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You Don't Own Me
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"You Don't Own Me"
Single by Lesley Gore
from the album Lesley Gore Sings of Mixed-Up Hearts
B-side
"Run Bobby, Run"
Released
December 1963
Format
7" single
Recorded
1963
Genre
Pop
R&B
Length
2:31
Label
Mercury
Songwriter(s)
John Madara
Dave White
Producer(s)
Quincy Jones
Lesley Gore singles chronology
"She's a Fool"
(1963) "You Don't Own Me"
(1963) "That's the Way Boys Are"
(1964)
"She's a Fool"
(1963) "You Don't Own Me"
(1963) "That's the Way Boys Are"
(1964)
"You Don't Own Me" is a popular song written by Philadelphia songwriters John Madara and David White and recorded by Lesley Gore in 1963, when Gore was 17 years old. The song was Gore's second most successful recording and her last top-ten single. On November 27, 2016, the Grammy Hall of Fame announced its induction, along with that of another 24 songs.[1]
Contents
1 Lyrics
2 Chart performance
3 Covers
3.1 Joan Jett version
3.2 André Hazes version
3.3 Grace and G-Eazy version
3.3.1 Charts and certifications
3.3.1.1 Weekly charts
3.3.1.2 Year-end charts
3.3.1.3 Certifications
4 References
5 External links
Lyrics[edit]
The song expresses a threatened emancipation, as the singer tells a lover that he does not own her, that he is not to tell her what to do or what to say, and that he is not to put her on display. The song's lyrics became an inspiration for younger women and are sometimes cited as a factor in the second wave feminist movement.[2] Gore said, "My take on the song was: I'm 17, what a wonderful thing, to stand up on a stage and shake your finger at people and sing you don't own me."[3] In Gore's obituary, The New York Times referred to "You Don't Own Me" as "indelibly defiant".[4]
Chart performance[edit]
The song reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States. The song remained at number two for three consecutive weeks on February 1, 1964, unable to overcome the Beatles' hit, "I Want to Hold Your Hand" and it became Gore's second most successful hit, next to "It's My Party". The song was Gore's last top-ten single.[5][6]
Chart (1964)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[7] 2
Covers[edit]
Joan Jett version[edit]
Joan Jett released a cover of the song on her debut album, originally titled Joan Jett, but re-released as Bad Reputation. The first release of her well known single I Love Rock 'n' Roll was a Europe only release double A side with You Don't Own Me released in 1979. Joan's version is fairly true to the original, the level of defiant independence remains in the vocals although with Joan's distinct vocal style.
André Hazes version[edit]
André Hazes recorded a Dutch-language version of the song in 1981 for his album Gewoon André; "Zeg Maar Niets Meer" was popular in Europe, and reached number 2 in the Dutch charts in early 1982. In 1998, Eva Pilarová sung a Czech version under the name "Cesta končí" on the album Requiem.
Grace and G-Eazy version[edit]
"You Don't Own Me"
Single by Grace featuring G-Eazy
from the album FMA
Released
March 17, 2015 (2015-03-17)
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2015
Genre
Hip hop soul
R&B
Length
3:19
Label
RCA
SME
Songwriter(s)
John Madara
David White
Gerald Gillum
Producer(s)
Quincy Jones
Parker Ighile
Grace singles chronology
"You Don't Own Me"
(2015) "Dirty Harry"
(2015)
"You Don't Own Me"
(2015) "Dirty Harry"
(2015)
G-Eazy singles chronology
"Fuck with U"
(2014) Fuck with U2014 "You Don't Own Me"
(2015) You Don't Own Me2015 "You Got Me"
(2015) You Got Me2015
The song was covered by Australian singer and songwriter Grace and was released as her debut single. It features American rapper G-Eazy. Grace's version was produced by Quincy Jones, who also produced the original recording by Lesley Gore, and Parker Ighile. It was released on March 17, 2015 one month after Lesley Gore died, and peaked at number one on the ARIA Charts, later being certified 3× Platinum by the ARIA.[8] The song was also a success in New Zealand, peaking at number five for two consecutive weeks, and in the United Kingdom, peaking at number four.
In an interview with House of Fraser, Grace said "[Quincy Jones] told me how the song came out during the feminist movement and how it was such a strong statement. I loved the song, started researching Lesley Gore and fell in love with her as an artist. [You Don't Own Me] really inspired me."[9]
The song was released worldwide on March 17, 2015. It grew to prominence in the UK when it was used in the 2015 House of Fraser Christmas advert.[9] It was also performed by The X Factor contestant Lauren Murray on November 28, 2015 and Matt Terry on October 8, 2016. The increased exposure for the song helped it rise to a peak of number four on the UK Singles Chart. The song was featured in the third trailer for the 2016 film Suicide Squad [10] and appeared on the film's soundtrack album.[11]
The song was featured in the opening of Riverdale's eighth episode in March 2017.
