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Cell biology
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Cell biology (formerly called cytology, from the Greek κυτος, kytos, "vessel") is a branch of biology that studies the different structures and functions of the cell and focuses mainly on the idea of the cell as the basic unit of life. Cell biology explains the structure, organization of the organelles they contain, their physiological properties, metabolic processes, signaling pathways, life cycle, and interactions with their environment. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level as it encompasses prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Knowing the components of cells and how cells work is fundamental to all biological sciences; it is also essential for research in bio-medical fields such as cancer, and other diseases. Research in cell biology is closely related to genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, and developmental biology.
Contents
[hide]
1 Internal cellular structures
1.1 Chemical and molecular environment
1.2 Organelles
2 Processes
2.1 Growth and development
2.2 Other cellular processes
3 Techniques used to study cells
4 Career and related fields
5 Notable cell biologists
6 See also
7 Notes
8 External links
Internal cellular structures[edit]
The generalized structure and molecular components of a cell
Chemical and molecular environment[edit]
The study of the cell is done on a molecular level; however, most of the processes within the cell are made up of a mixture of small organic molecules, inorganic ions, hormones, and water. Approximately 75-85% of the cell’s volume is due to water making it an indispensable solvent as a result of its polarity and structure.[1] These molecules within the cell, which operate as substrates, provide a suitable environment for the cell to carry out metabolic reactions and signalling. The cell shape varies among the different types of organisms, and are thus then classified into two categories: eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In the case of eukaryotic cells - which are made up of animal, plant, fungi, and protozoa cells - the shapes are generally round and spherical,[2] while for prokaryotic cells – which are composed of bacteria and archaea - the shapes are: spherical (cocci), rods (bacillus), curved (vibrio), and spirals (spirochetes).[3]
Cell biology focuses more on the study of eukaryotic cells, and their signalling pathways, rather than on prokaryotes which is covered under microbiology. The main constituents of the general molecular composition of the cell includes: proteins and lipids which are either free flowing or membrane bound, along with different internal compartments known as organelles. This environment of the cell is made up of hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions which allows for the exchange of the above-mentioned molecules and ions. The hydrophilic regions of the cell are mainly on the inside and outside of the cell, while the hydrophobic regions are within the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The cell membrane consists of lipids and proteins which accounts for its hydrophobicity as a result of being non-polar substances.[1] Therefore, in order for these molecules to participate in reactions, within the cell, they need to be able to cross this membrane layer to get into the cell. They accomplish this process of gaining access to the cell via: osmotic pressure, diffusion, concentration gradients, and membrane channels. Inside of the cell are extensive internal sub-cellular membrane-bounded compartments called organelles.
Organelles[edit]
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Centrosome - an associated pair of cylindrical shaped protein structures (centrioles) that organize microtubules and aid in forming the mitotic spindle during cell division in eukaryotes
Cell membrane (plasma membrane) - the part of the cell which separates the cells from the outside environment and protects the cell, as well as regulating what goes in and out of the cell
Cell wall - extra layer of protection and gives structural support (only found in plant cells)
Chloroplast - key organelle for photosynthesis (only found in plant cells)
Cilium - motile structure of eukaryotes having a cytoskeleton, the axoneme.
Cytoplasm - contents of the main fluid-filled space inside cells, chemical reactions also happen in this jelly-like substance.
Cytoskeleton - protein filaments inside cells (microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments)
Endoplasmic reticulum (rough) - major site of membrane protein synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth) - major site of lipid synthesis
Endosomes - vesicles that traffic membrane and intra and extra cellular contents for recycling or degradation by lysosomes
Flagellum - motile structure of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Golgi apparatus - site of protein glycosylation in the endomembrane system
Lipid bilayer - fundamental organizational structure of cell membranes
Lysosome - acidic organelle that breaks down cellular waste products and debris into simple compounds (only found in animal cells)
Microvilli - increases surface area for absorption of nutrients from surrounding medium
Mitochondrion - major energy-producing organelle by releasing energy in the form of ATP
Nucleus - contains chromosomes composed of DNA, the building block of life. Nuclear Architecture is important for dictating nuclear function.
Organelle - term used for major subcellular structures
Peroxisomes - a very small organelle that uses oxygen to breakdown and detoxify long fatty acids and other molecules
Pili - also called fimbria is used for conjugation and sometimes movement
Ribosome - RNA and protein complex required for protein synthesis in cells
Starch grain - found in the cytoplasm of a typical plant cell, it stores chemical energy of the plant.
Vacuole - contain cell sap or other storage material.
Vesicle - small membrane-bounded spheres inside cells which transport substances.
Processes[edit]
Growth and development[edit]
The growth process of the cell does not refer to the size of the cell, but instead the density of the number of cells present in the organism at a given time. Cell growth pertains to the increase in the number of cells present in an organism as it grows and develops; as the organism gets larger so too does the number of cells present. Cells are the foundation of all organisms, they are the fundamental unit of life. The growth and development of the cell are essential for the maintenance of the host, and survival of the organisms. For this process the cell goes through the steps of the cell cycle and development which involves cell growth, DNA replication, cell division, regeneration, specialization, and cell death. The cell cycle is divided into four distinct phases, G1, S, G2, and M. The G phases – which is the cell growth phase - makes up approximately 95% of the cycle.[4] The proliferation of cells is instigated by progenitors, the cells then differentiate to become specialized, where specialized cells of the same type aggregate to form tissues, then organs and ultimately systems.[1] The G phases along with the S phase – DNA replication, damage and repair - are considered to be the interphase portion of the cycle. While the M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis) is the cell division portion of the cycle.[4] The cell cycle is regulated by a series of signalling factors and complexes such as CDK's, kinases, and p53. to name a few. When the cell has completed its growth process, and if it is found to be damaged or altered it undergoes cell death, either by apoptosis or necrosis, to eliminate the threat it cause to the organism’s survival.
