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Columbo
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This article is about the television series. For the Sri Lankan city, see Colombo. For other uses, see Columbo (disambiguation).
Columbo
Title card from the first episode of Season 1
Genre
Crime drama
Detective fiction
Neo-noir
Created by
Richard Levinson
William Link
Starring
Peter Falk
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
10
No. of episodes
69 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Philip Saltzman[1]
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
73–98 minutes
Production company(s)
Universal Television (1971–78, 1989–98, 2002–03)
Studios USA (1998–2002)
Distributor
Universal Television (original)
NBCUniversal Television Distribution (current)
Release
Original network
NBC (1968–1978)
ABC (1989–2003)
Picture format
Film
Audio format
Monaural
Stereophonic sound
Original release
February 20, 1968 (1968-02-20) – January 30, 2003 (2003-01-30)
Columbo (/kəˈlʌmboʊ/) is an American television series starring Peter Falk as Columbo, a homicide detective with the Los Angeles Police Department.[2][3] The character and show, created by Richard Levinson and William Link, popularized the inverted detective story format, which begins by showing the commission of the crime and its perpetrator; the plot therefore usually has no "whodunit" element, and instead revolves around how a perpetrator known to the audience will finally be caught and exposed (sometimes referred to as a "howcatchem").
Columbo is a shrewd but inelegant blue-collar homicide detective whose trademarks include his shambling manner, rumpled beige raincoat, cigar smoking, and generally disheveled appearance. His suspects are often affluent members of high society who try to carefully cover their tracks. Initially dismissive of Columbo's circumstantial speech and apparent absentmindedness, they become increasingly unsettled as his pestering behavior and formidable eye for detail lead him to tease out incriminating evidence. His relentless approach often leads to self-incrimination or an outright confession by the suspect.
Episodes of Columbo are between 73 and 98 minutes long, and have been broadcast in 44 countries. In 1997, "Murder by the Book", directed by Steven Spielberg, was ranked No. 16 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time[4] and in 1999, the magazine ranked Lt. Columbo No. 7 on its 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time list.[5][6] In 2012, the program was chosen as the third-best cop or legal show on Best in TV: The Greatest TV Shows of Our Time.[7] In 2013, TV Guide included it in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time[8] and ranked it at #33 on its list of the 60 Best Series.[9] Also in 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked it No. 57 in the list of 101 Best Written TV Series.[10]
Contents
1 Episodes
2 Development and character profile
3 Contributors
3.1 Directors and writers
3.2 Score composers
4 Awards and nominations
5 Home media releases
5.1 DVD releases
5.2 Blu-ray release
5.3 Streaming
6 Other appearances
6.1 Stage
6.2 Television
6.3 Film
6.4 Books
6.5 Sculpture
6.6 Podcast
7 Mrs. Columbo spin-off
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Columbo episodes
Richard Kiley and Peter Falk in Season 3 Episode 8 titled "A Friend in Deed" that aired on May 5, 1974
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
Network
Pilots 2 February 20, 1968 (1968-02-20) March 1, 1971 (1971-03-01) NBC
1 7 September 15, 1971 (1971-09-15) February 9, 1972 (1972-02-09)
2 8 September 17, 1972 (1972-09-17) March 25, 1973 (1973-03-25)
3 8 September 23, 1973 (1973-09-23) May 5, 1974 (1974-05-05)
4 6 September 15, 1974 (1974-09-15) April 27, 1975 (1975-04-27)
5 6 September 14, 1975 (1975-09-14) May 2, 1976 (1976-05-02)
6 3 October 10, 1976 (1976-10-10) May 22, 1977 (1977-05-22)
7 5 November 21, 1977 (1977-11-21) May 13, 1978 (1978-05-13)
8 4 February 6, 1989 (1989-02-06) May 1, 1989 (1989-05-01) ABC
9 6 November 25, 1989 (1989-11-25) May 14, 1990 (1990-05-14)
10 + specials 14 December 9, 1990 (1990-12-09) January 30, 2003 (2003-01-30)
After two pilot episodes, the show originally aired on NBC from 1971 to 1978 as one of the rotating programs of The NBC Mystery Movie. Columbo then aired less regularly on ABC beginning in 1989 under the umbrella of The ABC Mystery Movie.[11] The last film was broadcast in 2003 as part of ABC Thursday Night at the Movies.[12]
In almost every episode the audience sees the crime unfold at the beginning and knows the identity of the culprit, typically an affluent member of society. Once Columbo enters the story, viewers watch him solve the case by sifting through the contradictions between the truth and the version presented to him by the killer(s). This style of mystery is sometimes referred to as a "howcatchem", in contrast to the traditional whodunit. In structural analysis terms, the majority of the narrative is therefore dénouement, a feature normally reserved for the very end of a story. Episodes tend to be driven by their characters, the audience observing the criminal's reactions to Columbo's increasingly intrusive presence. The explanation for the crime and its method having played out as part of the narrative, most of the stories simply end with the criminal's reaction at being found out.
In some cases, the killer's arrogance and dismissive attitude allow Columbo to manipulate his suspects into self-incrimination. While the details, and eventually the motivation(s), of the murderers' actions are shown to the viewer, Columbo's true thoughts and intentions are almost never revealed until close to the end of the episode. (Often he begins to whistle the tune "This Old Man" once he has all the loose ends of his case tied up.) Columbo generally maintains a friendly relationship with the murderer until the end. The point at which the detective first begins to suspect the murderer is generally not revealed, although it is often fairly early on. In some instances, such as Ruth Gordon's avenging elderly mystery writer in "Try and Catch Me", Janet Leigh's terminally ill and deluded actress in "Forgotten Lady", Donald Pleasence's elegant vintner in "Any Old Port in a Storm", and Johnny Cash's enserfed singer in "Swan Song", the killer is more sympathetic than the victim.[13]
Each case is generally concluded in a similar style, with Columbo dropping any pretense of uncertainty and sharing details of his conclusion of the killer's guilt. Following the killer's reaction, the episode generally ends with the killer confessing or quietly submitting to arrest. There are few attempts to deceive the viewer or provide a twist in the tale. One convoluted exception is "Last Salute to the Commodore", where Robert Vaughn is seen elaborately disposing of a body, but is proved later to have been covering for his alcoholic wife, whom he mistakenly thought to be the murderer.[14]
Development and character profile[edit]
See also: Columbo (character)
The Stahl House served as the filming location of the first Columbo pilot "Prescription: Murder"
The character of Columbo was created by William Link, who said that Columbo was partially inspired by the Crime and Punishment character Porfiry Petrovich as well as G. K. Chesterton's humble cleric-detective Father Brown. Other sources claim Columbo's character is also influenced by Inspector Fichet from the French suspense-thriller film Les Diaboliques (1955).[15]
The character first appeared in a 1960 episode of the television-anthology series The Chevy Mystery Show, titled "Enough Rope". This was adapted by Levinson and Link from their short story "May I Come In", which had been published as "Dear Corpus Delicti" in an issue of Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine. The short story did not include Columbo as a character.[16] The first actor to portray Columbo, character actor Bert Freed, was a stocky character actor with a thatch of grey hair.[citation needed]
Freed's Columbo wore a rumpled suit and smoked a cigar, but he otherwise had few of the other now-familiar Columbo mannerisms. However, the character is still recognizably Columbo, and uses some of the same methods of misdirecting and distracting his suspects. During the course of the show, the increasingly frightened murderer brings pressure from the district attorney's office to have Columbo taken off the case, but the detective fights back with his own contacts.