A music video directed by Taylor Cohen was released on June 1, 2015.[12]
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2015–16)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[13]
1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[14]
55
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[15]
42
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[16]
45
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[17]
52
France (SNEP)[18]
182
Hungary (Single Top 40)[19]
32
Ireland (IRMA)[20]
13
Italy (FIMI)[21]
89
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[22]
5
Portugal (AFP)[23]
62
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[24]
3
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[25]
50
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[26]
38
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[27]
19
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[28]
60
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[29]
4
US Billboard Hot 100[30]
57
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[31]
22
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2015)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[32]
26
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[33]
43
Chart (2016)
Position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[34]
87
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[35]
3× Platinum 210,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[36]
Platinum 80,000^
Italy (FIMI)[37]
Gold 25,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)[38]
Platinum 15,000*
Poland (ZPAV)[39]
2× Platinum 40,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[40]
Platinum 600,000
United States (RIAA)[41]
Platinum 1,000,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Nirvana, Bowie, R.E.M. Songs Among Grammy Hall of Fame's 2017 Inductees". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ Will Stos (2012). "Bouffants, Beehives, and Breaking Gender Norms: Rethinking 'Girl Group' Music of the 1950s and 1960s". Journal of Popular Music Studies. 24 (2): 117–154. doi:10.1111/j.1533-1598.2012.01322.x.
Jump up ^ "Biography - Lesley Gore". Biography.com. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
Jump up ^ "Lesley Gore, Teenage Voice of Heartbreak, Dies at 68". The New York Times. February 16, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Richie Unterberger. "You Don't Own Me - Lesley Gore | Song Info". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
Jump up ^ "You Don't Own Me Song Facts". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
Jump up ^ "Lesley Gore Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "iTunes Store (AU) - Music - Grace - You Don't Own Me (feat. G-Eazy) - Single". iTunes Store (AU). 17 March 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Grace - The Voice Behind our Christmas Avert". House of Fraser. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "This is who covers Lesley Gore's You Don't Own Me in the Suicide Squad trailer". Metro. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Gil (June 17, 2016). "'Suicide Squad' Soundtrack: Skrillex & Rick Ross, Panic! at the Disco Cover 'Bohemian Rhapsody' & More". Billboard. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grace - You Don't Own Me ft. G-Eazy". YouTube. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Grace Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201634 into search. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP (Week 32, 2016)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 2, 2016". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Classifica settimanale WK 34" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Portuguesecharts.com – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me". AFP Top 100 Singles. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201539 into search.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201633 into search. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Grace Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grace Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles of 2015". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2016". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2016 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Grace – You Don't Own Me (Feat. G-Eazy)". Music Canada. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Grace – You Don't Own Me (Feat. G-Eazy)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Polish single certifications – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 30 September 2016. Select singles in the Format field. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Enter You Don't Own Me in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 10 July 2016. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Lesley Gore
Studio albums
I'll Cry If I Want To
Lesley Gore Sings of Mixed-Up Hearts
Boys, Boys, Boys
Girl Talk
My Town, My Guy & Me
Lesley Gore Sings All About Love
California Nights
Someplace Else Now
Love Me By Name
The Canvas Can Do Miracles
Ever Since
Compilations
Lesley Gore: It's My Party
Singles
"It's My Party"
"Judy's Turn to Cry"
"She's a Fool"
"You Don't Own Me"
"That's the Way Boys Are"
"I Don't Wanna Be a Loser"
"Maybe I Know"
"Look of Love"
"Sunshine, Lollipops and Rainbows"
"California Nights"
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Mud Will Be Flung Tonight
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"You Don't Own Me"
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"Fever"
"Be My Baby"
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Henri Fayol
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Fayol" redirects here. For the French singer, see Lily Fayol.
