text:
Crayon Shin-chan: The Legend Called: Dance! Amigo!
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Crayon Shin-chan: The Legend Called: Dance! Amigo!
Written by
Yoshito Usui (original manga)
Starring
Akiko Yajima
Miki Narahashi
Keiji Fujiwara
Satomi Kōrogi
Production
company
Shin-Ei Animation
Distributed by
Toho
Release date
April 15, 2006 (2006-04-15)
Running time
96 minutes
Country
Japan
Language
Japanese
Box office
$12,436,098
Crayon Shin-chan: The Legend Called: Dance! Amigo! (クレヨンしんちゃん 伝説を呼ぶ 踊れ!アミーゴ! Kureyon Shin Chan: Densetsu wo Yobu: Odore! Amīgo!), also known as Shin Chan Let's Dance Amigo!,[1] is a 2006 anime film. It is the 14th film based on the popular comedy manga and anime series Crayon Shin-chan. The film was released to theatres on April 15, 2006 in Japan.[2]
The film was produced by Shin-Ei Animation, the studio behind the anime television.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cultural references
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Cultural references[edit]
"SRI" organization to appear in the drama, drama "special effects were produced in 1968 Kaiki Daisakusen , including a parody of a fictitious organization ", that appeared in Tsuburaya some work. Here, the abbreviation of (Science Research Institute) Institute of Scientific Investigation, however. The name of "Jacqueline Feeney" is this work Jack Finii shows that inspired "(The Body Snatchers) town was stolen" novel.
Colt Government
Jackie's semi-automatic pistol.
H & K MP5
With members of SRI. Is to replace the magazine, can also be used as a light machine gun is also normal for the dissolution as a special water gun konnyaku loan.
UZI
Chico's light machine gun.
Two types Volkswagen Microbus T1
Jackie has been used for the investigation retro in a car, furniture of SRI. Appearance is no different from commercial vehicles, the interior has been converted into a special vehicle, computer and sensors are installed and a large number. Desktop of the computer used to send and receive mail and browse the database GUI is Mac OS X has become a thing of. In addition, the center of the front Volkswagen mark has been changed to the logo of the SRI.
Konnyaku loan (or Konnya clone)
Biotechnology has a clone is produced by Amigo Suzuki. Ordinary konjac will move themselves while raising the queer voice cut into the human type, and immersed in a liquid of a mystery to it, it special miso and crush with a press machine, to be exactly like a particular person.
There is a difference, such as "begin to psychedelic dance, but look indistinguishable from the real thing at all, and listen to music" "become a good personality, unlike real bright seaweed." Such as blow given the damage is not exactly a very soft body tissue, the body is bent in the direction they eat a blow too strong and strange.
They melted the instantaneous explode like fireworks into the air and is pulled up out the "Kodama ass", and be subjected to a special liquid. Dance and konnyaku loan, dance force to be also the way that was the source person. In the secret base of Amigo Suzuki everyone was kidnapped person has been danced.
"Transformation Plans for Samba World"
At the beginning, Amigo Suzuki put a samba carnival into practice as the integrity of "Transformation Plans for Samba World" in the city of Santa Monaka, California. The plan was based on six cities of the world and was going to be extended world wide. The city of Kasukabe in Japan was chosen to the sixth base of "Transformation Plans for Samba World" by Amigo Suzuki.
Amigo Suzuki
The fanatic believer of psychedelic samba dance. He seems to live in California and was the ringleader of mysterious project "Transformation Plans for Samba World".
Jackie
A daughter of Amigo Suzuki. But she disliked her father and accused him. She takes sides with Crayon Shin-chan and Kasukabe defense corps that is going to prevent fanatic and stupid "Transformation Plans for Samba World".
See also[edit]
Crayon Shin-chan
Yoshito Usui
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.lukinternacional.com/es/catalogo/shin-chan-a-ritmo-de-samba.html
Jump up ^ "Conan, Shin-chan Strong at Box Office". Anime News Network. 2006-04-25. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
External links[edit]
Crayon Shin-chan: The Legend Called: Dance! Amigo! at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
Shin-chan: The Legend Called: Dance! Amigo! Official Trailer
[show]
v
t
e
Crayon Shin-chan by Yoshito Usui
Franchise
Characters
Episodes
1992–2001
