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Mariska Hargitay
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Mariska Hargitay
Hargitay in 2011
Born
Mariska Magdolna Hargitay
(1964-01-23) January 23, 1964 (age 54)
Santa Monica, California, U.S.
Alma mater
University of California, Los Angeles
Occupation
Actress, director, executive producer
Years active
1984–present
Spouse(s)
Peter Hermann (m. 2004)
Children
3
Parent(s)
Mickey Hargitay
Jayne Mansfield
Relatives
Jayne Marie Mansfield (maternal half-sister)
Signature
Mariska Magdolna Hargitay (/məˈrɪʃkə ˈhɑːrɡɪteɪ/ mə-RISH-kə HAR-ghih-tay; born January 23, 1964)[1][2][3] is an American actress known for her role as New York Police Department Lieutenant Olivia Benson on the NBC drama series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. For her role on the show, Hargitay has received multiple awards and nominations, including a Primetime Emmy and Golden Globe.
The daughter of bodybuilder and actor Mickey Hargitay and actress Jayne Mansfield, Hargitay made her film debut in the 1985 horror comedy film Ghoulies and her major television debut in the 1986 adventure drama series Downtown. She appeared in numerous roles in film and television shows throughout the late 1980s and 1990s before being cast as Olivia Benson, a role that led to her founding the Joyful Heart Foundation, which provides support to women who have been sexually abused.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
3 Personal life
3.1 Health problems
4 Charity work
5 Filmography
5.1 Television
5.2 Film
5.3 Video games
5.4 Director
5.5 Producer
5.6 Music videos
6 Awards and accolades
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Hargitay was born at St. John's Hospital in Santa Monica, California, the daughter of actress and 1950s-era sex symbol Jayne Mansfield. Her father was the Hungarian-born former Mr. Universe Mickey Hargitay.[1] Her first and middle names are Hungarian and refer to Mary Magdalene (Mariska is a diminutive of Mary).[4] Hargitay was raised Roman Catholic.[5] She has two older brothers, Miklós and Zoltán, and three half-siblings, Jayne Marie Mansfield and Antonio "Tony" Cimber (from her mother's first and third marriages, respectively) and Tina Hargitay (from her father's first marriage).
Hargitay's parents divorced in May 1963, but a judge later found their Mexican divorce invalid. They reconciled a few months before Hargitay's birth in January 1964, but soon separated again. In August 1964 her mother successfully petitioned the court to rule the Mexican divorce legal. A few weeks later, Mansfield married the director Matt Cimber, who had directed her in a 1964 production of the William Inge play Bus Stop.[1] On June 29, 1967, Mansfield was killed in an automobile accident on a stretch of U.S. Route 90 between New Orleans and Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. Her boyfriend, Sam Brody, and the driver were also killed. Asleep in the back of the vehicle, Mariska, then three and a half years old, was left with a zigzag scar on one side of her head. Her brothers Miklós and Zoltán were also in the car, but escaped with minor injuries. After the death of their mother, the three siblings were raised by their father and his third wife, Ellen Siano.[1] Hargitay dislikes comparisons with her famous mother and at age 18 said, "My dad was Mr. Universe, so it would be fun for me to be Miss Universe."[6]
While a student at her Catholic secondary school, Marymount High School, Hargitay was active in cheerleading, student government, athletics, and the theater program.[7] She enjoyed acting and enrolled at UCLA after graduation from high school in 1982. That same year, Hargitay was crowned Miss Beverly Hills USA.[8] By the time she was a freshman in college, Hargitay had an agent and several small roles to her credit. She attended UCLA School of Theater Film and Television (where she was a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma).[9][10] She left before completing her degree when she began her acting career.[1]
Hargitay attended Groundlings Theatre and School in Los Angeles.[11]
Career[edit]
After Hargitay was crowned Miss Beverly Hills USA,[8] she competed in the Miss California USA pageant the following year and placed fourth runner-up to Julie Hayek, who was later crowned Miss USA.[12] In 1984, she appeared in Ronnie Milsap's music video for "She Loves My Car".[13] A year later she had a small role in the horror film, Ghoulies.[14]
Hargitay said in 1986 that she never thought about doing television until a role for the one-hour adventure drama series Downtown was offered.[14] In 1988, she had a recurring role as Carly Fixx in the soap opera Falcon Crest.[13] She portrayed police officer Angela Garcia in the 1992 series Tequila and Bonetti, and appeared in an episode of the fourth season of Seinfeld. Two years later, Hargitay portrayed Didi Edelstein, the sexy next-door neighbor, in the 1995 sitcom Can't Hurry Love, which starred Nancy McKeon. In 1997, Hargitay played detective Nina Echeverria on the drama series Prince Street, and had a recurring role as Cynthia Hooper during the fourth season of ER. Hargitay has appeared on numerous other television programs, including: Freddy's Nightmares; Ellen; All-American Girl; Baywatch; Cracker; Gabriel's Fire; In the Heat of the Night; The Single Guy; Wiseguy and thirtysomething. Her voice is featured on the 2005 video game True Crime: New York City.