Henri Fayol
Henri Fayol (29 July 1841 – 19 November 1925) was a French mining engineer, mining executive, author and director of mines who developed general theory of business administration that is often called Fayolism.[1] He and his colleagues developed this theory independently of scientific management but roughly contemporaneously. Like his contemporary, Frederick Winslow Taylor, he is widely acknowledged as a founder of modern management methods.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
2 Work
2.1 Mining engineering
2.2 Fayolism
2.2.1 Functions of management
2.2.2 Principles of management
3 Publications
3.1 Books, translated
3.2 Articles, translated, a selection
4 References
5 External links
Biography[edit]
Fayol was born in 1841 in a suburb of Istanbul. His father (an engineer) was in the military at the time and was appointed superintendent of works to build Galata Bridge, which bridged the Golden Horn.[1] The family returned to France in 1847, where Fayol graduated from the mining academy "École Nationale Supérieure des Mines" in Saint-Étienne in 1860.
In 1860 at the age of nineteen Fayol started working at the mining company named "Compagnie de Commentry-Fourchambault-Decazeville" in Commentry as the mining engineer.[2] He was hired by Stéphane Mony, who had decided to hire the best engineers from the Saint-Étienne Mining School. Fayol joined the firm as an engineer and trainee manager. Mony made Fayol his protege, and Fayol succeeded him as manager of the Commentry Mine and eventually as managing director of Commentry-Fourchambault and Decazeville.[3] During his time at the mine, he studied the causes of underground fires, how to prevent them, how to fight them, how to reclaim mining areas that had been burned, and developed a knowledge of the structure of the basin.[2] In 1888 he was promoted to managing director. During his time as director, he made changes to improve the working situations in the mines, such as allowing employees to work in teams, and changing the division of labor.[2] Later, more mines were added to his duties.
In 1900 Fayol became a member of the Comité Central des Houillères de France, member of the board of the Comité des forges and administrator of the Société de Commentry, Fourchambault et Decazeville.[4] Eventually, the board decided to abandon its iron and steel business and the coal mines. They chose Henri Fayol to oversee this as the new managing director. Upon receiving the position, Fayol presented the board with a plan to restore the firm. The board accepted the proposal.[2] When he retired in 1918, the company was financially strong and one of the largest industrial combines in Europe
Based largely on his own management experience, he developed his concept of administration. In 1916 he published these experience in the book Administration Industrielle et Générale, at about the same time as Frederick Winslow Taylor published his Principles of Scientific Management.
Work[edit]
Fayol's work became more generally known with the 1949 publication of "General and industrial administration",[5] the English translation[6] of the 1916 article "Administration industrielle et générale". In this work Fayol presented his theory of management, known as Fayolism. Before that Fayol had written several articles on mining engineering, starting in the 1870s, and some preliminary papers on administration.[7]
Mining engineering[edit]
Henri Fayol, ca. 1900
Starting in the 1870s, Fayol wrote a series of articles on mining subjects, such as on the spontaneous heating of coal (1879), the formation of coal beds (1887), the sedimentation of the Commentry, and on plant fossils (1890),
His first articles were published in the French Bulletin de la Société de l'Industrie minérale, and beginning in the early 1880s in the Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences, the proceedings of the French Academy of Sciences.
Fayolism[edit]
Main article: Fayolism
Fayol's work was one of the first comprehensive statements of a general theory of management.[8] He proposed that there were five primary functions of management and fourteen principles of management[9]
Functions of management[edit]
In his original work, Administration industrielle et générale; prévoyance, organisation, commandement, coordination, controle, five primary functions were identified:[9]
Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Directing
Controlling
The control function, from the French contrôler, is used in the sense that a manager must receive feedback about a process in order to make necessary adjustments and must analyze the deviations. Lately scholars of management combined the commanding and coordinating function into one leading function.
Principles of management[edit]
Division of work - The division of work is the course of tasks assigned to, and completed by, a group of workers in order to increase efficiency. Division of work, which is also known as division of labour, is the breaking down of a job so as to have a number of different tasks that make up the whole. This means that for every one job, there can be any number of processes that must occur for the job to be complete.When an individual does the same job repeatedly he acquires speed and accuracy in performance. In words of Fayol," The worker always on the same post, the manager always concerned with the same matters, acquires an ability, sureness and accuracy which increases their output".
Authority and Responsibility - Authority is the right to give orders and obtain obedience, and responsibility is the corollary of authority.
Discipline - Employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization. Good discipline is the result of effective leadership.
Unity of command - Every employee should receive orders from only one superior or behalf of the superior.
Unity of direction - Each group of organizational activities that have the same objective should be directed by one manager using one plan for achievement of one common goal.
Subordination - The interests of any one employee or group of employees should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole.
Remuneration - All Workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.
Centralisation and decentralisation - Centralisation refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making.
Scalar chain - The line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks represents the scalar chain. Communications should follow this chain.
