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Geiger counter
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Geiger–Müller counter
A "two-piece" bench type Geiger–Müller counter with end-window detector
Other names
Geiger counter
Uses
Particle detector
Inventor
Hans Geiger
Walther Müller
Related items
Geiger–Müller tube
The Geiger counter is an instrument used for measuring ionizing radiation used widely in applications such as radiation dosimetry, radiological protection, experimental physics and the nuclear industry.
It detects ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays using the ionization effect produced in a Geiger–Müller tube; which gives its name to the instrument.[1] In wide and prominent use as a hand-held radiation survey instrument, it is perhaps one of the world's best-known radiation detection instruments.
The original detection principle was discovered in 1908 at the Cavendish laboratory, but it was not until the development of the Geiger-Müller tube in 1928 that the Geiger-Müller counter became a practical instrument. Since then it has been very popular due to its robust sensing element and relatively low cost. However, there are limitations in measuring high radiation rates and the energy of incident radiation.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Principle of operation
1.1 Readout
1.2 Limitations
2 Types and applications
2.1 Particle detection
2.2 Gamma and X-ray detection
2.3 Neutron detection
2.4 Gamma measurement—personnel protection and process control
2.5 Physical design
2.6 Guidance on application use
3 History
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Principle of operation[edit]
Schematic of a Geiger counter using an "end window" tube for low penetration radiation. A loudspeaker is also used for indication
Main article: Geiger–Müller tube
A Geiger counter consists of a Geiger-Müller tube, the sensing element which detects the radiation, and the processing electronics, which displays the result.
The Geiger-Müller tube is filled with an inert gas such as helium, neon, or argon at low pressure, to which a high voltage is applied. The tube briefly conducts electrical charge when a particle or photon of incident radiation makes the gas conductive by ionization. The ionization is considerably amplified within the tube by the Townsend discharge effect to produce an easily measured detection pulse, which is fed to the processing and display electronics. This large pulse from the tube makes the G-M counter relatively cheap to manufacture, as the subsequent electronics is greatly simplified.[2] The electronics also generates the high voltage, typically 400–600 volts, that has to be applied to the Geiger-Müller tube to enable its operation.
Readout[edit]
There are two types of radiation readout: counts or radiation dose. The counts display is the simplest and is the number of ionizing events displayed either as a count rate, commonly "counts per second", or as a total over a set time period (an integrated total). The counts readout is normally used when alpha or beta particles are being detected. More complex to achieve is a display of radiation dose rate, displayed in a unit such as the sievert which is normally used for measuring gamma or X-ray dose rates. A G-M tube can detect the presence of radiation, but not its energy which influences the radiation's ionising effect. Consequently, instruments measuring dose rate require the use of an energy compensated G-M tube, so that the dose displayed relates to the counts detected.[2] The electronics will apply known factors to make this conversion, which is specific to each instrument and is determined by design and calibration.
The readout can be analog or digital, and increasingly, modern instruments are offering serial communications with a host computer or network.
There is usually an option to produce audible clicks representing the number of ionization events detected. This is the distinctive sound normally associated with hand held or portable Geiger counters. The purpose of this is to allow the user to concentrate on manipulation of the instrument whilst retaining auditory feedback on the radiation rate.
Limitations[edit]
There are two main limitations of the Geiger counter. Because the output pulse from a Geiger-Müller tube is always of the same magnitude regardless of the energy of the incident radiation, the tube cannot differentiate between radiation types.[2] A further limitation is the inability to measure high radiation rates due to the "dead time" of the tube. This is an insensitive period after each ionization of the gas during which any further incident radiation will not result in a count, and the indicated rate is, therefore, lower than actual. Typically the dead time will reduce indicated count rates above about 104 to 105 counts per second depending on the characteristic of the tube being used.[2] Whilst some counters have circuitry which can compensate for this, for accurate measurements ion chamber instruments are preferred for high radiation rates.
Types and applications[edit]
G-M counter with pancake type probe
Laboratory use of a G-M counter with end window probe to measure beta radiation from a radioactive source
The intended detection application of a Geiger counter dictates the tube design used. Consequently, there are a great many designs, but they can be generally categorised as "end-window", or windowless "thin-walled", or "thick-walled", and sometimes hybrids of these types.
Particle detection[edit]
The first historical uses of the Geiger principle were for the detection of alpha and beta particles, and the instrument is still used for this purpose today. For alpha particles and low energy beta particles, the "end-window" type of G-M tube has to be used as these particles have a limited range even in the free air, and are easily stopped by a solid material. Therefore, the tube requires a window which is thin enough to allow as many as possible of these particles through to the fill gas. The window is usually made of mica with a density of about 1.5 - 2.0 mg/cm2.[1]
Alpha particles have the shortest range, and to detect these the window should ideally be within 10 mm of the radiation source due to alpha particle attenuation in free air.[1] However, the G-M tube produces a pulse output which is the same magnitude for all detected radiation, so a Geiger counter with an end window tube cannot distinguish between alpha and beta particles.[2] A skilled operator can use varying distance from radiation source to detector to differentiate between alpha and high energy beta particles, but with the detector in close contact with the radiation source the two types are both detected and are indistinguishable.