Other cellular processes[edit]
Active transport and Passive transport - Movement of molecules into and out of cells.
Autophagy - The process whereby cells "eat" their own internal components or microbial invaders.
Adhesion - Holding together cells and tissues.
Cell movement - Chemotaxis, contraction, cilia and flagella.
Cell signaling - Regulation of cell behavior by signals from outside.
Division - By which cells reproduce either by mitosis (to produce clones of the parent cell) or Meiosis (to produce haploid gametes)
DNA repair - Cell death and cell senescence.
Metabolism - Glycolysis, respiration, photosynthesis, and chemosynthesis.
Signalling - The process by which the activities in the cell are regulated
Transcription and mRNA splicing - Gene expression.
Techniques used to study cells[edit]
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See also: Green fluorescent protein and Fluorescence microscope
Electron micrograph of blood cells clotting.
Cell division studied using fluorescence to stain specific structures
Cells may be observed under the microscope, using several different techniques; these include optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, correlative light-electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy.
There are several different methods used in the study of cells:
Cell culture is the basic technique of growing cells in a laboratory independent of an organism.
Immunostaining, also known as immunohistochemistry, is a specialized histological method used to localize proteins in cells or tissue slices. Unlike regular histology, which uses stains to identify cells, cellular components or protein classes, immunostaining requires the reaction of an antibody directed against the protein of interest within the tissue or cell. Through the use of proper controls and published protocols (need to add reference links here), specificity of the antibody-antigen reaction can be achieved. Once this complex is formed, it is identified via either a "tag" attached directly to the antibody, or added in an additional technical step. Commonly used "tags" include fluorophores or enzymes. In the case of the former, detection of the location of the "immuno-stained" protein occurs via fluorescence microscopy. With an enzymatic tag, such as horse radish peroxidase, a chemical reaction is carried out that results in a dark color in the location of the protein of interest. This darkened pattern is then detected using light microscopy.
Computational genomics is used to find patterns in genomic information [5]
DNA microarrays identify changes in transcript levels between different experimental conditions.
Gene knockdown mutates a selected gene.
In situ hybridization shows which cells are expressing a particular RNA transcript.
PCR can be used to determine how many copies of a gene are present in a cell.
Transfection introduces a new gene into a cell, usually an expression construct
Purification of cells and their parts Purification may be performed using the following methods:
Cell fractionation
Release of cellular organelles by disruption of cells.
Separation of different organelles by centrifugation.
Flow cytometry
Immunoprecipitation
The binding of an antibody to a target protein
Collection of the target protein through elution[6]
Proteins extracted from cell membranes by detergents and salts or other kinds of chemicals.
Career and related fields[edit]
Practical job applications for a degree in Cell Molecular Biology includes the following.[7]
Agriculture
Bioinformatics & Medical Informatics
Biomedical Research
Biotechnology
Biotechnology Policy
Brewery Production
Business
Clinical Diagnostics
Colleges and University Teaching
Crop improvement
Elementary, Middle and High School Teaching
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Genetic Engineering
Government Jobs
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Health Policies
Health Law
Laboratory Technician
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Medical School
Medical Technology
Microbiologist
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Pharmaceutical Science
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Product Quality and Safety
Research Assistant
Research Coordinator
Research Scientist
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Science Administration
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Science Journalism
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Scientific Editing
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Scientific Instrumentation Companies
Scientific Supply Representative
Teacher
Technical writing
Toxicology
Training and outreach in Industry and Government
Notable cell biologists[edit]
Jean Baptiste Carnoy
Peter Agre
Günter Blobel
Robert Brown
Geoffrey M. Cooper
Christian de Duve
Robert Hooke
H. Robert Horvitz
Marc Kirschner
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Ira Mellman
Peter D. Mitchell
Rudolf Virchow
Paul Nurse
George Emil Palade
Keith R. Porter
Jan Evangelista Purkyně
Czech anatomist Jan Evangelista Purkyně is best known for his 1837 discovery of Purkinje cells.
Ray Rappaport
Michael Swann
Roger Tsien
Edmund Beecher Wilson
Kenneth R. Miller
Matthias Jakob Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
Yoshinori Ohsumi
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell biology.
Biology portal
Molecular and Cellular Biology portal
Science portal
Main article: Outline of cell biology
Autophagy
Cell biophysics
Cell disruption
Cellular microbiology
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (disambiguation)
Prokaryotic cell
The American Society for Cell Biology
Cell physiology
Green fluorescent protein(GFP)
Notes[edit]
Penner-Hahn, James E. (2013). "Chapter 2. Technologies for Detecting Metals in Single Cells. Section 4. Intrinsic X-Ray Fluorescence". In Bani, Lucia (Ed.). Metallomics and the Cell. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 12. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_2. ISBN 978-94-007-5560-4. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link) electronic-book ISBN 978-94-007-5561-1 ISSN 1559-0836electronic-ISSN 1868-0402
Cell and Molecular Biology by Karp 5th Ed., ISBN 0-471-46580-1
This article incorporates public domain material from the NCBI document "Science Primer".
^ Jump up to: a b c Lodish, Harvey (2013). Molecular Cell Biology. W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-1-4292-3413-9.
Jump up ^ "The Morphology of Eukaryotic Cells: Shape, Number and Size". YourArticleLibrary.com: The Next Generation Library. Retrieved 2015-11-22.
Jump up ^ "The Size, Shape, And Arrangement of Bacterial Cells". classes.midlandstech.edu. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Hardin, Jeff. Becker's World of the Cell. ISBN 978-0-321-71602-6.
