text:
Seven churches of Asia
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This article is about the seven churches mentioned in the Book of Revelation. For other uses, see Seven Churches (disambiguation).
Map of western Anatolia showing the island Patmos and the locations of the cities housing the seven churches
The Seven Churches of Revelation, also known as the Seven Churches of the Apocalypse and the Seven Churches of Asia, are seven major churches of Early Christianity, as mentioned in the New Testament Book of Revelation. "Churches" in this context refers to the community or local congregations of Christians living in each city, and not merely to the building or buildings in which they gathered for worship.
In an early part of the Revelation, on the Greek island of Patmos, Jesus Christ instructs his servant John of Patmos, through an angelic intermediary, to: "Write on a scroll what you see and send it to the seven churches: to Ephesus, and to Smyrna, and to Pergamum, and to Thyatira, and to Sardis, and to Philadelphia, and to Laodicea."[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 The Churches
3 Seven messages
4 Angels of the churches
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Description[edit]
The Seven Churches of Revelation, also known as The Seven Churches of the Apocalypse and The Seven Churches of Asia, are seven major churches of Early Christianity, as mentioned in the New Testament Book of Revelation. "Churches" in this context refers to the community or local congregations of Christians living in each city, and not merely to the building or buildings in which they gathered for worship.[2][3]
In an early part of the Revelation, on the Greek island of Patmos, Jesus Christ instructs his servant John of Patmos, through an angelic intermediary, to: "Write on a scroll what you see and send it to the seven churches: to Ephesus, and to Smyrna, and to Pergamum, and to Thyatira, and to Sardis, and to Philadelphia, and to Laodicea."[1]
The Churches[edit]
The seven churches of Asia in stained glass in York Minster by John Thornton
The seven Churches are named for their locations. The Revelation provides descriptions of each Church.
Ephesus (Revelation 2:1-7) - the church known for having laboured hard and not fainted, and separating themselves from the wicked; admonished for having forsaken its first love (2:4)
Smyrna (Revelation 2:8-11) - the church admired for its tribulation and poverty; forecast to suffer persecution (2:10)
Pergamum (Revelation 2:12-17) - the church located at 'Satan's seat'; needed to repent of allowing false teachers (2:16)
Thyatira (Revelation 2:18-29) - the church known for its charity, whose "latter works are greater than the former"; held the teachings of a false prophetess (2:20)
Sardis (Revelation 3:1-6) - the church that has a good name; cautioned to fortify itself and return to God through repentance (3:2-3)
Philadelphia (Revelation 3:7-13) - the church steadfast in faith, that had kept God's word and endured patiently (3:10)
Laodicea, near Denizli (see Laodicean Church) (Revelation 3:14-22) - the church that was lukewarm and insipid (to God) (3:16)
Seven messages[edit]
The letters follow a common pattern. For example: the Lord first addresses each church and identifies himself,[4] then defines things that he knows about the church in question.[5] After this, a challenge or reproach is given,[6] followed by a promise.[7] In all seven cases the admonition is included, "He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches",[8] although sometimes this comes before the promise and sometimes after.
Although the letters differ in length in accord with the needs of each community, all conclude with an appeal to hold fast and to listen to what the Spirit is saying to the churches. Each church is promised that everyone who conquers will be rewarded by Christ.
Some historicists typically interpret the seven churches as representing seven different periods in the history of the Western Church from the time of Paul until the return of Jesus Christ.[9] Scofield states that "these messages by their very terms go beyond the local assemblies mentioned."[10] He is of the opinion that the letters have a prophetic purpose disclosing the seven phases of the spiritual history of the Church. Other writers, such as Clarence Larkin,[11] Henry Hampton Halley,[12] Merrill Unger,[13] and William M. Branham[14] also have posited the view that the seven churches preview the history of the global Church.
Mosaic in St Mark's Basilica of the seven angels
Historicism has been criticized by the Eastern Orthodox Fr. Dimitri Cozby, who writes that historicists take a greatly oversimplified view of church history: "Since dispensationalism is Protestant in origin its 'Church history' is strictly Western. The dispensations take into account almost nothing of Orthodox history after the period of the early councils which we share with the West."[15]
Angels of the churches[edit]
Chapters 2-3 of the Revelation have specific messages for each of the seven churches. The message of each of the seven letters is directed to the angel of the particular church that is mentioned.
Origen[16] explains that these "angels" are the guardian angels of the churches, a view upheld by Henry Alford. But Epiphanius[17] explicitly rejects this view, and, in accordance with the imagery of the passage, explains it of the bishops.
John sees a vision of the Son of man, who walks among seven lampstands and has seven stars in his right hand. Revelation 1:20 states that "The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands are the seven churches." The comparison of a teacher to a star is scriptural.[18]
Augustine of Hippo's reason for interpreting angels of the churches as the prelates of the church is that St. John speaks of them as falling from their first charity, which is not true of the angels.[19][20] Others would say that the falling away relates to the churches, not to the messengers, as each of the seven letters conclude with the words "He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches."
In the New Testament, the Greek word for angels (άγγελος) is not only used for heavenly angels, but also used for human messengers, such as John the Baptist (Matthew 11:10,Mark 1:2,Luke 7:27) and God's prophets (Revelation 22:8-9)[21] C.I. Scofield has noted that "The natural explanation of the 'messengers' is that they were men sent by the seven churches to ascertain the state of the aged apostle ... but they figure any who bear God's messages to a church."[22]
See also[edit]
Christianity portal
Biblical numerology
Book of Revelation: chapter 1, 2, and 3
Christianity in Anatolia during Roman times
Early centers of Christianity
Eastern Christianity
Events of Revelation (Chapter 1)
Seven Spirits of God
Summary of Christian eschatological differences
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Revelation 1:11
Jump up ^ John (1994). Barbara Aland; Kurt Aland; Johannes Karavidopoulos; Carlo M. Martini; Bruce M. Metzger, eds. The Greek New Testament. Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft.
Jump up ^ Walter Bauer (1979). William F. Arndt; F. Wilbur Gingrich; Frederick W. Danker, eds. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. University of Chicago Press.
Jump up ^ 2:1, 8, 12, 18; 3:1, 7, 14
Jump up ^ 2:2-3, 9, 13, 19; 3:1, 8, 15-17
Jump up ^ 2:4-5, 10, 14-16, 20-25; 3:2-3, 9-11, 18-20
Jump up ^ 2:7, 10-11, 17, 26-28; 3:4-5, 12, 20-21.
Jump up ^ 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22
Jump up ^ Unger's Bible Dictionary (Chicago: Moody Press, 1975), p924
Jump up ^ Scofield, W. I., The Scofield Study Bible (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996) p1331
Jump up ^ "Chapter XXII". www.preservedwords.com. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
Jump up ^ Halley, H. H., Halley's Bible Handbook (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1978), p688
Jump up ^ Unger, M. F., Unger's Bible Dictionary (Chicago: Moody Press, 1975), p924
Jump up ^ Branham, W. M., An Exposition of the Seven Church Ages (Jeffersonville, Indiana: Voice of God Recordings) 2005[dead link]
Jump up ^ "WHAT IS 'THE RAPTURE'? (PART 1 OF 2)".
Jump up ^ Hom., xiii in Luc., and Hom., xx in Num.
Jump up ^ Hær., xxv.
Jump up ^ Dan., xii, 3.