Although Freed received third billing, he wound up with almost as much screen time as the killer and appeared immediately after the first commercial. This delayed entry of the character into the narrative of the screen play became a defining characteristic of the structure of the Columbo series. This teleplay is available for viewing in the archives of the Paley Center for Media in New York City and Los Angeles.
Levinson and Link then adapted the TV drama into the stage play Prescription: Murder. This was first performed at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco on January 2, 1962, with Oscar-winning character actor Thomas Mitchell in the role of Columbo. Mitchell was 70 years old at the time. The stage production starred Joseph Cotten as the murderer and Agnes Moorehead as the victim. Mitchell died of cancer while the play was touring in out-of-town tryouts; Columbo was his last role.
The NBC Mystery Movie program worked on a rotating basis – one per month from each of its shows. Top left: Dennis Weaver in McCloud. Top right: Richard Boone in Hec Ramsey. Bottom left: Peter Falk in Columbo. Bottom right: Rock Hudson in McMillan & Wife
In 1968, the same play was made into a two-hour television movie that aired on NBC. The writers suggested Lee J. Cobb and Bing Crosby for the role of Columbo, but Cobb was unavailable and Crosby turned it down because he felt it would take too much time away from the golf links. Director Richard Irving convinced Levinson and Link that Falk, who wanted the role, could pull it off even though he was much younger than the writers had in mind.[17]
Originally a one-off TV-Movie-of-the-Week, Prescription: Murder has Falk's Columbo pitted against a psychiatrist (Gene Barry). Due to the success of this film, NBC requested that a pilot for a potential series be made to see if the character could be sustained on a regular basis, leading to the 1971 hour and a half film, Ransom for a Dead Man, with Lee Grant playing the killer. The popularity of the second film prompted the creation of a regular series on NBC, that premiered in the fall of 1971 as part of The NBC Mystery Movie wheel series rotation: McCloud, McMillan & Wife, and other whodunits.
According to TV Guide, the original plan was that a new Columbo episode would air every week, but as a motion picture star, Peter Falk refused to commit to such an arduous schedule, which would have meant shooting an episode every five days. The network arranged for the Columbo segments to air once a month on Wednesday nights. The high quality of Columbo, McMillan & Wife, and McCloud was due in large part to the extra time spent on each episode. The term wheel show was coined to describe this format, and additional such series were attempted by NBC, but the astounding success of The NBC Mystery Movie series was not repeated.
Columbo was an immediate hit in the Nielsen ratings and Falk won an Emmy Award for his role in the show's first season. In its second year the Mystery Movie series was moved to Sunday nights, where it then remained during its seven-season run. The show became the anchor of NBC's Sunday night line up. Columbo aired regularly from 1971–78 on NBC. After its cancellation by NBC in 1978 Columbo was revived on ABC between 1989 and 2003 in several new seasons and a few made-for-TV movie "specials".[18]
Columbo's wardrobe was personally provided by Peter Falk; they were his own clothes, including the high-topped shoes and the shabby raincoat, which made its first appearance in Prescription: Murder. Falk would often ad lib his character's idiosyncrasies (fumbling through his pockets for a piece of evidence and discovering a grocery list, asking to borrow a pencil, becoming distracted by something irrelevant in the room at a dramatic point in a conversation with a suspect, etc.), inserting these into his performance as a way to keep his fellow actors off-balance. He felt it helped to make their confused and impatient reactions to Columbo's antics more genuine.[19] Some of the episodes established that Columbo carried a Colt snub-nosed revolver in his raincoat, which he pulled in rare episodes, and would occasionally remark that his wife, 'the Mrs.', would not allow him to buy a new car because it 'wasn't necessary', portraying the detective throughout the series as permanently driving an aged and battered 1959 Peugeot 403 Cabriolet.
A few years prior to his death, Falk had expressed interest in returning to the role. In 2007 he claimed he had chosen a script for one last Columbo episode, "Columbo: Hear No Evil". The script was renamed "Columbo's Last Case". ABC declined the project. In response, producers for the series announced that they were attempting to shop the project to foreign production companies.[20][21] However, Falk was diagnosed with dementia in late 2007.[22] During a 2009 court trial over Falk's care, Dr Stephen Read stated that the actor's condition had deteriorated so badly that Falk could no longer remember playing a character named Columbo, nor could he identify who Columbo was.[22] Falk died on June 23, 2011, aged 83.[23][24][25]
Contributors[edit]
Directors and writers[edit]
See also: List of Columbo episodes
The first season première "Murder by the Book" was written by Steven Bochco and directed by Steven Spielberg. Jonathan Demme directed the seventh-season episode "Murder Under Glass". Jonathan Latimer was also a writer. Actor Ben Gazzara, a friend of Falk's, directed the episodes "A Friend in Deed" (1974) and "Troubled Waters" (1975).
Falk himself directed the last episode of the first season, "Blueprint for Murder". Actor Nicholas Colasanto, best known for playing Coach on Cheers, directed two episodes, "Swan Song" with Johnny Cash, and "Étude in Black".
Patrick McGoohan directed five episodes (including three of the four in which he played the murderer) and wrote and produced two (including one of these). Vincent McEveety was a frequent director, and homage was paid to him by a humorous mention of a character with his surname in the episode "Undercover" (which he directed).
Two episodes, "No Time to Die" and "Undercover", were based on the 87th Precinct novels by Ed McBain,[26] and thus do not strictly follow the standard Columbo/inverted detective story format.
Score composers[edit]
Columbo episodes contain a variety of music that contributes to the uniqueness of each. The score becomes of particular importance during turning points of the plots. "The Mystery Movie Theme" by Henry Mancini, written for The NBC Mystery Movie series, was used extensively in the whole of 38 episodes, from 1971 to 1977. Unlike the other elements of the Mystery Movie wheel, Columbo never had an official theme as such, although some composer, such as Dick DeBenedictis and Gil Mellé, did write their own signature pieces. Several composers created original music for the series, which was often used along with "The Mystery Movie Theme":
Dick DeBenedictis (23 episodes, 1972–2003)
Patrick Williams (9 episodes, 1977–92)
Bernardo Segall (10 episodes, 1974–76)
Billy Goldenberg (7 episodes, 1971–74)
Gil Mellé (4 episodes, 1971–72)
Jeff Alexander (1 episode, 1975)
Oliver Nelson (1 episode, 1972)
Dave Grusin (1 episode, 1968)
Bob Prince (1 episode, 1977)
Jonathan Tunick (1 episode, 1978)
John Cacavas (3 episodes, 1989–91)
James Di Pasquale (2 episodes, 1990)
Steve Dorff (2 episodes, 1991)
Dennis Dreith (1 episode, 1990)
Richard Markowitz (1 episode, 1990)
David Michael Frank (1 episode, 1990)
Ken Jordan (1 episode, 2003)
Series Music department included:
Henry Mancini — composer: "Mystery Movie" theme / "Sunday Mystery Movie" theme (38 episodes, 1971–77)
Hal Mooney — music supervisor (27 episodes, 1972–76)
Mike Post — composer: "Mystery Movie" theme (9 episodes, 1989–90)
Patrick Williams received two Emmy nominations for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series in 1978 (for "Try and Catch Me") and 1989 (for "Murder, Smoke and Shadows"). Billy Goldenberg was nominated in the same category in 1972 for "Lady in Waiting".
