text:
What to a slave is the 4th of July?
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The speech, commonly republished as "What to a slave is the 4th of July?" or "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?", is an untitled speech originally given by Frederick Douglass on July 5, 1852.[1] He originally gave the speech to the Ladies' Anti-Slavery Society in Rochester, New York,[1] a city that was a center of abolitionist activities. The speech is over 2,500 words long.[1]
While referring to the celebrations of the American Independence day the day before, the speech explores the constitutional and values-based arguments against the Slave trade within the United States.[1] Douglass suggested that positive statements about American values, such as liberty, citizenship, and freedom, was an offense to the enslaved people of the United States because of their lack of freedom, liberty and citizenship. As well, Douglass referred not only to the captivity of enslaved people, but to their merciless exploitation and the cruelty and torture to which they were subjected while enslaved. [2] Rhetoricians R.L. Heath and D. Waymer called this topic the "paradox of the positive" because it highlights how something positive and meant to be positive can also exclude individuals.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Legacy
1.1 Notable readings
2 See also
3 References
4 Further reading
Legacy[edit]
In the United States, the speech is widely taught in history and English classes in high school and college.[1] American studies professor Andrew S. Bibby argues that because many of the editions produced for educational use are abridged, they often misrepresent Douglass's original through omission or editorial focus.[1]
Notable readings[edit]
The speech has been notably performed or read by important figures, including the following actors:
James Earl Jones[1]
Morgan Freeman[1]
Danny Glover[1]
See also[edit]
The Hypocrisy of American Slavery
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Bibby, Andrew S. (July 2, 2014). "'What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?': Frederick Douglass's fiery Independence Day speech is widely read today, but not so widely understood". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Heath, Robert L.; Waymer, Damion (2009). "Activist Public Relations and the Paradox of the Positive: A Case Study of Frederick Douglass's Fourth of July Address". Rhetorical and critical approaches to public relations II: 192–215.
Further reading[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?
Bizzell, Patricia (1997-02-01). "The 4th of July and the 22nd of December: The Function of Cultural Archives in Persuasion, as Shown by Frederick Douglass and William Apess". College Composition and Communication. 48 (1): 44–60. doi:10.2307/358770. ISSN 0010-096X. JSTOR 358770.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_to_a_slave_is_the_4th_of_July%3F&oldid=802692270"
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1852 speeches
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text:
Nigeria at the FIFA World Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Nigeria national team at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia
The FIFA World Cup, sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the men's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946, due to World War II.
The tournament consists of two parts, the qualification phase and the final phase (officially called the World Cup Finals). The qualification phase, which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals, is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals. The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title, at venues within the host nation (or nations) over a period of about a month. The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world, with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final.
Nigeria have appeared in the finals of the FIFA World Cup on six occasions, the first being in 1994 where they reached the second round. Their sixth and most recent appearance at the finals was the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia.[1]
Contents
1 FIFA World Cup record
1.1 By Opponent
2 By match
3 Squads
4 Record Players
5 Top Goalscorers
6 References
7 External links
FIFA World Cup record[edit]
FIFA World Cup record
Year
Host(s)
Round
Position
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
1930 Uruguay Did not enter
1934 Italy
1938 France
1950 Brazil
1954 Switzerland
1958 Sweden
1962 Chile Did not qualify
1966 England Withdrew[n 1][2]
1970 Mexico Did not qualify
1974 West Germany
1978 Argentina
1982 Spain
1986 Mexico
1990 Italy
1994 United States Round of 16 9th
4
2
0
2
7
4
1998 France Round of 16 12th
4
2
0
2
6
9
2002 South Korea and Japan Group stage 27th
3
0
1
2
1
3
2006 Germany Did not qualify
2010 South Africa Group stage 27th
3
0
1
2
3
5
2014 Brazil Round of 16 16th
4
1
1
2
3
5
2018 Russia Group Stage 21st
3
1
0
2
3
4
2022 Qatar To be decided
World Cup total
6/21
21
6
3
12
23
30
Notes
Jump up ^ All African nations withdrew due to a lack of qualifying berths.
