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Winnie-the-Pooh
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"Pooh" redirects here. For other uses, see Pooh (disambiguation).
"Hunny" redirects here. For the food, see Honey.
This article is about the fictional character. For the songwriter, see Poo Bear. For other uses, see Winnie-the-Pooh (disambiguation).
Winnie-the-Pooh
Pooh in an illustration by E. H. Shepard
First appearance
When We Were Very Young (1924) (As Edward Bear) Winnie-the-Pooh (As Winnie-the-Pooh)
Created by
A. A. Milne
Voiced by
Franz Fazakas (1960)
Sterling Holloway (1966–1977)
Hal Smith (1981–1986)
Jim Cummings (1988–present)
Information
Nickname(s)
Pooh Bear
Pooh
Species
Bear
Gender
Male
Winnie-the-Pooh, also called Pooh Bear, is a fictional anthropomorphic teddy bear created by English author A. A. Milne.
The first collection of stories about the character was the book Winnie-the-Pooh (1926), and this was followed by The House at Pooh Corner (1928). Milne also included a poem about the bear in the children's verse book When We Were Very Young (1924) and many more in Now We Are Six (1927). All four volumes were illustrated by E. H. Shepard.
The Pooh stories have been translated into many languages, including Alexander Lenard's Latin translation, Winnie ille Pu, which was first published in 1958, and, in 1960, became the only Latin book ever to have been featured on The New York Times Best Seller list.[1]
Hyphens in the character's name were dropped by Disney when the company adapted the Pooh stories into a series of features that became one of its most successful franchises.
In popular film adaptations, Pooh has been voiced by actors Sterling Holloway, Hal Smith, and Jim Cummings in English, and Yevgeny Leonov in Russian.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Origin
1.2 Ashdown Forest: the setting for the stories
1.3 First publication
1.4 Character
1.5 Sequel
1.6 Stephen Slesinger
1.7 Red Shirt Pooh
1.8 Disney ownership era (1966–present)
1.9 Merchandising revenue dispute
2 Adaptations
2.1 Theatre
2.2 Audio
2.3 Radio
2.4 Film
2.4.1 Soviet adaptation
2.5 Television
2.6 Disney adaptations
2.6.1 Theatrical shorts
2.6.2 Theatrical feature films
2.6.3 Television shows
2.6.4 Holiday TV specials
2.6.5 Direct-to-video shorts
2.6.6 Direct-to-video features
2.6.7 Video games
3 Legacy
4 References
5 External links
History
Origin
Original Winnie-the-Pooh stuffed toys. Clockwise from bottom left: Tigger, Kanga, Edward Bear ("Winnie-the-Pooh"), Eeyore, and Piglet. Roo was lost long ago; the other characters were made up for the stories.
A. A. Milne named the character Winnie-the-Pooh after a teddy bear owned by his son, Christopher Robin Milne, who was the basis for the character Christopher Robin. The rest of Christopher Robin Milne's toys – Piglet, Eeyore, Kanga, Roo, and Tigger – were incorporated into Milne's stories.[2][3] Two more characters, Owl and Rabbit, were created by Milne's imagination, while Gopher was added to the Disney version. Christopher Robin's toy bear is on display at the Main Branch of the New York Public Library in New York City.[4]
Harry Colebourn and Winnie, 1914
Christopher Milne had named his toy bear after Winnie, a Canadian black bear he often saw at London Zoo, and "Pooh", a swan they had met while on holiday. The bear cub was purchased from a hunter for $20 by Canadian Lieutenant Harry Colebourn in White River, Ontario, Canada, while en route to England during the First World War.[5] He named the bear "Winnie" after his adopted hometown in Winnipeg, Manitoba. "Winnie" was surreptitiously brought to England with her owner, and gained unofficial recognition as The Fort Garry Horse regimental mascot. Colebourn left Winnie at the London Zoo while he and his unit were in France; after the war she was officially donated to the zoo, as she had become a much loved attraction there.[6] Pooh the swan appears as a character in its own right in When We Were Very Young.
Statue in Winnipeg of Harry Colebourn and Winnie
In the first chapter of Winnie-the-Pooh, Milne offers this explanation of why Winnie-the-Pooh is often called simply "Pooh":
But his arms were so stiff ... they stayed up straight in the air for more than a week, and whenever a fly came and settled on his nose he had to blow it off. And I think – but I am not sure – that that is why he is always called Pooh.
The American writer William Safire surmised that the Milnes' invention of the name "Winnie the Pooh" may have also been influenced by the haughty character Pooh-Bah in Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado (1885).[7]
Ashdown Forest: the setting for the stories
The Winnie-the-Pooh stories are set in Ashdown Forest, East Sussex, England. The forest is a large area of tranquil open heathland on the highest sandy ridges of the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty situated 30 miles (50 km) south of London. In 1925 Milne, a Londoner, bought a country home a mile to the north of the forest at Cotchford Farm, near Hartfield. According to Christopher Milne, while his father continued to live in London "...the four of us – he, his wife, his son and his son's nanny – would pile into a large blue, chauffeur-driven Fiat and travel down every Saturday morning and back again every Monday afternoon. And we would spend a whole glorious month there in the spring and two months in the summer."[8] From the front lawn the family had a view across a meadow to a line of alders that fringed the River Medway, beyond which the ground rose through more trees until finally "above them, in the faraway distance, crowning the view, was a bare hilltop. In the centre of this hilltop was a clump of pines." Most of his father's visits to the forest at this time were, he noted, family expeditions on foot "to make yet another attempt to count the pine trees on Gill's Lap or to search for the marsh gentian". Christopher added that, inspired by Ashdown Forest, his father had made it "the setting for two of his books, finishing the second little over three years after his arrival".[9]
Many locations in the stories can be linked to real places in and around the forest. As Christopher Milne wrote in his autobiography: "Pooh’s forest and Ashdown Forest are identical". For example, the fictional "Hundred Acre Wood" was in reality Five Hundred Acre Wood; Galleon's Leap was inspired by the prominent hilltop of Gill's Lap, while a clump of trees just north of Gill's Lap became Christopher Robin's The Enchanted Place because no-one had ever been able to count whether there were sixty-three or sixty-four trees in the circle.[10]
The landscapes depicted in E. H. Shepard's illustrations for the Winnie-the-Pooh books were directly inspired by the distinctive landscape of Ashdown Forest, with its high, open heathlands of heather, gorse, bracken and silver birch punctuated by hilltop clumps of pine trees. Many of Shepard's illustrations can be matched to actual views, allowing for a degree of artistic licence. Shepard's sketches of pine trees and other forest scenes are held at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.[11]
The game of Poohsticks was originally played by Christopher Milne on a footbridge across a tributary of the River Medway in Posingford Wood, close to Cotchford Farm. The wooden bridge is now a tourist attraction, and it has become traditional to play the game there using sticks gathered in nearby woodland.[12][13] When the footbridge recently had to be replaced, the engineer designed a new structure based closely on the drawings of the bridge by Shepard in the books, which were somewhat different than the original structure.