Hargitay also had a minor role in the 1995 film Leaving Las Vegas, and briefly replaced Gabrielle Fitzpatrick as Dulcea, in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie, although her scenes were cut from the film when Fitzpatrick recovered from her surgery and returned to the film.[15]
Hargitay on set of season 12 of Law & Order: SVU in August 2010
In January 2007 she and her son, August, appeared in a Got Milk? advertisement.[16]
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit[edit]
Casting for the lead characters of NBC police procedural television drama series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit occurred in the spring of 1999. Dick Wolf, along with officials from NBC and Studios USA, were at the final auditions for the two leads at Rockefeller Center. The last round had been narrowed down to six finalists. For the female lead – Detective Olivia Benson – Samantha Mathis, Reiko Aylesworth, and Hargitay were being considered. For the male role – Detective Elliot Stabler – the finalists were Tim Matheson, John Slattery, and Christopher Meloni. Meloni and Hargitay had auditioned in the final round together and after the actors left, there was a moment of dead silence, after which Wolf blurted out, "Oh well. There's no doubt who we should choose – Hargitay and Meloni." The duo, who Wolf believed had the perfect chemistry from the first time he saw them together, were his first choice. Garth Ancier, then head of NBC Entertainment, agreed, and the rest of the panel assembled voiced their assent.[17] Hargitay trained as a rape crisis advocate to prepare for the role of Benson.[18]
During the last months of her pregnancy in 2006, she took maternity leave from SVU, and was temporarily replaced by Connie Nielsen, who portrayed Stabler's temporary partner Dani Beck.[19][20]
In May 2009, after the show's tenth season, Hargitay and Meloni's contracts expired when they were reportedly making $375,000[21]–$385,000 per episode.[22] During negotiations in April for a new contract, the duo attempted to receive a percentage of the show's profits as other high-profile Law and Order actors had done in the past. It was rumored that NBC threatened to replace Hargitay and Meloni if they persisted in their demands.[23] However, two months later it was officially reported that both their contracts had been renewed for two more years.[22] When the thirteenth season was about to air, initial reports indicated that Hargitay would appear in only the first 13 episodes.[24] However, NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt later clarified that she would be in every episode of the season.[25]
As of August 2012, Hargitay was earning approximately $400,000[26]–$500,000 per episode.[27]
Personal life[edit]
Hargitay in May 2007
Hargitay speaks five languages: English, French, Hungarian, Spanish, and Italian.[28]
On August 28, 2004, in Santa Barbara, California, Hargitay married Peter Hermann, an actor whom she met on the set of Law & Order: SVU,[29][30] on which he plays the recurring role of Defense Attorney Trevor Langan. On June 28, 2006, Hargitay gave birth to their son, August Miklos Friedrich Hermann, by an emergency caesarean section.[31][32] In April 2011, she and her husband adopted Amaya Josephine and attended her birth.[30][33] In October 2011, she and her husband adopted a baby boy, Andrew Nicolas Hargitay Hermann, who had been born in mid-2011.[34][35]
Upon winning her Emmy[36] on August 27, 2006, Hargitay thanked her father.[37] Soon after, on September 14, 2006, her father died from multiple myeloma in Los Angeles, California, at age 80.[38][39]
Health problems[edit]
In late December 2008, Hargitay suffered a partially collapsed lung after taking a fall during a stunt on the set of SVU. She underwent surgery in January and returned to work shortly afterward.[40] On March 3, 2009, she was hospitalized after suffering chest pains related to the injury.[41] She missed one episode on SVU's tenth season.[42]
Charity work[edit]
Hargitay reading Oh! The Places You'll Go! by Dr. Seuss at the 2010 White House Easter Egg Roll
Hargitay is founder and president of the Joyful Heart Foundation, an organization established in 2004 to provide support to survivors of sexual assault, domestic violence, and child abuse.[43][44] According to Hargitay, she was inspired by an encounter with a school of dolphins that surrounded her while she was swimming off the coast of Hawaii at the age of 15. The encounter, which had ignited profound spiritual feelings within her, was one that Hargitay hoped to share with others. As of November 2010, the Joyful Heart Foundation has sent over 5,000 women and children on therapeutic programs in New York, Los Angeles, and Hawaii, which combine yoga, meditation, massage, journaling, and swimming with dolphins.[18] Hargitay said,
I started getting fan mail from survivors who felt a connection to Olivia. In many of these letters, people would disclose their personal stories of abuse—some for the very first time. I remember getting the sense that many were living in isolation with so much shame, but the shame belonged to the perpetrators. I wanted to help find a way to help people reclaim their lives and live them with a renewed sense of possibility and hope. And that's what we work to do every day at Joyful Heart.[45]
According to Hargitay, the Foundation has raised $20 million and helped approximately 5,000 survivors as of April 2011.[46] Reference to the Joyful Heart Foundation was worked into episodes of Special Victims Unit, via a necklace containing two pendants representing the Foundation that Hargitay's character began wearing in the show's 13th season.[47]
Hargitay has worked with Michigan Police and Wayne County Prosecutor Kym Worthy to raise awareness about the statistics of untested rape kits. While planning to produce a documentary called Shelved, about the thousands of untested rape kits, Hargitay call this lack of testing "the clearest and most shocking demonstration of how we regard these crimes in our country.[48]
Hargitay appeared in the 17th season of NBC's The More You Know public service announcements in 2006,[49] and again in the spring of 2009.[50] She is an honorary board member director of the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation.[51]
On September 27, 2011, Hargitay donated $100,000 to her alma mater, the UCLA School of Theater Film and Television for scholarship.[52]
In 2012, Hargitay campaigned for the reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA).[53]
On February 17, 2012, Hargitay made a donation of $35,800 to the Obama Victory Fund, the maximum individual contribution allowed by law at the time.[54]
Filmography[edit]
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1986 Downtown Jesse Smith 14 episodes
1988 In the Heat of the Night Audine Higgs Episode: "...And Then You Die"
1988 Freddy's Nightmares Marsha Wildmon Episode: "Freddy's Tricks and Treats"
1988 Falcon Crest Carly Fixx 15 episodes
1989 Finish Line Lisa Karsh Television film
