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ZTE
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For other uses, see ZTE (disambiguation).
ZTE Corporation
ZTE corporate campus in Shenzhen, Guangdong
Formerly called
Zhongxing Telecommunication Equipment Corporation
Type
Public company
Traded as
SZSE: 000063
SEHK: 0763
Industry
Telecommunications equipment
Networking equipment
Founded
1985; 32 years ago (1985)
Founder
Hóu Wéiguì (侯为贵)
Headquarters
Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Hóu Wéiguì (Chairman)
Zhao Xianming (President and CEO)[1]
Products
Mobile phones, smartphones, tablet computers, hardware, software and services to telecommunications service providers and enterprises
Revenue
CN¥81.471 billion (2014)[2]
Operating income
CN¥3.538 billion (2014)[2]
Net income
CN¥2.634 billion (2014)[2]
Total assets
CN¥106.214 billion (2014)[2]
Owner
ZTE Holdings (30.57%)
Number of employees
69,093 (2014)[1]
Subsidiaries
Nubia Technology
ZTEsoft
Zonergy
Website
www.zte.com.cn
www.ztedevice.com
ZTE Corporation
Simplified Chinese
中兴通讯股份有限公司
Traditional Chinese
中興通訊股份有限公司
Literal meaning
China-Prosperity Communications Company Limited by Shares
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Zhōngxìng tōngxùn gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping
Zung1hing3 tung1seun3 gu2fan6 jau6haan6 gung1si1
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese
中兴通讯
Traditional Chinese
中興通訊
Literal meaning
China-Prosperity Communications
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Zhōngxìng tōngxùn
Second alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese
中兴
Traditional Chinese
中興
Literal meaning
resurgence
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
zhōngxīng
ZTE Corporation, commonly shortened to ZTE, is a Chinese multinational telecommunications equipment and systems company headquartered in Shenzhen, Guangdong.
ZTE operates in three business units: carrier networks (54%), terminals (29%) and telecommunication (17%). ZTE's core products are wireless, exchange, access, optical transmission, and data telecommunications gear; mobile phones; and telecommunications software.[3] It also offers products that provide value-added services,[4] such as video on demand and streaming media.[5] ZTE primarily sells products under its own name but it is also an OEM.[6]
ZTE is one of the top five largest smartphone manufacturers in its home market.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Subsidiaries
2.1 ZTEsoft Technology
2.2 PT. ZTE Indonesia
2.3 ZTE (Australia) Pty Ltd
2.4 ZTE Deutschland GmbH
2.5 ZTE USA Inc
2.6 ZTE Telecom India Pvt Ltd
2.7 ZTE (HK) Ltd
2.8 ZTE do Brasil Ltda.
2.9 ZTE Pakistan Pvt Ltd
2.10 ZTE Myanmar
2.11 Zonergy
2.12 ZTEsoft Technology India Pvt. Ltd.
2.13 ZTEsoft Singapore Technology Pte. Ltd.
3 Products
3.1 Consumer electronics
3.2 Network Operators Equipment, Network Nodes and Network Elements
4 Customers
5 Sponsorship
6 Controversies
6.1 Bribes for contracts
6.2 Surveillance system sale
6.3 Handset security
6.4 Violation of sanctions
7 Shareholders
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
ZTE, initially founded as Zhongxing Semiconductor Co., Ltd in Shenzhen, Guangdong province, in 1985, was incorporated by a group of investors associated with China's Ministry of Aerospace.[8] In March 1993, Zhongxing Semiconductor has changed its name to Zhongxing New Telecommunications Equipment Co., Ltd with capital of RMB 3 million, and created a new business model as a "state-owned and private-operating" economic entity. Ties to the state notwithstanding, the corporation has evolved into ZTE Corporation of being publicly traded having made an initial public offering (IPO) on the Shenzhen stock exchange in 1997 and another on the Hong Kong stock exchange in December 2004.[8]
While the company initially profited from domestic sales,[9] it vowed to use money from its 2004 Hong Kong IPO to further expand R&D, overseas sales to developed nations, and overseas production.[10] Making headway in the international telecom market in 2006, it took 40% of new global orders for CDMA networks[11] topping the world CDMA equipment market by number of shipments.[12] That same year also saw ZTE find a customer in the Canadian Telus[13] and membership in the Wi-Fi Alliance.[14] More customers in developed nations soon followed Telus' lead, and in 2007 ZTE had sold to UK's Vodafone, Spain's Telefonica, and the Australian Telstra,[13] as well as garnering the greatest number of CDMA contracts globally.[15] By 2008 ZTE could claim its customer base was truly global, as it had made sales in 140 countries.[13]
In 2009, the company had become the worldwide third-largest vendor of GSM telecom equipment, and about 20% of all GSM gear sold throughout the world that year was ZTE branded.[16] As of 2011 it holds around 7% of the key 3GPP Long Term evolution patents[17] and that same year launched the world's first smartphone with dual GPS/GLONASS navigation, MTS 945. ZTE claims to devote 10% of its annual revenue on research and development each year, and it could be producing patents and utility licenses at a furious pace.[18][19] ZTE has filed 48,000 patents globally, and with more than 13,000 patents granted. 90% more patents are invention-related. In two consecutive years (2011 and 2012), ZTE has been granted the largest number of patent applications globally,[20] which is the first for a Chinese company.[21]
Subsidiaries[edit]
The ZTE Tower in Shenzhen
ZTE has several international subsidiaries.
ZTEsoft Technology[edit]
As a subsidiary of ZTE Corporation, ZTEsoft engages in ICT industry and specializes in providing BSS/OSS, big data products and services to telecom operators, and ICT, smart city and industry products and services to enterprises and governments.
PT. ZTE Indonesia[edit]
PT ZTE Indonesia were representative of ZTE with has many customer with PT Telkom Indonesia tbk, PT Telekomunikasi Seluler tbk, PT Indosat tbk, PT Smartfren tbk, PT XL Axiata, and also supply hand held with ZTE Trademarks.
