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Grand Theft Auto Online
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Grand Theft Auto Online
Developer(s)
Rockstar North
Publisher(s)
Rockstar Games
Director(s)
Leslie Benzies
Producer(s)
Andy Duthie
Designer(s)
Leslie Benzies
Programmer(s)
Adam Fowler
Daniel Yelland
Robert Trickey
Artist(s)
Aaron Garbut
Series
Grand Theft Auto
Engine
RAGE
Platform(s)
PlayStation 3
Xbox 360
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Microsoft Windows
Release
1 October 2013[show]
PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
1 October 2013
PlayStation 4, Xbox One
18 November 2014
Microsoft Windows
14 April 2015
Genre(s)
Action-adventure
Mode(s)
Multiplayer
Grand Theft Auto Online is an online multiplayer action-adventure video game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It was released on 1 October 2013 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and was released on 18 November 2014 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, with a Microsoft Windows version on 14 April 2015. The game is the online multiplayer mode of Grand Theft Auto V. Set within the fictional state of San Andreas (based on Southern California), Grand Theft Auto Online allows up to 30 players[a] to explore the open world and engage in cooperative or competitive game matches. The open world design lets players freely roam San Andreas, which includes open countryside and the fictional city of Los Santos (based on Los Angeles).
Developed in tandem with the single-player mode, Grand Theft Auto Online was conceived as a separate experience, to be played in a continually evolving world. At launch, it suffered widespread technical issues resulting in the inability to play missions and loss of character data. It initially polarised reviewers, being criticised for its lack of direction and repetitive missions, with praise particularly directed at the scope and open-ended gameplay. It won divided year-end accolades, ranging from Biggest Disappointment to Best Multiplayer, from several gaming publications. The game receives frequent free updates that further expand on the game modes and content, which has improved critical reception. The 2015 Heists update had been especially well-received by the critics.[1]
Contents
1 Gameplay
2 Development
3 Additional content
3.1 2013
3.2 2014
3.3 2015
3.4 2016
3.5 2017
3.6 2018
4 Reception
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Gameplay[edit]
Developed in tandem with Grand Theft Auto V, Grand Theft Auto Online was conceived as a separate experience to be played in a continually evolving world.[2] Up to 30 players[a] freely roam across a re-creation of the single-player world and enter lobbies to complete jobs (story-driven competitive and cooperative modes).[3] The Content Creator toolset lets players create their own parameters for custom jobs, like racetracks and deathmatch weapon spawn points.[5] Players may band together in organised player teams called crews to complete jobs together. Rockstar Games Social Club extends crews formed in Max Payne 3's multiplayer mode to that of Grand Theft Auto Online. Players can create their own crews and join up to five total. Crews win multiplayer matches to earn experience points and climb online leaderboards.[6]
In Grand Theft Auto Online, players create a new character specific to the online world, which shows on the screen's Switch Wheel alongside single-player characters Franklin, Michael, and Trevor.[7] The player-characters are designed by a genetics-related process.[8] Greater control is given to the character's clothes and hairstyles. The mute player-character online avatar arrives in Los Santos by plane and is picked up by Lamar Davis, who gives the character a gun and a car. An hour-long tutorial introduces the player to the various game modes, driving, fighting, and game progression mechanics.[8] The story is not central in the multiplayer, though it serves as a prequel to the single-player story, where characters from the single-player are woven in.[8]
Similar to single-player, players can level up their character's attributes such as driving and stamina. Exclusive to GTA Online is a system of earning experience, usually by successful completion of activities. Accumulating enough experience to level up unlocks weapons, clothing, car customisations, and more advanced activities (such as parachuting and aircraft). Once unlocked, items need to be purchased with in-game currency, which can be earned or purchased with real money. Players can circumvent an activity's level requirements by joining a game with others of a sufficient rank. There are options to play alone or with friends, and an option for "Passive Mode", which makes the player immune to other players.[8]
Aside from the open world, there are three main types of set activities: racing (by car, bike, air or boat), Deathmatch (team or free-for-all), and objective-based Contact Missions (simplified single-player-like storyline jobs, usually cooperative). Online uses lock-on aim and emphasises stealth in firefights. "Adversary Mode" adds several asymmetric variations on these activities, including "Siege Mentality" where one team is besieged by another, and "Hasta La Vista" where truckers chase down cyclists (reminiscent of the truck/motorcycle chase in Terminator 2: Judgment Day). "Survival" pits a team of up to four players against ten waves of enemies, similar to the Zombies mode in Call of Duty: Black Ops. The Heists Update released on 10 March 2015 adds five co-op elaborate multi-part missions, each mission having several setup jobs leading up to the finale crime which is a high-profit job. The player who is the heist leader has to unlock each heist in order and pay the upfront costs, while receiving the largest payoff (at the end, if successfully completed) and getting their progress saved, while other players (the crew members) can join any setup/finale jobs without prerequisite and get paid a cut for each mission passed. The heists, all requiring four players except the first which is two-player, often assign specific roles to players such as driver, gunner, etc. and/or may split them apart, and a headset is recommended for communicating with other players.[9][10]
The game includes a content creation tool that lets players make automobile races and deathmatches.[7] Players can choose the location, start and spawn points, and weapon and vehicle drops in deathmatches, and the location, route, race type, and player count in air, land, or sea races. Creations have to be tested against computer-controlled players before the mode is available online. The creations can also be published for others to use. Rockstar tags what they deem to be the best as "Rockstar Verified".[11]