First publication
Winnie-the-Pooh's debut in the 24 December 1925 London Evening News
Christopher Robin's teddy bear, Edward, made his character début in A. A. Milne's poem, "Teddy Bear", in the edition of 13 February 1924 of Punch, and the same poem was published in Milne's book of children's verse When We Were Very Young (6 November 1924).[14] Winnie-the-Pooh first appeared by name on 24 December 1925, in a Christmas story commissioned and published by the London newspaper The Evening News. It was illustrated by J. H. Dowd.[15]
The first collection of Pooh stories appeared in the book Winnie-the-Pooh. The Evening News Christmas story reappeared as the first chapter of the book. At the beginning, it explained that Pooh was in fact Christopher Robin's Edward Bear, who had been renamed by the boy. He was renamed after a black bear at London Zoo called Winnie who got her name from the fact that her owner had come from Winnipeg, Canada. The book was published in October 1926 by the publisher of Milne's earlier children's work, Methuen, in England, E. P. Dutton in the United States, and McClelland & Stewart in Canada.[16]
Character
In the Milne books, Pooh is naive and slow-witted, but he is also friendly, thoughtful, and steadfast. Although he and his friends agree that he "has no Brain", Pooh is occasionally acknowledged to have a clever idea, usually driven by common sense. These include riding in Christopher Robin's umbrella to rescue Piglet from a flood, discovering "the North Pole" by picking it up to help fish Roo out of the river, inventing the game of Poohsticks, and getting Eeyore out of the river by dropping a large rock on one side of him to wash him towards the bank.
Pooh is also a talented poet, and the stories are frequently punctuated by his poems and "hums." Although he is humble about his slow-wittedness, he is comfortable with his creative gifts. When Owl's house blows down in a storm, trapping Pooh and Piglet and Owl inside, Pooh encourages Piglet (the only one small enough to do so) to escape and rescue them all by promising that "a respectful Pooh song" will be written about Piglet's feat. Later, Pooh muses about the creative process as he composes the song.
Pooh is very fond of food, especially "hunny" but also condensed milk and other items. When he visits friends, his desire to be offered a snack is in conflict with the impoliteness of asking too directly. Though intending to give Eeyore a pot of honey for his birthday, Pooh cannot resist eating the honey on his way to deliver the present, and so instead gives Eeyore "a useful pot to put things in". When he and Piglet are lost in the forest during Rabbit's attempt to "unbounce" Tigger, Pooh finds his way home by following the "call" of the honeypots from his house. Pooh makes it a habit to have "a little something" around eleven o'clock in the morning. As the clock in his house "stopped at five minutes to eleven some weeks ago," any time can be Pooh's snack time.
Pooh is very social. After Christopher Robin, his closest friend is Piglet, and he most often chooses to spend his time with one or both of them. But he also habitually visits the other animals, often looking for a snack or an audience for his poetry as much as for companionship. His kind-heartedness means he goes out of his way to be friendly to Eeyore, visiting him and bringing him a birthday present and building him a house, despite receiving mostly disdain from Eeyore in return.
Sequel
An authorised sequel Return to the Hundred Acre Wood was published on 5 October 2009. The author, David Benedictus, has developed, but not changed, Milne's characterisations. The illustrations, by Mark Burgess, are in the style of Shepard.[17]
Another authorised sequel, The Best Bear in All the World, was published by Egmont in 2016. The sequel consists of four short stories by four leading children's authors, Kate Saunders, Brian Sibley, Paul Bright, and Jeanne Willis. Illustrations are by Mark Burgess.[18] The Best Bear in All The World sees the introduction of a new character, a Penguin, which was inspired by a long-lost photograph of Milne and his son Christopher with a toy penguin.[19] A further special story, Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen, was published in 2016 to mark the 90th anniversary of Milne's creation and the 90th birthday of Elizabeth II. It sees Winnie the Pooh meet the Queen at Buckingham Palace.[20]
Stephen Slesinger
On 6 January 1930, Stephen Slesinger purchased US and Canadian merchandising, television, recording and other trade rights to the "Winnie-the-Pooh" works from Milne for a $1000 advance and 66% of Slesinger's income, creating the modern licensing industry. By November 1931, Pooh was a $50 million-a-year business.[21] Slesinger marketed Pooh and his friends for more than 30 years, creating the first Pooh doll, record, board game, puzzle, US radio broadcast (NBC), animation, and motion picture film.[22]
Red Shirt Pooh
The first time Pooh and his friends appeared in colour was 1932, when he was drawn by Slesinger in his now-familiar red shirt and featured on an RCA Victor picture record. Parker Brothers introduced A. A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh Game in 1933, again with Pooh in his red shirt. In the 1940s, Agnes Brush created the first plush dolls with Pooh in his red shirt. Shepard had drawn Pooh with a shirt as early as the first Winnie-The-Pooh book, which was subsequently coloured red in later coloured editions.
Disney ownership era (1966–present)
Main article: Winnie the Pooh (franchise)
After Slesinger's death in 1953, his wife, Shirley Slesinger Lasswell, continued developing the character herself. In 1961, she licensed rights to Walt Disney Productions in exchange for royalties in the first of two agreements between Stephen Slesinger, Inc. and Disney.[23] The same year, A. A. Milne's widow, Daphne Milne, also licensed certain rights, including motion picture rights, to Disney.
Since 1966, Disney has released numerous animated productions starring Winnie the Pooh and related characters. These have included theatrical featurettes, television series, and direct-to-video films, as well as the theatrical feature-length films The Tigger Movie, Piglet's Big Movie, Pooh's Heffalump Movie, and Winnie the Pooh.
Merchandising revenue dispute
Pooh videos, soft toys, and other merchandise generate substantial annual revenues for Disney. The size of Pooh stuffed toys ranges from Beanie and miniature to human-sized. In addition to the stylised Disney Pooh, Disney markets Classic Pooh merchandise which more closely resembles E.H. Shepard's illustrations.
