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Turret clock
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A turret clock or a public clock is a clock that is larger than a domestic clock and has a mechanism designed to drive a visual time indicator such as dials and or bells as a public amenity. Turret clocks specifically had mechanisms mounted high in a building often a purpose built tower such as churches, town halls, and other public buildings. Clocks were not referred to as turret clocks by clockmakers until recent times, often old clocks were recognised as turret clocks by their location.
A true turret clock has mechanical and latterly electrical power and therefore sits late in the history of timekeeping. The following timeline of clocks is not comprehensive but does indicate the placement of turret clocks.
drawing of a 14th-century clock
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Water clocks
1.2 Mercury clocks
1.3 Verge and foliot clocks
1.4 Pendulum clocks
1.5 Electrical clocks
2 Table of early public turret clocks
2.1 Thirteenth century
2.2 Fourteenth century
3 See also
4 References
History[edit]
Modern tower clock movement
Water clocks[edit]
Water clocks are reported as early as 4000 B.C. In Europe, water clocks were used from around 1000 A.D. to around 1350 A.D.
Mercury clocks[edit]
Mercury clocks used a drum with several chambers that were connected through calibrated holes. A rope was wound around the drum with a weight connected to one end. The weight pulling down turned the drum, and the mercury in the drum chambers resisted the turning motion by slowly flowing from one segment of the drum to the next, thus inhibiting the movement of the drum and making it turn at a more or less constant speed. The movement of the drum could be used to measure time.
Verge and foliot clocks[edit]
The first all-mechanical clocks which emerged in the 14th century kept time with a verge escapement and foliot. In the second half of the 14th century, over 500 striking turret clocks were installed in public buildings all over Europe. This was the first time public clocks became easy to maintain, as water clocks needed more or less constant attention, so only wealthy institutions with enough manpower could maintain them.[citation needed] The verge and foliot mechanical clocks were relatively easy to maintain and so found their way into many churches, bell towers and town halls. This new technology spread quite fast (within a decade all over Europe).
Pendulum clocks[edit]
The fourth generation of clocks were mechanical clocks with a pendulum, which was invented in 1657 by Christiaan Huygens. As the pendulum was more exact than the foliot, some foliot clocks were converted to pendulum. Again, this new technology was adopted quickly throughout Europe, with many clocks being converted (e.g. Castle Combe Clock, Salisbury cathedral clock, ...).
Electrical clocks[edit]
Electric turret clocks and hybrid mechanical/electric clocks were introduced in the late 19th century.
Some mechanical turret clocks are wound by electric motor. These still are considered mechanical clocks.
Table of early public turret clocks[edit]
This table shows some of the turret clocks which were installed throughout Europe. It is not complete and mainly serves to illustrate the rate of adoption. There are hardly any surviving turret clock mechanisms that date before 1400, and because of extensive rebuilding of clocks the authenticity of those that do survive is disputed. What little is known of their mechanisms is mostly gleaned from manuscript sources.
The "country" column refers to the present (2012) international boundaries. For example, Colmar was in Germany in 1370, but is now in France.
Thirteenth century[edit]
The verge and foliot escapement is thought to have been introduced sometime at the end of the thirteenth century, so very few if any of these clocks had foliot mechanisms; most were water clocks or in a few cases, possibly mercury.
Year
Country
Place
Location
Name
Type
Mention
Comment
1283 United Kingdom Dunstable Priory horologium not known Annals of the priory 1283 – Eodem anno fecimus horologium quod est supra pulpitum collocatum. Probably a verge and foliot clock because it was mounted over the rood screen, where refilling a water clock would have been difficult, it has been proposed as the earliest known mechanical clock.
1284 United Kingdom Exeter Cathedral Exeter cathedral clock not known grant made July 1284 to Roger de Ropford, bellfounder, to repair "orologium" It is unlikely that this 1284 clock was a verge and foliot clock. The clock mentioned in the grant was probably a water clock. In 1423, a new clock was installed, which is probably the one from which remnants of the striking train can still be seen.
1286 United Kingdom London St Paul's Cathedral Bartholomo Orologiario clock not known Compotus Bracini 1286 probably a water clock
1288 (?) United Kingdom Oxford Merton College not known bursarial accounts "Expense orologii" probably a water clock
1290 United Kingdom Norwich Norwich Cathedral not known Sacrist's roll 1290 "In emendacione orologio" probably a water clock
1291 United Kingdom Ely Ely Abbey not known Sacrist's roll 1291 "pro custodia orologii" probably a water clock
1292 United Kingdom Canterbury Christchurch cathedral novum orolgium not known list of Prior Henry of Eastry's works "novum orologium mangum in Ecclesia" probably a water clock
Fourteenth century[edit]
During the fourteenth century, the emergence of the foliot replaced the high-maintenance water clocks. It is not known when that happened exactly and which of the early 14th century clocks were water clocks and which ones use a foliot.
The Heinrich von Wieck clock in Paris dating from 1362 is the first clock of which it is known with certainty that it had a foliot and a verge escapement. The fact that there is a sudden increase in the number of recorded turret clock installations points to the fact that these new clocks use verge & foliot. This happens in the years 1350 and onwards.
Year
Country
Place
Location
Name
Type
Mention
Comment
1304 Germany Erfurt Benedict abbey St. Peter "Schelle" not known consecration of "Petronella" and "Scolastica" probably a mechanical alarm clock
1305 Germany Augsburg cathedral not known the "Domkustos" E. v. Nidlingen donates to the cathedral a "good and well adjusted clock" probably a mechanical alarm clock
1306 United Kingdom Salisbury Salisbury cathedral not known composition concluded 26/8/1306 "Before the clock of the cathedral had struck one no person was to purchase or cause to be purchased .... probably a water clock
1308 France Cambrai Cathedral not known mention of a clock, which was mended and equipped with moving figures in 1348, and fitted with a strike and an angel in 1398
1309 Italy Milan church St. Eustorgio not known mention of a metal clock, which was repaired in 1333 and 1555
1314 France Caen church St. Pierre not known mention of a striking clock
1316 Poland Brzeg town hall not known weights of the clock still present. New bell cast for clock 1370, replaced by new clock 1414
1322 United Kingdom Norwich Norwich cathedral priory Norwich cathedral astronomical clock astronomical clock Sacrist's roll of Norwich cathedral of 1322 to 1325 mentions the construction and installation of a clock which had a large astronomical dial and automata including 59 images and a choir or procession of monks earliest detailed account of the organisation and of the craftsmen and materials involved in such a project
1325–1343 France Cluny collegiate church not known Petrus de Chastelux builds a new clock
1327 United Kingdom St Albans St Albans Cathedral astronomical clock drawings Earliest clock for which there is detailed description of the escapement, this had a 'strob' escapement, a variation of a verge and foliot with two escape wheels.