Columbo also featured an unofficial signature tune, the children's song "This Old Man". It was introduced in the episode "Any Old Port in a Storm" in 1973 and the detective can be heard humming or whistling it often in subsequent films. Peter Falk admitted that it was a melody he personally enjoyed and one day it became a part of his character.[27] The tune was also used in various score arrangements throughout the three decades of the series, including opening and closing credits. A version of it, titled "Columbo", was created by one of the show's composers, Patrick Williams.[28]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Columbo received numerous awards and nominations from 1971 to 2005, including 13 Emmys, two Golden Globe Awards, two Edgar Awards and a TV Land Award nomination in 2005 for Peter Falk.[29]
showAwards and nominations
Primetime Emmy Awards
Year
Category
Nominee
Result
1971 Outstanding Single Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role Lee Grant, for "Ransom for a Dead Man" Nominated
1972 Outstanding Writing Achievement in Drama Jackson Gillis, for "Suitable for Framing" Nominated
Outstanding Writing Achievement in Drama Steven Bochco, for "Murder by the Book" Nominated
Outstanding Series – Drama Richard Levinson, William Link, Everett Chambers Nominated
Outstanding New Series Richard Levinson, William Link, Everett Chambers Nominated
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Drama – A Single Program of a Series with Continuing Characters and/or Theme Edward M. Abroms, for "Short Fuse" Nominated
Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition – For a Series or a Single Program of a Series Billy Goldenberg, for "Lady in Waiting" Nominated
Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series Peter Falk Won
Outstanding Writing Achievement in Drama Richard Levinson, William Link, for "Death Lends a Hand" Won
Outstanding Achievement in Film Editing for Entertainment Programming – For a Series or a Single Program of a Series Edward M. Abroms, for "Death Lends a Hand" Won
Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography for Entertainment Programming – For a Series or a Single Program of a Series Lloyd Ahern, for "Blueprint for Murder" Won
1973 Outstanding Writing Achievement in Drama Steven Bochco, for "Étude in Black" Nominated
Outstanding Drama Series Dean Hargrove Nominated
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Drama – A Single Program of a Series with Continuing Characters and/or Theme Edward M. Abroms, for "The Most Dangerous Match" Nominated
Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role Peter Falk Nominated
Outstanding Achievement in Costume Design Grady Hunt, for "Dagger of the Mind" Nominated
1974 Best Lead Actor in a Limited Series Peter Falk Nominated
Outstanding Limited Series Dean Hargrove, Roland Kibbee, Douglas Benton, Robert F. O'Neill, Edward K. Dodds Won
Best Cinematography for Entertainment Programming – For a Series or a Single Program of a Series Harry L. Wolf, for "Any Old Port in a Storm" Won
1975 Outstanding Limited Series Dean Hargrove, Roland Kibbee, Douglas Benton, Everett Chambers, Edward K. Dodds Nominated
Outstanding Individual Achievement in Art Direction or Scenic Design – For a Single Episode of a Comedy, Drama or Limited Series Michael Baugh, Jerry Adams, for "Playback" Nominated
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series Peter Falk Won
Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Drama Series Patrick McGoohan, for "By Dawn's Early Light" Won
Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography for Entertainment Programming for a Series Richard C. Glouner, for "Playback" Won
1976 Outstanding Drama Series Everett Chambers Nominated
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Peter Falk Won
1977 Outstanding Drama Series Everett Chambers Nominated
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Peter Falk Nominated
1978 Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a Series Patrick Williams, for "Try and Catch Me" Nominated
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Peter Falk Nominated
Outstanding Drama Series Richard Alan Simmons Nominated
Outstanding Film Editing in a Drama Series Robert Watts, for "How to Dial a Murder" Nominated
1989 Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a Series Patrick Williams, for "Murder, Smoke and Shadows" Nominated
1990 Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Patrick McGoohan, for "Agenda for Murder" Won
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Peter Falk Won
1991 Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Dabney Coleman, for "Columbo and the Murder of a Rock Star" Nominated
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Peter Falk Nominated
1994 Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Faye Dunaway, for "It's All in the Game" Won
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Peter Falk Nominated
Edgar Allan Poe Awards
Year
Category
Nominee
Result
1972 Best Episode in a TV Series Steven Bochco, for "Murder by the Book" Nominated
1974 Best Episode in a TV Series Jackson Gillis, for "Requiem for a Falling Star" Nominated
1979 Best Episode in a TV Series Robert Van Scoyk, for "Murder Under Glass" Won
1979 Special Edgars Richard Levinson & William Link for "Columbo and Ellery Queen TV series" Won
Golden Globe Awards
Year
Category
Nominee
Result
1972 Actor in a Leading Role – Drama Series Or Television Movie Peter Falk Nominated
1973 Best Television Series – Drama Won
Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Drama Peter Falk Won
1974 Best Television Series – Drama Nominated
Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Drama Peter Falk Nominated
1975 Best Television Series – Drama Nominated
Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Drama Peter Falk Nominated
1976 Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Drama Peter Falk Nominated
1978 Best Television Series – Drama Nominated
Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Drama Peter Falk Nominated
1991 Best Performance by an Actor in a TV-Series – Drama Peter Falk Nominated
1992 Best Performance by an Actor in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV Peter Falk Nominated
1994 Best Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV "It's All in the Game" Nominated
Best Performance by an Actor in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV Peter Falk, for "It's All in the Game" Nominated
Best Performance by an Actress in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV Faye Dunaway, for "It's All in the Game" Nominated
Home media releases[edit]
DVD releases[edit]
As of January 10, 2012, Universal Studios Home Entertainment had released all 69 episodes of Columbo on DVD.[30] The episodes are released in the same chronological order as they were originally broadcast. On October 16, 2012, Universal released Columbo — The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.[31]
Because the Columbo episodes from 1989 to 2003 were aired very infrequently, different DVD sets have been released around the world. In many Region 2 and Region 4 countries, all episodes have now been released as ten seasons, with the tenth season covering the last 14 shows from "Columbo Goes to College" (1990) to the most recent "Columbo Likes the Nightlife" (2003). However, in France, and The Netherlands (also Region 2), the DVDs were grouped differently and released as twelve seasons.
