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Web service
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This article needs to be updated. In particular: Needs to be less centred on SOAP. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2017)
A web service is a service offered by an electronic device to another electronic device, communicating with each other via the World Wide Web. In a web service, the Web technology such as HTTP—originally designed for human-to-machine communication—is utilized for machine-to-machine communication, more specifically for transferring machine-readable file formats such as XML and JSON. In practice, a web service typically provides an object-oriented web-based interface to a database server, utilized for example by another web server, or by a mobile app, that provides a user interface to the end user. Another common application offered to the end user may be a mashup, where a web server consumes several web services at different machines, and compiles the content into one user interface.
The W3C defines a web service generally as:
A web service is a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network.
—  W3C, Web Services Glossary[1]
Web services may use SOAP over HTTP protocol, allowing less costly (more efficient) interactions over the Internet than via proprietary solutions like EDI/B2B. Besides SOAP over HTTP, web services can also be implemented on other reliable transport mechanisms like FTP. In a 2002 document, the Web Services Architecture Working Group defined a web services architecture, requiring a standardized implementation of a "web service." In this:
It [web service] has an interface described in a machine-processable format (specifically WSDL). Other systems interact with the web service in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP-messages, typically conveyed using HTTP with an XML serialization in conjunction with other web-related standards.
—  W3C, Web Services Glossary[1]
In a 2004 document, the W3C extended the definition:
We can identify two major classes of web services:
REST-compliant web services, in which the primary purpose of the service is to manipulate XML representations of web resources using a uniform set of "stateless" operations; and
arbitrary web services, in which the service may expose an arbitrary set of operations.
—  W3C, Web Services Architecture[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Explanation
2 Web API
3 Automated design methods
4 Web services that use markup languages
5 Regression testing of web services
6 Web service change management
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Explanation[edit]
Web services architecture: the service provider sends a WSDL file to UDDI. The service requester contacts UDDI to find out who is the provider for the data it needs, and then it contacts the service provider using the SOAP protocol. The service provider validates the service request and sends structured data in an XML file, using the SOAP protocol. This XML file would be validated again by the service requester using an XSD file.
The term "web service" describes a standardized way of integrating web-based applications using the XML, SOAP, WSDL and UDDI open standards over an Internet Protocol backbone. XML is the data format used to contain the data and provide metadata around it, SOAP is used to transfer the data, WSDL is used for describing the services available and UDDI lists what services are available.
A web service is a method of communication between two electronic devices over a network. It is a software function provided at a network address over the web with the service always on as in the concept of utility computing.
Many organizations use multiple software systems for management.[citation needed] Different software systems often need to exchange data with each other, and a web service is a method of communication that allows two software systems to exchange this data over the internet. The software system that requests data is called a service requester, whereas the software system that would process the request and provide the data is called a service provider.
Different software may use different programming languages, and hence there is a need for a method of data exchange that doesn't depend upon a particular programming language. Most types of software can, however, interpret XML tags. Thus, web services can use XML files for data exchange.
Rules for communication between different systems need to be defined, such as:
How one system can request data from another system.
Which specific parameters are needed in the data request.
What would be the structure of the data produced. (Normally, data is exchanged in XML files, and the structure of the XML file is validated against an .xsd file.)
What error messages to display when a certain rule for communication is not observed, to make troubleshooting easier.
All of these rules for communication are defined in a file called WSDL (Web Services Description Language), which has a .wsdl extension. (Proposals for Autonomous Web Services (AWS) seek to develop more flexible web services which do not rely on strict rules.[3])
A directory called UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery and Integration) defines which software system should be contacted for which type of data. So when one software system needs one particular report/data, it would go to the UDDI and find out which other system it can contact for receiving that data. Once the software system finds out which other system it should contact, it would then contact that system using a special protocol called SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol). The service provider system would first validate the data request by referring to the WSDL file, and then process the request and send the data under the SOAP protocol.
Web API[edit]
A Web API is a development in web services where emphasis has been moving to simpler representational state transfer (REST) based communications.[4] Restful APIs do not require XML-based web service protocols (SOAP and WSDL) to support their interfaces.
Automated design methods[edit]
Web services in a service-oriented architecture.
Automated tools can aid in the creation of a web service. For services using WSDL, it is possible to either automatically generate WSDL for existing classes (a bottom-up model) or to generate a class skeleton given existing WSDL (a top-down model).
