text:
White River (Arkansas–Missouri)
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White River
River
White River, 2008
Country
United States
States
Arkansas, Missouri
Tributaries
- left James River, North Fork River, Black River
- right Buffalo River, Little Red River, Bayou des Arc
Cities
Newport, Batesville, Fayetteville
Source
Boston Mountains
- location Ozark-St. Francis National Forest, Madison County, Arkansas
- elevation 2,260 ft (689 m) [1]
- coordinates 35°50′20″N 93°36′16″W / 35.83889°N 93.60444°W / 35.83889; -93.60444 [2]
Mouth
Mississippi River
- location Desha County, Arkansas
- elevation 188 ft (57 m) [3]
- coordinates 33°57′5″N 91°4′53″W / 33.95139°N 91.08139°W / 33.95139; -91.08139Coordinates: 33°57′5″N 91°4′53″W / 33.95139°N 91.08139°W / 33.95139; -91.08139 [2]
Length
722 mi (1,162 km)
Basin
27,765 sq mi (71,911 km2) [4]
Discharge
for Devalls Bluff
- average 26,180 cu ft/s (741 m3/s) [5]
- max 154,000 cu ft/s (4,361 m3/s)
- min 3,230 cu ft/s (91 m3/s)
Map of the White River watershed
The White River is a 722-mile (1,162-km) long river that flows through the U.S. states of Arkansas and Missouri. Originating in the Boston Mountains of northwest Arkansas, it flows northwards into southern Missouri, and then turns back into Arkansas, flowing southeast to its mouth at the Mississippi River.
Contents
1 Course
2 River modifications
3 Tributaries
4 Angling
5 See also
6 References
Course[edit]
The source of the White River is in the Boston Mountains of northwest Arkansas, in the Ozark–St. Francis National Forest southeast of Fayetteville. The river flows northwards from its source in northwest Arkansas, loops up through southwest Missouri through Branson, Missouri. In Branson the river forms Lake Taneycomo, where it is held back by the Powersite Dam.[6] The Powersite was the first dam on the White River. The flow into this comes from Table Rock Lake, and down stream it flows into Bull Shoals Lake, from where it travels back into Arkansas, and then heads generally southeast to its mouth at the Mississippi River.
On entering the Mississippi River Valley region near Batesville, Arkansas, the river becomes navigable to shallow-draft vessels, and its speed decreases considerably. The final 10 miles (16 km) of the river serves as the last segment of the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System; this part of the channel is deeper than the rest of the river.
Despite being much shorter than the Arkansas River, it carries nearly as much water—normally more than 20,000 cubic feet per second (570 m3/s), and occasionally more than 100,000 cubic feet per second (2,800 m3/s) during floods.
White River near Flippin, AR
River modifications[edit]
Lake Taneycomo was created in 1913 when the Empire District Electric Company built a dam just south of Forsyth, Missouri.[7] Beaver Lake, Bull Shoals Lake, and Table Rock Lake are man-made lakes or reservoirs created by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under the authority of the Flood Control Act of 1938.[8] A total of eight dams impound the upper White River, six in Arkansas and two in Missouri. The White River National Wildlife Refuge lies along the lower part of the river.
Tributaries[edit]
The tributaries of the White River include Cache River, Bayou des Arc, Little Red River, Black River, North Fork River, Crooked Creek, Buffalo River, Kings River, James River, and Roaring River. Some cities that lie on the White River are Newport, Augusta, Calico Rock, and Batesville, all in Arkansas, as well as Branson and Hollister in Missouri.
Angling[edit]
Fishing for trout is popular in the upper portions of the river from the Beaver Lake tailwaters in northwestern Arkansas, through its course through southwest Missouri(including all of Lake Taneycomo), and back down through Arkansas to the Highway 58 bridge in Guion. The river has long been ranked one of the top trout fisheries in the country. Fishing is popular in these waters for a number of trout species including rainbow, brown, and cutthroat trout.[9] A number of trout fishing resorts lie on the tailwaters of Bull Shoals Lake and the North Fork River.[10] Fishing for white bass is also popular in these waters.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to White River (Arkansas).
Cotter Bridge
Grand Prairie Area Demonstration Project
List of Arkansas rivers
List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)
List of Missouri rivers
Whitewater Development Corporation
White River Monster
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Google Earth elevation for GNIS source coordinates.
^ Jump up to: a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: White River, USGS GNIS.
Jump up ^ Google Earth elevation for GNIS mouth coordinates.
Jump up ^ "FDsys - Browse Federal Register". www.epa.gov.
Jump up ^ http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-ar-05/WDR-AR-05-1.pdf USGS Water Data Reports for the United States, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Branson Lake Taneycomo". Retrieved 25 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Pfister, Fred (2006). Insider's Guide: Branson and the Ozark Mountains. ISBN 0-7627-4042-6.
Jump up ^ "Flood Control Act of 1938" (PDF). fws.gov.
Jump up ^ http://www.agfc.com/resources/GuidebookDocs/troutcomplete.pdf
Jump up ^ "White River - Explore the Ozarks". whiteriver.net.
