rules:[17]
The "benefit of bargain" rule, which allows for recovery of damages in the amount of the difference between the value of the property had it been as represented and its actual value;
Out-of-pocket loss, which allows for the recovery of damages in the amount of the difference between the value of what was given and the value of what was received.
Special damages may be allowed if shown to have been proximately caused by defendant's fraud and the damage amounts are proved with specificity.
Many jurisdictions permit a plaintiff in a fraud case to seek punitive or exemplary damages.[18]
Pacific Asia[edit]
China[edit]
Zhang Yingyu's story collection The Book of Swindles (available here; ca. 1617) testifies to rampant commercial fraud, especially involving itinerant businessmen, in late Ming China.[19] The journal Science reported in 2017 that fraud is rife in Chinese academia, resulting in numerous article retractions and harm to China's international prestige.[20] The Economist, CNN, and other media outlets regularly report on incidents of fraud or bad faith in Chinese business and trade practices.[21][22][23] Forbes cites cybercrime as a persistent and growing threat to Chinese consumers.[24]
Europe[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
In 2016 the estimated value lost through fraud in the UK was £193 billion a year.[25]
In January 2018 the Financial Times reported that the value of UK fraud hit a 15-year high of £2.11bn in 2017 according to a study. The article said that the accountancy firm BDO examined reported fraud cases worth more than £50,000 and found that the total number rose to 577 in 2017, compared with 212 in 2003. The study found that the average amount stolen in each incident rose to £3.66m, up from £1.5m in 2003.[26]
As at November 2017 Fraud is the most common criminal offence in the UK according to a study by Crowe Clark Whitehill, Experian and the Centre for Counter Fraud Studies.[27] The study suggests the UK loses over £190 billion per year to fraud. £190 billion is more than 9% of the UK’s projected GDP for 2017 ($2,496 (£2,080) billion according to Statistics Times). The estimate for fraud in the UK figure is more than the entire GDP of countries such as Romania, Qatar and Hungary.[28]
According to another review by the UK anti-fraud charity Fraud Advisory Panel (FAP), business fraud accounted for £144bn, while fraud against individuals was estimated at £9.7bn. The FAP has been particularly critical of the support available from the police to victims of fraud in the UK outside of London. Although victims of fraud are generally referred to the UK's national fraud and cyber crime reporting centre, Action Fraud, the FAP found that there was "little chance" that these crime reports would be followed up with any kind of substantive law enforcement action by UK authorities, according to the report.[29]
In July 2016 it was reported that fraudulent activity levels in the UK increased in the 10 years to 2016 from £52 billion to £193bn. This figure would be a conservative estimate, since as the former commissioner of the City of London Police, Adrian Leppard, has said, only 1 in 12 such crimes are actually reported.[30] Donald Toon, director of the NCA's economic crime command, stated in July 2016: "The annual losses to the UK from fraud are estimated to be more than £190bn". Figures released in October 2015 from the Crime Survey of England and Wales found that there had been 5.1 million incidents of fraud in England and Wales in the previous year, affecting an estimated one in 12 adults and making it the most common form of crime.[31]
Also in July 2016, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) stated "Almost six million fraud and cyber crimes were committed last year in England and Wales and estimated there were two million computer misuse offences and 3.8 million fraud offences in the 12 months to the end of March 2016." Fraud affects one in ten people in the UK. According to the ONS most frauds relate to bank account fraud. These figures are separate from the headline estimate that another 6.3 million crimes (distinct from frauds) were perpetrated in the UK against adults in the year to March 2016.[32]
Fraud was not included in a "Crime Harm Index" published by the Office for National Statistics in 2016. Michael Levi, professor of criminology at Cardiff University, remarked in August 2016 that it was ‘deeply regrettable’ fraud is being left out of the first index despite being the most common crime reported to police in the UK. Levi said ‘If you’ve got some categories that are excluded, they are automatically left out of the police’s priorities.’.[33] The Chief of the National Audit Office (NAO), Sir Anyas Morse has also said “For too long, as a low-value but high-volume crime, online fraud has been overlooked by government, law enforcement and industry. It is now the most commonly experienced crime in England and Wales and demands an urgent response.”[34]
England, Wales, and Northern Ireland[edit]
Since 2007, fraud in England and Wales and Northern Ireland has been covered by the Fraud Act 2006. The Act was given Royal Assent on 8 November 2006, and came into effect on 15 January 2007.[35]
The Act gives a statutory definition of the criminal offence of fraud, defining it in three classes—fraud by false representation, fraud by failing to disclose information, and fraud by abuse of position. It provides that a person found guilty of fraud is liable to a fine or imprisonment for up to twelve months on summary conviction (six months in Northern Ireland), or a fine or imprisonment for up to ten years on conviction on indictment. This Act largely replaces the laws relating to obtaining property by deception, obtaining a pecuniary advantage and other offences that were created under the Theft Act 1978.
Scotland[edit]
In Scots law, fraud is covered under the common law and a number of statutory offences. The main fraud offences are common law fraud, uttering, embezzlement and statutory frauds. The Fraud Act 2006 does not apply in Scotland.
