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Waterfall model
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The unmodified "waterfall model". Progress flows from the top to the bottom, like a cascading waterfall.
The waterfall model is a relatively linear sequential design approach for certain areas of engineering design. In software development, it tends to be among the less iterative and flexible approaches, as progress flows in largely one direction ("downwards" like a waterfall) through the phases of conception, initiation, analysis, design, construction, testing, deployment and maintenance.
The waterfall development model originated in the manufacturing and construction industries; where the highly structured physical environments meant that design changes became prohibitively expensive much sooner in the development process. When first adopted for software development, there were no recognized alternatives for knowledge-based creative work.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Model
3 Supporting arguments
4 Criticism
5 Modified waterfall models
6 Royce's final model
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
The first known presentation describing use of such phases in software engineering was held by Herbert D. Benington at the Symposium on Advanced Programming Methods for Digital Computers on 29 June 1956.[2] This presentation was about the development of software for SAGE. In 1983 the paper was republished with a foreword by Benington pointing out that the process was not in fact performed in a strict top-down fashion, but depended on a prototype.[1]
The first formal description of the waterfall model is often cited as a 1970 article by Winston W. Royce,[3][4] although Royce did not use the term waterfall in that article. Royce presented this model as an example of a flawed, non-working model; which is how the term is generally used in writing about software development—to describe a critical view of a commonly used software development practice.[5]
The earliest use of the term "waterfall" may have been in a 1976 paper by Bell and Thayer.[6]
In 1985, the United States Department of Defense captured this approach in DOD-STD-2167A, their standards for working with software development contractors, which stated that "the contractor shall implement a software development cycle that includes the following six phases: Preliminary Design, Detailed Design, Coding and Unit Testing, Integration, and Testing".[7]
Model[edit]
In Royce's original waterfall model, the following phases are followed in order:
System and software requirements: captured in a product requirements document
Analysis: resulting in models, schema, and business rules
Design: resulting in the software architecture
Coding: the development, proving, and integration of software
Testing: the systematic discovery and debugging of defects
Operations: the installation, migration, support, and maintenance of complete systems
Thus the waterfall model maintains that one should move to a phase only when its preceding phase is reviewed and verified.
Various modified waterfall models (including Royce's final model), however, can include slight or major variations on this process.[3] These variations included returning to the previous cycle after flaws were found downstream, or returning all the way to the design phase if downstream phases deemed insufficient.
Supporting arguments[edit]
Time spent early in the software production cycle can reduce costs at later stages. For example, a problem found in the early stages (such as requirements specification) is cheaper to fix than the same bug found later on in the process (by a factor of 50 to 200).[8]
In common practice, waterfall methodologies result in a project schedule with 20–40% of the time invested for the first two phases, 30–40% of the time to coding, and the rest dedicated to testing and implementation. The actual project organisation needs to be highly structured. Most medium and large projects will include a detailed set of procedures and controls, which regulate every process on the project.[9]
A further argument for the waterfall model is that it places emphasis on documentation (such as requirements documents and design documents) as well as source code. In less thoroughly designed and documented methodologies, knowledge is lost if team members leave before the project is completed, and it may be difficult for a project to recover from the loss. If a fully working design document is present (as is the intent of Big Design Up Front and the waterfall model), new team members or even entirely new teams should be able to familiarise themselves by reading the documents.[10]
The waterfall model provides a structured approach; the model itself progresses linearly through discrete, easily understandable and explainable phases and thus is easy to understand; it also provides easily identifiable milestones in the development process. It is perhaps for this reason that the waterfall model is used as a beginning example of a development model in many software engineering texts and courses.[11]
It is argued that the waterfall model can be suited to projects where requirements and scope are fixed, the product itself is firm and stable, and the technology is clearly understood.[12]
Criticism[edit]
Clients may not know exactly what their requirements are before they see working software and so change their requirements, leading to redesign, redevelopment, and retesting, and increased costs.[13]
Designers may not be aware of future difficulties when designing a new software product or feature, in which case it is better to revise the design than persist in a design that does not account for any newly discovered constraints, requirements, or problems.[14]
In response to the perceived problems with the pure waterfall model, modified waterfall models were introduced, such as "Sashimi (Waterfall with Overlapping Phases), Waterfall with Subprojects, and Waterfall with Risk Reduction".[8]
Some organisations, such as the United States Department of Defense, now have a stated preference against waterfall-type methodologies, starting with MIL-STD-498, which encourages evolutionary acquisition and Iterative and Incremental Development.[15]
While advocates of agile software development argue the waterfall model is an ineffective process for developing software, some sceptics suggest that the waterfall model is a false argument used purely to market alternative development methodologies.[16]
Rational Unified Process (RUP) phases acknowledge the programmatic need for milestones, for keeping a project on track, but encourage iterations (especially within Disciplines) within the Phases. RUP Phases are often referred to as "waterfall-like".[citation needed]
Modified waterfall models[edit]
In response to the perceived problems with the "pure" waterfall model, many modified waterfall models have been introduced. These models may address some or all of the criticisms of the "pure" waterfall model.
