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List of performances and events at Woodstock Festival
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The Woodstock Music & Art Fair was a music festival held on a 600-acre (2.4 km²; 240 ha, 0.94 mi²) dairy farm in the rural town of Bethel, New York from August 15 to August 18, 1969. Thirty-two acts performed during the sometimes rainy weekend in front of nearly half a million concertgoers. It is widely regarded as one of the greatest moments in popular music history and was listed on Rolling Stone's 50 Moments That Changed the History of Rock and Roll.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Friday, August 15 to Saturday, August 16
1.1 Richie Havens
1.2 Swami Satchidananda
1.3 Sweetwater
1.4 Bert Sommer
1.5 Tim Hardin
1.6 Ravi Shankar
1.7 Melanie Safka
1.8 Arlo Guthrie
1.9 Joan Baez
2 Saturday, August 16 to Sunday, August 17
2.1 Quill
2.2 Country Joe McDonald
2.3 Santana
2.4 John B. Sebastian
2.5 Keef Hartley Band
2.6 The Incredible String Band
2.7 Canned Heat
2.8 Mountain
2.9 Grateful Dead
2.10 Creedence Clearwater Revival
2.11 Janis Joplin
2.12 Sly & the Family Stone
2.13 The Who
2.14 Jefferson Airplane
3 Sunday, August 17 to Monday, August 18
3.1 Joe Cocker
3.2 Country Joe and the Fish
3.3 Ten Years After
3.4 The Band
3.5 Johnny Winter
3.6 Blood, Sweat & Tears
3.7 Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young
3.8 Paul Butterfield Blues Band
3.9 Sha Na Na
3.10 Jimi Hendrix
4 Notes
5 References
Friday, August 15 to Saturday, August 16[edit]
The first day officially began at 5:07 p.m. with Richie Havens and featured folk artists. 32 acts performed during the sometimes rainy weekend in front of nearly half a million concertgoers.
Richie Havens[edit]
5:07pm – 7:00pm
"The Minstrel from Gaul"
"From the Prison/Get Together/From the Prison"
"I'm a Stranger Here"
"High Flying Bird"
"I Can't Make It Anymore"
"With a Little Help from My Friends"
"Handsome Johnny"
"Strawberry Fields Forever / Hey Jude"
"Freedom (Motherless Child)"
Swami Satchidananda[edit]
7:10pm – 7:20pm
gave the invocation for the festival
Sweetwater[edit]
7:30pm – 8:10pm[nb 1]
"Motherless Child"
"Look Out"
"For Pete's Sake"
"What's Wrong"
"Crystal Spider"
"Two Worlds"
"Why Oh Why"
"Let the Sunshine In"
"Oh Happy Day"
Bert Sommer[edit]
8:20pm – 9:15pm
"Jennifer"
"The Road to Travel"
"I Wondered Where You Be"
"She's Gone"
"Things Are Going My Way"
"And When It's Over"
"Jeanette"
"America"
"A Note That Read"
"Smile"
Tim Hardin[edit]
9:20pm – 9:45pm
"How Can We Hang On to a Dream?"
"Susan"
"If I Were a Carpenter"
"Reason to Believe"
"You Upset the Grace of Living When You Lie"
"Speak Like a Child"
"Snow White Lady"
"Blues on My Ceiling"
"Simple Song of Freedom"
"Misty Roses"
Ravi Shankar[edit]
with a three-song set, played through the rain
10:00pm – 10:35pm
"Raga Puriya-Dhanashri/Gat In Sawarital"
"Tabla Solo In Jhaptal"
"Raga Manj Kmahaj (AIap, Jor, Dhun In Kaharwa Tal)"
Melanie Safka[edit]
10:50pm – 11:20pm
"Close to It All"
"Momma Momma"
"Beautiful People"
"Animal Crackers"
"Mr. Tambourine Man"
"Tuning My Guitar"
"Birthday of the Sun"
Arlo Guthrie[edit]
11:55pm – 12:25am
"Coming into Los Angeles"
"Wheel of Fortune"
"Walkin' Down the Line"
Story about Moses and the Brownies
"Mary Don't You Weep"
"Every Hand in the Land"
"Amazing Grace"
Joan Baez[edit]
12:55am – 2:00am [3][nb 2]
"Oh Happy Day"
"The Last Thing on My Mind"
"I Shall Be Released"
Story about how the Federal Marshals came to take David Harris into custody
"No Expectations"
"Joe Hill"
"Sweet Sir Galahad"
"Hickory Wind"
"Drug Store Truck Driving Man" duet with Jeffrey Shurtleff
"I Live One Day at a Time"
"Take Me Back to the Sweet Sunny South"
"Let Me Wrap You In My Warm and Tender Love"
"Swing Low, Sweet Chariot"
"We Shall Overcome"

Saturday, August 16 to Sunday, August 17[edit]
The day opened at 1:20 pm, and featured some of the event's biggest psychedelic and guitar rock headliners.
Quill[edit]
12:15pm – 12:45pm
"They Live the Life"
"That's How I Eat"
"Driftin'"
"Waitin' for You"
Country Joe McDonald[edit]
1:00pm – 1:30pm
"Janis"
"Donovan's Reef"
"Heartaches by the Number"
"Ring of Fire"
"Tennessee Stud"
"Rockin' Round the World"
"Flyin' High"
"I Seen a Rocket"
"The "Fish" Cheer/I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag"
Santana[edit]
2:00pm – 2:45pm
"Waiting"
"Evil Ways"
"You Just Don't Care"
"Savor"
"Jingo"
"Persuasion"
"Soul Sacrifice"
"Fried Neckbones and Some Home Fries"
John B. Sebastian[edit]
3:30pm – 3:55pm
"How Have You Been"
"Rainbows All Over Your Blues"
"I Had a Dream"
"Darlin' Be Home Soon"
"Younger Generation"
Keef Hartley Band[edit]
4:45pm – 5:30pm
"Spanish Fly"
"She's Gone"
"Too Much Thinkin'"
"Believe in You"
"Rock Me Baby"
"Sinnin' for You / Leaving Trunk / Just to Cry / Sinnin' for You"
The Incredible String Band[edit]
6:00pm – 6:30pm
"Invocation"
"The Letter"
"Gather 'Round"
"This Moment"
"Come with Me"
"When You Find Out Who You Are"
Canned Heat[edit]
7:30pm – 8:30pm
"I'm Her Man"
"Going Up the Country"
"A Change Is Gonna Come / Leaving This Town"
"Too Many Drivers at the Wheel"
"I Know My Baby"
"Woodstock Boogie"
"On the Road Again"
Mountain[edit]
9:00pm – 10:00pm
"Blood of the Sun"
"Stormy Monday"
"Theme for an Imaginary Western"
"Long Red"
"For Yasgur's Farm" (song was untitled at the time)
"Beside the Sea"
"Waiting to Take You Away"
"Dreams of Milk and Honey / Guitar Solo"
"Blind Man"
"Dirty Shoes Blues"
"Southbound Train"
Grateful Dead[edit]
10:30pm – 12:05am[nb 3]
"St. Stephen"
"Mama Tried"
"Dark Star"
"High Time"
"Turn on Your Love Light"
Creedence Clearwater Revival[edit]
12:30am – 1:20am
"Born on the Bayou"
"Green River"
"Ninety-Nine and a Half (Won't Do)"
"Commotion"
"Bootleg"
"Bad Moon Rising"
"Proud Mary"
"I Put a Spell on You"
"Night Time Is the Right Time"
"Keep on Chooglin'"
"Susie Q"
Janis Joplin[edit]
with The Kozmic Blues Band
2:00am – 3:00am[4]
"Raise Your Hand"
"As Good As You've Been to This World"
"To Love Somebody"
"Summertime"
"Try (Just a Little Bit Harder)"
"Kozmic Blues"
"Can't Turn You Loose"
"Work Me, Lord"
"Piece of My Heart"
"Ball 'n' Chain"
Sly & the Family Stone[edit]
3:30am – 4:20am
"M'Lady"
"Sing a Simple Song"
"You Can Make It If You Try"
"Everyday People"
"Dance To The Music"
"Music Lover"
"I Want to Take You Higher"
"I Want to Take You Higher"
"Love City"
"Stand!"