Development[edit]
Grand Theft Auto Online launched on 1 October 2013, two weeks after the release of Grand Theft Auto V.[12] Many players reported that they had difficulties connecting to the game's servers and the Social Club web service, and others further reported that the game would freeze while loading early missions.[13][14] Rockstar released a technical patch on 5 October in an effort to resolve the issues.[15] The microtransaction system, which allows players to purchase game content using real money, was also suspended as a fail-safe.[16] Problems persisted the second week following launch, and some players reported their player-character progress as having disappeared.[17] Another technical patch was released on 10 October combating the issues, and players experiencing issues were told not to recreate their multiplayer avatars.[18] As recompense for the technical issues, Rockstar offered a stimulus of GTA $500,000 (in-game currency) to the accounts of all players connected to Online since launch.[19]
Take-Two Interactive, Rockstar's parent company, stated that by February 2014, 70 percent of players with Internet access had played Grand Theft Auto Online, and that the game's microtransactions system was the largest contributor to the company's digital revenue since the launch of Grand Theft Auto Online.[20]
In December 2013, Rockstar announced that they planned to release downloadable content in 2014 that expands the single-player mode and creates new story for the lead characters,[21] however no single-player expansions have been released.[22] Rockstar announced in September 2015 that the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of the online mode will no longer receive any new additional content, due to limitation in the console capacity.[23] This was criticised by Forbes writer Paul Tassi, who felt that Rockstar was "cutting out a lot of potential customers" who continued to play on the older systems, adding that the re-releases on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One were lacking in additional content.[22]
Additional content[edit]
Post-release content is continually added to Grand Theft Auto Online and the single-player mode of Grand Theft Auto V through free title updates.
2013[edit]
The Beach Bum update, released on 19 November 2013, added more beach-themed jobs and customisation content for players.[24] In December, Rockstar announced that they plan to release downloadable content in 2014 that expands the single-player mode and creates new story for the lead characters;[21] but no further announcements have been made.[22] The Deathmatch & Race Creators update was released on 11 December and lets players create their own deathmatches and races.[25] The Capture Update was released on 17 December and adds a new team-based capture the flag mode called Capture.[26] On 24 December, the Holiday Gifts update added Christmas-themed items to the online mode. It also gave players discounts on in-game vehicles, weapons, apartments and other items. The items and discounts were available until 5 January 2014. The update also added snowfall to the game world during Christmas.[27]
2014[edit]
Coinciding with the 2014 Valentine's Day, the Valentine's Day Massacre Special update released on 13 February added Bonnie and Clyde-themed content to the game for a limited time until the end of February.[28] The Business Update, released on 4 March, added multiple business-themed items to the game.[29] On 11 April, the Capture Creator Update was released that added the ability for players to create their own Capture jobs using the Content Creator.[30] The High Life Update released on 13 May added a few new contact missions, new vehicles, clothes and weapons. It also added new apartments, the ability to purchase two properties at any one time and the Mental State gameplay statistic that monitors player behaviour in-game.[31] The I'm Not a Hipster Update was released on 17 June and added hipster-themed customisation items, and retro-themed vehicles and weapons.[32][33] The Independence Day Special update was released on 1 July to celebrate the U.S. Independence Day and added patriotic-themed vehicles, weapons and customisation items for a limited time. The patch added new properties to Grand Theft Auto Online and the "On Call Matchmaking" feature that lets player accept a job invite and keep playing until the lobby is full.[34] The San Andreas Flight School update, released on 19 August 2014, added new features and vehicles related to the in-game flying school.[35] The Last Team Standing update was released on 2 October 2014. It added 10 new jobs for, new motorcycles, weapons and creator support for the Last Team Standing mode.[36] On 18 December 2014, the Festive Surprise update was released, which added two new weapons, four holiday-themed vehicles and Christmas-themed apparel that was announced to be available until 5 January 2015. The update also added the ability to buy a third property.[37]
2015[edit]
The Online Heists update was a highly anticipated feature of Grand Theft Auto Online.[38][39] After numerous delays,[40][41] the update launched on 10 March 2015, suffering some initial technical difficulties due to the increased user load.[42] Ill-Gotten Gains Part 1, released on 10 June 2015, added additional vehicles, clothing items and weapon decals. Some gameplay features were also affected, such as a redesign of the in-game car websites, the addition of a first-person vehicle hood camera in the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions, and the ability to cycle through targets when using lock-on missiles, among other minor changes.[43] Ill-Gotten Gains Part 2, released on 8 July 2015, added vehicles and weapons. It also added the radio station The Lab, previously exclusive to the Windows version of the game, to all other versions. This was also the final update for both the Xbox 360 and the PlayStation 3, citing hardware limitations.[44] Lowriders, released on 10 October 2015, added a new set of missions, hosted by Lamar, additional vehicles, available vehicle upgrades, weapons, clothing items and Benny's Original Motor Works vehicle shop. The update gave players the ability to obtain and customise Lowriders, including upgrades such as interior customisation, hydraulics, and decals. The update also introduced the machete and machine-pistol weapons.[45] Halloween Surprise, released on 29 October 2015 for a limited time, featured two new Halloween-themed vehicles, flashlight and additional masks and ornaments, along with slasher-themed Adversary Modes. They were available until 16 November 2015.[46] The Festive Surprise update returned on 21 December 2015. In addition to the items available in the previous iteration, the new iteration added new festive themed clothes, fifteen new masks and a new car. The update also added a new Adversary mode on 23 December 2015.[47]