These include the Rapid Development models that Steve McConnell calls "modified waterfalls" [17]: Peter DeGrace's "sashimi model" (waterfall with overlapping phases), waterfall with subprojects, and waterfall with risk reduction. Other software development model combinations such as "incremental waterfall model" also exist.[18]
Royce's final model[edit]
Winston W. Royce's final model, his intended improvement upon his initial "waterfall model", illustrated that feedback could (should, and often would) lead from code testing to design (as testing of code uncovered flaws in the design) and from design back to requirements specification (as design problems may necessitate the removal of conflicting or otherwise unsatisfiable / undesignable requirements). In the same paper Royce also advocated large quantities of documentation, doing the job "twice if possible" (a sentiment similar to that of Fred Brooks, famous for writing the Mythical Man Month, an influential book in software project management, who advocated planning to "throw one away"), and involving the customer as much as possible (a sentiment similar to that of Extreme Programming).
See also[edit]
List of software development philosophies
Agile software development
Big Design Up Front
Chaos model
DevOps
Iterative and incremental development
Object-oriented analysis and design
Rapid application development
Software development process
Spiral model
Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM)
System development methodology
Traditional engineering
V-model
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Benington, Herbert D. (1 October 1983). "Production of Large Computer Programs" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. IEEE Educational Activities Department. 5 (4): 350–361. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10102. Retrieved 2011-03-21.
Jump up ^ United States, Navy Mathematical Computing Advisory Panel (29 June 1956), Symposium on advanced programming methods for digital computers, [Washington, D.C.]: Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy, OCLC 10794738
^ Jump up to: a b Royce, Winston (1970), "Managing the Development of Large Software Systems" (PDF), Proceedings of IEEE WESCON, 26 (August): 1–9
Jump up ^ Wasserfallmodell > Entstehungskontext, Markus Rerych, Institut für Gestaltungs- und Wirkungsforschung, TU-Wien. Retrieved on 2007-11-28 from http://cartoon.iguw.tuwien.ac.at/fit/fit01/wasserfall/entstehung.html
Jump up ^ Conrad Weisert, Waterfall methodology: there's no such thing!
Jump up ^ Bell, Thomas E., and T. A. Thayer. Software requirements: Are they really a problem? Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Software engineering. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1976.
Jump up ^ Military Standard Defense System Software Development
^ Jump up to: a b McConnell, Steve (1996). Rapid Development: Taming Wild Software Schedules. Microsoft Press. ISBN 1-55615-900-5.
Jump up ^ "Waterfall Software Development Model". 5 February 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Arcisphere technologies (2012). "Tutorial: The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-11-13.
Jump up ^ Hughey, Douglas (2009). "Comparing Traditional Systems Analysis and Design with Agile Methodologies". University of Missouri – St. Louis. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "When should you use Waterfall Model?". Retrieved 2016-09-28.
Jump up ^ Parnas, David L.; Clements, Paul C. (1986). "A rational design process: How and why to fake it" (PDF). Software Engineering, IEEE Transactions: 251–257. Retrieved 2011-03-21.
Jump up ^ McConnell, Steve (2004). Code Complete, 2nd edition. Microsoft Press. ISBN 1-55615-484-4.
Jump up ^ Larman, Craig; Basili, Victir (2003). "Iterative and Incremental Development: A Brief History". IEEE Computer (June ed.). 36: 47–56. doi:10.1109/MC.2003.1204375.