In 1991, Stephen Slesinger, Inc. filed a lawsuit against Disney which alleged that Disney had breached their 1983 agreement by again failing to accurately report revenue from Winnie the Pooh sales. Under this agreement, Disney was to retain approximately 98% of gross worldwide revenues while the remaining 2% was to be paid to Slesinger. In addition, the suit alleged that Disney had failed to pay required royalties on all commercial exploitation of the product name.[24] Though the Disney corporation was sanctioned by a judge for destroying forty boxes of evidential documents,[25] the suit was later terminated by another judge when it was discovered that Slesinger's investigator had rummaged through Disney's garbage to retrieve the discarded evidence.[26] Slesinger appealed the termination and, on 26 September 2007, a three-judge panel upheld the lawsuit dismissal.[27]
After the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, Clare Milne, Christopher Milne's daughter, attempted to terminate any future US copyrights for Stephen Slesinger, Inc.[28] After a series of legal hearings, Judge Florence-Marie Cooper of the US District Court in California found in favour of Stephen Slesinger, Inc., as did the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. On 26 June 2006, the US Supreme Court refused to hear the case, sustaining the ruling and ensuring the defeat of the suit.[29]
On 19 February 2007 Disney lost a court case in Los Angeles which ruled their "misguided claims" to dispute the licensing agreements with Slesinger, Inc. were unjustified,[30] but a federal ruling of 28 September 2009, again from Judge Florence-Marie Cooper, determined that the Slesinger family had granted all trademarks and copyrights to Disney, although Disney must pay royalties for all future use of the characters. Both parties have expressed satisfaction with the outcome.[31][32]
Adaptations
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Theatre
Winnie-the-Pooh at the Guild Theater, Sue Hastings Marionettes, 1931[33]
Winnie-the-Pooh, a play in three acts, dramatized by Kristin Sergel, Dramatic Publishing Company, 1957
Winnie-the-Pooh, a musical comedy in two acts, lyrics by A. A. Milne and Kristin Sergel, music by Allan Jay Friedman, book by Kristin Sergel, Dramatic Publishing Company, 1964
A Winnie-the-Pooh Christmas Tail, In Which Winnie-the-Pooh and His Friends Help Eeyore Have a Very Merry Christmas (Or a Very Happy Birthday.), book, music, and lyrics by James W. Rogers, Dramatic Publishing Company, 1977
"Bother! The Brain of Pooh", Peter Dennis, 1986
Winnie-the-Pooh, small cast musical version, dramatized by le Clanché du Rand, music by Allan Jay Friedman, lyrics by A. A. Milne and Kristin Sergel, additional lyrics by le Clanché du Rand, Dramatic Publishing Company, 1992
Audio
RCA Victor record from 1932 decorated with Stephen Slesinger, Inc.'s Winnie-the-Pooh
Selected Pooh stories read by Maurice Evans released on vinyl LP:
Winnie-the-Pooh (consisting of three tracks: "Introducing Winnie-the-Pooh and Christopher Robin"; Pooh Goes Visiting and Gets into a Tight Place"; "Pooh and Piglet Go Hunting and Nearly Catch a Woozle") 1956
More Winnie-the-Pooh (consisting of three tracks: "Eeyore Loses a Tail"; "Piglet Meets a Heffalump"; "Eeyore Has a Birthday".)
In 1960 HMV recorded a dramatised version with songs (music by Harold Fraser-Simson) of two episodes from The House at Pooh Corner (Chapters 2 and 8), starring Ian Carmichael as Pooh, Denise Bryer as Christopher Robin (who also narrated), Hugh Lloyd as Tigger, Penny Morrell as Piglet, and Terry Norris as Eeyore. This was released on a 45 rpm EP.[34]
In the 1970s and 1980s, Carol Channing recorded Winnie the Pooh, The House at Pooh Corner and The Winnie the Pooh Songbook, with music by Don Heckman. These were released on vinyl LP and audio cassette by Caedmon Records.
Unabridged recordings read by Peter Dennis of the four Pooh books:
When We Were Very Young
Winnie-the-Pooh
Now We Are Six
The House at Pooh Corner
In 1979 a double audio cassette set of "Winnie the Pooh" was produced featuring British actor Lionel Jeffries reading all characters in the stories. This was followed in 1981 by an audio cassette set of stories from "House at Pooh Corner" also read by Lionel Jeffries.[35]
In the 1990s, the stories were dramatised for audio by David Benedictus, with music composed, directed and played by John Gould. They were performed by a cast that included Stephen Fry as Winnie-the-Pooh, Jane Horrocks as Piglet, Geoffrey Palmer as Eeyore, and Judi Dench as Kanga.[36]
Radio
Winnie-the-Pooh was broadcast by Donald Calthrop over all BBC stations on Christmas Day, 1925.[15]
Pooh made his US radio debut on 10 November 1932, when he was broadcast to 40,000 schools by The American School of the Air, the educational division of the Columbia Broadcasting System.[37]
Film
2017: Goodbye Christopher Robin, a drama film exploring the creation of Winnie-the-Pooh by A.A. Milne.
Soviet adaptation
A postage stamp showing Piglet and Winnie-the-Pooh as they appear in the Soviet adaptation
In the Soviet Union, three Winnie-the-Pooh, (transcribed in Russian as "Vinni Pukh") (Russian language: Винни-Пух) stories were made into a celebrated trilogy[38] of short films by Soyuzmultfilm (directed by Fyodor Khitruk) from 1969 to 1972, after being granted permission by Disney to make their own adaptation in a gesture of Cold War détente.[39]
Винни-Пух (Winnie-the-Pooh, 1969) – based on chapter 1
Винни-Пух идёт в гости (Winnie-the-Pooh Pays a Visit, 1971) – based on chapter 2
Винни-Пух и день забот (Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day, 1972) – based on chapters 4 and 6.
Films use Boris Zakhoder's translation of the book. Pooh was voiced by Yevgeny Leonov. Unlike the Disney adaptations, the animators did not base their depictions of the characters on Shepard's illustrations, creating a different look. The Soviet adaptations make extensive use of Milne's original text, and often bring out aspects of Milne's characters' personalities not used in the Disney adaptations.
Television
Winnie-the-Pooh and his friends debuted on NBC Television in 1958-1960.
1958-1960: Shirley Temple's Storybook on NBC: Winnie-the-Pooh' A marioneets version of Winnie The Pooh, designed, made and operated by Bil And Cora Baird,
. Pooh himself is voiced by Franz Fazakas.
During the 1970s the BBC children's television show Jackanory serialised the two books, which were read by Willie Rushton.[40]
Disney adaptations
Theatrical shorts
1966: Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree
1968: Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day
1974: Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too
1981: Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons
1983: Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore
Theatrical feature films
1977: The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (compilation of Honey Tree, Blustery Day, and Tigger Too)
2000: The Tigger Movie
2003: Piglet's Big Movie
2005: Pooh's Heffalump Movie
2011: Winnie the Pooh
2018: Christopher Robin[41][42]
Television shows
Welcome to Pooh Corner (*) (Disney Channel, 1983–1986)
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (ABC, 1988–1991)
The Book of Pooh (*) (Disney Channel (Playhouse Disney), 2001–2003)
My Friends Tigger & Pooh (Disney Channel (Playhouse Disney), 2007–2010)
Mini Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (Disney Junior, 2011–2014[43])
Magical World of Winnie the Pooh (Note: These are episodes from The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh) (*): Puppet/live-action show
Holiday TV specials
1991: Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too, included in A Very Merry Pooh Year
1996: Boo to You Too! Winnie the Pooh, included in Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie
1998: A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving, included in Seasons of Giving
1999: A Valentine for You
Direct-to-video shorts
1990: Winnie the Pooh's ABC of Me
Direct-to-video features
1997: Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin
1999: Seasons of Giving*
2001: The Book of Pooh: Stories from the Heart
2002: A Very Merry Pooh Year*
2004: Springtime with Roo
2005: Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie
2007: Super Sleuth Christmas Movie
2009: Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too
2010: Super Duper Super Sleuths
These features integrate stories from The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh and/or holiday specials with new footage.