ZTE (Australia) Pty Ltd[edit]
ZTE entered the Australian market in 2005,[22] and as of 2009 ZTE (Australia) Pty Ltd[23] acts as the exclusive supplier of ZTE handsets, network cards, and as OEM Supplier to customers, such as Telstra, and Optus in Australia.
ZTE Deutschland GmbH[edit]
ZTE Deutschland GmbH was founded in 2005 with headquarters in Düsseldorf; it, as of 2008, had hired 50 people, 60% of whom were recruited locally.[24] ZTE Deutschland GmbH partners with German football club Borussia Mönchengladbach for the seasons of 2016/17 and 2017/18.[25]
ZTE USA Inc[edit]
A North American subsidiary of ZTE,[26] with headquarters in Richardson, Texas,[27] ZTE USA Inc offers wireless handset and networking products in the US. ZTE USA partnered with NBA's Houston Rockets for the season of 2013–2014.[26]
ZTE Telecom India Pvt Ltd[edit]
ZTE Telecom India Private Limited provides distributes telecom equipment and systems. The company also provides repair, support, and maintenance services for its telecom equipment. ZTE Telecom India Private Limited was formerly known as ZTE Kangxun Telecom Company India Private Limited. The company was founded in 2003 and is based in Gurgaon, India.
ZTE (HK) Ltd[edit]
ZTE (Hong Kong) Ltd. (China) serves in such areas as global contract manufacturing.
ZTE do Brasil Ltda.[edit]
ZTE do Brasil Ltda. was founded in 2002 with headquarters in São Paulo and offices in Rio de Janeiro and Brasília; providing mobile devices and network products for the Brazilian market.
ZTE Pakistan Pvt Ltd[edit]
ZTE[28] was introduced in the Pakistani market in 1999 with its headquarters in Islamabad and major offices in Lahore and Karachi. Providing telecom equipment, network products and managed services to telecom operators in Pakistan i.e. PTCL, Telenor, Mobilink, Zong, Special Communications Organization (SCO), NTC.
ZTE Myanmar[edit]
ZTE Myanmar is also a fully owned subsidiary of ZTE Corporation.
Zonergy[edit]
Main article: Zonergy
Zonergy is a renewables company with interests in electricity generation through solar parks in China and Pakistan and palm oil cultivation in Indonesia to produce biofuels. ZTE is a major shareholder and was instrumental in the creation of the company in 2007 but holds a minority of the shares in the entity.[29]
ZTEsoft Technology India Pvt. Ltd.[edit]
As a subsidiary of ZTE Corporation, ZTEsoft India engages in ICT industry and specializes in providing BSS/OSS, big data products and services to telecom operators, and ICT, smart city solutions and industry products and services to enterprises and governments. Company has several tie-ups with regional governments for implementation of smart city solutions.
ZTEsoft Singapore Technology Pte. Ltd.[edit]
As a subsidiary of ZTE Corporation, ZTEsoft Singapore engages in ICT industry and specializes in providing BSS/OSS, big data products and services to telecom operators, and ICT, smart city solutions and industry products and services to enterprises and governments.
Products[edit]
A ZTE Blade S6 Plus
ZTE operates in three business segments – Carrier Networks(~54%)-Terminals(~29%)-Telecommunication(~17%) Products can be roughly arranged into three categories: equipment used by network operators (links and nodes, etc.), equipment used to access networks (terminals), and services, which includes software.[30] On October 2010, ZTE's unified encryption module received U.S./Canada FIPS140-2 security certification,[31][32] which made ZTE the first vendor from P.R. China to successfully validate modules according to the NIST FIPS140-2 standard under the CMVP program.[33]
Consumer electronics[edit]
Mobile phones
As of 2012, ZTE is the 4th largest mobile phone vendor.[34] It also placed within IDC's Top 5 smartphone vendor leaderboard.[35][36] Strategy Analytics counts ZTE as 4th largest smartphone vendor (5% market share) in 2Q2013.[37] It also manufactures tablets.[38][39][40]
Recently, ZTE has launched new smartphone Nubia N1 Lite in India to enter into Indian market.[41]
Mobile Hotspots
The MF60 and MF80 4G mobile hotspots were announced in August 2011.[42]
Windows Phone
At Mobile World Congress 2014 in Spain, Microsoft announced that ZTE is the latest hardware partner of Windows Phone platform.[43]
Network Operators Equipment, Network Nodes and Network Elements[edit]
ZTE is also a provider of Core Routing and Core Network equipment, also known as Network Elements such as:
GGSN (GSM / UMTS), PGW (LTE EPC), PDSN (CDMA)
ZTE ZXR10-Series core switches and core routers
MPLS routers[44]
Base stations, some of them developed with OBSAI – Open Base Station Architecture Initiative architecture, including China-specific Time-Division Long-Term evolution aka TD-LTE radio protocol support and CDMA-based EV-DO equipment
Telephone switches
legacy WAP and MMSC equipment
WiMax products, based on ZTE SDR platform, part of the Uni-RAN technology, Uni-Core core network equipment, and services to support the WiMAX 4G network over 3.5 GHz frequencies.
SDN / NFV products as seen through Open Daylight Project
Customers[edit]
ZTE booth at Mobile World Congress 2015 in Barcelona
A good number of ZTE's customers are outside of China. During the 2000s, the majority were developing country mobile network operators, but ZTE products see use in developed countries as well. The UK's Vodafone, Canadian Telus, Australia's Telstra, as well as France Telecom have all purchased equipment from ZTE.[45]
Many Chinese companies are also ZTE customers, including China Netcom,[46] China Mobile,[47] China Satcom,[48] China Telecom,[49] and China Unicom.[4][50]
In the United States, ZTE USA manufactures mobile phones and broadband devices for multiple wireless carriers including AT&T, Boost Mobile, Cricket Wireless, MetroPCS, Sprint, T-Mobile, TracFone, Verizon, and Virgin Mobile. It may also sell network equipment to these carriers.