By Opponent[edit]
FIFA World Cup matches (by team)
Opponent
Total
Wins
Draws
Losses
GF
GA
GD
Argentina 5 0 0 5 4 9 -5
Bulgaria 2 2 0 0 4 0 +4
Greece 2 1 0 1 3 2 +1
Iceland 1 1 0 0 2 0 +2
Spain 1 1 0 0 3 2 +1
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 1 0 0 1 0 +1
South Korea 1 0 1 0 2 2 0
England 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Iran 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Italy 1 0 0 1 1 2 -1
Sweden 1 0 0 1 1 2 -1
Paraguay 1 0 0 1 1 3 -2
France 1 0 0 1 0 2 -2
Croatia 1 0 0 1 0 2 -2
Denmark 1 0 0 1 1 4 -3
By match[edit]
World Cup
Round
Opponent
Score
Result
Venue
Nigeria scorers
1994 Group stage Bulgaria 3–0 W Dallas Yekini, Amokachi, Amuneke
Argentina 1–2 L Foxborough Siasia
Greece 2–0 W Foxborough George, Amokachi
Round of 16 Italy 1–2 (aet) L Foxborough Amuneke
1998 Group stage Spain 3–2 W Nantes Adepoju, Zubizarreta (og), Oliseh
Bulgaria 1–0 W Paris Ikpeba
Paraguay 1–3 L Toulouse Oruma
Round of 16 Denmark 1–4 L Saint-Denis Babangida
2002 Group stage Argentina 0–1 L Ibaraki &
—
Sweden 1–2 L Kobe Aghahowa
England 0–0 D Osaka &
—
2010 Group stage Argentina 0–1 L Johannesburg &
—
Greece 1–2 L Bloemfontein Uche
South Korea 2–2 D Durban Uche, Yakubu (pen)
2014 Group stage Iran 0–0 D Curitiba &
—
Bosnia-Herzegovina 1–0 W Cuiabá Odemwingie
Argentina 2–3 L Porto Alegre Musa (2)
Round of 16 France 0–2 L Brasília &
—
2018 Group stage Croatia 0–2 L Kaliningrad &
—
Iceland 2–0 W Volgograd Musa (2)
Argentina 1–2 L Saint Petersburg Moses (pen)
Squads[edit]
show
Nigeria squads – FIFA World Cup
show
v
t
e
Nigeria squad – 1994 FIFA World Cup
1 Rufai (c)
2 Eguavoen
3 Iroha
4 Keshi
5 Uche
6 Nwanu
7 George
8 Oliha
9 Yekini
10 Okocha
11 Amunike
12 Siasia
13 Ezeugo
14 Amokachi
15 Oliseh
16 Agu
17 Ikpeba
18 Ekoku
19 Emenalo
20 Okafor
21 Adepoju
22 Agbonavbare
Coach: Westerhof
show
v
t
e
Nigeria squad – 1998 FIFA World Cup
1 Rufai
2 Oparaku
3 Babayaro
4 Kanu
5 Uche (c)
6 West
7 Finidi
8 Adepoju
9 Yekini
10 Okocha
11 Lawal
12 W. Okpara
13 Babangida
14 Amokachi
15 Oliseh
16 Okafor
17 Eguavoen
18 Oruma
19 Iroha
20 Ikpeba
21 G. Okpara
22 Baruwa
Coach: Milutinović
show
v
t
e
Nigeria squad – 2002 FIFA World Cup
1 Shorunmu
2 Yobo
3 Babayaro
4 Kanu
5 Okoronkwo
6 West
7 Ikedia
8 Adepoju
9 Ogbeche
10 Okocha (c)
11 Lawal
12 Ejide
13 Afolabi
14 Udeze
15 Justice
16 Sodje
17 Aghahowa
18 Akwuegbu
19 Ejiofor
20 Obiorah
21 Utaka
22 Enyeama
23 Opabunmi
Coach: Onigbinde
show
v
t
e
Nigeria squad – 2010 FIFA World Cup
1 Enyeama
2 Yobo
3 Taiwo
4 Kanu (c)
5 Afolabi
6 Shittu
7 Utaka
8 Yakubu
9 Martins
10 Ideye
11 Odemwingie
12 Uche
13 Yussuf
14 Kaita
15 Haruna
16 Ejide
17 Odiah
18 Obinna
19 Obasi
20 Etuhu
21 Echiéjilé
22 Adeleye
23 Aiyenugba
Coach: Lagerbäck
show
v
t
e
Nigeria squad – 2014 FIFA World Cup
1 Enyeama
2 Yobo (c)
3 Uzoenyi
4 Gabriel
5 Ambrose
6 Egwuekwe
7 Musa
8 Odemwingie
9 Emenike
10 Mikel
11 Moses
12 Odunlami
13 Oshaniwa
14 Oboabona
15 Azeez
16 Ejide
17 Onazi
18 Babatunde
19 Nwofor
20 Uchebo
21 Agbim
22 Omeruo
23 Ameobi
Coach: Keshi
show
v
t
e
Nigeria squad – 2018 FIFA World Cup
1 Ezenwa
2 Idowu
3 Echiéjilé
4 Ndidi
5 Troost-Ekong
6 Balogun
7 Musa
8 Etebo
9 Ighalo
10 Mikel (c)
11 Moses
12 Abdullahi
13 Simy
14 Iheanacho
15 Obi
16 Akpeyi
17 Onazi
18 Iwobi
19 Ogu
20 Awaziem
21 Ebuehi
22 Omeruo
23 Uzoho
Coach: Rohr