Video games
The following games are based on Disney's Winnie the Pooh.
Main title / alternate title(s)
Developer
Release date
System(s)
Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood Sierra On-Line 1984 Amiga, Apple II, Atari ST, Commodore 64, DOS
A Year at Pooh Corner Novotrade, Sega 1994 Sega Pico
Ready for Math with Pooh Disney Interactive Studios 1997 Microsoft Windows
Ready to Read with Pooh Disney Interactive Studios 1997 Microsoft Windows
Tigger's Honey Hunt Doki Denki, NewKidCo 2000 PlayStation, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo 64
Winnie the Pooh: Adventures in the 100 Acre Wood Tose, NewKidCo 2000 Game Boy Color
Disney's Winnie the Pooh: Preschool Hi Corp, Atlus 2001 PlayStation
Disney's Pooh's Party Game: In Search of the Treasure Doki Denki, SCEE, Electronic Arts, Tomy Corporation 2001 PlayStation, Microsoft Windows
Kuma no Pooh-San: Mori no Nakamato 123 Atlus 2001 PlayStation
Pooh and Tigger's Hunny Safari Digital Eclipse, Electronic Arts, Ubisoft 2001 Game Boy Color
Disney's Winnie the Pooh's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure Hi Corp, Atlus 2002 PlayStation
Piglet's Big Game Doki Denki Studio, Disney Interactive Studios, THQ, Gotham Games 2003 Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2, Game Boy Advance
Pooh's Hunny Pot Challenge Walt Disney Internet Group 2003 Mobile phone
Pooh's Pairs Walt Disney Internet Group 2003 Mobile phone
Tigger's Bouncin' Time Walt Disney Internet Group 2003 Mobile phone
Pooh's Hunny Blocks Walt Disney Internet Group 2003 Mobile phone
Winnie the Pooh's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure Phoenix Games Studio, Ubisoft 2005 Game Boy Advance, Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2, mobile phone
Kuma no Pooh-San: 100 Acre no Mori no Cooking Book Disney Interactive Studios 2011 Nintendo DS
Disney's Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree Animated Storybook Disney Interactive Studios 2014 Microsoft Windows
Legacy
A plaque on Winnie-the-Pooh Street (ulica Kubusia Puchatka) in Warsaw
Winnie the Pooh has inspired multiple texts to explain complex philosophical ideas. Benjamin Hoff used Milne's characters in The Tao of Pooh and The Te of Piglet to explain Taoism. Similarly, Frederick Crews wrote essays about the Pooh books in abstruse academic jargon in The Pooh Perplex and Postmodern Pooh to satirise a range of philosophical approaches.[44] Pooh and the Philosophers by John T. Williams uses Winnie the Pooh as a backdrop to illustrate the works of philosophers including Descartes, Kant, Plato, and Nietzsche.[45] Epic Pooh is a 1978 essay by Michael Moorcock that compares much fantasy writing to AA Milne's as work intended to comfort, not challenge.
One of the best known characters in British children's literature, a 2011 poll saw Winnie the Pooh voted onto the list of icons of England.[46] Forbes magazine ranked Pooh the most valuable fictional character in 2002, with merchandising products alone generating more than $5.9 billion that year.[47] In 2005, Pooh generated $6 billion, a figure surpassed by only Mickey Mouse.[48] In 2006, Pooh received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, marking the 80th birthday of Milne's creation.[48] The bear is such a popular character in Poland that a Warsaw street is named for him, Ulica Kubusia Puchatka. There is also a street named after him in Budapest (Micimackó utca).[49]
In music, Kenny Loggins wrote the song "House at Pooh Corner", which was originally recorded by the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band.[50] Loggins later rewrote the song as "Return to Pooh Corner", featuring on the album of the same name in 1991. In Italy, a pop band took their name from Winnie, and were titled Pooh. In Estonia there is a punk/metal band called Winny Puhh.
In the "sport" of Poohsticks, competitors drop sticks into a stream from a bridge and then wait to see whose stick will cross the finish line first. Though it began as a game played by Pooh and his friends in the book The House at Pooh Corner and later in the films, it has crossed over into the real world: a World Championship Poohsticks race takes place in Oxfordshire each year. Ashdown Forest in England where the Pooh stories are set is a popular tourist attraction, and includes the wooden Pooh Bridge where Pooh and Piglet invented Poohsticks.[51] The Oxford University Winnie the Pooh Society was founded by undergraduates in 1982.
In the People's Republic of China, images of Pooh were censored in mid-2017 from social media websites, when internet memes comparing Chinese president Xi Jinping to Pooh became popular.[52]
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Jump up ^ "Hastings Marionettes: Will Open Holiday Season at Guild Theatre on Saturday". The New York Times. 22 December 1931. p. 28.
Jump up ^ "Ian Carmichael And Full Cast – The House at Pooh Corner – HMV Junior Record Club – UK – 7EG 117". 45cat. 23 July 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Winnie the Pooh". OCLC WorldCat. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tigger comes to the forest: and other stories". OCLC WorldCat. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "His Master's Voice Speaks Again". Playthings. November 1932.
Jump up ^ "Russian animation in letters and figures | "Winnie the Pooh"". Animator.ru. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Soviet version of AA Milne classic hits British screens | Daily Mail Online
Jump up ^ Biography: Willie Rushton. BBC. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr., Mike. "Disney Sets Live-Action 'Winnie The Pooh' Film; Alex Ross Perry To Write". Deadline. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Lincoln, Ross A. (18 November 2016). "Marc Forster To Helm Live-Action 'Christopher Robin' Based On 'Winnie The Pooh' Character". Deadline.
Jump up ^ "Mini Adventures of Winnie the Pooh". IMDb. 22 August 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Jump up ^ spiked-culture |Article |Pooh-poohing postmodernism. Spiked-online.com. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Sonderbooks Book Review of Pooh and the Philosophers. Sonderbooks.com (20 April 2004). Retrieved 12 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "ICONS of England – the 100 ICONS as voted by the public". Culture 24 News. 20 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top-Earning Fictional Characters". Forbes (New York). 25 September 2003. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pooh joins Hollywood Walk of Fame". BBC. Retrieved 24 November 2014
Jump up ^ "Google Maps". Google Maps. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "House at Pooh Corner by Loggins and Messina Songfacts". Songfacts.com. 14 October 1926. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Plans to improve access to Pooh Bridge unveiled. BBC. Retrieved 15 October 2011
Jump up ^ McDonell, Stephen (17 July 2017). "Why China censors banned Winnie the Pooh". BBC News. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
External links
Find more aboutWinnie-the-Poohat Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Data from Wikidata
Winnie-the-Pooh at Curlie
The original bear, with A. A. Milne and Christopher Robin, at the National Portrait Gallery, London
The real locations, from the Ashdown Forest Conservators
Winnie-the-Pooh at the New York Public Library
"Winnie the Pooh saga turns 100 years old", CBC News, 24 August 2014.
