text:
JoAnna Garcia
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JoAnna García
García in 2008
Born
(1979-08-10) August 10, 1979 (age 38)
Tampa, Florida, U.S.
Other names
JoAnna García Swisher
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1993–present
Spouse(s)
Nick Swisher (m. 2010)
Children
2
JoAnna García (born August 10, 1979)[1] is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Sam in Are You Afraid of the Dark? (1993–96), Vicki Appleby in Freaks and Geeks (1999-2000), and Cheyenne Hart-Montgomery on The WB/CW sitcom Reba (2001–07). She has also gained popularity with her acting roles in Privileged (2008–09), Better with You (2010–11), Animal Practice (2012), Once Upon a Time (2013–present) and The Astronaut Wives Club (2015).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
3.1 Causes and interests
4 Filmography
4.1 Television
4.2 Film
5 Accolades
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
García was born in Tampa, Florida, to Cuban parents. Her mother, Loraine, was a homemaker and former elementary school teacher, and her father, Jay García, was a gynecologist.[2][3][4] She has one brother, Michael García.[citation needed] She first started performing at age 10 when she auditioned for a local theater production and landed the lead.[citation needed]
She was discovered by Disney Channel, but her parents put school first and she continued to feed her passion by acting in local plays. She was the homecoming queen[5] at Florida's Tampa Catholic High School.[4] Garcia is a devout Catholic.[citation needed]
Career[edit]
While in Florida, García guest starred in seaQuest DSV, Second Noah, and Superboy and several movies of the week. While attending high school, she was re-discovered by Nickelodeon and starred for three seasons as Samantha on Are You Afraid of the Dark?. She commuted from Florida to Montreal, Canada, where the show was filmed. She was cast at the age of fifteen on the 1994 television drama Party of Five, playing the recurring character Hallie. She had a recurring role on Freaks and Geeks (1999–2000) portraying the character of Vicki Appleby the popular freshman cheerleader who spent seven minutes in heaven with the ultimate geek, Bill Haverchuck (Martin Starr).[4] She then briefly attended college at Florida State University where she was a member of the Delta Delta Delta sorority,[citation needed] but later quit school to pursue acting full-time, moving to Los Angeles, California.
García went on to portray the character of Cheyenne Hart-Montgomery, Reba's (Reba McEntire) oldest daughter on The WB/CW sitcom Reba (2001–07). She was featured on the short-lived CBS comedy Welcome to the Captain. Beginning in the fall of 2008, she starred as Megan Smith in the CW series Privileged (originally known as How to Survive the Filthy Rich). On the big screen, García was seen in the comedy spoof Not Another Teen Movie.[4] She has also appeared in the original television movies From the Earth to the Moon (1998) and Love's Deadly Triangle: The Texas Cadet Murder (1997). She also appeared in the ABC Family original movie The Initiation of Sarah, which premiered in October 2006. In 2008, she had a role in A Very Merry Daughter of the Bride, playing Roxanne. She had a leading role in the ABC Family TV movie Revenge of the Bridesmaids.
In 2009, García had a recurring role on The CW drama Gossip Girl playing the role of Bree Buckley, an irreverent evil Miss America-type who is politically progressive, but hails from a conservative Southern family. She appeared in four episodes in season three.[6] In December 2009, she guest starred as Maggie, Ted Mosby's college buddy on How I Met Your Mother.
García starred in the ABC sitcom Better with You. The show centers on two sisters who were at different points in their romantic relationships: one was unmarried and in a long-term relationship and the other (García) got married after getting pregnant from a one-night stand.[7] It was canceled on May 13, 2011.[8]
Garcia guest-starred on The Penguins of Madagascar in the episode "The Officer X Factor/Love Hurts", which aired on February 12, 2011. In 2012, Garcia appeared in four episodes of the USA Network dramedy Royal Pains as a nephrologist treating Jack O'Malley (Tom Cavanagh).[9] In 2013, during season three of the series Once Upon a Time she began playing the recurring role of the Ariel from The Little Mermaid.
Personal life[edit]
Garcia and her husband, outfielder/first baseman Nick Swisher, at Forward Operating Base Shank, Afghanistan on a USO tour to greet troops and tour military facilities, November 25, 2011
In 2008, García became engaged to Trace Ayala, co-founder of the clothing company William Rast with his childhood friend Justin Timberlake. (Ayala was Timberlake's former personal assistant.)[10]
In August 2009, People magazine reported that García was dating baseball player Nick Swisher.[11] They became engaged in May 2010,[12] and married on December 11, 2010 at the Breakers Hotel & Resort in Palm Beach, Florida.[13] Bridesmaids for García included friends and fellow actresses Jamie-Lynn Sigler, Melissa Peterman, and Reba McEntire.[14] Since her marriage, she has been credited as Joanna García Swisher.[9] They have two daughters: Emerson Jay (born May 21, 2013).[15][16] and Sailor Stevie (born June 28, 2016).[17][18]
Causes and interests[edit]
García volunteers as a teacher for children who are learning English as a second language. She is involved with the organization Make the Commitment, whose purpose is to raise awareness about cervical cancer.[19][20][21] She has an organization called We Reach,[5] a charity which has assembled an advisory board in the entertainment industry to help young girls around the country organize charity events in their hometowns. The charity also has the goal of empowering young women.
Filmography[edit]
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1992 Superboy Girl Episode: "Obituary for a Superhero"
1992 Clarissa Explains It All Fiona Episode: "Take My Advice... Please"
1994–1996 Are You Afraid of the Dark? Sam Main role (37 episodes)
1994 seaQuest DSV Iris Episode: "Playtime"
