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List of Presidents of the United States by education
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Most Presidents of the United States received a college education, even most of the earliest. Of the first seven Presidents, five were college graduates. College degrees have set the Presidents apart from the general population, and Presidents have held such a degree even when this was quite rare indeed, as well as unnecessary, for practicing most occupations, including law. Of the forty-five individuals to have been the President, twenty-four of them graduated from a private undergraduate college, nine graduated from a public undergraduate college, and twelve held no degree. Every President since 1953 has had a bachelor's degree, reflecting the increasing importance of higher education in the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 List by institutions
1.1 Undergraduate
1.2 Law school
1.3 Business school
1.4 Medical school
1.5 Ph.D.
1.6 Did not graduate from college
2 List by presidents
3 Other academic associations
3.1 School Rector or president
3.2 School trustee or governor
3.3 Faculty member
4 References
List by institutions[edit]
Undergraduate[edit]
Some Presidents attended more than one institution. George Washington never attended college, though The College of William & Mary did issue him a surveyor's certificate. Only three Presidents attended foreign colleges at the undergraduate level: John F. Kennedy at the London School of Economics and John Quincy Adams at Leiden University (with both transferring to Harvard College), and Bill Clinton who was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University. Three Presidents have attended the United States Service academies: Ulysses S. Grant and Dwight D. Eisenhower graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, while Jimmy Carter graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. No Presidents have graduated from the much newer U.S. Air Force Academy. Eisenhower also graduated from the Command and General Staff College, Army Industrial College and Army War College. These were not degree granting institutions when Eisenhower attended, but were part of his professional education as a career soldier.
School
Location
President(s)
Allegheny College Meadville, Pennsylvania
William McKinley (withdrew)
Amherst College Amherst, Massachusetts
Calvin Coolidge
Bowdoin College Brunswick, Maine
Franklin Pierce
The College of William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia
Thomas Jefferson
James Monroe (withdrew)
John Tyler
Columbia University New York, New York
Barack Obama
Davidson College Davidson, North Carolina
Woodrow Wilson (transferred to Princeton University)
Dickinson College Carlisle, Pennsylvania
James Buchanan
Eureka College Eureka, Illinois
Ronald Reagan
Fordham University The Bronx, New York City
Donald Trump (transferred to University of Pennsylvania)
Georgetown University Washington, D.C.
Bill Clinton
Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia
Jimmy Carter (transferred to United States Naval Academy)
Georgia Southwestern State University Americus, Georgia
Jimmy Carter (transferred to Georgia Institute of Technology)
Hampden–Sydney College Hampden Sydney, Virginia
William Henry Harrison (withdrew)
Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts
John Adams
John Quincy Adams
Theodore Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt
John F. Kennedy (transferred from Princeton University)
Hiram College Hiram, Ohio
James A. Garfield (transferred to Williams College)
Kenyon College Gambier, Ohio
Rutherford B. Hayes
London School of Economics London, United Kingdom
John F. Kennedy (transferred to Princeton University)
Miami University Oxford, Ohio
Benjamin Harrison
Mount Union College Alliance, Ohio
William McKinley (withdrew)
Occidental College Los Angeles, California
Barack Obama (transferred to Columbia University)
Ohio Central College Iberia, Ohio
Warren G. Harding
Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey
John F. Kennedy (transferred to Harvard University)
James Madison
Woodrow Wilson
University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
William Henry Harrison (withdrew)
Donald Trump
Texas State University San Marcos, Texas
Lyndon B. Johnson
Spalding's Commercial College (Kansas City, Missouri) Kansas City, Missouri
Harry S. Truman (Withdrew)
Stanford University Stanford, California
Herbert Hoover
Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands
John Quincy Adams (transferred to Harvard University)
Union College Schenectady, New York
Chester A. Arthur
University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
Gerald Ford
University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina
James K. Polk
United States Military Academy West Point, New York
Ulysses S. Grant
Dwight D. Eisenhower
United States Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
Dwight D. Eisenhower
United States Army Industrial College Washington, D.C.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
United States Army War College Carlisle, Pennsylvania
Dwight D. Eisenhower
United States Naval Academy Annapolis, Maryland
Jimmy Carter
Whittier College Whittier, California
Richard Nixon
Williams College Williamstown, Massachusetts
James A. Garfield
Yale University New Haven, Connecticut
William Howard Taft
George H. W. Bush
George W. Bush
Law school[edit]
School
Location
President(s)
Albany Law School Albany, New York
William McKinley (withdrew)
Columbia Law School New York, New York
Theodore Roosevelt (withdrew) (Awarded J.D. in 2008, class of 1882)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (withdrew) (Awarded J.D. in 2008, class of 1907)
Duke University School of Law Durham, North Carolina
Richard Nixon
Georgetown University Law Center Washington, D.C.
Lyndon B. Johnson (withdrew)
Harvard Law School Cambridge, Massachusetts
Rutherford B. Hayes
Barack Obama
University of Michigan Law School Ann Arbor, Michigan
Gerald Ford (transferred)
Northampton Law School Northampton, Massachusetts
Franklin Pierce (did not graduate)
State and National Law School Ballston Spa, New York
Chester A. Arthur (did not graduate)
University of Cincinnati College of Law Cincinnati, Ohio
William Howard Taft
University of Kansas City School of Law Kansas City, Missouri
Harry S. Truman (withdrew)
University of Virginia School of Law Charlottesville, Virginia
Woodrow Wilson (withdrew)
Yale Law School New Haven, Connecticut
Gerald Ford
Bill Clinton
Several Presidents who were lawyers did not attend law school, but became lawyers after independent study. Some had attended college before beginning their legal studies, and several studied law without first having attended college. It was customary to study under established lawyers.[1] Presidents who were lawyers but did not attend law school include: John Adams; Thomas Jefferson; James Madison; James Monroe; John Quincy Adams; Andrew Jackson; Martin Van Buren; John Tyler; James K. Polk; Millard Fillmore; James Buchanan; Abraham Lincoln; James A. Garfield; Grover Cleveland; Benjamin Harrison; and Calvin Coolidge.
Presidents who were admitted to the bar after a combination of law school and independent study include; Franklin Pierce; Chester A. Arthur; William McKinley; and Woodrow Wilson.