"The skull of the 'real' Winnie goes on display", BBC News, 20 November 2015.
show
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Winnie-the-Pooh by A. A. Milne
Winnie the Pooh (Disney franchise)
Books
When We Were Very Young (1924)
Winnie-the-Pooh (1926)
Now We Are Six (1927)
The House at Pooh Corner (1928)
Return to the Hundred Acre Wood (2009)
The Best Bear in All the World (2016)
Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen (2016)
Characters
Winnie-the-Pooh
Disney version
Piglet
Tigger
Christopher Robin
Rabbit
Eeyore
Owl
Kanga
Roo
Heffalumps
Gopher
Soyuzmultfilm
featurettes
Winnie-the-Pooh (1969)
Winnie-the-Pooh Pays a Visit (1971)
Winnie-the-Pooh and a Busy Day (1972)
Disney featurettes
Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree (1966)
Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (1968)
Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too (1974)
Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore (1983)
Disney shorts
Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons (1981)
Disney films
Feature films
Walt Disney
Animation Studios
films
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
Winnie the Pooh (2011)
Disneytoon
Studios films
The Tigger Movie (2000)
Piglet's Big Movie (2003)
Pooh's Heffalump Movie (2005)
Live-action
continuation
Christopher Robin (2018)
Direct-to-video
films
Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin (1997)
Seasons of Giving (1999)
The Book of Pooh: Stories from the Heart (2001)
A Very Merry Pooh Year (2002)
Springtime with Roo (2004)
Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie (2005)
Super Sleuth Christmas Movie (2007)
Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too (2009)
Super Duper Super Sleuths (2010)
Television
Welcome to Pooh Corner (1983–86)
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1988–91)
The Book of Pooh (2001–03)
My Friends Tigger & Pooh (2007–10)
Specials
Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (1990)
Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too (1991)
Boo to You Too! Winnie the Pooh (1996)
A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving (1998)
A Valentine for You (1999)
Video games
Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood (1986)
Disney's Animated Storybook
Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree [1995]
Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too [1999]
Kingdom Hearts (2002 onwards)
Ready to Read with Pooh (1997)
Tigger's Honey Hunt (2000)
Piglet's Big Game (2003)
Winnie the Pooh's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure (2005)
Disney Friends (2007)
Winnie the Pooh's Home Run Derby (2007)
Songs
"Winnie the Pooh" (1966)
"Up, Down and Touch the Ground" (1966)
"Rumbly in My Tumbly" (1966)
"Little Black Rain Cloud" (1966)
"Mind over Matter" (1966)
"A Rather Blustery Day" (1968)
"The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers" (1968)
"Heffalumps and Woozles" (1968)
"The Rain Rain Rain Came Down Down Down" (1968)
"Hip Hip Pooh-Ray!" (1968)
"House at Pooh Corner" (1970)
"I Hum to Myself" (1983)
"The Right Side" (1983)
"You're the Only You" (1983)
"Try a Little Something New" (1983)
People
Christopher Robin Milne
E. H. Shepard
Harry Colebourn
Shirley Slesinger Lasswell
Stephen Slesinger
Sherman Brothers
David Benedictus
Mark Burgess
Related
Ashdown Forest
Bother! The Brain of Pooh
Disney franchise
Hundred Acre Wood
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh attraction
More Songs from Pooh Corner
Pooh's Hunny Hunt
Poohsticks
Return to Pooh Corner
The Tao of Pooh
The Te of Piglet
Eeyore's Birthday Party
Winnipeg the Bear
A Bear Named Winnie
Goodbye Christopher Robin
show
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Teddy bears
Manufacturers
Build-A-Bear Workshop
Chad Valley
J. K. Farnell
Gund
Ideal Toy Company
Margarete Steiff GmbH
Merrythought
Teddy Atelier Stursberg
Teddy-Hermann
Ty Inc.
Vermont Teddy Bear Company
Types
AG Bear
Beanie Babies
Boyds Bears
Care Bears
Coffee Bean Bears
Forever Friends
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Holiday Beanie Babies
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WereBears
Museums
Dorset Teddy Bear Museum
Teddy bear museum
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Famous teddies
Aloysius
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Film and television
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Books
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Music
"(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear"
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"Teddy Bears' Picnic"
"The Teddy Bear Song"
Video games
Build-A-Bear Workshop
Hubert the Teddy Bear: Winter Games
Opération Teddy Bear
Teddy Together
Naughty Bear
Related topics
The Bear Club
Peter Bull
Gummy bears
Round and Round the Garden
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Stuffed toys
Sudanese blasphemy case
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Teddy Bear Review
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Teddy Grahams
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 133372065
LCCN: no2014169001
NLA: 58458776
VIAF: 33185902
United Kingdom portal
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winnie-the-Pooh&oldid=865721646"
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Great Storm of 1987
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The Great Storm of 1987
Data
Formed: 15 October 1987
Dissipated: 16 October 1987
Lowest pressure: 953 mbar (hPa)[1]
Highest winds: 216 km/h (134 mph)[1]
Countries affected:
France
United Kingdom
Spain
Belgium
Norway
Fatalities: 22
Damage: UK: £2 billion
(£5.163 billion today)
France: 23 billion francs
(£7.150 billion today)
The Great Storm of 1987 was a violent extratropical cyclone that occurred on the night of 15–16 October, with hurricane-force winds causing casualties in England, France and the Channel Islands as a severe depression in the Bay of Biscay moved northeast. Among the most damaged areas were Greater London, the East Anglian coast, the Home Counties, the west of Brittany and the Cotentin Peninsula of Normandy which weathered gusts typically with a return period of 1 in 200 years.[2][3]
Forests, parks, roads and railways were strewn with fallen trees as well as schools being closed. The British National Grid suffered heavy damage, leaving thousands without power. At least 22 people were killed in England and France.[4] The highest measured gust of 117 kn (217 km/h; 135 mph) was recorded at Pointe Du Roc, Granville, France and the highest gust in the UK of 100 kn (190 km/h; 120 mph) was recorded at Shoreham-by-Sea.[5]
That day's weather reports had failed to indicate a storm of such severity, an earlier, correct forecast having been negated by later projections. The apparent suggestion by the BBC's Michael Fish of a false alarm is celebrated as a classic gaffe, though he claims he was misquoted.[6] The storm has been termed a weather bomb due to its rapid development.[7]
Major improvements were later implemented in atmospheric observation, relevant computer models, and the training of forecasters.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
1.1 First warnings
1.2 Winds
2 Impact
2.1 United Kingdom
2.2 France
3 Aftermath
3.1 Criticism of the Met Office
3.2 Climatological context
4 Wider impacts
4.1 Black Monday
4.2 Cultural references
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Development[edit]
Partially cleared storm damage, Chelmsford
On the Sunday before the storm struck, the farmers' forecast had predicted bad weather on the following Thursday or Friday, 15–16 October.[9] By midweek, however, guidance from weather prediction models was somewhat equivocal. Instead of stormy weather over a considerable part of the UK, the models suggested that severe weather would reach no farther north than the English Channel and coastal parts of southern England.[9]
During the afternoon of 15 October, winds were very light over most parts of the UK. The pressure gradient was slack. A depression was drifting slowly northwards over the North Sea off eastern Scotland. A trough lay over England, Wales and Ireland. Over the Bay of Biscay, a depression was developing.[10]
First warnings[edit]
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The first gale warnings for sea areas in the English Channel were issued at 0630 UTC on 15 October and were followed, four hours later, by warnings of severe gales. At 1200 UTC on 15 October, the depression which originated in the Bay of Biscay was centred near 46° N, 9° W and its depth was 970 mb. By 1800 UTC, it had moved north-east to about 47° N, 6° W, and deepened to 964 mb.