1996, 1997 Second Noah Katherine Ortega 3 episodes
1996 Step by Step Chelsea Episode: "We're Going to Disney World: Part 1"
1998 From the Earth to the Moon Julie Shepard Miniseries; episode: "For Miles and Miles"
1997 Love's Deadly Triangle: The Texas Cadet Murder Susie Movie
1998 Party of Five Hallie 5 episodes
1998 Any Day Now Martha Montgomery Episode: "It's Who You Sleep With"
1999 Holy Joe Joyce Cass Movie
1999 Dawson's Creek Girl #1 – Tracy Episode: "Be Careful What You Wish For"
1999 Pacific Blue Leah Chandler Episode: "Lucky 13"
1999 Providence Gillian Episode: "Heaven Can Wait"
1999 CI5: The New Professionals Cadet Susan Episode: "Glory Days"
2000 Freaks and Geeks Vicki Appleby 5 episodes
2000 Opposite Sex Cassie Schreiber Episode: "The Homosexual Episode"
2000 Freedom Sally Mueller Episode: "Assassins"
2000 Boston Public Susan Potter Episode: "Chapter Four"
2001 Go Fish Amanda Episode: "Go P.D.A."
2001 Going to California Jennifer Episode: "I Know Why the Caged Rhino Sings"
2001–2007 Reba Cheyenne Hart-Montgomery Main role (127 episodes)
2001 Off Centre Ramona Episode: "Let's Meet Mike and Euan"
2004 What I Like About You Fiona Episode: "Three Little Words"
2005 Family Guy Liddane (voice) Episode: "8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter"
2006 Initiation of Sarah, TheThe Initiation of Sarah Corinne Movie
2008 Welcome to the Captain Hope Main role (5 episodes)
2008–2009 Privileged Megan Smith Main role (18 episodes)
2008 A Very Merry Daughter of the Bride Roxanne Movie
2009 Gossip Girl Bree Buckley 4 episodes
2009 How I Met Your Mother Maggie Episode: "The Window"
2010 Revenge of the Bridesmaids Parker Wald Movie
2010–2011 Better with You Mia Putney Main role (all 22 episodes)
2011 The Penguins of Madagascar Shauna Voice only; episode: "Love Hurts"
2012 Royal Pains Dr. Nina Greene 4 episodes
2012 Animal Practice Dorothy Crane Main role (all 9 episodes)
2013–15;
2017 Once Upon a Time Ariel Recurring role (6 episodes)
2014 The Mindy Project Sally Prentice 3 episodes
2015 The Astronaut Wives Club Betty Grissom Main role (10 episodes)
2015 Grandfathered Sloan Episode: "Edie's Two Dads"
2016 Pitch Rachel Patrick Episode: "The Interim"
2017 Kevin (Probably) Saves the World Amy Main role
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001 American Pie 2 Christy
2001 Not Another Teen Movie Sandy Sue
2006 A-List Naomi
2008 Extreme Movie Sweetie Pie
2013 Internship, TheThe Internship Megan
2017 Fist Fight Maggie Campbell
Accolades[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Work
Result
2005 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress – Comedy Reba Nominated
2009 ALMA Awards Actress in Television – Comedy Privileged Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "JoAnna Garcia". Us Weekly. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welcome to the World of JoAnna Garcia. peopleenespanol.com
Jump up ^ Joanna Garcia Biography (1979–) at filmreference.com
^ Jump up to: a b c d Deggans, Eric. "'Reba' has a touch of Tampa", St. Petersburg Times, February 1, 2002.
^ Jump up to: a b Joanna García at superiorpics.com
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (June 25, 2009). "'Gossip Girl' scoop: JoAnna Garcia is Nate's new GF!". entertainmentweekly. Archived from the original on June 29, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ DiNunno, Gina (January 25, 2010). "Privileged's JoAnna Garcia Tapped for ABC Comedy". TVGuide.com.
Jump up ^ ‘Better With You’ Cancelled By ABC – Ratings | TVbytheNumbers. Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com (May 13, 2011). Retrieved on 2012-12-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitovich, Matt Webb (September 7, 2011). Exclusive: JoAnna Garcia Scrubs In As Mysterious Royal Pains Doc. tvline.com
Jump up ^ "JoAnna Garcia of Reba & Trace Ayala Get Engaged". People. June 18, 2008.
Jump up ^ Marx, Linda (August 12, 2009). "Is Kate Hudson A-Rod's Good Luck Charm?", People
Jump up ^ "Privileged's Joanna Garcia and Yankee Nick Swisher Are Engaged". People. May 28, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Joanna Garcia and Nick Swisher Wed in Palm Beach". People. December 11, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Joanna Garcia marries New York Yankees fiance Nick Swisher in Palm Beach ceremony". New York Daily News. December 12, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ Messer, Lesley. "JoAnna Garcia and Nick Swisher Welcome Baby Girl". ABC. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nick and JoAnna Garcia Swisher Welcome Daughter Emerson Jay". People. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/JoAnnaLGarcia/status/748948217614786561
Jump up ^ Kirby, Iona (February 24, 2016). "'We are so excited!' JoAnna Garcia and Nick Swisher announce they're expecting their second child together... and reveal it's a girl". Daily Mail. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ TV Star Joanna Garcia Brings Nationwide Cervical Cancer Awareness Campaign to Chicago, MakeTheConnection.org, 2005.
Jump up ^ TV Star Joanna Garcia Brings Nationwide Cervical Cancer Awareness Campaign to Miami, MakeTheConnection.org, 2005.
Jump up ^ Rybak, Hollie (October 4, 2005). Actress spreads awareness of cervical cancer at U. South Florida-area event. The Oracle. usforacle.com
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joanna Garcia.
JoAnna Garcia on IMDb
JoAnna Garcia at Country Music Television
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 121845663
LCCN: no2010092381
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JoAnna_Garcia&oldid=806158744"
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Nazca Plate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Nazca Plate
Type
Minor
Approximate area
15,600,000 km2[1]
Movement1
north-east
Speed1
40-53mm/year
Features
Pacific Ocean
1Relative to the African Plate
The Nazca Plate, named after the Nazca region of southern Peru, is an oceanic tectonic plate in the eastern Pacific Ocean basin off the west coast of South America. The ongoing subduction, along the Peru–Chile Trench, of the Nazca Plate under the South American Plate is largely responsible for the Andean orogeny. The Nazca Plate is bounded on the west by the Pacific Plate and to the south by the Antarctic Plate through the East Pacific Rise and the Chile Rise respectively. The movement of the Nazca Plate over several hotspots has created some volcanic islands as well as east-west running seamount chains that subduct under South America. Nazca is a relatively young plate both in terms of the age of its rocks and its existence as an independent plate having been formed from the break-up of the Farallon Plate about 23 million years ago. The oldest rocks of the plate are about 50 million years old.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Boundaries
1.1 East Pacific and Chile Rise
1.2 Peru–Chile Trench
2 Intraplate features
2.1 Hotspots
2.2 Aseismic ridges
2.3 Fracture zones
3 Plate motion
4 Geologic history
5 See also
6 References
Boundaries[edit]
East Pacific and Chile Rise[edit]
Main articles: East Pacific Rise and Chile Rise
A triple junction, the Chile Triple Junction,[3] occurs on the seafloor of the Pacific Ocean off Taitao and Tres Montes Peninsula at the southern coast of Chile. Here three tectonic plates meet: the Nazca Plate, the South American Plate, and the Antarctic Plate.
Peru–Chile Trench[edit]
See also: Peru–Chile Trench
The eastern margin is a convergent boundary subduction zone under the South American Plate and the Andes Mountains, forming the Peru–Chile Trench. The southern side is a divergent boundary with the Antarctic Plate, the Chile Rise, where seafloor spreading permits magma to rise. The western side is a divergent boundary with the Pacific Plate, forming the East Pacific Rise. The northern side is a divergent boundary with the Cocos Plate, the Galapagos Rise.
The subduction of the Nazca plate under southern Chile has a history of producing massive earthquakes, including the largest ever recorded on earth, the moment magnitude 9.5 1960 Valdivia earthquake.