The Who[edit]
5:00am – 6:05am kicking off a 25-song set including Tommy
"Heaven and Hell"
"I Can't Explain"
"It's a Boy"
"1921"
"Amazing Journey"
"Sparks"
"Eyesight to the Blind"
"Christmas"
"Acid Queen"
"Pinball Wizard" (followed by Abbie Hoffman incident)
"Do You Think It's Alright?"
"Fiddle About"
"There's a Doctor"
"Go to the Mirror"
"Smash the Mirror"
"I'm Free"
"Tommy's Holiday Camp"
"We're Not Gonna Take It"
"See Me, Feel Me"
"Summertime Blues"
"Shakin' All Over"
"My Generation" (shortened version)
"Naked Eye" (instrumental finale only)
Jefferson Airplane[edit]
8:00am – 9:40am
"The Other Side of This Life"
"Somebody to Love"
"3/5 of a Mile in 10 Seconds"
"Won't You Try/Saturday Afternoon"
"Eskimo Blue Day"
"Plastic Fantastic Lover"
"Wooden Ships"
"Uncle Sam Blues"
"Volunteers"
"The Ballad of You and Me and Pooneil"
"Come Back Baby"
"White Rabbit"
"The House at Pooneil Corners"
Sunday, August 17 to Monday, August 18[edit]
Joe Cocker was the first act on the last officially booked day (Sunday); he opened up the day's events at 2 PM. His set was preceded by at least two instrumentals by The Grease Band.
Joe Cocker[edit]
2:00pm – 3:25pm
"Dear Landlord"
"Something Comin' On"
"Do I Still Figure in Your Life"
"Feelin' Alright"
"Just Like a Woman"
"Let's Go Get Stoned"
"I Don't Need a Doctor"
"I Shall Be Released"
"Hitchcock Railway"
"Something to Say"
"With a Little Help from My Friends"
After Joe Cocker's set, a thunderstorm disrupted the events for several hours.
Country Joe and the Fish[edit]
6:30pm – 8:00pm
"Rock & Soul Music"
"(Thing Called) Love"
"Not So Sweet Martha Lorraine"
"Sing, Sing, Sing"
"Summer Dresses"
"Friend, Lover, Woman, Wife"
"Silver and Gold"
"Maria"
"Love Machine"
"Ever Since You Told Me That You Love Me (I'm a Nut)"
"Short Jam (instrumental)"
"Crystal Blues"
"Rock & Soul Music (Reprise)"
"The "Fish" Cheer/I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag"
Ten Years After[edit]
8:15pm – 9:15pm
"Spoonful"
"Good Morning Little Schoolgirl"
"Hobbit"
"I Can't Keep from Crying Sometimes"
"Help Me"
"I'm Going Home"
The Band[edit]
10:00pm – 10:50pm
"Chest Fever"
"Don't Do It"
"Tears of Rage"
"We Can Talk"
"Long Black Veil"
"Don't You Tell Henry"
"Ain't No More Cane"
"This Wheel's on Fire"
"I Shall Be Released"
"The Weight"
"Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever"
Johnny Winter[edit]
12:00am – 1:05am featuring his brother, Edgar Winter, on three songs.
"Mama, Talk to Your Daughter"
"Leland Mississippi Blues"
"Mean Town Blues"
"You Done Lost Your Good Thing Now" / "Mean Mistreater"
"I Can't Stand It" (with Edgar Winter)
"Tobacco Road" (with Edgar Winter)
"Tell the Truth" (with Edgar Winter)
"Johnny B. Goode"
Blood, Sweat & Tears[edit]
1:30am – 2:30am
"More and More"
"Just One Smile"
"Something's Coming On"
"More Than You'll Ever Know"
"Spinning Wheel"
"Sometimes in Winter"
"Smiling Phases"
"God Bless the Child"
"I Stand Accused"
"And When I Die"
"You've Made Me So Very Happy"
Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young[edit]
3:00am – 4:00am with separate acoustic and electric sets. Chip Monck announced the act as "Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young", but the name Young was dropped from the movie and film soundtrack.
Acoustic Set
"Suite: Judy Blue Eyes"
"Blackbird"
"Helplessly Hoping"
"Guinnevere"
"Marrakesh Express"
"4 + 20"
"Mr. Soul"
"Wonderin'"
"You Don't Have to Cry"
Electric Set
"Pre-Road Downs"
"Long Time Gone"
"Bluebird"
"Sea of Madness"
"Wooden Ships"
Acoustic Encores
"Find the Cost of Freedom"
"49 Bye-Byes"
Neil Young skipped most of the acoustic set (the exceptions being his compositions "Mr. Soul" and "Wonderin'") and joined Crosby, Stills & Nash during the electric set, but refused to be filmed; by his own report, Young felt the filming was distracting both performers and audience from the music. Despite his refusal, footage does exist of him performing "Mr. Soul" and "Long Time Gone." The "Mr. Soul" performance can be found as an Easter Egg on his Archives 1963-1972 DVD box set, however because of his resistance to being filmed during much of the performance the camera remains focused on Stills. Young's "Sea of Madness," heard on the album, was drawn from the Fillmore East concert, one month after the festival. The original recording was later restored on the six-CD boxed set Woodstock: 40 Years On [Back To Yasgur's Farm]
Paul Butterfield Blues Band[edit]
6:00am – 6:45am
"Born Under a Bad Sign"
"No Amount of Loving"
"Driftin'"
"Morning Sunrise"
"All in a Day"
"Love March"
"Everything's Gonna Be Alright" Note: this exact set list exists in an album called "Paul Butterfield Blues Band - Live In White Lake, N.Y. 8/18/69 (Recorded At The Woodstock Music & Arts Festival. This included Born Under a Bad Sign.
Sha Na Na[edit]
7:30am - 8:00am
"Get a Job"
"Come Go with Me"
"Silhouettes"
"Teen Angel"
"Jailhouse Rock"
"Wipe Out"
"Blue Moon"
"(Who Wrote) The Book of Love"
"Little Darlin'"
"At the Hop"
"Duke of Earl"
"Get a Job (Reprise)"
Jimi Hendrix[edit]
9:00am – 11:10am
After being introduced as the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Hendrix corrected the new group's name to "Gypsy Sun and Rainbows, for short it's nothin’ but a band of gypsies." Later during the set he introduced them as "Sky Church."
"Message to Love"
"Hear My Train A Comin'"
"Spanish Castle Magic"
"Red House" (Hendrix's high E-string broke while playing, but he played the rest of the song with five strings.)
"Mastermind" (written and sung by Larry Lee)
"Lover Man"
"Foxy Lady"
"Jam Back at the House"
"Izabella"
"Gypsy Woman"/"Aware of Love" (These two songs written by Curtis Mayfield were sung by Larry Lee as a medley)
"Fire"
"Voodoo Child (Slight Return)"/"Stepping Stone"
"The Star-Spangled Banner"
"Purple Haze"
"Woodstock Improvisation"/"Villanova Junction" (both titles are posthumous)
Encore :
"Hey Joe"
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ .While some sources list "Day Song" as being played, as of now, there is only a very short excerpt recording of it that might be from Woodstock. As per Nancy Nevins, Sweetwater did not end the set with "Day Song".
Jump up ^ Joan Baez was six months pregnant at the time of the festival.
Jump up ^ The Grateful Dead set was cut short after the stage amps overloaded during "Turn On Your Love Light".