Jump up ^ Ep., xliii (al. clxii), n. 22.
Jump up ^ Angels of the Churches, Catholic Encyclopedia
Jump up ^ Merrill Unger, Unger's Bible Dictionary, (Chicago: Moody Press, 1975) p52
Jump up ^ Scofield, W. I., The Scofield Study Bible (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996) p1331
Further reading[edit]
Halley, H. H., Halley's Bible Handbook (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1978), p684
Scofield, C. I., The Scofield Reference Bible (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967), p1332
Ramsay, W. M. (1904). The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia. Hodder & Stoughton.
Hemer, Colin J. The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting (JSOT Press, 1989), p283
External links[edit]
Catholic Encyclopedia: Angels of the Churches
Catholic Encyclopedia: Asia Minor, see section titled "Spread of Christianity in Asia Minor"
Branham, W. M., An Exposition of the Seven Church Ages, Voice of God Recordings, Jeffersonville, Indiana, 1965.
The True Trend Of the Church As Viewed Through Revelation Chapters 2 & 3 by Pastor Rocky Veach
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "article name needed". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.
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Seven churches of Asia
Ephesus
Smyrna
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Thyatira
Sardis
Philadelphia (modern Alaşehir)
Laodicea
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Mickey and the Roadster Racers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Mickey and the Roadster Racers
Genre
Action
Adventure
Based on
Mickey Mouse
by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks
Directed by
Phil Weinstein
Broni Likomanov
Voices of
Bret Iwan
Russi Taylor
Bill Farmer
Daniel Ross
Tress MacNeille
Corey Burton
Jim Cummings
Nika Futterman
April Winchell
Jay Leno
Theme music composer
Beau Black
Opening theme
"Mickey and the Roadster Racers" Main Title Theme
by Beau Black
Ending theme
"Roadster Racers Go!"
Composer(s)
Beau Black
Mike Barnett
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
20 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Rob LaDuca
Editor(s)
Reid Kramer
Running time
approx. 22 minutes
Production company(s)
Disney Junior
Disney Television Animation
Technicolor Animation Productions
Distributor
Disney–ABC Domestic Television
Release
Original network
Disney Junior
Disney Channel
Picture format
HDTV 1080i
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
January 15, 2017 (2017-01-15) – present
Chronology
Related shows
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse
External links
Website
disneyjunior.disney.com/mickey-and-the-roadster-racers
Production website
www.disneyabcpress.com/disneyjunior/shows/mickey-and-the-roadster-racers
Mickey and the Roadster Racers is an American computer-animated children's television series produced by Disney Television Animation. It’s a replacement to Mickey Mouse Clubhouse. The series debuted on Disney Junior and Disney Channel in the United States on January 15, 2017.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 Episodes
4 Production
5 Release
5.1 Broadcast
5.2 Home media
6 Reception
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Mickey and the Roadster Racers is about the Sensational Six (Mickey, Minnie, Goofy, Donald, Daisy, and Pluto) as they race around their town of Hot Dog Hills and around the world. Unlike the previous series, this show contains 2 11-minute stories as opposed to 1 22-minute story.
The second segment has Minnie and Daisy working as the Happy Helpers alongside a new character named Cuckoo-Loca where they help out different civilians of Hot Dog Hills.
Characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Mickey Mouse (voiced by Bret Iwan) - The leader of the Roadster Racers. He drives the Hot Rod, which turns into Mickey's car.
Minnie Mouse (voiced by Russi Taylor) - One of the Happy Helpers. She drives Pink Thunder which turns into the Happy Helper van.
Goofy (voiced by Bill Farmer) - He drives the Turbo Tubster which turns into his car. Goofy also owns the Hot Diggity hot dog trailer that is frequented by Pete.
Donald Duck (voiced by Daniel Ross) - He drives the Cabin Cruiser which turns into Donald's car.
Daisy Duck (voiced by Tress MacNeille) - One of the Happy Helpers. She drives Snapdragon.
Pluto (vocal effects provided by Bill Farmer) - Mickey's pet dog.
Cuckoo-Loca (voiced by Nika Futterman) - A wind-up cuckoo who tags along with the Happy Helpers.
Recurring[edit]
Chip and Dale (voiced by Tress MacNeille and Corey Burton respectively) - Two chipmunks who are mechanics for the racers.
Pete (voiced by Jim Cummings) - Hot Dog Hills' residential tow truck driver. He drives the Super Crusher when he gets involved in the races. In addition to having some relatives that gets involved, Pete appears in various alter egos throughout the series.
Clarabelle Cow (voiced by April Winchell) - She owns her own baking business in Hot Dog Hills and is often seen operating the racing flags. In addition, Clarabelle Cow also seen hosting several international events on the show.
Clara Cluck (vocal effects provided by Russi Taylor) - A resident of Hot Dog Hills who mostly speaks chicken language.
Horace Horsecollar (voiced by Bill Farmer) - In addition to being a resident of Hot Dog Hills, Horace appears in various alter egos throughout the series.
Ludwig Von Drake (voiced by Corey Burton) - Hot Dog Hills' residential inventor.
Figaro (vocal effects provided by Frank Welker) - Minnie's pet tuxedo cat.
Butch (vocal effects provided by Frank Welker) - Pete's pet bulldog and Pluto's rival.
Millie and Melody Mouse (voiced by Avalon Robbins and Grace Kaufman respectively) - Minnie's nieces.
Billy Beagle (voiced by Jay Leno) - The announcer and sports commentator of the races and other events. He is also shown to have a collection of roadsters.
Susie Beagleman (voiced by Natalie Coughlin) - A little beagle girl that the Happy Helpers tend to help out on occasion.
Mrs. Beagleman (voiced by Tress MacNeille) - Susie's mother.
Hilda (voiced by April Winchell) - A hippopotamus.
Pearl McSnorter (voiced by Stella Edwards) - A pig who is the sister of Puck McSnorter.
Puck McSnorter (voiced by August Maturo) - A pig who is the brother of Pearl McSnorter.
Mayor McBeagle (voiced by Bill Farmer) - The Mayor of Hot Dog Hills.
Mr. Bigby (voiced by Bill Farmer) - A rich pig.
Commander Heist (voiced by Steve Valentine) - An infamous British international thief who is a recurring villain in the series.
Lazlo (vocal effects provided by Dee Bradley Baker) - Commander Heist's pet cat.
Episodes[edit]
The first season will consist of 34 episodes.[citation needed]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Storyboards by
Original air date
Prod.
code [2]
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1a
"Mickey's Wild Tire!" Phil Weinstein Brian Swenlin Dave Bennett January 15, 2017 (2017-01-15) 101 2.03[3]
Mickey surprises Jiminy Johnson (Jimmie Johnson), a racing champion, with the tire from his first roadster. Displeased that his own gift for Jiminy won't impress him, Pete plans to be the one to give Jiminy the tire.
1b
"Sittin' Kitty" Broni Likomanov Thomas Hart Dave Williams January 15, 2017 (2017-01-15) 101 2.03[3]
Minnie and Daisy are petsitting Hilda's pet Snowpuff. When they find a cat there, they think it's Snowpuff and pursue it when it escapes from the house.
2a
"Goofy Gas!" Broni Likomanov Mark Seidenberg Dave Williams January 15, 2017 (2017-01-15) 102 1.98[3]
Goofy invents the fuel that makes the roadsters go faster.