Sponsorship[edit]
In May 2016, ZTE became the co-sponsor of German club Borussia Mönchengladbach.[51]
In May 2016, ZTE's Nubia Technology brand signed football star Cristiano Ronaldo as a brand ambassador for a reported fee of $4 million.[52]
Controversies[edit]
Bribes for contracts[edit]
Norway
Norwegian telecommunications giant Telenor, one of the world's largest mobile operators, banned ZTE from "participating in tenders and new business opportunities for 6 months because of an alleged breach of its code of conduct in a procurement proceeding" during a five-month time span ending in March 2009.[53]
Philippines
Main article: Philippine National Broadband Network controversy
Contract negotiations to build a broadband network for the Philippine government may have included improper activities.[54] The project was later cancelled.[54]
Surveillance system sale[edit]
In December 2010, ZTE sold systems for eavesdropping on phone and Internet communications to the government-controlled Telecommunication Company of Iran.[55] This system may help Iran monitor and track political dissidents.
Handset security[edit]
At least one ZTE mobile phone (sold as the ZTE Score in the United States by Cricket and MetroPCS) can be remotely accessed by anyone with an easily obtained password.[34] In 2012, politicians in the United States raised other security concerns regarding ZTE and another Chinese wireless equipment manufacturer, Huawei.[56]
Violation of sanctions[edit]
In March 2017, ZTE was fined a total of US$1.19 billion by the U.S. Department of Commerce for exporting U.S. technology to Iran and North Korea in violation of sanctions. It is the largest-ever U.S. fine for export control violations.[57][58]
Shareholders[edit]
As at 30 June 2016, ZTE Holdings (Chinese: 深圳市中兴新通讯设备有限公司), an intermediate holding company, owned 30.57% stake of ZTE. The shareholders of ZTE Holdings were Xi'an Microelectronics (Chinese: 西安微电子技术研究所, a subsidiary of China Academy of Aerospace Electronics Technology), Aerospace Guangyu (Chinese: 深圳航天广宇工业有限公司 a subsidiary of CASIC Shenzhen Group) and Zhongxing WXT (Chinese: 深圳市中兴维先通设备有限公司). The first two entities were state-owned enterprise.[59]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Annual Report 2011" (PDF). ZTE Corporation. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Annual Report 2014" (PDF). ZTE. 8 April 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Product Portfolio ZTE
^ Jump up to: a b ZTE Secures More than Half of China Unicom GSM Value-Added Service System 2008 Tender ZTE, 15 December 2008
Jump up ^ ZTE Corp's Company Description Bloomberg BusinessWeek
Jump up ^ UPDATE 3-LSI sees second half better than first reuters.com, Wed 26 January 2011 9:14 pm EST
Jump up ^ For top five in China, see "Apple Competes for Bigger Slice of China's Smartphone Market Share." Khaleej Times (Dubai, United Arab Emirates). Al Bawaba (Middle East) Ltd. 2014. 22 May. 2014
^ Jump up to: a b 20 Years History of ZTE Corporation by Mr. Huang Guo in 2005
Jump up ^ UPDATE 1-ZTE says 2010 net profit up 32 pct on better sales reuters.com, Thu 27 January 2011
Jump up ^ A Global Telecom Titan Called...ZTE? Bloomberg BusinessWeek, 7 March 2005
Jump up ^ China-based Huawei and Murali make headway in global telecom market DigiTimes.com. 9 March 2007
Jump up ^ ZTE tops 2006 international CDMA market. CIOL Bureau. 8 March 2007
^ Jump up to: a b c History ZTE
Jump up ^ ZTE joins Wi-Fi Alliance----- one of the first Chinese members ZTE, 30 August 2006
Jump up ^ ZTE Tops 2007 Global CDMA Market ZTE, 30 January 2008
Jump up ^ INTERVIEW-China's ZTE aims for fifth of global GSM gear market reuters.com, Tue 17 November 2009 10:53 pm EST
Jump up ^ China's ZTE targets 10 pct of LTE patents reuters, 11 January 2011
Jump up ^ "ZTE Ranked World No. 1 in Patent Applications for Second Straight Year". CNBC. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Strong Growth in Demand for Intellectual Property Rights in 2012
Jump up ^ International Patent Filings Set New Record in 2011
Jump up ^ Yahoo reported ZTE as first Chinese company to rank No.1 in global patent applications
Jump up ^ About ZTE ZTE Australia Official Site
Jump up ^ Global Sales Offices > Asia Pacific ZTE
Jump up ^ ZTE opens new office in Bonn, Germany ZTE, 18 November 2008
Jump up ^ ZTE Becomes Co-Sponsor of Top German Football Team Borussia Mönchengladbach
^ Jump up to: a b Pocket Communications Launches ZTE's Tri-Band C79 and C78 ZTE,2009-04-02
Jump up ^ ZTE Opens LTE Laboratory in North America ZTE, 20 October 2009
Jump up ^ ZTE Pakistan Official Site
Jump up ^ Brautigam, Deborah (2015). Will Africa Feed China?. New York: Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ "ZTE Corp (ZTCOF.PK): Overview; Full description". Reuters. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
Jump up ^ ZTE Unified Platform Cryptographic Library Version 1.1
Jump up ^ ZTE Unified Element Management Platform Cryptographic Module Version 4.11.10
Jump up ^ ATSEC participated in ZTE products security evaluations
^ Jump up to: a b Jeremy Wagstaff; Lee Chyen Yee (18 May 2012). "ZTE confirms security hole in U.S. phone". Reuters. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
Jump up ^ IDC: Samsung extends lead over Apple while Chinese vendors increase influence
Jump up ^ IDC: Growth Accelerates in the Worldwide Mobile Phone and Smartphone Markets in the second Quarter, 2013
Jump up ^ Strategy Analytics: Global Smartphone shipments Hit Record 230 Million Units in Q2 2013
Jump up ^ ZTE Launches Two Android Tablets: Dual-core Z-pad and Android 3.0 V11 at MWC
Jump up ^ ZTE V9 Android tablet revealed androidcommunity.com, 12 October 2010
Jump up ^ V9 product page ZTE
Jump up ^ "Nubia N1 Lite Price in India, Features, Specification – Launched in India With 5.5-Inches FHD Display For INR 6,999".