1336 Italy Milan town public striking clock with 24-hour dial Annales Mediolanenses Anonymi According to Bilfinger, this is the first mechanical striking clock and could have been made by de Dondi. This is the first time a clock is mentioned that strikes consecutive hours, e.g. once at 1, twice at two, etc. and that strikes day and night. As there are detailed descriptions of what the clock does, it was considered a novelty. Another candidate for the first mechanical clock.
1348–64 Italy Padua Castle Tower Astrarium astronomical clock with strike, verge and crown balance wheel Il Tractatus Astarii Giovanni de Dondi
1351 United Kingdom Windsor castle Great Tower made in London by three Lombards (from Italy) who arrived 8/4/1352 and left on 24/5/1352
1351 Italy Orvieto clock tower next to the cathedral striking clock with jacquemart
1352–54 France Strasbourg cathedral astronomical clock. Three dials: bottom year dial with saint days, middle hour dial, top hourly procession of 3 kings before Maria, at the top a crowing rooster. taken out of service in 1547
1353 Italy Genova striking clock
1354 Italy Florence Palazzo Vecchio
1355–71 Italy Reggio striking clock
1356 Italy Bologna castle tower striking clock
1356–61 Germany Nuremberg Frauenkirche striking clock with display of the prince-electors around the Kaiser substituted in 1508/09 with the clock on the outside of the Frauenkirche
1359 Germany Frankenberg Pfarrkirche astronomical clock with the three kings around the Virgin Mary
1359 Italy Sienna city tower Bartolo Giordi mounts a clock on the city tower
1361 Germany Frankfurt cathedral astronomical clock made by Jacob, improved 1383, taken out of service 1605
1361 Germany Munich city tower mention of existing clock
1362 Belgium Brussels St Nicholas church not known mention of a turret clock
1362 Italy Ferrara castle tower clock mounted on castle tower
1362–70 France Paris Tour de l'Horloge verge and foliot striking clock Froissart's poem "L'Horloge amoureuse" mentions the clock. Drawing exists. a drawing of the going train shows a door frame construction. Built by the German Heinrich von Wiek.
1364 Germany Augsburg Perlachturm striking clock clock was repaired in 1369 and a quarter strike was added in 1526
1365–67 United Kingdom London Westminster Palace not known a clock tower on the north wall at the end of the King's Garden opposite the entrance to the great hall was begun in 1365 and finished in 1367.
1366 Spain Toledo cathedral goldsmith Gonzalo Perez supplies a clock for the tower of the cathedral
1366–68 Switzerland Zurich Petersturm striking clock Master Chunrad von Cloten builds a striking clock for the Petersturm
1366 United Kingdom Kent Queenborough Castle striking clock
1367 Poland Wroclaw town hall mention of existing town hall clock
1368 United Kingdom Kings Langley Kings Langley Manor striking clock Edward III provided a patent giving safe conduct to three Flemish clockmakers. These people probably built the clock. after the expiry of the patent in 1369 John Lincoln was appointed as Royal clock keeper.
1368 Poland Opava Town council signs contract with master Swelbel to furnish a clock
1369 Germany Mainz Pfarrkirche St. Quentin striking clock
1370 France Colmar cathedral tower striking clock
1370 Poland Swidnica the town council engages the services of master Swelbel to furnish a clock, that is as good or better than the clock at Wroclaw.
1371 United Kingdom York York Minster striking clock Fabric Rolls of York Minster record purchase of a new clock made by John Clareburgh in 1371 or £13 6s. 8d.
1372 Belgium Golzinne castle striking clock Louis Defiens furnishes a striking clock for the castle
1372–73 France Strasbourg cathedral striking clock Heinrich Halder mounts a striking clock on the cathedral tower
1376 Belgium Ghent Belfried striking clock
1376 Belgium Sens a clock with several bells is manufactured
1376 France Beauté-sur-Marne castle Pierre de S. Béate furnishes a clock for the castle
1377 Belgium Dendermonde belfry Jan van Delft manufactures a clock for the belfry
1377 France Valenciennes town hall the town hall clock is replaced and fitted with 2 striking figures
1377 Italy Vicenza town hall striking clock Master Facius Pisanus manufactures a new striking clock for the town hall
1377 Belgium Ypres belfry striking clock with several bells
1380 Germany Bamberg cathedral clock installed at the cathedral
1380 France Nieppe castle Pierre Daimville engaged to furnish a metal clock weighing 300 pounds for the castle, which already has an existing clock
1382–84 Germany Hamburg Nikolaikirche striking clock Blacksmith Schinkel furnishes a public striking clock for the Nikolaikirche
1383–84 France Dijon Notre-Dame striking clock the clock taken from Courtrai in Belgium in 1382 is mounted on the tower of Notre-Dame
1383 Germany Fritzlar mention of a turret clock
1383 France Lyon eglise St. Jean striking clock mention of a small striking clock at St. Jean
1384 Germany Friedberg striking clock Wernher von Ilbenstedt manufactures a striking clock
1384 Germany Minden cathedral mention of the cathedral clock being repaired
1385 Switzerland Luzern Graggenturm striking clock Blacksmith H. Halder furnishes a striking clock for the Graggenturm and leaves a manual for the treatment of the clock The operating instructions for this clock were written down, and clearly refer to a verge and foliot clock. the "frowen gemuete [happy/agitated mood]" is the foliot.[1]
English translation: If you want to adjust the clock and put it forward or backward, disengage the foliot from the escape wheel and hold the escape wheel safely in your hand, or the weight will lose itself which might damage the clockwork. As you are now holding the escape wheel, use it to either let down the weight if you want to shorten the hour, or, if you want to lengthen the hour, pull it up, all in such a way that you are not doing too much nor too little and that you observe it well on the count wheel. If you also pull down the [lute] wheel, you can set the count wheel to whichever hour you want, be it I, II, III, etc. If you feel that the foliot is going too fast, lift the lead weights away from the wheel, and if it is too fast, move them towards the wheel, therewith you hinder or further it, as you like it. You might want to make it faster during the night, as the clock work goes for most of the night slower than during the day. Keep an eye on both weights, and if it happens that they have hardly any more rope, wind them up again, which you can do whenever you want to.