2b
"The Little Big Ape" Broni Likomanov Jennifer Muro Rossen Varbanov January 15, 2017 (2017-01-15) 102 1.98[3]
The Happy Helpers catch the loose gorilla in Clarabelle Cow's house. They soon discover that there are two gorillas consisting of a mother and a baby who are attracted to Clarabelle's banana breads.
3a
"Race for the Rigatoni Ribbon!" Phil Weinstein Mark Seidenberg Tom Morgan January 16, 2017 (2017-01-16) 103 1.85[4]
The Roadster Racers compete against Piston Pietro (Pete) in Rome. During this time, Goofy encounters the largest meatball in Rome.
3b
"Roaming Around Rome" Phil Weinstein Mark Drop Tom Morgan January 16, 2017 (2017-01-16) 103 1.85[4]
Assisting a tour guide named Luigi (Tony Shalhoub) when he falls sick, the Happy Helpers helps the travel writer Robbie Roberts (Tim Gunn) about the tour around in Rome alongside Mr. Bigby and the Beagleman family.
4a
"Agent Double-O-Goof" Broni Likomanov Mark Drop Kirk Hanson and Rossen Varbanov January 16, 2017 (2017-01-16) 105 1.81[4]
Goofy is mistaken for the secret agent Chauncey Chips (Peter Serafinowicz) by Lord Beaglethwait while the Queen of England (Jane Leeves) comes for tea. He must keep a briefcase that is to be delivered to the Queen of England from falling into the clutches of Commander Heist and his pet cat Lazlo.
4b
"Egg-xasperating!" Phil Weinstein Kim Duran Dave Bennett January 16, 2017 (2017-01-16) 105 1.81[4]
The Happy Helpers and Pluto hold Clara Cluck's egg while she is out running her errands. When it starts to crack, Minnie and Cuckoo Loca go to find Clara while Daisy and Pluto work to keep the egg from cracking further.
5a
"Mickey's Perfecto Day!" Broni Likomanov Ashley Mendoza Rossen Varbanov January 20, 2017 (2017-01-20) 104 0.88[5]
A playful baby bull named Francisco interrupts Mickey's perfect day for Minnie in Madrid. Meanwhile, Donald Duck reunites with the Three Caballeros while Goofy competes in a dance contest against El Horace Horsecollar.
5b
"Running of the Roadsters!" Phil Weinstein Mark Drop Tom Morgan January 20, 2017 (2017-01-20) 104 0.88[5]
Minnie and Daisy bet with Mickey and Donald over the race when Daisy's Snapdragon gets wrecked and the loser will have to clean all the roadsters. They get into some antics along the way which includes ending up losing the hoop that El Toro Pete's bull jumps through. Meanwhile, El Horace Horsecollar plans to beat Goofy in the race.
6a
"It's Wiki Wiki Time" Broni Likomanov Don Gillies Dave Williams January 27, 2017 (2017-01-27) 106 1.19[6]
The Roadster Racers attends the big relay race when Donald is on the Hawaiian vacation. Though the Roadster Racers' racing against Team Pete (consisting of Pau Hana Pete, Pineapple Patty, Pu Pu Platter Pete, and Puhi Pete) keeps disrupting Donald's relaxation.
6b
"Happy Hula Helpers!" Phil Weinstein Kim Duran Dave Bennett January 27, 2017 (2017-01-27) 106 1.19[6]
The Happy Helpers teach the hula dance for the birthday celebrations and help Leilani find a birthday present for her Grandpa Kei who is getting picked up by her Auntie Olina (Tia Carrere). Meanwhile, Mickey and Goofy set up for the luau while Donald works to keep his sandwiches from being eaten by Leilani's pet pig Pekona.
7a
"Ye Olde Royal Heist" Phil Weinstein Brian Swenlin Phil Mosness February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03) 107 0.92[7]
Mickey and Minnie celebrates their raceversary in London where an upcoming roadster race will be held. They soon get caught up in a heist where a dancing star named Sir Lord Pete plans to steal a ruby from the Tower of London and end up helping Officer Copper to catch him where they chase him all around London.
7b
"Tea Time Trouble!" Broni Likomanov Jennifer Muro and Thomas Hart Kirk Hanson February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03) 107 0.92[7]
After helping to apprehend Sir Lord Pete and asking a favor from the Queen of England for a raceversary gift for Minnie, the Happy Helpers are invited to have tea with the Queen of England where Queen's Guard member Beefeater Pete deems Mickey, Donald, and Goofy not worthy gentlemen to enter Buckingham Palace upon them not being able to pass the tea test. Due to Big Ben's royal clock fixers being on holiday when Big Ben breaks down, Minnie, Daisy, and Cuckoo Loca work to get it tuned up so that it can strike 4:00 in time for tea time. Meanwhile, Mickey, Donald, and Goofy take gentleman lessons from Dr. Waddleton Crutchley (Peter Serafinowicz).
8a
"Abra-ka-Goof!" Broni Likomanov Don Gillies Dave Williams and Dave Bennett February 10, 2017 (2017-02-10) 109 0.99[8]
Upon obtain a magical cabinate from Omar's Magic Mart, Goofy as the Great Goofini thinks he used his magician skills to turn Gordon Gear (Jeff Gordon) into the rabbit at the time when the Hot Dog Cafe is planning to name a hot dog after him. What he doesn't know is that the rabbit is Omar's pet rabbit Thurston as Mickey, Donald, and Goofy pursue it where even Bitsy Beagleberg wants him as a pet. Meanwhile, Minnie, Daisy, and Cuckoo Loca give Gordon Gear a makeover.
8b
"Happy Birthday Helpers!" Phil Weinstein Kim Duran Dave Bennett February 10, 2017 (2017-02-10) 109 0.99[8]
It's Susie Beagleman's birthday and the Happy Helpers must prepare a birthday cake for her birthday party that Mrs. Beagleman wants delivered by the time the Great Goofini is done with his magic tricks. They soon go on the wild ride when they chase down the wagon carrying the birthday cake. Meanwhile, Pete tries his hand at roller skating.
9a
"Guru Goofy" Phil Weinstein Mark Drop Tom Morgan February 24, 2017 (2017-02-24) 108 1.24[9]
Goofy tries to teach Donald mindfulness in order to relax before the Roadster Games where he will compete against Pete.
9b
"Bed, Breakfast and Bungled!" Phil Weinstein Kim Duran Phil Mosness and Rossen Varbanov February 24, 2017 (2017-02-24) 108 1.24[9]
Clarabelle assists the Happy Helpers in running the Snoozy Doozy Bed and Breakfast outside of Hot Dog Hills while it's manager Mr. Doozy (Fred Willard) takes his mother on a day cruise, but her eagerness creates and mess up the problems when giving services to the guests like the Thunderboom family and Mr. McSnorter (Patton Oswalt).
10a
"Going Upppppppppp!" Broni Likomanov Brian Swenlin Rossen Varbanov March 10, 2017 (2017-03-10) 110 1.21[10]
The Roadster Racers compete in the first ever Hot Dog Hills hot air balloon race. Though they would also have to compete against Pete's foreign cousin and stunt pilot Sky Commander Peterlovsky.
10b
"Gone Fishin'!" Broni Likomanov Kim Duran (story)
Mark Drop Dave Williams March 10, 2017 (2017-03-10) 110 1.21[10]
The Happy Helpers and Donald tag along with Mickey and Goofy for the fishing trip.