Business school[edit]
School
Location
President(s)
Harvard Business School Boston, Massachusetts
George W. Bush
Stanford Graduate School of Business Stanford, California
John F. Kennedy (withdrew)
Medical school[edit]
School
Location
President(s)
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
William Henry Harrison (withdrew)
Ph.D.[edit]
School
Location
President(s)
Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland
Woodrow Wilson
Did not graduate from college[edit]
George Washington (The death of his father ended Washington's formal schooling; however, he believed strongly in formal education. In his will, he left money and/or stocks to support three educational institutions.[2])
James Monroe
Andrew Jackson
Martin Van Buren
William Henry Harrison (attended college but never received a degree)
Zachary Taylor
Millard Fillmore (founded the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York)
Abraham Lincoln (had only about a year of formal schooling of any kind)
Andrew Johnson (no formal schooling of any kind)
Grover Cleveland
William McKinley (attended Allegheny College (did not graduate) and Albany Law School (did not graduate))
Harry S. Truman (went to business college and law school but did not receive a degree)
List by presidents[edit]
President
High school or equivalent
Undergraduate school
Graduate school
George Washington Lower Church School
did not attend college
none
John Adams Braintree Latin School Harvard University none
Thomas Jefferson James Maury's School The College of William and Mary none
James Madison Donald Robertson's School Princeton University none
James Monroe Campbelltown Academy The College of William and Mary (did not graduate) none
John Quincy Adams Passy Academy Leiden University (transferred)
Harvard University none
Andrew Jackson William Humphries' Academy
James White Stephenson's Academy none none
Martin Van Buren Kinderhook Academy
Washington Seminary none none
William Henry Harrison Millfield Academy Hampden–Sydney College (withdrew) University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (withdrew)
John Tyler College of William and Mary Preparatory School The College of William and Mary none
James K. Polk Zion Presbyterian Church Academy
Bradley Academy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill none
Zachary Taylor none none none
Millard Fillmore New Hope Academy none none
Franklin Pierce Phillips Exeter Academy Bowdoin College Northampton Law School
James Buchanan Old Stone Academy Dickinson College none
Abraham Lincoln none none none
Andrew Johnson none none none
Ulysses S. Grant Maysville Academy United States Military Academy none
Rutherford B. Hayes Norwalk Seminary
The Webb School Kenyon College Harvard Law School
James Garfield Geauga Seminary Hiram College (transferred)
Williams College none
Chester A. Arthur Schenectady Lyceum and Academy Union College State and National Law School (did not graduate)
Grover Cleveland Clinton Academy none none
Benjamin Harrison Farmers' College Miami University none
William McKinley Poland Academy Allegheny College (withdrew)
Mount Union College (withdrew) Albany Law School (withdrew)
Theodore Roosevelt none Harvard University Columbia Law School (withdrew) (Awarded J.D. in 2008, class of 1882)[3]
William Howard Taft Woodward High School Yale University University of Cincinnati College of Law
Woodrow Wilson none Davidson College (transferred)
Princeton University University of Virginia School of Law (withdrew)
Johns Hopkins University (Ph.D.)
Warren G. Harding Caledonia High School Ohio Central College none
Calvin Coolidge Black River Academy
St. Johnsbury Academy Amherst College none
Herbert Hoover Did not attend high school Stanford University none
Franklin D. Roosevelt Groton School Harvard University Columbia Law School (withdrew) (Awarded J.D. in 2008, class of 1907)[4]
Harry S. Truman Independence High School Spalding's Commercial College (withdrew) University of Kansas City School of Law (withdrew)
Dwight D. Eisenhower Abilene High School U.S. Military Academy (West Point) United States Army Command and General Staff College
United States Army Industrial College
United States Army War College
John F. Kennedy The Choate School London School of Economics (General Course Program)
Princeton University (transferred)
Harvard University
Stanford Graduate School of Business (withdrew)
Lyndon B. Johnson Johnson City High School Southwest Texas State College (now Texas State University) Georgetown University Law Center (withdrew)
Richard Nixon Whittier High School Whittier College Duke University School of Law
Gerald Ford Grand Rapids South High School University of Michigan Yale Law School
Jimmy Carter Plains High School Georgia Southwestern College (transferred)
Georgia Institute of Technology (transferred)
U.S. Naval Academy Union College (Postgraduate Nuclear Physics Course Program)
Ronald Reagan Dixon High School Eureka College none
George H. W. Bush Phillips Academy Yale University none
Bill Clinton Hot Springs High School Georgetown University University of Oxford (Rhodes Scholar; withdrew)
Yale Law School
George W. Bush Phillips Academy Yale University Harvard Business School
Barack Obama Punahou School Occidental College (transferred)
Columbia University Harvard Law School
Donald Trump New York Military Academy Fordham University (transferred)
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania None
Other academic associations[edit]
School Rector or president[edit]
President(s)
School
Position
Years
Thomas Jefferson University of Virginia 1st Rector 1819–1826
James Madison University of Virginia 2nd Rector 1826–1836
James A. Garfield Hiram College President 1857–1860
Millard Fillmore University of Buffalo Chancellor 1846–1874
Woodrow Wilson Princeton University President 1902–1910
Dwight D. Eisenhower Columbia University President 1948–1953
School trustee or governor[edit]
President(s)
School
Position
Years
George Washington College of William and Mary Chancellor 1788–1799
George Washington Washington College Allowed use of his name, Benefactor, Board of Governors 1782-1799
George Washington Washington and Lee University Benefactor[5] 1796
Thomas Jefferson University of Virginia Board of Visitors 1819–1826
James Madison University of Virginia Board of Visitors 1819–1836
James Madison Madison College (Pennsylvania) Allowed use of his name, Benefactor (contributed funds - $2000 in 1827 dollars - towards founding)[6] 1827
James Monroe University of Virginia Board of Visitors 1826–1831
John Quincy Adams Harvard University Board of Overseers 1830–1848
Andrew Jackson University of Nashville Board of Trustees 1806–1845[7]
Martin Van Buren University of the State of New York Board of Regents 1816–1829
John Tyler College of William and Mary Chancellor 1859–1862
Millard Fillmore University at Buffalo Chancellor 1846–1874
Franklin Pierce Norwich University Board of Trustees 1841–1859
James Buchanan Franklin & Marshall College President, Board of Trustees 1853–1865
Rutherford B. Hayes The Ohio State University Board of Trustees 1881–1893
Rutherford B. Hayes Western Reserve University Chairman of the Board of Trustees 1881-1893
Rutherford B. Hayes Ohio Wesleyan University Board of Trustees 1884-1893
James A. Garfield Hiram College Board of Trustees 1866–1881
James A. Garfield Hampton University Board of Trustees 1877–1881
Benjamin Harrison Purdue University Board of Trustees 1895–1901
Grover Cleveland Princeton University Board of Trustees 1901–1908
William McKinley American University Board of Trustees 1899-1901
Theodore Roosevelt American University Board of Trustees 1900-1919
Theodore Roosevelt Harvard University Board of Overseers 1895-1901, 1915-1916
William Howard Taft Yale University Member of the Yale Corporation 1901-1913
William Howard Taft Hampton University Board of Trustees 1909-1930
Warren G. Harding American University Board of Trustees 1921-1923
Calvin Coolidge Amherst College Board of Trustees (life member) 1921-1933
Herbert Hoover Stanford University Board of Trustees 1923-1960
Herbert Hoover American University Board of Trustees 1945-1950
Franklin D. Roosevelt Harvard University Board of Overseers 1917-1923
Franklin D. Roosevelt Vassar College Board of Trustees 1923-1945
Dwight Eisenhower Eisenhower College Namesake, fundraiser 1965-1969
John F. Kennedy Harvard University Board of Overseers 1957-1958
Jimmy Carter Mercer University Board of Trustees 2012– present
Ronald Reagan Eureka College Board of Trustees 1947–1953, 1967–1973, 1974-1980.