A developer using a bottom-up model writes implementing classes first (in some programming language), and then uses a WSDL generating tool to expose methods from these classes as a web service. This is simpler to develop but may be harder to maintain if the original classes are subject to frequent change.[5]
A developer using a top-down model writes the WSDL document first and then uses a code generating tool to produce the class skeleton, to be completed as necessary. This model is generally considered more difficult but can produce cleaner designs and is generally more resistant to change. As long as the message formats between sender and receiver do not change, changes in the sender and receiver themselves do not affect the web service. The technique is also referred to as contract first since the WSDL (or contract between sender and receiver) is the starting point.[6]
A developer using a Subset WSDL (SWSDL)[7] (i.e. a WSDL with the subset operation in the original WSDL) can perform web service testing and top down development.
Web services that use markup languages[edit]
There are a number of web services that use markup languages:
JSON-RPC
JSON-WSP
Web template
Web Services Description Language (WSDL), developed by the W3C
XML Interface for Network Services (XINS), provides a POX-style web service specification format
Web Services Conversation Language (WSCL)
Web Services Flow Language (WSFL), superseded by BPEL
WS-MetadataExchange
Representational state transfer (REST) versus remote procedure call (RPC)
Critics of non-RESTful web services often complain that they are too complex[8] and based upon large software vendors or integrators, rather than typical open source implementations.
There are also concerns about performance due to web services' use of XML as a message format and SOAP/HTTP in enveloping and transporting.[9]
Regression testing of web services[edit]
Functional and non-functional testing of web services is done with the help of WSDL parsing. Regression testing is performed by identifying the changes made to upgrade a software. Web service regression testing needs can be categorized in three different ways, namely, changes in WSDL, changes in code, and selective re-testing of operations. We can capture the above three needs in three intermediate forms of Subset WSDL,[7] namely, Difference WSDL (DWSDL), Unit WSDL (UWSDL), and Reduced WSDL (RWSDL), respectively. These three Subset WSDLs are then combined to form Combined WSDL (CWSDL) that is further used for regression testing of the web service. This will help in Automated Web Service Change Management (AWSCM),[10] by performing the selection of the relevant test cases to construct a reduced test suite from the old test suite. [11]
Web services testing can also be automated using several test automation tools like SOAP UI, Oracle Application Testing Suite (OATS),[12][13] Unified Functional Testing, Selenium, etc.
Web service change management[edit]
Work related to the capture and visualization of changes made to a Web service. Visualization and computation of changes can be done in the form of intermediate artifacts (Subset WSDL).[7] The insight on computation of change impact is helpful in testing, top down development and reduce regression testing. AWSCM[10] is a tool that can identify subset operations in a WSDL file to construct a subset WSDL.
See also[edit]
List of web service frameworks
List of web service protocols
List of web service specifications
Middleware
Service-oriented architecture (SOA)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Web Services Glossary § Web service". W3C. 11 February 2004. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Web Services Architecture § Relationship to the World Wide Web and REST Architectures". W3C. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Compare: Oya, Makoto (2008-09-02). "Autonomous Web Services Based on Dynamic Model Harmonization". In Oya, Makoto; Uda, Ryuya; Yasunobu, Chizuko. Towards Sustainable Society on Ubiquitous Networks: The 8th IFIP Conference on E-Business, E-Services, and E-Society (I3E 2008), September 24 - 26, 2008, Tokyo, Japan. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. 286. Springer Science & Business Media (published 2008). p. 139. ISBN 9780387856902. Retrieved 2015-08-19. Under the current Web Services, [...] stakeholder systems must follow the predefined rules for a particular business service including those about business protocols to send/receive messages and about system operation. [...] More flexible mechanism is desired where freely built and autonomously running systems can exchange business messages without pre-agreed strict rules. We call it Autonomous Web Services (AWS) and proposed the framework called Dynamic Model Harmonization (DMH) with its algorithm, which dynamically adjusts different business process models between systems [...].
Jump up ^ Benslimane, D.; Dustdar, S.; Sheth, A. (2008). "Services Mashups: The New Generation of Web Applications". IEEE Internet Computing. 10 (5): 13–15. doi:10.1109/MIC.2008.110.