Cushing, Charles Phelps (August 1911). "Floating Through The Ozarks". The Outing Magazine. LVIII (5): 537–547. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_River_(Arkansas–Missouri)&oldid=849596472"
Categories:
White River (Arkansas–Missouri)
Rivers of Arkansas
Rivers of Missouri
Tributaries of the Mississippi River
Bodies of water of the Ozarks
Ozark–St. Francis National Forest
U.S. Interior Highlands
Rivers of Taney County, Missouri
Rivers of Desha County, Arkansas
Rivers of Arkansas County, Arkansas
Bodies of water of Phillips County, Arkansas
Bodies of water of Monroe County, Arkansas
Bodies of water of Prairie County, Arkansas
Bodies of water of Woodruff County, Arkansas
Bodies of water of White County, Arkansas
Bodies of water of Jackson County, Arkansas
Bodies of water of Independence County, Arkansas
Bodies of water of Stone County, Arkansas
Bodies of water of Izard County, Arkansas
Rivers of Baxter County, Arkansas
Rivers of Marion County, Arkansas
Rivers of Boone County, Arkansas
Rivers of Benton County, Arkansas
Rivers of Carroll County, Arkansas
Rivers of Washington County, Arkansas
Bodies of water of Madison County, Arkansas
Rivers of Franklin County, Arkansas
Tributaries of the White River (Arkansas–Missouri)
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Santos (surname)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Santos
Family name
Pronunciation
ˈsɐ̃tus
Meaning
Saints
Region of origin
Portugal, Spain, Italy
Related names
Dos Santos, De Los Santos, Spekpeko, De Santo, De Santos, Del Santo, Santi, Santis, Santiz, Senti, Sentis, Sanctorum
Santos (originally Portuguese, Spanish or Italian for Saints (singular Santo)) is a surname of Christian origin in Portuguese and Spanish-speaking countries and the Philippines.
It is a last name very common Christian origin among the poorest and descendants of slaves in the state of Bahia, the province with the largest number of slaves in Brazil, from the end of the Brazilian Empire and the abolition of slavery in Brazil, at the end of the nineteenth century, started to use surname Santos as identification toponymic origin of the Bay of All Saints. An example is a slave who had no name, after the abolition became Manuel Santos, Manuel a common name in Portuguese-speaking countries and Santos to indicate that was Bahian origin. It was also a way to shorten the names of Brazilians, if it were not so would: Manuel da Bahia de Todos os Santos (en: Manuel of the Bay of All Saints).
There are also other Iberian grammatical forms that are De Santo, De Santos, Del Santo, Santi, Santis, Santiz, Senti, Sentis and others. It is a name associated with a great number of different people:
Contents
[hide]
1 General
2 Arts
3 Politicians
4 Sports
5 Others
6 Characters
6.1 All My Children
7 See also
General[edit]
The Coat of arms of Alexandre Jose Maria dos Santos, who is a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
Ahmed Santos (newspaper columnist) (born 1974), Mexican newspaper columnist and former boxer
Alberto Santos-Dumont (1873–1932), Brazilian aviation pioneer
Alexandre Jose Maria dos Santos, a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
Alfredo M. Santos (1905–1990), former Filipino AFP chief of staff
Domitila, Marchioness of Santos (1797–1867), Brazilian noblewoman and the mistress of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil
Lúcia dos Santos, known as Sister Lúcia of Jesus, Portuguese Roman Catholic Carmelite nun and seer of Our Lady of Fatima
Lúcio Alberto Pinheiro dos Santos (1889– 1950), Portuguese philosopher
José Abad Santos (1886–1942), 5th Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
Mario Santos, Jr. (1940–2014), American peace officer
Paulino Santos, (1890–1945), Filipino soldier
Ricardo Santos (disambiguation)
Rufino Jiao Santos (1908–1973), Filipino Archbishop of Manila and cardinal
Santos Benavides (1823–1891), American soldier
Vicente Abad Santos (1916–1993), Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
Arts[edit]
Santos (artist) (Sante Pucello, born 1971), Italian DJ
Antony Santos (born 1967), Dominican Bachata singer/composer
Anthony "Romeo" Santos, Dominican-American songwriter, lead singer, and featured composer of Aventura
Artur Carlos Maurício Pestana dos Santos (born 1941), known as Pepetela, Angolan writer
Ary dos Santos (1937–1984), Portuguese poet
Charo Santos (born 1955), Filipino actress and president of ABS-CBN Network
Daniel Santos (singer) (1916–1992), Puerto Rican singer and composer
Domingo Santos (born 1941), Spanish writer
Emanuele Rodriguez dos Santos (c. 1702–1764) Portuguese-Roman architect
Enrique Santos Discépolo (1901–1951), Argentinian musician
Erik Ramos Santos (born 1982), Filipino singer
Gervacio Santos, Filipino film editor
Henry Santos Jeter, Dominican singer and composer/vocals for Aventura
Jay Santos, Spanish dance singer
Joe Santos (1931–2016), American actor
Joly Braga Santos (1924–1988), Portuguese composer and conductor
José dos Santos Ferreira (1919–1993), Portuguese-Macanese writer
José Manuel Cerqueira Afonso dos Santos (1929–1987), known as Zeca Afonso, Portuguese singer, composer and poet
Jovino Santos-Neto (born 1954), Brazilian musician
Judy Ann Santos (born 1978), Filipino actress
Lenny Santos, Dominican-American guitarist, producer/arranger for Aventura
Lucélia Santos (born 1957), Brazilian actress, director and producer