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 27 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Announces ZTE As New Windows Phone Hardware Partner".
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ For Vodafone and France Telecom sales, see ZTE Wins China Mobile WAP Expansion Contract ZTE, 16 October 2007
For Telus sales, see ZTE Breaks into North America with First Shipment of 3G Terminals for Canada ZTE, 2006/09/26
For Public Mobile sales, see ZTE Partners with Public Mobile to Build CDMA Network in Canada ZTE, 3 June 2010
Jump up ^ China Netcom´s first IPTV agreement confirms ZTE as major international IPTV network provider ZTE, 30 August 2006
ZTE to Build World's First AVSIPTV Commercial Network with China Netcom Group ZTE, 6 December 2007
Jump up ^ ZTE to Install the World´s Largest Optical Transmission Network ZTE, 30 August 2006
ZTE Partners with China Mobile to Complete IndustryFirst Commercial IMSBased HD Video Conference System ZTE, 27 November 2009
Jump up ^ ZTE and China Satcom to provide GoTa network for China´s 10th National Games ZTE, 30 August 2006
Jump up ^ ZTE Bags Major Value Added Services Contracts in China ZTE, 2006/11/14
ZTE bags China Telecom´s largest metropolitan NGN project ZTE, 30 August 2006
ZTE Inks 1.33 billion RMB CDMA Contract with China Telecom ZTE, 20 November 2008
ZTE Exclusively Awarded IPTV Project by China Telecom, Jiangsu Branch ZTE, 2006-08-30
ZTE to install first polyphonic ringtone gateway for China Telecom ZTE, 2006-08-30
ZTE Strengthens Competitive Position with Third China Telecom IPTV Project ZTE, 2006-08-30
ZTE Helps China Telecom Achieve the Recognition as First in the World to Offer EPONbased 3G Services ZTE, 2009-04-07
ZTE Collaborates with China Telecom to Build IMS Network Solution ZTE, 30 November 2009
Jump up ^
ZTE Network Equipment Destined for World´s Highest Railway ZTE, 30 August 2006
ZTE Provides Green 3G Network through Innovative Wind and Solar Solutions ZTE, 8 December 2009
ZTE to install China´s largest voice access platform ZTE, 2006-08-30
ZTE to Build Three FibreOptic Networks for China Unicom ZTE, 2006-10-11
ZTE inks deal with China Unicom for CDMA handsets ZTE, 7 February 2007
Jump up ^ "Chinese brand ZTE becomes co-sponsor of Borussia Mönchengladbach". GSM Insider. 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chinese brand Nubia signs Cristiano Ronaldo as brand ambassador". GSM Insider. 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Norway's telco giant bans ZTE for 6 months abs-cbnnews.com, 21 October 2008
^ Jump up to: a b Arroyo suspends telecoms deal with Chinese firm reuters.com, 22 September 2007
Jump up ^ Steve Stecklow (22 March 2012). "Special Report: Chinese firm helps Iran spy on citizens". Reuters. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ U.S. panel cites risks in Chinese Equipment 9 October 2012
Jump up ^ "China's ZTE Pleads Guilty in U.S. on Iran Sanctions Settlement". Bloomberg. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "ZTE Will Pay Record Fine for Sales to Iran, North Korea". PC Magazine. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "2016 INTERIM REPORT" (PDF). ZTE. Hong Kong Stock Exchange. 6 September 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
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China portal
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ZTE Corporation.
ZTE Corporation Global website
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text:
Rise of nationalism in Europe
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Nationalism is the ideological basis for the development of the modern nation-state. According to Leon Baradat, nationalism "calls on people to identify with the interests of their national group and to support the creation of a state - a nation-state - to support those interests."[1] It was an important factor in the development of Europe. In the 19th century, a wave of romantic nationalism swept the European continent, transforming its countries. Some newly formed countries, such as Germany and Italy were formed by uniting various regional states with a common "national identity". Others, such as Greece, Serbia, Poland, Romania and Bulgaria, were formed by uprisings against the Ottoman Empire and Russia. Nationalism was the ideological impetus that, over the century, transformed Europe. Rule by monarchies and foreign control of territory was replaced by self-determination and newly formed national governments. [2]
Storming of the Bastille, July 14th 1789.
The French Revolution initiated the movement toward the modern nation-state and also played a key role in the birth of nationalism across Europe where radical intellectuals were influenced by Napoleon and the Napoleonic Code, an instrument for the political transformation of Europe. "Its twin ideological goals, nationalism and democracy, were given substance and form during the tumultuous events beginning at the end of the eighteenth century."[3] Revolutionary armies carried the slogan of "liberty, equality and brotherhood" and ideas of liberalism and national self-determinism. National awakening also grew out of an intellectual reaction to the Enlightenment that emphasized national identity and developed a romantic view of cultural self-expression through nationhood. The key exponent of the modern idea of the nation-state was the German G. W. Friedrich Hegel. He argued that a sense of nationality was the cement that held modern societies together in the age when dynastic and religious allegiance was in decline. In 1815, at the end of the Napoleonic wars, the major powers of Europe tried to restore the old dynastic system as far as possible, ignoring the principle of nationality in favour of "legitimism", the assertion of traditional claims to royal authority. With most of Europe's peoples still loyal to their local province or city, nationalism was confined to small groups of intellectuals and political radicals. Furthermore, political repression, symbolized by the Carlsbad Decrees published in Austria in 1819, pushed nationalist agitation underground.