Jump up ^ Cristianini, N. and Hahn, M. Introduction to Computational Genomics, Cambridge University Press, 2006. (ISBN 9780521671910 | ISBN 0-521-67191-4)
Jump up ^ "Immunoprecipitation (IP)". Thermofisher.com. Retrieved 2015-10-16.
Jump up ^ "Wikipedia editing basics: Citing sources (part 1)". YouTube. 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
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text:
Beach Blanket Bingo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Beach Blanket Bingo
theatrical poster
Directed by
William Asher
Produced by
Samuel Z. Arkoff
James H. Nicholson
Written by
Leo Townsend
Sher Townsend
William Asher
Starring
Frankie Avalon
Annette Funicello
Music by
Les Baxter
Cinematography
Floyd Crosby, ASC
Edited by
Eve Newman
Fred R. Feitshans Jr.
Distributed by
American International
Release date
April 14, 1965
Running time
98 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$175,000[1]
Beach Blanket Bingo is an American International Pictures beach party film, released in 1965 and was directed by William Asher. It is the fifth, and also best-known, film in the beach party film series. The film starred Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello and also featured Paul Lynde, Don Rickles and Buster Keaton.[2] Linda Evans's singing voice was dubbed by Jackie Ward.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Music
5 Comic book adaption
6 Legacy
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
A singer, Sugar Kane (Linda Evans), is unwittingly being used for publicity stunts for her latest album by her agent (Paul Lynde), for example, faking a skydiving stunt, actually performed by Bonnie (Deborah Walley). Meanwhile, Frankie (Frankie Avalon), (duped into thinking he rescued Sugar Kane), takes up skydiving at Bonnie's prompting; she secretly wants to make her boyfriend Steve (John Ashley) jealous. This, of course, prompts Dee Dee (Annette Funicello) to also try free-falling. Eric Von Zipper (Harvey Lembeck) and his Malibu Rat Pack bikers also show up, with Von Zipper falling madly in love with Sugar Kane. To top all this, Bonehead (Jody McCrea) falls in love with a mermaid (Marta Kristen). Eventually, Von Zipper "puts the snatch" on Sugar Kane. The film takes a The Perils of Pauline-like twist, with the evil South Dakota Slim (Timothy Carey) kidnapping Sugar and tying her to a buzz-saw.
Cast[edit]
Frankie Avalon as Frankie
Annette Funicello as Dee Dee
Harvey Lembeck as Eric Von Zipper
John Ashley as Steve
Deborah Walley as Bonnie
Jody McCrea as Bonehead
Marta Kristen as Lorelei
Linda Evans as Sugar Kane
Don Rickles as Big Drop
Paul Lynde as Bullets
Donna Loren as Donna
Timothy Carey as South Dakota Slim
Buster Keaton as Buster
Bobbi Shaw as Bobbi
Earl Wilson as Himself
Michael Nader as Butch
Donna Michelle as Animal
Patti Chandler as Patti
Andy Romano as J.D.
Alberta Nelson as Puss
Myrna Ross as Boots
Chris Cranston as a Beach Girl
Cast notes
Beach Blanket Bingo was Frankie Avalon's last "starring role" in the beach party films. He appears for only a few minutes in the next film, How to Stuff a Wild Bikini, and not at all in the last film, The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini.
Jody McCrea, who played "Deadhead" in Beach Party, Muscle Beach Party and Bikini Beach, is now called "Bonehead" in this film, as AIP had decided the term "Deadhead" was a so-called 'bankable noun' and had decided to cast Avalon as the title character of their upcoming Sergeant Deadhead.[3]
John Ashley, who played "Ken" in Beach Party, and "Johnny" in both Muscle Beach Party and Bikini Beach, returns in this film as "Steve," playing opposite his real-life wife Deborah Walley.
Rat Pack leader Harvey Lembeck (Eric Von Zipper) is given more screen time than ever before in this third film to feature his character. He even gets to sing his own song titled "Follow Your Leader" (which he reprises as "I Am My Ideal" for the follow-up How to Stuff a Wild Bikini).
The part of Sugar Kane, played by Linda Evans, was originally intended for Nancy Sinatra. This change was due in part to the fact that the plot involved a kidnapping, which was somewhat reminiscent of her brother Frank Sinatra, Jr.'s kidnapping a few months before shooting began and it made her uncomfortable causing her to drop out.[3]
Donna Michelle, who portrays Animal, was Playboy magazine's Playmate of the Year for 1964.
Bobbi Shaw, again is playing her "ya, ya" Swedish bombshell part.[4]
Though this was Rickles' fourth film in the series, it's the only one in which he was allowed to "be himself" in one scene. He did a little of his night-club act and insulted the cast members, notably asking why Avalon and Funicello were in the picture: "You're 40 years old!"
Production[edit]
Elsa Lanchester was originally announced for a small role off the back of her performance in Pajama Party[5] but does not appear in the final film.
Deleted sequences and songs
After the sequence wherein Frankie sings “These Are The Good Times”:[3]
Dee Dee leaves the beach club and sings “I’ll Never Change Him” by herself at the beach house.
(This sequence can still be seen in 16mm prints and television broadcasts of Beach Blanket Bingo,[6] but the Region 1 MGM DVD omits it. See Music section below)
After Frankie completes his skydiving jump:[7]
Bonehead asks Frankie if Lorelei and himself can double-date with Frankie and Dee Dee;
Bonehead then goes to a dress shop to get Lorelei’s clothes – where an older saleslady flirts with him as he tries to illustrate Lorelei’s dress size;
A strolling Frankie and Dee Dee see Bonehead with his arms around the older saleslady and figure she must be his date;
After Bonehead brings Lorelei her clothes and shoes:[7]
Frankie and Dee Dee arrive to pick them up, and the four of them sing “A Surfer’s Life For Me” as they drive to the beach club in Frankie’s hot rod coupe. Then, as seen in the release print, the two couples arrive together at the beach club as the Hondells are performing “The Cycle Set.”