In Region 1, all episodes from seasons 8 on are grouped differently; all the episodes that were originally aired on ABC were released under the title COLUMBO: The Mystery Movie Collection.
Season
Eps.
Year
DVD release
DVD name
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
Pilots 2 1968–71 The Complete First Season September 7, 2004 September 13, 2004 December 3, 2004
1 7 1971–72
2 8 1972–73 The Complete Second Season March 8, 2005 July 18, 2005 July 13, 2005
3 8 1973–74 The Complete Third Season August 9, 2005 November 14, 2005 July 20, 2006
4 6 1974–75 The Complete Fourth Season March 14, 2006 September 18, 2006 September 19, 2006
5 6 1975–76 The Complete Fifth Season June 27, 2006 February 12, 2007 March 21, 2007
6 3 1976–77 The Complete Sixth & Seventh Seasons November 21, 2006 April 30, 2007 May 2, 2007
7 5 1977–78
8 4 1989 The Mystery Movie Collection 1989 (R1/R4)
The Complete Eighth Season (R2) April 24, 2007 March 31, 2008 July 4, 2008
9 6 1989–90 The Mystery Movie Collection 1990 (R1)
The Complete Ninth Season (R2/R4) February 3, 2009 March 30, 2009 May 6, 2009
10 +
specials 14 1990–93 The Mystery Movie Collection 1991–93 (R1)
The Complete Tenth Season – Volume 1 (R2/R4) February 8, 2011[32] June 15, 2009 July 28, 2009
1994–2003 The Mystery Movie Collection 1994–2003 (R1)
The Complete Tenth Season – Volume 2 (R2/R4) January 10, 2012[33] July 27, 2009 November 28, 2009
Complete series 69 1968–2003 Columbo: The Complete Series October 16, 2012 October 19, 2009 December 7, 2016
Blu-ray release[edit]
To commemorate the death of Peter Falk,[citation needed] the complete series was released on Blu-ray in Japan as a ten-season set, taken from new HD masters and original 1.33:1 (4:3) aspect ratio (1989–2003 episodes are presented in 1.78:1 (16:9)[citation needed]).[34] The set contains 35 discs and is presented in a faux-wooden cigar box. It features a brochure with episode details, and a script for the Japanese version of Prescription: Murder. Special features include the original 96-minute version of Étude In Black and the original NBC Mystery Movie title sequence. In addition, many episodes include isolated music and sound-effects tracks.[35] Before the release of this set, only the episodes up to Murder, a Self-Portrait were released on DVD in Japan.
Streaming[edit]
Seasons one through seven had been available for streaming from Netflix, but as of January 2017 Netflix offered only the DVD version.
Other appearances[edit]
Stage[edit]
The Columbo character first appeared on stage in 1962 in "Prescription: Murder" with Thomas Mitchell in the role of Columbo.
In 2010, Prescription: Murder, was revived for a tour of the United Kingdom with Dirk Benedict and later John Guerrasio as Columbo.[36]
Television[edit]
Falk appeared as Columbo in an Alias sketch produced for a 2003 TV special celebrating the 50th anniversary of ABC.
Falk appeared in character as Columbo in 1977 at The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast of Frank Sinatra.
Film[edit]
The insurance investigator, John Frazier (played by James Corden) in the film Ocean's Eight is referred to appearing like a Columbo look alike.[37]
Books[edit]
Columbo, as he appeared in volume 7 of Detective Conan
A Columbo series of books was published by MCA Publishing, written by authors Alfred Lawrence, Henry Clements and Lee Hays. This series of books, with the first title published in 1972, were mostly adapted from the TV series.[38]
Columbo was also used as the protagonist for a series of novels published between 1994 and 1999 by Forge Books, an imprint of Tor Books. All of these books were written by William Harrington.
William Link, the co-creator of the series, has written a collection of Columbo short stories, titled The Columbo Collection, which was published in May 2010 by Crippen & Landru, the specialty mystery publisher.[39]
The Columbo character is highlighted in volume 7 of the Detective Conan manga edition of Gosho Aoyama's Mystery Library. Columbo was briefly mentioned in the anime adaptation in the episode "The Forgotten Cellphone Part 2" when Conan said one of Columbo's lines: "You know, my wife says...".
Columbo was briefly mentioned in a 1990 chapter of the long-running manga, JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, where the main character Jotaro Kujo begins to suspect the actions of a suspicious old woman. He mentions to her that he couldn't sleep at night if he had doubts, because he frequently watched Columbo as a child.
In Harry Turtledove's sf/alternate history novel Homeward Bound a non-human detective, Inspector Garanpo, is a recognizable tribute to Columbo.[citation needed][original research?]
Sculpture[edit]
Peter Falk statue as Columbo with his Dog in Budapest, Hungary
A statue of Lieutenant Columbo and his dog was unveiled in 2014 on Miksa Falk Street in Budapest, Hungary.[40] According to Antal Rogán, then-district mayor of the city, Peter Falk may have been related to Hungarian writer and politician Miksa Falk, although there is no evidence yet to prove it.[41]
Podcast[edit]
A podcast about Columbo was launched in 2014, primarily considering episodes of the television series.[42]
Mrs. Columbo spin-off[edit]
Main article: Mrs. Columbo
Mrs. Columbo, a spin-off TV series starring Kate Mulgrew, aired in 1979 and was canceled after only thirteen episodes. Lt. Columbo was never seen on Mrs. Columbo; each episode featured the resourceful Mrs. Columbo solving a murder mystery she encountered in her work as a newspaper reporter. Connections with the original Columbo series were made obvious: the glaring presence of Columbo's car in the driveway, Dog, and Mrs. Columbo emptying ashtrays containing the famous green cigar butts—all featured in the show's opening sequence. References were also made to Kate's husband being a police lieutenant.
See also[edit]
Furuhata Ninzaburō
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Gardner, David (June 2, 2009). "'Peter Falk's dementia means he no longer remembers Columbo,' admits actor's doctor in court hearing over his care". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
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Jump up ^ ABC news, June 24, 2011 Retrieved March 6, 2016
Jump up ^ TCM.com Retrieved March 6, 2016
Jump up ^ "Ed McBain's Columbo". Columbo site. Free UK.
Jump up ^ "Columbo Sounds & Themes". Retrieved February 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Columbo". Classic themes. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ ""Columbo" (1971)". imdb.com. IMDb. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "News for Columbo". Tvshowsondvd.com. Archived from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Columbo DVD news: Announcement for Columbo – The Complete Series – TVShowsOnDVD.com". Archived from the original on August 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tvshowsondvd.com". Tvshowsondvd.com. Archived from the original on November 27, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Columbo: Mystery Movie Collection 1994–2003". amazon.com. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "刑事コロンボ コンプリート ブルーレイBOX [Blu-ray]". amazon. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "刑事コロンボ コンプリート ブルーレイBOX [Blu-ray]". Amazon.co.jp. Amazon. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Columbo: Prescription Murder". Archived from the original on March 26, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt05164214/movieconnections/?tab=mc&ref_=tt_trv_cnn. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Columbo books". Columbo-site.freeuk.com. August 8, 1976. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Harrington, William. "''The Columbo Collection'' at". Amazon.com. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ euronews. "Budapest statue to Columbo honours actor Peter Falk". Retrieved March 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Eric, Grundhauser (2015-05-13). "One More Thing ... About Hungary's Columbo Statue". Slate.