Jump up ^ A Waterfall Systems Development Methodology … Seriously? by David Dischave. 2012. Archived July 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ McConnell, Steve (1996). Rapid Development: Taming Wild Software Schedules. Microsoft Press. pp. 143–147. ISBN 1556159005.
Jump up ^ "Methodology:design methods".
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Waterfall models.
Understanding the pros and cons of the Waterfall Model of software development
Project lifecycle models: how they differ and when to use them
Going Over the Waterfall with the RUP by Philippe Kruchten
CSC and IBM Rational join to deliver C-RUP and support rapid business change
c2:WaterFall
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MS Anthem of the Seas
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Anthem of the Seas in Hamburg, Germany
History
Bahamas
Name: Anthem of the Seas
Owner: Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.
Operator: Royal Caribbean International
Port of registry: Nassau, Bahamas
Ordered: 14 February 2011[1]
Builder: Meyer Werft, Papenburg, Germany[2]
Cost: US$940 Million (2015)[3]
Laid down: 19 November 2013[1]
Launched: 21 February 2015[1]
Sponsored by: Emma Wilby
Christened: 20 April 2015[4]
Completed: 10 April 2015[1]
Acquired: 10 April 2015[5]
Maiden voyage: 22 April 2015[6]
In service: 22 April 2015[6]
Identification:
Call sign: C6BI7
IMO number: 9656101
MMSI number: 311000274
DNV GL ID: 32028
Status: In service
General characteristics
Class and type: Quantum-class cruise ship
Tonnage: 168,666 GT[7]
Length: 348 m (1,142 ft)[7]
Beam:
49.4 m (162 ft) (max)[7]
41.4 m (136 ft) (waterline)[7]
Draught: 8.8 m (29 ft)[7]
Decks: 18 (16 passenger-accessible)[8]
Installed power:
2 × Wärtsilä 12V46F (2 × 14,400 kW)[7]
2 × Wärtsilä 16V46F (2 × 19,200 kW)[7]
2 × Cat 3516C HD (2 × 2,500 kW)[7]
Propulsion:
Diesel-electric
2 × ABB Azipod XO thrusters (2 × 20.5 MW)[9]
4 × 3,500 kW (4,694 hp) Brunvoll FU115 bow thrusters[7][8]
Speed: 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph)[10]
Capacity:
4,180 passengers (double occupancy)[8]
4,905 passengers (maximum occupancy)[8]
MS Anthem of the Seas is a cruise ship operated by Royal Caribbean International (RCI). She is the second ship of the Quantum class, which surpasses the earlier Freedom-class ships by over 20,000 GT, becoming the first largest class of passenger ships behind RCI's Oasis class ships on a gross tonnage basis.[2]
Contents
1 Concept and construction
2 Service history
3 Design
3.1 Staterooms
3.2 Activities and entertainment
3.2.1 The Royal Theater
3.2.2 Two70°
3.2.3 SeaPlex
3.2.4 The Music Hall
3.3 Dining
3.3.1 Complimentary
3.3.2 Additional fee
3.4 Bars and lounges
4 Incidents
5 References
6 External links
Concept and construction[edit]
25 June 2014 - Preparation of part of Anthem of the Seas at Kiel Canal
On 11 February 2011, Royal Caribbean announced that they had ordered a new class of ships from the Meyer Werft shipyard in Papenburg, Germany, the first of which was scheduled to be delivered by autumn 2014. At the time, the project was code-named "Project Sunshine".[11] Later that year, two 20.5-megawatt ABB Azipod XO propulsion units were ordered for that ship.[9]
12 August 2014 - Floating out of part of Anthem of the Seas at Meyer Werft, Papenburg
On 29 February 2012 the company announced that a second "Project Sunshine" ship had been ordered and would be delivered by Spring 2015,[12] and ordered identical Azipod propulsion units shortly thereafter.[9] Just under a year later, on 31 January 2013, Royal Caribbean announced the official name of the new class of ships, Quantum Class, as well as the names of the first two ships in the class, Quantum of the Seas and Anthem of the Seas.[2][13]