Movie tie-in
Dell Comics published a 12 cent comic book version of Beach Blanket Bingo in conjunction with the movie's release.[8]
Music[edit]
The score for this fifth film, like the four preceding it, was composed by Les Baxter.
Guy Hemric and Jerry Styner wrote seven songs for the film: “Beach Blanket Bingo” sung by Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello with the cast; the duet “I Think You Think” performed by Avalon and Funicello; “These Are the Good Times” sung by Avalon; “It Only Hurts When I Cry” sung by Donna Loren; “Follow Your Leader” sung by Harvey Lembeck with the “Rat Pack;” and the two songs “New Love” and “Fly Boy” – both of which were sung by studio call vocalist Jackie Ward off-screen – and lip-synched by Linda Evans onscreen.
Gary Usher and Roger Christian wrote three songs, “Cycle Set” and the instrumental “Freeway” - both performed by the Hondells; and “I'll Never Change Him” performed by Annette Funicello. (“I'll Never Change Him” was included in initial prints, but later excised for wide release when the decision was made to feature the song as "We'll Never Change Them" in Ski Party.)
Comic book adaption[edit]
Dell Movie Classic: Beach Blanket Bingo (September 1965)[9][10]
Legacy[edit]
The title of this film inspired the title for Steve Silver's 1974 play, Beach Blanket Babylon, which has become America's longest-running musical revue.
In the 1983 film The Outsiders, set in the mid 1960s, Beach Blanket Bingo is shown playing at a drive-in.
An excerpt from the title song and a partial scene from Beach Blanket Bingo, dubbed into Vietnamese, feature in the 1987 film, Good Morning, Vietnam
In the May 21, 1989 Season 3, Episode 21 ("Life's a Beach") of the American sitcom, Married... with Children, Marcy sees a bodybuilder walk by on the beach and remarks, "Ooh. Ooh. Ooh. Beach blanket bingo over here, babycakes."
Beach Blanket Bingo is also the name of a band from the UK
Frankie Avalon later recalled, "'That's the picture of mine that I think people remember best, and it was just a lot of kids having a lot of fun -- a picture about young romance and about the opposition of adults and old people. There's nothing that young people respond to more than when adults say, `These kids are nuts,` and that's what this movie was about. It was also fun because we got to learn how to fake skydive out of an airplane."[11]
See also[edit]
List of American films of 1965
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Lamont, John (1990). "The John Ashley Filmography". Trash Compactor (Volume 2 No. 5 ed.). p. 26.
Jump up ^ Gary A. Smith, The American International Pictures Video Guide, McFarland 2009 p 20
^ Jump up to: a b c McParland
Jump up ^ "The Score of Beach Blanket Bingo"> http://www.beachpartymoviemusic.com/TheScore of Beach BlanketBingo.html
Jump up ^ George Succeeds Despite Miscasting Dorothy Kilgallen:. The Washington Post, Times Herald (1959-1973) [Washington, D.C] 07 Dec 1964: B11.
Jump up ^ Annette Funicello sings I'll Never Change Him in Beach Blanket Bingo on YouTube
^ Jump up to: a b Beach Blanket Bingo, pp. 20–22
Jump up ^ Beach Blanket Bingo
Jump up ^ Dell Movie Classic: Beach Blanket Bingo' at the Grand Comics Database
Jump up ^ Dell Movie Classic: Beach Blanket Bingo at the Comic Book DB
Jump up ^ Talking Head: Frankie Avalon Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition; New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y] 16 July 1999: W2.
Bibliography
McParland, Stephen J. (1994). It's Party Time - A Musical Appreciation of the Beach Party Film Genre. Riverside, California, USA: PTB Productions. ISBN 0-9601880-2-9.
"Beach Blanket Bingo". Dell Movie Classic. Dell Publishing Inc. July–September 1965.
External links[edit]
Beach Blanket Bingo on IMDb
Beach Blanket Bingo at AllMovie
Beach Blanket Bingo at the TCM Movie Database
Beach Blanket Bingo at Brian's Drive-in Theatre
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by William Asher
Leather Gloves (1948)
Mobs, Inc. (1956)
The Shadow on the Window (1957)
The 27th Day (1957)
Beach Party (1963)
Johnny Cool (1963)
Muscle Beach Party (1964)
Bikini Beach (1964)
Beach Blanket Bingo (1965)
How to Stuff a Wild Bikini (1965)
Fireball 500 (1966)
Night Warning (1983)
Movers & Shakers (1985)
[show]
v
t
e
Beach Party
Official
Beach Party (1963)
Muscle Beach Party (1964)
Bikini Beach (1964)
Pajama Party (1964)
Beach Blanket Bingo (1965)
How to Stuff a Wild Bikini (1965)
The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini (1966)
Related films
Ski Party (1965)
Sergeant Deadhead (1965)
Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine (1965)
Fireball 500 (1966)
Thunder Alley (1967)
Back to the Beach (1987)
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text:
Barangay Captain
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Philippines
This article is part of a series on the
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A Barangay Captain (Filipino: Punong Barangay), also known as a Barangay Chairman, is the highest elected official in a barangay, the smallest level of administrative divisions of the Philippines. Sitios and puroks are sub-divisions of barangays, but their leadership is not elected. As of September 2012, there are 42,028 barangays and therefore 42,028 barangay captains. [1]
The current position was created by the 1991 Local Government Code, and is a successor to historical positions known variously as Cabeza de Barangay, Barrio Lieutenant, and Barrio Captain.