2002–2011
2012–present
Kamen Rider Den-O + Shin-O
Crayon Shin-chan Gaiden
Ora to Poi Poi
Saikyou Kazoku Kasukabe King Wii
Films
Action Mask vs Leotard Devil (1993)
The Secret Treasure of Buri Buri Kingdom (1994)
Unkokusai's Ambition (1995)
Adventure in Henderland (1996)
Pursuit of the Balls of Darkness (1997)
Blitzkrieg! Pig's Hoof's Secret Mission (1998)
Explosion! The Hot Spring's Feel Good Final Battle/Kureshin Paradise! Made in Saitama (1999)
The Storm Called The Jungle (2000)
Fierceness That Invites Storm! The Adult Empire Strikes Back (2001)
Fierceness That Invites Storm! The Battle of the Warring States (2002)
Fierceness That Invites Storm! Yakiniku Road of Honor (2003)
Fierceness That Invites Storm! The Kasukabe Boys of the Evening Sun (2004)
The Legend Called Buri Buri 3 Minutes Charge (2005)
The Legend Called: Dance! Amigo! (2006)
Fierceness That Invites Storm! The Singing Buttocks Bomb (2007)
Fierceness That Invites Storm! The Hero of Golden Sword (2008)
Roar! Kasukabe Animal Kingdom (2009)
Super-Dimension! The Storm Called My Bride (2010)
Fierceness That Invites Storm! Operation Golden Spy (2011)
Fierceness That Invites Storm! Me and the Space Princess (2012)
Crayon Shin-Chan: Very Tasty! B-class Gourmet Survival!! (2013)
Serious Battle! Robot Dad Strikes Back (2014)
My Moving Story! Cactus Large Attack! (2015)
Fast Asleep! The Great Assault on Dreamy World! (2016)
Invasion!! Alien Shiriri (2017)
Burst Serving! Kung Fu Boys ~Ramen Rebellion~ (2018)
[show]
v
t
e
Shin-Ei Animation
1970s
Ore wa Teppei (1977–78)
Yagyukyo no Uta (1977–79)
Highschool Baseball Ninja (1978)
Doraemon (1979–2005)
Heart of the Red Bird (1979)
1980s
Kaibutsu-kun (1980–82)
Ninja Hattori-kun (1981–87)
Game Center Arashi (1982)
Fukuchan (1982–84)
Perman (1983–85)
Oyoneko Boonyan (1984)
Pro Golfer Saru (1985–88)
Shin Obake no Q-tarō (1985–87)
Ultra B (1987–89)
Esper Mami (1987–89)
Tsurupika Hagemaru-kun (1988–89)
New Pro Golfer Saru (1988)
Billy Ken (1988–89)
Oishinbo (1988–92)
Obotchama-kun (1989–92)
Billy Ken Nandemo Shokai (1989)
The Laughing Salesman (1989–92)
Chimpui (1989–91)
1990s
Gatapishi (1990–91)
808 Cho Hyori Kewaishi (1990)
Dororonpa! (1991)
21 Emon (1991–92)
Crayon Shin-chan (1992–present)
Sasurai-kun (1992)
Ninpen Manmaru (1997–98)
Yoshimoto Muchikko Monogatari (1998)
Weekly Storyland (1999–2001)
2000s
Gekidō! Rekishi wo Kaeru Otoko-tachi Anime Shizuoka-ken-shi (2000, airing in Shizuoka Prefecture only)
Haré+Guu (2001)
Atashin'chi (2002–09)
Doraemon (2005–present)
Gokyoudai Monogatari (2009–10)
2010s
Stitch! ~Zutto Saikō no Tomodachi~ (2010–2011)
The Knight in the Area (2012)
Kuromajo-san ga Toru!! (2012–2014)
Ninja Hattori-kun Returns (2013–2015)
My Neighbor Seki (2014)
Denkigai no Honya-san (2014)
Mysterious Joker (2014–present)
Shin Atashin'chi (2015–2016)
Trickster (2016–2017)
The Laughing Salesman NEW (2017)
Elegant Yokai Apartment Life (2017)
Pochitto Hatsumei: Pikachin-Kit (2018–present)
Karakai Jozu no Takagi-san (2018)
OVAs/ONAs
Fujio Fujiko A's Mumako (1990)
Haré+Guu DELUXE (2002–2003)
Haré+Guu FINAL (2003–2004)
Doraemon 3D Short Movies (2008)
Kimezō no Kimarimonku Ja Kimaranee (2010–2011)
Potecco Babies (2010–2011)
My Neighbor Seki (2014)
Comical Psychosomatic Medicine (2015)
Crayon Shin-chan Gaiden (2016–present)
Trickster: Episode 00 (2016)
Films
Doraemon: Nobita's Dinosaur (1980)
21 Emon: Uchū e Irasshai! (1981)
Doraemon: The Records of Nobita, Spaceblazer (1981)
Doraemon: Nobita and the Haunts of Evil (1982)
Kaibutsu-kun Demon Sword (1982)
Ninja Hattori-kun: Nin Nin Ninpo Enikki no Maki (1982)
Kaibutsu-kun Hiroshi's Betrayal (1982)
Doraemon: Nobita and the Castle of the Undersea Devil (1983)
Ninja Hattori-kun NinxNin Furusato Daisakusen no Maki (1983)
Perman: The Birdman Has Arrived!! (1983)
Doraemon: Nobita's Great Adventure into the Underworld (1984)
Ninja Hattori-kun + Perman: ESP Wars (1984)
Doraemon: Nobita's Little Star Wars (1985)
Ninja Hattori-kun + Perman: Ninja Beast Jippō vs. Miracle Egg (1985)
Doraemon: Nobita and the Steel Troops (1986)
Obake no Q-tarō: Tobidase! Bake Bake Daisakusen (1986)
Pro Golfer Saru: Super Golf World e no Chousen!! (1986)
Doraemon: Nobita and the Knights on Dinosaurs (1987)
Obake no Q-tarō: Susume! 1/100 Daisakusen (1987)
Pro Golfer Saru: Kouga Hikyou! Kage no Ninpou Golfer Sanjou! (1987)
Doraemon: The Record of Nobita's Parallel Visit to the West (1988)
Esper Mami: Hoshizora no Dancing Doll (1988)
Ultra B: Black Hole kara no Dokusaisha BB!! (1988)
Doraemon: Nobita and the Birth of Japan (1989)