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "50 Moments That Changed Rock and Roll: Otis and Jimi Burn it Up". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ "Woodstock in 1969". Rolling Stone. 2004-06-24. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
Jump up ^ Baez Source: Arthur Levy, annotator of the expanded editions of the 12 Joan Baez CDs on Vanguard
Jump up ^ "Janis Joplin entry". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006-09-24. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
[hide]
v
t
e
Woodstock Festival
Founders
Michael Lang
John P. Roberts
Joel Rosenman
Artie Kornfeld
August 15, 1969
Richie Havens
Swami Satchidananda
Sweetwater
Bert Sommer
Tim Hardin
Ravi Shankar
Melanie
Arlo Guthrie
Joan Baez
August 16, 1969
Quill
Country Joe McDonald
John Sebastian
Santana
Keef Hartley
The Incredible String Band
Canned Heat
Mountain
Grateful Dead
Creedence Clearwater Revival
August 17, 1969
August 18, 1969
Janis Joplin
Sly and the Family Stone
The Who
Jefferson Airplane
Joe Cocker and The Grease Band
Country Joe and the Fish
Ten Years After
The Band
Blood, Sweat & Tears
Johnny and Edgar Winter
Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young
Paul Butterfield Blues Band
Sha Na Na
Jimi Hendrix
Related
Bethel Woods Center for the Arts
Hog Farm Collective
List of performances and events
My Generation
The Road to Woodstock
Taking Woodstock (book
film)
Wavy Gravy
Woodstock (film)
Woodstock '79
Woodstock Reunion 1979
Woodstock '89
Woodstock '94
Woodstock '99
Woodstock '09
Woodstock Nation
Woodstock Nation (1969 book by Abbie Hoffman)
Woodstock Revisited
Max Yasgur
Recordings
At the Woodstock Festival (1970)
Woodstock: Music from the Original Soundtrack and More (1970)
Woodstock 2 (1971)
The Best of Woodstock (1994)
Woodstock: Three Days of Peace and Music (1994)
Woodstock Diary (1994)
Live at Woodstock (Jimi Hendrix album) (1999)
Live at Woodstock (Joe Cocker album) (2009)
The Woodstock Experience (2009)
Woodstock: 40 Years On: Back to Yasgur's Farm (2009)
"Lay Down (Candles in the Rain)" (Melanie song)
"Woodstock" (Joni Mitchell song)
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text:
Geography of Texas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
A physical map of Texas
Geographic map of Texas
Köppen climate classification types of Texas
The geography of Texas is diverse and large. Occupying about 7% of the total water and land area of the U.S.,[1] it is the second largest state after Alaska, and is the southernmost part of the Great Plains, which end in the south against the folded Sierra Madre Oriental of Mexico. Texas is in the south-central part of the United States of America, and is considered to form part of the U.S. South and also part of the U.S. Southwest.[2]
By residents, the state is generally divided into North Texas, East Texas, Central Texas, South Texas, West Texas (and sometimes the Panhandle), but according to the Texas Almanac, Texas has four major physical regions: Gulf Coastal Plains, Interior Lowlands, Great Plains, and Basin and Range Province. This has been cited as the difference between human geography and physical geography, although the fact that Texas was granted the prerogative to divide into as many as five U.S. states may be a historical motive for Texans defining their state as containing exactly five regions.[3]
Some regions in Texas are more associated with the Southeast than the Southwest (primarily East Texas, Central Texas, and North Texas), while other regions share more similarities with the Southwest (primarily far West Texas and South Texas). The upper Panhandle is considered by many to have more in common with parts of the plains Midwest than either the South or Southwest. The size of Texas prohibits easy categorization of the entire state wholly in any recognized region of the United States, and even cultural diversity among regions of the state make it difficult to treat Texas as a region in its own right.
Contents
1 Climate
2 Physical geography
2.1 Coastal Plains
2.2 North Central Plains
2.3 Great Plains
2.4 Mountains and Basins
3 Geology
4 Resources
5 References
6 External links
Climate[edit]
Main article: Climate of Texas
Texas rivers map showing Captain Marcy's route though Texas in 1854.
Continental, Mountain, and Modified Marine are the three major climatic types of Texas, with no distinguishable boundaries. Modified Marine, or subtropical, dominates the majority of the state.[4] Texas has an annual precipitation range from 60.57 inches (1,538 mm) in Jasper County, East Texas, to 9.43 inches (240 mm) in El Paso. The record high of 120 °F (49 °C) was reached at Seymour on August 12, 1936, and Monahans on June 28, 1994. The low also ties at −23 °F (−31 °C) in Tulia on February 12, 1899, and Seminole on February 8, 1933.[5]
Physical geography[edit]
Texas covers a total area of 268,581 square miles (695,622 km2). The longest straight-line distance is from the northwest corner of the panhandle to the Rio Grande river just below Brownsville, 801 miles (1,289 km).[1] The width west-to-east, from El Paso to Orange, Texas, is 762 miles (1,226 km). The largest continental state is so expansive that El Paso, in the western corner of the state, is closer to San Diego, California, than to the Houston and Beaumont area, near the Louisiana state line; while Orange, on the border to Louisiana, is closer to Jacksonville, Florida than it is to El Paso. Texarkana, in the northeastern corner of the state, is about the same distance from Chicago, Illinois, as it is to El Paso, and Dalhart, in the northwestern corner of the state, is closer to the state capitals of Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Wyoming than it is to Austin, its own state capital.[6]
The geographic center of Texas is about 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Brady in northern McCulloch County. Guadalupe Peak, at 8,749 feet (2,666.7 m) above sea level, is the highest point in Texas, the lowest being sea level where Texas meets the Gulf of Mexico.[7] Texas has five state forests and 120 state parks for a total over 605,000 acres (2,450 km2).[8] There are 3,700 named streams and 15 major river systems flowing through 191,000 miles (307,000 km) of Texas. Eventually emptying into seven major estuaries, these rivers support over 212 reservoirs.[9]
With 10 climatic regions, 14 soil regions, and 11 distinct ecological regions, regional classification becomes problematic with differences in soils, topography, geology, rainfall, and plant and animal communities.[10]
Coastal Plains[edit]
Caddo Lake
The Gulf Coastal Plains extends from the Gulf of Mexico inland to the Balcones Fault and the Eastern Cross Timbers. This large area, including the Texas barrier islands, stretches from the cities of Paris to San Antonio to Del Rio but shows a large variety in vegetation. With about 20 to over 58 inches (508–1,480 mm) annual rainfall, this is a nearly level, drained plain dissected by streams and rivers flowing into estuaries and marshes. Windblown sands and dunes, grasslands, oak mottes and salt marshes make up the seaward areas.[11] National Parks include Big Thicket National Preserve, Padre Island National Seashore and the Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site.[12]
North Central Plains[edit]
Looking north at the Caprock Escarpment.
The North Central Plains are bounded by the Caprock Escarpment to the west, the Edwards Plateau to the south, and the Eastern Cross Timbers to the east. This area includes the North Central Plains around the cities of Abilene and Wichita Falls, the Western Cross Timbers to the west of Fort Worth, the Grand Prairie, and the Eastern Cross Timbers to the east of Dallas. With about 35 to 50 inches (890 to 1,270 mm) annual rainfall, gently rolling to hilly forested land is part of a larger pine-hardwood forest of oaks, hickories, elm and gum trees.[11] Soils vary from coarse sands to tight clays or shet rock clays and shales.[13]
Great Plains[edit]
Hill Country
The Great Plains include the Llano Estacado, the Panhandle, Edwards Plateau, Toyah Basin, and the Llano Uplift. It is bordered on the east by the Caprock Escarpment in the panhandle and by the Balcones Fault to the southeast. Cities in this region include Midland and Odessa, Lubbock, and Amarillo. The Hill Country is a popular name for the area of hills along the Balcones Escarpment and is a transitional area between the Great Plains and the Gulf Coastal Plains. With about 15 to 31 inches (380 to 790 mm) annual rainfall, the southern end of the Great Plains are gently rolling plains of shrub and grassland, and home to the dramatic Caprock Canyons and Palo Duro Canyon state parks.[11] The largest concentration of playa lakes in the world (nearly 22,000) is on the Southern High Plains of Texas and Eastern New Mexico.
Texas' blackland prairies were some of the first areas farmed in Texas. Highly expansive clays with characteristic dark coloration, called the Houston Black series, occur on about 1.5 million acres (6,000 km²) extending from north of Dallas south to San Antonio. The Professional Soil Scientists Association of Texas has recommended to the State Legislature that the Houston Black series be designated the State soil. The series was established in 1902.[14] National Parks in this area are the Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park and the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park.[12]
Mountains and Basins[edit]
Rio Grande Valley in the Big Bend area
El Capitan
The Trans-Pecos Natural Region has less than 12 inches (300 mm) annual rainfall. The most complex Natural Region, it includes Sand Hills, the Stockton Plateau, desert valleys, wooded mountain slopes and desert grasslands. The Basin and Range Province is in extreme western Texas, west of the Pecos River beginning with the Davis Mountains on the east and the Rio Grande to its west and south. The Trans-Pecos region is the only part of Texas regarded as mountainous and includes seven named peaks in elevation greater than 8,000 feet (2,400 m). This region includes sand hills, desert valleys, wooded mountain slopes and desert grasslands.[11] The vegetation diversity includes at least 268 grass species and 447 species of woody plants.[15] National Parks include the Amistad National Recreation Area, Big Bend National Park, Chamizal National Memorial, Fort Davis National Historic Site, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, and the Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River.[12] This area is part of the Chihuahuan Desert.