2016[edit]
An update released on 28 January 2016 added a new Adversary mode called Drop Zone along with two new sports cars.[48] Be My Valentine update launched on 10 February. The update included new outfits and cars as well as the content of the previous Valentine's Day themed-update. A couple-themed adversary mode was added by the update.[49] The Lowriders: Custom Classics update, released on 15 March, added three cars available for customisation along with new weapons, clothes and an Adversary mode called "Sumo".[50] Further Adventures in Finance and Felony was released on 7 June. The update allows the player character to buy executive offices, hire criminal associates and become CEO of a criminal organisation which allows the player to participate in new jobs, challenges and purchase cargo warehouses. In addition the update adds new weapons, vehicles, attire, weapon attachments and a new Adversary mode called "Trading Places.[51] The Cunning Stunts update released on 12 July added 13 new vehicles and 16 stunt races.[52] On 4 October, the Bikers update was launched, which introduced the ability to form motorcycle clubs, and clubhouses can be purchased at several new locations in San Andreas. The update also introduced new bikes, new weapons, new tattoos, new clothes, new businesses, and a new adversary mode.[53] Another update released in November 2016, Deadline, added a new adversary game mode based on the light cycle races from Disney's Tron film franchise, specifically those seen in the 2010 film, Tron: Legacy.[54] December 2016 saw the release of Import/Export[55] as well as Festive Surprise 2016 which brought an expansion to the Finance and Felony update as well as festive holiday content for a limited time to Grand Theft Auto Online, respectively.[56][57]
2017[edit]
The Gunrunning update was released on 13 June 2017. It allows players to purchase underground bunkers and turn them into illegal weaponry research, storage and production facilities, and allows players to own a customisable Mobile Operations Center (MOC), which unlocks missions that unlock discounted prices for vehicles related to the update, such as armoured personnel carriers and armed off-road vehicles. It also allows players to customise their arsenal of weaponry, allowing unique and personal gun designs.[58] On 29 August, Rockstar released the Smuggler's Run update, which allows players to participate in the smuggling business. It also allows players to purchase new large aircraft hangars and purchase a wide variety of aircraft with the addition of a new Adversary Mode job.[59] On 12 December 2017, Rockstar released the Doomsday Heist Update, adding new heists with the possibility to play them in a group of 2-4 players.[60] A large extent of military-grade vehicles and new properties were also added. In late 2017, Festive Surprise allowed players to purchase Christmas and holiday-themed items.[61]
2018[edit]
Released on 21 March 2018, the Southern San Andreas Super Sport Series introduced new races and modes to the game.[62] The After Hours update released on 24 July, featuring a new nightlife business. The update features the return of "Gay" Tony Prince from Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony, who serves as the owner of the nightclub. The new update features a variety of new vehicles and several real life DJs.[63]
Reception[edit]
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic (PS3) 83/100[64]
(X360) 80/100[65]
Review scores
Publication
Score
Destructoid 7/10[66]
GameSpot 6/10[b]
VideoGamer.com 9/10[69]
Digital Spy [70]
Grand Theft Auto Online suffered widespread technical issues at launch, which prompted many reviewers to bemoan their experience with the game.[71] Chris Carter of Destructoid criticised the "messy launch" and felt that Rockstar Games should have delayed it.[66] IGN's MacDonald considered her initial play sessions in Grand Theft Auto Online "disastrous",[72] and Liam Martin of Digital Spy reported glitches including loss of his character data. While generally praising the scope of the experience, he considered Grand Theft Auto Online underwhelming as beholden to pre-launch anticipation let down by its technical issues.[70] However, reviewers generally recognised the open-ended exploration and dynamic content as the strength of Grand Theft Auto Online.[71][70][72] Jon Denton of VideoGamer.com was particularly enthusiastic, and wrote that the "endlessness" of the gameplay made up for the technical issues.[69]
When Grand Theft Auto V was re-released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, Grand Theft Auto Online received similar critical reactions. IGN's Dan Stapleton reported low player counts in matches, long wait times in lobbies, server disconnection and occasional crashes. "Because of that," he wrote, "I can't strongly recommend ... the multiplayer experience alone".[73] VideoGamer.com found online character progression streamlined by comparison with the original version. According to them, the "grind of just doing PvP until co-op Jobs arrive with regularity"[74] was lost, and newcomers would likely find multiplayer enjoyable and balanced. However, they wrote of frequent server disconnection, especially during load screens.[74] Game Informer's Reiner reported "minimal lag or issues in the expanded firefights and races".[75]
Besides technical issues, other aspects of Grand Theft Auto Online also received criticism. The character creation system was panned as unintuitive, who felt that the system only produced unattractive avatars.[66][70][72] MacDonald of IGN noted an "addictive rhythm" to character progression and was enthusiastic about some of the job missions, although most eventually became monotonous.[72] GameSpot's Petit agreed with MacDonald, writing that "early on, your mission options are dominated by bland last team standing deathmatches".[71] Eurogamer's Rich Stanton said that the Contact Missions "tend to work like this: four of you clump up in one or two cars, drive somewhere, spill out and shoot people, drive away", while lacking a required co-op aspect such that some were possible to complete solo albeit with some difficulty.[76] GameSpot's Mark Walton wrote that the online mode "suffers from a lack of direction" for its open-ended and frenetic gameplay, in contrast to the single-player story, encouraging player behaviour where "you end up seeing any nearby players as threats and pull out your weapon, ready to gun them down before they gun you down", which created a distracting "unending cycle of pointless slaughter". Walton also noted that the game's reputation system was a weak deterrent against foul play; for instance you would go unpunished for killing another player as long as their vehicle wasn't destroyed. In addition, purchasing vehicles and weapons in-game was prohibitively expensive (especially compared to the single-player mode), which was further exacerbated by low mission payouts, with some suggesting that Rockstar Games was pushing online players towards using real money to buy in-game currency.[77][78]