Along with the college of Barangay Kagawad (English: Barangay Councilors), Captains comprise the Sangguniang Barangay or Barangay Council. They perform many official government duties, and execute minor judicial powers as part of Barangay Justice System, such as settling disputes between neighbours. Viewed as village elders, they also work informally with a number of organizations.
Barangay officials receive a salary of between ₱600 and ₱1,000 a month as per the Local Government Code.[2] They receive other forms of compensation as well.
Captains are elected for three-year terms. The most recent 2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections were held on May 14, 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Relation to other governments
3 References
4 See also
History[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2012)
While the current structure dates only to the 1970s, the concept of a village leader has a long history, as it was already evident amongst pre-colonial barangays. During the Spanish era, the office was known by the title Cabeza de Barangay (literally, "head of the barangay"), and was an unelected post.
At the beginning of the American Colonial Period, the office was renamed Barrio Lieutenant. Under the Administrative Code of 1917, passed by the Philippine Assembly, these too were not elected but rather were appointed by and under the supervision of the city councillor for the barrio.[3] Councillors were elected at that time by electoral districts. Barrio lieutenants received no pay or other compensation.[3] The lieutenant was to assist the city councillor and his term ended when the councillor's term ended.[3]
During the American Occupation and after independence in 1946, barangays were known as barrios and barangay leaders were known as Barrio Lieutenants.
In 1991, the position took its present name and form with amendments to the Local Government Code.
Relation to other governments[edit]
Local government hierarchy. The dashed lines emanating from the President means that the President only exercises general supervision over local government.
Here is table showing the number of provinces, municipalities, cities, and barangays in Philippines.
Type (English)
Type (Filipino)
Head of Administration
Filipino Title
Number[4]
Province Lalawigan
(Probinsya) Governor Gobernador 81
Municipality Bayan
(Munisipalidad) Mayor Alkalde 1,490
City Lungsod
(Siyudad) Mayor Alkalde 144
Barangay
(Village) Barangay Barangay Captain Punong-Barangay 42,028
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Official Website". National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB). Retrieved 20 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Golez, Prince (26 January 2014). "GSIS coverage for brgy execs mulled". Panay News. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Administrative Code of 1917" or "ACT NO. 2657 AN ACT CONSISTING AN ADMINISTRATIVE CODE". The Official Gazette, managed and maintained by the Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office, Office of the President. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Philippine National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB)
See also[edit]
Ancient barangay
League of Barangays of the Philippines
Poblacion
List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines
Pecalang and Hansip
[show]
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Administrative divisions of the Philippines
Capital
Manila (National Capital Region)

Island groups
Luzon
Visayas
Mindanao
Regions
Administrative
I – Ilocos Region
II – Cagayan Valley
III – Central Luzon
IV-A – Calabarzon
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IX – Zamboanga Peninsula
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XII – Soccsksargen
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Autonomous
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Provinces
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Capiz
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Ilocos Sur
Iloilo
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Masbate
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Mountain Province
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Quezon
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Romblon
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Sorsogon
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Sulu
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Tarlac
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Zamboanga Sibugay
Cities
List of cities in the Philippines
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List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines
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Lists of barangays by province
Poblacion
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Former provinces
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Negros Island Region
Southern Tagalog
[show]
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Designations for types of administrative territorial entities
[show]
English terms
Common English terms1
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Norway
Nova Scotia
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Other English terms
Current
Alpine resort
Bailiwick
Banner
Autonomous
Block
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[show]
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Amt
Bakhsh
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Nome
Egypt
Greece
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Zhou
[show]
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Arabic terms for country subdivisions
First-level
Muhafazah (محافظة governorate)
Wilayah (ولاية province)
Mintaqah (منطقة region)
Mudiriyah (مديرية directorate)
Imarah (إمارة emirate)
Baladiyah (بلدية municipality)
Shabiyah (شعبية "popularate")
Second / third-level
Mintaqah (منطقة region)
Qadaa (قضاء district)
Nahiyah (ناحية subdistrict)
Markaz (مركز district)
Mutamadiyah (معتمدية "delegation")
Daerah/Daïra (دائرة circle)
Liwa (لواء banner / sanjak)
City / township-level
Amanah (أمانة municipality)
Baladiyah (بلدية municipality)
Ḥai (حي neighborhood / quarter)
Mahallah (محلة)
Qarya (قرية)
Sheyakhah (شياخة "neighborhood subdivision")
English translations given are those most commonly used.
[show]
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French terms for country subdivisions
arrondissement
département
préfecture
subprefectures
[show]
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Greek terms for country subdivisions
Modern
apokentromenes dioikiseis / geniki dioikisis§ / diamerisma§ / periphereia
nomos§ / periphereiaki enotita
demos / eparchia§ / koinotita§
Historical
archontia/archontaton
bandon
demos
despotaton
dioikesis
doukaton
droungos
eparchia
exarchaton
katepanikion
kephalatikion
kleisoura
meris
naukrareia
satrapeia
strategis
thema
toparchia
tourma
§ signifies a defunct institution
[show]
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Portuguese terms for country subdivisions
Regional subdivisions
Estado
Distrito federal
Província
Região
Distrito
Comarca
Capitania
Local subdivisions
Município
Concelho
Freguesia
Comuna
Circunscrição
Settlements
Cidade
Vila
Aldeia
Bairro
Lugar
Historical subdivisions in italics.