Serious Fraud Office[edit]
The Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom) is an arm of the Government of the United Kingdom, accountable to the Attorney-General.
National Fraud Authority[edit]
The National Fraud Authority (NFA) was, until 2014, a government agency co-ordinating the counter-fraud response in the UK.
Cifas[edit]
Main article: Cifas
Cifas is a British fraud prevention service, a not-for-profit membership organisation for all sectors that enables organisations to share and access fraud data using their databases. Cifas is dedicated to the prevention of fraud, including internal fraud by staff, and the identification of financial and related crime.
Cost[edit]
The typical organization loses five percent of its annual revenue to fraud, with a median loss of $160,000. Frauds committed by owners and executives were more than nine times as costly as employee fraud. The industries most commonly affected are banking, manufacturing, and government.[36]
Types of fraudulent acts[edit]
The highly decorated fake uniform worn by a man impersonating a "Marine" caught by two gunnery sergeants at Times Square in New York City, New York
A possibly fraudulent "work from home" advertisement
The falsification of documents, forgery or counterfeiting are types of fraud. The theft of one's personal information, like Social Security number, or identity is type of fraud. Fraud can be committed through many media, including mail, wire, phone, and the Internet (computer crime and Internet fraud). International dimensions of the web and ease with which users can hide their location, the difficulty of checking identity and legitimacy online, and the simplicity with which hackers can divert browsers to dishonest sites and steal credit card details have all contributed to the very rapid growth of Internet fraud. In some countries, tax fraud is also prosecuted under false billing or tax forgery.[37] There have also been fraudulent "discoveries", e.g., in science, to gain prestige rather than immediate monetary gain.[citation needed]
Anti-fraud movements[edit]
Beyond laws that aim at prevention of fraud, there are also governmental and non-governmental organizations that aim to fight fraud. Between 1911 and 1933, 47 states adopted the so-called Blue Sky Laws status.[38] These laws were enacted and enforced at the state level and regulated the offering and sale of securities to protect the public from fraud. Though the specific provisions of these laws varied among states, they all required the registration of all securities offerings and sales, as well as of every U.S. stockbroker and brokerage firm.[39] However, these Blue Sky laws were generally found to be ineffective. To increase public trust in the capital markets the President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, established the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).[40] The main reason for the creation of the SEC was to regulate the stock market and prevent corporate abuses relating to the offering and sale of securities and corporate reporting. The SEC was given the power to license and regulate stock exchanges, the companies whose securities traded on them, and the brokers and dealers who conducted the trading.[41]
Detection[edit]
A fraudulent Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price on a speaker
Further information: Data analysis techniques for fraud detection
For detection of fraudulent activities on the large scale, massive use of (online) data analysis is required, in particular predictive analytics or forensic analytics. Forensic analytics is the use of electronic data to reconstruct or detect financial fraud. The steps in the process are data collection, data preparation, data analysis, and the preparation of a report and possibly a presentation of the results. Using computer-based analytic methods Nigrini's wider goal is the detection of fraud, errors, anomalies, inefficiencies, and biases which refer to people gravitating to certain dollar amounts to get past internal control thresholds.[42]
The analytic tests usually start with high-level data overview tests to spot highly significant irregularities. In a recent purchasing card application these tests identified a purchasing card transaction for 3,000,000 Costa Rica Colons. This was neither a fraud nor an error, but it was a highly unusual amount for a purchasing card transaction. These high-level tests include tests related to Benford's Law and possibly also those statistics known as descriptive statistics. These high-tests are always followed by more focused tests to look for small samples of highly irregular transactions. The familiar methods of correlation and time-series analysis can also be used to detect fraud and other irregularities. Forensic analytics also includes the use of a fraud risk-scoring model to identify high risk forensic units (customers, employees, locations, insurance claims and so on). Forensic analytics also includes suggested tests to identify financial statement irregularities, but the general rule is that analytic methods alone are not too successful at detecting financial statement fraud.[43]
Notable fraudsters[edit]
Alfredo Sáenz Abad, lied about bank loans as a banker so that some customers to the bank went to prison; he was later sentenced to prison, but managed to get a pardon and kept his job
Frank Abagnale Jr., American impostor who wrote bad checks and falsely represented himself as a qualified member of professions such as airline pilot, doctor, attorney, and teacher; the film Catch Me If You Can is based on his life[44]
Mukhtar Ablyazov, Kazakh banker accused of embezzling and mismanaging at least $5 billion of BTA Bank funds in one of world's biggest case of financial fraud on record.[45]
John Bodkin Adams, British doctor and suspected serial killer, but only found guilty of forging wills and prescriptions[46]
Eddie Antar, founder of Crazy Eddie; has criminal convictions on 17 counts and about $1 billion worth of civil judgments against him stemming from fraudulent accounting practices at that company[47][48]
Jordan Belfort, "The Wolf of Wall Street"; swindled over $200 million via a penny stock boiler room operation; the film "The Wolf of Wall Street" starring Leonardo DiCaprio is based on his life and fraudulent activity
Cassie Chadwick, pretended to be Andrew Carnegie's illegitimate daughter to get loans