Matthew Santos (born 1982), American alternative music singer
Max Santos, Dominican-American bassist for Aventura
Mayra Santos-Febres (born 1966), Puerto-Rican writer
Nelson Pereira dos Santos (born 1928), Brazilian movie director
Pablo Santos (1987–2006), Mexican actor
Rhea Santos (born 1979), Filipino TV news host and journalist
Roberto Santos (1928–1987), Brazilian film director
Vilma Santos, Filipino actress
Politicians[edit]
Ahmed Santos (militant), Filipino convert to Islam and political militant
Antonio da Costa Santos (died 2001), Brazilian architect and politician
António dos Santos Ramalho Eanes (born 1935), Portuguese general and politician
Conrad Santos (born 1934), Canadian politician
Eduardo Santos Montejo, owned the El Tiempo newspaper, and served as the President of Colombia from August 1938 to August 1942
Elvin Santos (born 1963), Honduras 2009 presidential candidate
Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos (born 1950), Angolan politician
Hélio de Oliveira Santos (born 1950), Brazilian physician and politician
José Eduardo dos Santos (born 1942), Angolan politician and current president of Angola
José Santos Guardiola (1816–1862), Honduran politician
José Santos Zelaya (1853–1919), Nicaraguan politician
Juan Manuel Santos Calderón, Colombian president
Manuel António dos Santos (born 1943), Portuguese politician
Marcelino dos Santos (born 1929), Mozambican politician
Sports[edit]
Adilson dos Santos (born 1976), Brazilian footballer
Airton Ribeiro Santos (born 1990), Brazilian footballer
Alessandro dos Santos, Brazilian-Japanese footballer
Álvaro Santos (born 1980), Brazilian footballer
André Bernardes Santos (born 1989), Portuguese midfielder footballer
André Santos (born 1983), Brazilian Footballer
Andréia dos Santos, Brazilian footballer
Arwind Santos (born 1981), Filipino basketball player
Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, Portuguese footballer
Daiane dos Santos (born 1983), Brazilian gymnast
Daniel Santos (boxer) (born 1975), Puerto Rican boxer
Djalma Santos (1929–2013), Brazilian footballer
Éder dos Santos (born 1984), Mexican footballer
Edgardo Santos (born 1970), Puerto Rican professional boxer
Fausto dos Santos (1905–1939), Brazilian footballer
Fernando Castro Santos (born 1952), Spanish football manager
Fernando Santos (Brazilian footballer) (born 1980)
Fernando Santos (Portuguese footballer) (born 1954), now a football manager
Flavio Santos (born 1987), Mexican footballer
Francileudo Santos (born 1979), Brazilian-born Tunisian footballer
Georges Santos, French-born (born 1970), Cape Verdean footballer
Giovani dos Santos (born 1989), Mexican footballer
Héctor Santos (born 1944), Uruguayan footballer
Iliarde Santos (born 1980), Brazilian mixed martial artist
Jonathan dos Santos (born 1990), Mexican footballer
Jorge Luis dos Santos (born 1972), Brazilian footballer
José Mário dos Santos Mourinho Félix, Portuguese Football Manager
Julio Santos (born 1976), Ecuadorian freestyle swimmer
Junior dos Santos (born 1984), Brazilian mixed martial artist
Kelly Santos (born 1979), Brazilian WNBA basketball player
Leslie George Santos, Hong Kong footballer
Luis Santos (baseball) (born 1991), Dominican baseball pitcher
Luís Santos (water polo) (born 1980), Brazilian water polo goalkeeper
Luíz Antônio dos Santos (born 1964), Brazilian long-distance runner
Luís Fernando Rodrigues dos Santos (born 1983), Brazilian footballer
Maicon Santos (born 1984), Brazilian footballer
Manny Santos (boxer) (born 1941), Tongan/New Zealander boxer of the 1960s and '70s
Marc Dos Santos (born 1977), Canadian soccer manager
Marcílio Luís Evangelista dos Santos (born 1964), Brazilian footballer known as Santos
Marco Aurélio Cunha dos Santos (born 1967), Brazilian footballer
Maria Santos (swimmer) (born 1978), Portuguese swimmer
Marílson Gomes dos Santos (born 1977), Brazilian distance-runner
Neymar da Silva Santos, Jr. (born 1992)), Brazilian footballer
Nicholas Santos (born 1980), Brazilian freestyle swimmer
Nílton Santos (1925–2013), Brazilian football player
Omir Santos (born 1981), Puerto Rican baseball player
Paulo Jorge dos Santos Futre (born 1966), Portuguese footballer
Ricardo Izecson dos Santos Leite "Kaká" (born 1982), Brazilian footballer
Ricky Santos (born 1984), American Canadian football quarterback
Rodney Santos (born 1973), Filipino professional basketball player
Rodrigo dos Santos (born 1981), Brazilian water polo player
Ronivaldo Santos Conceição (born 1972), Brazilian squash player
Sergio Santos (born 1983), American baseball player
Sérgio Santos (born 1975), Brazilian volleyball player
Sidnei dos Santos, Jr. (born 1982), Brazilian volleyball player better known as Sidão
Sueli dos Santos (born 1965), Brazilian javelin thrower
Tiago Alencar dos Santos (born 1986), Brazilian footballer
Victor Irving Santos (born 1976), Dominican-American baseball player
Yanelis Santos (born 1986), Cuban volleyball player
Others[edit]
Johan Santos (born 1987), Filipino television actor
Keity Souza Santos, Brazilian immunologist
Lulu Santos (born 1953), Brazilian singer and guitarist
Riza Santos (born 1987), Filipino-Canadian beauty queen
Tony Santos, Spanish funk/R&B singer
Characters[edit]
Santos Family, in the American soap opera Guiding Light
Danny Santos
Michelle Bauer Santos, a fictional character on the popular CBS daytime soap opera, Guiding Light
Lúcio Correia dos Santos, a playable character in Overwatch.