[show]
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Slavic terms for country subdivisions
Current
dzielnica
gmina
krai
kraj
krajina / pokrajina
městys
obec
oblast / oblast' / oblasti / oblys / obwód / voblast'
okręg
okres
okrug
opština / općina / občina / obshtina
osiedle
powiat / povit
raion
selsoviet / silrada
sołectwo
voivodeship / vojvodina
županija
Historical
darugha
gromada
guberniya / gubernia
jurydyka
khutor
obshchina
okolia
opole
pogost
prowincja
sorok
srez
starostwo / starostva
uyezd
volost
ziemia
župa
[show]
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Spanish terms for country subdivisions
National, Federal
Comunidad autónoma
Departamento
Distrito federal
Estado
Provincia
Región
Regional, Metropolitan
Cantón
Comarca
Comuna
Corregimiento
Delegación
Distrito
Mancomunidad
Merindad
Municipalidad
Municipio
Parroquia
Ecuador
Spain
Urban, Rural
Aldea
Alquería
Anteiglesia
Asentamiento
Asentamiento informal
Pueblos jóvenes
Barrio
Campamento
Caserío
Ciudad
Ciudad autónoma
Colonia
Lugar
Masía
Pedanía
Población
Ranchería
Sitio
Vereda
Villa
Village (Pueblito/Pueblo)
Historical subdivisions in italics.
[show]
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Turkish terms for country subdivisions
Modern
il (province)
ilçe (district)
şehir (city)
kasaba (town)
belediye (municipality)
belde (community)
köy (village)
mahalle (neighbourhood/quarter)
Historical
ağalık (feudal district)
bucak (subdistrict)
beylerbeylik (province)
kadılık (subprovince)
kaza (sub-province)
hidivlik (viceroyalty)
mutasarrıflık (subprovince)
nahiye (nahiyah)
paşalık (province)
reya (Romanian principalities)
sancak (prefecture)
vilayet (province)
voyvodalık (Romanian provinces)
1 Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in italics.
See also: Census division, Electoral district, Political division, and List of administrative divisions by country
[show]
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Articles on fourth-level administrative divisions of countries
Belgium
People's Republic of China
Dominican Republic
France
Haiti
Indonesia
Ivory Coast
Mali
Myanmar
Ward
Village tract
Nepal
Peru
Senegal
Thailand
Ukraine
United Kingdom
England
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Scotland
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List of administrative divisions by country
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Philippines articles
History
Timeline
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text:
Bed size
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Single size bed
Standard bed sizes are based on standard mattress sizes, which vary from country to country. Bed sizes also vary according to the size and degree of ornamentation of the bed frame. Dimensions and names vary considerably around the world, with most countries having their own standards and terminology. In addition, two mattresses with the same nominal size may still have slightly different dimensions, due to manufacturing tolerances, amount of padding, and support type.
Contents
[hide]
1 Table of common sizes
2 Canada and United States
2.1 Standard sizes
2.2 Other sizes
3 Europe
3.1 UK and Ireland
3.2 France
3.3 Italy
3.4 Northern Europe
3.5 Portugal
3.6 Spain
3.7 Switzerland
4 Australia
5 New Zealand
6 South Africa
7 Singapore and Malaysia
8 China
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Table of common sizes[edit]
See also: Bedding § Bedding sizes
Modern manufacturing conventions have produced many standard mattress and box spring sizes. Beds vary by country of origin as per the table below. These dimensions are for the mattress – actual bed frames are a little larger to accommodate the mattress. Mattress thickness varies considerably.
Mattress size (width × length)
US and Canada
Australia
Ireland and UK
New Zealand
Continental Europe
Japan
China
Thailand
Singapore
Brazil
Small single
or Cot
30 in × 75 in
76 cm × 191 cm 60 cm × 190 cm
24 in × 75 in 80 cm × 190 cm
31 in × 75 in 85 cm × 195 cm
33 in × 77 in 91 cm × 188 cm
36 in × 74 in
Single, Twin,
or Bunk
38[1] in × 75 in
97 cm × 191 cm 92 cm × 188 cm
36 in × 74 in 90 cm × 190 cm
35 in × 75 in 91 cm × 188 cm
36 in × 74 in 90 cm × 200 cm
35 in × 79 in 97 cm × 195 cm
38 in × 77 in 106 cm × 188 cm
42 in × 74 in 107 cm × 198 cm
42 in × 78 in 91 cm × 191 cm
36 in × 75 in 88 cm x 188 cm
35 in x 74 in
Twin extra long
38[2] in × 80 in
97 cm × 203 cm 91 cm × 203 cm
36 in × 80 in 90 cm × 210 cm
35 in × 83 in 97 cm × 205 cm
38 in × 81 in
King single
or Super single
107 cm × 203 cm
42 in × 80 in 107 cm × 203 cm
42 in × 80 in 120 cm × 200 cm
47 in × 79 in 110 cm × 195 cm
43 in × 77 in 107 cm × 191 cm
42 in × 75 in 96 cm x 203 cm
38 in x 80 in
Small double
or Three-quarter
48 in × 75 in
122 cm × 191 cm 120 cm × 190 cm
47 in × 75 in 122 cm × 195 cm
48 in × 77 in
Double or Full
54 in × 75 in
137 cm × 191 cm 138 cm × 188 cm
54 in × 74 in 135 cm × 190 cm
53 in × 75 in 137 cm × 188 cm
54 in × 74 in 140 cm × 200 cm
55 in × 79 in 140 cm × 195 cm
55 in × 77 in 152 cm × 188 cm
60 in × 74 in 122 cm × 198 cm
48 in × 78 in 138 cm x 188 cm
54 in x 74 in
Double extra long
54 in × 80 in
137 cm × 203 cm 140 cm × 205 cm
55 in × 81 in
Queen
60 in × 80 in
152 cm × 203 cm 153 cm × 203 cm
60 in × 80 in 153 cm × 203 cm
60 in × 80 in 154 cm × 195 cm
61 in × 77 in 182 cm × 188 cm
72 in × 74 in 152 cm × 198 cm
60 in × 78 in 152 cm × 191 cm
60 in × 75 in 158 cm x 198 cm
62 in x 78 in
Expanded, Super,
or Olympic queen
66 in × 80 in
168 cm × 203 cm
King
76 in × 80 in
193 cm × 203 cm or 78 in
198 cm square 183 cm × 203 cm
72 in × 80 in 152 cm × 198 cm
60 in × 78 in 167 cm × 203 cm
66 in × 80 in 160 cm × 200 cm
63 in × 79 in 170 cm × 195 cm
67 in × 77 in 182 cm × 212 cm
72 in × 83 in 183 cm × 198 cm
72 in × 78 in 183 cm × 191 cm
72 in × 75 in 193 cm x 203 cm
76 in x 80 in
California king
or King long
72 in × 84 in
183 cm × 213 cm 72 in × 84 in
183 cm × 213 cm 80 in × 80 in
203 cm × 203 cm 170 cm × 205 cm
67 in × 81 in
Grand king,
Super king,
Athletic King
or Texas king
80 in × 98 in
203 cm × 249 cm 203 cm × 203 cm
80 in × 80 in 180 cm × 200 cm
71 in × 79 in 183 cm × 203 cm
72 in × 80 in 180 cm × 200 cm
71 in × 79 in
194 cm × 205 cm
76 in × 81 in
Canada and United States[edit]
Standard North American sizes
A pillowtop queen-size mattress.