Columbia/HCA Medicare fraud; Columbia/HCA pleaded guilty to 14 felony counts and paid out more than $2 billion to settle lawsuits arising from the fraud[49] The company's board of directors forced then–Chairman and CEO Rick Scott to resign at the beginning of the federal investigation; Scott was subsequently elected Governor of Florida in 2010
Edward Davenport, self-styled "Lord";[50] nicknamed "Fast Eddie"[51] and "Lord of Fraud";[52] from 2005 to 2009 was the "ringmaster" of a series of advance-fee fraud schemes that defrauded dozens of individuals out of millions of pounds;[53] is said to have made £34.5 million through various frauds[54]
Tino De Angelis, perpetrator of the Salad oil scandal
Marc Dreier, managing founder of attorney firm Dreir LLP, a $700 million Ponzi scheme[55]
Enric Durán, defrauded Spanish banks and then gave away the loaned money to anti-growth organizations
Bernard Ebbers, founder of WorldCom, which inflated its asset statements by about $11 billion
Ramón Báez Figueroa, banker from the Dominican Republic and former President of Banco Intercontinental; sentenced in 2007 to 10 years in prison for a U.S. $2.2 billion fraud case that drove the Caribbean nation into economic crisis in 2003
Martin Frankel, American former financier, convicted in 2002 of insurance fraud worth $208 million, racketeering and money laundering
Samuel Israel III, former hedge fund manager; ran the former fraudulent Bayou Hedge Fund Group; faked suicide to avoid jail
Konrad Kujau, German fraudster and forger responsible for the "Hitler Diaries"
Kenneth Lay, American businessman who built energy company Enron; one of the highest paid CEOs in the U.S. until he was ousted as chairman and convicted of fraud and conspiracy, although, as a result of his death, his conviction was vacated[56]
Nick Leeson, English trader whose unsupervised speculative trading caused the collapse of Barings Bank
James Paul Lewis, Jr., ran one of the biggest ($311 million) and longest running Ponzi schemes (20 years) in U.S. history
Gregor MacGregor, Scottish con man; tried to attract investment and settlers for the non-existent country of Poyais
Bernard Madoff, creator of a $65 billion Ponzi scheme, the largest investor fraud ever attributed to a single individual
Matt the Knife, American con artist, card cheat and pickpocket; from age approximately 14 through 21, bilked dozens of casinos, corporations and at least one Mafia crime family out of untold sums
Gaston Means, professional con man during U.S. President Warren G. Harding's administration
Barry Minkow, ZZZZ Best scam
Michael Monus, founder of Phar-Mor, which ultimately cost its investors more than $1 billion
F. Bam Morrison, conned the town of Wetumka, Oklahoma by promoting a circus that never came
Lou Pearlman, former boy-band manager and operator of a $300 million Ponzi scheme using two shell companies
Frederick Emerson Peters, American impersonator who wrote bad checks
Thomas Petters, American masquerading as a business manwho turned out to be a con man; former CEO and chairman of Petters Group Worldwide;[57] resigned his position as CEO in 2008 amid mounting criminal investigations;[58] later convicted for turning Petters Group Worldwide into a $3.65 billion Ponzi scheme;[59] sentenced to 50 years in federal prison
Charles Ponzi, Ponzi scheme
Gert Postel, German mailman; worked as a psychiatrist in different hospitals
Alves Reis, forged documents to print 100,000,000 PTE in official escudo banknotes (adjusted for inflation, it would be worth about US$150 million today)
John Rigas, cable television entrepreneur, co-founder of Adelphia Communications Corporation and owner of the Buffalo Sabres hockey team; defrauded investors of over $2 billion and was sentenced to a 12-year term in federal prison
Christopher Rocancourt, a Rockefeller impersonator who defrauded Hollywood celebrities
Scott W. Rothstein, disbarred lawyer from Ft. Lauderdale, Florida; perpetrated a Ponzi scheme which defrauded investors of over $1 billion
Michael Sabo, best known as a check, stocks and bonds forger; became notorious in the 1960s throughout the 1990s as a "Great Impostor" with over 100 aliases, and earned millions from such
John Spano, struggling businessman who faked massive success in an attempt to buy out the New York Islanders of the NHL
Allen Stanford, self-styled banker; sold fake certificates of deposit to people in many countries, raking in $7 billion to $8 billion over decades
John Stonehouse, the last Postmaster-General of the UK and MP; faked his death to marry his mistress
Kevin Trudeau, American writer and billiards promoter; convicted of fraud and larceny in 1991; known for a series of late-night infomercials and his series of books about "Natural Cures 'They' Don't Want You to Know About"
Richard Whitney, stole from the New York Stock Exchange Gratuity Fund in the 1930s
Related[edit]
Apart from fraud, there are several related categories of intentional deceptions that may or may not include the elements of personal gain or damage to another individual:
Obstruction of justice
18 U.S.C. § 704 which criminalizes false representation of having been awarded any decoration or medal authorized by Congress for the Armed Forces of the United States
See also[edit]
Bait-and-switch
Caper stories (such as The Sting)
Contract fraud
Corruption
Cramming (fraud)
Creative accounting
Crimestoppers
Deception
Electoral fraud
False Claims Act
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Financial crimes
Forgery
Fraud deterrence
Fraud in the factum
Fraud in parapsychology
Fraud Squad (UK)
Friendly fraud
Front running
Geneivat da'at
Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814
Guinness share-trading fraud, famous British business scandal of the 1980s
Hoax
Identity management
Impersonator
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Internet fraud
Interpol
Journalism fraud
Mail and wire fraud
Money laundering
The National Council Against Health Fraud
Organized crime
Phishing, attempt to fraudulently acquire sensitive information
Placebo
Police impersonation
Political corruption
Quackery
Quatloos.com
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO)
SAS 99
Scam
Secret profits
Shell company
Swampland in Florida
Tobashi scheme, concealing financial losses
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
United States Postal Inspection Service
United States Secret Service
White-collar crime
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "California Criminal Jury Instructions: 1804. Theft By False Pretense". Judicial Council of California. Retrieved 2013-12-27.