Critical reception of GTA Online has improved over time. The San Andreas Flight School update created incentives for players to try the previously neglected aircraft missions and take advantage of the game's "sensational" flight modelling, while also more fairly balancing mission payouts relative to their difficulty.[78] The Heists update was also well-received: Liam Martin of Digital Spy wrote that the update "strike[s] a great balance between the team and the individual", praising the update for encouraging "pinpoint coordination",[9] while IGN's Ryan McCaffrey applauded the replayability and unpredictability.[10] Eurogamer's Rich Stanton praised the four-player Heists for testing co-ordination as a group by "forcing players to adopt different starting positions" which "add[s] a layer of strategy that wasn't there before" which is important since the death of one player often forces the team to restart, which was lacking in the Contact Missions. There has been some criticism of the Heists for poorly-placed or absent mission checkpoints, the unnecessary long drives at the start of missions, and frequent technical issues that caused long waiting periods and mid-mission server disconnections.[76]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of Grand Theft Auto Online allow up to 16 concurrent players,[3] while the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC versions allow up to 30 concurrent players.[4]
Jump up ^ Carolyn Petit of GameSpot originally gave the game a score of 7/10 in her review from 11 October 2013,[67] but changed the score to 6/10 in her updated review from 5 May 2014.[68]
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^ Jump up to: a b c Carter, Chris (8 October 2013). "Review: Grand Theft Auto Online". Destructoid. ModernMethod. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Petit, Carolyn (11 October 2013). "Grand Theft Auto Online Review". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Petit, Carolyn (5 May 2014). "Grand Theft Auto Online Updated Review". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Denton, Jon (25 October 2013). "GTA Online Review". VideoGamer.com. Pro-G Media. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Martin, Liam (17 October 2013). "'GTA Online' review (Xbox 360): Full of untapped potential". Digital Spy. Hearst Corporation. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cite error: The named reference GameSpot GTA Online was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Jump up to: a b c d MacDonald, Keza (22 October 2013). "Grand Theft Auto Online Review". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Stapleton, Dan (17 November 2014). "GTA 5 PlayStation 4 and Xbox One Review". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 23 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Grand Theft Auto 5 Review". VideoGamer.com. Pro-G Media. 20 November 2014. Archived from the original on 23 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Reiner, Andrew (21 November 2014). "Grand Theft Auto V – Intimate Violence". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on 23 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Stanton, Rich (11 March 2015). "Have GTA's Heists been worth the wait?". Eurogamer.net. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Walton, Mark (17 November 2014). "Grand Theft Auto V Review". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 23 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Garratt, Patrick (26 August 2014). "GTA Online's Flight School and patch 1.16 leveled the game – and it's for the best". VG247. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
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Interphase
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Interface (chemistry).
This article is about the phase in the cell cycle. For the video game, see Interphase (video game).
An illustration of interphase. The chromatin has not yet condensed, and the cell is undergoing its normal functions.
An image of the nucleus of a cell (HT1080) currently in interphase (likely G1). Note: Cytoplasm of this cell or the neighboring cell is not visible (top-left), which is currently in the telophase of mitosis. Image taken using an optical microscope and DAPI staining of DNA.
Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life. During this phase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis.[1] Interphase is the 'daily living' or metabolic phase of the cell, in which the cell obtains nutrients and metabolizes them, grows, reads its DNA, and conducts other "normal" cell functions.[1] The majority of eukaryotic cells spend most of their time in interphase. This phase was formerly called the resting phase. However, interphase does not describe a cell that is merely resting; rather, the cell is living, and preparing for later cell division, so the name was changed. A common misconception is that interphase is the first stage of mitosis. However, since mitosis is the division of the nucleus, prophase is actually the first stage.[2]
In interphase, the cell gets itself ready for mitosis or meiosis. Somatic cells, or normal diploid cells of the body, go through mitosis in order to reproduce themselves through cell division, whereas diploid germ cells (i.e., primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes) go through meiosis in order to create haploid gametes (i.e., sperm and ova) for the purpose of sexual reproduction. Chromosomes are copied.
Contents
[hide]
1 Stages of interphase
2 Interphase within sequences of cellular processes
2.1 Interphase and the cell cycle
2.2 Interphase and other cellular processes
3 See also
4 References
Stages of interphase[edit]
There are three stages of cellular interphase, with each phase ending when a cellular checkpoint checks the accuracy of the stage's completion before proceeding to the next. The stages of interphase are:
G1 (Gap 1), in which the cell grows and functions normally. During this time, a high amount of protein synthesis occurs and the cell grows (to about double its original size) – more organelles are produced and the volume of the cytoplasm increases. If the cell is not to divide again, it will enter G0.[3]
Synthesis (S), in which the cell duplicates its DNA (via semiconservative replication).