Geology[edit]
Main article: Geology of Texas
Texas is mostly sedimentary rocks, with East Texas underlain by a Cretaceous and younger sequence of sediments, the trace of ancient shorelines east and south until the active continental margin of the Gulf of Mexico is met. This sequence is built atop the subsided crest of the Appalachian Mountains–Ouachita Mountains–Marathon Mountains zone of Pennsylvanian continental collision, which collapsed when rifting in Jurassic time opened the Gulf of Mexico. West from this orogenic crest, which is buried beneath the Dallas–Waco–Austin–San Antonio trend, the sediments are Permian and Triassic in age. Oil is found in the Cretaceous sediments in the east, the Permian sediments in the west, and along the Gulf coast and out on the Texas continental shelf. A few exposures of Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks are found in the central and western parts of the state, and Oligocene volcanic rocks are found in far west Texas, in the Big Bend area. A blanket of Miocene sediments known as the Ogallala formation in the western high plains region is an important aquifer. Texas has no active or dormant volcanoes and few earthquakes, being situated far from an active plate tectonic boundary. The Big Bend area is the most seismically active; however, the area is sparsely populated and suffers minimal damages and injuries, and no known fatalities have been attributed to a Texas earthquake.
Resources[edit]
With a large supply of natural resources, Texas is a major agricultural and industrial state, producing oil, cattle, sheep, and cotton. The state also produces poultry, eggs, dairy products, greenhouse and nursery products, wheat, hay, rice, sugar cane, and peanuts, and a range of fruits and vegetables.[16]
Asphalt-bearing rocks, mainly cretaceous limestones, occur in Bexar, Burnet, Kinney, Uvalde, and other counties.
Cement is produced in Bexar, Comal, Dallas, Ector, Ellis, El Paso, Harris, Hays, McLennan, Nolan, Nueces, Potter, and Tarrant counties. Historically, Texas' Portland cement output accounts for about 10% of the annual United States production.[citation needed]
With an abundance of various types of clays, Texas is one of the leading producers of clays.
Bituminous coal occurs primarily in Coleman, Eastland, Erath, Jack, McCulloch, Montague, Palo Pinto, Parker, Throckmorton, Wise, and Young counties of Texas. Lignite, or brown coal, occurs in deposits in the Texas Coastal Plain.
Fluorspar or fluorite is an important industrial mineral used in the manufacture of steel, aluminum, glass, and fluorocarbons. It occurs at several localities in the Trans-Pecos and Llano regions of Texas.
Collecting gemstone rock and mineral specimens has proved quite profitable. Agate, jasper, cinnabar, fluorite, topaz, calcite, opal, petrified wood, and tektites are all commonly collected.
Shaded Relief Map of the Llano Estacado.
Deposits of graphite occur in the Llano region and was previously produced in Burnet County.
Bat guano occurs in numerous caverns in the Edwards Plateau and in the Trans-Pecos region and to a more limited extent in Central Texas.
Gypsum is extensively developed in Texas where the main occurrences are in the Permian Basin, the Cretaceous Edwards Formation in Gillespie and Menard counties, and the Gulf Coast salt domes of Harris County and previously Brooks County.
Texas is the leading producer of helium solely from the Cliffside gas field near Amarillo.
Deposits of iron ore are present in northeastern Texas as well as several in Central Texas.
Elements of the Lanthanide series are commonly termed rare-earth elements. Several of the rare earths have anomalous concentrations in the rhyolitic and related igneous rocks in the Trans-Pecos area of Texas. A deposit containing several rare-earth minerals was exposed at Barringer Hill in Llano County before it was covered by the waters of Lake Buchanan.
Limestones, abundant in many parts of Texas, are used in the manufacture of lime. Plants for the production of lime are operating in Bexar, Bosque, Burnet, Comal, Deaf Smith, Hill, Johnson, Nueces, and Travis counties.
Magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate and other mineral salts are present in the Upper Permian Basin and in the underlying playas of the High Plains.
Manganese is known to occur in Precambrian rocks in Mason and Llano counties, in Val Verde County, in Jeff Davis County, and in Dickens County.
Mica is present in Precambrian pegmatite in the Llano region.
Common opal occurs on the Texas Coastal Plain.
Salts occurs in large quantities in salt domes in the Texas Coastal Plain and with other evaporites in the Permian Basin of West Texas, as well as near Grand Saline, Texas.
Sands used for industrial purposes commonly have been found in the Texas Coastal Plains, East Texas, north central Texas, and Central Texas.
The discovery of silver in Texas has been credited by some to Franciscans who discovered and operated mines near El Paso about 1680. Documented silver production started in the late 1880s at the Presidio Mine, in Presidio County. Texas produced 32,663,405 troy ounces of silver between 1885 and 1955
Sulfur occurs in the caprocks of salt domes in the Gulf Coastal Plain, in Permian-age bedded deposits in Trans-Pecos Texas.
In the past, uranium was produced from surface mines in Atascosa, Gonzales, Karnes, and Live Oak counties. All uranium mines are closed and Texas is no longer a producer.[17]
The Barnett Shale, located in the Fort Worth basin, has gained attention in recent years as a source of natural gas. Controversy regarding drilling and exploration rights is an issue.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Texas Almanac". Retrieved 2016-06-25.
Jump up ^ Nova Lomax, John (March 3, 2015). "Is Texas Southern, Western, or Truly a Lone Star?". Texas Monthly. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Texas Escapes.com". Retrieved 2006-07-15.
Jump up ^ "The Office of the State Climatologist". Archived from the original on 2006-07-06. Retrieved 2006-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Tx Almanac". Retrieved 2018-07-03.
Jump up ^ "StateMaster". Retrieved 2006-07-11.
Jump up ^ "Netstate". Retrieved 2006-07-11.
Jump up ^ "About.com". Archived from the original on 2013-01-01. Retrieved 2006-07-11.
Jump up ^ "Tx Parks and Wildlife". Retrieved 2006-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Tx Environmental Profiles". Archived from the original on 2008-06-03. Retrieved 2006-07-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "LoneStarInternet". Retrieved 2006-07-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Tx Environmental Profiles". Retrieved 2006-07-14.
Jump up ^ "The Rolling Plains Region". Retrieved 2013-08-20.
Jump up ^ "USDA Houston Black" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-07-14. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Tx Parks and Wildlife". Retrieved 2006-07-14.
Jump up ^ "infoplease.com". Retrieved 2006-07-14.
Jump up ^ Garner, L. Edwin. "The Handbook of Texas online". Retrieved 2006-07-11.
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History of the FIFA World Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The FIFA World Cup was first held in 1930, when FIFA president Jules Rimet decided to stage an international football tournament. The inaugural edition, held in 1930, was contested as a final tournament of only thirteen teams invited by the organization. Since then, the World Cup has experienced successive expansions and format remodeling to its current 32-team final tournament preceded by a two-year qualifying process, involving over 200 teams from around the world.
The first official international football match was played in 1872 in Glasgow between Scotland and England,[1] although at this stage the sport was rarely played outside Great Britain.
By 1900, however, football had gained ground all around the world and national football associations were being founded. The first official international match outside of the British Isles was played between Uruguay and Argentina in Montevideo in July 1902.[2] FIFA was founded in Paris on 22 May 1904 – comprising football associations from France, Belgium (the preceding two teams having played their first international against each other earlier in the month), Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland, with Germany pledging to join.[3]
As football began to increase in popularity, it was contested as an IOC-recognised Olympic sport at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics, as well as at the 1906 Intercalated Games, before becoming an official FIFA-supervised Olympic competition at the 1908 Summer Olympics.[4] Organised by England's Football Association, the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition. The England national amateur football team won the event in both 1908 and 1912.
There was an attempt made by FIFA to organize an international football tournament between nations outside of the Olympic framework in 1906 and this took place in Switzerland. These were very early days for international football and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure.
With the Olympic event continuing to be contested only between amateur teams, competitions involving professional teams also started to appear. The Torneo Internazionale Stampa Sportiva, held in Turin in 1908, was one of the first and the following year; Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy, also held in Turin. Both tournaments were contested between individual clubs (not national teams), each one of which represented an entire nation. For this reason, neither was really a direct forerunner of the World Cup, but notwithstanding that, the Thomas Lipton Trophy is sometimes described as The First World Cup,[5] at the expense of its less well-known Italian predecessor.