Matt Santos, character on the United States television show The West Wing
Manny Santos (Degrassi: The Next Generation), character on the Canadian television show Degrassi: The Next Generation
Joaquin DeSantos, character on the United States television series Riverdale
All My Children[edit]
Julia Santos
Mateo Santos
Maria Santos (All My Children)
Rosa Santos
Tageiry Santos
See also[edit]
Santos (disambiguation)
This page lists people with the surname Santos. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santos_(surname)&oldid=803743492"
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Santos (artist)

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Emanuele Rodriguez dos Santos

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Henry Santos Jeter

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Jovino Santos-Neto

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Antonio da Costa Santos

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Eduardo Santos Montejo

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Juan Manuel Santos Calderón

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Alessandro dos Santos

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Andréia dos Santos

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Héctor Santos

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Leslie George Santos

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Michelle Bauer Santos

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the bacterium. For the infection, see tuberculosis.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
M. tuberculosis bacterial colonies
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinobacteria
Class: Actinobacteria
Order: Actinomycetales
Family: Mycobacteriaceae
Genus: Mycobacterium
Species: M. tuberculosis
Binomial name
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Zopf 1883
Synonyms
Tubercle bacillus Koch 1882
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an obligate[1] pathogenic bacterial species in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of tuberculosis.[2] First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, M. tuberculosis has an unusual, waxy coating on its cell surface primarily due to the presence of mycolic acid. This coating makes the cells impervious to Gram staining, and as a result, M. tuberculosis can appear either Gram-negative or Gram-positive.[3] Acid-fast stains such as Ziehl-Neelsen, or fluorescent stains such as auramine are used instead to identify M. tuberculosis with a microscope. The physiology of M. tuberculosis is highly aerobic and requires high levels of oxygen. Primarily a pathogen of the mammalian respiratory system, it infects the lungs. The most frequently used diagnostic methods for tuberculosis are the tuberculin skin test, acid-fast stain, culture, and polymerase chain reaction.[2][4]
The M. tuberculosis genome was sequenced in 1998.[5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Microbiology
1.1 Microscopy
1.2 Culture
2 Pathophysiology
2.1 Strain variation
3 Genome
4 Evolution
4.1 Co-evolution with modern humans
5 Host genetics
6 DNA repair
7 History
8 Vaccine
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Microbiology[edit]
M. tuberculosis is part of a complex that has at least 9 species: M. tuberculosis sensu stricto, M. africanum, M. canetti, M. bovis, M. caprae, M. microti, M. pinnipedii, M. mungi, and M. orygis.[7] It requires oxygen to grow, does not produce spores, and is nonmotile.[8][9] M. tuberculosis divides every 15–20 hours. This is extremely slow compared with other bacteria, which tend to have division times measured in minutes (Escherichia coli can divide roughly every 20 minutes). It is a small bacillus that can withstand weak disinfectants and can survive in a dry state for weeks. Its unusual cell wall is rich in lipids such as mycolic acid and is likely responsible for its resistance to desiccation and is a key virulence factor.[10]
Microscopy[edit]
Other bacteria are commonly identified with a microscope by staining them with Gram stain. However, the mycolic acid in the cell wall of M. tuberculosis does not absorb the stain. Instead, acid-fast stains such as Ziehl-Neelsen stain, or fluorescent stains such as auramine are used.[4] Cells are curved rod-shaped and are often seen wrapped together, due to the presence of fatty acids in the cell wall that stick together.[11] This appearance is referred to as cording, like strands of cord that make up a rope.[9] M. tuberculosis is characterized in tissue by caseating granulomas containing Langhans giant cells, which have a "horseshoe" pattern of nuclei.
Culture[edit]
M. tuberculosis can be grown in the laboratory. Compared to other commonly studied bacteria, M. tuberculosis has a remarkably slow growth rate, doubling roughly once per day. Commonly used media include liquids such as Middlebrook 7H9 or 7H12, egg-based solid media such as Lowenstein-Jensen, and solid agar-based such as Middlebrook 7H11 or 7H10.[9] Visible colonies require several weeks to grow on agar plates. It is distinguished from other mycobacteria by its production of catalase and niacin.[12] Other tests to confirm its identity include gene probes and MALDI-TOF.[13][14]
Pathophysiology[edit]
Humans are the only known reservoirs of M. tuberculosis. A misconception is that M. tuberculosis can be spread by shaking hands, making contact with toilet seats, sharing food or drink, sharing toothbrushes, or kissing. It can only be spread through air droplets originating from a person who has the disease either coughing, sneezing, speaking, or singing.[15]
When in the lungs, M. tuberculosis is phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages, but they are unable to kill and digest the bacterium. Its cell wall prevents the fusion of the phagosome with the lysosome, which contains a host of antibacterial factors.[16] Specifically, M. tuberculosis blocks the bridging molecule, early endosomal autoantigen 1 (EEA1); however, this blockade does not prevent fusion of vesicles filled with nutrients. Consequently, the bacteria multiply unchecked within the macrophage. The bacteria also carry the UreC gene, which prevents acidification of the phagosome.[17] In addition, production of the diterpene isotuberculosinol prevents maturation of the phagosome.[18] The bacteria also evade macrophage-killing by neutralizing reactive nitrogen intermediates.[19]
Protective granulomas are formed due to the production of cytokines and upregulation of proteins involved in recruitment. Granulotomatous lesions are important in both regulating the immune response and minimizing tissue damage. Moreover, T cells help maintain Mycobacterium within the granulomas.[20]
The ability to construct M. tuberculosis mutants and test individual gene products for specific functions has significantly advanced the understanding of its pathogenesis and virulence factors. Many secreted and exported proteins are known to be important in pathogenesis.[21] Aerolysin is a virulence factor of the pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. Resistant strains of M. tuberculosis have developed resistance to more than one TB drug, due to mutations in their genes.
Strain variation[edit]
Typing of strains is useful in the investigation of tuberculosis outbreaks, because it gives the investigator evidence for or against transmission from person to person. Consider the situation where person A has tuberculosis and believes he acquired it from person B. If the bacteria isolated from each person belong to different types, then transmission from B to A is definitively disproved; however, if the bacteria are the same strain, then this supports (but does not definitively prove) the hypothesis that B infected A.
Until the early 2000s, M. tuberculosis strains were typed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).[22] This has now been superseded by variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTR), which is technically easier to perform and allows better discrimination between strains. This method makes use of the presence of repeated DNA sequences within the M. tuberculosis genome.