2 April 2015 - Final preparation of Anthem of the Seas at Columbuskaj in Bremerhaven
Service history[edit]
Anthem of the Seas was delivered to Royal Caribbean on 10 April 2015.[5] She arrived at her first homeport, Southampton, England, on 15 April 2015, to prepare for her maiden European summer season.[14] At a ceremony held in Southampton on 20 April 2015, she was christened by Emma Wilby, a British travel agent chosen after a search for a travel agent who could sing, and also because she exemplified "grace, beauty, a social conscious (sic) and a sense of adventure."[4] In addition to being a travel agent, Ms Wilby is a military wife who sings in the Military Wives Choir in Kinloss, Scotland.[15]
The christening ceremony took place in the vessel’s Royal Theatre in front of 1,300 guests. It began with a procession, followed by performances by the Reading Scottish Pipe Band, and Only Boys Aloud, a boys’ choir from Wales. Ms Wilby then sang Katy Perry's hit song "Firework", after which she pushed a button to send a very large bottle of Perrier-Jouët champagne down a zipline on the ship's top deck, from the North Star gondola thrill ride into a wall bearing the ship's name.[4][15]
Anthem of the Seas departed from Southampton on her maiden voyage, an eight-night cruise to France and Spain, on 22 April 2015.[6] She has spent her maiden European season cruising from Southampton to the Mediterranean, Northern Europe, and the Canary Islands.[16] Beginning in November 2015, she will operate seven- to twelve-night itineraries to the Caribbean and Bahamas from Cape Liberty in Bayonne, New Jersey, United States.[17] In 2016, Anthem of the Seas will sail year-round out of New Jersey, sailing to the Caribbean, Bermuda, and Canada/New England.[18] Anthem of the Seas will become the largest ship ever to cruise Canadian waters.[citation needed]
Design[edit]
Staterooms[edit]
Anthem of the Seas has 16 passenger-accessible decks, 8 of which feature balcony staterooms overlooking the ocean. Like the Celebrity Solstice class, those staterooms above the life boats are recessed into the superstructure and don't look down directly at the ocean. There are a total of 2,090 staterooms: 1,570 balcony staterooms, 147 ocean-view staterooms, and 373 inside staterooms. Of those staterooms, 34 are wheelchair accessible and 28 are studio staterooms for single travelers (including 12 studio staterooms with balconies). All aft-facing staterooms are a 2-story "loft" suites. Expanding on the "Virtual Porthole" concept introduced by Disney Cruise Line on the Disney Dream, all the interior staterooms feature a floor-to-ceiling 80-inch high-definition TV screen showing live views from the outside of the ship, which Royal Caribbean calls a "Virtual Balcony". On average, staterooms on the Quantum class are 9 percent larger than those on the preceding Oasis class.[8][19][20][21]
Activities and entertainment[edit]
Like the earlier Freedom and Oasis-class ships, the "Sports Court" on deck 15 aft features a Wave Loch Flowrider surf simulator and a rock-climbing wall.[22] A new feature on the Quantum class is "RipCord by iFLY", a skydiving simulator set in a recirculating indoor recreational vertical wind tunnel.[23] Reservations for RipCord are able to be made online in advance of the cruise. All the features of the Sports deck are complimentary, although Royal Caribbean charges for pictures and videos taken of RipCord participants taken by a crew photographer.[21] Guests are free to take their own pictures or have other guests take pictures or videos of them.