1989 Baywatch Lisa Peters Episode: "Second Wave"
1990 Wiseguy Debbie Vitale Episode: "Romp"
1990 thirtysomething Courtney Dunn Episode: "Fathers and Lovers"
1990 Booker Michelle Larkina Episode: "Black Diamond Run"
1990 Gabriel's Fire Carmen Episode: "Windows"
1991 Adam-12 Michelle Brown Episode: "Anatomy of a Rape"
1992 Tequila and Bonetti Officer Angela Garcia 11 episodes
1992 Grapevine Katie Episode: "The Katie and Adam Story"
1993 Hotel Room Diane Episode: "Getting Rid of Robert"
Episode: "Blackout"
1993 Blind Side Melanie Television film
1993 Key West Laurel Episode: "Less Moonlight"
1993 Seinfeld Melissa Shannon Episode: "The Pilot"
1994 Gambler V: Playing for Keeps Etta Place Television film
1995 All-American Girl Jane Episode: "Young Americans"
1995–96 Can't Hurry Love Didi Edelstein 19 episodes
1996 Ellen Dara Episode: "The Mugging"
1996 The Single Guy Kate Conklin/The Mounted Cop Episode: "Mounted Cop"
Episode: "Kept Man"
Episode: "The Virgin"
1997 Night Sins Paige Price Television film
1997 Prince Street Det. Nina Echeverria 6 episodes
1997 Cracker Det. Penny Hatfield Episode: "True Romance 1"
1997 The Advocate's Devil Rendi Television film
1997–98 ER Cynthia Hooper 13 episodes
1999 Love, American Style Wendy Segment: "Love And The Blind Date"
1999–present Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Detective/Sergeant/Lieutenant
Olivia Benson 423 episodes
2000, 2005 Law & Order Detective Olivia Benson Episode: "Entitled"
Episode: "Fools For Love"
Episode: "Flaw"
2004 Plain Truth Ellie Harrison Television film
2005 Law & Order: Trial by Jury Detective Olivia Benson Episode: "Day"
2010 Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List Herself Episode: "Kathy with a Z"
2011 Barefoot Contessa Herself Episode: "Sweet Charity"
2014–16 Chicago P.D. Sergeant/Lieutenant Olivia Benson Episode: "They'll Have to Go Through Me"
Episode: "The Number of Rats"
Episode: "The Song of Gregory Williams Yates"
2015 Chicago Fire Episode: "We Called Her Jellybean"
2015 The Jim Gaffigan Show Herself Episode: "Maria"
2017 Nightcap Herself Episode: "Guest in a Snake"
Film[edit]
Hargitay attending the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards on September 21, 2008. She received eight consecutive Primetime Emmy Award nominations from 2004 to 2011, winning once in 2006.
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1985 Ghoulies Donna
1986 Welcome to 18 Joey
1987 Jocks Nicole
1988 Mr. Universe Herself (Mickey Hargitay's daughter)
1991 Hard Time Romance Anita
1991 The Perfect Weapon Jennifer
1991 Strawberry Road Jill Banner
1993 Bank Robber Marisa Benoit
1995 Leaving Las Vegas Hooker at Bar
1999 Lake Placid Myra Okubo
2001 Perfume Darcy (as Marishka Hargitay)
2006 Tales from Earthsea Tenar Voice
2008 The Love Guru Herself Cameo
2017 I Am Evidence Herself Documentary
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2005 True Crime: New York City Deena Dixon Voice
Director[edit]
Year
Title
Episodes
2014– Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Criminal Stories (2014)
Padre Sandunguero (2015)
A Misunderstanding (2016)
Sheltered Outcasts (2016)
Motherly Love (2017)
Producer[edit]
Year
Title
Notes
2014–present Law & Order: Special Victims Unit seasons 15,16, 17, 18,19,20
2017 I Am Evidence[55] Documentary
Music videos[edit]
Year
Title
Artist
Role
Ref
1984 "She Loves My Car" Ronnie Milsap [56]
2015 "Bad Blood" Taylor Swift Justice [57]
Awards and accolades[edit]
Hargitay won an Emmy and Golden Globe for her role as Detective Olivia Benson. She received UCLA's TFT Distinguished Alumni Award in 2011 and was honored at the school's June commencement ceremony.[52] Hargitay was awarded with the 2,511th star of the Hollywood Walk of Fame on November 8, 2013. Her star is placed next to the star of her mother, which is located at 6328 Hollywood Boulevard.[58]
All awards and nominations are for the television show Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, except for the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards, won by Taylor Swift and all of the celebrities that appeared in the music video for her song "Bad Blood".[59]
Year
Award
Category
Result
2000 Satellite Awards Best Performance by an Actress in a Series, Drama Nominated
Viewers for Quality Television Awards Best Actress in a Quality Drama Series Nominated
TV Guide Award Favorite Actress in a New Series Nominated
2004 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Nominated
Gracie Allen Awards Individual Achievement for Best Female Lead - Drama - Series Won
Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Nominated
2005 Golden Globe Award Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series - Drama Won
Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Nominated
2006 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Nominated
Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Won
2007 TV Land Awards Favorite Lady Gumshoe Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Nominated
Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Nominated
2008 Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Nominated
2009 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Nominated
People's Choice Awards Favorite Female TV Star Nominated
Gracie Allen Awards Outstanding Female Lead - Drama Series Won
Golden Globe Awards Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series - Drama Nominated
Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Nominated
2010 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Nominated
Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Nominated
People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Drama Actress Nominated
2011 People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Fighter Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Nominated
Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Nominated
2012 Muse Awards New York Women in Film & Television Won
TV Guide Award Favorite Actress Nominated
2013 Star on the Walk of Fame Television Won
2014 People's Choice Awards People's Choice for Best Dramatic Actress Nominated
Gracie Allen Awards Outstanding Female Actor in a Leading Role in a Drama Won
TV Guide Award Favorite Actress Nominated
2015 People's Choice Awards Favorite Crime Drama TV Actress Nominated
MTV Video Music Award Video of the Year Won
2016 People's Choice Awards Favorite Crime Drama TV Actress Nominated
2017 People's Choice Awards Favorite Crime Drama TV Actress Nominated
Gracie Awards Actress in a Leading Role - Drama Won
Notes[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Jayne shows new baby". The Cumberland News. Cumberland, Maryland. January 25, 1964. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ A. Keeps, David (December 10, 1998). "Mariska Hargitay: Staying Sane When Life Is Moving Fast". Annie Daly. Good Housekeeping. Archived from the original on October 23, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2010. Though she was raised Catholic and has a very strong faith, Hargitay calls herself a Christian who doesn't go to church every Sunday.