Contents
[hide]
1 Revolutions
2 The struggle for independence
3 Nationalism's growth and export
4 Revolutionary organizations
5 References
6 See also
Revolutions[edit]
1789, French Revolution
1804–15, Serbian Revolution against the Ottoman Empire
1814, Norwegian independence attempt against Denmark-Norway and future Sweden & Norway, aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars (including War on independence)
1815, Congress of Vienna
1821-29, Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire
1830, Croatian national revival
1830-31, Belgian Revolution
1830-31, Revolution in Poland and Lithuania
1846, Uprising in Greater Poland
1848, Nationalist revolts in Hungary, Italy and Germany (including Polish revolt in Greater Poland)
1859, Romania unified
1859-61, Italy unified
1863, Polish national revolt
1866-71, Otto Von Bismarck unifies Germany
1867, Hungary granted autonomy
1867, Irish Fenian uprising
1878, Congress of Berlin: Serbia, Romania and Montenegro granted independence, after they won the war against the Ottoman Empire
1905, Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empire
1905, Norway becomes fully independent from United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
1908, Bulgaria becomes independent
1912, Albanian national awakening Albania becomes independent.[4]
1916, Irish Republican Brotherhood and Volunteers, Easter Rising.
1923, Turkish War of Independence resulted in the abolition of monarchy in 1922 and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923
The struggle for independence[edit]
Giuseppe Mazzini, campaigner for Italian unification.
A strong resentment of what came to be regarded as foreign rule began to develop. In Ireland, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Poland, Hungary and Norway local hostility to alien dynastic authority started to take the form of nationalist agitation.[when?] The first revolt in the Ottoman Empire to acquire a national character was the Serbian Revolution (1804–17),[5] which was the culmination of the Serbian renaissance[6] which had begun in Habsburg territory, in Sremski Karlovci.[5] The eight-year Greek War of Independence (1821–29) against Ottoman rule led to an independent Greek state, although with major political influence of the great powers.[7] The Belgian Revolution (1830–31) led to the recognition of independence from the Netherlands in 1839.[8] Over the next two decades nationalism developed a more powerful voice, spurred by nationalist writers championing the cause of self-determination. The Poles attempted twice to overthrow Russian rule in 1831 and 1846. In 1848, revolutions broke out across Europe, sparked by severe famine and economic crisis and mounting popular demand for political change. In Italy, Giuseppe Mazzini used the opportunity to encourage a war mission: "A people destined to achieve great things for the welfare of humanity must one day or other be constituted a nation".
Congress of Berlin 1878.
In Hungary, Lajos Kossuth led a national revolt against Austrian rule; in Transylvania, Avram Iancu led successful revolts in 1846. The 1848 crisis had given nationalism its first full public airing, and in the thirty years that followed no fewer than seven new national states were created in Europe. This was partly the result of the recognition by conservative forces that the old order could not continue in its existing form. Conservative reformers such as Cavour and Bismarck made common cause with liberal political modernizers to create a consensus for the creation of conservative nation-states in Italy and Germany. In the Habsburg Monarchy a compromise was reached with Hungarian nationalists in 1867 granting them virtual independence. Native history and culture were rediscovered and appropriated for the national struggle. Following a conflict between Russia and Turkey, the Great Powers met at Berlin in 1878 and granted independence to Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and a limited autonomy to Bulgaria.
Nationalism's growth and export[edit]
Theodor Herzl.
The invention of a symbolic national identity became the concern of racial, ethnic or linguistic groups throughout Europe as they struggled to come to terms with the rise of mass politics, the decline of the traditional social elites, popular discrimination and xenophobia. Within the Habsburg empire the different peoples developed a more mass-based, violent and exclusive form of nationalism. This developed even among the Germans and Magyars, who actually benefited from the power-structure of the empire. On the European periphery, especially in Ireland and Norway, campaigns for national independence became more strident. In 1905, Norway won independence from Sweden, but attempts to grant Ireland the kind of autonomy enjoyed by Hungary foundered on the national divisions on the island between the Catholic and Protestant populations. The Polish attempts to win independence from Russia had previously proved to be unsuccessful, with Poland being the only country in Europe whose autonomy was gradually limited rather than expanded throughout the 19th century, as a punishment for the failed uprisings; in 1831 Poland lost its status as a formally independent state and was merged into Russia as a real union country and in 1867 she became nothing more than just another Russian province. Faced with internal and external resistance to assimilation, as well as increased xenophobic anti-Semitism, radical demands began to develop among the stateless Jewish population of eastern and central Europe for their own national home and refuge. In 1897, inspired by the Hungarian-born Jewish nationalist Theodor Herzl, the First Zionist Congress was held in Basle, and declared their national 'home' should be in Palestine. By the end of the period, the ideals of European nationalism had been exported worldwide and were now beginning to develop, and both compete and threaten the empires ruled by colonial European nation-states.
Revolutionary organizations[edit]
Serb revolutionary organizations
Greek revolutionary organizations
Albanian revolutionary organizations
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Baradat, Leon P. Political Ideologies: Their Origin and Impact, 10th ed. Upper Saddle, NJ: Pearson, 2009, 44.
Jump up ^ slideshare[clarification needed]
Jump up ^ Baradat 54-5.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-10-12. Retrieved 2014-11-01.
^ Jump up to: a b M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (8 March 2010). A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press. pp. 51–. ISBN 1-4008-2968-2.
Jump up ^ Fred Singleton (21 March 1985). A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples. Cambridge University Press. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-0-521-27485-2.
Jump up ^ Barbara Jelavich (29 July 1983). History of the Balkans:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 229–234. ISBN 978-0-521-27458-6.
Jump up ^ Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics 1763-1848 (1994) pp. 716-18
See also[edit]
History portal
Europe portal
Communitarianism
Cultural identity
Expansionism
Identity politics
Intercultural competence
Irish nationalism
National flag
National liberation movements
National personification
National romanticism
Society of the United Irishmen
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Hors catégorie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Hors catégorie (HC) is a French term used in stage bicycle races to designate a climb that is "beyond categorization". The term was originally used for those mountain roads where cars were not expected to be able to pass.