Faculty member[edit]
President(s)
School
Position
Years
James A. Garfield Hiram College Professor of Latin, Greek, Mathematics, History, Philosophy, Rhetoric and English literature 1857-1861[8]
William Howard Taft University of Cincinnati College of Law Dean 1896-1900[9]
William Howard Taft Yale Law School Kent Professor of Law 1913-1921
William Howard Taft Boston University School of Law Lecturer on Legal Ethics[10] 1918-1921
Woodrow Wilson Bryn Mawr College Professor of Politics and History 1885-1888[11]
Woodrow Wilson Wesleyan University Professor of Politics 1888-1890[11]
Woodrow Wilson Princeton University Professor of Jurisprudence and Political Economy, President 1902–1910
Harry S. Truman Yale University Chubb Fellow Visiting Lecturer 1958[12]
Harry S. Truman Canisius College Visiting Lecturer 1962[13]
Richard Nixon Whittier College Adjunct lecturer, taught undergraduate legal studies class 1937-1942
Jimmy Carter Emory University University Distinguished Professor 1982–Present
George H. W. Bush Rice University Part-Time Professor of Administrative Science 1978
Bill Clinton University of Arkansas Assistant Professor of Law[14] 1973–1977
Barack Obama University of Chicago Law School Senior Lecturer [15] 1992–2004
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/education/lawhighlights.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.mountvernon.org/visit/plan/index.cfm/pid/808/
Jump up ^ New York Sun, Presidents Roosevelt Honored With Posthumous Columbia Degrees, September 26, 2008
Jump up ^ Columbia Law School, Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt to Receive Posthumous Law Degrees from Columbia Law School, September 25, 2008
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-01-03. Retrieved 2013-01-17.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, G.T. (1902). "Madison College". In Haskins, Charles Homer; Hull, William Isaac. A History of Higher Education in Pennsylvania. Government Printing Office. pp. 155–7.
Jump up ^ University of Nashville Board of Trustees (1892). The University of Nashville, 1785 to 1892. Nashville, TN: Marshall & Bruce. p. 5. Note: In 1791, Jackson was appointed to the board of trustees of Davidson Academy. Jackson continued on the board when the school was reorganized as Cumberland College in 1806. In 1826, Cumberland College was reincorporated as the University of Nashville, and Jackson remained a member of the board of trustees until his death.
Jump up ^ Joseph Nathan Kane, Facts About the Presidents (New York: Simon & Schuster [Pocket Books], 1968 [5th printing]), 194.
Jump up ^ UC.edu
Jump up ^ "BU School of Law Timeline". Boston University. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Biography of Wilson on Princeton Web.
Jump up ^ Robert H. Ferrell, Farewell to the Chief: Former Presidents in American Public Life, 1991, page 52
Jump up ^ U.S. Government Printing Office, Congressional Record, Volume 108, Part 4, 1962, page 5168
Jump up ^ Kaczynski, Andrew; Apper, Megan (February 2, 2015). "Here's Bill Clinton's Personnel File From His Time As An Arkansas College Professor". buzzfeed.com/. New York, NY: Buzzfeed.com.
Jump up ^ Media Inquiries, University of Chicago Law School
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Dream On (Glee)
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"Dream On"
Glee episode
Episode no.
Season 1
Episode 19
Directed by
Joss Whedon
Written by
Brad Falchuk
Featured music
"Daydream Believer"
"Piano Man"
"Big Spender"
"Dream On"
"The Safety Dance"
"I Dreamed a Dream"
"Dream a Little Dream of Me"
Production code
1ARC18
Original air date
May 18, 2010 (2010-05-18)
Guest appearance(s)
Neil Patrick Harris as Bryan Ryan
Jonathan Groff as Jesse St. James
Idina Menzel as Shelby Corcoran
Molly Shannon as Brenda Castle
John Michael Higgins as Russell
Iqbal Theba as Principal Figgins
Naya Rivera as Santana Lopez
Paul Vogt as Herb Duncan
Heather Morris as Brittany Pierce
Harry Shum, Jr. as Mike Chang
Dijon Talton as Matt Rutherford
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Laryngitis" Next →
"Theatricality"
List of Glee episodes
"Dream On" is the nineteenth episode of the American television series Glee. The episode premiered on the Fox network on May 18, 2010. It was directed by Joss Whedon and written by series creator Brad Falchuk. Neil Patrick Harris guest-stars as former glee club star Bryan Ryan. Working as a school board auditor, he threatens to cut the glee club out of the budget, bitter at never having attained his own show-business dreams. Rachel (Lea Michele) attempts to find her birth mother, and Artie (Kevin McHale) struggles with his desire to walk. The episode title is a reference to Aerosmith's song "Dream On", also performed during the episode.
The episode features cover versions of seven songs, four of which were released as singles, available for digital download, and three of which are included on the soundtrack album Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers. "Dream On" was watched by 11.59 million American viewers and received generally positive reviews from critics. Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune, Bobby Hankinson of the Houston Chronicle, Gerrick. D Kennedy of the Los Angeles Times and Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club all deemed it one of the best episodes of the season, while Aly Semigran of MTV, Entertainment Weekly's Tim Stack and Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal praised the musical performances. Blair Baldwin of Zap2it in contrast felt that the songs were inconsistent, and while Harris' appearance was generally well received, Eric Goldman of IGN felt that his storyline was lacking in impact.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Reception
3.1 Ratings
3.2 Critical response
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Idina Menzel (left) was cast in Glee following a fan campaign based on her resemblance to Lea Michele (right). Her character, Shelby, is revealed to be Rachel's mother in this episode.
Bryan Ryan (Neil Patrick Harris), a former McKinley High glee club member, arrives as an auditor from the school board. He speaks to the glee club, asking everyone to write their biggest dream on a piece of paper. He then takes Artie's (Kevin McHale) paper and tosses it into the trash, making a point that their dreams will never come true. Having failed to realize his own dreams, he intends to cut the glee club. Glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) convinces him that it is not too late to pursue his dreams and sings "Piano Man" with him. They both audition for the role of Jean Valjean in the local production of Les Misérables, singing "Dream On" as a duet. Bryan decides not to cut the glee club, and even presents them with new costumes and sheet music, but changes his mind when cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) announces that Will landed the lead role. Will gives up his role in Les Misérables to Bryan in order to save the glee club.
Rachel (Lea Michele) confides in Jesse (Jonathan Groff) of her lifelong dream to discover the identity of her mother. While they are searching through boxes of records from her basement, Jesse takes a cassette tape from his jacket and pretends that it came from the box. The tape is labeled as a message from mother to daughter. Rachel refuses to listen to the tape, stating that she is not ready. Jesse later meets with Shelby Corcoran (Idina Menzel), the coach of Vocal Adrenaline, who reveals that she is Rachel's biological mother, but a contractual agreement with Rachel's two fathers prevents her from meeting with Rachel until Rachel is 18. Jesse reveals that though he had "befriended" Rachel just to get more acting practice, he had actually started liking her. She implores Jesse to convince Rachel to listen to the tape. Back at Rachel's house, Jesse starts the tape playing as Rachel enters her bedroom, then leaves her to listen to it. On the tape, Shelby sings "I Dreamed a Dream", leading to a duet with Rachel in a dream sequence, ending with Rachel back in her room in tears.
Artie Abrams dancing with the song "The Safety Dance."
After Bryan's discouraging speech, Tina (Jenna Ushkowitz) retrieves Artie's paper from the trash and learns that his biggest dream is to become a dancer. Tina would like to dance with Artie, but he falls off his crutches when he tries to stand up from his wheelchair. Tina comforts Artie by showing him some of the latest research in spinal cord injury treatments. While waiting for Tina to buy pretzels at the mall, Artie fantasizes about being able to stand up from his wheelchair and dances to "The Safety Dance" in a flash mob dream sequence. He later asks guidance counsellor Emma Pillsbury (Jayma Mays) for advice on how to cope with the possibility of walking again in light of the new research, but is disappointed when Emma tells him that such treatments may not become available for a long time. Tina continues to offer to dance with him but he declines, insisting that she choose another partner but agreeing to sing during the dance. Tina chooses Mike (Harry Shum, Jr.) as her dance partner as Artie leads the glee club into "Dream a Little Dream of Me".