Three generations of VNTR typing for M. tuberculosis are noted. The first scheme, called exact tandem repeat, used only five loci,[23] but the resolution afforded by these five loci was not as good as PFGE. The second scheme, called mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit, had discrimination as good as PFGE.[24][25] The third generation (mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit – 2) added a further nine loci to bring the total to 24. This provides a degree of resolution greater than PFGE and is currently the standard for typing M. tuberculosis.[26] However, with regard to archaeological remains, additional evidence may be required because of possible contamination from related soil bacteria.[27]
Antibiotic resistance in M. tuberculosis typically occurs due to either the accumulation of mutations in the genes targeted by the antibiotic or a change in titration of the drug.[28] M. tuberculosis is considered to be multidrug-resistant (MDR TB) if it has developed drug resistance to both rifampicin and isoniazid, which are the most important antibiotics used in treatment. Additionally, extensively drug-resistant M. tuberculosis (XDR TB) is characterized by resistance to both isoniazid and rifampin, plus any fluoroquinolone and at least one of three injectable second-line drugs (i.e., amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin).[29]
M. tuberculosis (stained red) in tissue (blue)
Cording M. tuberculosis (H37Rv strain) culture on the luminescent microscopy
Genome[edit]
The genome of the H37Rv strain was published in 1998.[30] Its size is 4 million base pairs, with 3,959 genes; 40% of these genes have had their function characterised, with possible function postulated for another 44%. Within the genome are also six pseudogenes.
The genome contains 250 genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, with 39 of these involved in the polyketide metabolism generating the waxy coat. Such large numbers of conserved genes show the evolutionary importance of the waxy coat to pathogen survival. Furthermore, experimental studies have since validated the importance of a lipid metabolism for M. tuberculosis, consisting entirely of host-derived lipids such as fats and cholesterol. Bacteria isolated from the lungs of infected mice were shown to preferentially use fatty acids over carbohydrate substrates.[31] M. tuberculosis can also grow on the lipid cholesterol as a sole source of carbon, and genes involved in the cholesterol use pathway(s) have been validated as important during various stages of the infection lifecycle of M. tuberculosis, especially during the chronic phase of infection when other nutrients are likely not available.[32]
About 10% of the coding capacity is taken up by the PE/PPE gene families that encode acidic, glycine-rich proteins. These proteins have a conserved N-terminal motif, deletion of which impairs growth in macrophages and granulomas.[33]
Nine noncoding sRNAs have been characterised in M. tuberculosis,[34] with a further 56 predicted in a bioinformatics screen.[35]
In 2013, a study on the genome of several sensitive, ultraresistant, and multiresistant M. tuberculosis strains was made to study antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Results reveal new relationships and drug resistance genes not previously associated and suggest some genes and intergenic regions associated with drug resistance may be involved in the resistance to more than one drug. Noteworthy is the role of the intergenic regions in the development of this resistance, and most of the genes proposed in this study to be responsible for drug resistance have an essential role in the development of M. tuberculosis.[36]
Evolution[edit]
The M. tuberculosis complex evolved in Africa and most probably in the Horn of Africa.[37][38] The M. tuberculosis group has a number of members that include M. africanum, M. bovis (Dassie's bacillus), M. caprae, M. microti, M. mungi, M. orygis, and M. pinnipedii. This group may also include the M. canettii clade.
The M. canettii clade — which includes M. prototuberculosis — is a group of smooth-colony Mycobacterium species. Unlike the established members of the M. tuberculosis group, they undergo recombination with other species. The majority of the known strains of this group have been isolated from the Horn of Africa. The ancestor of M. tuberculosis appears to be M. canettii, first described in 1969.[39]
The established members of the M. tuberculosis complex are all clonal in their spread. The main human-infecting species have been classified into seven spoligotypes: type 1 contains the East African-Indian (EAI), the Manila family of strains and some Manu (Indian) strains; type 2 is the Beijing group; type 3 consists of the Central Asian (CAS) strains; type 4 of the Ghana and Haarlem (H/T), Latin America-Mediterranean (LAM) and X strains; types 5 and 6 correspond to M. africanum and are observed predominantly and at very high frequency in West Africa. A seventh type has been isolated from the Horn of Africa.[37] The other species of this complex belong to a number of spoligotypes and do not normally infect humans.
Types 2 and 3 are more closely related to each other than to the other types. Types 5 and 6 are most closely aligned with the species that do not normally infect humans. Type 3 has been divided into two clades: CAS-Kili (found in Tanzania) and CAS-Delhi (found in India and Saudi Arabia).
Type 4 is also known as the Euro-American lineage. Subtypes within this type include Latin American Mediterranean, Uganda I, Uganda II, Haarlem, X, and Congo.[40]
The most recent common ancestor of the M. tuberculosis complex evolved about 40,000 years ago.[41] The most recent common ancestors of the EAI and LAM strains have been estimated to be 13,700 and 7,000 years ago, respectively. The Beijing- CAS strains diverged about 17,100 years ago. All types of the M. tuberculosis began their current expansion about 5000 years ago—a period that coincides with the appearance of M. bovis. The Beijing strain appears to have been the most successful with around a 500-fold increase in effective population size (Ne) since its expansion began. The least successful of the main lineages appears to have been those limited to Africa, where they have undergone an Ne increase of only five-fold. Since its initial evolution, M. bovis has undergone an expansion of Ne of about 65-fold.