At 2235 UTC, winds of Force 10 were forecast. By midnight, the depression was over the western English Channel, and its central pressure was 953 mb. At 0140 on 16 October, warnings of Force 11 were issued. The depression now moved rapidly north-east, filling a little as it did, reaching the Humber estuary at about 0530 UTC, by which time its central pressure was 959 mb. Dramatic increases in temperature were associated with the passage of the storm's warm front.
In the sea areas, warnings of severe weather were both timely and adequate, although forecasts for land areas left much to be desired. During the evening of 15 October, radio and TV forecasts mentioned strong winds, but indicated that heavy rain would be the main feature, rather than wind. By the time most people went to bed, exceptionally strong winds had not been mentioned in national radio and TV weather broadcasts.
Warnings of severe weather had been issued, however, to various agencies and emergency authorities, including the London Fire Brigade. Perhaps the most important warning was issued by the Met Office to the Ministry of Defence (MoD) at 0135 UTC, 16 October. It warned that the anticipated consequences of the storm were such that civil authorities might need to call on assistance from the military.
Winds[edit]
Storm damaged building, Barton on Sea in Hampshire
A highest gust of 119 kn (220 km/h; 137 mph) is estimated from satellite data at Quimper, Brittany, with the highest measured gust at 117 kn (217 km/h; 135 mph) at Pointe du Roc, Granville Normandy.[4]
In south-east England, where the greatest damage occurred, gusts of 70 knots (130 km/h; 81 mph) or more were recorded continually for three or four consecutive hours. During this time, the wind veered from southerly to south-westerly. To the north-west of this region, there were two maxima in gust speeds, separated by a period of lower wind speeds. During the first period, the wind direction was southerly. During the latter, it was south-westerly. Damage patterns in south-east England suggested that tornadoes accompanied the storm.
In the UK, winds at Shoreham-by-Sea, Sussex reached 100 kn (190 km/h; 120 mph) before the anemometer failed.[4][11][12] Many anemometers were reliant on mains power, and ceased recording as the south east of the United Kingdom was blacked-out by power cuts, thus losing much valuable data.[10] Winds with an estimated 200-year return period hit the counties of Kent, Sussex, Hampshire and along the coastal strip of Essex, Suffolk and South Eastern Norfolk.[10] North of a line from Portland Bill, Dorset to Cromer, Norfolk the return period of the respective gusts were under 10 years.[10]
Sustained winds speeds greater than 75 mph were recorded for over an hour in southern Britain.[13] According to the Beaufort scale of wind intensities, this storm had winds of hurricane force 12 (73 mph or greater); as the term hurricane refers to tropical cyclones originating in the North Atlantic or North Pacific, the descriptor "great storm" has tended to be reserved for those storms in recent years reaching this velocity. Hurricanes have a very different wind profile and distribution from storms, and significantly higher precipitation levels.
Impact[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
Storm damage in London
The storm made landfall in Cornwall, and tracked north-east towards Devon and then over the Midlands, going out to sea via The Wash. The strongest gusts, of up to 100 knots (190 km/h; 120 mph), were recorded along the south-eastern edge of the storm, hitting mainly Hampshire, Sussex, Essex and Kent. The Royal Sovereign lighthouse 6 miles (9.7 km) off Eastbourne recorded wind speeds on its instruments at the highest velocity it could measure, 110 mph (180 km/h).
The storm caused substantial damage over much of England, felling an estimated 15 million trees[14] (including six of the seven eponymous oaks in Sevenoaks,[15] historic specimens in Kew Gardens, Wakehurst Place, Nymans Garden, Hyde Park, London and Scotney Castle[16] and most of the trees making up Chanctonbury Ring). At Bedgebury National Pinetum, Kent almost a quarter of the trees were brought down.[17][18] There have been many claims that the damage to forestry was made worse by broadleaf trees still being in leaf at the time of the storm, though this was not borne out by an analysis by the Forestry Commission.[19]
Fallen trees blocked roads and railways and left widespread structural damage primarily to windows and roofs. Several hundred thousand people were left without power, not fully restored until more than two weeks later. Local electric utility officials later said they lost more wires in the storm than in the preceding decade. At sea, as well as many small boats being wrecked, a Sealink cross-channel ferry, the MV Hengist, was driven ashore at Folkestone and the bulk carrier MV Sumnea capsized at Dover, Kent.[20]
The National Grid sustained heavy damage during the event, as crashing cables short-circuited, which in some cases overheated the main system. Its headquarters faced the choice of keeping the Grid online to help London as the storm approached but risk an incremental system breakdown, failure and burnout, or to shut down most of South East England including London and avert that risk. The headquarters made the decision, the first one like it since before World War II: to shut down the South East power systems to maintain the network as soon as signs of overheating began.[verification needed]
In London, many of the trees lining streets, particularly plane trees, were blown down overnight, blocking roads and crushing parked cars. Building construction scaffolding and billboards collapsed in many places, and many buildings were damaged. The following morning, the BBC's largest broadcasting site, Lime Grove Studios in White City, was unable to function due to a power failure — ITV's TV-am and BBC1's Breakfast Time programmes were broadcast from different emergency facilities in emergency formats. TV-am broadcast from Thames Television's Euston Road studios, while BBC newsreader Nicholas Witchell had to broadcast from the BBC1 continuity studio at BBC Television Centre, with the wall decorations used for Children's BBC hastily taken down. Much of the public transport in the capital was not functioning, and people were advised against trying to go to work. TV-am host Anne Diamond did go back to the regular TV-am studio with reporter Kay Burley, whilst Richard Keys remained in the Thames Television studio in case the power supply situation became even worse, and indeed, power did go back down at around 8:15am.
France[edit]
The départements of Finistère, Morbihan, Côtes-d'Armor and Ille-et-Vilaine in Brittany, and the Cotentin Peninsula (Manche and part of Calvados) in Normandy were the areas in France most affected by the storm, which followed a line from Morbihan and Rennes to Deauville.[21] 1.79 million homes were left without electricity supply and water, and a quarter of Brittany's forest was destroyed. The total damage was estimated at ₣23 billion.