In 1914, FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a "world football championship for amateurs",[6] and took responsibility for organising the event. This led the way for the world's first intercontinental football competition, at the 1920 Summer Olympics, won by Belgium.[7] Uruguay won the tournaments in 1924 and 1928.
Contents
[hide]
1 1930–1938
1.1 1930
1.2 1934
1.3 1938
2 Cancellations due to World War II
2.1 1942
2.2 1946
3 1950–1978
3.1 1950
3.2 1954
3.3 1958
3.4 1962
3.5 1966
3.6 1970
3.7 1974
3.8 1978
4 1982–2014
4.1 1982
4.2 1986
4.3 1990
4.4 1994
4.5 1998
4.6 2002
4.7 2006
4.8 2010
4.9 2014
5 Format of each final tournament
5.1 Group stage advancement format
5.1.1 Match points
5.1.2 Match schedule
5.1.3 Criteria for advancement to knockout phase
6 Winning teams, captains, and managers
7 See also
8 References
1930–1938[edit]
1930[edit]
In 1928, FIFA made the decision to stage their own international tournament. The 1932 Summer Olympics, held in Los Angeles, did not plan to include soccer as part of the programme due to the low popularity of soccer in the United States. FIFA and the IOC also disagreed over the status of amateur players, and so soccer was dropped from the Games.[8] FIFA president Jules Rimet thus set about organising the inaugural World Cup tournament. With Uruguay now two-time official soccer world champions and due to celebrate their centenary of independence in 1930, FIFA named Uruguay as the host country. The national associations of selected nations were invited to send a team, but the choice of Uruguay as a venue for the competition meant a long and costly trip across the Atlantic Ocean for European sides. No European country pledged to send a team until two months before the start of the competition.[citation needed] Rimet eventually persuaded teams from Belgium, France, Romania, Hungary and Yugoslavia to make the trip.[9] In total, 13 nations took part – seven from South America, four from Europe and two from North America.
The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously, and were won by France and the United States, who beat Mexico 4–1 and Belgium 3–0, respectively. The first goal in World Cup history was scored by Lucien Laurent of France. Four days later, the first World Cup hat-trick was achieved by Bert Patenaude of the U.S. in the Americans' 3–0 win against Paraguay. In the final, Uruguay defeated Argentina 4–2 in front of a crowd of 93,000 people in Montevideo to become the first nation to win a World Cup.[10]
1934[edit]
The 1934 World Cup was hosted by Italy and was the first World Cup to include a qualification stage. Sixteen teams qualified for the tournament, a number which would be retained until the expansion of the finals tournament in 1982. Uruguay, the titleholders from 1930, still upset about the poor European attendance at their World Cup in 1930, boycotted the 1934 World Cup. Bolivia and Paraguay were also absent, allowing Argentina and Brazil to progress to the finals in Italy without having to play any qualifying matches. Egypt became the first African team to compete, but lost to Hungary in the first round. Italy won the tournament, becoming the first European team to do so.
1938[edit]
The 1938 World Cup competition was also held in Europe, much to the consternation of many South Americans, with Uruguay and Argentina boycotting. For the first time, the title holders and the host country were given automatic qualification. Following a play-off match against Latvia, Austria had officially qualified for the final round, but because of the Anschluss in April 1938 with Germany, the Austrian national team withdrew, with some Austrian players being added to the German squad (the combined German squad was eliminated in the first round for the only time in the World Cup's history). Austria's place was offered to England, but they declined. This left the finals with 15 nations competing. France hosted, but for the first time the hosts did not win the competition, as Italy retained their title, beating Hungary in the final. Polish striker Ernest Willimowski became the first player to score four goals in a World Cup game during Poland's 6–5 loss against Brazil; his record was later equalled by other players, but was bettered only 56 years later in the 1994 World Cup.
Cancellations due to World War II[edit]
1942[edit]
The FIFA World Cup was planned to take place in 1942. Germany officially applied to host the 1942 FIFA World Cup at the 23rd FIFA Congress on 13 August 1936 in Berlin. In June 1939, Brazil also applied to host the tournament. The beginning of European hostilities in late 1939 prompted further plans for the 1942 World Cup to be cancelled, before a host country was selected. The FIFA tournament did not take place, but a tournament was held in Germany instead, in which Sweden became the champions.[citation needed]
1946[edit]
During World War II, FIFA struggled to keep itself afloat, and it had no financial or personnel resources with which to plan a peacetime tournament for when hostilities ended.[11] When the war ended in 1945, it was clear that FIFA would have no hope in a single year of planning and scheduling a 1946 World Cup. In fact, FIFA’s first meeting was on July 1, 1946 – around the time the 1946 World Cup would ordinarily have been played – and when it planned the next World Cup for 1949 no country would host it.[12]. The major international tournament in 1946 was the 1946 South American Championship in which Argentina beat Brazil 2–0 on February 10, 1946. Claimed by many South-Americans as the unofficial World Cup, this is not recognized by FIFA as such.[citation needed]
1950–1978[edit]
1950[edit]
Competition resumed with the 1950 World Cup in Brazil, which was the first to include British participants. British teams withdrew from FIFA in 1920, partly out of unwillingness to play against the countries they had been at war with, and partly as a protest against a foreign influence to football,[13] but rejoined in 1946 following FIFA's invitation. England's involvement, however, was not to be a success. The English failed to make the final group round in a campaign that included a surprise 1–0 loss to the United States.[14]
See also: England v United States (1950)
The tournament also saw the return of 1930 champions Uruguay, who had boycotted the previous two World Cups. For political reasons, Eastern European countries (such as Hungary, the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia) did not enter. Title-holder Italy did take part, despite the Superga air disaster of 1949 in which the entire Grande Torino team (many who were national team players) were killed. The 1950 World Cup was the only tournament not to stage a final tie, replacing knockout rounds with two group phases. The last match of the second group phase, however, is sometimes referred to as a "final", as the group standings meant the winners would be the overall winners.
Uruguay were surprise victors over hosts Brazil with a final score of 2–1 (the would later be known as Maracanazo), and became champions for the second time. This game also held the record for the highest attendance at any sporting match, at roughly 200,000.[15]
1954[edit]
The 1954 World Cup, held in Switzerland, was the first to be televised. The Soviet Union did not participate because of their dismal performance at the 1952 Summer Olympics. Scotland made their first appearance in the tournament, but were unable to register a win, going out after the group stage. This tournament set a number of all-time goal-scoring records, including highest average goals per game and highest-scoring team (Hungary), and most goals in a single match (Austria's 7–5 quarter-final victory over Switzerland). West Germany were the tournament winners, defeating Olympic champions Hungary 3–2 in the final, overturning a 2–0 deficit in the process, with Helmut Rahn scoring the winner. The match is known as the Miracle of Bern in Germany
1958[edit]
Brazil won the 1958 World Cup, held in Sweden, and became the first team to win a World Cup outside their home continent (only four teams have done this to date – Brazil in 1958, 1970, 1994 and 2002, Argentina in 1986, Spain in 2010 and Germany in 2014). The Soviet Union participated this time, most likely due to their win at Melbourne 1956. For the first (and so far only) time, all four British teams qualified for the final round. Wales was able to take advantage of a situation in the Africa/Asia zone, where the amount of withdrawals would give Israel qualification without having played a single qualifying match. This prompted FIFA to rule that qualification without playing was not allowed (despite allowing this to happen in earlier years of the Cup), and so Israel were ordered to play against one of the teams finishing second in the other groups. A tie was created, and Wales defeated Israel 2–0 twice in 1958. It was the first (and so far the only) time that a country played a World Cup final round after having been eliminated in the regular qualifiers. The tournament also saw the emergence of Pelé, who scored two goals in the final. French striker Just Fontaine became the top scorer of the tournament with a still standing record of 13 goals.
1962[edit]
Chile hosted the 1962 World Cup. Before play began, an earthquake struck, the largest ever recorded at 9.5 magnitude, prompting officials to rebuild due to major damage to infrastructure. When the competition began, two of the best players were in poor form as Pelé was injured in Brazil's second group match against Czechoslovakia. Also, the Soviet Union saw their goalkeeper Lev Yashin show poor form including a 2–1 loss to hosts Chile as the hosts captured third place.