G2 (Gap 2), in which the cell resumes its growth in preparation for division. The mitochondria divide and the cell continues to grow until mitosis begins. In plants, chloroplasts also divide during G2.
In addition, some cells that do not divide often or ever, enter a stage called G0 (Gap zero), which is either a stage separate from interphase or an extended G1.
The duration of time spent in interphase and in each stage of interphase is variable and depends on both the type of cell and the species of organism it belongs to. Most cells of adult mammals spend about 20 hours in interphase; this accounts for about 90% of the total time involved in cell division.[4] Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases. Mitosis and cytokinesis, however, are separate from interphase.
Interphase within sequences of cellular processes[edit]
Interphase and the cell cycle[edit]
When G2 is completed, the cell enters a relatively brief period of nuclear and cellular division, composed of mitosis and cytokinesis, respectively. After the successful completion of mitosis and cytokinesis, both resulting daughter cells re-enter G1 of interphase.
In the cell cycle, interphase is preceded by telophase and cytokinesis of the M phase. In alternative fashion, interphase is sometimes interrupted by G0 phase, which, in some circumstances, may then end and be followed by the remaining stages of interphase. After the successful completion of the G2 checkpoint, the final checkpoint in interphase, the cell proceeds to prophase, or in plants to preprophase, which is the first stage of mitosis.
G0 phase is viewed as either an extended G1 phase where the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide and or as a distinct quiescent stage which occurs outside of the cell cycle.[5]
Interphase and other cellular processes[edit]
In gamete production interphase is succeeded by meiosis. In programmed cell death, interphase is followed or preempted by apoptosis.
See also[edit]
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Marieb, Elaine (2000), Essentials of human anatomy and physiology, San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, ISBN 0805349405
Jump up ^ The Cell Cycle & Mitosis Tutorial The Biology Project – Cell Biology. University of Arizona.
Jump up ^ Cummings, M. R. (2014). Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (10th ed., pp. 28-29). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Jump up ^ Mader, S. S. 2007. Biology 9th Ed. McGraw Hill Higher Education, Boston, MA, USA. ISBN 978-0-07-325839-3
Jump up ^ Re: Are the cells in the G0 (g zero) phase of mitosis really suspended? Erin Cram, Grad student, Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley. 1999. MadScience Network. Question ID 942142089.Cb.
[hide]
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Cell cycle proteins
Cyclin
A (A1, A2)
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E (E1, E2)
CDK
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4
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CDK-activating kinase
CDK inhibitor
INK4a/ARF (p14arf/p16, p15, p18, p19)
cip/kip (p21, p27, p57)
P53 p63 p73 family
p53
p63
p73
Other
Cdc2
Cdc25
Cdc42
Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein
E2F
Maturation promoting factor
Wee
Cullin (CUL7)
Phases and
checkpoints
Interphase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase
Mitosis (Preprophase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase)
Cytokinesis
Cell cycle checkpoints
Restriction point
Spindle checkpoint
Postreplication checkpoint
Other cellular phases
Apoptosis
G0 phase
Meiosis
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Demand curve
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
An example of a demand curve shifting. The shift from D1 To D2 means an increase in demand with consequences for the other variables
In economics, the demand curve is the graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity and the amount of it that consumers are willing and able to purchase at any given price. It is a graphic representation of a market demand schedule.[1] The demand curve for all consumers together follows from the demand curve of every individual consumer: the individual demands at each price are added together, assuming independent decision-making.
Demand curves are used to estimate behaviors in competitive markets, and are often combined with supply curves to estimate the equilibrium price (the price at which sellers together are willing to sell the same amount as buyers together are willing to buy, also known as market clearing price) and the equilibrium quantity (the amount of that good or service that will be produced and bought without surplus/excess supply or shortage/excess demand) of that market.[2] In a monopolistic market, the demand curve facing the monopolist is simply the market demand curve.
Demand curves are usually considered as theoretical structures that are expected to exist in the real world, but real world measurements of actual demand curves are difficult and rare.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
2 Linear demand curve
3 Shift
3.1 Demand shifters
3.2 Changes that decrease or increase demand
3.3 Factors affecting market demand
4 Movement along a demand curve
5 Discreteness of amounts
6 Units of measures
7 Price elasticity of demand (PED)
8 Taxes and subsidies
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Characteristics[edit]
According to convention, the demand curve is drawn with price on the vertical (y) axis and quantity on the horizontal (x) axis. The function actually plotted is the inverse demand function.
The demand curve usually slopes downwards from left to right; that is, it has a negative association. The negative slope is often referred to as the "law of demand", which means people will buy more of a service, product, or resource as its price falls. The demand curve is related to the marginal utility curve, since the price one is willing to pay depends on the utility. However, the demand directly depends on the income of an individual while the utility does not. Thus it may change indirectly due to change in demand for other commodities.
However, with Veblen goods, such as status symbols, the utility value of the good is largely the price and demand is higher at higher prices and the demand curve may curve upwards. With a Giffen good the price is taken by the market as a signal of quality, irrespective of the true nature of the product, and hence demand may be very low when priced low and increase at higher price points.