Intraplate features[edit]
Hotspots[edit]
Main articles: Easter hotspot, Juan Fernández hotspot, and Galápagos hotspot
A second triple junction occurs at the northwest corner of the plate where the Nazca, Cocos, and Pacific Plates all join off the coast of Colombia. Yet another triple junction occurs at the southwest corner at the intersection of the Nazca, Pacific, and Antarctic Plates off the coast of southern Chile. At each of these triple junctions an anomalous microplate exists, the Galapagos Microplate at the northern junction and the Juan Fernandez Microplate at the southern junction. The Easter Island Microplate is a third microplate that is located just north of the Juan Fernandez Microplate and lies just west of Easter Island.
Aseismic ridges[edit]
Main articles: Nazca Ridge, Juan Fernández Ridge, and Carnegie Ridge
The Carnegie Ridge is a 1,350-km-long and up to 300-km-wide feature on the ocean floor of the northern Nazca Plate that includes the Galápagos archipelago at its western end. It is being subducted under South America with the rest of the Nazca Plate.
Fracture zones[edit]
The Darwin Gap is the area between the Nazca Plate and the coast of Chile, where Charles Darwin experienced the earthquake of 1835. It is expected that this area will be the epicenter of a major quake in the near future.[4]
Plate motion[edit]
The absolute motion of the Nazca Plate has been calibrated at 3.7 cm/yr east motion (88°), one of the fastest absolute motions of any tectonic plate. The subducting Nazca Plate, which exhibits unusual flat-slab subduction, is tearing as well as deforming as it is subducted (Barzangi and Isacks). The subduction has formed, and continues to form, the volcanic Andes Mountain Range. Deformation of the Nazca Plate even affects the geography of Bolivia, far to the east (Tinker et al.). The 1994 Bolivia earthquake occurred on the Nazca Plate; this had a magnitude of 8.2 M w {\displaystyle M_{w}} , which at that time was the strongest instrumentally recorded earthquake occurring deeper than 300 km.
Aside from the Juan Fernández Islands, this area has very few other islands that are affected by the earthquakes that are a result of complicated movements at these junctions.
Geologic history[edit]
See also: Farallon Plate
The precursor of both the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate (to its north) was the Farallon Plate, which split in the late Oligocene, about 22.8 Mya, a date arrived at by interpreting magnetic anomalies. Subduction under the South American continent began about 140 Mya, although the formation of the high parts of the Central Andes and the Bolivian orocline did not occur until 45 Mya. It has been suggested that the mountains were forced up by the subduction of the older and heavier parts of the plate, which sank more quickly into the mantle.[5]
See also[edit]
2010 Chile earthquake
Caribbean Plate
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sizes of Tectonic or Lithospheric Plates". About.com Geology. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Dutch, Steven. "Sea Floor Spreading in the Pacific".
Jump up ^ Kelly McGuire (8 April 2004). "Tectonics of South America: Chile Triple Junction" (PDF). Retrieved 27 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Darwin Gap quake will shake Chile again [1], New Scientist, 30 Jan 2011, accessed 8 Feb 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mountains on a plate form the Andes" (Issue No:214). University World News. 25 March 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
Bibliography
Extreme Science site: "A Lesson in Plate tectonics" The basics explained.
Galapagos rise junction (map)
Juan Fernandez and Easter microplate (map)
Muawia Barazangi and Bryan L. Isacks, "Spatial distribution of earthquakes and subduction of the Nazca plate beneath South America" in Geology Vol. 4, No. 11, pp. 686–692. Abstract
Mark Andrew Tinker, Terry C. Wallace, Susan L. Beck, Stephen Myers, and Andrew Papanikolas, "Geometry and state of stress of the Nazca plate beneath Bolivia and its implication for the evolution of the Bolivian orocline" in Geology 24(5), pp. 387–390 Abstract
Cahill, T. and B. Isacks (1992). "Seismicity and shape of the subducted Nazca plate." Journal Geophysical Research 97 (12)
James, D. (1978). "Subduction of the Nazca plate beneath Central Peru." Geology 6 (3) pp 174–178
Martin Meschede and Udo Barckhausen, "Plate tectonic evolution of the Cocos-Nazca spreading center"
[show]
v
t
e
Tectonic plates
Major
African
Indo-Australian Plate
Antarctic
Eurasian
North American
Pacific
South American
Minor
Amurian
Arabian
Caribbean
Caroline
Cocos
Juan de Fuca
Nazca
Okhotsk
Philippine
Scotia
Somali
Yangtze
Other
Adriatic
Aegean Sea
Anatolian
Australian
Balmoral Reef
Banda Sea
Bird's Head
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Capricorn
Conway Reef
Easter
Explorer
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Galapagos
Gonâve
Gorda
Greenland
Halmahera
Iberian
Indian
Iranian
Juan Fernández
Kerguelen
Kermadec
Madagascar
Manus
Maoke
Mariana
Molucca Sea
New Hebrides
Niuafo’ou
North Andes
North Bismarck
North Galapagos
Nubian
Okinawa
Panama
Pelso
Philippine Mobile Belt
Rivera
Sangihe
Seychelles
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Solomon Sea
South Bismarck
South Sandwich
Sunda
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Tisza
Tonga
Woodlark
Historical
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Bellingshausen
Charcot
Cimmeria
Farallon
Insular
Intermontane
Izanagi
Kula
Lhasa
Malvinas
Moa
Phoenix
List of tectonic plates
[show]
v
t
e
Tectonic plates of Central America (Pacific Plate–North American Plate–Caribbean Plate Convergence Zone)
Large
Cocos Plate
Nazca Plate
Small
Rivera Plate
Faults and
rift zones
Atl Fault
Atoyac Fault
Ballenas Fault
Carmen Fault
Cerro Prieto Fault
Chapala Tula Fault Zone
Donaji Fault
Guaymas Fault
Gulf of California Rift Zone
Farallon Fault
Imperial Fault Zone
Oaxaca Fault
Pedro Miguel Fault
Pescadero Fault
Rivera Transform Fault
Polochic Fault - Motagua Fault
San Lorenzo Fault
Tamayo Fault
Trenches and
troughs
Alarcon Basin
Carmen Basin
Consag Basin
Delfin Basin
Guaymas Basin
Middle America Trench(Acapulco/Guatemala)
San Pedro Martir Basin
Tehuantepec Ridge
Wagner Basin
Other
Rivera Triple Junction
List of faults in Costa Rica
List of seismic faults in Mexico
Coordinates: 14°49′44″S 74°56′37″W / 14.82889°S 74.94361°W / -14.82889; -74.94361
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nazca_Plate&oldid=799126130"
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Natural history of South America
Geology of the Pacific Ocean
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Fixed-gear bicycle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about a bicycle with no freewheel mechanism. For a bicycle with only one gear, see single-speed bicycle.
A fixed-gear bicycle
An 18-tooth sprocket that attaches to the rear hub of fixed-gear bike
Track sprockets are typically attached and removed from the hub by screwing them with a chain whip. This tool incorporates a lockring spanner for securing a reverse threaded lockring against the sprocket.