Jump up ^ columbopodcast. "The Columbo Podcast". Retrieved December 2, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Columbo (TV series).
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Columbo on IMDb
Encyclopedia of Television
The Columbo Podcast
Columbo on DVD
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Columbo at TV.com
show
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Medical Center, season 1/season 2 (1970)
Mannix, season 4/season 5 (1971)
Columbo, season 1/season 2 (1972)
The Waltons, season 1/season 2 (1973)
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Northern Exposure, season 2/season 3 (1991)
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NYPD Blue, season 1 (1993)
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The Practice, season 2/season 3 (1998)
The Sopranos, season 1 (1999)
The West Wing, season 1/season 2 (2000)
Six Feet Under, season 1 (2001)
The Shield, season 1 (2002)
24, season 2/season 3 (2003)
Nip/Tuck, season 2 (2004)
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text:
Minister for Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Minister for Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht
Incumbent
Josepha Madigan
since 30 November 2017
Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht
Member of
Cabinet
Dáil Éireann
Reports to
Taoiseach
Seat
Dublin, Ireland
Appointer
President of Ireland on the nomination of the Taoiseach
Inaugural holder
Martin O'Donoghue as Minister for Economic Planning and Development
Formation
8 July 1977
Website
chg.gov.ie
The Minister for Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (Irish: An tAire Cultúir, Oidhreachta agus Gaeltachta) is the senior minister at the Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht in the Government of Ireland.
The current minister is Josepha Madigan, TD. She is assisted by:
Joe McHugh, TD – Minister of State for Gaeilge, Gaeltacht and the Islands
Contents
1 Overview
1.1 Culture
2 List of office-holders
2.1 Minister for Economic Planning and Development 1977–1980
2.2 Minister for Energy 1980–1981
2.3 Minister for Industry and Energy 1981–1983
2.4 Minister for Energy 1983–1993
2.5 Minister for Tourism and Trade 1993–1997
2.6 Minister for Tourism, Sport and Recreation 1997–2002
2.7 Minister for Arts, Sport and Tourism 2002–2010
2.8 Minister for Tourism, Culture and Sport 2010–2011
2.9 Minister for Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht 2011–2016
2.10 Minister for Arts, Heritage, Regional, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs 2016–2017
2.11 Minister for Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht 2017–present
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Overview[edit]
The Minister for Economic Planning and Development was created by the Ministers and Secretaries (Amendment) Act, 1977. The title and functions of the position have changed several times since then (see Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht#Statutes). The current title was adopted in 2017 for the 31st Government.
Culture[edit]
Creating an environment enabling the National Cultural Institutions to flourish through the provision of financial resources and an appropriate policy framework. The National Cultural Institutions include: the National Archives of Ireland, National Concert Hall, National Library of Ireland, National Museum of Ireland, Chester Beatty Library, Irish Museum of Modern Art and National Gallery of Ireland. Formulation, development and evaluation of policy and structures to promote and foster the practice and appreciation of the creative and interpretative arts and to encourage the development of the Irish film industry; enabling the national cultural institutions, as integral elements of the national culture, to preserve, protect and present for the benefit of present and future generations our moveable heritage and cultural assets.
List of office-holders[edit]
For Ministers for the Gaeltacht from 1956 to 2011, see Minister for Children and Youth Affairs.
Minister for Economic Planning and Development 1977–1980[edit]
No.
Name
Term of office
Party
1. Martin O'Donoghue 8 July 1977 11 December 1979
Fianna Fáil
2. Michael O'Kennedy 12 December 1979 21 January 1980
Fianna Fáil
Minister for Energy 1980–1981[edit]
No.
Name
Term of office
Party
Michael O'Kennedy 21 January 1980 22 January 1980
Fianna Fáil
3. George Colley 22 January 1980 30 June 1981
Fianna Fáil
4. Michael O'Leary 30 June 1981 21 August 1981
Labour Party
Minister for Industry and Energy 1981–1983[edit]
No.
Name
Term of office
Party
Michael O'Leary 21 August 1981 9 March 1982
Labour Party
5. Albert Reynolds (1st time) 9 March 1982 14 December 1982
Fianna Fáil
6. John Bruton 14 December 1982 13 December 1983
Fine Gael
7. Dick Spring 13 December 1983 17 December 1983
Labour Party
Minister for Energy 1983–1993[edit]
No.
Name
Term of office
Party
Dick Spring 17 December 1983 20 January 1987
Labour Party
8. Michael Noonan 20 January 1987 10 March 1987
Fine Gael
9. Ray Burke 10 March 1987 24 November 1988
Fianna Fáil
10. Michael Smith 24 November 1988 12 July 1989
Fianna Fáil
11. Bobby Molloy 12 July 1989 4 November 1992
Progressive Democrats
Albert Reynolds (2nd time) 4 November 1992 12 January 1993
Fianna Fáil
12. Brian Cowen 12 January 1993 22 January 1993
Fianna Fáil
Minister for Tourism and Trade 1993–1997[edit]
No.
Name
Term of office
Party
13. Charlie McCreevy 22 January 1993 15 December 1994
Fianna Fáil
14. Enda Kenny 15 December 1994 26 June 1997
Fine Gael
15. Jim McDaid 26 June 1997 12 July 1997
Fianna Fáil
Minister for Tourism, Sport and Recreation 1997–2002[edit]
No.
Name
Term of office
Party
Jim McDaid 12 July 1997 6 June 2002
Fianna Fáil
Minister for Arts, Sport and Tourism 2002–2010[edit]
No.
Name
Term of office
Party
16. John O'Donoghue 6 June 2002 14 June 2007
Fianna Fáil
17. Séamus Brennan 14 June 2007 6 May 2008
Fianna Fáil
18. Martin Cullen 7 May 2008 23 March 2010
Fianna Fáil
Minister for Tourism, Culture and Sport 2010–2011[edit]
No.
Name
Term of office
Party
19. Mary Hanafin 23 March 2010 9 March 2011
Fianna Fáil
Minister for Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht 2011–2016[edit]
No.
Name
Term of office
Party
20. Jimmy Deenihan 9 March 2011 11 July 2014
Fine Gael
21. Heather Humphreys 11 July 2014 12 July 2016
Fine Gael
Minister for Arts, Heritage, Regional, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs 2016–2017[edit]
No.
Name
Term of office
Party
Heather Humphreys 12 July 2016 14 June 2017
Fine Gael
Minister for Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht 2017–present[edit]
No.
Name
Term of office
Party
Heather Humphreys 26 July 2017 30 November 2017
Fine Gael
22. Josepha Madigan 30 November 2017 Incumbent
Fine Gael
See also[edit]
Irish cabinets since 1919
Permanent North American Gaeltacht
References[edit]
External links[edit]
Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht
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Falling to Pieces
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 2006 song, see Falling to Pieces (Firewind song). For the song by The Script that is also known as "Falling to Pieces", see Breakeven (song).