Linear demand curve[edit]
The demand curve is often graphed as a straight line of the form Q = a − bP where a and b are parameters. The constant "a" embodies the effects of all factors other than price that affect demand. If income were to change, for example, the effect of the change would be represented by a change in the value of "a" and be reflected graphically as a shift of the demand curve. The constant "b" is the slope of the demand curve and shows how the price of the good affects the quantity demanded.[4]
The graph of the demand curve uses the inverse demand function in which price is expressed as a function of quantity. The standard form of the demand equation can be converted to the inverse equation by solving for P or P = a/b − Q/b.[4]
More plainly, in the equation P = a − bQ, "a" is the intercept where price is zero (where the demand curve intercepts the Y-axis), "b" is the slope of the demand curve, "Q" is quantity and "P" is price.
There is movement along a demand curve when a change in price causes the quantity demanded to change.[5] It is important to distinguish between movement along a demand curve, and a shift in a demand curve. Movements along a demand curve happen only when the price of the good changes.[6] When a non-price determinant of demand changes the curve shifts. These "other variables" are part of the demand function. They are "merely lumped into intercept term of a simple linear demand function." [6] Thus a change in a non-price determinant of demand is reflected in a change in the x-intercept causing the curve to shift along the x axis.[7]
Shift[edit]
The shift of a demand curve takes place when there is a change in any non-price determinant of demand, resulting in a new demand curve.[5] Non-price determinants of demand are those things that will cause demand to change even if prices remain the same—in other words, the things whose changes might cause a consumer to buy more or less of a good even if the good's own price remained unchanged.[8] Some of the more important factors are the prices of related goods (both substitutes and complements), income, population, and expectations. However, demand is the willingness and ability of a consumer to purchase a good under the prevailing circumstances; so, any circumstance that affects the consumer's willingness or ability to buy the good or service in question can be a non-price determinant of demand. As an example, weather could be a factor in the demand for beer at a baseball game.
When income increases, the demand curve for normal goods shifts outward as more will be demanded at all prices, while the demand curve for inferior goods shifts inward due to the increased attainability of superior substitutes. With respect to related goods, when the price of a good (e.g. a hamburger) rises, the demand curve for substitute goods (e.g. chicken) shifts out, while the demand curve for complementary goods (e.g. tomato sauce) shifts in (i.e. there is more demand for substitute goods as they become more attractive in terms of value for money, while demand for complementary goods contracts in response to the contraction of quantity demanded of the underlying good).[5]
Demand shifters[edit]
Changes in disposable income, the magnitude of the shift also being related to the income elasticity of demand.
Changes in tastes and preferences—tastes and preferences are assumed to be fixed in the short-run. This assumption of fixed preferences is a necessary condition for aggregation of individual demand curves to derive market demand.
Changes in expectations.
Changes in the prices of related goods (substitutes and complements)
Population size and composition
N.B. Whilst variations in the price of the actual product affects the overall quantity demanded, economists do not consider price to affect the demand curve.
Changes that decrease or increase demand[edit]
A number of business publications have published opinion pieces on the actions that raise demand.[9][10][11]
Factors affecting market demand[edit]
Market or aggregate demand is the summation of individual demand curves. In addition to the factors which can affect individual demand there are three factors that can affect market demand (cause the market demand curve to shift):
a change in the number of consumers,
a change in the distribution of tastes among consumers,
a change in the distribution of income among consumers with different tastes.[12]
Some circumstances which can cause the demand curve to shift in include:
Decrease in price of a substitute
Increase in price of a complement
Decrease in income if good is normal good
Increase in income if good is inferior good
Movement along a demand curve[edit]
There is movement along a demand curve when a change in price causes the quantity demanded to change.[5] It is important to distinguish between movement along a demand curve, and a shift in a demand curve. Movements along a demand curve happen only when the price of the good changes.[6] When a non-price determinant of demand changes the curve shifts. These "other variables" are part of the demand function. They are "merely lumped into intercept term of a simple linear demand function." [6] Thus a change in a non-price determinant of demand is reflected in a change in the x-intercept causing the curve to shift along the x axis.[7]
Discreteness of amounts[edit]
If a commodity is sold in whole units, and these are valuable for a consumer, then the individual demand curve can hardly be approximated by a continuous curve. It is a set function of the price, defined by a price above which no unit is bought, a price range for which one is bought, etc.
Units of measures[edit]
If the local currency is dollars, for example, then the units of measurement of the variable "price" are "dollars per unit of the good" and the units of measurement of "quantity" are "units of the good per time (e.g., per week or per year). Thus quantity demanded is a flow variable.
Price elasticity of demand (PED)[edit]
Main article: Price elasticity of demand
PED is a measure of the sensitivity of the quantity variable, Q, to changes in the price variable, P. Elasticity answers the question of how much the quantity will change in percentage terms for a 1% change in the price, and is thus important in determining how revenue will change. PED is negative because of the inverse relationship between the price of a good and the quantity of the good demanded, a consequence of the law of demand.
The elasticity of demand indicates how sensitive the demand for a good is to a price change. If the absolute value of PED is between zero and 1, demand is said to be inelastic; if the absolute value of PED equals 1, the demand is unitary elastic; and if the absolute value of Price elasticity of demand is greater than 1, demand is elastic. A low coefficient implies that changes in price have little influence on demand. A high elasticity indicates that consumers will respond to a price rise by buying a lot less of the good and that consumers will respond to a price cut by buying a lot more...
Taxes and subsidies[edit]
A sales tax on the commodity does not directly change the demand curve, if the price axis in the graph represents the price including tax. Similarly, a subsidy on the commodity does not directly change the demand curve, if the price axis in the graph represents the price after deduction of the subsidy.