1386 Germany Braunschweig Katharinenkirche Marquard furnishes a clock for the Katharinenkirche. The cathedral already had a clock in 1346
1386 United Kingdom Salisbury Cathedral Salisbury cathedral clock Striking Clock Deed might not be the clock on display at the cathedral
1386 Germany Wurzburg cathedral clock at the cathedral mentioned
1388 France Béthune belfry striking clock The citizens of Bethune want to re-construct the existing belfry and put up a clock. "... pour pouvoir reconstruire leur beffroi
qui etait a present moult demolis et venus k ruyne et en peril de keir (tomber) de jour en jour et en obtenir l'autorisation d'y placer une orloge pour memore des heures de jour et de nuit sicomme il est en pluseurs autres lieux et bonnes villes du paus environ".
We have a reference here on how common turret clocks have become – they refer to " a clock to remind of the hours of the day and the night as it is now common in other places and good towns ...". This is also a reference that shows that turret clocks struck the time day and night.
1388 Germany Magdeburg cathedral striking clock mention of a striking clock at the cathedral
1389 France Rouen belfry striking clock with quarter strike Jehan de Felains paid 70 Livres for a clock with a quarter strike for the belfry
1391 France Metz cathedral striking clock with quarter strike Manufactured by Heinrich von Wieck
1392 France Chartres striking clock clockmaker and blacksmith Philibert Mauvoisin instructed to make a striking clock resembling the one at the Paris castle
1392 Germany Hanover market church blacksmiths Meistorpe and Hans Krieten furnish a clock for the market church
1392–93 United Kingdom Wells Wells Cathedral striking clock if this is the clock now shown at the British Museum in London is questionable
1394 Germany Stralsund Nikolaikirche astronomical clock Nikolaus Lilienfeld furnishes a clock for the Nikolaikirche
1395 Germany Doberan church astronomical clock an astronomical clock similar to the one in Stralsund is put up at the church
1395 Germany Speyer Altburgtor striking clock a striking clock is reported at the Altburgtor and at the Predigerkirche
1398–1401 Germany Villingen astronomical clock Master Claus Gutsch manufactures an astronomical clock after the Strasbourg clock.
It becomes apparent that even small towns can afford to put up public striking clocks. Turret clocks are now common throughout Europe.
No surviving clock mechanisms (apart from the claims from Salisbury and Wells) is known from this era.
See also[edit]
History of timekeeping devices
List of clocks
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Turret clocks.
Jump up ^ Graggenturm of Luzerne, instructions:"Als du das urleyn wiltt richten und das nider gewe uf ziehen oder ablan, so tuo das frowen gemuete von dem rade oder us dem rade, do es inne gat, und behab das kamprat sicher in der hant, oder das gewege verlieffe sich alsbalde, das das werg vil lichte brecht. Und so du das kamprat also in der hant hoebest, do mitte macht du denne das nider gewege abe lan, ob du die stunde wilt kúrzen, wilt du aber die stunde lengern, so zúhes uf, alles in solicher masse, das du nút ze vil noch ze wenig tuest und des nimmest du wol war am zalrade. Wenne du ouch das lúte rat nider zúhest, so macht du das zal rat setzen uf wele stunde du wit, es sie uf i, ii, iii, etcetera. Und so das frowen gemuete ze balde gat, das dich dunke, so hebe die bli kloetzli vaste hin us an das redelin, und so es ze trege gat, so henke si hin in an das redelin, hie mitte macht du es hindern und fúrdern, wie du wit. Sunderlich darf es ze nacht wol fúrderndes, wand das werg den merteil ze nacht treger got denne tages. Der gewege nim beder war, so si sich ergangen habent, das si schiere nút me seilen habent, so zúch si wider uf, dis macht du tuon , wenne du wit."
C F C. Beeson English Church Clocks London 1971
Christopher McKay (Editor) The Great Salisbury Clock Trial, Antiquarian Horological Society Turret Clock Group, 1993
Alfred Ungerer Les horloges astronomiques et monumentales les plus remarquables de l'antiquité jusquà nos jours, Strasbourg, 1931
Ferdinand Berthoud Histoire de la mesure du temps par les horloges, Imprimerie de la Republique, 1802
Gustav Bilfinger Die Mittelalterlichen Horen und die Modernen Stunden, Stuttgart, 1892
F.J. Britten Old clocks and their makers:an historical and descriptive account of the different styles of clocks of the past in England and abroad : with a list of over eleven thousand makers, London, 1910
Ernst Zinner Aus der Frühzeit der Räderuhr. Von der Gewichtsuhr zur Federzuguhr München, 1954
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Jessica Jones (season 2)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jessica Jones (season 2)
Promotional poster
Starring
Krysten Ritter
Rachael Taylor
Eka Darville
J.R. Ramirez
Terry Chen
Leah Gibson
Carrie-Anne Moss
Janet McTeer
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
13
Release
Original network
Netflix
Original release
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 1
Next →
Season 3
List of Jessica Jones episodes
The second season of the American web television series Jessica Jones, which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, follows Jones as she takes on a new case after the events surrounding her encounter with Kilgrave. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise. The season was produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios and Tall Girls Productions, with Melissa Rosenberg serving as showrunner.
Krysten Ritter stars as Jones, with Rachael Taylor, Carrie-Anne Moss, and Eka Darville also returning from the first season, as well as Wil Traval and David Tennant in guest roles. They are joined by J.R. Ramirez, Terry Chen, Leah Gibson, and Janet McTeer. The second season was ordered in January 2016, with filming beginning in April 2017, back-to-back with the miniseries Marvel's The Defenders. Filming concluded in September 2017.