Record Players[edit]
No.
Name
Matches
World Cups
1 Joseph Yobo 10 2002, 2010 and 2014
2 Jay-Jay Okocha 9 1994, 1998 and 2002
3 Finidi George 8 1994 and 1998
Sunday Oliseh 8 1994 and 1998
Peter Rufai 8 1994 and 1998
Rashidi Yekini 8 1994 and 1998
Vincent Enyeama 8 2002, 2010 and 2014
8 Mutiu Adepoju 7 1994 and 1998
Uche Okechukwu 7 1994 and 1998
John Obi Mikel 7 2014 and 2018
Ahmed Musa 7 2014 and 2018
Top Goalscorers[edit]
No.
Name
Goals
World Cups
1 Ahmed Musa 4 2014 (2) and 2018 (2)
2 Daniel Amokachi 2 1994
Emmanuel Amunike 2 1994
Kalu Uche 2 2010
5 Finidi George 1 1994
Samson Siasia 1 1994
Rashidi Yekini 1 1994
Mutiu Adepoju 1 1998
Tijani Babangida 1 1998
Victor Ikpeba 1 1998
Sunday Oliseh 1 1998
Wilson Oruma 1 1998
Julius Aghahowa 1 2002
Yakubu 1 2010
Peter Odemwingie 1 2014
Victor Moses 1 2018
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Nigeria beat Ethiopia to book berth in Brazil". BBC Sport. 16 November 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "VIII WORLD CUP (ENGLAND 1966) QUALIFYING STAGE". Lingua Sport. Retrieved 2 January 2012. [permanent dead link]
External links[edit]
Nigeria at FIFA
World Cup Finals Statistics
show
v
t
e
Nigeria national football team
General
Nigeria Football Federation
History
Managers
Venues
Godswill Akpabio International Stadium
Abuja National Stadium
Lagos National Stadium
Ahmadu Bello Stadium
Statistics
All-Time Record
World Cup record
Individual Records
All-time goalscorers
Players
Players (by caps)
Other players
Nigerian foreign players
Born outside Nigeria
World Cup Finals
1994
1998
2002
2010
2014
2018
CAN Finals
1963
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2013
Other Cup's tournaments
African Nations Championship
Noted rivalries
Ghana
Games's tournaments
Olympic Games
All-Africa Games
Other NFF teams
Men
Under-23
Under-20
Under-17
Beach Soccer
Women
show
v
t
e
Countries at the FIFA World Cup
Team appearances
Teams with no appearances
All-time table
AFC
Australia2
China
Indonesia1
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Kuwait
North Korea
Saudi Arabia
South Korea
United Arab Emirates
CAF
Algeria
Angola
Cameroon
DR Congo1
Egypt
Ghana
Ivory Coast
Morocco
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Togo
Tunisia
CONCACAF
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
El Salvador
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Panama
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
CONMEBOL
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
OFC
New Zealand
UEFA
Austria
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic1
Denmark
East Germany3
England
France
Germany1
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Israel2
Italy
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
Russia1
Scotland
Serbia1
Slovakia1
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Wales
1 Considered a successor team by FIFA, or have competed under another name(s). 2 Have been member of multiple confederations. 3 Team and national federation no longer exist.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigeria_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=848772179"
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text:
River Test
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
River Test
River