Co-evolution with modern humans[edit]
Much evidence suggests the different strains of the obligate human pathogen M. tuberculosis have co-evolved, migrated, and expanded with their human hosts. This well-supported theory is consistent with the bacterium’s phylogeny and phylogeography.[38][42] With the global spread of M. tuberculosis, studies have examined whether geographically defined human populations are especially susceptible to the transmission of a particular lineage or strain of M. tuberculosis. They have found that even when transmission of M. tuberculosis occurs in an urban center outside the region of origin, a human host’s region of origin is predictive of which TB strain they carry and that genetically differentiated populations of M. tuberculosis do indeed preserve stable associations with host populations from their geographic region.[43][44] The fact that all six principle phylogeographic lineages are found in Africa combined with the belief that ancestral mycobacteria may have impacted early hominids in East Africa as early as three million years ago, once again point to the theory of M. tuberculosis originating in Africa and expanding alongside the human migration out of East Africa.[45] The significant correlation of increased frequency of tuberculosis-resistant alleles with the duration of a human population’s urban settlement similarly points to an extensive co-evolutionary relationship.[46] Some of the most compelling data concerning the co-expansion of M. tuberculosis with modern humans come from a study that compared M. tuberculosis phylogeny to human mitochondrial genomes and found impressive similarities in the patterns and geographical locations of branching and divergence events.[38] The match between M. tuberculosis and human mitochondrial phylogenies supports an extended relationship between M. tuberculosis and its host, while the clear expansion of this bacterial pathogen during the Neolithic Demographic Transition (around 10,000 years ago) suggests that M. tuberculosis was able to adapt to changing human populations and that the historical success of this pathogen was driven at least in part by dramatic increases in human host population density.
Host genetics[edit]
The nature of the host-pathogen interaction between humans and M. tuberculosis is considered to have a genetic component. A group of rare disorders called Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases was observed in a subset of individuals with a genetic defect that results in increased susceptibility to mycobacterial infection.
Early case and twin studies have indicated that genetic component are important in host susceptibility to M. tuberculosis. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified three genetic risk loci, including at positions 11p13 and 18q11.[47][48] As is common in GWAS, the variants discovered have moderate effect sizes.
DNA repair[edit]
As an intracellular pathogen, M. tuberculosis is exposed to a variety of DNA-damaging assaults, primarily from host-generated antimicrobial toxic radicals. Exposure to reactive oxygen species and/or reactive nitrogen species causes different types of DNA damage including oxidation, depurination, methylation, and deamination that can give rise to single- and double-strand breaks (DSBs).
DnaE2 polymerase is upregulated in M. tuberculosis by several DNA-damaging agents, as well as during infection of mice.[49] Loss of this DNA polymerase reduces the virulence of M. tuberculosis in mice.[49] DnaE2 is an error-prone repair DNA repair polymerase that appears to contribute to M. tuberculosis survival during infection.
The two major pathways employed in repair of DSBs are homologous recombinational repair (HR) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Macrophage-internalized M. tuberculosis is able to persist if either of these pathways is defective, but is attenuated when both pathways are defective.[50] This indicates that intracellular exposure of M. tuberculosis to reactive oxygen and/or reactive nitrogen species results in the formation of DSBs that are repaired by HR or NHEJ.[50] However deficiency of DSB repair does not appear to impair M. tuberculosis virulence in animal models.[51]
History[edit]
Main article: History of tuberculosis
M. tuberculosis, then known as the "tubercle bacillus", was first described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch, who subsequently received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this discovery in 1905; the bacterium is also known as "Koch's bacillus".[52]
Tuberculosis has existed throughout history, but the name has changed frequently over time. In 1720, though, the history of tuberculosis started to take shape into what is known of it today; as the physician Benjamin Marten described in his A Theory of Consumption, tuberculosis may be caused by small living creatures transmitted through the air to other patients.[53]
Vaccine[edit]
The BCG vaccine, which was derived from M. bovis, has had limited success in preventing tuberculosis.
See also[edit]
Philip D'Arcy Hart
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Blouin Y, Cazajous G, Dehan C, Soler C, Vong R, Hassan MO, Hauck Y, Boulais C, Andriamanantena D, Martinaud C, Martin É, Pourcel C, Vergnaud G (January 2014). "Progenitor Mycobacterium canettii clone responsible for lymph node tuberculosis epidemic, Djibouti". Emerging Infect. Dis. 20 (1): 21–8. PMC 3884719  . PMID 24520560. doi:10.3201/eid2001.130652.
Jump up ^ Malm S, Linguissi LS, Tekwu EM, Vouvoungui JC, Kohl TA, Beckert P, Sidibe A, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Madzou-Laboum IK, Kwedi S, Penlap Beng V, Frank M, Ntoumi F, Niemann S (2017). "New Mycobacterium tuberculocis Complex sublineage, Brazzaville, Congo". Emerg Infect Dis. 23 (3): 423–429. doi:10.3201/eid2303.160679. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Wirth T, Hildebrand F, Allix-Béguec C, Wölbeling F, Kubica T, Kremer K, van Soolingen D, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Locht C, Brisse S, Meyer A, Supply P, Niemann S (2008). "Origin, spread and demography of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex". PLoS Pathog. 4 (9): e1000160. PMC 2528947  . PMID 18802459. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000160.
Jump up ^ Hershberg R, Lipatov M, Small PM, Sheffer H, Niemann S, Homolka S, Roach JC, Kremer K, Petrov DA, Feldman MW, Gagneux S (2008). "High functional diversity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis driven by genetic drift and human demography". PLoS Biol. 6 (12): e311. PMC 2602723  . PMID 19090620. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060311.
Jump up ^ Gagneux S, DeRiemer K, Van T, Kato-Maeda M, de Jong BC, Narayanan S, Nicol M, Niemann S, Kremer K, Gutierrez MC, Hilty M, Hopewell PC, Small PM (2006). "Variable host-pathogen compatibility in Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (8): 2869–73. PMC 1413851  . PMID 16477032. doi:10.1073/pnas.0511240103.
Jump up ^ Hirsh AE, Tsolaki AG, DeRiemer K, Feldman MW, Small PM (2004). "Stable association between strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their human host populations". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (14): 4871–6. PMC 387341  . PMID 15041743. doi:10.1073/pnas.0305627101.