The "pancake" Geiger-Muller detector is a variant of the end window probe, but designed with a larger detection area to make checking quicker. However, the pressure of the atmosphere against the low pressure of the fill gas limits the window size due to the limited strength of the window membrane.
Some beta particles can also be detected by a thin-walled "windowless" G-M tube, which has no end window, but allows high energy beta particles to pass through the tube walls. Although the tube walls have a greater stopping power than a thin end window, they still allow these more energetic particles to reach the fill gas.[1]
End-window G-M detectors are still used as a general purpose portable radioactive contamination measurement and detection instrument, owing to their relatively low cost, robustness and their relatively high detection efficiency; particularly with high energy beta particles.[2][3] However, for discrimination between alpha and beta particles or provision of particle energy information, scintillation counters or proportional counters should be used.[4] Those instrument types are manufactured with much larger detector areas, which means that checking for surface contamination is quicker than with a G-M instrument.
Gamma and X-ray detection[edit]
Geiger counters are widely used to detect gamma radiation, and for this the windowless tube is used. However, efficiency is generally low due to the poor interaction of gamma rays compared with alpha and beta particles. For instance, a chrome steel G-M tube is only about 1% efficient over a wide range of energies.[1]
The article on the Geiger-Muller tube carries a more detailed account of the techniques used to detect photon radiation. For high energy gamma it largely relies on interaction of the photon radiation with the tube wall material, usually 1–2 mm of chrome steel on a "thick-walled" tube, to produce electrons within the wall which can enter and ionize the fill gas.[2] This is necessary as the low-pressure gas in the tube has little interaction with high energy gamma photons. However, for low energy photons there is greater gas interaction and the direct gas ionisation effect increases. With decreasing energy the wall effect gives way to a combination of wall effect and direct ionisation, until direct gas ionisation dominates. Due to the variance in response to different photon energies, windowless tubes employ what is known as "energy compensation" which attempts to compensate for these variations over a large energy range.[1]
Low energy photon radiation such as low energy X rays or gamma rays interacts better with the fill gas. Consequently, a typical design for low energy photon detection for these is a long tube with a thin wall or with an end window. The tube has a larger gas volume than a steel walled tube to give an increased chance of particle interaction.[1]
Neutron detection[edit]
Geiger tube filled with BF3 for detection of thermal neutrons
A variation of the Geiger tube is used to measure neutrons, where the gas used is boron trifluoride or helium-3 and a plastic moderator is used to slow the neutrons. This creates an alpha particle inside the detector and thus neutrons can be counted.
Gamma measurement—personnel protection and process control[edit]
The term "Geiger counter" is commonly used to mean a hand-held survey type meter, however the Geiger principle is in wide use in installed "area gamma" alarms for personnel protection, and in process measurement and interlock applications. A Geiger tube is still the sensing device, but the processing electronics will have a higher degree of sophistication and reliability than that used in a hand held survey meter.
Physical design[edit]
Pancake G-M tube used for alpha and beta detection; the delicate mica window is usually protected by a mesh when fitted in an instrument.
For hand-held units there are two fundamental physical configurations: the "integral" unit with both detector and electronics in the same unit, and the "two-piece" design which has a separate detector probe and an electronics module connected by a short cable.
In the 1930s a mica window was added to the cylindrical design allowing low-penetration radiation to pass through with ease.[5]
The integral unit allows single-handed operation, so the operator can use the other hand for personal security in challenging monitoring positions, but the two piece design allows easier manipulation of the detector, and is commonly used for alpha and beta surface contamination monitoring where careful manipulation of the probe is required or the weight of the electronics module would make operation unwieldy. A number of different sized detectors are available to suit particular situations, such as placing the probe in small apertures or confined spaces.
Gamma and X-Ray detectors generally use an "integral" design so the Geiger–Müller tube is conveniently within the electronics enclosure. This can easily be achieved because the casing usually has little attentuation, and is employed in ambient gamma measurements where distance from the source of radiation is not a significant factor. However, to facilitate more localised measurements such as "surface dose", the position of the tube in the enclosure is sometimes indicated by targets on the enclosure so an accurate measurement can be made with the tube at the correct orientation and a known distance from the surface.