The Test downstream of Sadler's Mill, Romsey
Country
England
Counties
Hampshire
Source
- location Ashe, near Overton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
- elevation 90 m (295 ft)
- coordinates 51°14′43″N 1°14′21″W / 51.2454°N 1.2392°W / 51.2454; -1.2392
Mouth
Southampton water
- location Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
- elevation 0 m (0 ft)
- coordinates 50°55′30″N 1°28′45″W / 50.9251°N 1.4792°W / 50.9251; -1.4792Coordinates: 50°55′30″N 1°28′45″W / 50.9251°N 1.4792°W / 50.9251; -1.4792
River Test highlighted in red, shown in South East England
The Test is tidal in Southampton and is lined with quays
Pen and ink drawing of the River Test near Long Parrish circa 1891[1]
River Test at Tufton
The River Test is a river in Hampshire, England. It has a total length of 40 miles (64 km) and it flows through downland from its source near Ashe to its estuary at Southampton, where it converges with the River Itchen to form Southampton Water. In its upper reaches it is a chalk stream, and is used for fly fishing for trout.[2]
The river is managed by the Environment Agency, whilst the Port of Southampton is the navigation authority for the tidal section below Redbridge.
The River Test has given its name to the Test Valley District, a local government district, and to Southampton Test, a UK Parliament constituency.
The river's name is believed to be Celtic in origin possibly related to the Welsh tres (tumult, commotion, contention, uproar) or trais (force, might in older Welsh).[3]
Contents
1 Course
2 In Literature
3 Tributaries
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Course[edit]
The river rises near the village of Ashe, 10 km to the west of Basingstoke (at grid reference SU 532,498), and flows west through the villages of Overton, Laverstoke, and the town of Whitchurch, before joining with the Bourne Rivulet at Testbourne and turning in a more southerly direction. It then proceeds through the villages of Longparish and Middleton to Wherwell and Chilbolton, where the Rivers Dever and Anton join.[4]
From Chilbolton the river goes through the villages of Leckford, Longstock, Stockbridge and Houghton to Mottisfont and Kimbridge, where the River Dun joins the flow. From here the village of Timsbury is passed, then through the grounds of Roke Manor before reaching the town of Romsey. On the western edge of Romsey, Sadler's Mill, an 18th-century watermill, sits astride the River Test.[5]
South of Romsey, the river passes the country house of Broadlands, and then Nursling, once the site of a Roman bridge. Finally the river is joined by the River Blackwater and soon becomes tidal, widening out into a considerable estuary that is lined on its northern bank by the container terminals and quays of the Port of Southampton. The Test estuary then meets that of the River Itchen and the two continue to the sea as Southampton Water.[6]
Between Chilbolton and Redbridge, the river was once paralleled by the Andover Canal, which was itself converted to a railway in 1865, and then in turn abandoned. Most traces of the canal have disappeared, although the remains of a stretch can still be seen between Timsbury and Romsey.[7]
In Literature[edit]
The river plays a part in Richard Adams' novel Watership Down.