A fixed-gear bicycle (or fixed-wheel bicycle,[citation needed] commonly known in some places as a fixie[1]) is a bicycle that has a drivetrain with no freewheel mechanism. The freewheel was developed early in the history of bicycle design but the fixed-gear bicycle remained the standard track racing design. More recently the "fixie" has become a popular alternative among mainly urban cyclists, offering the advantage of simplicity compared with the standard multi-geared bicycle.
Most bicycle hubs incorporate a freewheel to allow the pedals to remain stationary while the bicycle is in motion, so that the rider can coast, i.e., ride without pedalling using forward momentum. A fixed-gear drivetrain has the drive sprocket (or cog) threaded or bolted directly to the hub of the back wheel, so that the pedals are directly coupled to the wheel. During acceleration, the pedal crank drives the wheel, but in other situations, the rear wheel can drive the pedal cranks.[2] This direct coupling allows a cyclist to apply a braking force with the legs and bodyweight, by resisting the rotation of the cranks. It also makes it possible to cycle backwards.
As a general rule, fixed-gear bicycles are single-speed. A derailleur for gear selection would introduce chain slack, which would interfere with braking. Gear selection can, however, be accomplished with the use of an internally geared hub. For example, a Sturmey-Archer fixed-gear 3-speed hub is a fixed-gear multi-speed arrangement. Most fixed-gear bicycles only have a front brake, and some have no brakes at all.[3]
Contents
1 Uses
2 Advantages and disadvantages
3 Brakeless
3.1 Technique
3.2 Legality
4 Conversion
4.1 Chain tension
4.2 Chainline
4.3 Gear ratio
5 Competition
6 Maintenance and upkeep
7 Subculture
7.1 Australia
7.2 Canada
7.3 China
7.4 Russia
7.4.1 Fixed Gear Moscow
7.4.2 Red Bull Fix Boulevard
7.5 Sweden
7.5.1 Community
7.5.2 Popularity factors
7.6 UK
7.7 United States
7.7.1 California
8 Circus bikes
9 In popular culture
10 See also
11 References
Uses[edit]
A track bicycle or track bike is a form of fixed-gear bicycle optimized for racing at a velodrome or at an outdoor track. Some road racing and club cyclists use a fixed-gear bicycle for training during the winter months, generally using a relatively low gear ratio, believed to help develop a good pedalling style.[4] In the UK until the 1950s it was common for riders to use fixed-gear bicycles for time trials. The 1959 British 25 mile time trial championship was won by Alf Engers with a competition record of 55 minutes 11 seconds, riding an 84 inch fixed-gear bicycle.[5][6][7][8] The fixed-gear was also commonly used, and continues to be used in the end of season hill climb races in the autumn.[9][10] A typical club men's fixed-gear machine would have been a "road/path" or "road/track" cycle. In the era when most riders only had one cycle, the same bike when stripped down and fitted with racing wheels was used for road time trials and track racing, and when fitted with mudguards (fenders) and a bag, it was used for club runs, touring and winter training.[11][12][13][14] By the 1960s, multi-gear derailleurs had become the norm and riding fixed-gear bicycles on the road declined over the next few decades.[15] Recent[needs update] years have seen renewed interest and increased popularity of fixed-gear cycling.
In urban North America and similar areas in other Western cities, fixed-gear bicycles have achieved significant popularity, with the rise of discernible regional aesthetic preferences for finish and design details.[16]
Dedicated fixed-gear road bicycles are being produced in greater numbers by established bicycle manufacturers. They are generally low in price[17] and characterized by relaxed road geometry, as opposed to the steep geometry of track bicycles.[18]
Fixed-gear bicycles are also used in cycle ball, bike polo and artistic cycling.
A fixed-gear bicycle is particularly well suited for track stands, a maneuver in which the bicycle can be held stationary, balanced upright with the rider's feet on the pedals.[19]
Advantages and disadvantages[edit]
One of the perceived main attractions of a fixed gear bicycle is low weight. Without the added parts required for a fully geared drive train—derailleurs, shifters, cables, cable carriers, multiple chain rings, freewheel hub, brazed-on mounting lugs—a fixed gear bicycle weighs less than its geared equivalent. The chain itself is subject to less sideways force and will not wear out as fast as on a derailleur system.[20] Also, a fixed gear drivetrain is more mechanically efficient than any other bicycle drivetrain, with the most direct power transfer from rider to the wheels. Thus, a fixed gear requires less energy in any given gear to move than a geared bike in the same gear.[3]
In slippery conditions some riders prefer to ride fixed because they believe the transmission provides increased feedback on back tire grip. However, there is also an increased risk of loss of control in such conditions. This is especially so when taking into account the large number of riders who ride brakeless. These riders must brake entirely through the drivetrain. Ideally this is done by resisting the forward motion of the pedals, shedding speed while the bike is still moving. Alternatively, though far less efficiently, one can brake by stopping the motion of the pedals in mid-rotation, causing the rear wheel to lock in place, allowing the bicycle to skid and slow down from kinetic friction (see below).[21]
Descending any significant gradient is more difficult as the rider must spin the cranks at high speed (sometimes at 170 rpm or more), or use the brakes to slow down. Some consider that the enforced fast spin when descending increases suppleness or flexibility, which is said to improve pedalling performance on any type of bicycle; however the performance boost is negligible compared to the benefits of riding a free wheel.[22]
Riding fixed is considered by some to encourage a more effective pedaling style, which it is claimed translates into greater efficiency and power when used on a bicycle fitted with a freewheel. It allows for the rider to engage in and practice proper cadence, which is the balanced and rhythmic flow of pedaling, enhancing performance for both cyclist and bicycle.[23]
When first riding a fixed gear, a cyclist used to a freewheel may try to freewheel, or coast, particularly when approaching corners or obstacles. Since coasting is not possible this can lead to a "kick" to the trailing leg, and even to loss of control of the bicycle. Riding at high speed around corners can be difficult on a road bike converted into a fixed-gear bicycle, as the pedals can strike the road, resulting in loss of control. Proper track bikes have a higher bottom bracket to compensate for the constantly spinning cranks and largely mitigate this problem.
Perhaps the most obvious disadvantage is the lack of multiple gears, and the flexibility in pedaling cadence and resistance made available through gear shifting. Hilly or uneven mountainous terrain with steep grades can be particularly challenging, as the rider cannot adjust the gearing to match the terrain.
Brakeless[edit]
Cyclist riding a fixed gear bike without brakes
Many urban fixed-gear riders think brakes are not strictly necessary, and brakeless fixed riding has a cult status in some areas.[24] Brakes and their cables are said to add extra bulk to the simple appearance of a fixed gear bicycle, and they prevent trick manoeuvres that involve spinning the front wheel in a full circle, unless equipped with special 360° freedom "detangler" system already known on trial or BMX bicycles.