The competition was also marred by overly defensive and often violent tactics. This poisonous atmosphere culminated in what was known as the Battle of Santiago first round match between Italy and Chile in which Chile won 2–0. Prior to the match, two Italian journalists wrote unflattering articles about the host country. In the match, players on both sides made deliberate attempts to harm opponents though only two players from Italy were sent off by English referee Ken Aston. In the end, the Italian team needed police protection to leave the field in safety.
When the final whistle blew, Brazil beat Czechoslovakia for the second World Cup in a row by a final of 3–1 led by Garrincha and Amarildo, in Pelé's absence, and retained the Jules Rimet trophy.
In this tournament, Colombia's Marcos Coll made World Cup history when he scored a goal direct from a corner kick (called an Olympic Goal in Latin America) the only one ever made in a World Cup and to mythical Soviet goalkeeper Lev Yashin.
1966[edit]
The 1966 World Cup, hosted by England, was the first to embrace marketing, featuring a mascot and official logo for the first time. The trophy was stolen in the run-up to the tournament but was found a week later by a dog named "Pickles".[16] South Africa was banned for violating the anti-discrimination charter (apartheid). The ban remained in effect until 1992 when the South Africa Football Association was finally accepted by FIFA. The qualifying rounds of the tournament saw a controversy when the African nations decided to withdraw in protest of only one qualifying place allocated by FIFA to the regions of Asia, Oceania and Africa. The eventual qualifiers from the zone, North Korea, became the first Asian team to reach the quarter-finals, eliminating Italy in the process. England won the tournament, although João Havelange (former FIFA president from 1974 to 1998) claimed that the 1966 and 1974 World Cups were fixed so that England and Germany would win respectively.[17] Geoff Hurst became the first and to this day the only player to score a hat-trick in a World Cup Final and Eusébio, whose team Portugal were taking part in their first World Cup, was the tournament top-scorer, with nine goals to his name.
1970[edit]
The qualification stages of the 1970 World Cup were coincidental with the Football War between Honduras and El Salvador. The finals were held in Mexico. Israel had been with Europe, but due to political issues, it was becoming harder to place them adequately in the qualifying rounds. They were grouped in Asia/Oceania. Korea DPR then refused to meet them, even though this meant automatic disqualification. The group stage clash between defending champions England and Brazil lived up to its billing, and is still remembered for England goalkeeper Gordon Banks' save from a Pelé header on the six-yard line, arguably the best save ever. The tournament is also remembered for the semi-final match between Italy and West Germany, in which five goals were scored in extra time, and Franz Beckenbauer played with a broken arm, since Germany had used up all their allowed substitutions. Italy were the eventual 4–3 winners, but were defeated 1–4 in the final by Brazil, who became the first nation to win three World Cups, and were awarded the Jules Rimet trophy permanently for their achievement.
1974[edit]
A new trophy was created for the 1974 edition, held in West Germany. After a draw in their first UEFA/CONMEBOL Intercontinental play-off match against Chile in the qualifiers, the Soviet Union refused to travel to the Chilean capital for the return fixture for political reasons, and in accordance with the regulations, Chile were awarded a victory. East Germany, Haiti, Australia and Zaire made their first finals. The tournament also saw a new format, where the two top teams from each of the earlier four groups were divided into two groups of four each again, the winner of either group playing each other in the final. The West German hosts won the competition by beating the Netherlands 2–1 in the final, but it was also the revolutionary Total Football system of the Dutch that captured the footballing world's imagination. The very well-playing Poland finished third, after defeating Brazil 1–0 (and after defeating Argentina 3–2 and eliminating Italy 2–1 in the initial group play), having barely lost in terrible rain in the semi-finals to West Germany 0–1.
1978[edit]
The 1978 World Cup was held in Argentina, causing controversy as a military coup had taken place in the country two years earlier. Allegations that Dutch star Johan Cruyff refused to participate because of political convictions were refuted by him 30 years later.[18] and none of the teams decided to stay away. Iran and Tunisia were first time participants. Tunisia won their first match against Mexico 3–1 and became the first African team to ever win a world cup game. There was some on-field controversy as well. During the second round, Argentina had an advantage in their match against Peru since the kick off was several hours after Brazil's match with Poland. Brazil won their match 3–1, so Argentina knew that they had to beat Peru by four goals to advance to the final. Trailing 2–0 at half-time, Peru simply collapsed in the second half, and Argentina eventually won 6–0. Rumors suggested that Peru might have been bribed into allowing Argentina to win the match by such a large margin. Argentina went on to win the final 3–1, Mario Kempes scoring twice, with the Dutch being runners-up for the second time in a row.
1982–2014[edit]
1982[edit]
Spain hosted an expanded 1982 World Cup which featured 24 teams, the first expansion since 1934. The teams were divided into six groups of four, with the top two teams in each group advancing to the second round, where they split into four groups of three. The winners of each group advanced to the semi-finals. Cameroon, Algeria, Honduras, New Zealand and Kuwait were the debutants. The group match between Kuwait and France was stage of a farcical incident. As the French were leading 3–1, the Kuwaiti team stopped playing after hearing a whistle from the stands which they thought had come from referee, as French defender Maxime Bossis scored. As the Kuwaiti team were protesting the goal, Sheikh Fahid Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah, president of the Kuwait Football Association, rushed onto the pitch and gave the referee a piece of his mind, who proceeded to disallow the goal. Bossis scored another valid goal a few minutes later and France won 4–1.
Also during the group stages, Hungary beat El Salvador 10–1, which has been the only occasion to this day that a team scored ten goals in a World Cup match. The group match between West Germany and Austria later resulted in a change of World Cup rules, after both teams visibly aimed to keep the qualification ensuring 1–0 scoreline over 80 minutes. The semi-final between West Germany and France saw another controversy when German keeper Harald Schumacher's challenge took out Patrick Battiston, with the score at 1–1. Schumacher escaped a red card, and Germany won in a penalty shoot-out, after coming back to level from having gone 1–3 down. The final was won by Italy, making Italian captain Dino Zoff the oldest player to win the World Cup and Alessandro Altobelli to become the first substitute player to score in the final. Italian striker Paolo Rossi, who was making his comeback after a match-fixing scandal and the ensuing ban, was the tournament top-scorer with six goals including a classic hat-trick against Brazil.
1986[edit]
Mexico became the first nation to hold two World Cups by hosting the 1986 World Cup. The format changed again, with the second round being replaced by a pre-quarterfinal, knockout competition, for which 16 teams would qualify. It was also decided that the final two matches in all groups would kick off simultaneously, to ensure complete fairness. Canada, Denmark and Iraq made their first finals. José Batista of Uruguay set a World Cup record being sent off after a mere 56 seconds into the game against Scotland. The quarterfinal match between England and Argentina is remembered for two remarkable Diego Maradona goals, later regarded as player of the tournament, the first, the controversial handball goal, and the second, considered to be the Goal of the Century, in which he dribbled half the length of the field past five English players before scoring. In the final, Argentina beat West Germany 3–2, inspired by Diego Maradona, who set up Jorge Burruchaga for the winner.
1990[edit]
The 1990 World Cup was held in Italy. Cameroon, participating in their second World Cup, made it to the quarter-finals after beating Argentina in the opening game. No African country had ever reached the quarter-finals before. Mexico was unable to compete in the 1990 World Cup preliminary competition as a result of a two-year ban for age fraud at a youth championship; the United States qualified for the first time since 1950. An unpleasant episode marred the Merica preliminaries: during the match between Brazil and Chile, a firework landed close to the Chilean goalkeeper Roberto Rojas, who then feigned injury by cutting his own face with a razor blade he had hidden in his glove. His team refused to continue the match (as they were down a goal at the time). The plot was discovered and resulted in a 12-year suspension for Rojas and to Chile being banned from the 1994 World Cup. The final featured the same teams as in 1986. After finishing runners-up in the two previous tournaments, West Germany beat Argentina 1–0 in the final to record their third title. The Republic of Ireland also made their first appearance in the tournament, reaching the quarter-finals without winning a single game (four draws, with a penalty shoot-out win over Romania in the second round). This is the furthest a team has ever advanced in the World Cup without winning a game.
1994[edit]
The 1994 World Cup, held in the United States, saw the first World Cup final to be decided on penalties, with Brazil edging out Italy. FR Yugoslavia was excluded due to UN sanctions in connection with the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Russia (taking the place of the Soviet Union which had disintegrated over 1990 and 1991) played their first World Cup competition as a new country, with Greece, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia as the other first-timers. Along with disgrace – Diego Maradona being banned mid-tournament after testing positive for recreational drugs where without him, Argentina were eliminated in the last 16 by Romania — the tournament also saw tragedy when Colombian defender Andrés Escobar was murdered ten days after his own-goal against the hosts in their first round match that eliminated Colombia.