Jump up ^ Graydon, Carter E. (June 7, 1982). "People: Jun. 7, 1982". Time. Time Inc. p. 2.
Jump up ^ Woliman Rusoff, Jane (February 14, 2001). "Jayne's little girl kicks on". Herald Sun. The Herald and Weekly Times: H10.
^ Jump up to: a b Graydon, Carter E. (June 7, 1982). "People: Jun. 7, 1982". Time. Time Inc. p. 1. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
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^ Jump up to: a b Buck, Jerry (January 7, 1988). "Mariska Hargitay Joins 'Falcon Crest' Cast". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Company. p. 4.
^ Jump up to: a b Mills, Bart (August 12, 1986). "Hargitay goes `Downtown'". Daily Breeze: C1.
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^ Jump up to: a b Ravitz, Justin (October 19, 2011). "Mariska Hargitay Adopts For Second Time in Six Months: New Details". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on November 27, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
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^ Jump up to: a b Goldberg, Lesley (September 27, 2011). "'Law & Order: SVU's' Mariska Hargitay Donates $100,000 to UCLA". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hargitay, Mariska (April 26, 2012). "Violence Against Women Act Helps Restore Lives". The Huffington Post
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Jump up ^ CIFF 43 HBO via CLEVELAND INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL; Cleveland; April 2018.
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References[edit]
D'Arminio, Aubry. Mariska Hargitay Biography. Allrovi (All Media Guide). Circa 2007. Accessed January 24, 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mariska Hargitay.
Official website
Joyful Heart Foundation, founded by Hargitay
Mariska Hargitay on IMDb
show
Awards for Mariska Hargitay
show
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Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series
Helen Hayes (1952)
Loretta Young (1954)
Loretta Young (1956)
Loretta Young (1959)
Barbara Stanwyck (1961)
Barbara Stanwyck (1966)
Barbara Bain (1967)
Barbara Bain (1968)
Barbara Bain (1969)
Susan Hampshire (1970)
Susan Hampshire (1971)
Glenda Jackson (1972)
Michael Learned (1973)
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Jean Marsh (1975)
Michael Learned (1976)
Lindsay Wagner (1977)
Sada Thompson (1978)
Mariette Hartley (1979)
Barbara Bel Geddes (1980)
Barbara Babcock (1981)
Michael Learned (1982)
Tyne Daly (1983)
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Sharon Gless (1986)
Sharon Gless (1987)
Tyne Daly (1988)
Dana Delany (1989)
Patricia Wettig (1990)
Patricia Wettig (1991)
Dana Delany (1992)
Kathy Baker (1993)
Sela Ward (1994)
Kathy Baker (1995)
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Gillian Anderson (1997)
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Allison Janney (2002)
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Harold Godwinson
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This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 18 June 2018.
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Harold Godwinson
Harold Godwinson, from the Bayeux Tapestry
King of England
Reign
5 January – 14 October 1066
Coronation
6 January 1066
Predecessor
Edward the Confessor
Successor
Edgar Ætheling (uncrowned)
(otherwise) William the Conqueror
Born
c. 1022
Wessex, England
Died
14 October 1066 (aged 43/44)
near Senlac Hill, Sussex, England
Burial
Waltham Abbey, Essex, or Bosham, Sussex (disputed)
Consort
Edith the Fair
Edith of Mercia
Issue
Godwin
Edmund
Magnus
Gunhild
Gytha
Harold
Ulf
House
House of Godwin
Father
Godwin, Earl of Wessex
Mother
Gytha Thorkelsdóttir
Harold Godwinson (c. 1022 – 14 October 1066), often called Harold II, was the last Anglo-Saxon king of England. Harold reigned from 6 January 1066[1] until his death at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October, fighting the Norman invaders led by William the Conqueror during the Norman conquest of England. His death marked the end of Anglo-Saxon rule over England.
Harold was a powerful earl and member of a prominent Anglo-Saxon family with ties to Cnut the Great. Upon the death of his brother-in-law King Edward the Confessor on 5 January 1066, the Witenagemot convened and chose Harold to succeed; he was crowned in Westminster Abbey. In late September, he successfully repelled an invasion by rival claimant Harald Hardrada of Norway before marching his army back south to meet William the Conqueror at Hastings two weeks later.