There is a particular type of gamma instrument known as a "hot spot" detector which has the detector tube on the end of a long pole or flexible conduit. These are used to measure high radiation gamma locations whilst protecting the operator by means of distance shielding.
Particle detection of alpha and beta can used in both integral and two-piece designs. A pancake probe (for alpha/beta) is generally used to increase the area of detection in two-piece instruments whilst being relatively light weight. In integral instruments using an end window tube there is a window in the body of the casing to prevent shielding of particles. There are also hybrid instruments which have a separate probe for particle detection and a gamma detection tube within the electronics module. The detectors are switchable by the operator, depending the radiation type that is being measured.
Guidance on application use[edit]
In the United Kingdom the HSE has issued a user guidance note on selecting the best portable instrument type for the radiation measurement application concerned.[4][6] This covers all radiation protection instrument technologies and is a useful comparative guide to the use of G-M detectors. The guide does not recommend the G-M detector for mixed alpha and beta contamination detection, and they are only recommended as "satisfactory" for beta-only contamination. However, for gamma and low-voltage X-rays they are recommended as the best instrument type.
History[edit]
An early alpha particle counter designed by Rutherford and Geiger.
Early Geiger-Muller tube made in 1932 by Hans Geiger for laboratory use
In 1908 Hans Geiger, under the supervision of Ernest Rutherford at the Victoria University of Manchester (now the University of Manchester), developed an experimental technique for detecting alpha particles that would later be used in the Geiger-Müller tube.[7] This early counter was only capable of detecting alpha particles and was part of a larger experimental apparatus. The fundamental ionization mechanism used was discovered by John Sealy Townsend by his work between 1897 and 1901,[8] and is known as the Townsend discharge, which is the ionization of molecules by ion impact.
It was not until 1928 that Geiger and Walther Müller (a PhD student of Geiger) developed the sealed Geiger-Müller tube which developed the basic ionization principles previously used experimentally. This was relatively small and rugged, and could not only detect alpha and beta radiation such as prior models but also gamma radiation.[5][9] Now a practical radiation instrument could be produced relatively cheaply, and so the Geiger-Muller counter was born. As the tube output required little electronic processing, a distinct advantage in the thermionic valve era due to minimal valve count and low power consumption, the instrument achieved great popularity as a portable radiation detector.
Modern versions of the Geiger counter use the halogen tube invented in 1947 by Sidney H. Liebson.[10] It superseded the earlier Geiger tube because of its much longer life and lower operating voltage, typically 400-600 volts.[11]
Gallery[edit]
Use of a "hot spot" detector on a long pole to survey waste casks.
G-M pancake detector feeding a microcontroller data-logger sending data to a PC via bluetooth. A radioactive rock was placed on top the G-M causing the graph to rise.
G-M counters being used as gamma survey monitors, seeking radioactive satellite debris
See also[edit]
Civil Defense geiger counters - Describes hand-held radiation monitors. Note; both G-M and ion chamber
Counting efficiency
Dosimeter - Device used by personnel to measure radiation dose they have received
Ionization chamber - The simplest of ionising radiation detectors
Gaseous ionization detectors - An overview of the main gaseous detector types
Geiger–Müller tube - For a more detailed description of GM tube operation and types
Geiger plateau - The correct operating voltage range for a G-M tube
Photon counting
Radioactive decay - Process by which unstable atoms emit radiation
Safecast - Use of G-M counter technology in citizen science
Scintillation counter - A gas-less radiation detector
sievert The SI unit of effects of low levels of radiation on the human body
Becquerel Unit used for measuring counts of ionising actions
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g ’’Geiger Muller Tubes; issue 1’’ published by Centronics Ltd, UK.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Glenn F Knoll. Radiation Detection and Measurement, third edition 2000. John Wiley and sons, ISBN 0-471-07338-5
Jump up ^ "G-M detector function and measuring methods". Retrieved 2017-03-07.
^ Jump up to: a b Selection, use and maintenance of portable monitoring instruments - Ionising Radiation Protection Series No 7, issue 10/01. Pub by United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive.
^ Jump up to: a b Korff, SNTM (2012) 20: 271. doi:10.1007 / s00048-012-0080-y
Jump up ^ http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/irp7.pdf
Jump up ^ E. Rutherford and H. Geiger (1908) "An electrical method of counting the number of α particles from radioactive substances," Proceedings of the Royal Society (London), Series A, vol. 81, no. 546, pages 141–161.
Jump up ^ John S. Townsend (1901) "The conductivity produced in gases by the motion of negatively charged ions," Philosophical Magazine, series 6, 1 (2) : 198-227.
Jump up ^ See:
H. Geiger and W. Müller (1928), "Elektronenzählrohr zur Messung schwächster Aktivitäten" (Electron counting tube for the measurement of the weakest radioactivities), Die Naturwissenschaften (The Sciences), vol. 16, no. 31, pages 617–618.
Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1928) "Das Elektronenzählrohr" (The electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 29: 839-841.
Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1929) "Technische Bemerkungen zum Elektronenzählrohr" (Technical notes on the electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 30: 489-493.
Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1929) "Demonstration des Elektronenzählrohrs" (Demonstration of the electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 30: 523 ff.
Jump up ^ Liebson, S. H. (1947). "The Discharge Mechanism of Self-Quenching Geiger-Mueller Counters". Physical Review. 72 (7): 602–608. Bibcode:1947PhRv...72..602L. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.72.602.
Jump up ^ History of Portable Radiation Detection Instrumentation from the period 1920–60
External links[edit]
Media related to Geiger counters at Wikimedia Commons
How a Geiger counter works.
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Fear the Walking Dead (season 4)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Fear the Walking Dead (season 4)
Promotional poster
Starring
Kim Dickens
Frank Dillane
Alycia Debnam-Carey
Maggie Grace
Colman Domingo
Danay García
Garret Dillahunt
Lennie James
Jenna Elfman
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
9
Release
Original network
AMC
Original release
April 15, 2018 (2018-04-15) – present (present)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 3
List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes
The fourth season of Fear the Walking Dead, an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on April 15, 2018, and will comprise 16 episodes split into two eight-episode parts.[1] The second half of the season premiered on August 12, 2018.[2] It is a companion series to The Walking Dead, and the season premiere contained the first crossover between the two series. The season features new showrunners Andrew Chambliss and Ian B. Goldberg, as well as several new cast members including The Walking Dead's Lennie James, who portrays Morgan Jones. The series also moved to a new filming location, Austin, Texas.
Contents
1 Cast
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Supporting cast
1.3 Guest cast
2 Episodes
3 Production and writing
4 Release
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Ratings
6 References
7 External links
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Kim Dickens as Madison Clark: An intelligent and domineering high school guidance counselor and the mother of Nick and Alicia.
Frank Dillane as Nick Clark: A brave and selfless recovering heroin addict, Madison's son, and Alicia's brother.
Alycia Debnam-Carey as Alicia Clark: The fiery yet compassionate daughter of Madison, and the sister of Nick.
Maggie Grace as Althea: A curious and tactical journalist who encounters Morgan and John.[3]
Colman Domingo as Victor Strand: A smart and sophisticated conman-turned-businessman, who forms friendships with Nick and Madison.
Danay García as Luciana Galvez: A strong and cautious former member of the La Colonia community in Tijuana, Mexico, and Nick's girlfriend.
Garret Dillahunt as John Dorie: A lonesome and friendly police officer whom Morgan encounters.[3]
Lennie James as Morgan Jones: A mentally unstable and ruthlessly pragmatic man, formerly a part of Rick Grimes' group on The Walking Dead, who encounters the core group of survivors.[3]
Jenna Elfman as June / Naomi / Laura: A kind and mysterious nurse whom Madison encounters.[3]
Supporting cast[edit]
Kevin Zegers as Melvin: The antagonistic leader of the Vultures.[4]
Evan Gamble as Ennis: A member of the Vultures.[5]
Sebastian Sozzi as Cole: A resident of the community within the baseball stadium.[6]
Rhoda Griffis as Vivian: A resident of the community within the baseball stadium.
Alexa Nisenson as Charlie: A young girl who is a spy for the Vultures.
Kenneth Wayne Bradley as Douglas: A resident of the community within the baseball stadium.
Aaron Stanford[7]
Tonya Pinkins[7]
Daryl Mitchell[7]
Mo Collins[7]
Stephen Henderson[7]
Guest cast[edit]
Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes: The main protagonist of The Walking Dead, Morgan's friend, and the leader of Alexandria, a Safe-Zone in Virginia.
Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier: Morgan's friend from Virginia who resides in the Kingdom.
Tom Payne as Paul "Jesus" Rovia: Morgan's friend from Virginia who resides in the Hilltop.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
38
1 "What's Your Story?" John Polson Scott M. Gimple & Andrew Chambliss & Ian Goldberg April 15, 2018 (2018-04-15) 4.09[8]
Morgan Jones leaves his community in Virginia, despite being urged to stay by his various friends, including Rick Grimes. Morgan makes his way to the Texas border where he meets a man named John Dorie. The next day, Morgan and John are held captive by a group of survivors, but they are saved by a woman named Althea, who drives a SWAT vehicle. Althea tells Morgan and John that she is a journalist and wants to get their stories on camera. John tells Althea that he is on a mission to find his girlfriend, Laura. Morgan eventually opens up and tells Althea about his past in Atlanta and Virginia. The group stops their vehicle when they see a woman crawling on the ground, which turns out to be Alicia Clark. Morgan, John and Althea are then surrounded at gunpoint by Nick Clark, Victor Strand and Luciana Galvez.