Other riders dismiss riding on roads without brakes as an affectation, based on image rather than practicality.[25] Riding brakeless can be dangerous, is prohibited by law in many jurisdictions, and may jeopardize the chances of a claim in the event of an accident. [26]
Technique[edit]
It is possible to slow down or stop a fixed-gear bike in two ways. The first, most efficient, and least stressful on the rider's body is by resisting the turning cranks as they come up and around, shedding speed with each pedal rotation. The second way, less efficient but more showy, is to bump or skid the rear wheel along the pavement. Such a move is initiated by shifting the rider's weight slightly forward and pulling up on the pedals using clipless pedals or toe clips and straps. The rider then stops turning the cranks, thus stopping the drivetrain and rear wheel, while applying body weight in opposition to the rotation of the cranks. This causes the rear wheel to skid, and slow the bike. The skid can be held until the bicycle stops or until the rider desires to continue pedaling again at a slower speed. The technique requires practice and is generally considered dangerous when used during cornering .[27][28]
On any bike with only rear wheel braking, the maximum deceleration is significantly lower than on a bike equipped with a front brake.[29] As a vehicle brakes, weight can be transferred towards the front wheel and away from the rear, decreasing the amount of grip the rear wheel has. Transferring the rider's weight back increases rear wheel braking efficiency, but a front wheel fitted with an ordinary brake might provide 70% or more of the braking power when braking hard.[citation needed]
Legality[edit]
Austria – Brakeless bicycles are not legal to be driven on public roads. Every bike has to have two independent brakes, several reflectors and front and back lighting when conditions require it.[30]
Australia – Bicycles are regarded as vehicles under the Road Rules in every state. A bike is required by law to have at least one functioning brake.[31]
Belgium – All bicycles are required to have easy-to-hear bells and working brakes on both wheels. Lights and reflectors are not required on race, mountain, and children's bikes when not used after dark. Other (normal) bikes need reflectors and lights. These lights may be attached to the body and may blink.[32]
Brazil – Brazilian Traffic Law, article 105, subheading VI, says that, for bicycles, "bells, rear, front, sides and pedals signaling, and rear-view mirror on the left" are mandatory.[33] Albeit, nothing is explicitly said about bicycle brakes.
Canada – Laws vary by province, and are controlled by highway and traffic acts.[34] In Ontario[35] and in Québec,[36] a rear brake is required, and not having one may subject the rider to a fine.
Denmark – All bicycles are required to have working brakes on both wheels, reflectors, and bells.[37]
France – A bike must have 2 brakes, 2 lights, numerous reflectors, and a ringer to be approved for road traffic. The laws are rarely enforced, however, and the sight of all kinds of non-officially-approved bikes is common.[38]
Germany – All bicycles are required to have working brakes on both wheels, reflectors, and bells.[39] A local court in Bonn accepted that the fixed-gear mechanism was a suitable back brake,[39] but high-profile crackdowns specifically targeted fixed-gear bicycles in Berlin in an attempt to control what police described as a "dangerous trend"[40][41]
Hungary – All bicycles are required to be equipped with two independent sets of brakes. Front and rear lamps, reflectors and a bell are also required.[42]
Italy – All bicycles must have tires, two independent sets of brakes, a bell, a front white lamp, a rear red lamp and reflector, amber reflectors on pedals and sides.[43] The laws however are rarely enforced.
Netherlands – All bicycles are required to have an adequate brake system.[44]
New Zealand – By law all bicycles must have a minimum of "...a good rear brake..."–and those made since 1 January 1988 must also have "...a good front brake..."[45]
Poland – All bicycles must have at least one functional brake.[46]
Spain – All bicycles are required to have an adequate brake system on front and rear wheels, plus a bell.[47]
Sweden – Bicycles are required to have a brake and bell. Additionally, when it's dark outside they are required to have lights facing forward and back as well as reflectors facing forward, back and to the sides.[48]
United Kingdom – The Pedal Cycles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1983 require pedal cycles "so constructed that one or more of the wheels is incapable of rotating independently of the pedals, be equipped with a braking system operating on the front wheel"; riding a fixed-gear bicycle with no front brake on the street is illegal.[49] Following the conviction of UK cyclist Charlie Alliston, who knocked over and killed a woman whist riding a fixed-gear bicycle with no front brake, the UK Government announced a review of the laws covering "dangerous cycling" in September 2017. [50] A brake on the rear wheel is only required for free-wheel bicycles.[51]
United States – The use of any bike without brakes on public roads is illegal in many places, but the wording is often similar to "...must be equipped with a brake that will enable the person operating the cycle to make the braked wheels skid on dry, level and clean pavement..."[52] which some have argued allows the use of the legs and gears.[53] The retail sale of bikes without brakes is banned by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission[54] – but with an exception for the "track bicycle" (...a bicycle designed and intended for sale as a competitive machine having tubular tires, single crank-to-wheel ratio, and no free-wheeling feature between the rear wheel and the crank...).[55]
Conversion[edit]
Many companies sell bicycle frames designed specifically for use with fixed-gear hubs. A fixed-gear or track-bike hub includes special threads for a lockring that tightens in the opposite (counter-clockwise) direction compared with the sprocket. This ensures that the sprocket cannot unscrew when the rider "backpedals" while braking.[56]
A horizontal dropout on a steel frame road bicycle converted to a single-speed. The derailleur hanger (below the axle) and an eyelet (above the axle) for mounting a fender or rack, both integral parts of the original frame, are now unused.
For a variety of reasons, many cyclists choose to convert freewheel bicycles to fixed gear. Frames with horizontal dropouts are straightforward to convert, frames with vertical dropouts less so.[57] One method is to simply replace the rear wheel with a wheel that has a track/fixed hub. Another is to use a hub designed for use with a threaded multi-speed freewheel. Such a hub only has the normal right-handed threads for the sprocket and not the reverse threads for the lockrings used on track/fixed hubs. The sprocket on a hub without a lockring may unscrew while back pedalling. Even if a bottom bracket lockring is threaded onto the hub, along with a track sprocket, because the bottom-bracket lockring is not reverse threaded, the possibility still exists that both the sprocket and locknut can unscrew. Therefore, it is recommended to have both front and rear brakes on a fixed-gear bicycle using a converted freewheel hub in case the sprocket unscrews while backpedaling. It is also advisable to use a thread sealer for the sprocket and bottom bracket locking. The rotafix (or "frame whipping") method may be helpful to securely install the sprocket.
Chain tension[edit]
Bicycles with vertical dropouts and no derailleur require some way to adjust chain tension. Most bicycles with horizontal dropouts can be tensioned by moving the wheel forward or backward in the dropouts. Bicycles with vertical dropouts can also be converted with some additional hardware. Possibilities include:
An eccentric hub or bottom bracket allows the off center axle or bottom bracket spindle to pivot and change the chain tension.