Jump up ^ "Criminal Code, Section 380". Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Criminal Code, Sections 380.2 - 380.3". Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
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Jump up ^ R. v. Olan et al., [1978] 2 S.C.R. 1175. Full text of Supreme Court of Canada decision at LexUM
Jump up ^ R. v. Stewart, [1988] 1 S.C.R. 963. Full text of Supreme Court of Canada decision at LexUM
Jump up ^ "California Code, Penal Code - PEN § 186.11". California Legislative Information. California State Legislature. Retrieved 9 August 2017. If the pattern of related felony conduct involves the taking of, or results in the loss by another person or entity of, more than five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000), the additional term of punishment shall be two, three, or five years in the state prison.
Jump up ^ "Financial Crimes Report 2006". FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigations. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Scully, Matt (2017-05-10). "Auto Loan Fraud Soars in a Parallel to the Housing Bubble". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2017-05-12.
Jump up ^ Larson, Aaron (8 July 2016). "Fraud, Silent Fraud, and Innocent Misrepresentation". ExpertLaw. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., "Halpert v. Rosenthal, 267 A. 2d 730 (R.I. 1970)". Google Scholar. Google. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "WPI 160.02 Fraud—Burden of Proof". Washington Pattern Jury Instructions - Civil. West. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Boehm v. Riversource Life Insurance Co., 2015 PA Super 120, 117 A.3d 308 (Pa. Super. 2015)". Google Scholar. Google. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Chang, Stanley Y. (April 1994). "The CPA Journal Online". Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Koerner, Theodore G. (Jan 1958). "Contracts: Damages: Punitive Damages Awarded for Breach Accompanied by Fraudulent Act". Michigan Law Journal. 56 (3): 448. JSTOR 1286082.
Jump up ^ https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-book-of-swindles/9780231178631
Jump up ^ http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/07/china-cracks-down-after-investigation-finds-massive-peer-review-fraud
Jump up ^ https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21729430-does-it-play-fair-how-china-battling-ever-more-intensely-world-markets
Jump up ^ http://www.fraud-magazine.com/article.aspx?id=4294967661
Jump up ^ https://www.cnbc.com/video/2017/01/23/fraud-in-china-is-on-the-up.html
Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/roncheng/2017/03/28/cybercrime-in-china-online-fraud/
Jump up ^ "UK fraud costing '£193bn a year', new study suggests". BBC. 25 May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.ft.com/content/7fb80c16-f6c5-11e7-8715-e94187b3017e
Jump up ^ http://www.cityam.com/275550/fraud-costs-uk-economy-gbp190bn-incidents-soar
Jump up ^ https://www.enterprisetimes.co.uk/2017/11/13/experian-claims-fraud-costs-uk-190-billion-per-year
Jump up ^ Fraud Advisory Panel (2016). The Fraud Review Ten Years On (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Report highlights 'same failings' in fight against fraud 10 years on". www.out-law.com. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
Jump up ^ "UK fraud police release wanted list". BBC News. 2016-07-18. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Nearly six million fraud and cyber crimes last year, ONS says". BBC News. 2016-07-21. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
Jump up ^ Beckford, Martin (21 August 2016). "Revealed: New 'crime index' used by police says burglary is twice as bad as child abduction - and bike theft is more serious than drug possession". Daily Mail Online. Associated Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Online fraud costs public billions but is still not a police priority, says watchdog". The Guardian. Press Association. 30 June 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ The Fraud Act 2006 (Commencement) Order 2006 - SI 2006 No. 3200 (C.112) ISBN 0-11-075407-7
Jump up ^ "Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse". Association of Certified Fraud Examiners. 2010. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Tax Fraud and the Problem of a Constitutionality Acceptable Definition of Religion". BJ Casino. American Criminal Law. Rev., 1987
Jump up ^ "Speech by SEC Staff: remarks at the F. Hodge O'neal Corporate and securities Law symposium". sec.gov. 21 February 2003.
Jump up ^ "Blue Sky Laws". Seclaw.com. 2007-07-07. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945)". gwu.edu.
Jump up ^ "Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC")". learn.advfn.com.
Jump up ^ "Forensic Analytics". analytics-magazine.org. July–August 2013.