Production[edit]
"Dream On" was filmed in March 2010.[1] In October 2009, Michael Ausiello of Entertainment Weekly reported that 20th Century Fox, the studio behind Glee, had approached Joss Whedon about directing an episode during the show's first season. Series creator Ryan Murphy is a fan of Whedon's work, and praised the musical episode of his series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, commenting: "Joss directed one of the great musical episodes in the history of television on Buffy, so this is a great, if unexpected, fit. I'm thrilled he'll be loaning us his fantastic groundbreaking talent."[2] Whedon deemed Glee his favorite television show, but downplayed his influence over the episode. Asked by Ileane Rudolph of TV Guide whether the episode would feature songs from Buffy, or his 2008 musical Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog, Whedon replied: "I would have to say a resonant 'no way.' The episode isn't about me. It's the next episode of Glee. Hopefully my hands will be invisible on the show."[1] Whedon felt that his job was to be anonymous: "to find the most compelling way to present a story without calling attention to himself." He acknowledged his proclivity for killing off fans' favorite characters, jesting that he planned to murder Principal Figgins (Iqbal Theba).[3]
Neil Patrick Harris (left) guest-stars in "Dream On", directed by his Dr. Horrible colleague Joss Whedon (right).
Whedon feels the episode's title is pertinent to the storylines, explaining that the aim was to examine the desires at the core of the central characters, including Will's desire to perform, Rachel's desire to find her biological mother and Artie's desire to walk again. He stated: "I was really lucky because there's a real phonetic coherence of the episode that brought them all together on an emotional level. For me, it was just a question that they dovetailed and didn't feel random and you understood why these three stories were all in the same show."[4]
Kristin Dos Santos of E! Online commented on Whedon's tendency to work repeatedly with the same actors, and hoped that Dr. Horrible star Neil Patrick Harris might appear in the episode.[3] Four months later, in February 2010, Dos Santos reported that Harris had signed a contract to appear on Glee.[5] Murphy created a role especially for the actor, who received clearance from CBS to appear on Fox for the episode.[6] Ausiello reported that Harris would play Bryan Ryan, a former high school rival of glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison), now a member of the Lima school board, intent on revenge for never having fulfilled his own potential by cutting the school arts program.[7] Morrison stated that Harris' character is two years older than Will, and "got all the girls and the good songs" during their high school days.[8]
Recurring characters who appear in "Dream On" are glee club members Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera), Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris), Mike Chang (Harry Shum, Jr.), Matt Rutherford (Dijon Talton) and Jesse St. James (Jonathan Groff), astronomy teacher Brenda Castle (Molly Shannon, appearing alongside her Kath & Kim co-star, John Michael Higgins), and Vocal Adrenaline coach Shelby Corcoran (Idina Menzel).[9] The episode features cover versions of seven songs. Will and Bryan duet on "Dream On" by Aerosmith,[10] and "Piano Man" by Billy Joel.[11] Bryan also sings "Daydream Believer" by The Monkees,[12] and a Les Misérables auditionee played by Wendy Worthington sings "Big Spender" from Sweet Charity.[13] Artie performs "The Safety Dance" by Men Without Hats and "Dream a Little Dream of Me" by The Mamas & the Papas, and Shelby and Rachel sing "I Dreamed a Dream" from Les Misérables.[11] Each of the songs except "Piano Man", "Big Spender" and "Daydream Believer" were released as singles, available for digital download,[14] and "Dream On", "The Safety Dance" and "I Dreamed a Dream" are also included on the soundtrack album Glee: The Music, Volume 3 – Showstoppers.[15] "I Dreamed a Dream" charted at number 36 on the Irish Singles Chart.[16]
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
In its original broadcast, "Dream On" was watched by 11.59 million American viewers and attained a 4.8/12 rating/share in the 18–49 demographic.[17] In the United Kingdom, the episode was watched by 1.54 million viewers and was the most-watched show of the week on the non-terrestrial channels.[18] In Canada, it was watched by 1.86 million viewers, making Glee the tenth most-viewed show of the week.[19] In Australia, Glee drew its highest-ever overnight audience with 1.30 million viewers, and won its timeslot in all key demographics.[20] Its consolidated ratings were adjusted up to 1.56 million, making "Dream On" the eleventh most-viewed program of the week.[21]
Critical response[edit]
The episode received generally positive reviews from critics. Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune deemed "Dream On" a "highly enjoyable", "emotionally satisfying" episode, and possibly her favorite since the pilot. Ryan praised Whedon's directing, writing that it is clear "Whedon really gets what this show is good at when it's working".[22] Lee Ferguson of CBC also called "Dream On" one of his favorite episodes of the season, commenting that: "NPH easily outperformed some of the other recent celebs (including Molly Shannon and Olivia Newton-John) who've stopped by the show", and hoped that his character would return in the future.[23]
McHale's songs in "Dream On" attracted praise from critics.
CNN's Lisa Respers France praised both the Artie and Rachel storylines, and wrote that: "Harris' Bryan Ryan character had it all: timing, great singing and a crazy chemistry with Jane Lynch's character, Sue Sylvester."[24] James Poniewozik of Time deemed the episode "exceptional in ways that went beyond guest appearances", noting: "it was not just good compared with recent episodes, but entertaining, arresting and moving in an unqualified sense."[25] Bobby Hankinson of the Houston Chronicle called "Dream On": "one of the best episodes in one of the greatest freshman seasons in recent history",[26] while Gerrick D. Kennedy of the Los Angeles Times similarly deemed the episode one of the best of "an already stellar freshman season",[27] and Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club graded the episode "A" and called it "one of the two or three best Glee episodes ever. Hell, it might be THE best."[28]
Aly Semigran of MTV reviewed the episode's musical performances positively, calling "Piano Man" the series' "most realistic musical number" and writing that "nothing even came close to the amount of awesome" that was the "Dream On" duet. Semigran noted that McHale's songs "proved he was a force to be reckoned with", and called the "I Dreamed a Dream" duet "goosebump-inducing", observing: "Pretty sure that's what musical theater lovers' dreams are made of."[29] Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal called Michele and Menzel's number "one of the most touching duets in the show so far", stating: "the vulnerability they both convey is stunning in its simplicity and perfection."[30] Entertainment Weekly's Tim Stack wrote that the "Piano Man" duet was so good he wished it had been released for download. He rated the songs performed "B+" through to "A" and called "Safety Dance" one of his favorite moments of the episode, deeming it a "joyous, huge performance—definitely one of the most elaborate numbers the show has done before."[31]
Blair Baldwin of Zap2it wrote that while the "Dream On" performance began perfectly, Harris "killed the song" with an "ear-wrenching" lead-in to the chorus. Baldwin also highlighted synchronization problems with the "Safety Dance" choreography, and wrote that Shum's dancing to "Dream a Little Dream" was "terrible" and "sloppy". Baldwin did enjoy the "I Dreamed a Dream" performance, and hoped for greater consistency in the future.[32] Eric Goldman of IGN rated the episode 7.7/10, writing that while he had expected the episode to be "freaking awesome", instead it was merely "okay". He felt that the musical numbers "failed to really resonate", and called Harris' character "amusing in theory" but ultimately "one-note" and lacking in impact, with a storyline that "fizzled out".[33] In December 2012, TV Guide named the "Safety Dance" rendition one of Glee's best performances.[34]