11a
"Goof Luck Charm"[11] Phil Weinstein Sherri Stoner and Kim Duran (story) Dave Bennett and Rossen Varbanov March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24) TBA 1.19[12]
Goofy credits the good luck to his rubber duck and Daisy decides to borrow it for a dangerous race course that Daisy has never won.
11b
"Teed Off!"[11] Broni Likomanov Don Gillies Rossen Varbanov March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24) TBA 1.19[12]
The Happy Helpers work as caddies for the big golf tournament at a golf course that was opened by Mr. Bigby. While Minnie is the caddy for Pete, Daisy becomes the caddy for Donald while Mickey and Goofy are caddies for Hilda. Though there is some interference by a groundhog.
12a
"The Impossible Race"[13] Phil Weinstein Don Gillies Tom Morgan April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14) 111 1.51[14]
Cuckoo Loca participates in her first ever roadster event called the Impossible Race where her car is constructed by Chip and Dale. As she participates in the Impossible Race, she gains Donald as her main rival as the racers work to avoid the traps placed along the course.
12b
"The Happiest Helpers Cruise!"[13] Broni Likomanov Kim Duran Dave Williams April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14) 111 1.51[13]
The Happy Helpers work as cruise directors upon being hired by Captain Peterson (Pete) to help out on the Hot Dogs Hills Harbor Cruise during it Valentine's Day Cruise event. They help the first mate/cruise janitor Emmy Lou (Kate Micucci) to win the disco dance contest upon being partnered up with Mr. Doozy after his previous partner Fiona Featherstone (Leigh-Allyn Baker) drops out due to a dancing accident.
13a
"Smarty Goof"[15] Broni Likomanov Sherri Stoner and Mark Drop (story) Kirk Hanson and Rossen Varbanov May 12, 2017 (2017-05-12) 115 .99[16]
Goofy and Mickey compete with the Hot Dog Hills Invention Competition with the help of Professor Ludwig Von Drake where his helmet has made Goffy smart.
13b
"Adventures in Buddysitting!"[15] Phil Weinstein Kim Duran Phil Mosness May 12, 2017 (2017-05-12) 115 .99[15]
The Happy Helpers help the babysit kids like Clara Cluck's chicks Cleo and Clifford, Elray Thunderboom, Mrs. McSnorter's children Pearl and Puck, and a shy goat named Buddy McBilly when the Hot Dog Hills Play Center is closed.
14a
"Daredevil Goofy!"[17] TBA TBA TBA June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16) 114 1.43[18]
Goofy gets a chance to compete against the movie hero Morty McCool (Mortimer Mouse) in a daredevil race alongside Pete, Hilda, and El Horace Horsecollar.
14b
"The Big Broadcast"[17] TBA TBA TBA June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16) 114 1.43
The Happy Helpers cover for Billy Beagle as the race announcers while he competes against the Roadster Racers in the off-road race.
15a
"The Haunted Hot Rod"[19] Phil Weinstein Mark Drop Phil Mosness October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06) TBA 0.96[20]
On Halloween, Mickey decorates his roadster for Hot Dog Hills' first Race Around Ragged Peak where Mickey tells his friends about the Haunted Hot Rod that looks for a race to compete in. Pete and Butch plan to pose as the Haunted Hot Rod's ghost driver in order to win the Jack-o'-lantern filled with candy. Unfortunately for Pete, the real driver shows up when Mickey is the only competitor left.
15b
"Pete's Ghostly Gala"[19] Broni Likomanov Don Gillies Rossen Varbanov October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06) TBA 0.96
The Happy Helpers help Pete get things ready for his Halloween Party at the haunted house at Spooky View Lane. As Minnie, Daisy, and Cuckoo Loca work to help Pete set up the Halloween Party, they are stalked by three ghosts that reside at the haunted house. This leads to Minnie, Daisy, Cuckoo Loca, and Pete working to catch the ghosts before the Halloween Party.
16a
"Stop That Heist!" Phil Weinstein Mark Drop Dave Bennett July 14, 2017 (2017-07-14) TBA 1.09[21]
As Mickey drives Billy Beagle's Rumble Seat Roadster for the Hot Dog Hill Founders Day parade, it becomes the latest target of Commander Heist's roadster heist. Mickey and his friends must work to keep Commander Heist from making off with the Rumble Seat Roadster.
16b
"Lights, Camera, HELP!" Broni Likomanov Don Gillies (story)
Sherri Stoner Rossen Varbanov July 14, 2017 (2017-07-14) TBA 1.09
The Happy Helpers are hired by film director Peteroni Leone (Pete) to become assistants to a famous movie star named Portia DeHound (Leigh-Allyn Baker) during the production of her musical movie called "My Fair Doggy" that Peteroni is filming in Hot Dog Hills. Minnie and Daisy soon discover that Portia DeHound hasn't taken any singing lessons and is only good at singing in the shower.
17a
"Mouse Vs. Machine!" Phil Weinstein Brian Swenlin (story)
Mark Seidenberg Tom Morgan July 28, 2017 (2017-07-28) 117 1.13[22]
Mickey competes against an A.I. roadster named the Self-Racing Racer (or S.R.R. for short) who was created by Ludwig von Drake. When it malfunctions during it's race with him upon being pelted by water balloons, Mickey must help Ludwig get it back under control.
17b
"Grandpa Beagle's Day Out" Broni Likomanov Mark Drop and Kim Duran (story)
Dave Williams July 28, 2017 (2017-07-28) 117 1.13
The Happy Helpers help Grandpa Beagle (Héctor Elizondo) and Billy Beagle have family time at the X-Treme Games.
18a
"Donald's Garage" Broni Likomanov Don Gillies Roger Dondis August 11, 2017 (2017-08-11) TBA 1.14[23]
While Mickey goes to secure a bull hood ornament as part of a refurbishing of a limousine owned by Mr. Bigby, Donald is left in charge of the garage until Mickey returns.
18b
"Artful Helpers" Broni Likomanov Brian Swenlin and Thomas Hart (story)
Roger Dondis August 11, 2017 (2017-08-11) TBA 1.14
With the museum's security guards having a day off, the Happy Helpers are hired by curator Babette Beagle (Jane Leeves) to cover for them and to keep the Mona Goof that donated to the Hot Dog Hills Museum by Goofy from being stolen by Commander Heist.
19a
"Ready, Get Pet... Go Pluto!" Phil Weinstein Mark Drop Tom Morgan August 25, 2017 (2017-08-25) 120 0.86[24]
The first ever Pets and Pistons Race is started upon the suggestion of Danni Sue (Danica Patrick) and her pet dog Dallas as she has many friends with pets where the racers and their pets must complete three different challenges that Daisy and Cuckoo Loca help set up. Mickey races with Pluto, Pete races with Butch, Donald races with Francisco, Minnie races with Figaro, and Goofy races with his pet goldfish Goldie. During this time, Pluto competes with Butch for the attention of Dallas.
19b
"Figaro's New Friend!" Broni Likomanov Kim Duran and Mark Drop (story)
Rossen Varbanov August 25, 2017 (2017-08-25) 120 0.86
Mickey has to put a custom engine into Mr. Bigby's roadster and wants Minnie, Daisy, and Cuckoo Loca to watch over Pluto while he is busy. Figaro must put up with Pluto as he compets with him for Minnie and Daisy's attention at home and at the park.