"Falling to Pieces"
Single by Faith No More
from the album The Real Thing
B-side
"We Care a Lot" (Live)
"Underwater Love" (Live)
"From Out of Nowhere" (Live)
Released
July 2, 1990
Format
CD single, Cassette, Vinyl
Recorded
December 1988
Studio D in Sausalito, California
Genre
Funk metal, Rap metal
Length
5:15
Label
Slash
Songwriter(s)
Music:
Billy Gould
Roddy Bottum
"Big" Jim Martin
Lyrics:
Mike Patton
Producer(s)
Matt Wallace
Faith No More singles chronology
"Epic"
(1990) "Falling to Pieces"
(1990) "Midlife Crisis"
(1992)
"Epic"
(1990) "Falling to Pieces"
(1990) "Midlife Crisis"
(1992)
The Real Thing track listing
"From out of Nowhere"
"Epic"
"Falling to Pieces"
"Surprise! You're Dead!"
"Zombie Eaters"
"The Real Thing"
"Underwater Love"
"The Morning After"
"Woodpecker from Mars"
"War Pigs"
"Edge of the World"
"Falling to Pieces" is the third single on Faith No More's first studio album with Mike Patton on vocals, The Real Thing.
It is one of their best known hits, peaking at # 92 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #40 on the Mainstream Rock charts. Despite its success and unlike other of the band's hits, the song did not go on to be a live staple, appearing very rarely in concerts after their appearance at the 1993 Phoenix Festival,[1] where Billy Gould announced "this is the last time we'll ever play this song again" right before the song.[2] During Second Coming Tour the band picked up the song again and performed it at least once, at a concert in Rio de Janeiro in 2009. The song was performed at the Open'er Festival in 2014 for the first time since 2009. In a 2016 interview, Gould stated that; "That song sucks, let’s face it. I don’t know, we don’t groove on that one. Also, when you play it live, it just kind of gets boring".[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Track lists
2 Music video
3 Trivia
4 Release history
5 Charts
6 References
Track lists[edit]
Promo
"Falling to Pieces" (Remix) – 4:19
"Falling to Pieces" (Video Version) – 4:32
"Falling to Pieces" (Album Version) – 5:12
Disc One
"Falling to Pieces" - 3:39
"We Care a Lot" (Live at Brixton) - 3:59
"Underwater Love" (Live at Brixton) - 3:32
"From Out of Nowhere" (Live at Brixton) - 3:47
Disc Two
"Falling to Pieces (Re-Mix)"
"Zombie Eaters"
"The Real Thing" (‡ Live)
‡Live at the Wireless July 30, 1990 also features ad-lib from Public Enemy's "911 Is a Joke"
The Brixton Academy live tracks are different mixes to those found on the LP of the concert, most notably including the line "About the smack and crack and whack that hits the streets" on "We Care a Lot", which is mostly muted on the LP mix.[4]
Music video[edit]
The bass-driven song spawned a video in which lead singer Mike Patton portrays a series of odd characters, including one dressed like Alex from the Stanley Kubrick film A Clockwork Orange. The video is also notable for using a different mix of the song featuring more prominent background vocals, keyboards and guitar solo during the fade out. Two distinctly different versions of the video exist.[5]
A screenshot from the 1990 music video.
Trivia[edit]
The song can be heard in the 2002 film Black Hawk Down while the Rangers and Delta Force operators are preparing for their assault.
The song was performed again for the first time in years on the Rio de Janeiro show, November 2009.
Part of the song serves as epigraph for the 1993 novel Mala Onda, by Chilean writer Alberto Fuguet.
The song can be heard in the 2007 film Towelhead, which was set in the year 1991.
The song was again performed at the 2014 Open'er Festival in Poland.
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Europe July 2, 1990
Japan March 1, 1991
Charts[edit]
Chart (1990)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[6]
26
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[7]
16
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[8]
41
US Billboard Hot 100[9]
92
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[10]
40
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[11]
12
References[edit]
Jump up ^ fnm.com Tape Trading Resources
Jump up ^ "Falling To Pieces" at Phoenix Festival 1993
Jump up ^ "Faith No More Billy Gould Interview 2016". eonmusic - music is our passion!. Retrieved 2017-07-02.
Jump up ^ fnm.com discography
Jump up ^ http://old.fnm.com/faq/#17
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Faith No More – Falling to Pieces". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Faith No More – Falling to Pieces". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Faith No More: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Faith No More Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Faith No More Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Faith No More Chart History (Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
[hide]
v
t
e
Faith No More
Mike Bordin
Billy Gould
Roddy Bottum
Mike Patton
Jon Hudson
Mike Morris
Wade Worthington
Chuck Mosley
Jim Martin
Trey Spruance
Dean Menta
Studio albums
We Care a Lot
Introduce Yourself
The Real Thing
Angel Dust
King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime
Album of the Year
Sol Invictus
Live albums
Live at the Brixton Academy
Compilations
Who Cares a Lot?
This Is It: The Best of
Epic and Other Hits
The Platinum Collection
The Works
The Very Best Definitive Ultimate Greatest Hits Collection
Singles
"Quiet in Heaven"/"Song of Liberty" (as Faith No Man)
"We Care a Lot"
"Anne's Song"
"From Out of Nowhere"
"Epic"
"Falling to Pieces"
"Midlife Crisis"
"A Small Victory"
"Everything's Ruined"
"(I'm) Easy"
"Another Body Murdered"
"Digging the Grave"
"Ricochet"
"Evidence"
"Ashes to Ashes"
"Last Cup of Sorrow"
"Stripsearch"
"I Started a Joke"
"Motherfucker"
Other songs
"New Improved Song"
"The World Is Yours"
Videos
You Fat Bastards: Live at the Brixton Academy
Video Croissant
Who Cares a Lot?: The Greatest Videos
You Fat Bastards/Who Cares a Lot? (DVD)
Related bands
Brujeria
Dead Cross
Fantômas
General Patton vs. The X-Ecutioners
Imperial Teen
Mr. Bungle
Ozzy Osbourne
Peeping Tom
Primitive Race
Tomahawk
Related articles
Discography
Songs recorded
Members
Tribute of the Year: A Tribute to Faith No More
The Second Coming Tour
Book
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falling_to_Pieces&oldid=797652772"
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Ground and neutral
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For uses of the term "grounding" or "earth" in electricity but not in the context of mains wiring, see ground (electricity).