A ghost or floating chainring is an additional chainring in the drive train between the driving chainring and sprocket. The top of the chain moves it forward at the same speed that the bottom of the chain moves it backwards, giving the appearance that it is floating in the chain.
A magic gear—the right math can calculate a gearing ratio to fit a taut chain between the rear dropout and bottom bracket.[further explanation needed] Also, using a chain half link and slightly filing the dropouts to increase the width of the slot increases the chances of finding a magic gear. It is worth noting that the magic gear setup is controversial, due to inevitable chain stretch and subsequent slippage that can lead to serious injury.
Separate chain tensioning devices, such as the type that attaches to the dropout (commonly used on single speed mountain bikes) cannot be used because they are damaged as soon as the lower part of the chain becomes tight.
Chainline[edit]
Additional adjustments or modification may be needed to ensure a good chainline. The chain should run straight from the chainring to the sprocket, therefore both must be the same distance away from the bicycle's centerline. Matched groupsets of track components are normally designed to give a chainline of 42 mm, but conversions using road or mountain bike cranksets often use more chainline. Some hubs, such as White Industries' ENO, or the British Goldtec track hub, are better suited to this task as they have a chainline greater than standard. Failure to achieve good chainline, at best, leads to a noisy chain and increased wear, and at worst can throw the chain off the sprocket. This can result in rear wheel lockup and a wrecked frame if the chain falls between the rear sprocket and the spokes. Chainline can be adjusted in a number of ways, which may be used in combination with each other:
Obtaining a bottom bracket with a different spindle length, to move the chainring inboard or outboard
Choosing a bottom bracket with two lockrings, which gives fine adjustment of chainring position
Respacing and redishing the rear wheel, where permitted by the hub design
Placing thin spacers under the bottom bracket's right-hand cup (Sturmey-Archer make a suitable 1/16" spacer) to move the chainring outboard
Placing thin spacers between the chainring and its stack bolts to move it inboard (if the chainring is on the inside of the crank spider) or outboard (if the ring is on the outside of the spider)
Placing thin spacers between the hub shoulder and the sprocket. This is recommended in the case of a freewheel-threaded hub, which has sufficiently deep threads for this operation.
Usually, the rear hub is the best component on which to perform chainline adjustments, especially on threaded hubs. If a track hub is used, it is better to operate on the bottom bracket or - for minor shifts - on the crankset. The same occurs if a flip-flop hub is used, because the chainline should be the same in both sides (freewheel and fixed gear).[58]
Gear ratio[edit]
A commonly used gear ratio that works well in most situations is 2.75:1, which can be implemented with a 44-tooth chainring and a 16-tooth rear sprocket. [59]
Competition[edit]
There are many forms of competition using a fixed gear bike, most of the competitions being track races. Formal track races most often take place in a velodrome, a circular track that is constructed of concrete or wood and can be indoor or outdoor. Race types such as common scratch races or more complex omnium races take place in these arenas.
Track race taking place at the Hellyer Park Velodrome in San Jose, California
Moreover, bike messengers and other urban riders may ride fixed gear bicycles in alleycat races, which are normally held in city streets, including New York City's famous fixed-gear-only race Monstertrack alleycat. Similarly, Wolfpack Hustle began in 2005 simply as ride bringing together fast paced bicycle riders with the common love for riding and has expanded to an internationally known race series that takes place in Los Angeles, California.[60] The group has managed to receive sponsorships from several well-known companies including Castelli, which is an over-130-year-old Italian cycling clothing brand, helping spread interest and knowledge about the group and the races they hold.[61] In San Francisco, California, Red Bull holds Red Bull Ride + Style events, which bring together both track and freestyle fixed-gear riders from around the world for competitions.[62]
There are also events based on messenger racing, such as Mixpression, which has been held nine times[needs update] in Tokyo. Trick demonstrations have been held since the late 1800s in the US and Europe;[63] while they continued into a competitive form in Europe (artistic cycling), subsequent to the recent[needs update] widespread popularity and advancement of fixed gear bikes, trick competitions have also now established themselves at venues in the US and Asia.[64] European competitions include solo and team balletic movements on a controlled, flat surface; US and Asian competitions often include "park" and "flatland" styles and venues, a la BMX. Other competitions include games of "foot down" and bike polo.
In 2006, Adventures for the Cure made a documentary film on riding across the United States on fixed gears; they repeated this feat as a 4-man team at the 2008 Race Across America.
Fixed gear riders sharing the specific philosophy are also seen at the Single Speed World Championships.
Maintenance and upkeep[edit]
Maintaining a fixed gear is relatively easy because it has fewer parts than a geared bicycle. The sprocket should be checked regularly to make sure there is no damage to any teeth and that no object is grinding it as it turns with the rear wheel. The chainring should be checked similarly for any damage. There is an advantage to selecting a number of chainring teeth that is not a round multiple of the number of sprocket teeth (e.g. 3) because this avoids coincidence of the same chainring and sprocket teeth, and tyre contact patch, on each of the rider's power strokes. For riders who perform brakeless skid-stops, it is best to select prime-numbered chainrings (e.g. 41, 43 or 47 teeth) to guarantee that rear tyre wear is spread evenly.
It is imperative (for road riding, at least) that the chain is sufficiently tight that it is impossible for it to derail from either the chainring or sprocket. This generally equates to "no visible slack". A derailed chain can cause a variety of undesirable consequences, such as a locked rear wheel or, worst of all, destruction of the frame if the chain becomes caught around the crank arm and pulls the rear triangle forwards. On a fixed-gear bicycle without hand brakes, even a relatively benign derailment means a total loss of braking ability. Tensioning aside, a chain is significantly less likely to derail if the chainline is accurate and the chain is a traditional "full bushing" type with limited lateral flexibility. Because the difference between a tight and a slack chain equates to only very minor elongation of the links, chain tension should be visually checked at least weekly, especially if the bicycle is ridden in wet or dirty conditions.
As with any other bicycle, the chain should be checked making sure the master link is securely latched. The chain can be lubricated monthly for smooth riding.[65] Also, as needed, the brakes should be tightened as they wear and tire condition observed for possible puncture locations. Air pressure in the tires, tire alignment, brake handle placement, and rust should be monitored on a daily basis because they can change very easily during a jarring ride.
Subculture[edit]
Australia[edit]
Until recently,[when?] the Australian fixie culture has been small. However, with the strong Australian dollar and cost effective manufacturing and importing from China, Australia has seen many new online stores capitalise on the cheap steel frames commonly imported to the UK and US. Online stores in Australia ship partially-assembled bikes directly to consumers, considerably undercutting prices at typical brick and mortar stores.[66]
Canada[edit]
Fixed gear bikes have become much more popular in Canada within the last couple years.[when?] Cities like Toronto, Ottawa, Vancouver and Montreal have many fixed gear riders, mostly in the downtown areas.[citation needed]
China[edit]
A fixed-gear bike in China. Fluorescent colors are typical, and part of the trend.