Jump up ^ Nigrini, Mark (June 2011). Forensic Analytics: Methods and Techniques for Forensic Accounting Investigations. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. ISBN 978-0-470-89046-2.
Jump up ^ Biography.com Editors. "Frank Abagnale Biography". Retrieved 2015-10-08. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Arrest warrant for Kazakh billionaire accused of one of world's biggest frauds". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Murder trial doctor's items sold". BBC. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
Jump up ^ Pinder, Jeanne B. (1993-07-21). "Crazy Eddie Founder Guilty of Fraud". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Founder of Crazy Eddie Gets 8 Years in Prison and Big Fine". New York Times. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Largest Health Care Fraud Case in U.S. History Settled; HCA Investigation Nets Record Total of $1.7 Billion" (Press release), U.S. Department of Justice, June 26, 2003, retrieved April 11, 2011
Jump up ^ "'Lord' Edward Davenport jailed for fraud". BBC News. 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Inside the world of fraudster Fast Eddie Davenport". Retrieved 2016-09-18.
Jump up ^ "The 'Lord of Fraud' Edward Davenport is out of prison and back in business". 2015-11-06. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
Jump up ^ Bowers, Simon (2011-10-05). "Fast Eddie, friend to celebrities, swaps Portland Place mansion for prison cell". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
Jump up ^ Evans, Martin (29 July 2014). "Fraudster forced to sell off 'unique' London mansion to pay legal bills". The Telegraph. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Kokenes, Chris (March 19, 2009), "N.Y. lawyer arraigned in alleged $700M fraud", CNNMoney.com, retrieved April 10, 2011
Jump up ^ Lozano, Juan A. (17 October 2006). "Judge vacates conviction of Ken Lay". CBS News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Nicole Muehlhausen, BIO: Tom Petters, KSTP.com, September 24, 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived February 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Art (December 2, 2009). "UPDATE 2-Tom Petters found guilty of Ponzi scheme fraud". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
Further reading[edit]
Edward J. Balleisen Fraud: An American History from Barnum to Madoff. ISBN 9780691164557 (2017). Princeton University Press.
Fred Cohen Frauds, Spies, and Lies – and How to Defeat Them. ISBN 1-878109-36-7 (2006). ASP Press.
Green, Stuart P. Lying, Cheating, and Stealing: A Moral Theory of White Collar Crime. Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0199225804
Review Fraud – Alex Copola Podgor, Ellen S. Criminal Fraud, (1999) Vol, 48, No. 4 American Law Review 1.
The Nature, Extent and Economic Impact of Fraud in the UK. February, 2007.
The Fraudsters – How Con Artists Steal Your Money(ISBN 978-1-903582-82-4) by Eamon Dillon, published September 2008 by Merlin Publishing
Zhang, Yingyu. The Book of Swindles: Selections from a Late Ming Collection. Columbia University Press, 2017. ISBN 9780231178631
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Wikiquote has quotations related to: Fraud
The dictionary definition of fraud at Wiktionary
Association of Certified Fraud Examiners
Immigration Marriage Fraud Amendments of 1986
FBI Home page for fraud
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James MacArthur
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other people with a similar name, see James MacArthur (disambiguation).
James MacArthur
James MacArthur in 1968
Born
James Gordon MacArthur
(1937-12-08)December 8, 1937
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Died
October 28, 2010(2010-10-28) (aged 72)
Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.
Cause of death
Cancer
Resting place
Oak Hill Cemetery, Nyack, New York
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1955–2008
Spouse(s)
Joyce Bulifant
(m. 1958; div. 1967)
Melody Patterson
(m. 1970; div. 1975)
Helen Beth Duntz
(m. 1984)
Children
4
Parent(s)
Charles MacArthur
Helen Hayes
Relatives
John D. MacArthur (uncle)
J. Roderick MacArthur (cousin)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
James Gordon MacArthur (December 8, 1937 – October 28, 2010) was an American actor best known for the role of Danny "Dano" Williams, the reliable second-in-command of the fictional Hawaiian State Police squad in the long-running television series Hawaii Five-O.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Acting career
3 After Hawaii Five-O
4 Semiretirement
5 Death
6 Filmography
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Born in Los Angeles, MacArthur was the adopted son of playwright Charles MacArthur, and his wife, actress Helen Hayes. He grew up in Nyack, New York, along with the MacArthurs' biological daughter, Mary. He was educated at Allen-Stevenson School in New York, and later at the Solebury School in New Hope, Pennsylvania, where he starred in basketball, football and baseball.
In his final year at Solebury, MacArthur played guard on the football team; captained the basketball team; was president of his class, the student government, and the Drama Club; rewrote the school's constitution; edited the school paper, The Scribe; and played Scrooge in a local presentation of A Christmas Carol. He also started dating a fellow student, future actress Joyce Bulifant; they were married in November 1958 and divorced nine years later.