As the neutral point of an electrical supply system is often connected to earth ground, ground and neutral are closely related. Under certain conditions, a conductor used to connect to a system neutral is also used for grounding (earthing) of equipment and structures. Current carried on a grounding conductor can result in objectionable or dangerous voltages appearing on equipment enclosures, so the installation of grounding conductors and neutral conductors is carefully defined in electrical regulations. Where a neutral conductor is used also to connect equipment enclosures to earth, care must be taken that the neutral conductor never rises to a high voltage with respect to local ground.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions
2 Circuitry
3 Grounding systems
4 Combining neutral with ground
4.1 Fixed appliances on three-wire circuits
4.2 Portable appliances
4.3 Technical equipment
5 Shared neutral
5.1 Three-phase circuits
5.2 Split phase
6 Grounding problems
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
Definitions[edit]
Ground or earth in a mains (AC power) electrical wiring system is a conductor that provides a low-impedance path to the earth to prevent hazardous voltages from appearing on equipment (high voltage spikes). (The terms "ground" and "earth" are used synonymously here. "Ground" is more common in North American English, and "earth" is more common in British English.) Under normal conditions, a grounding conductor does not carry current. Grounding is an integral path for home wiring also because it causes circuit breakers to trip more quickly (ie, GFI), which is safer. Adding new grounds requires a qualified electrician with information particular to a power company distribution region.
Neutral is a circuit conductor that normally carries current back to the source. Neutral is usually connected to ground (earth) at the main electrical panel, street drop, or meter, and also at the final step-down transformer of the supply. That is for simple single panel installations, for multiple panels the situation is more complex.
In the electrical trade, the conductor of a 2-wire circuit connected to the supply neutral point and earth ground is referred to as the "neutral". [1]
In a polyphase (usually three-phase) AC system, the neutral conductor is intended to have similar voltages to each of the other circuit conductors, but may carry very little current if the phases are balanced.
The United States' National Electrical Code and Canadian electrical code only define neutral as the grounded, not the polyphase common connection. In North American use, the polyphase definition is used in less formal language but not in official specifications. In the United Kingdom the Institution of Engineering and Technology defines a neutral conductor as one connected to the supply system neutral point, which includes both these uses.
As per Indian CEAR "neutral conductor" means that conductor of a multi-wire system, the voltage of which is normally intermediate between the voltages of the other conductors of the system and shall also include return wire of the single phase system.
All neutral wires of the same earthed (grounded) electrical system should have the same electrical potential, because they are all connected through the system ground. Neutral conductors are usually insulated for the same voltage as the line conductors, with interesting exceptions.[2]
Circuitry[edit]
Neutral wires are usually connected at a neutral bus within panelboards or switchboards, and are "bonded" to earth ground at either the electrical service entrance, or at transformers within the system. For electrical installations with split-phase (three-wire single-phase service), the neutral point of the system is at the center-tap on the secondary side of the service transformer. For larger electrical installations, such as those with polyphase service, the neutral point is usually at the common connection on the secondary side of delta/wye connected transformers. Other arrangements of polyphase transformers may result in no neutral point, and no neutral conductors.
Grounding systems[edit]
Main article: Grounding system
The IEC standard (IEC 60364) codifies methods of installing neutral and ground conductors in a building, where these earthing systems are designated with letter symbols. The letter symbols are common in countries using IEC standards, but North American practices rarely refer to the IEC symbols. The differences are that the conductors may be separate over their entire run from equipment to earth ground, or may be combined over all or part of their length. Different systems are used to minimize the voltage difference between neutral and local earth ground. Current flowing in a grounding conductor will produce a voltage drop along the conductor, and grounding systems seek to ensure this voltage does not reach unsafe levels.
In the TN-S system, separate neutral and protective earth conductors are installed between the equipment and the source of supply (generator or electric utility transformer). Normal circuit currents flow only in the neutral, and the protective earth conductor bonds all equipment cases to earth to intercept any leakage current due to insulation failure. The neutral conductor is connected to earth at the building point of supply, but no common path to ground exists for circuit current and the protective conductor.
In the TN-C system, a common conductor provides both the neutral and protective grounding. The neutral conductor is connected to earth ground at the point of supply, and equipment cases are connected to the neutral. The danger exists that a broken neutral connection will allow all the equipment cases to rise to a dangerous voltage if any leakage or insulation fault exists in any equipment. This can be mitigated with special cables but the cost is then higher.
In the TN-C-S system, each piece of electrical equipment has both a protective ground connection to its case, and a neutral connection. These are all brought back to some common point in the building system, and a common connection is then made from that point back to the source of supply and to the earth.
In a TT system, no lengthy common protective ground conductor is used, instead each article of electrical equipment (or building distribution system) has its own connection to earth ground.
As per Indian CEAR , Rule 41, the grounding system to follow:
- Neutral conductor of a 3-phase, 4-wire system and the middle conductor of a 2- phase, 3-wire system to have minimum two separate and distinct earth connections with a minimum of two different earth electrodes to have the earth resistance to a satisfactory value.
- The earth electrodes to be inter-connected to reduce earth resistance.
- Neutral conductor shall also be earthed at one or more points along the distribution system or service line in addition to any connection at user end.
Combining neutral with ground[edit]
Stray voltages created in grounding (earthing) conductors by currents flowing in the supply utility neutral conductors can be troublesome. For example, special measures may be required in barns used for milking dairy cattle. Very small voltages, not usually perceptible to humans, may cause low milk yield, or even mastitis (inflammation of the udder).[3] So-called "tingle voltage filters" may be required in the electrical distribution system for a milking parlour.
Connecting the neutral to the equipment case provides some protection against faults, but may produce a dangerous voltage on the case if the neutral connection is broken.
Combined neutral and ground conductors are commonly used in electricity supply companies' wiring and occasionally for fixed wiring in buildings and for some specialist applications where there is little alternative, such as railways and trams. Since normal circuit currents in the neutral conductor can lead to objectionable or dangerous differences between local earth potential and the neutral, and to protect against neutral breakages, special precautions such as frequent rodding down to earth (multiple ground rod connections), use of cables where the combined neutral and earth completely surrounds the phase conductor(s), and thicker than normal equipotential bonding must be considered to ensure the system is safe.
Fixed appliances on three-wire circuits[edit]
In the United States, the cases of some kitchen stoves (ranges, ovens), cook tops, clothes dryers and other specifically listed appliances were grounded through their neutral wires as a measure to conserve copper from copper cables during World War II. This practice was removed from the NEC in the 1996 edition, but existing installations (called "old work") may still allow the cases of such listed appliances to be connected to the neutral conductor for grounding. (Canada did not adopt this system and instead during this time and into the present uses separate neutral and ground wires.)
This practice arose from the three-wire system used to supply both 120 volt and 240 volt loads. Because these listed appliances often have components that use either 120, or both 120 and 240 volts, there is often some current on the neutral wire. This differs from the protective grounding wire, which only carries current under fault conditions. Using the neutral conductor for grounding the equipment enclosure was considered safe since the devices were permanently wired to the supply and so the neutral was unlikely to be broken without also breaking both supply conductors. Also, the unbalanced current due to lamps and small motors in the appliances was small compared to the rating of the conductors and therefore unlikely to cause a large voltage drop in the neutral conductor.