Contents
[hide]
1 Family background
2 Powerful nobleman
2.1 Harold in northern France
3 Reign as King
4 Battle of Hastings
5 Death
6 Burial and legacy
7 Marriages and children
7.1 Family tree
8 Notes
9 Citations
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Family background[edit]
See also: Ancestry of the Godwins
Harold was a son of Godwin (c. 1001–1053), the powerful Earl of Wessex, and of Gytha Thorkelsdóttir, whose brother Ulf the Earl was married to Estrith (c. 1015/1016), the daughter of King Sweyn Forkbeard[2] (died 1014) and sister of King Cnut the Great of England and Denmark. Ulf and Estrith's son would become King Sweyn II of Denmark[3] in 1047. Godwin was the son of Wulfnoth, probably a thegn and a native of Sussex. Godwin began his political career by supporting King Edmund Ironside (reigned April to November 1016), but switched to supporting King Cnut by 1018, when Cnut named him Earl of Wessex.[4] Godwin remained an earl throughout the remainder of Cnut's reign, one of only two earls to survive to the end of that reign.[5] On Cnut's death in 1035, Godwin originally supported Harthacnut instead of Cnut's initial successor Harold Harefoot, but managed to switch sides in 1037—although not without becoming involved in the 1036 murder of Alfred Aetheling, half-brother of Harthacnut and younger brother of the later King Edward the Confessor.[6] When Harold Harefoot died in 1040, Harthacnut became King of England and Godwin's power was imperiled by his earlier involvement in Alfred's murder, but an oath and large gift secured the new king's favour for Godwin.[7] Harthacnut's death in 1042 probably involved Godwin in a role as kingmaker, helping to secure the English throne for Edward the Confessor. In 1045 Godwin reached the height of his power when the new king married Godwin's daughter Edith.[8] Godwin and Gytha had several children—six sons: Sweyn, Harold, Tostig, Gyrth, Leofwine and Wulfnoth; and three daughters: Edith of Wessex (originally named Gytha but renamed Ealdgyth (or Edith) when she married King Edward the Confessor), Gunhild and Ælfgifu. The birthdates of the children are unknown, but Harold was the second son, Sweyn being the eldest.[9] Harold was aged about 25 in 1045, which makes his birth year around 1020.[10]
Powerful nobleman[edit]
Edith married Edward on 23 January 1045 and, around that time, Harold became Earl of East Anglia. Harold is called "earl" when he appears as a witness in a will that may date to 1044; but, by 1045, Harold regularly appears as an earl in documents. One reason for his appointment to East Anglia may have been a need to defend against the threat from King Magnus the Good of Norway. It is possible that Harold led some of the ships from his earldom that were sent to Sandwich in 1045 against Magnus.[11] Sweyn, Harold's elder brother, had been named an earl in 1043.[12] It was also around the time that Harold was named an earl that he began a relationship with Edith, who appears to have been the heiress to lands in Cambridgeshire, Suffolk and Essex, lands in Harold's new earldom.[13] The relationship was a form of marriage that was not blessed or sanctioned by the Church, known as more Danico, or "in the Danish manner", and was accepted by most laypeople in England at the time. Any children of such a union were considered legitimate. Harold probably entered the relationship in part to secure support in his new earldom.[14]
Harold's elder brother Sweyn was exiled in 1047 after abducting the abbess of Leominster. Sweyn's lands were divided between Harold and a cousin, Beorn.[15] In 1049, Harold was in command of a ship or ships that were sent with a fleet to aid Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor against Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, who was in revolt against Henry. During this campaign, Sweyn returned to England and attempted to secure a pardon from the king, but Harold and Beorn refused to return any of their lands, and Sweyn, after leaving the royal court, took Beorn hostage and later killed him.[16]
When in 1051 Earl Godwin was sent into exile, Harold accompanied his father and helped him to regain his position a year later. Then Godwin died in 1053, and Harold succeeded him as Earl of Wessex (the southern third of England). This arguably made him the most powerful figure in England after the king.[17]
Harold also became Earl of Hereford in 1058, and replaced his late father as the focus of opposition to growing Norman influence in England under the restored monarchy (1042–66) of Edward the Confessor, who had spent more than 25 years in exile in Normandy. He led a series of successful campaigns (1062–63) against Gruffydd ap Llywelyn of Gwynedd, the ruler of Wales. This conflict ended with Gruffydd's defeat and death in 1063.[18]
Harold in northern France[edit]
HAROLD SACRAMENTUM FECIT VVILLELMO DUCI ("Harold made an oath to Duke William"). (Bayeux Tapestry) This scene is stated in the previous scene on the Tapestry to have taken place at Bagia (Bayeux, probably in Bayeux Cathedral). It shows Harold touching two altars with the enthroned Duke looking on, and is central to the Norman Invasion of England.
In 1064, Harold apparently was shipwrecked at Ponthieu. There is much speculation about this voyage. The earliest post-conquest Norman chroniclers report that King Edward had previously sent Robert, Archbishop of Canterbury, to appoint as his heir Edward's maternal kinsman, William of Normandy, and that at this later date Harold was sent to swear fealty.[19] Scholars disagree as to the reliability of this story. William, at least, seems to have believed he had been offered the succession, but there must have been some confusion either on William's part or perhaps by both men, since the English succession was neither inherited nor determined by the reigning monarch. Instead the Witenagemot, the assembly of the kingdom's leading notables, would convene after a king's death to select a successor. Other acts of Edward are inconsistent with his having made such a promise, such as his efforts to return his nephew Edward the Exile, son of King Edmund Ironside, from Hungary in 1057.[a] Later Norman chroniclers suggest alternative explanations for Harold's journey: that he was seeking the release of members of his family who had been held hostage since Godwin's exile in 1051, or even that he had simply been travelling along the English coast on a hunting and fishing expedition and had been driven across the Channel by an unexpected storm. There is general agreement that he left from Bosham, and was blown off course, landing at Ponthieu. He was captured by Guy I, Count of Ponthieu, and was then taken as a hostage to the count's castle at Beaurain,[20] 24.5 km (15.2 mi) up the River Canche from its mouth at what is now Le Touquet. Duke William arrived soon afterward and ordered Guy to turn Harold over to him.[21] Harold then apparently accompanied William to battle against William's enemy, Conan II, Duke of Brittany. While crossing into Brittany past the fortified abbey of Mont Saint-Michel, Harold is recorded as rescuing two of William's soldiers from quicksand. They pursued Conan from Dol-de-Bretagne to Rennes, and finally to Dinan, where he surrendered the fortress's keys at the point of a lance. William presented Harold with weapons and arms, knighting him. The Bayeux Tapestry, and other Norman sources, then record that Harold swore an oath on sacred relics to William to support his claim to the English throne. After Edward's death, the Normans were quick to point out that in accepting the crown of England, Harold had broken this alleged oath.[citation needed]
The chronicler Orderic Vitalis wrote of Harold that he "was distinguished by his great size and strength of body, his polished manners, his firmness of mind and command of words, by a ready wit and a variety of excellent qualities. But what availed so many valuable gifts, when good faith, the foundation of all virtues, was wanting?"[22]
Due to a doubling of taxation by Tostig in 1065 that threatened to plunge England into civil war, Harold supported Northumbrian rebels against his brother, Tostig, and replaced him with Morcar. This strengthened his acceptability as Edward's successor, but fatally split his own family, driving Tostig into alliance with King Harald Hardrada ("Hard Ruler") of Norway.[citation needed]
Reign as King[edit]
HIC RESIDET HAROLD REX ANGLORUM. STIGANT ARCHIEP(I)S(COPUS). "Here sits Harold King of the English. Archbishop Stigand". Scene immediately after crowning of Harold by (according to the Norman tradition) Archbishop of Canterbury Stigand (d. 1072). Detail from the Bayeux Tapestry.