The season was released on March 8, 2018. It received mostly positive reviews from critics, who once again praised Ritter's performance and the series' female focus, but felt the season suffered from pacing issues and a lack of a compelling villain after Tennant's Kilgrave from season one. A third season of Jessica Jones was ordered on April 12, 2018.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Episodes
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Notable guests
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Writing
3.3 Casting
3.4 Filming
3.5 Music
3.6 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-ins
4 Release
4.1 Marketing
5 Critical response
6 References
7 External links
Episodes[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
14
1 "AKA Start at the Beginning" Anna Foerster Melissa Rosenberg March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Super-powered private investigator Jessica Jones has become known as a vigilante hero around New York City since she killed her tormentor Kilgrave. Trish Walker, Jones's best friend and adopted sister, attempts to convince Jones to investigate her past and IGH, the company that gave her abilities, but Jones is not interested. Walker is dealing with declining ratings for her radio show Trish Talk, and sees her ex-boyfriend Will Simpson—who was also experimented on by IGH—following her. Pryce Cheng, another investigator, seeks to absorb Jones into his company at the request of lawyer Jeri Hogarth. When Jones attacks and injures Cheng, he plans to sue her with Hogarth, who is already facing a lawsuit from her former assistant and lover. Jones is approached by Robert Coleman, who also calls himself "Whizzer" and was given superspeed by IGH. When he is killed in an apparent construction accident, Jones traces his medication to an abandoned building which she remembers being taken to and experimented on.
15
2 "AKA Freak Accident" Minkie Spiro Aïda Mashaka Croal March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Jones goes to the home of Miklos Kozlov, the IGH doctor who had experimented on Simpson. She finds a shiva for Kozlov, who has died in a "freak accident". One of Kozlov's army patients believes that Simpson is behind this, and Jones suspects that he also killed Coleman. Walker asks Malcolm Ducasse, Jones's neighbor and work partner, to help her rather than further involve the reluctant Jones. Walker confronts Maximilian Tatum, a director, about the sexual relationship they had when she was a child actress working for him, threatening to publicly reveal this unless he helps her get access to records at a hospital he has influence over. After Tatum refuses, Walker runs into Simpson. Jones also arrives, having tracked Walker down when she did not answer her phone. Simpson claims that someone else who was experimented on by IGH has killed Kozlov and Coleman, and that he is just there to protect Walker since she was noticed investigating IGH. This other person soon appears and kills Simpson while Jones gets Walker to safety.
16
3 "AKA Sole Survivor" Mairzee Almas Lisa Randolph March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Hogarth is diagnosed with ALS, and her law-firm partners Steven Benowitz and Linda Chou plan to buy her out based on a clause in their contracts. Jones agrees to investigate the other partners to find blackmail material for Hogarth. Jones receives an eviction notice from her building's new superintendent Oscar Arocho, who fears Jones's abilities. She also discovers the name Leslie Hansen in the abandoned IGH building. Hansen was a doctor at the hospital where Jones was taken following the accident that killed her family. Jones and Walker find Hansen's apartment empty, and a charred human head in the basement. Walker uses her radio show to ask the public for information on Hansen, and receives a call from a woman claiming to be Hansen. Jones meets with her, and learns that she died after the accident but was brought back to life by IGH; the superpowers were a side-effect. Jones angers the woman who escapes using abilities similar to Jones'. DNA analysis shows that the charred head belongs to the real Leslie Hansen.
17
4 "AKA God Help the Hobo" Deborah Chow Jack Kenny March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Hogarth looks into ways to painlessly end her life, which her doctor does not support. Cheng fires Hogarth for no longer prioritizing him and his lawsuit, and also offers Ducasse a job at his company; Ducasse turns down the role, and Jones promises to work with him better. Jones and Walker try to find out who the mysterious woman posing as Hansen was, and Jones scares Tatum into getting the IGH files from the hospital. In addition to Jones and Coleman, there is a file on Inez Green. They find her living on the streets, where she explains that she was a nurse at the hospital who was seriously injured by the mysterious woman. Jones and Walker promise to keep her safe. Cheng sends one of his men to steal all of Jones's research from her office, hoping to find something to use against her. The man is attacked by the mysterious woman, who tears him apart. When Jones arrives, she is arrested for the murder. Walker tries to help her using an IGH performance enhancer she took from Simpson, but is also arrested. Ducasse takes Green to safety.
18
5 "AKA The Octopus" Millicent Shelton Jamie King March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Jones spends a day at the police station before Hogarth convinces her to tell the truth. Detective Eddy Costa believes Jones, and releases her with the promise that she will keep Costa informed of her investigation. Walker, bailed out by her mother, struggles with after-effects of using the IGH drug. Her new boyfriend Griffin Sinclair asks her to marry him, but Walker turns him down. She takes the IGH drug again. Ducasse takes Green to Hogarth, who agrees to protect her. Hogarth asks Green about IGH's experiments. Jones meets with David Kawecki, an inmate at a mental hospital serving time for the murder of Green's fellow nurse, who was actually killed by the mysterious woman. Jones learns of a shared interest in octopi that Kawecki has with an IGH doctor, and visits the aquarium. She recognizes the doctor, Karl Malus, in a new memory from after the accident. He meets with the mysterious woman, who upon discovering Jones surveilling them, smashes the glass enclosure of an aquarium in order to create a commotion to cover their escape.
19
6 "AKA Facetime" Jet Wilkinson Raelle Tucker March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Walker becomes addicted to the IGH drug, and starts looking for criminals to attack. Security footage from outside the aquarium shows Malus drugging the woman and forcing her to leave with him, despite the pair appearing to be a loving couple before. Jones sends Ducasse to his old university—where he was suspended for his previous drug habit—to investigate Malus; they learn of Justis Ambrose, who attended university with Malus and appears to have been paying for all his personal expenses for years. Jones confronts Ambrose, who explains that his son Eric was born with a fatal genetic defect which Malus cured with his experimental treatments. Eric appears to have no special abilities, and Jones threatens him to gain Malus' location. Green realizes that Hogarth has ALS, and tells her that there was an IGH patient that could heal people by touching them, and he saved her life after the woman had attacked her. Jones goes to the location, where she finds Malus and the woman living together. The latter claims to be Jones's mother.