The total attendance for the final tournament of nearly 3.6 million remains the greatest in World Cup history. Oleg Salenko of Russia became the first player to score five goals in a single World Cup finals game in his country's 6–1 group stage win over Cameroon. The same match, 42-year-old Roger Milla scored the only goal for Cameroon, becoming the oldest player ever to score in a World Cup match. At the 1994 World Cup, Hristo Stoichkov was awarded the World Cup Golden Boot as the joint top goal scorer of the tournament (with Oleg Salenko), with six goals, as well as earning the Bronze Ball award. He led Bulgaria past Germany in the quarter-finals 2–1, a shock result as Germany were the then-defending champions; in the semi-finals, they lost 2–1 to Italy. They subsequently lost the third place play-off to Sweden, 4–0.
1998[edit]
The 1998 World Cup was held in France, and had an expanded format featuring 32 teams. Iran beat the Maldives in qualification by the widest margin in World Cup history – 17–0. In the finals, the second round match between France and Paraguay witnessed the first golden goal in World Cup history, as Laurent Blanc scored to give the hosts a 1–0 victory. Hosts France won the tournament by beating Brazil 3–0 in the final, as the scorer of four goals in the tournament, Ronaldo, appeared to be less than a hundred percent in the match, and was unable to make any impact. Debutants Croatia finished a commendable third.
2002[edit]
The 2002 World Cup was the first to be held in Asia, and was hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan. Togolese Souleymane Mamam became the youngest player ever to take to a World Cup preliminary game field at 13 years, 310 days in Lomé in May 2001. Australia defeated American Samoa 31–0 in a preliminary match – a new record for the margin of victory, and the highest-scoring match ever. The tournament was a successful one for teams traditionally regarded as minnows, with South Korea, Senegal and the United States all reaching the last eight. Brazil beat Germany 2–0 in the final for their fifth title.
2006[edit]
The 2006 World Cup was held in Germany. It was the first World Cup for which the previous winner had to qualify; the host nation(s) continue to receive an automatic berth. Four African teams also made their debut in the world cup finals: Togo, Ivory Coast, Angola and Ghana who impressively made it to last 16 by beating the Czech Republic, third ranked in the world, 2–1, along with the United States 2–0, before losing to the defending champions Brazil 0–3.
First seed and holders Brazil and second seeded England were initially English bookmakers' favourites. A strong performance by Germany brought them as far as the semi-finals. However, the final match-up was between Italy and France, in which French captain Zinedine Zidane was sent off in the last ten minutes of extra time for a headbutt to the chest of Italian central defender Marco Materazzi. Italy went on to win 5–3 in a penalty shootout, the score having been 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time.
2010[edit]
The 2010 World Cup was held in South Africa. It was the first cup hosted on African soil, and the cup was won by Spain. The tournament was noted for its highly defensive opening matches, controversies surrounding goal-line technology, and the introduction of vuvuzelas. Though considered as one of the tournament favorites, the Spaniards won the cup despite scoring only eight goals in seven games and losing their opening match to Switzerland. David Villa led the squad in scoring with five goals. In a final which saw a record number of yellow cards distributed and what some considered violent play from the Dutch side, the ten-man Netherlands squad were defeated 1–0 in the 116th minute of extra time by an Andrés Iniesta goal.
2014[edit]
The 2014 World Cup was held in Brazil, marking the second time that Brazil hosted the competition. The cup was won by Germany, who beat Argentina 1–0 in the final. The Netherlands defeated Brazil 3–0 in the bronze medal game. 2014 was the first time that three consecutive tournaments saw the winning side come from the same continent (Europe: 2006 Italy, 2010 Spain, 2014 Germany).
Because of the relatively high ambient temperatures in Brazil, particularly at the northern venues, cooling breaks for the players were first introduced during these games.[19]
Format of each final tournament[edit]
The number of teams and the format of each final tournament have varied considerably over the years. In most tournaments, the tournament consists of a round-robin group stage followed by a single-elimination knockout stage.[20]
1930: A group stage, followed by a knockout stage with 4 teams (group winners; note that no third-place match was played)
1934–1938: Single-elimination tournament; these are the only tournaments without a group stage
1950: A first group stage, followed by a final group stage with 4 teams (group winners); this is the only tournament without an official final match
1954–1970: A group stage, followed by a knockout stage with 8 teams (group winners and runners-up)
1974–1978: A first group stage, followed by a second group stage with 8 teams (first round group winners and runners-up), followed by the final (second round group winners; second round group runners-up played in the third-place match)
1982: A first group stage, followed by a second group stage with 12 teams (first round group winners and runners-up), followed by a knockout stage with 4 teams (second round group winners)
1986–1994: A group stage, followed by a knockout stage with 16 teams (group winners, runners-up and the four best third-placed teams)
1998–2022: A group stage, followed by a knockout stage with 16 teams (group winners and runners-up)
2026–: A group stage, followed by a knockout stage with 32 teams (group winners and runners-up)
In summary:
Year
Host
Teams
Matches
Round 1
Round 2
Final stages
1930 Uruguay 13 18 4 groups of 3 or 4 teams[s 1] knockout of 4 teams
(round 1 group winners)[s 2]
1934 Italy 16 17 knockout[s 3]
1938 France 16[s 4] 18 knockout[s 3]
1942 Germany knockout[s 3]
1946 Argentina knockout[s 3]
1950 Brazil 16[s 5] 22 4 groups of 4 teams[s 5][s 1] group of 4 teams
(round 1 group winners)
1954 Switzerland 16 26 4 groups of 4 teams[s 6][s 1] knockout of 8 teams
(round 1 group winners and runners-up)
1958 Sweden 16 35 4 groups of 4 teams[s 1] knockout of 8 teams
(round 1 group winners and runners-up)
1962 Chile 16 32 4 groups of 4 teams knockout of 8 teams
(round 1 group winners and runners-up)
1966 England 16 32 4 groups of 4 teams knockout of 8 teams
(round 1 group winners and runners-up)
1970 Mexico 16 32 4 groups of 4 teams knockout of 8 teams
(round 1 group winners and runners-up)
1974 West Germany 16 38 4 groups of 4 teams 2 groups of 4 teams
(round 1 group winners and runners-up) final
(round 2 group winners)[s 7]
1978 Argentina 16 38 4 groups of 4 teams 2 groups of 4 teams
(round 1 group winners and runners-up) final
(round 2 group winners)[s 7]
1982 Spain 24 52 6 groups of 4 teams 4 groups of 3 teams
(round 1 group winners and runners-up) knockout of 4 teams
(round 2 group winners)
1986 Mexico 24 52 6 groups of 4 teams knockout of 16 teams
(round 1 group winners and runners-up, plus 4 best 3rd-placed teams)
1990 Italy 24 52 6 groups of 4 teams knockout of 16 teams
(round 1 group winners and runners-up, plus 4 best 3rd-placed teams)
1994 United States 24 52 6 groups of 4 teams knockout of 16 teams
(round 1 group winners and runners-up, plus 4 best 3rd-placed teams)
1998 France 32 64 8 groups of 4 teams knockout of 16 teams
(round 1 group winners and runners-up)
2002 South Korea
Japan 32 64 8 groups of 4 teams knockout of 16 teams
(round 1 group winners and runners-up)
2006 Germany 32 64 8 groups of 4 teams knockout of 16 teams
(round 1 group winners and runners-up)
2010 South Africa 32 64 8 groups of 4 teams knockout of 16 teams
(round 1 group winners and runners-up)
2014 Brazil 32 64 8 groups of 4 teams knockout of 16 teams
(round 1 group winners and runners-up)
2018 Russia 32 64 8 groups of 4 teams knockout of 16 teams
(round 1 group winners and runners-up)
2022 Qatar To be announced
^ Jump up to: a b c d Up to 1958, ranking ties in groups were to be broken via a playoff; this only happened in 1954 and 1958. Since 1962, all ties are broken by goal average or goal difference.
Jump up ^ No third-place match was played
^ Jump up to: a b c d In 1934 and 1938, draws in knockout matches were resolved via a replay. Later, drawing of lots was provided for, though never invoked. Since 1974, penalty shootouts are used.