Around 2012, throughout China, fixed gear bikes became a popular trend among teenagers.[citation needed] The bikes are typically painted in fluorescent colors.
Russia[edit]
Fixed Gear Moscow[edit]
In 2007, a few activists started assembling and riding fixed gear bikes in Moscow.[67] There had been people riding fixed gear bikes on the street in Moscow prior that time, but it had never developed into any feasible subculture.[vague] Appearances of the design in foreign media began increasing around that time, attracting more people to the concept.
A Fixed Gear Moscow LiveJournal blog community was formed, which allowed riders to communicate with each other and share ideas for rides. As interest grew, a separate web site was created to host the blog and the forum.[citation needed]
Fixed Gear Moscow has organized numerous alleycat races, tournaments, and other events to keep the community growing. Several side projects have been initiated by members of Fixed Gear Moscow and are still[needs update] in development.[clarification needed][citation needed]
Red Bull Fix Boulevard[edit]
In September 2013 Red Bull and Moscow government organized first race for fixed gear bikes in Moscow city center on the Boulevard ring. Distance that participants had to overcome was about 50 kilometers. The race was repeated in 2014 and is planned for 2015.[68]
Sweden[edit]
Community[edit]
The fixed-gear movement is growing [needs update] in Sweden. A cornerstone of the Swedish fixed-gear society is the Internet-based forum Fixedgear.se, with over 2300 registered members [needs update]. This makes up for the main meeting ground and discussion forum for Swedish fixed-gear riders and enthusiasts.[citation needed]
There are also several bicycle clubs throughout Sweden with a fixed-gear niche. Komet Club Rouler is a club based in Gothenburg, annually arranging Svart Katt and other fixed-gear oriented activities. Svart Katt has been internationally recognized and is considered Sweden’s largest alley cat by number of participators, according to Cog Magazine. KCR’s equivalent in Malmö is called Pista Malmø,[69] arranging ”Thursday's rides” every Thursday, for all bikes and riders. Stockholm also has its own informal fixed gear bicycle club, called Fista Sthlm.
Popularity factors[edit]
Several factors contribute to the recent [needs update] rise in popularity of fixed-gear bicycle. A rider from Stockholm interviewed for an article about the phenomenon notes that riding a bike imparts a feeling of freedom to the rider. One is free to go wherever one wants, whenever one wants. A sense of belonging is also important; as the rider says, "all who cycle are my friends". Riders unknown to each other commonly greet each other when on bikes. As in many subcultures, this feeling of belonging is a key factor in recruiting and retaining participants.[70]
The fact that many fixie riders ride brakeless in defiance of local law could also be viewed as a contributing factor to its popularity; it provides an outlet for minor rebellion.[71]
UK[edit]
A relatively new movement in the UK, fixie bikes are on the rise.[citation needed]
United States[edit]
California[edit]
A Cinelli MASH Histogram Frame
California’s fixed gear community stretches throughout the state with groups in all of the major urban areas that come together for riding and racing. Beginning in the north, Sacramento has a rising fixed-gear community as popular bicycle shops such as The Bicycle Business are beginning to carry fixed gear bikes and groups of riders are forming.[72]
Moving to the Bay Area, San Francisco and San Jose have well established fixed gear communities who host several established races and community rides. For example, the San Jose Bike Party, held on the third Friday of every month, is dedicated to “building community through bicycling” and contains a majority of fixed gear riders, although all bikes are welcome.[73] Moreover, companies such as Chrome Industries, who make bags and apparel catered toward bike messengers and urban cyclists, have been able to rise to worldwide prominence thanks to San Francisco and California’s biking community.[74] Also, stores such as MASH SF based in San Francisco,[75] and IMINUSD based in San Jose[76] accommodate fixed-gear cyclist specifically with riding gear, parts, and a center for the fixed-gear riding community in their respective cities. MASH SF collaborates with the Italian bicycle manufacturing company, Cinelli, to make several fixed gear bike framesets, including what is known as the Cinelli MASH Histogram.[77] Furthermore, Macaframa is a group of riders from San Francisco who release movies dedicated to fixed-gear riding that encompass the fast paced lifestyle that comes along with riding fixed.[78]
Lastly, Southern California is home to a very large fixed community, particularly in the greater Los Angeles area. Los Angeles based TRAFIK is a group dedicated to global fixed gear culture, as they boast the motto “TRAFIK is Global Fixed Gear Culture” and work towards bringing the fixed-gear movement to a worldwide audience.[79]
Circus bikes[edit]
A circus performer standing on a fixed-gear bicycle
A fixed gear bike is also used in the circus arts. When the saddle and handlebars are at the same height, an acrobat can stand on the handlebars and saddle and perform acrobatic exercises, sometimes involving multiple people, while continuing to circle the circus ring.
In popular culture[edit]
The 2012 film Premium Rush uses a "fixie" as a running plot device. Wilee, the lead character played by Joseph Gordon-Levitt, works as a bike messenger in Manhattan, and his fellow riders rib him about his enthusiasm for his fixed-gear steel-frame bike with no brakes. He avoids one confrontation by pedaling the bicycle backward, and he successfully weaves through dangerous traffic, but he also gets into accidents because the fixed-gear style abets his avidity for speed. Wilee says, "I like to ride. Fixed gear. No brakes. Can't stop. Don't want to, either."[80]
See also[edit]
Media related to Fixed-gear bicycles at Wikimedia Commons
Artistic cycling
Flip-flop hub
List of bicycle parts
Outline of cycling
Track bicycle
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "What is a Fixed Gear?". Commute By Bike. 2005-05-31. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
^ Jump up to: a b Brown, Sheldon. "Fixed Gear Bicycles for the Road". Retrieved April 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Konopka, Peter (1982). The Complete Cycle Sport Guide. EP Publishing. pp. 70–71. Top class riders spend the whole winter on such small gears (42×17 or 18)... to get good pedal training some adopt a "fixed wheel"...
Jump up ^ "History". Retrieved 2011-05-14. Modern fixed-gear bicycles are credited to Gregory Ferris
Jump up ^ "Medium gear history". UK: Fixed Wheel. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
Jump up ^ Bradley, Wayne. "Cycling memories". UK: BT Internet. Archived from the original on 2009-01-11. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Woodland gears". UK. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Fixed wheel bike used to win the 2003 British national hill climb championship". Retrieved 2011-05-14.
Jump up ^ Curran, Paul (1987). "British Hill Climb Championship" (article). UK: NDO.
Jump up ^ "Rotrax HS". Designs. UK: Classic lightweights. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Bikes". KH Batesbar RB. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Examples of fixed-gear bicycles of the period, including the bike that Ray Booty used for the first sub-four-hour "out and back" 100 mile time trial in 1956". KH Batesbar RB. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Examples of fixed-gear bicycles of the period, including the bike that Ray Booty used for the first sub-four-hour "out and back" 100 mile time trial in 1956". Retrieved 2011-05-14.