The "NorthStar" observation tower, located at the forward end of the top deck, uses a 7.1-tonne (7.8-short-ton) glass-walled capsule on the end of a 41-meter-long (135 ft) crane arm to lift groups of up to 14 guests up and over the edge of the ship, reaching heights of up to 300 feet above sea level. Rides on the NorthStar are complimentary, with the exception of sunrise, sunset, and private trips which have a charge, and can be reserved online in advance.[21][24][25]
Anthem of the Seas is the first cruise ship to offer an on-board live room escape game, Puzzle Break's "Escape from the Future."[26]
Deck 14 features an outdoor pool with a large video screen, an indoor pool with a retractable roof, an indoor "Solarium" with an adults-only pool, the "H2O Zone" kids' water park featuring the first wave pool on a cruise ship,[27] and at least 4 whirlpools.[20][28] Other included features that have become standard on recent Royal Caribbean ships include a Spa and Fitness Center on decks 15 and 16, the "Adventure Ocean" kids club on decks 11 and 12, a Broadway-style "The Royal Theater" on decks 4-5, and a Casino on deck 3. Unlike the earlier Voyager, Freedom, and Oasis class, Quantum-class ships do not feature a Viking Crown Lounge or ice skating rink, and the Royal Promenade mall down the center of the ship is replaced with the two-story "Royal Esplanade".[20][21][29]
The ship also features a number of multi-purpose venues:[28]
The Royal Theater[edit]
The Royal Theater is a Broadway-style theater on decks 4–5.[20] It is home to the ship's fully licensed production of the Broadway musical We Will Rock You,[30] the original stage production The Gift,[31] headliner acts, 3D movies, and other entertainment.[20]
Two70°[edit]
Two70° is a lounge on decks 5–7 at the stern of the ship, which features three-story-high 270-degree panoramic ocean views, a café, and an ice bar. Automatic window shades can cover the windows to limit the amount of sunlight entering, and a 13-projector projection mapping system can project live views from outside the ship and other imagery onto those shades.[32] At night, movable furniture and retractable dividers and chandeliers allow the space to be reconfigured to be used as a performance venue for a cabaret-style show or as a disco.[31][33] Both nighttime uses will take advantage of the projection system and 6 robotically controlled 100-inch LCD television screens to provide digital backdrops.[20][34]
As of 2016, the venue features the show "Spectra Cabaret" starring Raven O and the Harmony Sisters.[35]
SeaPlex[edit]
Located at the middle of deck 15, the SeaPlex is a large indoor gym with a full-size basketball court that can be converted into a dance floor, a flying trapeze school, a roller-skating arena, or a bumper cars ride.[22] The "SeaPlex" also features the SeaPlex Dog House food truck, and has an Xbox room, table tennis, air hockey, and foosball tables on a second-level mezzanine.[21]
The Music Hall[edit]
The Music Hall is a 2-story lounge on decks 3 and 4 that also serves as a nightclub and small music performance venue.[28] The Music Hall features the self-leveling pool tables first seen on the Radiance-class ships.[36]
Dining[edit]
Unlike previous Royal Caribbean ships, Anthem of the Seas does not have a main dining room.[37] Instead, the ship uses a Dynamic Dining concept similar to the Freestyle concept used on Norwegian Cruise Line, with guests being required to make reservations for their choice of restaurant for each night in advance,[38] and each venue will maintain the same menu throughout the cruise.[39] A "classic" dining option will be offered, similar to the rotational dining on Disney Cruise Line, that allows guests to keep the same servers, table-mates, and dining time each night as they rotate between the four largest restaurants.[40] On 27 November 2016 "Dynamic Dining Classic" was discontinued and replaced with "My Time Dining". The Grande and Chic restaurants serve Traditional Dining and the Silk and American Icon restaurants serve Flexible Dining. Traditional dining includes a fixed dining time (6 or 8:30pm), same table assignment and same table companions each evening. Guests in Flexible Dining are seated on a first come, first served basis.[41]
Complimentary[edit]
There are five complimentary main restaurants (four of which are available to all passengers):[8][37]
American Icon Grill — American comfort food (Smart Casual, open for breakfast, lunch, and dinner).
Chic — Contemporary cuisine (Smart Casual, dinner only).
Coastal Kitchen* — California Mediterranean fusion (Smart Casual, open for breakfast, lunch and dinner). *Restaurant available only to guests staying in junior-suite-level staterooms and above.
The Grande Restaurant — Continental cuisine (Formal, dinner only).
Silk — Pan-Asian fusion, served family style (Smart Casual, open for breakfast, lunch, and dinner).
Other smaller complimentary dining venues include:[8][37]
The Café @ Two70° — Made-to-order sandwiches and salads, similar to the Park Café on other Royal Caribbean ships (breakfast, lunch, and dinner).
Café Promenade — Sandwiches and pastries (breakfast, lunch, and dinner).
SeaPlex Dog House — Hot dogs and sausages, similar to the Boardwalk Dog House on other Royal Caribbean ships (lunch and dinner).
Solarium Bistro (breakfast, lunch and dinner).[42]
Sorrentos Pizza (lunch and dinner)
Windjammer Marketplace — Complimentary buffet (breakfast, lunch, and dinner). Includes a new The Grill area, and features all-day breakfast, cheese steak sandwiches, rotisserie chicken, and other food items.