Jump up ^ Gutierrez MC, Brisse S, Brosch R, Fabre M, Omaïs B, Marmiesse M, Supply P, Vincent V (2005). "Ancient origin and gene mosaicism of the progenitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis". PLoS Pathog. 1 (1): e5. PMC 1238740  . PMID 16201017. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0010005.
Jump up ^ Barnes I, Duda A, Pybus OG, Thomas MG (2011). "Ancient urbanization predicts genetic resistance to tuberculosis". Evolution. 65 (3): 842–8. PMID 20840594. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01132.x.
Jump up ^ Thye T, Owusu-Dabo E, Vannberg FO, van Crevel R, Curtis J, Sahiratmadja E, Balabanova Y, Ehmen C, Muntau B, Ruge G, Sievertsen J, Gyapong J, Nikolayevskyy V, Hill PC, Sirugo G, Drobniewski F, van de Vosse E, Newport M, Alisjahbana B, Nejentsev S, Ottenhoff TH, Hill AV, Horstmann RD, Meyer CG (5 February 2012). "Common variants at 11p13 are associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis.". Nature Genetics. 44 (3): 257–9. PMC 3427019  . PMID 22306650. doi:10.1038/ng.1080.
Jump up ^ Thye T, Vannberg FO, Wong SH, Owusu-Dabo E, Osei I, Gyapong J, Sirugo G, Sisay-Joof F, Enimil A, Chinbuah MA, Floyd S, Warndorff DK, Sichali L, Malema S, Crampin AC, Ngwira B, Teo YY, Small K, Rockett K, Kwiatkowski D, Fine PE, Hill PC, Newport M, Lienhardt C, Adegbola RA, Corrah T, Ziegler A, Morris AP, Meyer CG, Horstmann RD, Hill AV (September 2010). "Genome-wide association analyses identifies a susceptibility locus for tuberculosis on chromosome 18q11.2.". Nature Genetics. 42 (9): 739–41. PMC 4975513  . PMID 20694014. doi:10.1038/ng.639.
^ Jump up to: a b Boshoff HI, Reed MB, Barry CE, Mizrahi V (2003). "DnaE2 polymerase contributes to in vivo survival and the emergence of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Cell. 113 (2): 183–93. PMID 12705867. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00270-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Brzostek A, Szulc I, Klink M, Brzezinska M, Sulowska Z, Dziadek J (2014). "Either non-homologous ends joining or homologous recombination is required to repair double-strand breaks in the genome of macrophage-internalized Mycobacterium tuberculosis". PLoS ONE. 9 (3): e92799. PMC 3962454  . PMID 24658131. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092799.
Jump up ^ Heaton BE, Barkan D, Bongiorno P, Karakousis PC, Glickman MS (2014). "Deficiency of double-strand DNA break repair does not impair Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence in multiple animal models of infection". Infect. Immun. 82 (8): 3177–85. PMC 4136208  . PMID 24842925. doi:10.1128/IAI.01540-14.
Jump up ^ "Robert Koch and Tuberculosis: Koch's Famous Lecture". Nobel Foundation. 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
Jump up ^ "Tuberculosis History Timeline". Retrieved 2010-06-18.
External links[edit]
TB database: an integrated platform for Tuberculosis research
Photoblog about Tuberculosis
"Mycobacterium tuberculosis". NCBI Taxonomy Browser.
Database on Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetics
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
[hide]
v
t
e
Gram-positive bacterial infection: Actinobacteria (primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109)
Actinomycineae
Actinomycetaceae
Actinomyces israelii
Actinomycosis
Cutaneous actinomycosis
Tropheryma whipplei
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Propionibacteriaceae
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Corynebacterineae
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M. tuberculosis/
M. bovis
Tuberculosis: Ghon focus/Ghon's complex
Pott disease
brain
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Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis
cutaneous
Scrofuloderma
Erythema induratum
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Prosector's wart
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Leprosy: Tuberculoid leprosy
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R1:
M. kansasii
M. marinum
Aquarium granuloma
R2:
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R3:
M. avium complex/Mycobacterium avium/Mycobacterium intracellulare/MAP
MAI infection
M. ulcerans
Buruli ulcer
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R4/RG:
M. fortuitum
M. chelonae
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Nocardiaceae
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Nocardiosis
Rhodococcus equi
Corynebacteriaceae
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diphtheria
Corynebacterium minutissimum
Erythrasma
Corynebacterium jeikeium
Group JK corynebacterium sepsis
Bifidobacteriaceae
Gardnerella vaginalis
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q130971
EoL: 6385875
GBIF: 3225140
ITIS: 963806
NCBI: 1773
Authority control
NDL: 00565485
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mycobacterium_tuberculosis&oldid=802701823"
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Philip Kiriakis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Philip Kiriakis
John-Paul Lavoisier as Philip Kiriakis
Days of our Lives character
Portrayed by
Jay Kenneth Johnson (1999–2002, 2007–11)
Kyle Brandt (2003–06)
John-Paul Lavoisier (2015–16)
(and others)
Duration
1995–2011
2015–16
First appearance
February 21, 1995
Last appearance
December 20, 2016 (2016-12-20)
Created by
James E. Reilly
Introduced by
Ken Corday and Tom Langan (1995, 1999)
Ken Corday and Stephen Wyman (2003, 2007)
Ken Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2015)
Classification
Former; regular
Profile
Occupation
Businessman
ISA Agent
Marine

Jay Kenneth Johnson as Philip Kiriakis
[show]Family
Family
Kiriakis
Father
Victor Kiriakis
Mother
Kate Roberts
Stepfather
Roman Brady (2003–05)
Stefano DiMera (2009–12)
André DiMera (2017-18)
Stepmother
Vivian Alamain (1995–97, 2010–11)
Nicole Walker (2002–08)
Maggie Horton (2011–)
Siblings
Isabella Toscano
Bo Brady
Austin Reed
Billie Reed
Lucas Horton
Cassie Brady
Rex Brady
Spouse
Belle Black (2005–07)
Melanie Jonas (2010–11)
Children
Tyler Kiriakis
Grandparents
Yurgos Kiriakis
Sophie Kiriakis
Aunts and uncles
Alexander Kiriakis
Titus Kiriakis
Deimos Kiriakis
Nieces and nephews
Brady Black
Shawn-Douglas Brady
Chelsea Brady
Zack Brady
Ciara Brady
Will Horton
Allie Horton
First cousins
Justin Kiriakis
Xander Kiriakis
Other relatives
Claire Brady
Alexander Kiriakis II
Joey Kiriakis (adoptive)
Victor Kiriakis II (adoptive)
Sonny Kiriakis
Philip Kiriakis is a character on the American soap opera Days of Our Lives. Child actors portrayed the character of Philip until he was rapidly aged from age 4 to 15 and played by Brandon Tyler in October 1999. Tyler was quickly replaced by Jay Kenneth Johnson, who was in the role until leaving the show in December 2002. The character returned in May 2003 played by Kyle Brandt. After Brandt left the show in October 2006, Johnson returned to the role in January 2007 then left on April 20, 2011. In 2015, actor John-Paul Lavoisier was cast in the role; he was let go the following year, last appearing on December 20, 2016.