In August 2010, the 62nd Primetime Creative Emmys awarded Harris an Emmy (out of two total) [35] in the 'Best Guest Actor in a Comedy Series' category for his "Dream On" appearance and performance.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Rudolph, Ileane (November 9, 2009). "Joss Whedon is Filled With Glee". TV Guide. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (October 19, 2009). "'Glee' exclusive: Joss Whedon to direct!". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Archived from the original on 28 August 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Dos Santos, Kristin (October 19, 2009). "Joss Whedon + Glee = 2 Good 2 Be True?". E! Online. E!. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Reiher, Andrea (May 14, 2010). "'Glee's' 'Dream On': Joss Whedon 'so tired of' Neil Patrick Harris". Zap2it. Tribune Media Services. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ Dos Santos, Kristin (February 25, 2010). "Neil Patrick Harris to Be All "Horrible"-Like on Glee!". E! Online. E!. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (January 18, 2010). "Exclusive: 'Glee' and Neil Patrick Harris to make beautiful music together". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Archived from the original on January 20, 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (March 4, 2010). "'Glee' Exclusive: It's NPH vs. Matthew Morrison!". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Archived from the original on March 7, 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Dos Santos, Kristin (March 14, 2010). "Glee Cast and Creators Dish on Neil Patrick Harris, "Puckleberry" and Lady Gaga!". E! Online. E!. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "(GLE-119) "Dream On"". The Futon Critic (Press release). Retrieved February 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (March 10, 2010). "Ask Ausiello: Spoilers on 'Smallville,' 'Good Wife,' 'Glee,' 'Grey's,' Fringe,' and more!". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Archived from the original on 13 March 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Batallones, Henrik (May 13, 2010). "'Glee' Spoilers: Who's Singing What on 'Dream On'?". BuddyTV. Retrieved May 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Dream On: Featured Music". Fox. Archived from the original on May 15, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Peter, Thomas (May 19, 2010). ""Glee" Ratings: Spring Season Episode 6 – Playblog". Playbill. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Glee Cast". iTunes. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Glee: The Music, Vol. 3 Showstoppers (Deluxe Ed.)". Barnes & Noble. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 Singles, Week Ending 20 May 2010". Chart-Track. GfK. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (May 19, 2010). "TV Ratings: Idol, Glee Win Again, Lost Up, V Finale Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Top 30 Programmes w/e 30 May 2010". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Top Programs - Total Canada (English) May 17 - May 23, 2010" (PDF). BBM Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The 7PM Project Draws Highest Audience This Year - 1.11 Million". ebroadcast.com.au. June 4, 2010. Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Consolidated Metropolitan Top 20 Programs" (PDF). OzTAM. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen (May 14, 2010). "The 10 most awesome things about the Joss Whedon 'Glee' episode". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ferguson, Lee (May 19, 2010). "Dreams really do come true: Neil Patrick Harris guest stars on Glee". CBC News. Archived from the original on May 23, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ Respers France, Lisa (May 19, 2010). "The mother of all 'Glee' episodes". CNN. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James (May 19, 2010). "Glee Watch: Dream Until Your Dream Comes True". Time. Time Inc. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hankinson, Bobby (May 19, 2010). "Neil Patrick Harris dreams a little dream of Glee". Houston Chronicle. Hearst Corporation. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Gerrick D. (May 19, 2010). "'Glee': I dreamed a dream". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ VanDerWerff, Todd (May 19, 2010). "Dream On". The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Semigran, Aly (May 19, 2010). "'Glee' Recap: Episode 19, 'Dream On'". MTV. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Flandez, Raymund (May 19, 2010). "'Glee' Season 1, Episode 19: 'Dream On,' With Guest Star Neil Patrick Harris". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Stack, Tim (May 19, 2010). "'Glee' recap: Dream a Little Dream". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Baldwin, Blair (May 19, 2010). "Expecting perfection from 'Glee'? Dream on". Zap2it. Tribune Media Services. Archived from the original on May 22, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric (May 18, 2010). "Glee: "Dream On" Review". IGN. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Best and Worst Glee Performances (So Far!)". TV Guide. December 26, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Emmys Creative Arts: Winners list". The Los Angeles Times. August 21, 2010.
External links[edit]
Glee portal
"Dream On" at Fox.com
"Dream On" on IMDb
"Dream On" at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Glee episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"Showmance"
"Acafellas"
"Preggers"
"The Rhodes Not Taken"
"Vitamin D"
"Throwdown"
"Mash-Up"
"Wheels"
"Ballad"
"Hairography"
"Mattress"
"Sectionals"
"Hell-O"
"The Power of Madonna"
"Home"
"Bad Reputation"
"Laryngitis"
"Dream On"
"Theatricality"
"Funk"
"Journey to Regionals"
Season 2
"Audition"
"Britney/Brittany"
"Grilled Cheesus"
"Duets"
"The Rocky Horror Glee Show"
"Never Been Kissed"
"The Substitute"
"Furt"
"Special Education"
"A Very Glee Christmas"
"The Sue Sylvester Shuffle"
"Silly Love Songs"
"Comeback"
"Blame It on the Alcohol"
"Sexy"
"Original Song"
"A Night of Neglect"
"Born This Way"
"Rumours"
"Prom Queen"
"Funeral"
"New York"
Season 3
"The Purple Piano Project"
"I Am Unicorn"
"Asian F"
"Pot O' Gold"
"The First Time"
"Mash Off"
"I Kissed a Girl"
"Hold On to Sixteen"
"Extraordinary Merry Christmas"
"Yes/No"
"Michael"
"The Spanish Teacher"
"Heart"
"On My Way"
"Big Brother"
"Saturday Night Glee-ver"
"Dance with Somebody"
"Choke"
"Prom-asaurus"
"Props"
"Nationals"
"Goodbye"
Season 4
"The New Rachel"
"Britney 2.0"
"Makeover"
"The Break Up"
"The Role You Were Born to Play"
"Glease"
"Dynamic Duets"
"Thanksgiving"
"Swan Song"
"Glee, Actually"
"Sadie Hawkins"
"Naked"
"Diva"
"I Do"
"Girls (and Boys) On Film"
"Feud"
"Guilty Pleasures"
"Shooting Star"
"Sweet Dreams"
"Lights Out"
"Wonder-ful"
"All or Nothing"
Season 5
"Love, Love, Love"
"Tina in the Sky with Diamonds"
"The Quarterback"
"A Katy or a Gaga"
"The End of Twerk"
"Movin' Out"
"Puppet Master"
"Previously Unaired Christmas"
"Frenemies"
"Trio"
"City of Angels"
"100"
"New Directions"
"New New York"
"Bash"
"Tested"
"Opening Night"
"The Back-up Plan"
"Old Dog, New Tricks"
"The Untitled Rachel Berry Project"
Season 6
"Loser Like Me"
"Homecoming"
"Jagged Little Tapestry"
"The Hurt Locker, Part One"
"The Hurt Locker, Part Two"
"What the World Needs Now"
"Transitioning"
"A Wedding"
"Child Star"
"The Rise and Fall of Sue Sylvester"
"We Built This Glee Club"
"2009"
"Dreams Come True"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dream_On_(Glee)&oldid=821163219"
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Great Storm of 1987
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The Great Storm of 1987
Data
Formed: 15 October 1987
Dissipated: 16 October 1987
Lowest pressure: 953 mbar (hPa)[1]
Highest winds: 216 km/h (134 mph)[1]
Countries affected:
France
United Kingdom
Spain
Belgium
Norway
Fatalities: 22
Damage: UK: £2 billion
(£5.073 billion today)
France: 23 billion francs
(£7.027 billion today)
The Great Storm of 1987 was a violent extratropical cyclone that occurred on the night of 15–16 October, with hurricane-force winds causing casualties in England, France and the Channel Islands as a severe depression in the Bay of Biscay moved northeast. Among the most damaged areas were Greater London, the East Anglian coast, the Home Counties, the west of Brittany and the Cotentin Peninsula of Normandy which weathered gusts typically with a return period of 1 in 200 years.[2][3]
Forests, parks, roads and railways were strewn with fallen trees as well as schools being closed. The British National Grid suffered heavy damage, leaving thousands without power. At least 22 people were killed in England and France.[4] The highest measured gust of 117 kn (217 km/h; 135 mph) was recorded at Pointe Du Roc, Granville, France and the highest gust in the U.K. of 100 kn (190 km/h; 120 mph) was recorded at Shoreham-by-Sea.[5]