Standard sizes[edit]
Standard bed sizes in the US and Canada are:
Twin or single
38 in × 75 in (97 cm × 191 cm)
It is common misconception that a single bed is sometimes smaller than a twin.[3]
Full or double
54 in × 75 in (137 cm × 191 cm)
Queen
60 in × 80 in (152 cm × 203 cm)
King
76 in × 80 in (193 cm × 203 cm)
Foundation or box spring size can be of two single L or twin XL.
California king
72 in × 84 in (183 cm × 213 cm)
Other sizes[edit]
Single L or twin XL
39 in × 80 in (99 cm × 203 cm)[4]
Three-quarters
48 in × 75 in (122 cm × 191 cm)[5]
Full XL
54 in × 80 in (137 cm × 203 cm)
Texas (or athletic) king
80 in × 98 in (203 cm × 249 cm)
California queen waterbed insert
Used for conventional mattresses inside a waterbed frame. Subtract 2.0 inches from California queen waterbed size.
58 in × 82 in (147 cm × 208 cm)
California king waterbed insert
Used for conventional mattresses inside a waterbed frame. Subtract 2.0 inches from California king waterbed size.
70 in × 82 in (178 cm × 208 cm)
Europe[edit]
UK and Ireland[edit]
Most modern beds/mattresses sold in the UK and Ireland are constructed using metric dimensions.
Size
Dimensions
Notes
Small-single 75 cm × 190 cm (30 in × 75 in)[citation needed] Common UK size for hospitality (zip & link) twin beds as beds can be combined to make a king bed.[citation needed]
European single 75 cm × 190 cm (30 in × 75 in)[citation needed]
Standard single 90 cm × 190 cm (35 in × 75 in)[citation needed] Ireland standard hospitality sized single, two mattresses can be zip linked to make a Super king bed.
Small-double (Three Quarter)/Queen 120 cm × 190 cm (47 in × 75 in)[citation needed]
Standard Double 135 cm × 190 cm (53 in × 75 in)[citation needed]
King 152 cm × 198 cm (60 in × 78 in)[citation needed]
Extra-king 180 cm × 190 cm (71 in × 75 in)[citation needed] Hospitality size formed by zip & linking two standard single beds together.[citation needed]
Superking 180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in)[citation needed] Also known as "European King".
Eastern King 200 cm × 210 cm (79 in × 83 in)[citation needed]
Emperor 215 cm × 215 cm (85 in × 85 in)[citation needed]
Caesar 245 cm × 220 cm (96 in × 87 in)[citation needed]
It is worth noting that "bed size" in the UK generally refers to mattress size. This is because mattresses have a standard size grading, whereas bed frames do not. While many companies in the UK do offer bespoke bed making services, most mass-produced bed linens, bed frames and mattresses fit only the standard bed sizes above. A Queen size mattress in the UK is often misunderstood to be one of the larger sizes as is the case in many other parts of the world. However, at 120cm in width, it is smaller than a UK double. Another common mistake is to use a mattress size as the required space for the full dimensions of the bed and mattress.
France[edit]
Single size beds are usually 90 cm wide by 190 cm long.
Most common sizes for double beds are:
140 cm wide by 190 cm long
160 cm wide by 200 cm long
180 cm wide by 200 cm long (less common, but increasing popularity).
Due to the popularity of imported beds (especially from IKEA), the 200 cm length is becoming more common.[citation needed]
Italy[edit]
In Italy, beds are classified by name and use the term Piazza as in "one place" Standard sizes are:[citation needed]
Una piazza or singolo ("single")
80 cm (31.5 inches) wide by 190 cm long
Una piazza e mezza (1½)
120 cm (47.2 inches) wide by 190 cm long
Due piazze or letto matrimoniale
160 cm (62.99 inches) wide by 190 cm long
Less common:[citation needed]
Piazza francese or "Piazza e Mezza francese"
140 cm x 190 cm
Due to the popularity of imported beds (especially from IKEA), the 200 cm length is becoming more common.[citation needed]
Northern Europe[edit]
These sizes are for Germany, Poland, Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. There are some variations between the Nordic countries and the Baltic nations, but these are the most common sizes:
Single:
80 cm × 190 cm (31 in × 75 in), traditional standard for bunk beds in Germany
90 cm × 190 cm (35 in × 75 in), traditional standard in Germany
75 cm × 200 cm (30 in × 79 in), standard in Norway[citation needed]
80 cm × 200 cm (31 in × 79 in), common variant in Finland[citation needed]
90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in), standard single bed in Sweden and Germany.