39
2 "Another Day in the Diamond" Michael E. Satrazemis Andrew Chambliss & Ian Goldberg April 22, 2018 (2018-04-22) 3.07[9]
Madison, Nick, Alicia, Strand, and Luciana are a part of a community living in a baseball stadium. Nick is farming vegetables, but weevils are destroying them. Madison and others, excluding Nick, set out to find Charlie's family, a young girl in the community. Madison's group reaches a deserted town and they split up to search. Madison and Alicia find a burned down camp near giant oil tanks, which has a white flag with the number "457". Madison comes across a woman named Naomi and Madison invites her to their community. At night, a large convoy of trucks approach the stadium. Mel, the leader of the group known as the Vultures, rounds up walkers outside the stadium and into a truck; it is then labeled "12". Madison goes out to talk with Mel, and he tells Madison he knows of their weevil problem, thanks to Charlie who is revealed as a spy. Mel orders Madison to give them all their supplies or they will die from their lack of resources. Madison refuses and walks away. Catching up to the events of the previous episode: Luciana finds a flag marked "51" in Althea's SWAT vehicle, and Alicia orders them to take them to where they found the flag.
40
3 "Good Out Here" Dan Liu Shintaro Shimosawa April 29, 2018 (2018-04-29) 2.71[10]
In flashbacks, Nick and Madison go on a supply run, however when arrive, they discover that Mel's brother Ennis has already looted it. Charlie eavesdropped on Madison and obtained the location, giving it to Ennis. Nick pleads with Charlie to not listen to the Vultures. Nick then attacks Ennis with his knife, but Madison stops him from killing Ennis. Charlie goes with Ennis in his blue El Camino and they drove off. In the present, the SWAT vehicle swerves off the road and crashes after a commotion inside the vehicle between the two groups. Nick spots the blue El Camino and chases after it. The others find a service station which has a truck with wire cable, that they can use to tow the SWAT vehicle from the mud. Returning to the SWAT truck, they fight off various infected and successfully tow it. Nick finds Ennis at a farm and they fight inside a silo. Nick impales Ennis on a deer antler display, killing him. Nick is then shot by Charlie. The rest of the group arrives, where they try to revive him, but he dies. Alicia sobs and is left devastated.
41
4 "Buried" Magnus Martens Alex Delyle May 6, 2018 (2018-05-06) 2.49[11]
Alicia, Strand, and Luciana tell Althea their stories about they ended up in their current situation, which led to Nick's death. In flashbacks, various groups go on supply runs; Strand and Cole search a nursery for plants; Nick and Luciana search a library; and Alicia and Naomi go to a water park. At the library, there is no food, but Nick insists on finding books because he argues people need more than just food. At the water park, Alicia and Naomi find various medical supplies and a machine gun. Strand shows Cole a secret car that is filled with supplies just for himself. At the stadium, Madison tells Mel she is willing to build a community together, but Mel scoffs at the idea. Nick suggests to Madison they should venture farther north to find seeds and fertilizer to bring back, instead of moving to a new location. In the present, the group tells Althea that they should have left the stadium. They stop the SWAT van, where they dig up a cache of weapons—to kill the Vultures with. The group then buries Nick. John recognizes a backpack, which belongs to Naomi, revealing that she is Laura. Alicia tells John that Laura died at the stadium. Everyone leaves in the van, except Morgan and John, who go off alone.
42
5 "Laura" Michael E. Satrazemis Anna Fishko May 13, 2018 (2018-05-13) 2.46[12]
In flashbacks, John finds Naomi unconscious in the water outside his cabin. John brings her inside, dresses her wound and lets her rest. Because she refuses to tell her name, John calls her Laura. John notices that more infected have been washing up on the creek surrounding his cabin, so he and Naomi canoe upstream to discover a broken guardrail on a bridge. They then patch the guardrail with a piece of metal. During the night, Naomi reveals to John that she lost a child. The next day, John teaches Naomi how to fish and they play Scrabble. The infected have still been floating downstream, so they investigate the bridge again. This time, they block the gap with a Jeep. During a scuffle with the infected, John refuses to use his pistols, but instead stabs them. He explains his refusal to use firearms is because of an incident from when he was a police officer. The infected eventually knock the Jeep into the river and float towards John's cabin. John and Naomi fight off the infected, where John uses his weapons to save Naomi. Later, John tells Naomi he loves her and they kiss. The next day, John discovers Naomi has left, but leaves a note with Scrabble tiles: "I love you too I'm sorry."