At the end of 1065 King Edward the Confessor fell into a coma without clarifying his preference for the succession. He died on 5 January 1066, according to the Vita Ædwardi Regis, but not before briefly regaining consciousness and commending his widow and the kingdom to Harold's "protection". The intent of this charge remains ambiguous, as is the Bayeux Tapestry, which simply depicts Edward pointing at a man thought to represent Harold.[b] When the Witan convened the next day they selected Harold to succeed,[c] and his coronation followed on 6 January, most likely held in Westminster Abbey; though no evidence from the time survives to confirm this.[24] Although later Norman sources point to the suddenness of this coronation, the reason may have been that all the nobles of the land were present at Westminster for the feast of Epiphany, and not because of any usurpation of the throne on Harold's part.
In early January 1066, hearing of Harold's coronation, Duke William II of Normandy began plans to invade England, building 700 warships and transports at Dives-sur-Mer on the Normandy coast. Initially, William could not get support for the invasion but, claiming that Harold had sworn on sacred relics to support his claim to the throne after having been shipwrecked at Ponthieu, William received the Church's blessing and nobles flocked to his cause. In anticipation of the invasion, Harold assembled his troops on the Isle of Wight, but the invasion fleet remained in port for almost seven months, perhaps due to unfavourable winds. On 8 September, with provisions running out, Harold disbanded his army and returned to London. On the same day Harald Hardrada of Norway, who also claimed the English crown[d] joined Tostig and invaded, landing his fleet at the mouth of the Tyne.
Coin of King Harold Godwinson
The invading forces of Hardrada and Tostig defeated the English earls Edwin of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria at the Battle of Fulford near York on 20 September 1066. Harold led his army north on a forced march from London, reached Yorkshire in four days, and caught Hardrada by surprise. On 25 September, in the Battle of Stamford Bridge, Harold defeated Hardrada and Tostig, who were both killed.
According to Snorri Sturluson, before the battle a single man rode up alone to Harald Hardrada and Tostig. He gave no name, but spoke to Tostig, offering the return of his earldom if he would turn against Hardrada. Tostig asked what his brother Harold would be willing to give Hardrada for his trouble. The rider replied "Seven feet of English ground, as he is taller than other men." Then he rode back to the Saxon host. Hardrada was impressed by the rider's boldness, and asked Tostig who he was. Tostig replied that the rider was Harold Godwinson himself.[25] According to Henry of Huntingdon, Harold said "Six feet of ground or as much more as he needs, as he is taller than most men."
Battle of Hastings[edit]
Main article: Battle of Hastings
Gyrth and his brother's death at the Battle of Hastings, scene 52 of the Bayeux Tapestry.
HIC CECIDERUNT LEWINE ET GYRD FRATRES HAROLDI REGIS
(Here have fallen dead Leofwine and Gyrth, brothers of King Harold)
On 12 September 1066 William's fleet sailed from Normandy.[e] Several ships sank in storms, which forced the fleet to take shelter at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme and to wait for the wind to change. On 27 September the Norman fleet set sail for England, arriving the following day at Pevensey on the coast of East Sussex. Harold's army marched 241 miles (386 kilometres) to intercept William, who had landed perhaps 7,000 men in Sussex, southern England. Harold established his army in hastily built earthworks near Hastings. The two armies clashed at the Battle of Hastings, at Senlac Hill (near the present town of Battle) close by Hastings on 14 October, where after nine hours of hard fighting, Harold was killed and his forces defeated. His brothers Gyrth and Leofwine were also killed in the battle, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.[26][non-primary source needed]
Death[edit]
The notion that Harold died by an arrow to the eye is a popular belief today, but this historical legend is subject to much scholarly debate. A Norman account of the battle, Carmen de Hastingae Proelio ("Song of the Battle of Hastings"), said to have been written shortly after the battle by Guy, Bishop of Amiens, says that Harold was killed by four knights, probably including Duke William, and his body dismembered. Twelfth-century Anglo-Norman histories, such as William of Malmesbury's Gesta Regum Anglorum and Henry of Huntingdon's Historia Anglorum recount that Harold died by an arrow wound to his head. An earlier source, Amatus of Montecassino's L'Ystoire de li Normant ("History of the Normans"), written only twenty years after the battle of Hastings, contains a report of Harold being shot in the eye with an arrow, but this may be an early fourteenth-century addition.[27] Later accounts reflect one or both of these two versions.
Harold's death depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry, reflecting the tradition that Harold was killed by an arrow in the eye. The annotation above states Harold Rex Interfectus Est, "Harold the King was killed".
A figure in the panel of the Bayeux Tapestry with the inscription "Harold Rex Interfectus Est" ("Harold the King is killed") is depicted gripping an arrow that has struck his eye, but some historians have questioned whether this man is intended to be Harold or if Harold is intended as the next figure lying to the right almost supine, being mutilated beneath a horse's hooves. Etchings made of the Tapestry in the 1730s show the standing figure with differing objects. Benoît's 1729 sketch shows only a dotted line indicating stitch marks without any indication of fletching, whereas all other arrows in the Tapestry are fletched. Bernard de Montfaucon's 1730 engraving has a solid line resembling a spear being held overhand matching the manner of the figure to the left. Stothard's 1819 water-colour drawing has, for the first time, a fletched arrow in the figure's eye. Although not apparent in the earlier depictions, the Tapestry today has stitch marks indicating the fallen figure once had an arrow in its eye. It has been proposed that the second figure once had an arrow added by over-enthusiastic nineteenth-century restorers that was later unstitched.[28] Many believe this, as the name "Harold" is above the figure with an arrow in his eye. This has been disputed by examining other examples from the Tapestry where the visual centre of a scene, not the location of the inscription, identifies named figures.[29] Further evidence is that an arrow volley would be fired before the Norman cavalry charge. A further suggestion is that both accounts are accurate, and that Harold suffered first the eye wound, then the mutilation, and the Tapestry is depicting both in sequence.[30]
Burial and legacy[edit]
The spot where Harold died, which became the site of Battle Abbey.