Order - this principle is concerned with systematic arrangement of men, machine, material etc. There should be a specific place for every employee in an organization
Equity - Managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.
Stability of tenure of personnel - High employee turnover is inefficient. Management should provide orderly personnel planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.
Initiative - Employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort.
Esprit de corps - Promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization.
While Fayol came up with his theories almost a century ago, many of his principles are still represented in contemporary management theories.[10]
Publications[edit]
Books, translated[edit]
1930. Industrial and General Administration. Translated by J.A. Coubrough, London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons.
1949. General and Industrial Management. Translated by C. Storrs, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, London.
Articles, translated, a selection[edit]
1900. "Henri Fayol addressed his colleagues in the mineral industry 23 June 1900." Translated by J.A. Coubrough. In: Fayol (1930) Industrial and General Administration. pp. 79–81 (Republished in: Wren, Bedeian & Breeze, (2002) "The foundations of Henri Fayol's administrative theory")
1909. "L'exposee des principles generaux d'administration". Translated by J.D Breeze. published in: Daniel A. Wren, Arthur G. Bedeian, John D. Breeze, (2002) "The foundations of Henri Fayol's administrative theory", Management Decision, Vol. 40 Iss: 9, pp. 906 – 918
1923. "The administrative theory in the state". Translated by S. Greer. In: Gulick, L. and Urwick. L. Eds. (1937) Papers on the Science of Administration, Institute of Public Administration. New York. pp. 99–114
IN 1960 Henri Fayol published a book name " Modern Management ".
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Morgen Witzel (2003). Fifty key figures in management. Routledge, 2003. ISBN 0-415-36977-0, p.96.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Wren, D.A. (2001). "Henri Fayol as a strategist: a nineteenth century corporate turnaround". Management Decision.
Jump up ^ Wood, John C.; Wood, Michael C. (2002), Henri Fayol: Critical Evaluations in Business and Management, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-415-24818-1, retrieved 2018-03-09
Jump up ^ "Fayol, Henri", Patrons de France (in French), retrieved 2017-08-02
Jump up ^ Daniel A. Wren, Arthur G. Bedeian, John D. Breeze, (2002) "The foundations of Henri Fayol's administrative theory", Management Decision, Vol. 40 Iss: 9, pp.906 - 918 state: "It was not until the Storr's translation that Fayol's (1949) Administration Industrielle et Générale reached a wider audience, especially in the USA and established Fayol as a major authority on management."
Jump up ^ The first English translation by J.A. Coubrough in 1930 didn't have that much impact. The first translation in German was published around the same time in 1929.
Jump up ^ Derek Salman Pugh, David John Hickson (2007) Great Writers on Organizations: The Third Omnibus Edition, p.144
Jump up ^ Narayanan, Veekay K; Nath, Raghu (1993), Organization theory : a strategic approach, Irwin, p. 29, ISBN 978-0-256-08778-9
^ Jump up to: a b Fayol, Henri (1917), Administration industrielle et générale; prévoyance, organisation, commandement, coordination, controle (in French), Paris, H. Dunod et E. Pinat, OCLC 40224931
Jump up ^ Pryor, J.L.; Guthrie, C. (2010). "The private life of Henri Fayol and his motivation to build a management science". Journal of Management History.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Henri Fayol
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henri Fayol.
Fiche de lecture d'Administration industrielle et générale, Claude Remila, Cours d'organisation et systèmes d'information. (in French)
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Multilingual Education
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Multilingual Education typically refers to "first-language-first" education, that is, schooling which begins in the mother tongue and transitions to additional languages. Typically MLE programs are situated in developing countries where speakers of minority languages, i.e. non-dominant languages, tend to be disadvantaged in the mainstream education system. There are increasing calls to provide first-language-first education to immigrant children from immigrant parents who have moved to the developed world.
Contents
[hide]
1 Components of Multilingual Education (MLE)
2 Stages of an MLE Program
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Components of Multilingual Education (MLE)[edit]
"Strong Foundation" - Research shows that children whose early education is in the language of their home tend to do better in the later years of their education (Thomas and Collier, 1997). For more information about the effect of "Language of Instruction", see Bilingual education.
"Strong Bridge" - an essential difference between MLE programs and rural "mother tongue education" programs is the inclusion of a guided transition from learning through the mother tongue to learning through another tongue.
Related to the emphasis on a child's mother tongue is the implicit validation of her cultural or ethnic identity by taking languages which were previously considered "non-standard" and making active use of them in the classroom. Multilingual Education in that sense underscores the importance of the child's worldview in shaping his or her learning.