Météo France announced "une petite tempête en provenance des Açores" (a little storm coming in from the Azores), which reached Brittany's coast at about 18:00, later than expected. This depression caused little damage, with only 50 to 60 km/h (31 to 37 mph; 27 to 32 kn) winds. A much deeper depression hit Ushant on the extreme western tip of Brittany at midnight. It was measured at 948 hPa (or 948 mb) at the Brest-Guipavas weather station, the lowest reading in its records dating back to 1945.[21]
Weather stations on the coast at pointe du Raz, pointe Saint-Mathieu and Penmarch gave no readings, as they were damaged by the high winds. The wind speed measured at Brest was 148 km/h (92 mph; 80 kn). The centre of the storm crossed Brittany from Penmarch to Saint-Brieuc at 110 km/h (68 mph; 59 kn), with gusts of wind up to 187 km/h (116 mph; 101 kn) at Quimper, 200 km/h (120 mph; 110 kn) at Ouessant and 220 km/h (140 mph; 120 kn) at la pointe de Penmarch and Granville. Waves were measured at 16 m (52 ft) off Ushant and Belle Île.[21]
Similar strength storms in France since 1960:
Tempête Vivian in 1990 (generally milder)
Cyclone Lothar and Martin in December 1999, which claimed 140 lives, equally severe in Germany, more southern neighbouring countries also saw multiple deaths.
Cyclone Klaus which struck worse southern France and northern Spain in 2009 and claimed 26 lives.
The church at Concarneau was damaged but never rebuilt, and was finally demolished a few years later.
'Station closed' notice at Honor Oak Park, 16 October 1987.
The MS Herald of Free Enterprise was caught in the storm off Cape Finisterre as it was making its way for scrapping in Taiwan. The ship was cast adrift after its tow rope parted, finally resuming its journey on 19 October 1987.[22]
Aftermath[edit]
The storm cost the insurance industry £2 billion, making it the second most expensive UK weather event on record to insurers after the Burns' Day Storm of 1990.[23] Peak wind velocities were in the early hours of the morning, which may have helped reduce the death toll. The storm hit the Isle of Wight at 02:00. Shanklin Pier on the south-east coast of the island was broken into three pieces as a result of mountainous waves. Plans to rebuild the pier were soon abandoned, and the rest of the pier was demolished by contractors shortly afterwards. A monument now stands in front of what used to be the pier entrance.
A great deal of effort and money was put into the post-storm clean-up of forests and wooded areas. The writer Oliver Rackham and the charity Common Ground were active in trying to prevent unnecessary destruction of trees which, although fallen, were still living.[24][25] Some landowners, such as the National Trust, did not attempt complete clearing and replanting, realising that there was a unique opportunity to study the patterns of natural regeneration after such an event.[26]
A number of wild boar may have escaped from captivity during the storm, after enclosures were damaged by falling trees. These boar have since bred and established populations in woods across southern England.[27]
A more positive aspect could be found among some British gardeners; as Heather Angel wrote in the Royal Horticultural Society's Journal:
In some places this natural disaster has resulted in splendid vistas- views long since forgotten by some and never before seen by a whole new generation. Because of gaps left by fallen trees, visitors to Arundel Castle, the ancestral home of the Dukes of Norfolk, can now look out over the picturesque town... At the renowned woodland rhododendron garden at Leonardslee, Sussex, the gale... opened magnificent views by removing about a thousand trees which owner Robin Loder said he would never have had the courage to thin out himself.[28]
Following the storm meteorologists at the University of Reading led by Professor Keith Browning developed the Sting jet concept. During reanalysis of the storm they identified a mesoscale flow where the most damaging winds were shown to be emanating from the evaporating tip of the hooked cloud head on the southern flank of the cyclone. This cloud, hooked like a scorpion's tail, gives the wind region its name the "Sting Jet".[11][29]
Criticism of the Met Office[edit]
The Met Office was severely criticised by most of the national press for failing to forecast the storm correctly.[9]
The Met Office conducted an internal inquiry, scrutinised by two independent assessors, and a number of recommendations were made. Chiefly, observational coverage of the atmosphere over the ocean to the south and west of the UK was improved by increasing the quality and quantity of observations from ships, aircraft, buoys and satellites. Continued refinements were made to the computer models used in forecasting, and changes were made in the training of forecasters. In addition, reforms in the way the Met Office reports warnings of severe weather were implemented, leading to substantially more warnings being issued in the future. Further deployment of improved tracking devices and improvements in the computer model simulations were supported by the purchase of an additional Cray supercomputer. Warnings for the Burns' Day Storm just over two years later were accurate and on time, although the model forecast hinged on observations from two ships in the Atlantic near the developing storm the day before it reached the UK.[30]
Michael Fish's 15 October 1987 forecast on the BBC
BBC meteorologist Michael Fish drew particular criticism for reporting several hours before the storm hit:
Earlier on today, apparently, a woman rang the BBC and said she heard there was a hurricane on the way; well, if you're watching, don't worry, there isn't, but having said that, actually, the weather will become very windy, but most of the strong winds, incidentally, will be down over Spain and across into France.[31]
Fish has subsequently claimed that his comments about a hurricane had nothing to do with the UK; they referred to Florida, USA, and were linked to a news story immediately preceding the weather bulletin, but had been so widely repeated out of context that the British public remains convinced that he was referring to the approaching storm. According to Fish, the woman in question was actually a colleague's mother who was about to go on holiday in the Caribbean, and had called regarding (the already long-dissipated) Hurricane Floyd to see if it would be safe to travel.[32] Fish has also claimed that "nobody phoned up" and that she was a "non-existing woman", apparently contradicting the previous declaration, when interviewed about Anita Hart's claims of being the woman who made the call.[33]
Fish went on to warn viewers that it would be "very windy" across the south of England, but predicted that the storm would move further south along the English Channel and the British mainland would escape the worst effects. The remainder of his warning is frequently left out of re-runs, which only adds to the public's misconception of that day's forecasting. His analysis has been defended by weather experts. In particular, the lack of a weather ship in the Southwest Approaches, due to Met Office cutbacks,[34] meant the only manner of tracking the storm was by using satellite data, as automatic buoys had not been deployed at the time.
Ironically, earlier forecasts as far back as the preceding weekend had correctly identified that gale-force winds would affect Southern England. However, later runs of the model had indicated a more southerly track for the low pressure system, incorrectly indicating that the strongest winds would be confined to Northern and Central France. The French meteorological office used a different computer weather model to the British, and the French model proved more accurate in predicting the severity of the storm in the Channel.
In the wake of the storm the Met Office set up the National Severe Weather Warning Service.[8]
Climatological context[edit]
It is claimed this storm was the worst since the Great Storm of 1703,[8][35][36] which has been challenged as a myth.[2][3] Storms of this strength regularly form over the North Atlantic, where they typically track to the north of Scotland. Storms of such a strength have a return period of 30 to 40 years.[4] The unusual aspect of the storm was that it struck the densely populated southeast of England.[2][3] That winds in the South East had return periods of 1 in 200 years does not mean the winds of this strength occur once every 200 years, but that the winds have a 0.5% probability of happening in a given year.[Note 1]
Following this storm 1.3 million incidents of damage were reported, which is only exceeded by the Gale of January 1976 where destruction covered a wider area of the UK, with 1.5 million incidents of damage reported.[1] The Burns' Day storm hit the United Kingdom in January 1990, less than three years later and with comparable intensity.