Jump up ^ "Creating bottom-up Web services". Eclipse. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Creating top-down Web services". Eclipse. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Chaturvedi, Animesh (2014). Subset WSDL to Access Subset Service for Analysis. 2014 IEEE 6th International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science. p. 688. doi:10.1109/CloudCom.2014.149. ISBN 978-1-4799-4093-6.
Jump up ^ Bray, Tim (2004-10-28). "WS-Pagecount". TBray.org. Retrieved 2011-04-22.
Jump up ^ Gray, N. A. B. (2005). "Performance of Java Middleware - Java RMI, JAXRPC, and CORBA". University of Wollongong. pp. 31–39. The results presented in this paper show that the nature of response data has a greater impact on relative performance than has been allowed for in most previous studies.
^ Jump up to: a b Chaturvedi, Animesh (2014). Automated Web Service Change Management AWSCM - A Tool. 2014 IEEE 6th International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science. p. 715. doi:10.1109/CloudCom.2014.144. ISBN 978-1-4799-4093-6.
Jump up ^ Chaturvedi, Animesh; Gupta, Atul (2013). A tool supported approach to perform efficient regression testing of web services. 2013 IEEE 7th International Symposium on the Maintenance and Evolution of Service-Oriented and Cloud-Based Systems. p. 50. doi:10.1109/MESOCA.2013.6632734. ISBN 978-1-4673-4889-8.
Jump up ^ Oracle Application Testing Suite
Jump up ^ Web Services Testing using Oracle Application Testing Suite
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Web services.
Wikiversity has learning resources about Web service
Messaging Design Pattern documentation at SOA Patterns
The Web Services Activity page at W3C
Web Services Architecture, the W3C Working Group Note (11 February 2004)
Investigating Web Services on the World Wide Web, the analysis presented at the WWW2008 conference
Guide to Secure Web Services (SP 800-95) at NIST
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Sarah Chalke
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Sarah Chalke
Chalke in December 2008
Born
(1976-08-27) August 27, 1976 (age 41)
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Other names
Sarah Louise Christine Chalke
Sarah Cassandra Chalke
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1992–present
Partner(s)
Jamie Afifi
Children
2
Sarah Chalke (/tʃɔːk/; born August 27, 1976) is a Canadian-American actress. She is known for portraying Dr. Elliot Reid on the NBC/ABC comedy series Scrubs, the second Rebecca "Becky" Conner and Andrea on the ABC sitcom Roseanne, Stella Zinman on the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother, and Beth Smith on Adult Swim's adult animated science-fiction series Rick and Morty. She also had a recurring role on the third season of the ABC/TBS sitcom Cougar Town.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
3.1 Activism
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television films
4.3 Television series
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Chalke was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and was raised in North Vancouver, British Columbia. She is the middle of three daughters born to Douglas and Angela Chalke. Her mother is from Rostock, Germany. According to a Scrubs commentary track, she used to attend the German school in her hometown twice a week. Her first language is English, but she speaks German fluently and French "fairly well." This was incorporated into her Scrubs character, Elliot Reid, who spoke German and French at the same levels. Chalke graduated from Handsworth Secondary School in North Vancouver in 1994.
Career[edit]
Chalke's acting career began at age eight when she began appearing in musical theater productions. At 12, she became a reporter on the Canadian children's show KidZone.[1] In 1993, she took over the role of Rebecca Conner-Healy on Roseanne after Lecy Goranson left the series; Chalke made a cameo appearance as a different character in the Roseanne episode "Halloween: The Final Chapter" (#178, originally aired October 31, 1995) after Goranson returned. Chalke later returned to the role of Becky after Goranson departed for a second time. After the show ended, Chalke returned briefly to Canada, where she starred in the CBC Television drama Nothing Too Good for a Cowboy (1998–1999).