Chinpui: Eri-sama Katsudō Daishashin (1990)
Doraemon: Nobita and the Animal Planet (1990)
Doraemon: Nobita's Dorabian Nights (1991)
21 Emon: Uchū Ike! Hadashi no Princess (1992)
Doraemon: Nobita and the Kingdom of Clouds (1992)
Oishinbo: Kyūkyoku Tai Shikō, Chōju Ryōri Taiketsu!! (1992)
Doraemon: Nobita and the Tin Labyrinth (1993)
Crayon Shin-chan: Action Kamen vs Leotard Devil (1993)
Oishinbo: Nichibei Kome Sensō (1993)
Doraemon: Nobita's Three Visionary Swordsmen (1994)
Crayon Shin-chan: The Secret Treasure of Buri Buri Kingdom (1994)
Doraemon: Nobita's Diary of the Creation of the World (1995)
Crayon Shin-chan: Unkokusai's Ambition (1995)
Doraemon: Nobita and the Galaxy Super-express (1996)
Crayon Shin-chan: Adventure in Henderland (1996)
Doraemon: Nobita and the Spiral City (1997)
Crayon Shin-chan: Pursuit of the Balls of Darkness (1997)
Doraemon: Nobita's Great Adventure in the South Seas (1998)
Crayon Shin-chan: Blitzkrieg! Pig's Hoof's Secret Mission (1998)
Doraemon: Nobita Drifts in the Universe (1999)
Crayon Shin-chan: Explosion! The Hot Spring's Feel Good Final Battle (1999)
Doraemon: Nobita and the Legend of the Sun King (2000)
Crayon Shin-chan: The Storm Called The Jungle (2000)
Doraemon: Nobita and the Winged Braves (2001)
Crayon Shin-chan: The Storm Called: The Adult Empire Strikes Back (2001)
Doraemon: Nobita in the Robot Kingdom (2002)
Crayon Shin-chan: The Storm Called: The Battle of the Warring States (2002)
Doraemon: Nobita and the Windmasters (2003)
Crayon Shin-chan: The Storm Called: Yakiniku Road of Honor (2003)
Pa-Pa-Pa the Movie: Perman (2003)
Atashin'chi (2003)
Pa-Pa-Pa the Movie: Perman: Tako de Pon! Ashi wa Pon! (2004)
Doraemon: Nobita in the Wan-Nyan Spacetime Odyssey (2004)
Crayon Shin-chan: The Storm Called: The Kasukabe Boys of the Evening Sun (2004)
Crayon Shin-chan: The Legend Called Buri Buri 3 Minutes Charge (2005)
Doraemon: Nobita's Dinosaur 2006 (2006)
Crayon Shin-chan: The Legend Called: Dance! Amigo! (2006)
Summer Days with Coo (2007)
Doraemon: Nobita's New Great Adventure into the Underworld (2007)
Crayon Shin-chan: The Storm Called: The Singing Buttocks Bomb (2007)
Doraemon: Nobita and the Green Giant Legend (2008)
Crayon Shin-chan: The Storm Called: The Hero of Kinpoko (2008)
Doraemon the Movie: Nobita's Spaceblazer (2009)
Crayon Shin-chan: Roar! Kasukabe Animal Kingdom (2009)
Doraemon: Nobita's Great Battle of the Mermaid King (2010)
Crayon Shin-chan: Super-Dimension! The Storm Called My Bride (2010)
Atashin'chi 3D (2010)
Doraemon: Nobita and the New Steel Troops—Winged Angels (2011)
Crayon Shin-chan: The Storm Called: Operation Golden Spy (2011)
Doraemon: Nobita and the Island of Miracles—Animal Adventure (2012)
Crayon Shin-chan: The Storm Called!: Me and the Space Princess (2012)
Doraemon: Nobita's Secret Gadget Museum (2013)
Crayon Shin-Chan: Very Tasty! B-class Gourmet Survival!! (2013)
Doraemon: New Nobita's Great Demon—Peko and the Exploration Party of Five (2014)
Crayon Shin-chan: Serious Battle! Robot Dad Strikes Back (2014)
Stand by Me Doraemon (2014)
Doraemon: Nobita's Space Heroes (2015)
Crayon Shin-chan: My Moving Story! Cactus Large Attack! (2015)
Doraemon: Nobita and the Birth of Japan 2016 (2016)
Crayon Shin-Chan: Fast Asleep! Dreaming World Big Assault! (2016)
Gō-chan. ~Moco to Chinjū no Mori no Nakama-tachi~ (2017)
Doraemon the Movie 2017: Great Adventure in the Antarctic Kachi Kochi (2017)
Crayon Shin-chan: Invasion!! Alien Shiriri (2017)
Doraemon the Movie: Nobita's Treasure Island (2018)
Gō-chan. ~Moco to Koori no Ue no Yakusoku~ (2018)
Crayon Shin-chan: Burst Serving! Kung Fu Boys ~Ramen Rebellion~ (2018)
Short films
What Am I for Momotaro (1981)
Mini-Dora SOS (1989)
Wow, The Kid Gang of Bandits (1991)
Tokimeki Solar Kurumaniyon (1992)
Hello, Dynosis Kids (1993)
The Sun is Our Friend: Hold Out, the Soraemon! (1993)
A Blue Straw Hat (1994)
Future Note (1994)
2112: The Birth of Doraemon (1995)
Dorami & Doraemons: Robot School's Seven Mysteries (1996)
The Puzzling Challenge Letter of the Mysterious Thief Dorapan (1997)
Doraemon Comes Back (1998)
The Great Operating of Springing Insects (1998)
Doraemon: Nobita's the Night Before a Wedding (1999)
Strange, Sweet, Strange? (1999)
Doki Doki Wildcat Engine (2000)
Doraemon: A Grandmother's Recollections (2000)
Ganbare! Gian!! (2001)
Space Land's Critical Event (2001)
Goal! Goal! Goal!! (2002)
The Day When I Was Born (2002)
Doraemon's 25th Anniversary (2004)
Category
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values: List of Crayon Shin-chan episodes (1992–2001)