20
7 "AKA I Want Your Cray Cray" Jennifer Getzinger Hilly Hicks Jr. March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Years earlier, after Brian Jones and his son Phillip are killed in an accident, his wife Alisa and daughter Jessica are rushed to hospital. Dr. Leslie Hansen secretly takes them to IGH. Jessica is saved and returned to hospital in 20 days, but Alisa's injuries are severe and her treatments take years, altering her looks and causing increased strength and extreme mood swings. Jessica is adopted by the Walkers, but grows away from her foster family over time especially after her adopted sister Trish becomes a drug addict at the beginning of her pop star career. Intent on seeing Jessica, Alisa escapes IGH by killing a nurse and severely injuring Green. She finds Jessica living with a new boyfriend, Stirling Adams, but sees him apparently attempt to exploit her and kills him in a fit of rage. Returning to IGH, Malus promises Alisa that he will cure her of the side effects. Adams' death leads to Jessica re-connecting with Trish, helping her become sober. Now, Jessica refuses to forgive Alisa and attacks her; Malus renders Jessica unconscious with a sedative.
21
8 "AKA Ain't We Got Fun" Zetna Fuentes Gabe Fonseca March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Trish sleeps with Ducasse, and he notices that she has become addicted to the IGH drug. When she refuses to admit this, he leaves and decides to continue Jessica's investigation into Hogarth's partners. He discovers that Benowitz is secretly gay, and frequents a gay bar unbeknownst to his wife. Ducasse tells Benowitz that Chou had hired him, and Benowitz gives Ducasse blackmail material that he has on her. Outside of the gay bar, Ducasse is attacked by homophobic thugs. Trish rescues him, and gives him some of the IGH drug to help him heal, but it is too much for Ducasse and he runs off. Hogarth visits Shane Ryback, the man who can heal people with his hands. He is in prison, but she takes him on as a client. Jessica calls the police to Malus' house, and he flees. Alisa decides to stay with Jessica and hopes to prove that she is the same person who raised Jessica, despite looking different and having extreme mood swings. They go to Jessica's apartment, where they are shot at from outside. Jessica is hit, enraging Alisa.
22
9 "AKA Shark in the Bathtub, Monster in the Bed" Rosemary Rodriguez Jenny Klein March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Wanting revenge for the death of his man, Cheng tries to kill Alisa. Shooting at her from across the street, he only hits Jessica. Alisa races to find and kill Cheng, but Jessica is able to render him unconscious first, and convinces Alisa to find a solution other than murder. Ryback is released from prison, and attempts to heal Hogarth, but cannot promise that it will work. During a live broadcast of her radio show, Trish, under the influence of the IGH drug, rails against the superficiality of her show's programming and quits. She is offered a desirable job on television, but realizes that she has run out of the drug. Arocho, whose relationship with Jessica has become less hostile and more romantic, comes to Jessica when his ex-wife kidnaps their son Vido. Jessica and Alisa race to save Vido, using their abilities for good. Alisa sees the potential of a life with Jessica doing good like this, but still wants to protect Jessica by killing Cheng and running away. Jessica frees Cheng, and when Alisa gives chase she is confronted by police, and surrenders to them.
23
10 "AKA Pork Chop" Neasa Hardiman Aïda Mashaka Croal March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Hogarth arranges a plea deal for Alisa, where she can avoid the Raft, a superhuman prison, if she gives up Malus. Alisa agrees when Jessica promises to keep Malus safe. Trish struggles with withdrawals during her television audition, where she overhears that the super-powered killer has been caught. Jessica explains everything to Trish and Ducasse, but tells them to stay away. She finds Malus and convinces him to go to a country with no extradition so Alisa can talk about him without fear of him being caught. He first waits for a new passport provided by Arocho, and also tells Jessica that he never treated Ryback. Hogarth does not believe Jessica when she says this, but arrives home to find Green and Ryback have robbed her (and thus realizes she was not cured). Trish and Ducasse decide to track down Malus themselves, while Jessica discovers that Alisa is being tormented by one of her guards, Dale Holiday. Investigating him, Jessica finds evidence that he has murdered inmates before. He attacks her, and she accidentally kills him in self-defense.
24
11 "AKA Three Lives and Counting" Jennifer Lynch Jack Kenny & Lisa Randolph March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Jessica makes Holiday's death look like suicide, and begins having hallucinations of Kilgrave. Trish knocks Ducasse out and restrains him, and asks Malus to give her abilities like Jessica's. Jessica arrives with the passport from Arocho to give to Malus, to find him gone. She tracks them down just as Ducasse escapes, but Trish manages to get away with Malus. With Holiday dead, Alisa gets a new guard who treats her well. Jessica berates Ducasse for not trusting her, and for taking advantage of their working relationship. They both agree that he should no longer work for her. Malus takes Trish to the old IGH facility, where he begins to put her through the same process that changed Jessica and Alisa. Jessica arrives and stops the procedure, and then is almost convinced by her hallucination of Kilgrave to murder Malus. She stops herself, but he decides to end his own life. Malus destroys the facility with himself inside it, while Jessica gets Trish to the hospital. Alisa learns of Malus' death via a news report, kills her new guard and escapes from prison.
25
12 "AKA Pray for My Patsy" Liz Friedlander Raelle Tucker & Hilly Hicks Jr. March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Alisa goes looking for Trish, blaming her for Malus' death. She terrorizes the Trish Talk studio, before seeing Trish's mother in an interview discussing why Trish is now hospitalized. She finds Jessica protecting Trish at the hospital, but still attempts to kill the latter. When Costa and his partner, Ruth Sunday, arrive they try to arrest Alisa. Jessica tries to talk Alisa down, but Alisa grabs Sunday and jumps out of the hospital, letting Sunday fall to her death. Costa tells Jessica to stay out of the way of the police, but Jessica secretly organizes to meet with Alisa at Trish's apartment. Meanwhile, Trish is angry at Jessica for stopping the procedure early, but soon begins to have violent convulsions. Hogarth tracks down Green, and tells her a fabricated story about Ryback secretly conning multiple women. Giving Green a gun, Hogarth watches her confront Ryback and shoot him. Hogarth then calls the police. At Trish's apartment, Jessica considers killing Alisa, but is unable to do it. Alisa knocks Jessica out and kidnaps her.
26
13 "AKA Playland" Uta Briesewitz Story by : Jesse Harris
Teleplay by : Melissa Rosenberg March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Jessica attempts to resist Alisa, but eventually decides to work with her. They drive towards the Mexico–U.S. border, saving a family caught in a traffic accident on the way. Jessica meets with Arocho to arrange new papers so they can cross the border, but he is followed by the police. Jessica and Alisa then drive towards the Canada–U.S. border, but are confronted with police road blocks. They then go to the nearby amusement park Playland, where Alisa decides to wait until the police arrive. Trish sees a news report on the traffic accident and talks to Costa about the road blocks. Remembering that the Jones family had visited Playland before the accident, Trish goes there and kills Alisa. Jessica takes the blame, but does not forgive Trish. Trish later discovers that her reflexes appear to be heightened. Ducasse gives the blackmail material he found to Hogarth, allowing her to leave the law firm with enough money to start her own. Ducasse then begins working for Hogarth as part of Cheng's agency. Jessica embraces some aspects of normal life with Arocho.