Wider impacts[edit]
Black Monday[edit]
Following the storm few dealers made it to their desks and stock market trading was suspended twice and the market closed early at 12.30pm. The disruption meant the City was unable to respond to the late dealings at the beginning of the Wall Street fall-out on Friday 16 October, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average recorded its biggest-ever one-day slide at the time, a fall of 108.36. City traders and investors spent the weekend, 17–18 October, repairing damaged gardens in between trying to guess market reaction and assessing the damage.[37] 19 October, Black Monday, was memorable as being the first business day of the London markets after the Great Storm.
Cultural references[edit]
The storm features in an important scene near the end of Possession: A Romance, the Man Booker Prize-winning novel by A. S. Byatt.
The novelist W. G. Sebald recalls the storm towards the end of The Rings of Saturn, as he is visiting Ditchingham Hall in Norfolk, where the storm did great damage to estate trees.
The BBC drama Our Friends in the North features a character, Eddie Wells MP, dying of a heart attack as the storm hits Westminster.
Richard Poole repeatedly mentions the storm in the Death in Paradise episode "A Stormy Occurrence".[38]
Michael Fish's controversial weather forecast featured in the London 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony,[6] playing on the perceived British love of talking about the weather.
The BBC drama "New Tricks", series 1, episode 1 (aired 1 April 2004) is based on a murder that occurred just before the storm, which had gone unsolved because the storm had "messed up" the evidence.
The main character in the 1994 novel by Tim Binding, "In the Kingdom of Air," is a BBC meteorologist. The novel takes place during the Great Storm of 1987.[39]
See also[edit]
List of natural disasters in Great Britain and Ireland
Glanrhyd Bridge collapse
Hurricane Ophelia (2017)
Notes[edit]
^ Common Misconceptions, Part 1 - Return Periods[40]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c United Kingdom Met Office (2007). "The Great Storm of 1987" (PDF). Risk Management Solutions. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Vidal, John (16 October 2012). "Sting jet technology means no more hurricane mishaps for Michael Fish". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "How did the 'Great Storm' of 1987 develop?". Met Office News Blog. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Great Storm of 1987". Wayback Machine: Met Office. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/learn-about-the-weather/weather-phenomena/case-studies/great-storm
^ Jump up to: a b "Great Storm of 1987: Michael Fish's 'white lie'". BBC News. 15 October 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ophelia's strange path". The Economist. 16 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Lessons learned from Great Storm". BBC News. 14 October 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Houghton, J. T. "The Storm, The Media and the Enquiry". Weather. 43: 67–70. Bibcode:1988Wthr...43...67H. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1988.tb03883.x. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Burt, S. D.; Mansfield, D. A. (1988). "The Great Storm of 15–16 October 1987". Weather. 43 (3): 90–108. Bibcode:1988Wthr...43...90B. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1988.tb03885.x. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The 1987 Great Storm – What is a Sting Jet?". Met Office. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Sting Jet Forecasting the damaging winds in European Cyclones" (PDF). Met Office. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
Jump up ^ David Braine (12 December 2007). "The 1987 Great Storm". BBC. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Richardson, Tim (12 October 2007). "The Great Storm of 1987 remembered". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "A brief history of Sevenoaks Town". History of Sevenoaks. Sevenoaks Life. Retrieved 28 July 2008.
Jump up ^ These much-visited gardens were noted in an editorial in Horticulture: The Magazine of American Gardening, November 1988:13.
Jump up ^ "Summary of the Bedgebury Forest archaeological survey". Bedgebury Forest archaeological survey. Forestry Commission. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
Jump up ^ "History of Bedgebury National Pinetum". Forestry Commission. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
Jump up ^ Quine, C. P. (March 1988). "DAMAGE TO TREES AND WOODLANDS IN THE STORM OF 15-16 OCTOBER 1987". Weather. 43 (3): 114–118. Bibcode:1988Wthr...43..114Q. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1988.tb03888.x.
Jump up ^ Tony Dawe, Robert Matthews and Nicholas Wood (17 October 1987). "Wasted warning of the storm". The Times (62902). London. col A-H, p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b c "L'Ouest balayé par un ouragan dévastateur (the West swept up by a devastating hurricane)" (in French). Météo France (government organisation).
Jump up ^ Gripper, Ann (25 October 2013). "UK weather: A look back at the devastating Great Storm of 1987 that nobody predicted". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "UK storm payout 'may hit £350m'". BBC News. bbc.co.uk. 20 February 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2007. The 'great storm' of 1987, which cost the industry £2bn, was the second most expensive.
Jump up ^ Watkins, Jack (13 October 2007). "1987 Great Storm: Terrible blow, not a knockout". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Oliver Rackham, Trees & Woodland in the British Landscape p. 202–3 (Dent, 1990)
Jump up ^ see e.g. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/3310333/1987-Great-Storm-Terrible-blow-not-a-knockout.html
Jump up ^ Britten, Nick (17 Mar 2004). "Wild boar back from extinction". The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Angel, in The Garden: Journal of the Royal Horticulyural Society, March–April 1988.
Jump up ^ Browning, Keith; Peter Clark; Tim Hewson; Robert Muir-Wood (2003). "Damaging winds from European cyclones". The Royal Society. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Heming, J.T. (1990). "The impact of surface and radiosonde observations from two Atlantic ships on a numerical weather prediction model forecast for the storm of 25 January 1990". The Meteorological Magazine. 119: 249–259.
Jump up ^ YouTube footage of Michael Fish
Jump up ^ "Michael Fish and the 1987 Storm". BBC Weather. www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 1 October 2004. Retrieved 20 February 2007. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ TVinsiderV. "BBC weather Michael Fish mystery phone caller revealed 1987". YouTube. Retrieved 2012-01-21.
Jump up ^ "Romeo Would Have Spied the Storm". New Scientist. IPC Magazines. 116 (1583): 22. 1987-10-22. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
Jump up ^ "Factfile: The 1987 Great Storm". Anglia – ITV News. 15 October 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Factfile: The 1987 Great Storm". Met Office. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Gribben, Roland (18 October 2012). "Black Monday taught salutary lessons all round". The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Simon, Jane (19 February 2013). "Tuesday's must-see TV: Not even a hurricane in the Caribbean can ruffle DI Richard Poole's stiff upper lip in Death in Paradise". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Binding, Tim (1994). In the Kingdom of Air. Norton. ISBN 9780393036091.
Jump up ^ "Engineering Misconceptions, Part 1 - Return Periods". Ronjie.com Civil Engineering Blog. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Storm of 1987.
Met Office report
BBC news report, On This Day, including video
Details of the damage in France (in French)
Useful maps of the storm (in French)
Teachers TV, Great Storm 1987
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This page was last edited on 22 November 2017, at 16:50.
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