That day's weather reports had failed to indicate a storm of such severity, an earlier, correct forecast having been negated by later projections. The apparent suggestion by the BBC's Michael Fish of a false alarm is celebrated as a classic gaffe, though he claims he was misquoted.[6] The storm has been termed a weather bomb due to its rapid development.[7]
Major improvements were later implemented in atmospheric observation, relevant computer models, and the training of forecasters.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
1.1 First warnings
1.2 Winds
2 Impact
2.1 United Kingdom
2.2 France
3 Aftermath
3.1 Criticism of the Met Office
3.2 Climatological context
4 Wider impacts
4.1 Black Monday
4.2 Cultural references
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Development[edit]
Partially cleared storm damage, Chelmsford
On the Sunday before the storm struck, the farmers' forecast had predicted bad weather on the following Thursday or Friday, 15–16 October.[9] By midweek, however, guidance from weather prediction models was somewhat equivocal. Instead of stormy weather over a considerable part of the UK, the models suggested that severe weather would reach no farther north than the English Channel and coastal parts of southern England.[9]
During the afternoon of 15 October, winds were very light over most parts of the UK. The pressure gradient was slack. A depression was drifting slowly northwards over the North Sea off eastern Scotland. A trough lay over England, Wales and Ireland. Over the Bay of Biscay, a depression was developing.[10]
First warnings[edit]
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The first gale warnings for sea areas in the English Channel were issued at 0630 UTC on 15 October and were followed, four hours later, by warnings of severe gales. At 1200 UTC on 15 October, the depression which originated in the Bay of Biscay was centred near 46° N, 9° W and its depth was 970 mb. By 1800 UTC, it had moved north-east to about 47° N, 6° W, and deepened to 964 mb.
At 2235 UTC, winds of Force 10 were forecast. By midnight, the depression was over the western English Channel, and its central pressure was 953 mb. At 0140 on 16 October, warnings of Force 11 were issued. The depression now moved rapidly north-east, filling a little as it did, reaching the Humber estuary at about 0530 UTC, by which time its central pressure was 959 mb. Dramatic increases in temperature were associated with the passage of the storm's warm front.
In the sea areas, warnings of severe weather were both timely and adequate, although forecasts for land areas left much to be desired. During the evening of 15 October, radio and TV forecasts mentioned strong winds, but indicated that heavy rain would be the main feature, rather than wind. By the time most people went to bed, exceptionally strong winds had not been mentioned in national radio and TV weather broadcasts.
Warnings of severe weather had been issued, however, to various agencies and emergency authorities, including the London Fire Brigade. Perhaps the most important warning was issued by the Met Office to the Ministry of Defence (MoD) at 0135 UTC, 16 October. It warned that the anticipated consequences of the storm were such that civil authorities might need to call on assistance from the military.
Winds[edit]
Storm damaged building, Barton on Sea in Hampshire
A highest gust of 119 kn (220 km/h; 137 mph) is estimated from satellite data at Quimper, Brittany, with the highest measured gust at 117 kn (217 km/h; 135 mph) at Pointe du Roc, Granville Normandy.[4]
In south-east England, where the greatest damage occurred, gusts of 70 knots (130 km/h; 81 mph) or more were recorded continually for three or four consecutive hours. During this time, the wind veered from southerly to south-westerly. To the north-west of this region, there were two maxima in gust speeds, separated by a period of lower wind speeds. During the first period, the wind direction was southerly. During the latter, it was south-westerly. Damage patterns in south-east England suggested that tornadoes accompanied the storm.
In the UK, winds at Shoreham-by-Sea, Sussex reached 100 kn (190 km/h; 120 mph) before the anemometer failed.[4][11][12] Many anemometers were reliant on mains power, and ceased recording as the south east of the United Kingdom was blacked-out by power cuts, thus losing much valuable data.[10] Winds with an estimated 200-year return period hit the counties of Kent, Sussex, Hampshire and along the coastal strip of Essex, Suffolk and South Eastern Norfolk.[10] North of a line from Portland Bill, Dorset to Cromer, Norfolk the return period of the respective gusts were under 10 years.[10]
Sustained winds speeds greater than 75 mph were recorded for over an hour in southern Britain.[13] According to the Beaufort scale of wind intensities, this storm had winds of hurricane force 12 (73 mph or greater); as the term hurricane refers to tropical cyclones originating in the North Atlantic or North Pacific, the descriptor "great storm" has tended to be reserved for those storms in recent years reaching this velocity. Hurricanes have a very different wind profile and distribution from storms, and significantly higher precipitation levels.
Impact[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
Storm damage in London
The storm made landfall in Cornwall, and tracked north-east towards Devon and then over the Midlands, going out to sea via The Wash. The strongest gusts, of up to 100 knots (190 km/h; 120 mph), were recorded along the south-eastern edge of the storm, hitting mainly Hampshire, Sussex, Essex and Kent. The Royal Sovereign lighthouse 6 miles (9.7 km) off Eastbourne recorded wind speeds on its instruments at the highest velocity it could measure, 110 mph (180 km/h).
The storm caused substantial damage over much of England, felling an estimated 15 million trees[14] (including six of the seven eponymous oaks in Sevenoaks,[15] historic specimens in Kew Gardens, Wakehurst Place, Nymans Garden, Hyde Park, London and Scotney Castle[16] and most of the trees making up Chanctonbury Ring). At Bedgebury National Pinetum, Kent almost a quarter of the trees were brought down.[17][18] There have been many claims that the damage to forestry was made worse by broadleaf trees still being in leaf at the time of the storm, though this was not borne out by an analysis by the Forestry Commission.[19]
Fallen trees blocked roads and railways and left widespread structural damage primarily to windows and roofs. Several hundred thousand people were left without power, not fully restored until more than two weeks later. Local electric utility officials later said they lost more wires in the storm than in the preceding decade. At sea, as well as many small boats being wrecked, a Sealink cross-channel ferry, the MV Hengist, was driven ashore at Folkestone and the bulk carrier MV Sumnea capsized at Dover, Kent.[20]
The National Grid sustained heavy damage during the event, as crashing cables short-circuited, which in some cases overheated the main system. Its headquarters faced the choice of keeping the Grid online to help London as the storm approached but risk an incremental system breakdown, failure and burnout, or to shut down most of South East England including London and avert that risk. The headquarters made the decision, the first one like it since before World War II: to shut down the South East power systems to maintain the network as soon as signs of overheating began.[verification needed]
In London, many of the trees lining streets, particularly plane trees, were blown down overnight, blocking roads and crushing parked cars. Building construction scaffolding and billboards collapsed in many places, and many buildings were damaged. The following morning, the BBC's largest broadcasting site, Lime Grove Studios in White City, was unable to function due to a power failure — ITV's TV-am and BBC1's Breakfast Time programmes were broadcast from different emergency facilities in emergency formats. TV-am broadcast from Thames Television's Euston Road studios, while BBC newsreader Nicholas Witchell had to broadcast from the BBC1 continuity studio at BBC Television Centre, with the wall decorations used for Children's BBC hastily taken down. Much of the public transport in the capital was not functioning, and people were advised against trying to go to work. TV-am host Anne Diamond did go back to the regular TV-am studio with reporter Kay Burley, whilst Richard Keys remained in the Thames Television studio in case the power became even worse, and indeed, power did go back down at around 8:15am.