90 cm × 210 cm (35 in × 83 in)
90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in), common variant in The Netherlands
90 cm × 220 cm (35 in × 87 in), Xlarge variant in The Netherlands
100 cm × 200 cm (39 in × 79 in), now very common in Germany
105 cm × 200 cm (41 in × 79 in)
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in)[citation needed]
Double:
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in), referred to as a "doubter" in the Netherlands, somewhat common for younger people
140 cm × 200 cm (55 in × 79 in)
150 cm × 200 cm (59 in × 79 in), common
160 cm × 200 cm (63 in × 79 in), very common[citation needed], common variant in Finland[citation needed]
180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in), very common double bed in current Swedish and Norwegian standards[citation needed]
180 cm × 210 cm (71 in × 83 in)
200 cm × 200 cm (79 in × 79 in) (very wide)
Most beds are 200 cm (79 in) cm long. Extra long beds are usually 220 cm (87 in), but they are rare.
Portugal[edit]
In Portugal the most common sizes for beds are:
Solteiro (single) 80 cm (31.5 inches) wide by 190 cm long (can go up to 105 cm wide by 200 cm long)
Casal (double) 140 cm (55 in) wide by 190, 195 or 200 cm long
Queen Size 160 cm (63 inches) or 180 cm (71 inches) wide by 190, 195 or 200 cm long
King Size 180 cm (71 inches) wide by 190, 195 or 200 cm long
Super King Size 200 cm (78.74 inches) wide by 200 cm long
Spain[edit]
In Spain the most common sizes are:
180/190/200 cm long
80/90/105/120/135/150 cm wide, the most common:
"Individual" (single) = 90 cm wide
"Matrimonio" (marital) = 135/150 cm wide
Switzerland[edit]
Single:
70 cm × 200 cm (28 in × 79 in), only used for double beds with two separate mattresses
80 cm × 200 cm (31 in × 79 in), only used for double beds with two separate mattresses
90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in), common single bed
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in), uncommon, mainly available as European-style futon beds that are sold with mattress, slats and frame
140 cm × 200 cm (55 in × 79 in), common, especially among young people
Double:
160 cm × 200 cm (63 in × 79 in), common
180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in), common
200 cm × 200 cm (79 in × 79 in), proposed when enough space is available
Australia[edit]
The following bed sizes are available in Australia
Single
92cm x 188cm[6] (36in x 74in)
Long Single
92cm x 204cm (36in x 80in)
Three-quarter (obsolete, but still present)
120 cm × 188 cm (47in x 74in)
King Single
107cm x 203cm (42in x 80in)
Double
138cm x 188cm (54in x 74in)
Queen
153cm x 203cm (60in x 80in - Same as American Queen)
King
183cm x 203cm (72in x 80in)
California King
183cm x 213cm (72in x 82in)
Super King
204 cm x 204cm (80in x 80in)
New Zealand[edit]
The following bed sizes are available in New Zealand
Single
91cm x 188cm
Single XL
91cm x 203cm
Three-quarter (uncommon)
120 cm × 188 cm
King Single
107cm x 203cm
Double
137cm x 188cm
Queen
153cm x 203cm
King
167cm x 203cm
Super King
183cm x 203cm
Californian King
203cm x 203cm
Water Bed King
213cm x 203cm
South Africa[edit]
The following bed sizes are available in South Africa:
Single
92 cm × 188 cm
Three-quarter
107 cm × 188 cm
Double
137 cm × 188 cm
Queen
152 cm × 188 cm
King
183 cm × 188 cm (equals two single mattresses)
Beds are also available in extra length, which is 200 cm.
Singapore and Malaysia[edit]
The following bed sizes are available in Singapore and Malaysia:
Single
36 in × 75 in (91 cm x 191 cm)
Super single
42 in × 75 in (107 cm × 191 cm)
Queen (double)
60 in × 75 in (152 cm × 191 cm)
King (double)
72 in × 75 in (183 cm × 191 cm)
China[edit]
In China, the regulation standard has following sizes available:[7]
Length: 1900 mm, 1950 mm, 2000 mm, 2100 mm;
Width: Single: 800 mm, 900 mm, 1000 mm, 1100 mm, 1200 mm;
Width: Double: 1350 mm, 1400 mm, 1500 mm, 1800 mm.
In practice, bed sizes are usually categorized by the width. The length is typically two metres, but may vary. The most common sizes are:
1.2 m
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in)
1.5 m
150 cm × 200 cm (59 in × 79 in)
1.8 m
180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in)
There are also extra size beds available, but they are less common.
See also[edit]
Design portal
Infant bed
Bed sheet
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://bettersleep.org/mattresses-and-more/mattress-sizes
Jump up ^ http://bettersleep.org/mattresses-and-more/mattress-sizes
Jump up ^ Apodaca, Frank (25 March 2017). "Single vs Twin Bed Size". The Sleep Judge. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Auer, Joe (22 December 2016). "Mattress Sizes And Dimensions- A Comprehensive Overview". Mattress Clarity. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "What size is a three-quarter bed?". Reference. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Single Bed Size & Mattress Dimensions — Standard". www.standardbedsizes.com. Retrieved 2017-12-11.
Jump up ^ "中华人民共和国轻工业标准 QB/T1952.2—99 -- 弹 簧 软 床 垫". 国家轻工业局. 1999-07-12. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
External links[edit]
Media related to Beds at Wikimedia Commons
Media related to Mattresses at Wikimedia Commons
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