20a
"Garage Alone"[2] Phil Weinstein Mark Drop Roger Dondis and Phil Mosness September 15, 2017 (2017-09-15) 121 0.73
While everyone is attending the drive-in movie, Goofy and Pluto stay behind to watch the TV series Action Ashton where the titular character makes traps to get out of a situation. Officer Schnauzer of the Hot Dog Hills Police Department announces on TV that a thief named Sticky Fingers Fred is on the loose causing Goofy to set traps around the garage just in case Sticky Fingers Fred shows up.
20b
"Camp Happy Helpers"[2] Broni Likomanov Kim Duran Roger Dondis September 15, 2017 (2017-09-15) 121 0.73[25]
Minnie, Daisy, and Cuckoo Loca are hired to be camp counselors when all the camp counselors came down with the summer hiccough. As camp counselors for Susie Beagleman and Minnie's nieces Millie and Melody, Daisy is suspicious when Susie plans to investigate the legend of the Bigfoot Beast as it's stalking is similar to the Squidrilla horror movie that she just saw.
Production[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2017)
Mickey and the Roadster Racers was renewed for a second season on March 15, 2017.[26]
Release[edit]
Broadcast[edit]
Mickey and the Roadster Racers premiered on Disney Junior in Canada on January 21,[27] and Portugal and Spain on March 4,[28][29] the UK and Ireland on April 19 and premiered in Hungary and Romania on April 22,[30] in Japan on April 4,[31] in Poland in April,[32] and in, Greece, Latin America and Turkey in 2017.[33][34][35][36][37][38]
It premiered on March 24, 2017 on Disney Junior (Asia) and premiered on April 22 on Disney Junior (Southern Africa). In Australia, the series premiered on March 17 on Disney Junior.
Home media[edit]
The first few episodes of Mickey and the Roadster Racers were released on DVD and high-def Blu-ray Disc on March 7, 2017.[39] Minnie's Happy Helpers will be released on July 25, 2017, with the release themed around the Minnie and Daisy subplots.[40]
Reception[edit]
Mickey and the Roadster Racers received mixed to positive reviews. Common Sense Media rated the series a 3 out of 5 stars, stating "Mickey and the Roadster Racers is set in a bustling town filled with race cars and favorite Disney characters and special guests voiced by racing stars such as Jimmie Johnson and Jeff Gordon. The characters' experiences represent for kids how communities and their residents work, and their interactions have subtle reminders about building and sustaining friendships. There's always ample opportunity for the characters to race around the town to the delight of young fans in the audience."[41]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lincoln, Ross A. (December 1, 2016). "Disney Junior Sets January Launch For ‘Mickey And The Roadster Racers’". deadline.com. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Mickey and the Roadster Racers". Disney Junior Press. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mitch Metcalf (January 18, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.15.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mitch Metcalf (January 18, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.16.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitch Metcalf (January 23, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.20.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitch Metcalf (January 30, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.27.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitch Metcalf (February 6, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.3.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitch Metcalf (February 13, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.10.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitch Metcalf (February 27, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.24.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitch Metcalf (March 13, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.10.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Goof Luck Charm; Teed Off!". Screener. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitch Metcalf (March 27, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.24.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Impossible Race; The Happiest Helpers Cruise!". Screener. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (Apr 15, 2017). "showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-14-2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Smarty Goof; Adventures in Buddysitting!". Screener. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (May 15, 2017). "showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-12-2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b June 2017 Disney premieres - ToonZone Forums
Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-16-2017.html
^ Jump up to: a b "Mickey and the Roadster Racers : The Haunted Hot Rod; Pete's Ghostly Gala". Zap2it. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-6-2017.html
Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-14-2017.html
Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-28-2017.html
Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-11-2017.html
Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-25-2017.html
Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-15-2017.html
Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/03/disney-junior-renews-mickey-and-the-roadster-racers-the-lion-guard-1202043582/
Jump up ^ Disney Junior Canada (January 4, 2017). "Mickey and the Roadster Racers Happy Helpers Song". YouTube. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "MICKEY E OS SUPERPILOTOS ESTÃO A CHEGAR!". Superstars - Sapo (in Portuguese). Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Disney Junior estrena 'Mickey y los superpilotos' el próximo 4 de marzo". FormulaTV (in Spanish). March 2, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Disney Junior áprilisi újdonságai". Gyerek-Világ (in Hungarian). March 19, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ disneychanneljp (January 4, 2017). "【2017年注目作品④】". Twitter (in Japanese). Retrieved January 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Krzychu00012 (February 7, 2017). "Kwietniowe nowości w Disney Junior". SATinfo24 (in Polish). Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Disney Channel Africa (March 11, 2017). "Mickey and the Roadster Racers - Theme Song | Official Disney Junior Africa". YouTube. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Disney Greece (March 16, 2017). "Mickey and the Roadster Racers - Theme Song". YouTube. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Daniel Azevedo (November 17, 2016). ""Mickey Aventuras sobre Rodas" é a nova animação da Disney". Nerd Site (in Portuguese). Retrieved November 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Disney Junior adelanta su nueva serie "Mickey Aventuras sobre Ruedas"". La República (in Spanish). Retrieved November 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ DisneyChannelTR (March 10, 2017). "Mickey ve Çılgın Yarışçılar çok yakında Disney Junior'da!". YouTube. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ DisneyJuniorUK (December 9, 201 6). "Mickey and the Roadster Racers Teaser Trailer! Disney Junior UK". YouTube. Retrieved December 29, 2016. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Bring Home this Fast Paced Fun of Mickey and the Roadster Racers on Disney DVD". Chip and Co. 2016-12-17. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
Jump up ^ "Mickey And The Roadster Racers: Minnie's Happy Helpers". Amazon. 2017-05-18. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