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of Jessica Jones characters
Main[edit]
Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones[2]
Rachael Taylor as Patricia "Trish" Walker[3]
Eka Darville as Malcolm Ducasse[4]
J. R. Ramirez as Oscar Arocho[5]
Terry Chen as Pryce Cheng[6]
Leah Gibson as Inez Green[7][8]
Carrie-Anne Moss as Jeri Hogarth[9]
Janet McTeer as Alisa Jones[10]
Recurring[edit]
Hal Ozsan as Griffin Sinclair
Maury Ginsberg as Steven Benowitz
Kevin Chacon as Vido Arocho[11]
Rebecca De Mornay as Dorothy Walker[12]
John Ventimiglia as Eddy Costa
Lisa Tharps as Ruth Sunday
Callum Keith Rennie as Karl Malus[10]
Eden Marryshow as Shane Ryback
Notable guests[edit]
Wil Traval as Will Simpson[13]
Elden Henson as Foggy Nelson[14]
Daniel Marcus as Maury Tuttlebaum
David Tennant as Kilgrave[15]
Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett[16]
Tijuana Ricks as Thembi Wallace
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In January 2015, Netflix COO Ted Sarandos stated that Jessica Jones the series was "eligible to go into multiple seasons for sure" and Netflix would look at "how well [they] are addressing both the Marvel fanbase but also the broader fanbase" in terms of determining if additional seasons would be appropriate.[17] In July 2015, Sarandos said some of the Defender series would "selectively have multiple seasons as they come out of the gate,"[18] with series showrunner Melissa Rosenberg saying she was hopeful Jessica Jones would get an additional season before Marvel's The Defenders.[19] Rosenberg later expanded on this, saying that Marvel Television and Netflix were working out the placement of a potential second season, though "[i]t might not be possible from a logistical standpoint" to have a second season of Jessica Jones debut before The Defenders;[20] Sarandos later confirmed this to be the case, stating that the season would air after The Defenders released in 2017.[21] On January 17, 2016, Netflix ordered a second season of 13 episodes.[22] Raelle Tucker joined the season as an executive producer and writer, replacing Liz Friedman from the first season, who departed the series to work on the pilot for the ABC series, Conviction.[23]
Writing[edit]
Rosenberg and the season's writers were halfway through the writing process by August 2016,[24] with the scripts completed by the end of October 2016.[25] Writing during the 2016 United States presidential election, Rosenberg noted she "was just so angry" and that she and the writing team tried to tap "into the rage Hillary [Clinton] must have felt every day" for the characters.[26] With The Defenders releasing before the season, Rosenberg used the miniseries as an opportunity to help "set up" elements for the season, working with The Defenders executive producers and writers Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez to do so.[27]
Rosenberg wanted to "continue with [the Jessica Jones] character" in the season, saying, "She's a very damaged character, her damage goes beyond [David Tennant's] Kilgrave. There's a lot to mine from in her backstory and in her present day situation".[28] Actress Krysten Ritter said that the second season would evolve from the first, and that for Jones, "The first season was in her head and the second season is in her heart,"[29] adding that Jones "is in a pretty dark headspace" at the beginning of the season and that the season would be "more of an emotional thriller this time."[30] On whether Tennant could return for the second season, Rosenberg said, "Sure, when you have David Tennant, you want him around forever....But the show is called Jessica Jones and the story is about Jessica's arc and how does that play out in its best form?" It was noted that Kilgrave would be "hard to top", though, with Marvel Television head Jeph Loeb saying, "One of the things that's important about any Marvel show is your hero is often defined by how strong your antagonist is,"[31] with Rosenberg adding that the objective for the new villain, or villains, for the season would be not to match or do what was done with Kilgrave.[27][32] As Kilgrave does appear in the season, Rosenberg felt it was important to have him return to "be that mirror again" for Jones, as he is "such a part of her construction and her dilemma".[30]
Rosenberg also hoped to "further expand on the ensemble and on Jessica's world" by giving more screen time to supporting characters,[33][34] noting that in the first season, "the trick of a show that's called Jessica Jones [is if] she's not in the scene, it's not a guarantee that scene will end up in the final picture. You have to earn secondary character stories. You have to flesh them out enough so that they can eventually carry stories of their own" in future seasons.[34] She also wanted to continue to explore the relationship between Jones and Trish Walker, stating "That is the core relationship in the piece. It is about female friendship, it is about how friends evolve—they're sisters, really—and it's about how they evolve and ping off each other."[32] On Jones becoming famous after her heroics in the first season, Ritter said, "She keeps her circle small because she doesn't want people in her life, so there's no textbook on how to deal with new popularity or new eyes on you."[29] Speaking on the social issues she hoped to tackle in the season, after covering "issues of choice, interracial relationships, domestic violence, [and] issues of consent" while also exploring "feminism and being a woman in this world" in the first, Rosenberg said, "I'm not quite sure yet what the social issues are that we're dealing with [in season 2]. We're just trying to find some resonance for [Jessica Jones] and a new place to push her, to give Krysten something new to play and really push the boundaries of the character."[32]
After much of the first season was taken from the Alias comic book, Rosenberg wanted to continue that trend with the second season, but acknowledged that "the MCU is very different from the comics in terms of its mythology. In the books there were things building towards Civil War and all that, and here that's not the case. The nature of that is we're probably not going to be able to continue to do parallel storylines [to Alias]".[28] On having Jones continue to struggle with the same issues in the second season, Loeb said, "The end of the [first season]—and it was one of the things that was very important when we talked about the end of the first [season]—was that it wasn't, 'Ooh, I triumphed and now I can get in my hovercar and join the Avengers.' That wasn't the story we were interested in telling."[35] Rosenberg elaborated by comparing the Jessica Jones to her previous series Dexter, saying that she learned "you can advance the character, but you never want to cure the character. With Dexter, the moment he felt guilt or accepted that he was 'bad,' the show's over. He's no longer a sociopath. The equivalent for us would be if Jessica somehow recovered from the damage that had been done to her. People don't just heal".[24] She added that Jones' killing of Kilgrave at the end of the first season was "a life changing experience" and something that would affect the character going forward.[34] Rosenberg also stated that the season would be "about digging deeper into this chaos and peeling back those layers [of Jones' life], just going to the core of her being" after the first season focused on Jones' trauma and facing her abuser.[30]