MacArthur grew up around the literary and theatrical talent. Lillian Gish was his godmother, and his family's guests included Ben Hecht, Harpo Marx, Robert Benchley, Beatrice Lillie, John Barrymore and John Steinbeck. His first radio role was on the Theatre Guild on the Air, in 1948. Theatre Guild on the Air was the premier radio program of its day, producing one-hour plays that were performed in front of a live audience of 800. Hayes accepted a role in one of the plays, which also had a small role for a child. Her son was asked if he would like to do it, and he agreed.
Acting career[edit]
This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (January 2018)
MacArthur made his stage debut at Olney, Maryland in 1949, with a two-week stint in The Corn Is Green. His sister Mary was in the play and telephoned their mother to request that James go to Olney to be in it with her. The following summer, he repeated the role at Dennis, Massachusetts, and his theatrical career was underway. In 1954, he played John Day in Life with Father with Howard Lindsay and Dorothy Stickney. He became involved in important Broadway productions only after receiving his training in summer stock theatre.
MacArthur also worked as a set painter, lighting director, and chief of the parking lot. During a Helen Hayes festival at the Falmouth Playhouse on Cape Cod, he had a few walk-on parts. He also helped the theatre electrician, and grew so interested that he was allowed to stay on after his mother's plays had ended. As a result, he lit the show for Barbara Bel Geddes in The Little Hut and for Gloria Vanderbilt in The Swan. When he visited Paris with his mother as a member of The Skin of Our Teeth company, he was in charge of making thunder backstage with a sheet of metal.
At the age of 18, he played Hal Ditmar in the television play, Deal a Blow, directed by John Frankenheimer and starring Macdonald Carey, Phyllis Thaxter, and Edward Arnold. In 1956, Frankenheimer directed the movie version of the play, which was renamed The Young Stranger, with MacArthur again in the starring role. Again, his performance was critically acclaimed, earning him a nomination for Most Promising Newcomer at the 1958 BAFTA awards.[1]
He made The Light in the Forest and Third Man on the Mountain, for Walt Disney, during summer breaks from Harvard University, where he was studying history. Deciding to make acting his full-time career, he left Harvard in his second year to make two more Disney movies, Kidnapped and Swiss Family Robinson.
MacArthur made his Broadway debut in 1960, playing opposite Jane Fonda in Invitation to a March, for which he received a Theatre World Award. Although he never returned to Broadway, he remained active in theatre, appearing in such productions as Under the Yum Yum Tree, The Moon Is Blue, John Loves Mary (with his then wife, Joyce Bulifant), Barefoot in the Park, and Murder at the Howard Johnson's. He also released several records in the early 1960s,[2] scoring two minor hits with "(The Story of) The In-Between Years" and "The Ten Commandments of Love", both of which peaked at number 94 in the Billboard Hot 100.
He then went on to roles in movies including The Interns, Spencer's Mountain, The Truth About Spring, and Cry of Battle, as well as The Love-Ins and The Angry Breed. On the set of The Angry Breed, in 1968, MacArthur met Melody Patterson, who was to become his second wife. They were married on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai in July 1970, and divorced five years later. In 1963, he was nominated for the "Top New Male Personality" category of the Golden Laurel Awards 1963
Between movie and theatre roles, MacArthur was also in demand for television guest appearances, which included roles in Studio One, GE Theatre, Bus Stop the play, Bus Stop the television series, Bonanza, Gunsmoke, Wagon Train, The Eleventh Hour, The Great Adventure, The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, Combat!, and The Virginian.
In 1966, he guest-starred as Lt. Harley Wilson in "The Outsider", episode 20 in the second season of Twelve O'Clock High (TV series). He co-starred with his mother Helen Hayes in the 1968 episode "The Pride of the Lioness" on the Tarzan television series. MacArthur also gave a particularly chilling performance as baby-faced opium dealer Johnny Lubin in The Untouchables episode, "Death For Sale".
Though many of his movie roles were not starring roles, and some were quite brief, they were usually pivotal to the plot. His role in The Bedford Incident was that of a young ensign who became so rattled by the needling of his captain (Richard Widmark), that he accidentally fired an ASROC at a Soviet submarine, thus creating a nuclear incident when the submarine returned fire, resulting in the destruction of both vessels.
In Battle of the Bulge, he again played the role of a young and inexperienced officer. However, this time, the officer found courage and a sense of responsibility. His brief but memorable appearance in the Clint Eastwood movie, Hang 'Em High eventually led to his role as Dan Williams in Hawaii Five-O, popularizing the catchphrase "Book 'em, Dano".
After Hawaii Five-O[edit]
He appeared in A Bedfull of Foreigners in Chicago in 1984, and in Michigan in 1985. He followed this with The Hasty Heart, before taking a year out of show business. In 1987, he returned to the stage in The Foreigner, then played Mortimer in the national tour of Arsenic and Old Lace with Jean Stapleton, Marion Ross, and Larry Storch. In 1989, he followed another stint in The Foreigner with Love Letters, and in 1990–1991, A Bedfull of Foreigners, this time in Las Vegas.
After leaving Hawaii Five-O, McArthur guest-starred on such television shows as Murder, She Wrote, The Love Boat, Fantasy Island, and Vega$, as well as in the miniseries Alcatraz: The Whole Shocking Story and The Night the Bridge Fell Down, and in the television movie Stormchasers: Revenge of the Twister (1998), with Kelly McGillis.