Jump up ^ https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/mickey-and-the-roadster-racers
External links[edit]
USA portal
Television portal
Disney portal
Mickey and the Roadster Racers on IMDb
Mickey and the Roadster Racers at TV.com
Mickey and the Roadster Racers on Disney Junior
Mickey and the Roadster Racers on WATCH Disney Junior
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text:
Delhi Airport metro station
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Airport
विमानपत्तन
Delhi Metro station
Line(s)
Airport Express
Construction
Structure type
Underground
History
Opened
23 February 2011
Services
Preceding station
Delhi Metro
Following station
Delhi Aerocity
toward New Delhi
Orange Line
Dwarka Sector 21
Terminus
The Airport Metro Station is located on the Delhi Airport Express Line of the Delhi Metro. This station is linked to the Indira Gandhi International Airport terminal 3. The station was inaugurated on 23 February 2011, after numerous delays.[1]
Alternate rail access to the airport[edit]
The closest Indian Railways station is Shahabad Mohammadpur (SMDP).[2] Also within distance is Palam Railway Station (PM).[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.zeenews.com/news685448.html
Jump up ^ http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/5424
Jump up ^ http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/352?a=1
[show]
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Delhi Metro stations
Red Line
New Bus Adda
Arthala
Mohan Nagar
Shyam Park
Rajendra Nagar
Raj Bagh
Shahid Nagar
Dilshad Garden
Jhilmil
Mansarovar Park
Shahdara
Welcome ■
Seelampur
Shastri Park
Kashmere Gate ■ ■
Tis Hazari
Pul Bangash
Pratap Nagar
Shastri Nagar
Inderlok ■
Kanhiya Nagar
Keshav Puram
Netaji Subhash Place ■
Kohat Enclave
Pitam Pura
Rohini East
Rohini West
Rithala
Yellow Line
Samaypur Badli
Rohini Sector 18, 19
Haiderpur
Jahangirpuri
Adarsh Nagar
Azadpur ■
Model Town
GTB Nagar
Vishwa Vidyalaya
Vidhan Sabha
Civil Lines
Kashmere Gate ■ ■
Chandni Chowk
Chawri Bazar
New Delhi ■
Rajiv Chowk ■
Patel Chowk
Central Secretariat ■
Udyog Bhawan
Lok Kalyan Marg
Jor Bagh
INA ■
AIIMS
Green Park
Hauz Khas ■
Malviya Nagar
Saket
Qutab Minar
Chhatarpur
Sultanpur
Ghitorni
Arjan Garh
Guru Dronacharya
Sikandarpur
MG Road
IFFCO Chowk
HUDA City Centre
Blue Line
Dwarka Sector 21 ■
Dwarka Sector 8
Dwarka Sector 9
Dwarka Sector 10
Dwarka Sector 11
Dwarka Sector 12
Dwarka Sector 13
Dwarka Sector 14
Dwarka
Dwarka Mor
Nawada
Uttam Nagar West
Uttam Nagar East
Janakpuri West ■
Janakpuri East
Tilak Nagar
Subhash Nagar
Tagore Garden
Rajouri Garden ■
Ramesh Nagar
Moti Nagar
Kirti Nagar ■
Shadipur
Patel Nagar
Rajendra Place
Karol Bagh
Jhandewalan
Ramakrishna Ashram Marg
Rajiv Chowk ■
Barakhamba Road
Mandi House ■
Pragati Maidan
Indraprastha
Yamuna Bank
Akshardham
Mayur Vihar-I ■
Mayur Vihar Extension
New Ashok Nagar
Noida Sector 15
Noida Sector 16
Noida Sector 18
Botanical Garden ■
Golf Course
Noida City Centre
Noida Sector 34
Noida Sector 52
Noida Sector 61
Noida Sector 59
Noida Sector 62
Noida Electronic City
Yamuna Bank–Vaishali Branch
Yamuna Bank
Laxmi Nagar
Nirman Vihar
Preet Vihar
Karkarduma ■
Anand Vihar ■
Kaushambi
Vaishali
Dwarka–Najafgarh Branch (under construction)
Dwarka
Nangli
Najafgarh
Green Line
Inderlok ■
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Punjabi Bagh East
Shivaji Park
Madipur
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Paschim Vihar West
Peera Garhi
Udyog Nagar
Surajmal Stadium
Nangloi
Nangloi Railway Station
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Mundka
Mundka Industrial Area
Ghevra
Tikri Kalan
Tikri Border
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Bus Stand
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Ashok Park Main–Kirti Nagar Branch
Ashok Park Main
Satguru Ramsingh Marg
Kirti Nagar ■
Violet Line
Kashmere Gate ■ ■
Lal Qila
Jama Masjid
Delhi Gate
ITO
Mandi House ■
Janpath
Central Secretariat ■
Khan Market
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
Jangpura
Lajpat Nagar ■
Moolchand
Kailash Colony
Nehru Place
Kalkaji Mandir ■
Govind Puri
Harkesh Nagar Okhla
Jasola Apollo
Sarita Vihar
Mohan Estate
Tughlakabad Station
Badarpur Border
Sarai
NHPC Chowk
Mewala Maharajpur
Sector-28
Badkhal Mor
Old Faridabad
Neelam Chowk Ajronda
Bata Chowk
Escorts Mujesar
NCB Colony
Ballabhgarh
Airport Express
New Delhi ■
Shivaji Stadium
Dhaula Kuan
Delhi Aerocity
Airport
Dwarka Sector 21 ■
Pink Line
(under construction)
Majlis Park
Azadpur ■
Shalimar Bagh
Netaji Subhash Place ■
Shakurpur
Punjabi Bagh West ■
ESI Hospital
Rajouri Garden ■
Mayapuri
Naraina Vihar
Delhi Cantt
South Campus ■
Moti Bagh
Bhikaji Cama Place
Sarojini Nagar
INA ■
South Extension
Lajpat Nagar ■
Vinoba Puri
Ashram
Hazrat Nizamuddin
Mayur Vihar ■
Mayur Vihar Pocket I
Trilokpuri
Vinod Nagar East
Vinod Nagar
I P Extension
Anand Vihar ■
Karkarduma ■
Krishna Nagar
East Azad Nagar
Welcome ■
Jaffrabad
Maujpur
Gokulpuri
Johri Enclave
Shiv Vihar
Magenta Line
(under construction)
Janakpuri West ■
Dabri Mor
Dashrath Puri
Palam
Sadar Bazaar Cantonment
Terminal 1-IGI Airport
Shankar Vihar
Vasant Vihar
Munirka
R.K Puram
IIT Delhi
Hauz Khas ■
Panchsheel Park
Chirag Delhi
Greater Kailash
Nehru Enclave
Kalkaji Mandir ■
Okhla NSIC
Sukhdev Vihar
Jamia Millia Islamia
Okhla Vihar
Jasola Vihar Shaleen Bagh
Kalindi Kunj
Okhla Bird Sanctuary
Botanical Garden ■
Stations along operational lines that are denoted in italics have yet to open.
Coordinates: 28°33′26″N 77°05′12″E / 28.557096°N 77.086738°E / 28.557096; 77.086738
This article related to the Delhi Metro is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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This article about a railway station in the Indian union territory of Delhi is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Airport_metro_station&oldid=769000240"
Categories:
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text:
Temperance movement in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
See also: Prohibition in the United States and List of Dry States
The Temperance movement in the United States was a movement to curb the consumption of alcohol. It had a large influence on American politics and society in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
The Drunkard's Progress: A lithograph by Nathaniel Currier supporting the temperance movement, January 1846.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early Temperance: 1784-1861
1.1 Temperance Theatre
1.2 Early victories in Maine
2 Second Wave Temperance: 1872-1893
2.1 Temperance education
2.2 Temperance fountains
3 Third Wave Temperance: 1893-1933
3.1 Anti-Saloon League
4 Temperance organizations
5 Notes and references
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Early Temperance: 1784-1861[edit]
An early allegorical map of temperance by John Jr Wiltberger, 1838.
An allegorical map on temperance, based on the notion of alcohol as a train ride to destruction, the "Black Valley Rail Road" by the Massachusetts Temperance Alliance, 1863.
In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, various factors contributed to an epidemic of alcoholism that went hand-in-hand with spousal abuse, family neglect, and chronic unemployment. Americans used to drinking lightly alcoholic beverages like cider "from the crack of dawn to the crack of dawn" began ingesting far more alcohol as they drank more of strong, cheap beverages like rum (in the colonial period) and whiskey (in the post-Revolutionary period).[1] Popular pressure for cheap and plentiful alcohol led to relaxed ordinances on alcohol sales.