Casting[edit]
After the season was ordered, several main cast members revealed that they would return for the second season, including Ritter as Jessica Jones,[2] Rachael Taylor as Patricia "Trish" Walker,[36][3] and Carrie-Anne Moss as Jeri Hogarth.[37][9] Eka Darville also reprises his role as Malcolm Ducasse.[4] In March 2017, J.R. Ramirez was cast as Oscar Arocho, which was revealed in July after the airing of his character's death on Power.[5][38] In April 2017, Janet McTeer was cast in an undisclosed role, described as someone who has "an enormous impact on Jessica's life."[39] She was revealed to be playing Alisa Jones, Jessica's mother,[10] who was briefly portrayed in flashbacks by Miriam Shor in the first season.[40] By July, Leah Gibson had also joined the cast,[7] in the role of Inez Green.[8] Also joining in the season is Terry Chen as Pryce Cheng.[6]
In August 2017, David Tennant was confirmed to be reprising his role as Kilgrave,[15] appearing as a hallucination,[41] with Wil Traval also returning as Will Simpson.[13] Recurring characters in the season include Rebecca De Mornay reprises her role as Dorothy Walker,[12] Kevin Chacon as Vido Arocho[11] and Callum Keith Rennie as Karl Malus.[10] Elden Henson and Rob Morgan reprise their roles as Foggy Nelson and Turk Barrett from previous Marvel Netflix series, respectively.[14][16]
Filming[edit]
Filming began the week of April 3, 2017 in New York City, once again using the working title Violet.[42] This followed the end of production on The Defenders in March,[43] with Ritter having indicated in May 2016 that the season would film back-to-back with The Defenders.[44] Filming occurred at the Long Island Aquarium and Exhibition Center.[45] Filming for the season wrapped on September 14, 2017.[46]
Approaching the second season, Rosenberg wanted to increase the number of female directors working on the series as a further push for representation. This was a goal that "Marvel was completely on board with", and given the demand of many talented female directors at the time, the series' producers looked to book only female directors first, and approach male directors later in the pre-production phase if needed. Another member of the production suggested that the series book only female directors for the season, which Rosenberg "hadn't contemplated [as a] concept prior to that conversation". She quickly made that the goal of the production, and in October 2016, Rosenberg confirmed that all 13 episodes of the season would be directed by women.[25] Oscar's paintings in the season were created by comic book artist David Mack, who has drawn covers for Jessica Jones comics.[11][47]
Music[edit]
A soundtrack album for the season was released by Hollywood Records and Marvel Music digitally on March 16, 2018, featuring selections of the original score for the season composed by Sean Callery, as well as the original song "I Want Your Cray Cray".[48]
All music composed by Sean Callery.[48]
[show]Track listing
No.
Title
Length
1. "Jessica Jones Main Title (Double Shot Version)" 5:11
2. "The Experiment Room" 2:12
3. "Malcolm Suits Up" 1:11
4. "The Bear on the Wall" 5:13
5. "Alisa’s Theme" 2:32
6. "Run Whizzer Run" 2:51
7. "I Want Your Cray Cray" (performed by Rachael Taylor & Kandi Mark) 2:49
8. "Hogarth’s Unexpected News" 1:34
9. "Malcolm and Trish" 1:21
10. "Gunpoint" 3:16
11. "Rooftop Movie Night" 1:20
12. "Alisa Surrounded" 4:11
13. "It Didn’t Have to Be You" 2:51
14. "Hogarth Getting Even" 1:54
15. "Roadside Assistance" 3:27
16. "The Abandoned Lab" 4:09
17. "Cheng Window Shot" 2:00
18. "Escaping the Fire" 4:18
19. "The Ferris Wheel" 3:28
20. "Starting at the Beginning" 1:17
Total length: 51:75
Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-ins[edit]
The season makes several references to the events of Captain America: Civil War, including Vido Arocho's toy Captain America's shield being broken, as well as mention of the Raft prison. The season also mentions the Rand Corporation from Iron Fist, and makes multiple references to Spider-Man.[11]
Release[edit]
The second season of Jessica Jones was released on March 8, 2018,[49] to coincide with International Women's Day,[50] on the streaming service Netflix worldwide, in Ultra HD 4K and high dynamic range.[51]
Marketing[edit]
In December 2017, a teaser trailer for the season was released, along with announcing the season release date.[49] A trailer was released on February 7, 2018.[50] Ahead of the season releasing, Netflix revealed the episode titles and creative teams with pulp comic covers for each episode created by women artists. The artists included, in respective order for each episode: Stephanie Hans, Jen Bartel, Elizabeth Torque, Kate Niemczyk, Colleen Doran, Erica Henderson, Audrey Mox, Joyce Chin, Jenny Frison, Amy Reeder, Emanuela Lupacchino, June Brigman, and Annie Wu.[52] The season held its red carpet premiere on March 7, 2018 at the AMC Loews Lincoln Square.[8]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 87% with an average rating of 7.06/10, based on 68 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "While Jessica Jones is a slower burn with less focus than its inaugural season, its enticing new character arc more fully details the most charismatic Defender."[53] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 70 out of 100 based on 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[54]
In her review of the first five episodes of the season, Allison Keene of Collider gave the season 4 out of 5 stars. She felt "[t]he season really starts to kick into gear.. once we’re introduced to the central mystery: the truth behind IGH," with the season getting "better and better as it goes along." However, as with previous Marvel Netflix series, the season suffered from pacing issues, featuring "a minimal or non-existent score, scenes that go on for too long, and a limited number of edits that add up to everything feeling like it’s happening in real time. It’s not as bad as any other Marvel series on Netflix in this regard — not even close — but it’s still a problem, and one that has unbelievably still not been addressed in terms of episode count (or shorter runtimes within episodes)." Keene also felt the season missed a "driving force" by not having David Tennant back as Kilgrave, but was glad the season largely ignored the events of The Defenders to focus on Jones and her relationships.[55] Awarding the season a "B", Liz Shannon Miller from IndieWire said the season's all-female directors kept "the show’s noir bent in place though doesn’t push too hard into the realm of art — but the clean approach works, as does Ritter’s always grounded and believable performance." She also enjoyed the Hogarth medical storyline, saying it was "one of the most compelling new storylines", despite it not connecting to the overall larger narrative through the first five episodes. For Miller, Janet McTeer was "the most dynamic element of these early episodes. While she has potential as a foil, there’s not enough of her to keep us hooked, not to mention the lack of the emotional hook that we had with Kilgrave in season 1." Miller also felt the plot lacked direction, and agreed with Keene about the pacing issues.[56]