In 2001, she was cast as Dr. Elliot Reid in the NBC comedy series Scrubs and she would be a cast member for all nine seasons until the series ended its run in 2010. She has appeared in several feature films, including Ernest Goes to School and Cake.[2] She appeared in Channel 101's The 'Bu with The Lonely Island, a parody of the hit show The O.C., but was credited as "Pamela Fenton". In 2007, she appeared as a supporting character in Chaos Theory, which starred fellow Canadian Ryan Reynolds. In 2008, Chalke became the spokesperson for a line of women's underwear by Hanes that included a series of commercials directed by her Scrubs co-star Zach Braff.[3] In 2008 and 2009, she made appearances in the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother as Stella Zinman. In early 2011, she starred in the CBS television series Mad Love, a romantic comedy which debuted as a midseason replacement and was cancelled after only one season was produced.[4][5]
Chalke was signed by former Scrubs executive producer Bill Lawrence to play the love interest of Bobby Cobb in the series Cougar Town. She appeared in multiple episodes in the third season.[6] Chalke starred in the ABC comedy series How to Live with Your Parents (For the Rest of Your Life), which premiered April 3, 2013, and which was cancelled one month later. She played Polly, a single and very uptight divorced mother who found herself moving back in with her parents (Elizabeth Perkins and Brad Garrett) because of the economic downturn. Also in 2013, she played a frantic mother named Casey Hedges in the Grey's Anatomy season-9 episode "Can't Fight This Feeling". Chalke also voices Beth on the show Rick and Morty.
On April 28, 2017, it was announced that a revival of Roseanne was in the works, and that most of the original cast and some of the producers would return for the limited series.[7] On May 16, 2017, it was confirmed that eight episodes of the show were greenlit by ABC and would air mid-season in 2018 with Chalke returning, but playing a role other than Becky Conner. [8] On May 29, 2018, in the wake of racist remarks made by Barr on Twitter regarding Valerie Jarrett (an advisor of former president Barack Obama), ABC cancelled the revival after a single season.[9][10][11]
Personal life[edit]
Chalke is engaged to lawyer Jamie Afifi. The couple have a son, Charlie Rhodes Afifi, born December 24, 2009.[12][13] Her son was diagnosed at age two with Kawasaki disease.[14] Their daughter, Frankie, was born in May 2016.[15]
Activism[edit]
Chalke's aunt and grandmother died from breast cancer that was undiagnosed while in its early stages. She has since encouraged breast cancer detection and prevention, and starred in the Lifetime movie Why I Wore Lipstick to My Mastectomy.[16] She is an ambassador for the Audrey Hepburn Children's Foundation. Chalke also made an appearance in a short video parodying the National Organization for Marriage's "Gathering Storm" advertisement opposing same-sex marriage.[17] She was the 2009 ambassador for the Susan G. Komen Passionately Pink for the Cure program, for which she also designed a T-shirt.[18]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1994 Ernest Goes to School Maisy N/A
1999 Y2K Myra Soljev N/A
All Shook Up Katy Dudston N/A
2000 Spin Cycle Tess N/A
Cinderella: Single Again Cinderella Short Film
2001 Kill Me Later Linda N/A
XCU: Extreme Close Up Jane Bennett N/A
2005 Alchemy Samantha Rose N/A
Cake Jane N/A
2007 Chaos Theory Paula Crowe N/A
Mama's Boy Maya N/A
2016 Mother's Day Gabi N/A
After the Reality Kate N/A
Television films[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1992 City Boy Angelica N/A
1993 Relentless: Mind of a Killer Carrie N/A
Woman on the Ledge Elizabeth N/A
1994 Beyond Obsession Laura Sawyer N/A
1996 Robin of Locksley Marion Fitzwater N/A
Dead Ahead Heather Loch N/A
Stand Against Fear Krista Wilson N/A
1997 Daughters Annie Morrell N/A
A Child's Wish Melinda N/A
Dying to Belong Drea Davenport N/A
1998 I've Been Waiting for You Sarah Zoltanne N/A
2002 It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie Herself / Dr. Elliot Reid N/A
2006 Why I Wore Lipstick to My Mastectomy Geralyn Lucas N/A
2009 Prep & Landing Magee (voice) N/A
2010 Prep & Landing: Operation: Secret Santa Magee (voice) N/A
2011 Prep & Landing: Naughty vs. Nice Magee (voice) N/A
Television series[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1993 Neon Rider Annie Episode: "Labour Day"
The Odyssey Estate agent Episode: "A Place Called Nowhere"