43
6 "Just in Case" Daisy von Scherler Mayer Richard Naing May 20, 2018 (2018-05-20) 2.31[13]
In flashbacks, Madison and Strand join Naomi on a supply run to a FEMA shelter that may have seeds and fertilizer. They rest for the night at a motel, but when Madison wakes in the morning, she discovers Naomi is missing. Naomi goes to the shelter, which is filled with infected, and retrieves a set of keys marked "JIC" written. She is eventually surrounded by infected and takes refuge at the top of scaffolding. Madison and Strand arrive and are able to save her. Naomi explains that she and her daughter, Rose, had stayed at the shelter. When Rose caught pneumonia, she left to find antibiotics. But when she returned, she discovered that Rose had died, turned and infected everyone else. Naomi then takes Madison and Strand to a truck stocked with supplies. They return to the stadium with plants and fertilizer, and the Vultures decide to vacate the parking lot. In the present, Alicia, Strand and Luciana face off with Mel and the Vultures at the meeting spot. Morgan and John are also present. A woman pulls up in a vehicle, revealed to be Naomi. Alicia then shoots at Naomi but accidentally hits John when he steps in the way.
44
7 "The Wrong Side of Where You Are Now" Sarah Boyd Melissa Scrivner Love June 3, 2018 (2018-06-03) 1.97[14]
In the present, the two groups engage in gunfire. Naomi tries to get medical supplies for John from the ambulance, but Mel drives off in it. Alicia fires at the ambulance with a grenade launcher and accuses Naomi of betraying her trust. Althea rides up in her SWAT vehicle, where Naomi and Morgan carry John inside, and Charlie joins them at Morgan's request. Alicia finds Mel crawling from the ambulance and asks him how long Naomi had been colluding with them. He does not answer and Alicia then stabs him. In flashbacks, Charlie goes to the stadium and asks Madison if she can help Mel, who is injured from a car accident. Charlie claims she and Mel have left the Vultures after a fight with Ennis. Mel tells Madison that Ennis is planning on destroying the stadium. After patching up Mel, Madison gives him a truck with supplies and forces him to leave by himself. Charlie begs the others to bring back Mel. Alicia and Nick leave the stadium to find Mel. Ennis and the Vultures arrive at the stadium and unleash several trucks filled with the infected. Back in the present, everyone in the SWAT vehicle arrives at the stadium, revealed to be filled with the infected.
45
8 "No One's Gone" Michael E. Satrazemis Ian Goldberg & Andrew Chambliss June 10, 2018 (2018-06-10) 2.32[15]
Sometime after the destruction of the Gonzalez Dam, Madison meets Al whom she tries to rob without success. Madison eventually gives Al a story from when her children were little and explains how she is trying to protect their innocence. Upon their departure, Al gives Madison some food, a radio and a map, allowing her to find her children. Al's kindness inspires Madison to form the stadium community, but Al never learns Madison's name. In the present, Naomi and Morgan struggle to get supplies to save John Dorie's life while Al and Charlie struggle against an attack from Alicia's group. The subsequent revelation that Al met Madison and Morgan's intervention convinces Alicia to stop her path of vengeance. At night, Alicia's group finishes telling their story about the fall of the stadium, including how everyone else died when they tried to flee and were overrun. Madison is revealed to have led the infected into the stadium to contain the herd and give her children, Strand and Luciana a chance to survive. Madison ultimately sets the herd ablaze within the stadium, sacrificing herself in a successful attempt to save the others. In honor of Madison's memory, Al names the story after her and the group shares the same noodles Al gave to Madison when they first met.
46
9 "People Like Us" Magnus Martens Anna Fishko August 12, 2018 (2018-08-12) TBD
47
10 "Close Your Eyes"[16] Michael E. Satrazemis Shintaro Shimosawa August 19, 2018 (2018-08-19) TBD
48
11 "The Code"[17] Tara Nicole Weyr Andrew Chambliss & Alex Delyle August 26, 2018 (2018-08-26) TBD
49
12 "Weak"[18] Colman Domingo Kalinda Vazquez September 2, 2018 (2018-09-02) TBD
50
13 "Blackjack"[19] Sharat Raju Ian Goldberg & Richard Naing September 9, 2018 (2018-09-09) TBD
51
14 "MM 54"[20] Lou Diamond Phillips Anna Fishko & Shintaro Shimosawa September 16, 2018 (2018-09-16) TBD
52
15 "I Lose People..."[21] David Barrett Kalinda Vazquez September 23, 2018 (2018-09-23) TBD
53
16 "... I Lose Myself"[22] Michael E. Satrazemis Andrew Chambliss & Ian Goldberg September 30, 2018 (2018-09-30) TBD
Production and writing[edit]
On April 14, 2017, AMC renewed the series for a 16-episode fourth season and announced that Andrew Chambliss and Ian Goldberg would replace the departing Dave Erickson as showrunners.[23] Production began in November 2017 in Austin, Texas.[24] Michael E. Satrazemis, a director of photography for The Walking Dead and director of 12 episodes, joined Fear the Walking Dead as a directing-producer.[25]
Lennie James joined the cast this season as Morgan Jones, his character from The Walking Dead.