The HC climb is the most difficult type of climb in a race. It is more demanding than a Category 1 climb which in turn is more demanding than a Category 2 climb and so on. The easiest category is Category 4.
These five categories are defined by their steepness and length. In addition, their position on the route can play a role. For instance, a climb that would normally be a Category 1 climb can become a HC climb if it is the final climb of a stage.
The average HC climb in the Tour de France from 2012 to 2016 is 16.1 kilometers long and has a grade of 7.4. There are around 7 HC climbs per Tour.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Tour de France
3 See also
4 Notes
History[edit]
When the mountains classification in the Tour de France originated in the 1933 Tour de France, there was only one type of mountain. Points were given to the first cyclists to cross the mountains, starting with 10 points for the first cyclist, going down to 1 point for the tenth cyclist. After the Second World War, in the 1947 Tour de France, the mountains were divided into two categories, the first and the second category. The first category mountains gave 10 points to the first cyclist, similar to before 1939, and the second category mountains gave only 5 points to the first cyclist.
The division in categories was successful, and two years later, in 1949, the third category was added. These were even smaller mountains, which gave 3 points to the cyclist reaching the peak first.
In 1962, the fourth category was added. The points system was also revised: the first category now gave 15 points for the first cyclist, the second category 10 points, the third category 5 points and the fourth category 3 points. Although the fourth category disappeared in 1963, it came back again in 1964. The system with four categories kept in place until 1978, although the points distribution changed over the years.
In 1979, four categories was considered not enough, and another category was added. Instead of adding a fifth category, the Tour organisation decided to add a hors catégorie.
Tour de France[edit]
The following climbs used in the Tour de France have been ranked "Hors catégorie" at least once.
Col
Height (m.)
No. of times
visited
No. of HC
climbs
First time
as HC climb
Most recent
Profile[2]
Notes
Agnel, ColCol Agnel 2744 2 2 2008 2011 [1] The first appearance of the climb in 2008 wasn't planned initially, as the stage was designed to go through the Maddalena Pass. Due to a seismic risk on the pass, the route was changed three months before the start of the race and the Col Agnel was included.[citation needed]
Alpe d'Huez, Alpe d'Huez 1850/1860 30 26 1979 2015 [2] In 2013, the Alpe was visited twice on Stage 18, firstly crossing below the summit at 1765m before returning as the stage finish at the summit (1850m).
Andorra Arcalis, Andorra Arcalis 2240 3 3 1997 2016 [3]
Annecy-Semnoz, Annecy-Semnoz 1655 2 1 2013 2013 [4] In 1998, the Semnoz (known as Crêt de Châtillon) was part of the route and was a 1st category climb. However, during the stage, racers went on strike to protest against the excessive police measures. The stage, although fully completed, was declared void.[citation needed]
Aubisque !Col d'Aubisque 1709 48 14 1980 2012 [5] No. of times visited includes stage finishes at Gourette
Balès, Port dePort de Balès 1755 5 5 2007 2017 [6]
Beille, Plateau dePlateau de Beille 1780 6 6 1998 2015 [7]
Bonette, Col de laCol de la Bonette 2715/2802 4 2 1993 2008 [8] Highest Hors Catégorie climb to date.
Chamrousse, Chamrousse 1730 2 2 2001 2014 [9]
Croix-de-Fer, Col de laCol de la Croix-de-Fer 2067 19 11 1989 2017 [10] Shares the same slopes from the col du Glandon on two sides.
Galibier, Col duCol du Galibier 2556/2645 57 20 1979 2017 [11] Highest stage finish in the history of the Tour de France.
In 2015, the climb was scheduled to be used, but ultimately wasn't due to landslides. The Col de la Croix de Fer was used instead.
Glandon, Col duCol du Glandon 1924 13 5 1981 2015 [12]
Grand Colombier, Col duCol du Grand Colombier 1501 3 3 2012 2017 [13]
Grand Saint-Bernard, Col duCol du Grand Saint-Bernard 2465 5 1 2009 2009 [14]
Granon, Col duCol du Granon 2413 1 1 1986 1986 [15]
Hautacam, Hautacam 1560 5 5 1994 2014 [16]
Iseran !Col de l'Iseran 2770 5 2 1992 2007 [17]
Isola 2000, Isola 2000 1900 1 1 1993 1993 [18]
Izoard !Col d'Izoard 2360 34 8 1986 2017 [19]
Joux-Plane, Col deCol de Joux-Plane 1691 12 7 1981 2016 [20]
La Plagne, La Plagne 1980 4 4 1984 2002 [21]
Larrau, Port dePort de Larrau 1573 2 2 1996 2007 [22]
La Ruchère-en-Chartreuse, La Ruchère-en-Chartreuse 1160 1 1 1984 1984 [23] Lowest Hors Catégorie climb to date.
Lombarde, Col de laCol de la Lombarde 2351 1 1 2008 2008 [24]
Luz Ardiden, Luz Ardiden 1715 8 8 1985 2011 [25]
Madeleine, Col de laCol de la Madeleine 1993 25 17 1980 2013 [26]
Mont-Cenis, Col duCol du Mont-Cenis 2083 5 1 1999 1999 [27]
Pailhères, Port dePort de Pailhères 2001 5 4 2005 2013 [28]
Pla d'Adet, Pla d'Adet 1669 10 5 1981 2014 [29] 1982 Tour de France finish was planned to end at the col de Portet, but was ultimately cancelled and the finish line was moved back to Pla d'Adet.[citation needed]
Puy de Dôme, Puy de Dôme 1415 13 2 1983 1986 [30] Only climb in the Massif Central to have received the Hors Catégorie rating
Soudet, Col duCol du Soudet 1540 6 2 1987 2006 [31]
Soulor, Col duCol du Soulor 1474 22 1 1982 1982 [32] Usually climbed while descending the col d'Aubisque from its west side.
Superbagnères, Superbagnères 1770 6 1 1986 1986 [33]
Tourmalet, Col duCol du Tourmalet 2115 88 26 1980 2016 [34] No. of times visited includes stage finishes at La Mongie.