1993–1997 Roseanne Becky Conner-Healy 39 episodes
1997 Dead Man's Gun Murial Jakes Episode: "The Bounty Hunters"
1999 First Wave Chloe Wells Episode: "The Channel"
1999–2000 Nothing Too Good for a Cowboy Gloria Hobson 26 episodes
2001–2010 Scrubs Dr. Elliot Reid 171 episodes
2002 Clone High X-Stream Erin (voice) Episode: “Election Boo-Galoo”
2003 Clone High Marie Antoinette (voice) 2 episodes
2007 Saturday Night Live Dr. Elliot Reid Episode: "Zach Braff/Maroon 5"
2008–2014 How I Met Your Mother Stella Zinman 10 episodes
2009 Maneater Clarissa Alpert 2 episodes
2011 Mad Love Kate Swanson 13 episodes
American Dad! Cami (voice) Episode: “Stanny Boy and Frantastic”
2012 Cougar Town Angie LeClaire 4 episodes
The Fresh Beat Band Glinda Episode: "The Wizard of Song"
2013 How to Live with Your Parents
(For the Rest of Your Life) Polly 13 episodes
Grey's Anatomy Casey Hedges Episode: "Can't Fight This Feeling"
2013–2014 Hollywood Game Night Herself 2 episodes
2013–present Rick and Morty Beth Smith (voice) 30 episodes
2014 Really Lori Episode: "Pilot"
2015 Backstrom Amy Gazanian 6 episodes
Undateable Herself Episode: "A Rock and a Hard Place Walk Into a Bar"
2016 Angie Tribeca Mrs. Parsons Episode: "The Famous Ventriloquist Did It"
Inside Amy Schumer Amy #2 Episode: "Psychopath Test"
2016–2017 Milo Murphy's Law Mrs. Murawski (voice) 3 episodes
2017 American Dad! Meredith (voice) Episode: “The Bitchin’ Race”
2017–2018 Speechless Melanie 2 episodes
2018 Roseanne Andrea 3 episodes
TBA Paradise, P.D. Gina Jabowski (voice) Upcoming series
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sarah Chalke". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
Jump up ^ Chalke, Sarah. "Sarah Chalke biography, birth date, birth place and pictures". www.browsebiography.com. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Scrubs' Sarah Chalke, Zach Braff Tackle Wedgies in Hanes Underwear Commercial". Tv.popcrunch.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Schneider, Michael (June 26, 2010). "Judy Greer finds 'Mad Love'". Variety. Archived from the original on June 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sarah Chalke biography and filmography | Sarah Chalke movies". Tribute.ca. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Sarah Chalke Is Coming To Cougar Town!". PerezHilton.com. September 11, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "'Roseanne' revival may be in the works". USA Today. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (May 16, 2017). "'Roseanne' Revival Lands at ABC". Variety. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pallotta, Frank; Stelter, Brian (May 29, 2018). "ABC cancels 'Roseanne' after star's Twitter comments". CNN Money. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Park, Andrea (May 29, 2018). "ABC cancels "Roseanne" after Barr's tweet". CBS News. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chandelis R. Duster (May 29, 2018). "ABC cancels "Roseanne" after show's star compared Obama adviser to 'ape'". NBC News. NBCUniversal Media, LLC. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Breaking Celeb News, Entertainment News, and Celebrity Gossip". E! Online. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Magazine coverage of Chalke's birth to son Charlie Rhodes Afifi". Usmagazine.com. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (March 7, 2013). "Grey's Exclusive: Sarah Chalke Opens Up About Bringing Her Own Crisis to TV: 'There Were Tears'". TVLine. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gajewski, Ryan (July 24, 2016). "Sarah Chalke Welcomes Second Child With Fiance Jamie Afifi: Find Out Their Baby Girl's Name!". Us Weekly.
Jump up ^ Why I Wore Lipstick Archived October 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Gaythering Storm – Gathering Storm parody with famous actors – Lance Bass, Jane Lynch, and more". FunnyOrDie. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ SOLVEJ SCHOU , TOI Crest, Oct 20, 2009, 12.00am IST (October 20, 2009). "Report on Chalke and Cure(R) program". The Times of India. Retrieved January 22, 2011. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sarah Chalke.
Sarah Chalke on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb14163161b (data)
ISNI: 0000 0001 1563 1743
LCCN: no2005055795
MusicBrainz: 69464822-2a28-47e1-9e24-8f250d74a8fe
SNAC: w6rn44vk
VIAF: 27276046
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Chalke&oldid=843555705"
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