France[edit]
The départements of Finistère, Morbihan, Côtes-d'Armor and Ille-et-Vilaine in Brittany, and the Cotentin Peninsula (Manche and part of Calvados) in Normandy were the areas in France most affected by the storm, which followed a line from Morbihan and Rennes to Deauville.[21] 1.79 million homes were left without electricity supply and water, and a quarter of Brittany's forest was destroyed. The total damage was estimated at ₣23 billion.
Météo France announced "une petite tempête en provenance des Açores" (a little storm coming in from the Azores), which reached Brittany's coast at about 18:00, later than expected. This depression caused little damage, with only 50 to 60 km/h (31 to 37 mph; 27 to 32 kn) winds. A much deeper depression hit Ushant on the extreme western tip of Brittany at midnight. It was measured at 948 hPa (or 948 mb) at the Brest-Guipavas weather station, the lowest reading in its records dating back to 1945.[21]
Weather stations on the coast at pointe du Raz, pointe Saint-Mathieu and Penmarch gave no readings, as they were damaged by the high winds. The wind speed measured at Brest was 148 km/h (92 mph; 80 kn). The centre of the storm crossed Brittany from Penmarch to Saint-Brieuc at 110 km/h (68 mph; 59 kn), with gusts of wind up to 187 km/h (116 mph; 101 kn) at Quimper, 200 km/h (120 mph; 110 kn) at Ouessant and 220 km/h (140 mph; 120 kn) at la pointe de Penmarch and Granville. Waves were measured at 16 m (52 ft) off Ushant and Belle Île.[21]
Similar strength storms in France since 1960:
Tempête Vivian in 1990 (generally milder)
Cyclone Lothar and Martin in December 1999, which claimed 140 lives, equally severe in Germany, more southern neighbouring countries also saw multiple deaths.
Cyclone Klaus which struck worse southern France and northern Spain in 2009 and claimed 26 lives.
The church at Concarneau was damaged but never rebuilt, and was finally demolished a few years later.
'Station closed' notice at Honor Oak Park, 16 October 1987.
The MS Herald of Free Enterprise was caught in the storm off Cape Finisterre as it was making its way for scrapping in Taiwan. The ship was cast adrift after its tow rope parted, finally resuming its journey on 19 October 1987.[22]
Aftermath[edit]
The storm cost the insurance industry £2 billion, making it the second most expensive UK weather event on record to insurers after the Burns' Day Storm of 1990.[23] Peak wind velocities were in the early hours of the morning, which may have helped reduce the death toll. The storm hit the Isle of Wight at 02:00. Shanklin Pier on the south-east coast of the island was broken into three pieces as a result of mountainous waves. Plans to rebuild the pier were soon abandoned, and the rest of the pier was demolished by contractors shortly afterwards. A monument now stands in front of what used to be the pier entrance.
A great deal of effort and money was put into the post-storm clean-up of forests and wooded areas. The writer Oliver Rackham and the charity Common Ground, were active in trying to prevent unnecessary destruction of trees which, although fallen, were still living.[24][25] Some landowners, such as the National Trust, did not attempt complete clearing and replanting, realising that there was a unique opportunity to study the patterns of natural regeneration after such an event.[26]
A number of wild boar may have escaped from captivity during the storm, after enclosures were damaged by falling trees. These boar have since bred and established populations in woods across southern England.[27]
A more positive aspect could be found among some British gardeners; as Heather Angel wrote in the Royal Horticultural Society's Journal:
In some places this natural disaster has resulted in splendid vistas- views long since forgotten by some and never before seen by a whole new generation. Because of gaps left by fallen trees, visitors to Arundel Castle, the ancestral home of the Dukes of Norfolk, can now look out over the picturesque town... At the renowned woodland rhododendron garden at Leonardslee, Sussex, the gale... opened magnificent views by removing about a thousand trees which owner Robin Loder said he would never have had the courage to thin out himself.[28]
Following the storm meteorologists at the University of Reading led by Professor Keith Browning developed the Sting jet concept. During reanalysis of the storm they identified a mesoscale flow where the most damaging winds were shown to be emanating from the evaporating tip of the hooked cloud head on the southern flank of the cyclone. This cloud, hooked like a scorpion's tail, gives the wind region its name the "Sting Jet".[11][29]
Criticism of the Met Office[edit]
The Met Office was severely criticised by most of the national press for failing to forecast the storm correctly.[9]
The Met Office conducted an internal inquiry, scrutinised by two independent assessors, and a number of recommendations were made. Chiefly, observational coverage of the atmosphere over the ocean to the south and west of the UK was improved by increasing the quality and quantity of observations from ships, aircraft, buoys and satellites. Continued refinements were made to the computer models used in forecasting, and changes were made in the training of forecasters. In addition, reforms in the way the Met Office reports warnings of severe weather were implemented, leading to substantially more warnings being issued in the future. Further deployment of improved tracking devices and improvements in the computer model simulations were supported by the purchase of an additional Cray supercomputer. Warnings for the Burns' Day Storm just over two years later were accurate and on time, although the model forecast hinged on observations from two ships in the Atlantic near the developing storm the day before it reached the UK.[30]
Michael Fish's 15 October 1987 forecast on the BBC
BBC meteorologist Michael Fish drew particular criticism for reporting several hours before the storm hit:
Earlier on today, apparently, a woman rang the BBC and said she heard there was a hurricane on the way; well, if you're watching, don't worry, there isn't, but having said that, actually, the weather will become very windy, but most of the strong winds, incidentally, will be down over Spain and across into France.[31]
Fish has subsequently claimed that his comments about a hurricane had nothing to do with the UK; they referred to Florida, USA, and were linked to a news story immediately preceding the weather bulletin, but had been so widely repeated out of context that the British public remains convinced that he was referring to the approaching storm. According to Fish, the woman in question was actually a colleague's mother who was about to go on holiday in the Caribbean, and had called regarding (the already long-dissipated) Hurricane Floyd to see if it would be safe to travel.[32] Fish has also claimed that "nobody phoned up" and that she was a "non-existing woman", apparently contradicting the previous declaration, when interviewed about Anita Hart's claims of being the woman who made the call.[33]
Fish went on to warn viewers that it would be "very windy" across the south of England, but predicted that the storm would move further south along the English Channel and the British mainland would escape the worst effects. The remainder of his warning is frequently left out of re-runs, which only adds to the public's misconception of that day's forecasting. His analysis has been defended by weather experts. In particular, the lack of a weather ship in the Southwest Approaches, due to Met Office cutbacks,[34] meant the only manner of tracking the storm was by using satellite data, as automatic buoys had not been deployed at the time.
Ironically, earlier forecasts as far back as the preceding weekend had correctly identified that gale-force winds would affect Southern England. However, later runs of the model had indicated a more southerly track for the low pressure system, incorrectly indicating that the strongest winds would be confined to Northern and Central France. The French meteorological office used a different computer weather model to the British, and the French model proved more accurate in predicting the severity of the storm in the Channel.