Jump up ^ Austria pulled out after qualifying, leaving the tournament with only 15 teams
^ Jump up to: a b India, Scotland and Turkey pulled out after qualifying, leaving the tournament with only 13 teams, and thus, one group had only 3 teams and one group had only 2 teams
Jump up ^ Each group had two seeded and two unseeded teams; the seeded teams played only unseeded teams and vice versa.
^ Jump up to: a b The third-place match was contested by the round 2 group runners-up
Group stage advancement format[edit]
Match points[edit]
FIFA World Cup 1930–1990[citation needed]
2 points for a win
1 point for a draw
5 points for automatic advancement to knockout phase
1 point minimum required for possible advancement to knockout phase[citation needed]
FIFA World Cup 1994–2022
3 points for a win
1 point for a draw
7 points for automatic advancement to knockout phase
2 points minimum required for possible advancement to knockout phase
Match schedule[edit]
Each group of four teams plays a round-robin schedule. As of the 1986 World Cup, all final group games must be held simultaneously, a rule instituted by FIFA to diminish collusion amongst teams requiring a certain result to advance. FIFA instituted a policy to award three points for a win in the 1994 World Cup. Although goals for was already a tiebreaker, FIFA hoped to create an additional incentive for teams to pursue victory. The first team affected by the rule was Paraguay in 1998, which would have won its group on goal differential over Nigeria under prior FIFA rules. Paraguay advanced to the knockout phase as group runner-up and was defeated by host nation and eventual champion France in the round of 16. It is not possible under the new point system to be eliminated from the group stage with a second place or higher winning percentage, however it is possible to finish behind a team with the same winning percentage yet a lower goal difference. This took place in the 2010 World Cup when New Zealand finished with three draws and Slovakia finished with one win, one draw, and one loss. Slovakia advanced in Group F by finishing second with four points, eliminating New Zealand with three points. Under the previous FIFA point allotment system, New Zealand would have advanced with a zero goal difference, while Slovakia would have been eliminated with a goal difference of −1.
Criteria for advancement to knockout phase[edit]
Greatest number of points in group matches
Greatest total goal difference in the three group matches
Greatest number of goals scored in the three group matches
If teams remained level after those criteria, a mini-group would be formed from those teams, who would be ranked on:
Most points earned in matches against other teams in the tie
Greatest goal difference in matches against other teams in the tie
Greatest number of goals scored in matches against other teams in the tie
If teams remained level after all these criteria, FIFA would hold a drawing of lots
The drawing of lots for tied teams takes place one hour after the final game in the group at the stadium where the championship match is held. The drawing of lots is similar to the World Cup Draw in terms of style and format; a ball is drawn from a pot, which contains balls with the names of each tied team.
As of the 2014 World Cup, lots have only been drawn once in tournament history. However, they were used to separate second and third place in a group (Republic of Ireland and the Netherlands in 1990) where both were already assured of qualification. Thus, a team has never been eliminated based upon drawn lots.
Winning teams, captains, and managers[edit]
Year
Host
Winning Team
Captain
Head coach
1930 Uruguay Uruguay José Nasazzi Alberto Suppici
1934 Italy Italy Giampiero Combi Vittorio Pozzo
1938 France Italy Giuseppe Meazza Vittorio Pozzo
1950 Brazil Uruguay Obdulio Varela Juan López Fontana
1954 Switzerland West Germany Fritz Walter Sepp Herberger
1958 Sweden Brazil Hilderaldo Bellini Vicente Feola
1962 Chile Brazil Mauro Ramos Aymoré Moreira
1966 England England Bobby Moore Alf Ramsey
1970 Mexico Brazil Carlos Alberto Torres Mário Zagallo
1974 West Germany West Germany Franz Beckenbauer Helmut Schön
1978 Argentina Argentina Daniel Passarella César Luis Menotti
1982 Spain Italy Dino Zoff Enzo Bearzot
1986 Mexico Argentina Diego Maradona Carlos Bilardo
1990 Italy West Germany Lothar Matthäus Franz Beckenbauer
1994 United States Brazil Dunga Carlos Alberto Parreira
1998 France France Didier Deschamps Aimé Jacquet
2002 South Korea
Japan Brazil Cafu Luiz Felipe Scolari
2006 Germany Italy Fabio Cannavaro Marcello Lippi
2010 South Africa Spain Iker Casillas Vicente del Bosque
2014 Brazil Germany Philipp Lahm Joachim Löw
See also[edit]
Book: FIFA World Cup
History of FIFA
FIFA World Cup bid voting results
FIFA overview of qualification campaigns
World Cup History
EveryFourthYear
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The first international football match". Scotland – A Sporting Nation. BBC. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Pelayes, Héctor Darío (24 September 2010). "ARGENTINA-URUGUAY Matches 1902–2009". RSSSF. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "History of FIFA – Foundation". Archived from the original on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "London, 1908". Men's Olympic Football Tournament. FIFA. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
Jump up ^ 'The First World Cup'. The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy Archived 29 November 2003 at the Wayback Machine.. Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council. Retrieved on 11 April 2006.
Jump up ^ "Where it all began". FIFA official website. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 10 April 2006.
Jump up ^ VII. Olympiad Antwerp 1920 Football Tournament rec.sport.soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved on 10 June 2006.
Jump up ^ The Football World Cup — Apoo Introduction, h2g2. Retrieved on 1 March 2006.
Jump up ^ Stewart, Mark. Soccer: A History of the World's Most Popular Game. New York: F. Watts, 1998. Print.
Jump up ^ FIFA World Cup Origin FIFA Media Release. Retrieved on 9 January 2006.
Jump up ^ Tomlinson, Alan; FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association): The Men, the Myths and the Money, p. 19 ISBN 9780415498319
Jump up ^ Lisi, Clemente Angelo; A History of the World Cup, 1930-2010; p. 44 ISBN 0810877538
Jump up ^ Scotland and the 1950 World Cup, BBC. Retrieved on 1 March 2006.
Jump up ^ It was rumoured that initial news reports, thinking that the 2–0 score was a typing error, said that England won 10–1. Historical newspapers, however, indicate that story is a myth. Cf. 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil, US shock England and Sell, Amy (11 June 2014). "Copies of old newspapers reveal a World Cup myth". British Newspaper Archive. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sambafoot.com: Maracanã, the largest stadium of the world". sambafoot.com. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Pickles is top dog, by David Barber, TheFA.com. Accessed on 10 April 2006.
Jump up ^ Goal.com 1966 & 1974 World Cups Were Fixed – Former FIFA President
Jump up ^ Doyle, Paul (16 April 2008). "Kidnappers made Cruyff miss World Cup". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
Jump up ^ "FIFA approves extra breaks to help players keep their cool". Inside World Football. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Formats of the FIFA World Cup final competitions 1930–2010" (PDF). FIFA.com. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
[show]
v
t
e
FIFA World Cup
Tournaments
Uruguay 1930
Italy 1934
France 1938
Brazil 1950
Switzerland 1954
Sweden 1958
Chile 1962
England 1966
Mexico 1970
West Germany 1974
Argentina 1978
Spain 1982
Mexico 1986
Italy 1990
United States 1994
France 1998
South Korea/Japan 2002
Germany 2006
South Africa 2010
Brazil 2014
Russia 2018
Qatar 2022
2026
2030
Qualification
1930
1934
1938
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Finals
1930
1934
1938
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
Squads
1930
1934
1938
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
Seedings
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
Broadcasters
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Bids
2014
2018 and 2022
2026
2030
Records and statistics
All-time table
Goalscorers
top goalscorers
finals goalscorers
hat-tricks
own goals
Penalty shoot-outs
Player appearances
Red cards
Referees
Team appearances
Teams with no appearances
Miscellaneous
Awards
Balls
Economics
Final draw
History
Hosts
Mascots
Official films
Official songs
Organisers
Trophy
Video games
Notes: There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only. In 1950, there was no final; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage.
[show]
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North America,
Central America
and the Caribbean
CONCACAF – Gold Cup
U-20
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Regional (CFU, UNCAF)
Oceania
OFC – Nations Cup
U-20
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South America
CONMEBOL – Copa América
U-20
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Non-FIFA
NF-Board – Viva World Cup
CONIFA - ConIFA World Football Cup
ConIFA European Football Cup
IGA - Island Games
Games
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Indian Ocean Island
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See also
Geography
Codes
Player/Club of the Century
Women's football
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