Portable appliances[edit]
In North American and European practice, small portable equipment connected by a cord set is permitted under certain conditions to have merely two conductors in the attachment plug. A polarized plug can be used to maintain the identity of the neutral conductor into the appliance but neutral is never used as a chassis/case ground. The small cords to lamps, etc., often have one or more molded ridges or embedded strings to identify the neutral conductor, or may be identified by colour. Portable appliances never use the neutral conductor for case grounding, and often feature "double-insulated" construction.
In places where the design of the plug and socket cannot ensure that a system neutral conductor is connected to particular terminals of the device ("unpolarized" plugs), portable appliances must be designed on the assumption that either pole of each circuit may reach full main voltage with respect to the ground.
Technical equipment[edit]
In North American practice, equipment connected by a cord set must have three wires, if supplied exclusively by 240 volts, or must have four wires (including neutral and ground), if supplied by 120/240 volts.
There are special provisions in the NEC for so-called technical equipment, mainly professional grade audio and video equipment supplied by so-called "balanced" 120 volt circuits. The center tap of a transformer is connected to ground, and the equipment is supplied by two line wires each 60 volts to ground (and 120 volts between line conductors). The center tap is not distributed to the equipment and no neutral conductor is used. These cases generally use a grounding conductor which is separated from the safety grounding conductor specifically for the purposes of noise and "hum" reduction.
Another specialized distribution system was formerly specified in patient care areas of hospitals. An isolated power system was furnished, from a special isolation transformer, with the intention of minimizing any leakage current that could pass through equipment directly connected to a patient (for example, an electrocardiograph for monitoring the heart). The neutral of the circuit was not connected to ground. The leakage current was due to the distributed capacitance of the wiring and capacitance of the supply transformer. [4] Such distribution systems were monitored by permanently installed instruments to give an alarm when high leakage current was detected.
Shared neutral[edit]
A shared neutral is a connection in which a plurality of circuits use the same neutral connection. This is also known as a common neutral, and the circuits and neutral together are sometimes referred to as an Edison circuit.
Three-phase circuits[edit]
In a three-phase circuit, a neutral is shared between all three phases. Commonly the system neutral is connected to the star point on the feeding transformer. This is the reason that the secondary side of most three-phase distribution transformers is wye- or star-wound. Three-phase transformers and their associated neutrals are usually found in industrial distribution environments.
A system could be made entirely ungrounded. In this case a fault between one phase and ground would not cause any significant current. In fact, this is not a good scheme. Commonly the neutral is grounded (earthed) through a bond between the neutral bar and the earth bar. It is common on larger systems to monitor any current flowing through the neutral-to-earth link and use this as the basis for neutral fault protection.
The connection between neutral and earth allows any phase-to-earth fault to develop enough current flow to "trip" the circuit overcurrent protection device. In some jurisdictions, calculations are required to ensure the fault loop impedance is low enough so that fault current will trip the protection (In Australia, this is referred to in AS3000:2007 Fault loop impedance calculation). This may limit the length of a branch circuit.
In the case of two phases sharing one neutral, the worst-case current draw is one side has zero load and the other has full load, or when both sides have full load. The latter case results in 1 + 1@120deg = 1@60deg, i.e. the magnitude of the current in the neutral equals that of the other two wires.
In a three-phase linear circuit with three identical resistive or reactive loads, the neutral carries no current. The neutral carries current if the loads on each phase are not identical. In some jurisdictions, the neutral is allowed to be reduced in size if no unbalanced current flow is expected. If the neutral is smaller than the phase conductors, it can be overloaded if a large unbalanced load occurs.
The current drawn by non-linear loads, such as fluorescent & HID lighting and electronic equipment containing switching power supplies, often contains harmonics. Triplen harmonic currents (odd multiples of the third harmonic) are additive, resulting in more current in the shared neutral conductor than in any of the phase conductors. In the absolute worst case, the current in the shared neutral conductor can be triple that in each phase conductor. Some jurisdictions prohibit the use of shared neutral conductors when feeding single-phase loads from a three-phase source; others require that the neutral conductor be substantially larger than the phase conductors. It is good practice to use four-pole circuit breakers (as opposed to the standard three-pole) where the fourth pole is the neutral phase, and is hence protected against overcurrent on the neutral conductor.
Split phase[edit]
Main article: Split-phase electric power
In split-phase wiring, for example a duplex receptacle in a North American kitchen, devices may be connected with a cable that has three conductors, in addition to ground. The three conductors are usually coloured red, black, and white. The white serves as a common neutral, while the red and black each feed, separately, the top and bottom hot sides of the receptacle. Typically such receptacles are supplied from two circuit breakers in which the handles of two poles are tied together for a common trip. If two large appliances are used at once, current passes through both and the neutral only carries the difference in current. The advantage is that only three wires are required to serve these loads, instead of four. If one kitchen appliance overloads the circuit, the other side of the duplex receptacle will be shut off as well. This is called a multiwire branch circuit. Common trip is required when the connected load uses more than one phase simultaneously. The common trip prevents overloading of the shared neutral if one device draws more than rated current.
Grounding problems[edit]
A ground connection that is missing or of inadequate capacity may not provide the protective functions as intended during a fault in the connected equipment. Extra connections between ground and circuit neutral may result in circulating current in the ground path, stray current introduced in the earth or in a structure, and stray voltage.[citation needed] Extra ground connections on a neutral conductor may bypass the protection provided by a ground-fault circuit interrupter. Signal circuits that rely on a ground connection will not function or will have erratic function if the ground connection is missing.
See also[edit]
Appliance classes
Electrical bonding
Electrical wiring
Electrical wiring (UK)
Electrical wiring (United States)
Earthing arrangements
Ground (electricity)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Neutral Conductor" in Article 100 - Definitions, NFPA 70 National Electrical Code, 2011 Edition, International Electrical Code Series. The requirement to ground the neutral point begins at Article 250.4.
Jump up ^ For example, in North American practice an overhead service-entrance cable has two insulated conductors which are wrapped around and supported by the bare neutral conductor
Jump up ^ Thomas J. Divers, Simon Francis Peek (ed),Rebhun's diseases of dairy cattle, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2008, ISBN 1-4160-3137-5 pp. 389–390
Jump up ^ Leslie A. Geddes Handbook of Electrical Hazards and Accidents, CRC Press, 1995 ISBN 0849394317, pp. 90-91
Further reading[edit]
Rick Gilmour et al., editor, Canadian Electrical Code Part I, Nineteenth Edition, C22.1-02 Safety Standard for Electrical Installations, Canadian Standards Association, Toronto, Ontario Canada (2002) ISBN 1-55324-690-X
NFPA 70, National Electrical Code 2002, National Fire Protection Association, Inc., Quincy, Massachusetts USA, (2002). no ISBN
IEE Wiring Regulations Regulations for Electrical Installations Fifteenth Edition 1981, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, (1981) Hitchin, Herts. United Kingdom
Electrical Safety chapter from Lessons In Electric Circuits Vol 1 DC book and series.
EDISON CIRCUITS POSE SAFETY HAZARD
The Complete Guide To Home Wiring (link dead but multiple sources via Google search)
Advanced Home Wiring
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