The Temperance movement sparked to life with Benjamin Rush's 1784 tract, An Inquiry Into the Effects of Ardent Spirits Upon the Human Body and Mind, which judged the excessive use of alcohol injurious to physical and psychological health. Apparently influenced by Dr. Rush's Inquiry, about 200 farmers in a Connecticut community formed a temperance association in 1789 to ban the making of whiskey. Similar associations were formed in Virginia in 1800, and New York State in 1808.[2] Over the next decade, other temperance organizations were formed in eight states, some being statewide organizations. The young movement advocated temperance or levelness rather than abstinence. Many leaders of the movement expanded their activities and took positions on observance of the Sabbath and other moral issues, and by the early 1820s political in-fighting had stalled the movement.
Some leaders persevered in pressing their cause forward. Americans such as Lyman Beecher, who was a Connecticut minister, had started to lecture his fellow citizens against all use of liquor in 1825. The American Temperance Society was formed in 1826 and benefited from a renewed interest in religion and morality. Within 12 years it claimed more than 8,000 local groups and over 4,500,000 members. By 1839, 18 temperance journals were being published. Simultaneously, some Protestant and Catholic church leaders were beginning to promote temperance. The movement split along two lines in the late 1830s: between moderates allowing some drinking and radicals demanding total abstinence, and between voluntarists relying on moral suasion alone and prohibitionists promoting laws to restrict or ban alcohol. Radicals and prohibitionists dominated many of the largest temperance organizations after the 1830s, and temperance eventually became synonymous with prohibition.
The Civil War dealt the movement a crippling blow. Temperance groups in the South were then weaker than their Northern counterparts and too voluntarist to gain any statewide prohibition law, and the few prohibition laws in the North were repealed by the war's end. Both sides in the war made alcohol sales a part of the war effort by taxing brewers and distillers to finance much of the conflict. The issue of slavery crowded out temperance and temperance groups petered out until they found new life in the 1870s.[3]
Temperance Theatre[edit]
Temperance birthed an entire genre of theatre. This was first seen in 1895[citation needed], as The Forgers, a dramatic poem written by John Blake White, premiered at the Charleston Theatre in Charleston, South Carolina. The next significant temperance drama to debut was titled "Fifteen Years of a Drunkard's Life", written by Douglas Jerrold in 1841. As the movement began to grow and prosper, these dramas became more popular among the general public. The Drunkard by W.H. Smith premiered in 1841 in Boston, running for 144 performances before being produced at P.T. Barnum's American Museum on lower Broadway. The play was wildly popular and is often credited with the entrance of the temperance narrative into mainstream American theatre. It continued to be a staple of New York's theatre scene all the way until 1875. "The Drunkard" follows the typical format of a temperance drama: the main character has an alcohol-induced downfall, and he restores his life from disarray once he denounces drinking for good at the play's end. Temperance drama continued to grow as a genre of theatre, fostered by the advent of the railroad as a form of transportation. This enabled theatre companies to be much more mobile, traveling from city to city. Temperance drama would even reach as far as the West Coast, as David Belasco's adaptation of Émile Zola's novel "Drink" premiered at the Baldwin Theatre in San Francisco in 1879. The image titled The Drunkards Progress shown in the top of the article, gives us a representation of the temperance movement. This image depicts the progress of a drunk man, slowly the woman disappears, and the mans night ends in death. This picture shows us that drinking is social but also brings poverty upon people as well as death and loneliness.
Early victories in Maine[edit]
Maine was an early hotbed of the temperance movement. The world's first Total Abstinence Society was formed in Portland in 1815, and a statewide temperance group formed in 1834.[4] These groups won a major victory in 1838 when they pressured the state legislature to pass the Fifteen Gallon Law, which prohibited the sale of spirits in quantities of less than that amount.[5] Its practical effect was to make hard liquor available to the wealthy, who were the only ones who could afford such quantities.[5] It was repealed within two years.[5] However, in 1851 the so-called Maine law passed, which banned the production and sale of alcoholic beverages.[4] Thus Maine became the first "dry" state. However, the law's exception for “medicinal, mechanical and manufacturing purposes” meant that liquor was still available for some.[4]
Second Wave Temperance: 1872-1893[edit]
As Reconstruction came to a close in the 1870s, most white reformers grew uninterested in racial equality and invested more energy into temperance.[6] This period produced various temperance organizations including the prohibitionist Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU, f. 1874) and the voluntarist Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America (CTAU, f. 1872). Prohibitionist temperance grew popular in the South as it embraced the "Southern" values of racial hierarchy, gender roles, and honor.[7] The national movement enlisted more religious support throughout the country, especially from evangelicals.
Temperance education[edit]
In 1873, the WCTU established a Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction in Schools and Colleges, with Mary Hunt as National Superintendent. The WCTU was an influential organization with a membership of 120,000 by 1879.[citation needed] Frances Willard led the group under the motto "Do Everything" to protect women and children. Some of the changes the WCTU sought included property and custody rights for women, women's suffrage, raising the age of consensual sex, peace arbitration, women's education, and advocacy for working rights of women.[8]
Postcard depicting Temperance Hall
Because of the correlation between drinking and domestic violence—many drunken husbands abused family members—the temperance movement existed alongside various women's rights and other movements, including the Progressive movement, and often the same activists were involved in multiple movements. Many notable voices of the time, ranging from Lucy Webb Hayes to Susan B. Anthony, were active in temperance. In Canada, Nellie McClung was a longstanding advocate of temperance. As with most social movements, there was a gamut of activists running from violent (Carrie Nation) to mild (Neal S. Dow).
The American Temperance University opened in 1893 in the planned town of Harriman, Tennessee, which was developed as a community with no alcoholic beverages permitted. In its second year of operation the institution enrolled 345 students from 20 states. However, it closed in 1908.
Temperance fountains[edit]
Main article: Temperance fountain
Muddied and ill-tasting drinking water encouraged many Americans to drink alcohol for health purposes, so temperance groups constructed public drinking fountains throughout the United States following the Civil War. The National Woman's Christian Temperance Union (NWCTU)'s organizing convention of 1874 strongly encouraged its attendees to erect the fountains in the places that they had come from. The NWCTU advocated public temperance fountains as a means to discourage males from entering drinking establishment for refreshment.[9]
Cast-stone statues of Hebe were marketed for use in temperance fountains. In Union Square Park{[10] (New York City) the James Fountain (1881), is a Temperance fountain with the figure of Charity who empties her jug of water, aided by a child; it was donated by Daniel Willis James and sculpted by Adolf Donndorf. In Washington DC "the" Temperance Fountain was donated to the city in 1882 by Temperance crusader Henry D. Cogswell. This fountain was one of a series of fountains he designed and commissioned in a belief that easy access to cool drinking water would keep people from consuming alcohol. Under its stone canopy the words "Faith," "Hope," "Charity," and "Temperance" are chiseled. Atop this canopy is a life-sized heron, and the centerpiece is a pair of entwined heraldic scaly dolphins. Originally, visitors were supposed to freely drink ice water flowing from the dolphins' snouts with a brass cup attached to the fountain and the overflow was collected by a trough for horses, but the city tired of having to replenish the ice in a reservoir underneath the base and disconnected the supply pipes. Other Cogswell fountains include one still standing in New York City's Tompkins Square Park.[11][12]
Simon Benson, an Oregon lumberman, was a tee-totaler who wanted to discourage his workers from drinking alcohol in the middle of the day. In 1912, Benson gave the City of Portland USD$10,000 for the installation of twenty bronze drinking fountains. As of May, 2012, these fountains, known as "Benson Bubblers", continue to be used as functional public drinking devices in downtown Portland; two Portland "Benson Bubbler" locations are Eastbank Esplanade and the corner of "3rd and Burnside".[13][14]
Third Wave Temperance: 1893-1933[edit]
The last wave of temperance in the United States saw the rise of the Anti-Saloon League (ASL), which successfully pushed for National Prohibition from its enactment in 1920 to its repeal in 1933. This heavily prohibitionist wave attracted a diverse coalition: doctors, pastors, and eugenicists; Klansmen and liberal internationalists; business leaders and labor radicals; conservative evangelicals and liberal theologians.[15]
Anti-Saloon League[edit]
Rev. Howard Hyde Russell founded the Anti-Saloon League (ASL) in 1893. Under the leadership of Wayne Wheeler the ASL stressed political results and perfected the art of pressure politics. It did not demand that politicians change their drinking habits, only their votes in the legislature. Other organizations like the Prohibition Party and the WCTU soon lost influence to the better-organized and more focused ASL.