If the price axis in the graph represents the price before addition of tax and/or subtraction of subsidy then the demand curve moves inward when a tax is introduced, and outward when a subsidy is introduced.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supply and demand curves.
Demand (economics)
Effect of taxes and subsidies on price
Feasibility condition
Hicksian demand
Inverse demand function
Law of demand
Marshallian demand
Price point
Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu theorem
Supply and demand
Wikiversity:Building the demand curve
References[edit]
Jump up ^ O'Sullivan, Arthur; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003). Economics: Principles in Action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 81–82. ISBN 0-13-063085-3.
Jump up ^ Krugman, Paul, and Wells, Robin. Microeconomics. Worth Publishers, New York. 2005.
Jump up ^ http://freakonomics.com/podcast/uber-economists-dream/
^ Jump up to: a b Besanko and Braeutigam (2005) p/ 91.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Case, K.E., Fair, R.C. (1994). 'Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium', Chapter 4 in Principles of Economics, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
^ Jump up to: a b c d Underwood, Instructor's Manual, Microeconomics 5th ed. (Prentice-Hall 2001) at 5.
^ Jump up to: a b The x intercept is affected because the standard diagram uses the inverse demand function
Jump up ^ http://www.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/eco212i/lectures/s&d/s&d.htm
Jump up ^ Kittaneh, Firas (January 24, 2014). "5 Strategies for Generating Consumer Demand". Entrepreneur. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Patel, Sujan (October 22, 2016). "7 Marketing Tips To Create A Demand For Your New Product". Forbes. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ylywotzky, Adrian (September 6, 2011). "The Six Secrets Of Demand Creation". Fast Company. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Binger, B & Hoffman, E.: Microeconomics with Calculus, 2nd ed. Addison-Wesley 1998. A change in relative price changes the distribution of income which in turn changes the demand curve.
External links[edit]
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text:
Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp
Genre
Comedy
Created by
Michael Showalter
David Wain
Written by
Michael Showalter
David Wain
Christina Lee
Directed by
David Wain
Starring
H. Jon Benjamin
Michael Ian Black
Bradley Cooper
Janeane Garofalo
Nina Hellman
Joe Lo Truglio
Ken Marino
A. D. Miles
Marguerite Moreau
Zak Orth
Amy Poehler
Paul Rudd
Michael Showalter
Elizabeth Banks
Christopher Meloni
Marisa Ryan
Molly Shannon
Judah Friedlander
Kevin Sussman
David Hyde Pierce
Opening theme
"Jane" by Jefferson Starship
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
8
Production
Executive producer(s)
Michael Showalter
David Wain
Jonathan Stern
Peter Principato
Howard Bernstein
Cinematography
Kevin Atkinson
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
27–30 minutes
Production company(s)
Showalter Wain
Abominable Pictures
Principato-Young Entertainment
Distributor
Netflix
Release
Original network
Netflix
Picture format
4K (Ultra HD)[1]
Original release
July 31, 2015 (2015-07-31)
Chronology
Preceded by
Wet Hot American Summer
External links
Website
Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp is a 2015 satirical comedy web television series written by David Wain and Michael Showalter, and directed by Wain. The eight-episode Netflix series is a prequel to Wain's 2001 film Wet Hot American Summer, a parody of teen sex comedies which has since developed a cult following.[2] Although many of the original film's ensemble cast have gone on to high-profile work, all of the then-adult actors returned for this series, playing even younger versions of their original roles. The episodes were released for online viewing at the end of July 2015.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Returning cast from the film (in alphabetical order)
1.2 New cast
1.3 Guest appearances
2 Episodes
3 Production
4 Sequel
5 Reception
6 References
7 External links
Cast[edit]
Returning cast from the film (in alphabetical order)[edit]
Elizabeth Banks as Lindsay (6 episodes)
H. Jon Benjamin as Mitch/Can of Mixed Vegetables (4 episodes)
Michael Ian Black as McKinley (7 episodes)
Bradley Cooper as Ben (7 episodes)
Judah Friedlander as Ron Von Kleinenstein (2 episodes)
Janeane Garofalo as Beth (7 episodes)
Nina Hellman as Nancy (6 episodes)
Joe Lo Truglio as Neil (5 episodes)
Ken Marino as Victor (5 episodes)
Christopher Meloni as Gene Jenkinson/Jonas Jurgenson (6 episodes)
A. D. Miles as Gary (5 episodes)
Marguerite Moreau as Katie (8 episodes)
Zak Orth as J.J. (8 episodes)
David Hyde Pierce as Assoc. Prof. Henry Neumann (2 episodes)
Amy Poehler as Susie (7 episodes)
Paul Rudd as Andy (8 episodes)
Marisa Ryan as Abby (3 episodes)
Molly Shannon as Gail (7 episodes)
Michael Showalter as Coop (8 episodes)
Showalter also portrays U.S. President Ronald Reagan
Kevin Sussman as Steve (3 episodes)
New cast[edit]
Jason Schwartzman as Greg, Boys' Head Counselor (7 episodes)
Lake Bell as Donna Berman, Coop's love interest (7 episodes)
David Bloom as Kevin, a kid at the camp (7 episodes)
Thomas Barbusca as Drew, Kevin's nemesis (7 episodes)
George Dalton as Arty "The Beekeeper" Solomon (7 episodes)
Samm Levine as the voice of Arty
Michael Blaiklock as Danny (7 episodes)
David Wain as Yaron, an Israeli counselor (6 episodes)
John Slattery as Claude Dumet, a renowned Broadway actor-director (6 episodes)