Watership rabbits are pursued by an enemy force, one rabbit carries out a plan which leads to their successful escape down the Test on a punt. In the text we are told that this plan would not have been possible on most rivers, but the Test's smooth-flowing, weed-free nature makes it an exception. The punt becomes lodged on a low bridge, and the surviving rabbits are forced to swim under it.
Tributaries[edit]
The following are the named tributaries of the River Test, listed in order upstream from Southampton Water.[8]
Tanners Brook
Wimpson stream (historically, due to the extension of the docks it now merges with Tanners Brook just before it reaches the Test)[9]
River Blackwater
River Dun
Wallop Brook
River Anton
Pillhill Brook
River Dever
Bourne Rivulet
River Swift
See also[edit]
Rivers of the United Kingdom
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Edward (1891). Recollections of Fly Fishing. London: Sampson, Low and Marston Co Ltd. p. 106.
Jump up ^ Environment Agency (2006). Fact file on the River Test. Retrieved 8 February 2006. Archived 8 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Breeze, Andrew (1998). "The name of the River Test" (PDF). Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club & Archaeological Society. 53: 226–227. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Ordnance Survey (2004). OS Explorer Map 144 – Basingstoke, Alton & Whitchurch. ISBN 0-319-23606-4.
Jump up ^ Ordnance Survey (2004). OS Explorer Map 131 – Romsey, Andpoo ver & Test Valley. ISBN 0-319-23600-5.
Jump up ^ Ordnance Survey (2004). OS Explorer Map OL22 – New Forest. ISBN 0-319-23616-1.
Jump up ^ Andover Town Central (2000–2006). The Andover Canal Archived 6 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 9 February 2006.
Jump up ^ Ordnance Survey (1995). OS Landranger Map 185 – Winchester and Basingstoke. ISBN 0-319-22185-7.
Jump up ^ Burgess, Lawrence (1982). The Streams and Watercourses Of Southampton. Friends of Old Southampton. p. 4.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to River Test.
Map sources for the source and mouth
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Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Hampshire
Basingstoke Canal
Beacon Hill, Warnford
Blackwater Valley
Boulsbury Wood
Bourley and Long Valley
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Butser Hill
Castle Bottom NNR
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River Blackwater (River Test)
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Categories: Rivers, Canals
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text:
180-degree rule
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This schematic shows the axis between two characters and the 180° arc on which cameras may be positioned (green). When cutting from the green arc to the red arc, the characters switch places on the screen.
In film making, the 180-degree rule[1] is a basic guideline regarding the on-screen spatial relationship between a character and another character or object within a scene. By keeping the camera on one side of an imaginary axis between two characters, the first character is always frame right of the second character. Moving the camera over the axis is called jumping the line or crossing the line; breaking the 180-degree rule by shooting on all sides is known as shooting in the round.
The 180-degree rule enables the audience to visually connect with unseen movement happening around and behind the immediate subject and is important in the narration of battle scenes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Examples
2 Reverse cuts
3 Style
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Examples[edit]
In a dialogue scene between two characters, a straight line can be imagined running between the two characters, and extending to infinity. If the camera remains on one side of this line, the spatial relationship between the two characters will be consistent from shot to shot, even if one of the characters is not on screen. Shifting to the other side of the characters on a cut will reverse the order of the characters from left to right and may disorient the audience.
The rule also applies to the movement of a character as the "line" created by the path of the character. For example, if a character is walking in a leftward direction and is to be picked up by another camera, the character must exit the first shot on frame left and enter the next shot frame right.
A jump cut can be used to denote time. If a character leaves the frame on the left side and enters the frame on the left in a different location, it can give the illusion of an extended amount of time passing.
Another example could be a car chase: If a vehicle leaves the right side of the frame in one shot, it should enter from the left side of the frame in the next shot. Leaving from the right and entering from the right creates a similar sense of disorientation as in the dialogue example.