New cast members Maggie Grace, Garret Dillahunt and Jenna Elfman.
In November 2017, it was reported that Lennie James who portrays Morgan Jones on The Walking Dead would crossover and join the main cast in the fourth season.[26] The fourth season also sees the additions of several new series regulars, played by Garret Dillahunt,[27] Jenna Elfman,[28] and Maggie Grace.[29]
On April 21, 2018, Colman Domingo revealed that he would be directing the twelfth episode of this season.[30]
The fourth season features a redesigned title sequence with new theme music. Each episode of the season has a different title card, and tells a story which will become apparent once the season is completed.[31] The Hollywood Reporter reflected on the new intro, calling the new season, "a Western with zombies, very much by design."[32]
Goldberg spoke of the season's narrative structure, which features multiple timelines:
"We're playing with the structure, depending on which story we're telling in the episode. What we find so exciting about telling stories across time is it allows for mystery and for finding characters in an emotional place and exploring how they came to be that way, and finding them in a very different emotional place in the flashback storyline — not only from a plot perspective of piecing it together, but also showing how people became who they are by charting them in the present and comparing it to where they've been in the past."[32]
New showrunners Andrew Chambliss (left) and Ian B. Goldberg (right).
The new showrunners also were inspired by Westerns; Chambliss stated, "It all started with the themes we set out at the beginning: isolation and community. Those themes run through a lot of classic Western stories." Visually, the season is inspired by John Ford and Sergio Leone's Westerns, using Once Upon a Time in the West as a template for directors. Chambliss said, "it's all about having wide shots, not moving the characters, but moving the characters within the frame. When we get to the editing room, it's really about slowing down the cutting pattern, and harkening back to that style of filmmaking. It does infuse the show with a different feel than what we've seen before. It's something that we're very excited for people to see."[32]
The third episode of the season features the death of Nick Clark, played by Frank Dillane. In an interview after the episode had aired, Dillane revealed he asked to leave the show prior to the fourth season. The actor explained:
"I had been doing it for three or four years, the show has undergone many changes in terms of different people in charge, all of this stuff, and I just felt like the beginning of this season kind of felt like the end of an era with this show. And television is hard work, and you have to shoot a lot. I also missed Europe very much. I'm not American, so after a while I get quite homesick and all of those things. I also felt like we had achieved what needed to be achieved in the first few seasons, so I thought it was time to keep moving."[33]
Release[edit]
On March 15, 2018, it was announced that the season premiere and the season eight finale of The Walking Dead would be screened at AMC, Regal, and Cinemark theaters across the United States on April 15, the same day as the televised airing, for "Survival Sunday: The Walking Dead & Fear the Walking Dead". The episodes marked the first crossover between the two series. The cinema screening also included an extra half-hour of exclusive bonus content.[34]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the fourth season has an approval rating of 86% based on 73 reviews, with an average rating of 7.94/10.[35] TVLine reevaluated the series for its fourth season, giving it a grade of a "B+". Reviewer Charlie Mason wrote, "it's gone from being an adequate stopgap between seasons of The Walking Dead to a show that's as good or arguably even better than the one from which it was spun off." He also praised the addition of Jenna Elfman and Garret Dillahunt and that season 4 has had several genuine surprises in its storytelling.[36]
Fear the Walking Dead (season 4): Critical reception by episode
Season 4 (2018): Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes[35]
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "What's Your Story?" April 15, 2018 1.6 4.09[8] 0.9 2.01 2.5 6.11[37]
2 "Another Day in the Diamond" April 22, 2018 1.1 3.07[9] 0.5 1.18 1.6 4.25[38][a]
3 "Good Out Here" April 29, 2018 1.0 2.71[10] 0.6 1.50 1.6 4.21[39]
4 "Buried" May 6, 2018 0.9 2.49[11] N/A N/A N/A N/A
5 "Laura" May 13, 2018 0.9 2.46[12] 0.6 1.47 1.5 3.94[40]
6 "Just in Case" May 20, 2018 0.8 2.31[13] N/A N/A N/A N/A
7 "The Wrong Side of Where You Are Now" June 3, 2018 0.6 1.97[14] 0.5 1.19 1.1 3.16[41][a]
8 "No One's Gone" June 10, 2018 0.7 2.32[15] 0.6 1.52 1.3 3.85[42]
9 "People Like Us" August 12, 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