Semiretirement[edit]
Throughout his career, MacArthur had also found time for various other ventures. From 1959 to 1960, he partnered with actors James Franciscus and Alan Ladd, Jr. in a Beverly Hills telephone answering service. In June 1972, he directed the Honolulu Community Theatre in a production of his father's play The Front Page. For a period in the 1990s, he was part owner of Senior World publication, as well as writing the occasional celebrity interview. He continued to appear at conventions, collectors' shows, and celebrity sporting events. A keen golfer, he was the winner of the 2002 Frank Sinatra Invitational Charity Golf Tournament.
He also appeared in television and radio specials and interview programs. His latest appearances included spots on Entertainment Tonight, Christopher's Closeup, and the BBC Radio 5 Live obituary program Brief Lives, in which he paid tribute to his Hawaii Five-O castmate, the late Kam Fong. In 1997, MacArthur returned without Jack Lord (who was in declining health) to reprise his character, who had become Hawaii's governor in the plot, in the 1997 unaired pilot of Hawaii Five-O which starred actor Gary Busey.
In April 2003, he traveled to Honolulu's historic Hawaii Theatre for a cameo role in Joe Moore's play Dirty Laundry. Negotiations were underway in summer 2010 for MacArthur to make a cameo appearance in the new CBS primetime remake of Hawaii Five-O at the time of his death, a role that eventually was given to Al Harrington. On the November 1, 2010, episode, MacArthur's death was mentioned in a short tribute that played before the start of that episode.
In 2001, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to him.[3]
Death[edit]
MacArthur died of cancer on October 28, 2010, at the age of 72, at the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida. He was survived by his third wife, former LPGA golfer Helen Beth Duntz, as well as four children (Charles P. MacArthur, Mary McClure, Juliette Rappaport, and James D. MacArthur),[4] and seven grandchildren.[5][6]
The episode "Ho'apono" from the 2010 version of Hawaii Five-0 was dedicated to MacArthur.[7]
Filmography[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1953 Take the High Ground!
1955 Climax! Hal Ditmar Deal a Blow
1957 Arthur Murray Party, TheThe Arthur Murray Party Self April 30, 1957
1957 Young Stranger, TheThe Young Stranger Harold James "Hal" Ditmar
1958 General Electric Theater Johnny Dundeen The Young and the Scared
1958 Studio One Jim Gibson Ticket to Tahiti
1958 Studio One Ben Adams Tongues of Angels
1958 Light in the Forest, TheThe Light in the Forest Johnny Butler / True Son
1959 Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse Jamsie Corcoran The Innocent Assassin
1959 Third Man on the Mountain Rudi Matt
1959 Wagon Train Waiter The Jenny Tannen Story, Uncredited
1960 Kidnapped David Balfour
1960 Night of the Auk Lt. Mac Hartman
1960 Swiss Family Robinson Fritz Robinson
1960 The Play of the Week Lieutenant Max Night of the Auk
1961 Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color Johnny Butler / True Son Archive footage
Light in the Forest: True Son's Revenge
1961 The Play of the Week Lt. Max Hartman Night of the Auk
1961 Untouchables, TheThe Untouchables Johnny Lubin Death for Sale
1961 Bus Stop Thomas Quincy Hagan And the Pursuit of Evil
1962 Insight Jim Brown The Sophomore
1962 Wagon Train Dick Pederson The Dick Pederson Story
1962 Interns, TheThe Interns Dr. Lew Worship
1962 Dick Powell Show, TheThe Dick Powell Show Jack Doffer The Court Martial of Captain Wycliff
1963 Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color Rudi Matt Archive footage
Banner in the Sky: To Conquer the Mountain
1963 Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color Rudi Matt Archive footage
Banner in the Sky: The Killer Mountain
1963 Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color David Balfour Archive footage
Kidnapped: Part 1
1963 Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color David Balfour Archive footage