Jump up ^ Stone, Hilary. "Sturmey Archer ASC 3-speed fixed-wheel hub gear". Classic Lightweights. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
Jump up ^ Hannah Karp (2006-06-08). "More riders trying "fixie" bikes with one gear, many risks". Sign On San Diego. The Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
Jump up ^ Jim Miller (2006-06-18). "Quest for a Fixed Gear". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
Jump up ^ "Buyers' Guide To "Fixie" Bicycles!". Cyclesmith. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
Jump up ^ Lucas Wisenthal. "Bare bones biking". Montreal Mirror. 23 (2). Retrieved 2007-08-12.
Jump up ^ Meany, Terry (2001). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Bike Maintenance and Repair. Penguin. p. 158. ISBN 0028641396.
Jump up ^ Brown, Sheldon (1995-12-26), Fixed Gear Bicycles for the Road
Jump up ^ Seaton, Matt. "Fixed Idea". Rouleur. Selected extract.
Jump up ^ "About Fixed Gears". Old Skool Track. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
Jump up ^ Wisenthal, Lucas (June 28, 2007). "Bare bones biking". Montreal Mirror. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
Jump up ^ Churchill, Paul (2005-10-13). "Are Brakes For Flakes?". Moving Target. Retrieved 2007-09-16.
Jump up ^ Colegrove, Sara W.; Briggs, Todd E. "Do You Ride A Fixed Gear Bike? You May Be Breaking The Law". League of Michigan Bicyclist. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
Jump up ^ Brown, Sheldon. "Fixed Gear for the Road: Skip Stops". Harris Cyclery. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
Jump up ^ Chidley, 'Buffalo' Bill (October 1993). "Track bikes at CMC 1993". Cycling Plus. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
Jump up ^ Stevenson, John (August 8, 2006). "Fixies outlawed?". Cycling News.com. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
Jump up ^ Österreich, Republik. "Fahrradverordnung". HELP.gv.at (in German). Retrieved 2018-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Hub bicycle". NSW, AU: Road Traffic Authority. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Mobiel vlaanderen". BE: Flemish government. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Jump up ^ "Código de Trânsito Brasileiro, lei nº 9.503, de 23 de setembro de 1997, artigo 105". BR.
Jump up ^ "Biking Across Canada". Retrieved 14 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Highway Traffic Act 64(3)". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06.
Jump up ^ "Code de la sécurité routière, article 247".
Jump up ^ "Cykelbekendtgørelsen - Bekendtgørelse om cyklers indretning og udstyr m.v." DK: Færdselsstyrelsen. Retrieved 2015-05-21.
Jump up ^ "Bike security regulations". France: Internal affairs ministry.
^ Jump up to: a b "Still No Fix for 'Fixies'. German Court Rules in Favor of Fixed-Gear Cyclist". Der Spiegel. DE. 2009-08-07.
Jump up ^ "New Bike Trend Could Be Deadly". Der Spiegel. DE.
Jump up ^ "Fixed-gear bikes spark police crackdown in Berlin", Society, DE: The Local, 2009-06-30 .
Jump up ^ Kerékpáros kisokos (PDF), HU
Jump up ^ "Art. 68. Caratteristiche costruttive e funzionali e dispositivi di equipaggiamento dei velocipedi" [Constructive and functional features and equipment devices of bicycles] (in Italian). Retrieved 17 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Vehicle Regulations". The Netherlands: Dutch Government.
Jump up ^ "Transport Authority Road Code for Bicycles" (PDF). New Zealand. 2009.
Jump up ^ "Ostre koło a obowiązkowe wyposażenie rowerów". Poland. 2011.
Jump up ^ "Article 22 - Vehicle Regulations" (PDF). Spain: Internal affairs ministry. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Cykeln". SE: Trafikverket. Retrieved 2015-03-21.
Jump up ^ "Cyclist Charlie Alliston guilty over pedestrian's death". BBC News. 23 August 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dangerous cycling law review after death crash". BBC News. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Pedal Cycles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1983". UK: British Government.
Jump up ^ "Appendices". BikeSense. Archived from the original on 2011-03-13. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Cyclist wins fixed-gear case". Blog Archive. BikePortland. 2006-09-05. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Requirements for Bicycles: Requirements for braking system". Code of Federal Regulations. USA: GPO. 2004-01-01. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Requirements for Bicycles: Definitions". Code of Federal Regulations. USA: GPO. 2004. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
Jump up ^ Brown, Sheldon, "Track hub", Bicycle Glossary Tp-Tz .
Jump up ^ Brown, Sheldon. "Fixed Gear Conversions". Retrieved 2007-09-11.
Jump up ^ "How To Build A Fixed Gear Bike", Bike Showcase .
Jump up ^ "What is the best gear ratio for your fixed gear bike?", What is the best gear ratio for your fixed gear bike? Showcase .
Jump up ^ "About Wolfpack Hustle" (text). WordPress. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
Jump up ^ Castelli cycling. "Castelli" (webpage). Manifattura Valcismon S.p.A. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
Jump up ^ "Red Bull Ride + Style" (webpage). Red Bull. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
Jump up ^ lambfeed. "Old School Bike Tricks" (video). Buzzfeed. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Fixed Gear Bikes Republic". Fixed Gear Republic. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
Jump up ^ "The General Upkeep of Your Bicycle". 2008-04-17. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
Jump up ^ http://www.singlespeedcycles.com.au/faqs/
Jump up ^ Приблизит ельно четыре года назад в Москве стали появляться люди на максимально упрощенных по конструкции — без скоростей и тормозов — и красивых внешне велосипедах — "фиксд гирах". (in Russian), FurFur .
Jump up ^ "Fixed Gear - Red Bull". Retrieved 14 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Pista Malmø .
Jump up ^ "Farligt Avskalad fixed geat ger frihet och flexibel framfart", Mer, NU: Pastan .
Jump up ^ Generation Ordning förvånar med sin rökning, Kairos future .
Jump up ^ The Bicycle Business. "The Bicycle Business" (webpage). MW3 Partners, LLC. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
Jump up ^ "About Us and Mission" (webpage). San José Bike Party. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
Jump up ^ "Manifesto" (webpage). Chrome Industries. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
Jump up ^ "About MASH SF" (webpage). MASH TRANSIT PRODUCTIONS. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
Jump up ^ Mark C. "About iMiNUSD" (webpage). iMiNUSD. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
Jump up ^ "MASH Histogram" (webpage). Cinelli Bicycles USA. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
Jump up ^ Colin Arlen and Colby Elrick. "Macaframa" (video). Macaframa Films. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
Jump up ^ "About TRAFIK" (webpage). TRAFIK. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
Jump up ^ Humphrey, Steven (September 20, 2011). "Blogtown: Here's that Fixie Movie You've Been Waiting For!". The Portland Mercury. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
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