Additional fee[edit]
There are several smaller dining concepts that are available to passengers for an additional fee:[8][37]
Jamie’s Italian by Jamie Oliver (lunch and dinner).
Michael's Genuine Pub — À la carte gastropub from chef Michael Schwartz (lunch and dinner).
Wonderland Imaginative Cuisine (dinner only)
Prime Table @ Chop’s Grille (dinner only)[43]
Chops Grille — Steakhouse (lunch and dinner).
Izumi Japanese Cuisine — À la carte sushi and Japanese food (lunch and dinner).
Johnny Rockets — À la carte location of the restaurant chain (lunch and dinner).
Bars and lounges[edit]
Anthem of the Seas includes numerous bars and lounges, including the Royal Caribbean signatures Schooner Bar and Boleros, Two70, Michael's Genuine Pub, and the Bionic Bar which features robotic bartenders from Makr Shakr.[44][45]
Incidents[edit]
On 7 February 2016, the ship was struck by "extreme wind and sea conditions" off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina while sailing south from Bayonne, New Jersey to Port Canaveral, Florida. The ship was caught in 30-foot (9.1 m) waves and a 125 miles per hour (201 km/h) apparent wind. Passengers were advised to stay in their cabins, as the rocking of the ship overturned furniture and caused damage in public areas and cabins, including collapsing part of a suspended ceiling and rendering one of the ship's two azipod propulsion units inoperable.[46] Royal Caribbean reported that only four passengers suffered minor injuries, but many aboard the ship told a different story. One man described the storm as "The scariest, most horrible experience of my life." The ship resumed sailing on the 8 February, returning to port in the New York area to avoid further bad weather that had been forecast. Passengers were refunded their full cruise fare, and received a credit for 50% of their fare toward a future cruise within the next year.[47][48]
On 30 June 2016, as the ship sailed from Bayonne, New Jersey, 8-year-old Prince Adepoju of Maryland was found unresponsive in the ship's pool. As CPR was performed, the ship returned to port and was met by NYPD and FDNY boats and an NYPD helicopter which eventually flew him to Staten Island University Hospital. After two days in pediatric intensive care, Adepoju died on 2 July 2016. The medical examiner deemed his death to be an accident.[49]
On 4 September 2016, the Anthem of the Seas was again confronted with stormy conditions generated from the nearby Hurricane Hermine, which was a post tropical cyclone at the time. The ship experienced gusts of up to 90 mph. Again, passengers were confined to their staterooms to ride out the storm. However, this one caused less damage than the previous incident.[50]
On 1 December 2016, as Anthem of the Seas docked in San Juan, Puerto Rico, two American passengers were found dead. Authorities said the bodies showed no signs of violence and seemingly had died from natural causes.[51]
On 18 February 2017 at approximately 9:55am, a 75 year old woman experiencing diabetic shock was airlifted by the US Coast Guard from the vessel located approximately 100 miles east of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.
On 8 February 2018 at approximately 4:00pm, a 71 year old man, experiencing a medical emergency, was transferred on to a Bermudian pilot boat. It took place about a quarter mile from shore, near the Northern end of the island of Bermuda. The man was then taken to a local hospital for treatment.
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Start of Steel-Cutting for First Project Sunshine Ship". Meyer Wert. 5 February 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Norton Masek, Theresa (20 April 2015). "Anthem of The Seas Christened in Southampton". TravelPulse.com. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Sloan, Gene (10 April 2015). "Royal Caribbean takes delivery of giant new ship". USA Today. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sloan, Gene (22 April 2015). "New giant cruise ship to set sail on maiden voyage". USA Today. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Anthem of the Seas (32028)". DNV GL Vessel Register. Det Norske Veritas.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Anthem of the Seas Fact Sheet". Royal Caribbean Press Center. Royal Caribbean International. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Azipods ordered for two RCL cruise ships". The Motorship. 17 April 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to MS Anthem of the Seas.
Anthem of the Seas at royalcaribbean.com
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Royal Caribbean International fleet
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Rhapsody of the Seas
Enchantment of the Seas
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Project Icon
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Former ships
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