Michaela Watkins as Rhonda, a professional choreographer (6 episodes)
Josh Charles as Blake, Camp Tigerclaw counselor and Katie's boyfriend (6 episodes)
Rich Sommer as Graham, one of Blake's cronies (5 episodes)
Eric Nenninger as Warner, one of Blake's cronies (5 episodes)
Hailey Sole as Amy, Kevin's love interest (5 episodes)
Chris Pine as Eric, a reclusive musician (5 episodes)
Jon Hamm as The Falcon, a hired assassin (4 episodes)
Randall Park as Jeff, a city hall records clerk who's in love with Gail (4 episodes)
Michael Cera as Jim Stansel, Beth and Greg’s lawyer (3 episodes)
Kristen Wiig as Courtney, a snobby Camp Tigerclaw counselor (3 episodes)
Guest appearances[edit]
Jordan Peele as Alan, Lindsay's boss
Paul Scheer as Dave, Lindsey's colleague
Jayma Mays as Jessica, Lindsey's colleague
"Weird Al" Yankovic as Jackie Brazen, a famous hypnotist
Beth Dover as Shari, Neil's high school sweetheart
John Early as Logan St. Bogan
Bruce Greenwood as Bill Martinson, powerful lawyer
Rob Huebel as Brodfard Gilroy, Henry's rival
Richard Schiff as Dean Fairchild, Henry's superior
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
1
"Campers Arrive" David Wain Michael Showalter & David Wain July 31, 2015 (2015-07-31)
It’s the first morning at Camp Firewood, and the horny counselors are already making their moves, while something sinister is going on in the woods.
2
"Lunch" David Wain Michael Showalter & David Wain July 31, 2015 (2015-07-31)
Journalist Lindsay goes undercover as a counselor. Beth and Greg make a startling discovery. Coop has his hands full with Kevin and Donna.
3
"Activities" David Wain Michael Showalter July 31, 2015 (2015-07-31)
Tensions rise after Blake sees Andy hitting on Katie. Beth goes to an unlikely source for help. Coop is crushed when Donna gives out multiple gifts.
4
"Auditions" David Wain Michael Showalter July 31, 2015 (2015-07-31)
Claude helps Susie find new leads for the musical. Gail tries to discover the truth about Jonas. The Falcon lands.
5
"Dinner" David Wain Michael Showalter & Christina Lee July 31, 2015 (2015-07-31)
Susie, Claude, Andy and Katie get closer during the evening meal. Jonas overreacts when Victor prank-calls him. Beth and Greg hire a lawyer.
6
"Electro/City" David Wain Michael Showalter & David Wain July 31, 2015 (2015-07-31)
Lives change dramatically during the performance of the staff musical “Electro-City.” Greg and Beth’s lawsuit goes to trial.
7
"Staff Party" David Wain Michael Showalter July 31, 2015 (2015-07-31)
Victor and Coop discover that sex is a lot more complicated than they thought. Lindsay has to file her article. Andy and Katie have a moment of truth.
8
"Day Is Done" David Wain Michael Showalter & David Wain July 31, 2015 (2015-07-31)
While Beth and Gene fight to save the camp from government forces, Andy and the other counselors take on their Camp Tiger Claw rivals.
Production[edit]
After years of speculation and reports on a possible sequel to Wet Hot American Summer, shooting began on the miniseries in January 2015.[4] The entire adult cast of the film returned in the same roles. Much of the film was shot in Los Angeles. Working around the availability of the cast members, many of whom had seen a significant rise in stardom since the original film, was difficult; some sources report that Bradley Cooper, who plays Ben, had to shoot all of his scenes in one day,[5] although star and co-writer Michael Showalter has since denied this claim.[6]
Along with the series, a making-of documentary on Wet Hot American Summer, titled Hurricane of Fun: The Making of Wet Hot, was released on Netflix on July 24, 2015, consisting of behind the scenes interviews and footage shot during the filming of the movie.
Sequel[edit]
See also: Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later
On April 27, 2016, it was announced that Netflix ordered a follow-up series entitled Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later, set ten years after the events of the film. The series consists of eight episodes, and was released on August 4, 2017.
Reception[edit]
Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the series has a score of 92%, based on 49 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp offers more of the same goofy hijinks that fans of the cult classic crave, but outsiders might not be quite as enamored with." On Metacritic series has a score of 74 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[7]
For the 6th Critics' Choice Television Awards, John Slattery was nominated for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Wet Hot American Summer:First Day of Camp". instantwatcher.com. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Tobias, Scott (2008-06-11). "The New Cult Canon: Wet Hot American Summer". The AV Club. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
Jump up ^ "Campers! Camp Firewood is under quarantine due to an outbreak of mono. Get checked. Camp will now start on July 31". Twitter. April 24, 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva (January 9, 2015). "'Wet Hot American Summer' A Go As Netflix Limited Series; Original Cast To Return — Deadline". Deadline. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp (2015–) Trivia". Internet Movie Database.
Jump up ^ Andy Greene (July 20, 2015). "'Wet Hot American Summer': How Netflix Rescued a Cult-Comedy Classic". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp: Season 1". Metacritic.
External links[edit]
Official website
Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp on IMDb
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