Kidnapped: Part 2
1963 Sam Benedict Bert Stover Some Fires Die Slowly
1963 Spencer's Mountain Clayboy Spencer
1963 Arrest and Trial Deke Palmer A Shield is for Hiding Behind
1963 Cry of Battle David McVey
1963 Amos Burke: Secret Agent Larry Forsythe Who Killed the Kind Doctor?
1963 Eleventh Hour, TheThe Eleventh Hour Mason Walker La Belle Indifference
1963 Great Adventure, TheThe Great Adventure Lieutenant Alexander The Hunley
1964 Great Adventure, TheThe Great Adventure Rodger Young Rodger Young
1964 The Alfred Hitchcock Hour Dave Snowden Behind the Locked Door
1965 Truth About Spring, TheThe Truth About Spring William Ashton
1965 Bedford Incident, TheThe Bedford Incident Ensign Ralston
1965 Virginian, TheThe Virginian Johnny Bradford Jennifer
1965 Battle of the Bulge Lieutenant Weaver
1966 Ride Beyond Vengeance The Census Taker
1966 Branded Lt. Laurence A Destiny Which Made Us Brothers
1966 12 O'Clock High Lt. Wilson The Outsider
1966 Gunsmoke David McGovern Harvest
1967 Dateline: Hollywood Self June 19, 1967
1967 Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color Cpl. Henry Jenkins Willie and the Yank: The Deserter
Willie and the Yank: The Mosby Raiders
1967 Combat! Jack Cole Encounter
1967 Love-Ins, TheThe Love-Ins Larry Osborne
1967 Mosby's Marauders Cpl. Henry Jenkins
1967 Insight Billy Thorp Some Talk About Pool Rooms and Gin Mills
1967 Hondo Judd Barton Hondo and the Mad Dog
1967 Tarzan Dr. Richard Wilson The Pride of the Lioness
1967 Bonanza Jason 'Jase' Fredericks Check Rein
1967 Death Valley Days Kit Carson Spring Rendezvous
1968 Death Valley Days Kit Carson The Indian Girl
1968 Hang 'Em High The Preacher
1968 Angry Breed, TheThe Angry Breed Deek Stacey
1968 Premiere Russ Faine Lassiter
1968–
1979 Hawaii Five-O Det. Danny Williams 259 episodes
1971 Movie Game, TheThe Movie Game Self June 28, 1971
July 4, 1971
1971 Hollywood Squares Self April 12, 1971
1972 Hollywood Squares Self March 6, 1972
1973 Hollywood Squares Self January 1, 1973
1977 Battle of the Network Stars III Self
1978 Battle of the Network Stars IV Self
1978 Fantasy Island Fantasy Island The Funny Girl/Butch and Sundance
1979 Time Express Dr. Mark Toland Garbage Man/Doctor's Wife
1979 Love Boat, TheThe Love Boat Chet Hanson The Spider Serenade/The Wife Next Door/The Harder They Fall
1980 34th Annual Tony Awards Self
1980 Alcatraz: The Whole Shocking Story Walt Stomer
1980 Love Boat, TheThe Love Boat Scott Burgess The Caller/The Marriage of Convenience/No Girls for Doc/Witness for the Prosecution
1981 Fantasy Island Bob Graham The Heroine/The Warrior
1981 Vega$ Jerry Lang Heist
1981 Walking Tall Father Adair The Fire Within
1981 Littlest Hobo, TheThe Littlest Hobo Jim Haley Trail of No Return
1983 Scheme of Things, TheThe Scheme of Things Self
1983 Night the Bridge Fell Down, TheThe Night the Bridge Fell Down Cal Miller
1983 Love Boat, TheThe Love Boat Paul Krakauer I Don't Play Anymore/Gopher's Roommate/Crazy for You
1984 Murder, She Wrote Alan Gephardt Hooray for Homicide
1985 Love Boat, TheThe Love Boat Marc Silver Vicki's Gentleman Caller/Partners to the End/The Perfect Arrangement
1989 Adventures of Superboy, TheThe Adventures of Superboy Hogan Birdwoman of the Swamps
1991 JFK uncredited David McVey Archive footage Cry of Battle
1991 American Masters Self Helen Hayes: First Lady of the American Theatre
1994 Wonderful World of Disney: 40 Years of Television Magic, TheThe Wonderful World of Disney: 40 Years of Television Magic Self
1997 Hawaii Five-O Governor Danny Williams Unsold pilot episode
1997 Light Lunch Self 70 Super Cops
1998 Storm Chasers: Revenge of the Twister Frank Del Rio (final film role)
2002 Swiss Family Robinson: Adventure in the Making Narrator Special thanks
2002 Inside TVLand: 40 Greatest Theme Songs Self
2002 Inside TVLand: Cops on Camera Self
2005 100 Greatest Family Films, TheThe 100 Greatest Family Films Self
2006 100 TV Quotes and Greatest Catch Phases, TheThe 100 TV Quotes and Greatest Catch Phases Self
2007 Entertainment and TVLand Present: The 50 Greatest TV Icons Self
2008 Age of Believing: The Disney Live Action Classics, TheThe Age of Believing: The Disney Live Action Classics Self Grateful thanks
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Past Winners and Nominees – Film – Awards, Bafta.org; retrieved 2011-10-21.
Jump up ^ "James MacArthur Discography - All Countries - 45cat". www.45cat.com.
Jump up ^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). October 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ Playbill: "Actor James MacArthur, Son of American Theatre Royalty, Dies at Age 72" by Kenneth Jones October 28, 2010
Jump up ^ New York Times: "James MacArthur, ‘Danno,’ Dies at 72" by DENNIS HEVESI October 29, 2010
Jump up ^ "'Hawaii Five-0' actor James MacArthur dies", Today.msnbc.msn.com, October 28, 2010; retrieved 2011-10-21.
Jump up ^ "Hawaii Five-0 Watch: Ho'apono", Cinemablend.com, November 2, 2010; retrieved 2011-10-21.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to James MacArthur.
Official website
James MacArthur on IMDb
James MacArthur at the Internet Broadway Database
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WorldCat Identities
BNE: XX1535646
BNF: cb14025160g (data)
ISNI: 0000 0000 8387 6630
LCCN: n96056629
SNAC: w6319wh0
VIAF: 61745431
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_MacArthur&oldid=839840110"
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