The account of the contemporary chronicler William of Poitiers, states that the body of Harold was given to William Malet for burial:
The two brothers of the King were found near him and Harold himself, stripped of all badges of honour, could not be identified by his face but only by certain marks on his body. His corpse was brought into the Duke's camp, and William gave it for burial to William, surnamed Malet, and not to Harold's mother, who offered for the body of her beloved son its weight in gold. For the Duke thought it unseemly to receive money for such merchandise, and equally he considered it wrong that Harold should be buried as his mother wished, since so many men lay unburied because of his avarice. They said in jest that he who had guarded the coast with such insensate zeal should be buried by the seashore.[31]
Bosham Church: the lower three storeys of the tower are Saxon, the top storey Norman
Another source states that Harold's widow, Edith Swannesha, was called to identify the body, which she did by some private mark known only to her. Harold's strong association with Bosham, his birthplace, and the discovery in 1954 of an Anglo-Saxon coffin in the church there, has led some to suggest it as the place of King Harold's burial. A request to exhume a grave in Bosham church was refused by the Diocese of Chichester in December 2003, the Chancellor having ruled that the chances of establishing the identity of the body as Harold's were too slim to justify disturbing a burial place.[32] A prior exhumation had revealed the remains of a man, estimated at up to 60 years of age from photographs of the remains, lacking a head, one leg and the lower part of his other leg, a description consistent with the fate of the king as recorded in the Carmen. The poem also claims Harold was buried by the sea, which is consistent with William of Poitiers' account and with the identification of the grave at Bosham Church that is only yards from Chichester Harbour and in sight of the English Channel.[33]
There were legends of Harold's body being given a proper funeral years later in his church of Waltham Holy Cross in Essex, which he had refounded in 1060. Legends grew up that Harold had not died at Hastings but instead fled England or that he later ended his life as a hermit at Chester or Canterbury.[34]
Harold's son Ulf, along with Morcar and two others, were released from prison by King William as he lay dying in 1087. Ulf threw his lot in with Robert Curthose, who knighted him, and then disappeared from history. Two of Harold's other sons, Godwine and Edmund, invaded England in 1068 and 1069 with the aid of Diarmait mac Máel na mBó (High King of Ireland).[f] They raided Cornwall as late as 1082,[citation needed] but died in obscurity in Ireland. In 1068 Diarmait presented another Irish king with Harold's battle standard.[35]
Marriages and children[edit]
13th-century version of Harold's crowning, from an anonymous Life of King Edward the Confessor in Cambridge University Library.
For some twenty years Harold was married more danico (Latin: "in the Danish manner") to Edyth Swannesha and had at least six children with her. She was considered Harold's mistress by the clergy.[g]
According to Orderic Vitalis, Harold was at some time betrothed to Adeliza, a daughter of William, Duke of Normandy, later William the Conqueror; if so, the betrothal never led to marriage.[36]
About January 1066, Harold married Edith (or Ealdgyth), daughter of Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia, and widow of the Welsh prince Gruffydd ap Llywelyn. Edith had two sons—possibly twins—named Harold and Ulf (born around November 1066), both of whom survived into adulthood and probably lived out their lives in exile.[citation needed]
After her husband's death, Edith fled for refuge to her brothers, Edwin, Earl of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria, but both men made their peace with King William initially before rebelling and losing their lands and lives. Edith may have fled abroad (possibly with Harold's mother, Gytha, or with Harold's daughter, Gytha). Harold's sons, Godwin and Edmund, fled to Ireland and then invaded Devon, but were defeated by Brian of Brittany.[h][citation needed]
Family tree[edit]
Godwin of Wessex
Gytha Thorkelsdóttir
Sweyn Godwinson
Edyth Swannesha
Harold Godwinson
Ealdgyth, daughter of Earl Ælfgar
Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
Tostig Godwinson
Edith of Wessex
Edward the Confessor
(c. 1004–1066)
King of England (1042–1066)
Godwin (b. 1049)
Edmund (b. 1049)
Magnus (b. 1051)
Gunhild (1055–1097)
Gytha of Wessex (1053–1098)
Harold (1067–1098)
Ulf (1066–after 1087)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Edward may not have been blameless in this situation, as at least one other man, Sweyn II of Denmark, also thought Edward had promised him the succession.[19]
Jump up ^ Frank Barlow points out that the author of the Vita, who appears to have looked favourably on Harold, was writing after the Conquest and may have been intentionally vague.[23]
Jump up ^ This was in preference to Edward's great-nephew, Edgar the Ætheling, who had yet to reach maturity.
Jump up ^ His claim came through a succession pact concluded between Harthacnut, king of England and Denmark, and Magnus I of Norway, whereby the kingdoms of the first to die were to pass to the survivor. Magnus had thus gained a claim to Denmark on Harthacnut's death but had not pursued this other crown. Hardrada, uncle and heir of Magnus, now claimed England on this basis.
Jump up ^ Historians do not accept that from January to September the wind was never favourable for an invasion as William claimed. It is generally believed he knew of Harald Hardrada's plans and waited for Harold Godwinson to be weakened or engaged with fighting in the north before he proceeded with his own plans.[citation needed]
Jump up ^ At midsummer in 1069, Brian of Brittany and Alan the Black led a force that defeated a raid by Godwine and Edmund, sons of Harold Godwinson, who had sailed from Ireland with a fleet of 64 ships to the mouth of the River Taw in Devon. They had escaped to Leinster after the Battle of Hastings in 1066 where they were hosted by Diarmait. In 1068 and 1069 Diarmait lent them the fleet of Dublin for their attempted invasions of England.