^ Jump up to: a b Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Davis, Brandon (January 13, 2018). "'Fear The Walking Dead' Crossover Season Premiere Date Announced". Comicbook.com. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (June 11, 2018). "'Fear The Walking Dead' Sets August Return As Series Bids Farewell To Original Cast Member In Midseason Finale". Deadline. Retrieved June 11, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ross, Dalton (January 11, 2018). "Fear the Walking Dead: Meet the new characters". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (December 5, 2017). "'Fear The Walking Dead': Kevin Zegers Digs Up Role In Season 4". Deadline. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (January 26, 2018). "'Fear The Walking Dead' Casts Evan Gamble; Monique Green In 'One Day She'll Darken'". Deadline. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tomasi, Rollo (March 18, 2018). "FEAR THE WALKING DEAD: Season 4 TV Teaser Trailers: 'A New World to Fear' & 'After the Fall' [AMC]". film-book.com. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Surette, Tim (July 20, 2018). "Fear the Walking Dead Adds 12 Monkeys' Aaron Stanford". TV Guide. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 17, 2018). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Fear the Walking Dead' opens higher". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 24, 2018). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Westworld' Season 2 opens on par with series debut". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 1, 2018). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Westworld' and 'Fear the Walking Dead' dip". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 8, 2018). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Westworld,' 'Silicon Valley,' 'Fear the Walking Dead' all dip". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 15, 2018). "Sunday cable ratings: Lifetime's 'Harry & Meghan' movie performs well". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 22, 2018). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Fear the Walking Dead' dips opposite NBA Playoffs". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 5, 2018). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Westworld' rebounds a little, 'Pose' and 'Succession' start slowly". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 12, 2018). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Fear the Walking Dead' rises, 'Claws' premieres well". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Fear the Walking Dead: Close Your Eyes". Zap2it. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Fear the Walking Dead: The Code". Zap2it. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Fear the Walking Dead: Weak". Zap2it. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Fear the Walking Dead: Blackjack". Zap2it. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Fear the Walking Dead: MM 54". Zap2it. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Fear the Walking Dead: I Lose People..." Zap2it. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Fear the Walking Dead: ... I Lose Myself". Zap2it. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (April 14, 2017). "'Fear The Walking Dead' Renewed For Season 4 By AMC With New Showrunners". Deadline. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Davis, Brandon (November 16, 2017). "'Fear The Walking Dead' Season 4 Moves Production To Texas". Comicbook.com. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ross, Dalton (March 14, 2018). "Fear the Walking Dead's other key crossover". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ross, Dalton (November 26, 2017). "The Walking Dead: Lennie James will cross over to Fear The Walking Dead". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (November 14, 2017). "Garret Dillahunt Joins Fear TWD as Series Regular in Season 4". TVLine. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mason, Charlie (November 15, 2017). "Jenna Elfman Joins Fear TWD Season 4". TVLine. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (November 29, 2017). "'Fear the Walking Dead': Maggie Grace Joins Season 4 As Series Regular". Deadline. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Domingo, Colman (April 21, 2018). "A whirlwind of a week. With great comrades...you can do anything you ever dreamed of. And I know a secret...You are only as good as the company you keep. Our crew is the best crew. #feartwd". Instagram. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Dwilson, Stephanie Dube (April 30, 2018). "'Fear the Walking Dead' Title Cards: Season 4 Intro Videos & Clues". Heavy.com. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wigler, Josh; Goldberg, Lesley (April 13, 2018). "'Fear the Walking Dead': Inside the Massive Season 4 Reboot". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ross, Dalton (April 30, 2018). "Fear the Walking Dead actor explains why he asked off the show". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Nyren, Erin (March 15, 2018). "'The Walking Dead' Finale and 'Fear' Premiere to Screen in Theaters". Variety. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fear the Walking Dead: Season 4". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Manson, Charlie (May 21, 2018). "Fear the Walking Dead Review: Why the AMC Drama Deserves a Reevaluation". TVLine. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 26, 2018). "'The Last O.G.' scores for TBS in cable Live +7 ratings for April 9-15". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 30, 2018). "'Jersey Shore,' 'Fear the Walking Dead' get the biggest bumps in cable Live +3 ratings for April 16-22". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 10, 2018). "'Suits' finale gets solid bump in cable Live +7 ratings for April 23-29". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 24, 2018). "'Atlanta' finale gets a good boost in cable Live +7 ratings for May 7-13". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 9, 2018). "'Fear the Walking Dead' stays down in cable Live +3 ratings for May 28-June 3". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 21, 2018). "'Cloak & Dagger' premiere makes good gains in cable Live +7 ratings for June 4-10". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes on IMDb
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