Contents
[hide]
1 Casting
2 Storylines
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Casting[edit]
Child actors Jonathan and Thomas Selstad and Shane Nicholas played Philip from the character's birth until the rapidly aged character returned in the form of Brandon Tyler from October 21, 1999 to December 24, 1999. He was then portrayed by Jay Kenneth Johnson from December 27, 1999 to December 25, 2002[1] and Kyle Brandt from May 14, 2003 to October 12, 2006.[2] Johnson again portrayed Philip having returned to the role from January 12, 2007 to April 20, 2011.[1]
In July 2015, it was announced former One Life to Live actor John-Paul Lavoisier has been cast as Philip, first appearing on December 10, as part of the show's fiftieth anniversary.[3][4][5] In July 2016, it was announced that Lavoisier would vacate the role of Philip and would film his final scenes within the month.[6] The actor's final appearance was slated for December 19, 2016.[7] However, the date was pushed back to December 20, 2016.[8]
Storylines[edit]
Philip is the biological son of Victor Kiriakis (John Aniston) and his fiancee, Kate Roberts and the surrogate son of Vivian Alamain (Louise Sorel). He attends Salem High School before joining the military and marrying Belle Black. Later, he loses part of his left leg and has to wear a prosthetic. Philip and Belle separate when it is discovered that Claire Brady is not his biological daughter, but they eventually reunite and try to conceive their own child through in vitro fertilization. Philip's sperm is switched with Shawn-Douglas Brady's, resulting in Philip having a son Tyler with Mimi Lockhart. Belle leaves Philip for Shawn and Tyler is later given up for adoption. Phillip begins dating Stephanie Johnson and takes a more active role in running Titan Industries with his father. Phillip is seen as a disappointment by Victor and so he goes into business with Tony DiMera but, when they have an argument on the pier, Tony falls onto a sharp plank and dies at the hospital. Nicole Walker witnesses the scene and after being pressured by both Bo Brady and her father-in-law Stefano DiMera finally says it was an accident and Phillip is cleared of any wrongdoing. Victor becomes protective of Phillip once Stefano is consumed by grief and anger over Tony's death and threatens revenge against Phillip. While on a romantic trip with Stephanie, Phillip is shot and almost dies and everyone immediately suspects that Stefano ordered the hit as revenge for Tony's death.
Phillip has a one-night stand with Chloe Lane while he is married to Melanie Layton. Chloe gives birth to a boy Parker Jonas, whom she names after Daniel Jonas' mother's maiden name, since Daniel is assumed to be the father.[9] Chloe and Phillip later believe (incorrectly) that Phillip is Parker's father, since Caroline switched the paternity test results.[10] Melanie suffers a miscarriage caused by stress. Phillip leaves Salem for Chicago with Parker. Chloe later reveals that Daniel is actually Parker's biological father.
See also[edit]
Reed/Roberts Family Tree
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "DAYS OF OUR LIVES - Jay Kenneth Johnson - Philip - DAYS - Actor Bio". Soapoperadigest.com. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
Jump up ^ "Kyle Brandt - Days of our Lives - Chatter Box - Soap Opera Digest and Weekly". Soapoperadigest.com. Retrieved 2010-05-30. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ SOD (July 16, 2015). "EXCLUSIVE! JOHN-PAUL LAVOISIER JOINS DAYS". Soap Opera Digest. United States. American Media Inc. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "DAYS: John-Paul Lavoisier Debuts As Philip". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. 40 (50): 4. December 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Comings and Goings: John-Paul Lavoisier (Philip Kiriakis)". Soap Opera Digest. (Vol. 40, No. 50). December 14, 2015. p. 10.
Jump up ^ "JOHN-PAUL LAVOISIER OUT AT DAYS". Soap Opera Digest. United States. American Media, Inc. July 5, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Cushman, Dustin (November 22, 2016). "John-Paul Lavoisier leaving Days of our Lives". Soaps.com. United States: SheKnows Media. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Who's Going". Comings and Goings. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 41 (52): 12–13. December 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Parker Jonas". Retrieved November 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Caroline switched Chloe's baby daddy results". Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2010.
External links[edit]
Philip Kiriakis profile - SoapCentral.com
[show]
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Notable past
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[show]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Kiriakis&oldid=843588518"
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