Jump up ^ At this time there were a range of spousal relationships, from outright concubinage to fully recognised, church-sanctioned marriages. There are no contemporary sources for Harold's marriages, just the writings of later Norman chroniclers, who had a more church-centered view, and also had motivation to diminish the status of Harold's children. Consequently, the exact status of the relationship between King Harold Godwinson and Edyth Swannesha is unclear.[citation needed]
Jump up ^ At midsummer in 1069, Brian and Alan the Black led a force that defeated a raid by Godwin and Edmund, sons of Harold Godwinson, who had sailed from Ireland with a fleet of 64 ships to the mouth of the River Taw in Devon. They had escaped to Leinster after the Battle of Hastings in 1066 where they were hosted by Diarmait. In 1068 and 1069 Diarmait lent them the fleet of Dublin for their attempted invasions of England.
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ DeVries Norwegian Invasion
Jump up ^ Walker Harold p. 10
Jump up ^ Barlow Feudal Kingdom p. 451
Jump up ^ Walker Harold pp. 7–9
Jump up ^ Walker Harold p. 12
Jump up ^ Walker Harold pp. 13–15
Jump up ^ Walker Harold p. 16
Jump up ^ Walker Harold pp. 17–18
Jump up ^ Mason House of Godwine p. 10
Jump up ^ Rex Harold p. 31.
Jump up ^ Walker Harold pp. 18–19
Jump up ^ Barlow Edward the Confessor p. 74.
Jump up ^ Walker Harold p. 20.
Jump up ^ Walker Harold pp. 127–128.
Jump up ^ Walker Harold p. 22
Jump up ^ Walker Harold pp. 24–25.
Jump up ^ Harold II (Godwineson) (c.1020 - 1066), BBC History
Jump up ^ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harold-II. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Howarth 1066 pp. 69–70
Jump up ^ Bayeux Tapestry, in which the place is called in Latin Belrem
Jump up ^ Howarth 1066 pp. 71–72
Jump up ^ Vitalis, Orderic (1853). Historia Ecclesiastica. Translated by Forester, Thomas. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Barlow Edward the Confessor p. 251
Jump up ^ Westminster Abbey Official site – Coronations
Jump up ^ Sturluson, King Harald's Saga p. 149.
Jump up ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (D and E), 1066.
Jump up ^ Foys, Pulling the Arrow Out, 161–63
Jump up ^ Bernstein, Mystery of the Bayeux Tapestry, 148–152.
Jump up ^ Foys, Pulling the Arrow Out, 171–75
Jump up ^ Brooks and Walker, Authority and Interpretation, 81–92.
Jump up ^ William of Poitiers Gesta Guillelmi II Ducis Normannorum in English Historical Documents 1042–1189 p. 229
Jump up ^ In re Holy Trinity, Bosham [2004] Fam 124 — decision of the Chichester Consistory Court regarding opening King Harold's supposed grave.
Jump up ^ The Debate concerning the remains found in Bosham Church Archived 3 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Bosham Online Magazine 25 November 2003 Updated to include the Chancellor's ruling of 10 December 2003
Jump up ^ Walker Harold pp. 181–182
Jump up ^ Bartlett, Thomas; Jeffery, Keith (eds.), A Military History of Ireland, p. 59, 1997, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521629896, 9780521629898, google books
Jump up ^ Round "Adeliza (d 1066?)" Dictionary of National Biography
References[edit]
Barlow, Frank (1970). Edward the Confessor. Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
Barlow, Frank (1988). The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042–1216 (Fourth ed.). New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-49504-0.
Bernstein, David (1986). The Mystery of the Bayeux Tapestry. Univ of Chicago Pr. ISBN 0-226-04400-9.
Brooks, N. P.; Walker, H. E. (1997). "The Authority and Interpretation of the Bayeux Tapestry". In Gameson, Richard. The Study of the Bayeux Tapestry. Boydell and Brewer. pp. 63–92. ISBN 0-85115-664-9.
DeVries, K. (1999). The Norwegian Invasion of England in 1066. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-763-7.
Foys, Martin (2010). "Pulling the Arrow Out: The Legend of Harold's Death and the Bayeux Tapestry". In Foys; Overbey, Karen Eileen; Terkla, Dan. Bayeux Tapestry: New Interpretations. Boydell and Brewer. pp. 158–75. ISBN 1-84383-470-7.
Howarth, David (1983). 1066: The Year of the Conquest. Penguin Books.
Mason, Emma (2004). House of Godwine: The History of Dynasty. London: Hambledon & London. ISBN 1-85285-389-1.
Rex, Peter (2005). Harold II: The Doomed Saxon King. Stroud, UK: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-7394-7185-2.
Round, J. H. (1885). "Adeliza (d 1066?)". Dictionary of National Biography. Smith, Elder & Co. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
Sturluson, Snorri (1966). King Harald's Saga. Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books.
Walker, Ian (2000). Harold the Last Anglo-Saxon King. Gloucestershire: Wrens Park. ISBN 0-905778-46-4.
William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi II Ducis Normannorum, or "The Deeds of William II, Duke of the Normans". Quoted by David C. Douglas & George W. Greenaway (eds.), in: English Historical Documents 1042–1189, London, 1959.
Further reading[edit]
van Kempen, Ad F. J. (November 2016). "'A mission he bore – to Duke William he came': Harold Godwineson's Commentum and his covert ambitions". Historical Research. 89 (246): 591–612. doi:10.1111/1468-2281.12147.
External links[edit]
Harold 3 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
BBC Historic Figures: Harold II (Godwineson) (c.1020 – 1066)
Portraits of King Harold II (Harold Godwineson) at the National Portrait Gallery, London
Harold Godwinson
House of Godwin
Born: c. 1022 Died: 14 October 1066
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Harold II – Bosnian
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