Reverse cuts[edit]
The imaginary line allows viewers to orient themselves with the position and direction of action in a scene. If a shot following an earlier shot in a sequence is located on the opposite side of the 180-degree line, then it is called a "reverse cut". Reverse cuts disorient the viewer by presenting an opposing viewpoint of the action in a scene and consequently altering the perspective of the action and the spatial orientation established in the original shot.[2]
There are a variety of ways to avoid confusion related to crossing the line due to particular situations caused by actions or situations in a scene that would necessitate breaking the 180-degree line. The movement in the scene can be altered, or cameras set up on one side of the scene so that all the shots reflect the view from that side of the 180-degree line.[2]
Another way to allow for crossing the line is to have several shots with the camera arching from one side of the line to the other during the scene. That shot can be used to orient the audience to the fact that they are looking at the scene from another angle. In the case of movement, if a character is seen walking into frame from behind on the left side walking towards a building corner on the right, as they walk around the corner of the building, the camera can catch them coming towards the camera on the other side of the building entering the frame from the left side and then walk straight at the camera and then exit the left side of the frame.
To minimize the "jolt" between shots in a sequence on either sides of the 180-degree line, a buffer shot can be included along the 180-degree line separating each side. This lets the viewer visually comprehend the change in viewpoint expressed in the sequence.[2]
Style[edit]
In The Shining, Stanley Kubrick shoots wide shots from both directions, a 180-degree flip, crossing the line.[3]
In professional productions, the applied 180-degree rule is an essential element for a style of film editing called continuity editing. The rule is not always obeyed. Sometimes a filmmaker purposely breaks the line of action to create disorientation. Dreyer did this in The Passion of Joan of Arc; Stanley Kubrick also did this, for example, in the bathroom scene in The Shining.[4] The Wachowskis and directors Jacques Demy, Tinto Brass, Yasujirō Ozu, Wong Kar-wai, and Jacques Tati sometimes ignored this rule also,[5] as has Lars von Trier in Antichrist.[6] In the seminal film of the French New Wave, À bout de souffle ("Breathless"), Jean-Luc Godard breaks the rule in the first five minutes in a car scene that jumps between the front and back seats, improvising an "aesthetic rebellion" for which the New Wave would become known.[7]
Some styles used with the 180-degree rule can elicit an emotion or create a visual rhythm. By moving the camera closer to the axis for a close-up shot, it can intensify a scene when paired with a long shot.[8] When the camera is moved further away from the axis for a long shot after a close-up shot, it may provide a break in the action of the scene.[9]
In the Japanese animated picture Paprika, two of the main characters discuss crossing the line and demonstrate the disorienting effect of actually performing the action.[10]
See also[edit]
Continuity editing
30-degree rule
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Proferes, Nicholas T. (2005). Film Directing Fundamentals (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Focal Press. pp. 5–7. ISBN 978-0-240-80562-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Crossing The Line: Reverse Cut". MediaCollege.com. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
Jump up ^ "Crossing the line/180-degree rule broken". Cinematography.com. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "180 degree rule - Project 5, Mind the Gap". harrybladen.wordpress.com. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Loading..." www.solutioneers.net. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mother (Nature) Will Eat You: Lars von Trier's Antichrist". religiondispatches.org. 28 October 2009. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
Jump up ^ T. Jefferson Kline, "The French New Wave" in Elizabeth Ezra (ed.) European Cinema (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004)
Jump up ^ Paul Seydor, “Trims, Clips, and Selects: Notes from the Cutting Room,” The Perfect Vision no. 26 [September/October 1999], 27.
Jump up ^ David, Bordwell (2002). "Intensified Continuity: Visual Style in Contemporary American Film". Film Quarterly. 55.3: 20. doi:10.1525/fq.2002.55.3.16. JSTOR 10.1525/fq.2002.55.3.16.
Jump up ^ Paprika. Dir. Satoshi Kon. By Satoshi Kon and Seishi Minakami. Perf. Megumi Hayashibara, Tôru Furuya, and Katsunosuke Hori. Sony Pictures Classics, 2006. DVD.
External links[edit]
"The 180-degree rule" and "Breaking the 180-degree rule", two articles explaining the 180-degree rule in depth (showcasing examples and counterexamples from various movies).
Some excerpts on the 30 Degree rule as well.
VIDEO on 180 degree rule
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