Stages of an MLE Program[edit]
A widespread understanding of MLE programs (UNESCO, 2003, 2005) suggests that instruction take place in the following stages:
Stage I - learning takes place entirely in the child's home language
Stage II - building fluency in the mother tongue. Introduction of oral L2.
Stage III - building oral fluency in L2. Introduction of literacy in L2.
Stage IV - using both L1 and L2 for lifelong learning.
MLE proponents stress that the second language acquisition component is seen as a "two-way" bridge, such that learners gain the ability to move back and forth between their mother tongue and the other tongue(s), rather than simply a transitional literacy program where reading through the mother tongue is abandoned at some stage in the education.
Based on the theories of Multilingual Education that are spelled out here, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa have adopted a thematic approach to multilingual education. Using a seasonal calendar within a relevant cultural context has provided a space to the tribal children of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh to rediscover their culture through their language.The Multilingual Education in this approach emphasizes first language first in the child taking the socio- cultural curriculum in to classroom culture and then bridge to second language. In addition to the basic theory of Paulo Freire on critical pedagogy, Gramscian theory on education, Lev Vigostky's scaffolding and Piaget's theory of cognition is applied in the Multilingual Education. The unique thing in this approach is to involve the community in creating their own curriculum and minimise the theoretical hegemony, thereby creating a new set of people who believe in the ethics of creating and sharing knowledge for the society than to limit it to the theoreticians.
MULTILINGUAL EDUCATION IN ODISHA,INDIA Odisha is a multilingual state having more than 40 ethnic language among the 62 scheduled tribes,along with the Modern Indian Languages like Hindi, Bengali and Telugu. To address the language- education of ethnic minorities children in schools, Odisha government started Multilingual Education programme,ten tribal languages. Led by Dr MAhendra Kumar Mishra, as the Director of Multilingual Education and guided by Prof. D P Pattanayak and Prof Khageswar Mahapatra , the eminent multilingual Experts, the state government started MLE programme in te tribal languages in 547 schools. 10 tribal languages were adopted. These are Santali, Saora, Kui, Kuvi, Koya, Kishan, Oroam, Juang ,Bonda and Ho. Culturally responsive curriculum and text books were prepared for class i to Class V to maintain mother tongue based multilingual education to educate the tribal children. State government appointed teachers from the same language community in the schools to teach the tribal children.A language policy was also formulated. The programme was also supported by Summer Institute of Linguistics led by Mr Steve Simpson and Vicky Simpson,Pamela Mackenzie. The curriculum and text books were prepared by the tribal teachers guided by the MLE resource groups. It was initiated in 2005 and isnow running in 2250 schools with majority tribal children. This is a sustained MLE programme in Asian countries.About 7 Asian countries have visited the MLE schools. Dr Mahendra Kumar Mishra, started MLE programme in Chhatishgarh adopting Durua language in MLE programme.

See also[edit]
Language education
Multilingualism
Bilingual education
Multilingual Education Programs (SIL)
Mother Tongue / Biliteracy Programs (UNESCO)
Multilingual Education in India, The CAse For English Edited by Dr MAhendra Kumar Mishra and Prof Anand Mahanand publisihed by Viva Books,New Delhi 2016.
References[edit]
For further information, please refer to the MLE Manual of Susan Malone, and Denis Malone published by UNESCO, Bangkok
id21 insights. Available online at [1]
Cenoz, Jasone. 2009. Towards Multilingual Education. Bristol: Multilingual Matters [2]
NMRC - National Multilingual Education Resource Center (JNU, India) [3]
UNESCO. 2003. Education in a multilingual world. Available online here.
UNESCO. 2005. First Language First: community based literacy programmes for minority language contexts in Asia. Available online here.
Walter, Steven. 2000. Explaining Multilingual Education:. Information on Some Tough Questions, University of North Dakota Working Papers in Linguistics. Available online here.
Multilingual Education in India, The Csse For English Edited by Dr MAhendra Kumar Mishra and Prof Anand Mahanand publisihed by Viva Books,New Delhi 2016.
External links[edit]
Zsuzsanna Fagyal Lecture: Implementing M+2: Multilingual Education in the EU - European Union Center at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
Carole Benson, The importance of mother tongue-based schooling for educational quality (2004), UNESCO.
Kosonen, Kimmo. First Language–Based Multilingual Education Can Help Those Excluded by Language. Payap University. Chaing Mai.
www.folklorefoundation.org.in
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multilingual_Education&oldid=805973596"
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