Val Thorens, Val Thorens 2275 1 1 1994 1994 [35]
Ventoux, MontMont Ventoux 1909 16 7 1987 2016 [36]
la Pierre St Martin, Col deCol de la Pierre St Martin 1610 1 1 2015 2015 [37]
Finhaut-Emosson, Finhaut-Emosson 1960 1 1 2016 2016 [38]
Bisanne, Montee deMontee de Bisanne 1723 1 1 2016 2016 [39]
Biche, Col de laCol de la Biche 1316 1 1 2017 2017 [40]
Mont du Chat, Mont du Chat 1504 1 1 2017 2017
See also[edit]
List of highest paved roads in Europe
List of mountain passes
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Analysis of categorized climbs at Danskebjerge.dk
Jump up ^ All profiles are on Le Tour de France depuis 1947 (in French)
[hide]
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(prix de combativité)
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1903–1935: Henri Desgrange
1936–1961: Jacques Goddet
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1987: Jean-François Naquet-Radiguet
1988: Xavier Louy
1989–2006: Jean-Marie Leblanc
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Doping
Hors catégorie
Souvenir Jacques Goddet
Souvenir Henri Desgrange
Related articles
Didi Senft
Géo Lefèvre
La Course by Le Tour de France
Tour de France Soundtracks
Tour de l'Avenir
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text:
List of events at the O2 Arena
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The O2 Arena, Greenwich, London, has hosted some of the best known performers, comedy acts and sports teams from around the world. Some of the events that have been held there are listed below.
Contents
[hide]
1 Entertainment events
2 Sports events
2.1 Tennis
2.2 Ice hockey
2.3 Basketball
2.4 Gymnastics
2.5 Boxing
2.6 Squash
2.7 Mixed martial arts
2.8 Darts
2.9 Olympics and Paralympics
2.10 Wrestling
3 Comedy
4 Other events
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Entertainment events[edit]
See also: Entertainment events at the O2 Arena
Sports events[edit]
Tennis[edit]
Rafael Nadal against Andy Roddick in the 2010 ATP World Tour Finals
The arena hosted the first ever Turbo Tennis Tournament on 15 September 2007 which was won by Andy Murray. From 2009 until 2018 it has been selected as the venue for the ATP World Tour Finals.[1]
Ice hockey[edit]
The arena has also hosted two National Hockey League contests, which started the 2007–08 NHL season, on 29 and 30 September, both involving the Anschutz-owned Los Angeles Kings and their regional rivals from Southern California, the Anaheim Ducks.[2]
Basketball[edit]
New Jersey Nets v Miami Heat NBA game
An NBA exhibition match between the Boston Celtics and the Minnesota Timberwolves took place at the arena on 10 October 2007. The game sold out more than three months beforehand. The arena also hosted the Miami Heat and New Jersey Nets (NBA) pre-season games before the 2008–09 season.[3] Just like the previous NBA exhibition game, tickets for the game sold out three months beforehand.[4]
The Chicago Bulls and the Utah Jazz played an exhibition match on 6 October 2009 in London as part of NBA Europe Live. The Chicago Bulls won the match 102–101 in front of a sell-out crowd.
On 4 October 2010, The Los Angeles Lakers took on the Minnesota Timberwolves. The Timberwolves won the game 111–92 in front of a crowd of 18,689.
The New Jersey Nets defeated the Toronto Raptors on 4 March 2011, by a score of 116–103.[5] The teams met again on 5 March 2011, with a New Jersey Nets victory in 3 overtimes, 137–136.[6] 4 March marked the first time an NBA regular season game has taken place at the O2 Arena.
The Great Britain National Basketball Team have also played several games there, with an attendance of 7,244 for the win over the Czech Republic qualification match for EuroBasket 2009. It is expected this will soon become a home arena for the National Side.
The arena hosted the knockout stage of the men's and women's basketball tournaments during the 2012 Summer Olympics.
A 2012–13 NBA season game took place at the O2 Arena between the Detroit Pistons and the New York Knicks on 17 January 2013. The Knicks won the match 102–87.[7]
A 2014–15 NBA season game took place at the O2 Arena between the Milwaukee Bucks and the New York Knicks on 15 January 2015. The Bucks won the match 95–79.[8]
The arena is scheduled to host the 2013 Euroleague Final 4.[9]
Gymnastics[edit]
2009 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
It was used for the 2009 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships and hosted artistic gymnastics events at the 2012 Summer Olympics.[10]
Boxing[edit]
The first sporting event to take place was the Commonwealth Boxing Lightweight title fight featuring Amir Khan on 14 July 2007. In March 2008, the arena hosted a match between David Haye and Enzo Maccarinelli, and in November 2008 Haye fought Monte Barrett. 2008 Olympic gold medalist James Degale fought rival George Groves in May 2011[11] and the arena hosted the much anticipated rematch between Carl Froch and Mikkel Kessler in May 2013.[12] In January 2016 the arena hosted David Haye's comeback fight in over 3 years promoted by Salter Brothers Entertainment.
Squash[edit]
The arena hosted the British Open 2012, one of the two most prestigious tournaments in the world.
Mixed martial arts[edit]
The arena has hosted four mixed martial arts events promoted by the Ultimate Fighting Championship, including UFC 75 in September 2007, UFC 85 in June 2008, UFC 95 in February 2009, UFC 120 in October 2010 and UFC Fight Night: Gustafsson vs. Manuwa in March 2014.
UFC 120 featuring Michael Bisping and Yoshirio Akiyama had an attendance of 17,133 breaking the European attendance and gate receipts record which was set by the MEN at UFC 105. It was also the biggest box office sporting event in O2 Arena history.
Darts[edit]
On 11 February 2010, the O2 Arena hosted the opening night of the Premier League Darts, Britain's biggest indoor sporting event. Fans travelled from all over the UK to see the likes of Phil Taylor, Raymond van Barneveld, Simon Whitlock and James Wade in action. Over 8,000 fans attended the event. In 2010 and 2011, it hosted week 1 and since 2012, it has hosted the play-offs.