In the wake of the storm the Met Office set up the National Severe Weather Warning Service.[8]
Climatological context[edit]
It is claimed this storm was the worst since the Great Storm of 1703,[8][35][36] which has been challenged as a myth.[2][3] Storms of this strength regularly form over the North Atlantic, where they typically track to the north of Scotland. Storms of such a strength have a return period of 30 to 40 years.[4] The unusual aspect of the storm was that it struck the densely populated southeast of England.[2][3] That winds in the South East had return periods of 1 in 200 years does not mean the winds of this strength occur once every 200 years, but that the winds have a 0.5% probability of happening in a given year.[Note 1]
Following this storm 1.3 million incidents of damage were reported, which is only exceeded by the Gale of January 1976 where destruction covered a wider area of the U.K., with 1.5 million incidents of damage reported.[1] The Burns' Day storm hit the United Kingdom in January 1990, less than three years later and with comparable intensity.
Wider impacts[edit]
Black Monday[edit]
Following the storm few dealers made it to their desks and stock market trading was suspended twice and the market closed early at 12.30pm. The disruption meant the City was unable to respond to the late dealings at the beginning of the Wall Street fall-out on Friday 16 October, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average recorded its biggest-ever one-day slide at the time, a fall of 108.36. City traders and investors spent the weekend, 17–18 October, repairing damaged gardens in between trying to guess market reaction and assessing the damage.[37] 19 October, Black Monday, was memorable as being the first business day of the London markets after the Great Storm.
Cultural references[edit]
The storm features in an important scene near the end of Possession: A Romance, the Man Booker Prize-winning novel by A. S. Byatt.
The novelist W. G. Sebald recalls the storm towards the end of The Rings of Saturn, as he is visiting Ditchingham Hall in Norfolk, where the storm did great damage to estate trees.
The BBC drama Our Friends in the North features a character, Eddie Wells MP, dying of a heart attack as the storm hits Westminster.
Richard Poole repeatedly mentions the storm in the Death in Paradise episode "A Stormy Occurrence".[38]
Michael Fish's controversial weather forecast featured in the London 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony,[6] playing on the perceived British love of talking about the weather.
The BBC drama "New Tricks", series 1, episode 1 (aired 1 April 2004) is based on a murder that occurred just before the storm, which had gone unsolved because the storm had "messed up" the evidence.
The main character in the 1994 novel by Tim Binding, "In the Kingdom of Air," is a BBC meteorologist. The novel takes place during the Great Storm of 1987.[39]
See also[edit]
List of natural disasters in Great Britain and Ireland
Glanrhyd Bridge collapse
Hurricane Ophelia (2017)
Notes[edit]
^ Common Misconceptions, Part 1 - Return Periods[40]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c United Kingdom Met Office (2007). "The Great Storm of 1987" (PDF). Risk Management Solutions. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Vidal, John (16 October 2012). "Sting jet technology means no more hurricane mishaps for Michael Fish". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "How did the ‘Great Storm’ of 1987 develop?". Met Office News Blog. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Great Storm of 1987". Wayback Machine: Met Office. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/learn-about-the-weather/weather-phenomena/case-studies/great-storm
^ Jump up to: a b "Great Storm of 1987: Michael Fish's 'white lie'". BBC News. 15 October 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ophelia’s strange path". The Economist. 16 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Lessons learned from Great Storm". BBC News. 14 October 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Houghton, J. T. "The Storm, The Media and the Enquiry". Weather. 43: 67–70. Bibcode:1988Wthr...43...67H. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1988.tb03883.x. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Burt, S. D.; Mansfield, D. A. (1988). "The Great Storm of 15–16 October 1987". Weather. 43 (3): 90–108. Bibcode:1988Wthr...43...90B. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1988.tb03885.x. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The 1987 Great Storm – What is a Sting Jet?". Met Office. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Sting Jet Forecasting the damaging winds in European Cyclones" (PDF). Met Office. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
Jump up ^ David Braine (12 December 2007). "The 1987 Great Storm". BBC. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Richardson, Tim (12 October 2007). "The Great Storm of 1987 remembered". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "A brief history of Sevenoaks Town". History of Sevenoaks. Sevenoaks Life. Retrieved 28 July 2008.
Jump up ^ These much-visited gardens were noted in an editorial in Horticulture: The Magazine of American Gardening, November 1988:13.
Jump up ^ "Summary of the Bedgebury Forest archaeological survey". Bedgebury Forest archaeological survey. Forestry Commission. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
Jump up ^ "History of Bedgebury National Pinetum". Forestry Commission. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
Jump up ^ Quine, C. P. (March 1988). "DAMAGE TO TREES AND WOODLANDS IN THE STORM OF 15-16 OCTOBER 1987". Weather. 43 (3): 114–118. Bibcode:1988Wthr...43..114Q. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1988.tb03888.x.
Jump up ^ Tony Dawe, Robert Matthews and Nicholas Wood (17 October 1987). "Wasted warning of the storm". The Times (62902). London. col A-H, p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b c "L'Ouest balayé par un ouragan dévastateur (the West swept up by a devastating hurricane)" (in French). Météo France (government organisation).
Jump up ^ Gripper, Ann (25 October 2013). "UK weather: A look back at the devastating Great Storm of 1987 that nobody predicted". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "UK storm payout 'may hit £350m'". BBC News. bbc.co.uk. 20 February 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2007. The 'great storm' of 1987, which cost the industry £2bn, was the second most expensive.
Jump up ^ Watkins, Jack (13 October 2007). "1987 Great Storm: Terrible blow, not a knockout". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Oliver Rackham, Trees & Woodland in the British Landscape p. 202–3 (Dent, 1990)
Jump up ^ see e.g. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/3310333/1987-Great-Storm-Terrible-blow-not-a-knockout.html
Jump up ^ Britten, Nick (17 Mar 2004). "Wild boar back from extinction". The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Angel, in The Garden: Journal of the Royal Horticulyural Society, March–April 1988.
Jump up ^ Browning, Keith; Peter Clark; Tim Hewson; Robert Muir-Wood (2003). "Damaging winds from European cyclones". The Royal Society. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Heming, J.T. (1990). "The impact of surface and radiosonde observations from two Atlantic ships on a numerical weather prediction model forecast for the storm of 25 January 1990.". The Meteorological Magazine. 119: 249–259.
Jump up ^ YouTube footage of Michael Fish
Jump up ^ "Michael Fish and the 1987 Storm". BBC Weather. www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 1 October 2004. Retrieved 20 February 2007. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ TVinsiderV. "BBC weather Michael Fish mystery phone caller revealed 1987". YouTube. Retrieved 2012-01-21.
Jump up ^ "Romeo Would Have Spied the Storm". New Scientist. IPC Magazines. 116 (1583): 22. 1987-10-22. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
Jump up ^ "Factfile: The 1987 Great Storm". Anglia – ITV News. 15 October 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Factfile: The 1987 Great Storm". Met Office. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Gribben, Roland (18 October 2012). "Black Monday taught salutary lessons all round". The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Simon, Jane (19 February 2013). "Tuesday's must-see TV: Not even a hurricane in the Caribbean can ruffle DI Richard Poole's stiff upper lip in Death in Paradise". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Binding, Tim (1994). In the Kingdom of Air. Norton. ISBN 9780393036091.
Jump up ^ "Engineering Misconceptions, Part 1 - Return Periods". Ronjie.com Civil Engineering Blog. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Storm of 1987.
Met Office report
BBC news report, On This Day, including video
Details of the damage in France (in French)
Useful maps of the storm (in French)
Teachers TV, Great Storm 1987
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