Digital Spy's Jo Berry said in her review, "While the beginning of the new season lacks the focus of the first, and is missing a truly menacing bad guy for Jessica to go up against, the new additions and expanded storylines don't detract from Ritter's powerhouse performance... Pacing quibbles aside, this is a darkly enjoyable return for Jessica Jones, thanks to the strong scripts, slick direction and Ritter's gripping performance."[12] In a more mixed review, The Washington Post's David Betancourt noted the season "lacks shock value". While Ritter "still brings her A-game... It’s the lack of Kilgrave that at first seems to be what’s missing from season 2." He did praise the supporting cast, feeling Darville "has a standout performance" as Malcolm, with his connection to the larger storyline "surprising and enjoyable to watch", and also praising Taylor, adding it "wouldn’t hurt to bring [Taylor] in" as her comics alter ego Hellcat, to help the season that "lags at the beginning".[57]
Conversely, Susana Polo from Polygon was left disappointed and bored by the early episodes, also noting the lack of compelling antagonist for the season. She said, "I don’t see Jessica Jones' second season winning over anyone who was lukewarm about her first — or anyone who skipped it entirely. I’m a big fan, and even I left these first five episodes wondering exactly what had happened to the series that gripped me and never let go in 2015."[58]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Atkinson, S. (August 18, 2017). "'Jessica Jones' Season 2 Clues From Krysten Ritter Should Get Fans Jonsin' For New Episodes". Bustle. Archived from the original on August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Li, Shirley (December 8, 2017). "Marvel's Jessica Jones: David Tennant's Kilgrave returns to torment Jessica in season 2 first look". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bentley, Jean (January 18, 2016). "Do Jessica Jones and Luke Cage Have a Future? Krysten Ritter Hopes So". E!. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Abrams, Natalie (August 12, 2016). "Jessica Jones boss teases Jessica-Trish dynamic in season 2". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 13, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (November 18, 2015). "'Marvel's Jessica Jones' EP Melissa Rosenberg On Luke Cage, Season 2, 'Supergirl' & Gender Parity In Hollywood". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ritter, Stephanie (May 12, 2016). Jessica Jones Season Two Details Revealed! (Exclusive!). Nerdist Industries. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terri (January 17, 2016). "How Jessica Jones' Final Triumph Isn't An Easy Resolution". IGN. Archived from the original on January 19, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric (January 17, 2016). "Jessica Jones: Rachael Taylor on Trish's Potential Hellcat Future in Season 2". IGN. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Radish, Christina (January 28, 2016). "'Jessica Jones' Cast on Season 2 Possibilities, Sex Scenes, and 'Luke Cage'". Collider. Archived from the original on January 29, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Roots, Kimberley (July 31, 2017). "Power's J.R. Ramirez Breaks Down Julio's Ultimate Mistake, Plus: What Marvel Show Is He Headed To?". TVLine. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, Jame (April 6, 2017). "Jessica Jones casts Oscar nominee in major season 2 mystery role". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 6, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hayes, Britt (January 17, 2016). "Where Marvel's 'Jessica Jones' Could Go in Season 2". ScreenCrush. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rianne Houghton (March 16, 2018). "Here's why David Tennant returned for that Jessica Jones season 2 storyline". DigitalSpy. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Arrant, Christ (April 6, 2017). "Maleficent Actor Cast As 'Undisclosed Character' For Jessica Jones' 2nd Season". Newsarama. Archived from the original on April 8, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hood, Cooper (March 19, 2017). "The Defenders Has Finished Filming". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Russell, Scarlett (May 11, 2016). "Defenders and Jessica Jones season 2 will be filmed back to back, says Krysten Ritter". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Zegers, Kelly (June 6, 2017). "Netflix hit 'Jessica Jones' films at Long Island Aquarium". Northforker. Archived from the original on June 12, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ridgely, Charlie (September 15, 2017). "Filming Wraps on 'Jessica Jones' Season 2". Comicbook.com. Archived from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Francisco, Eric (March 9, 2018). "'Jessica Jones' Season 2 Easter Eggs Include a Major 'Civil War' Connection". Inverse. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b filmmusicreporter (March 15, 2018). "Soundtrack Album for 'Jessica Jones' Season 2 to Be Released". Film Music Reporter. Archived from the original on March 17, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Ramos, Dino-Ray (December 9, 2017). "'Marvel's Jessica Jones': Season 2 Premiere Date Set For Netflix Superhero Series". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on December 10, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Otterson, Joe (February 7, 2018). "'Jessica Jones' Season 2 Trailer Explores Hard-Drinking Hero's Origin (Watch)". Variety. Archived from the original on February 7, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Marvel's Jessica Jones". Netflix. Archived from the original on September 7, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Moye, David; Dahlen, Damon (March 6, 2018). "These 'Jessica Jones' Pulp-Style Covers Offer Spoiler Hints Galore". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 6, 2018. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Marvel's Jessica Jones: Season 2 (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Marvel's Jessica Jones: Season 2 Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Keene, Alison (February 27, 2018). "'Jessica Jones' Season 2 Review: Fighting the Monster Within". Collider. Archived from the original on February 28, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Miller, Liz Shannon (February 27, 2018). "'Marvel's Jessica Jones' Season 2 Review: A Too-Slow Start Still Leaves Us Optimistic For Our Favorite Hard-Drinking Non-Hero". IndieWire. Archived from the original on February 28, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Betancourt, David (February 27, 2018). "'Jessica Jones' doesn't wow in Season 2, but it's not as off the mark as 'Iron Fist'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 28, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Polo, Susana (February 27, 2018). "Jessica Jones season 2 pre-review: sophomore slump". Polygon. Archived from the original on February 28, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
External links[edit]
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