Olympics and Paralympics[edit]
During the 2012 Summer Olympics it was the venue for gymnastics, for which it had a spectator capacity of 16,500, and for basketball finals, with a capacity of 20,000. During the 2012 Summer Paralympics it was the venue for some wheelchair basketball round robin matches (when the basketball arena at Olympic Park was in use for other matches) and finals, for which it had a capacity of 18,000.[13] Due to IOC sponsorship regulations, it was officially known as North Greenwich Arena during the games.[14] The rest of the basketball and wheelchair basketball competitions took place at an arena in the Olympic Park.[15] A 6,000 seat temporary venue called North Greenwich Arena 2 was to be built nearby to stage the Olympic badminton and rhythmic gymnastics events, but instead these took place at Wembley Arena.[16]
Wrestling[edit]
As WWE visits the United Kingdom bi-annually, the WWE, as a tradition, hosts their flagships show in London, and more specifically, the O2 Arena. This includes Monday Night Raw and Thursday Night Smackdown. This has been a tradition for WWE since their first United Kingdom tour. However, due to the time difference, these shows are not shown live as they are taped to be shown 3 hours later, for the citizens of the United States to watch this flagship show at the default time.
WWE Raw in April 2011
The O2 Arena has hosted multiple WWE events including live tapings of WWE Raw on 14 April 2008, 20 April 2009, 12 April 2010, 18 April 2011, 16 April 2012, 22 April 2013, 19 May 2014, 13 April 2015, 18 April 2016 and 8 May 2017. It also hosted WWE SmackDown on 18 April 2008, 24 April 2009, 16 April 2010, 22 April 2011, 20 April 2012, 26 April 2013, 23 May 2014, 14 April 2015, 19 April 2016 and 9 May 2017. The arena also hosted many live tapings of ECW, WWE Superstars, WWE Main Event and WWE NXT.
Comedy[edit]
In May 2008, Chris Rock became the first comedian to play the arena, breaking a Guinness World Record for the largest audience for a comedy show,[17] though this was never an official record and has since been broken by German comedian Mario Barth.[18] Lee Evans, Steve Coogan and The Mighty Boosh all appeared at the arena in 2008, followed by Canadian stand-up Russell Peters in February 2009. High-profile stand-ups Al Murray, Eddie Izzard and Michael Mcintyre have all performed in 2009. Russell Brand performed at the O2 Arena in April 2009; as well as performing stand up comedy, he recorded several scenes for his new movie Get Him to the Greek, using the audience for his stand-up as a live crowd for a rock concert.[19]
On 30 March 2010, the O2 Arena hosted Channel 4's Comedy Gala, a stand-up comedy benefit show in aid of Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, in front of 14,000. With over 25 comedians appearing, organiser Channel 4 billed it as "the biggest live stand up show in United Kingdom history".[20]
Some of the UK's most successful comedians are now performing at the O2 Arena during their stand-up tours such as Russell Howard who performed there in his 2011 tour "Right Here, Right Now". Jerry Seinfeld performed a one night only stand-up show at the O2 Arena in 2011. Alan Carr performed his tour "Spexy Beast" in late 2011. Louis C.K. performed there on 20 March 2013.
On 21 November 2013, the five surviving members of Monty Python announced that they will perform a one off reunion show at the arena on 1 July 2014. Another 9 dates were added after the first show sold out in 43 seconds.[21]
Other events[edit]
The O2 Arena held the Scout event Live 07 in 2007 to celebration of the centenary of the Scout movement.
The O2 Arena hosted Andrew Reynolds Entrepreneurs Bootcamp[22] – the largest conference event held to date at the venue. Andrew Reynolds Bootcamp broke a UK record with its innovative High Definition projection screen – not only the largest ever used at the O2 Arena – but the largest indoor screen in the UK. Measuring around 34.5 metres by 12 metres, the huge screen formed the central part of a huge stage set for the Entrepreneurs event which was provided by smyle.co.uk.
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [dead link] Flatman, Barry (22 October 2006). The Times http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2094-2415720,00.html. Retrieved 4 July 2007. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "NHL Takes Its Act on the Road – To England". Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2007.
Jump up ^ "Tickets Sold Out For NBAEL At The O2 Arena In London". NBA.com. 25 June 2007. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "NBA Preseason Game in London Sells Out". Retrieved 29 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "Toronto Raptors vs. New Jersey Nets – Recap – March 4, 2011". ESPN.
Jump up ^ "Toronto Raptors vs. New Jersey Nets – Recap – March 5, 2011". ESPN.
Jump up ^ "Knicks at Pistons". NBA.com.
Jump up ^ "Knicks at Bucks". NBA.com.
Jump up ^ "London to Host 2013 and 2014 Euroleague Final Four". RIA Novosti. 12 May 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "London 2012 News". london2012.com.
Jump up ^ "BBC Sport - George Groves stuns James DeGale to win British title". BBC Sport.
Jump up ^ Ben Dirs. "BBC Sport - Carl Froch beats Mikkel Kessler to retain IBF world title in London". BBC Sport.
Jump up ^ "London2012.com profile". Retrieved 29 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "North Greenwich Arena &#124 Venues &#124 London 2012". London. Archived from the original on 16 January 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Basketball Arena". Retrieved 19 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "North Greenwich Arena 2". Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Barber, Nicholas (25 May 2008). "Review of Chris Rock at the O2 Arena in The Independent". London. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Largest Comedy Audience record broken".
Jump up ^ "Forthcoming events at the O2 arena (Official Site)".
Jump up ^ "Comedy Royalty unite for Channel 4's Comedy Gala". www.channel4sales.com/news. Channel 4. 11 February 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Monty Python reunion".
Jump up ^ "Andrew Reynolds Entrepreneurs Bootcamp at the O2".
External links[edit]
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