The ASL's motto was "the Church in action against the saloon," and it mobilized its religious coalition to pass state (and local) legislation (establishing dry states and dry counties).
By the late nineteenth century, most Protestant denominations and the American wing of the Catholic Church supported the movement to legally restrict the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages. These groups believed that alcohol consumption led to corruption, prostitution, spousal abuse and other criminal activities. Brewers and distillers resisted the reform movement, which threatened to ruin their livelihood, and also feared women having the vote, because they expected women to vote for prohibition.[8]
Energized by the anti-German sentiment during World War I, the ASL achieved its main goal of passage on December 18, 1917—the 18th Amendment. Upon ratification by three-fourths of the state legislatures by January 16, 1919, established National Prohibition. (the Amendment came into effect on January 16, 1920) Prohibition banned "the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States and its possessions." However, Prohibition did not outlaw the purchase or consumption of alcohol products.
A temperance fountain in Tompkins Square Park, New York City
Temperance organizations[edit]
Temperance organizations of the United States played an essential role in bringing about ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution establishing national prohibition of alcohol. They included:
The American Issue Publishing House
The American Temperance Society
The Anti-Saloon League
The British Women's Temperance Association
The Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America
The Committee of Fifty (1893)
The Daughters of Temperance[16]
The Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction
The Flying Squadron of America
The IOGT-USA (active)
The Knights of Father Matthew
The Lincoln-Lee Legion
The Methodist Board of Temperance, Prohibition, and Public Morals
The National Temperance Society and Publishing House
The Pioneer Total Abstinence Association (active)
The Prohibition Party (active)
The Salvation Army (active)
The Scientific Temperance Federation
The Sons of Temperance
The Templars of Honor and Temperance
The Abstinence Society
The Total Abstinence Society, formed in Portland, Maine in 1815.[4]
The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (active)
The Woman's New York State Temperance Society, founded in 1852 by Susan B. Anthony and Mary C. Vaughn[17]
The National Temperance Council
The World League Against Alcoholism (a pro-prohibition organization)
There was often considerable overlap in membership in these organizations, as well as in leadership. Prominent temperance leaders in the United States included Bishop James Cannon, Jr., James Black, Ernest Cherrington, Neal S. Dow, Mary Hunt, William E. Johnson (known as "Pussyfoot" Johnson), Carrie Nation, Howard Hyde Russell, John St. John, Billy Sunday, Father Mathew, Andrew Volstead and Wayne Wheeler.
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ W.J., Rorabaugh (1981). The Alcohol Republic: An American Tradition. Oxford University Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-1950-2990-1. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
Jump up ^ Blocker, Jack S. (1989). American Temperance Movements: Cycles of Reform. Boston: Twayne Publishers. p. 16.
Jump up ^ "Yours for the Oppressed": The Life of Jehiel C. Beman Kathleen Housley The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 77, No. 1 (Winter, 1992), pp. 17-29
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bouchard, Kelley (2 October 2011). "When Maine went dry". Portland Press Herald. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gately, Ian (2009). Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol. London: Gotham Books. pp. 261–262. ISBN 978-1592404643.
Jump up ^ Smith (2001), Grant, p. 547
Jump up ^ Coker, Joe L. (2007). Liquor in the Land of the Lost Cause: Southern White Evangelicals and the Prohibition Movement. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Howard Clark Kee, Emily Albu, Carter Lindberg, J. William Frost, Dana L. Robert (1998). Christianity: A Social and Cultural History. 2nd edition. Prentice Hall, River, NJ.
Jump up ^ Staff (1996–2009). "WCTU Drinking Fountains - Then and Now". Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Union Square Park Monuments - Union Square Drinking Fountain : NYC Parks". nycgovparks.org.
Jump up ^ "History lessons flow from two temperance fountains - The Villager Newspaper". thevillager.com.
Jump up ^ "Tompkins Square Park Highlights : NYC Parks". nycgovparks.org.
Jump up ^ Jolie Wolfe (20 May 2012). "Water Bureau: Benson Bubbler bowl was stolen". FOX 12 Oregon. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Dan Haneckow (2 February 2012). "Benson Bubbler, 3rd and Burnside. Portland Oregon, February 2, 2012." (Image file). flickr. Yahoo! Inc. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "A Nation of Drunkards." Prohibition. Produced by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick. 2 hours. PBS video, DVD, 2011.
Jump up ^ Staff (7 December 2007). "1846, Martha Washington Salem Union No. 6., Daughters of Temperance". New Jersey Women's History. The Women's Project of New Jersey, Inc. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Gately, Ian (2009). Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol (1st ed.). London: Gotham Books. p. 319. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
See also[edit]
Anti-Cigarette League of America
Daisy Douglas Barr
Diocletian Lewis
Edith Smith Davis
Eliza Thompson
Gene Amondson
Let Every Man Mind His Own Business (short story)
Mary Hunt
Purley Baker
Straight Edge
The Hallelujah Trail
Thomas Sewall
Washington movement
References[edit]
Ernest Cherrington, Evolution of Prohibition in the United States (1926). by dry leader
Clark; Norman H. Deliver Us From Evil: An Interpretation of American Prohibition. W. W. Norton, 1976. supports prohibition
Dannenbaum, Jed. "The Origins of Temperance Activism and Militancy among American Women", Journal of Social History vol. 14 (1981): 235-36.
Gusfield, Joseph R. Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1963.
Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest, Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1971.
McConnell, D. W. Temperance Movements. In: Seligman, Edwin R. A., and Johnson, Alvin (eds.) Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 1933.
Meyer, Sabine N. We Are What We Drink: The Temperance Battle in Minnesota. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2015.
Odegard, Peter H. Pressure Politics: The Story of the Anti-Saloon League. 1928.
Sheehan, Nancy M. The WCTU and education: Canadian-American illustrations. Journal of the Midwest History of Education Society, 1981, P, 115-133.
Timberlake, James H. Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900-1920. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963.
Tracy, Sarah W. and Caroline Jean Acker; Altering American Consciousness: The History of Alcohol and Drug Use in the United States, 1800-2000. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2004.
Tyrrell, Ian; Woman's World/Woman's Empire: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union in International Perspective, 1880-1930. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.
External links[edit]
In the South (entry in the New Georgia Encyclopedia)
Temperance news page - Alcohol and Drugs History Society
NBC News interview with CUNY's Josh Brown on the Temperance Movement
See more images from temperance movement in the United States by selecting the "Alcohol" subject at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection, Cornell University Library
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