values: List of Crayon Shin-chan episodes (2002–2011)

values: List of Crayon Shin-chan episodes (2012–present)

values: Crayon Shin-chan: Saikyou Kazoku Kasukabe King Wii

values: Crayon Shin-chan: Action Mask vs Leotard Devil

values: Crayon Shin-chan: Adventure in Henderland

values: Crayon Shin-chan: The Storm Called The Jungle

values: Crayon Shin-chan: Fierceness That Invites Storm! The Adult Empire Strikes Back

values: Crayon Shin-chan: Fierceness That Invites Storm! The Battle of the Warring States

values: Crayon Shin-chan: Fierceness That Invites Storm! Yakiniku Road of Honor

values: Crayon Shin-chan: Fierceness That Invites Storm! The Kasukabe Boys of the Evening Sun

values: Crayon Shin-chan: Fierceness That Invites Storm! The Singing Buttocks Bomb

values: Crayon Shin-chan: Fierceness That Invites Storm! The Hero of Kinpoko

values: Crayon Shin-chan: Roar! Kasukabe Animal Kingdom

values: Crayon Shin-chan: Fierceness That Invites Storm! Operation Golden Spy

values: Crayon Shin-chan: Fierceness That Invites Storm! Me and the Space Princess

values: Crayon Shin-chan: Very Tasty! B-class Gourmet Survival!!

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values: Doraemon: Nobita and the Knights on Dinosaurs

values: Doraemon: Nobita and the Kingdom of Clouds

values: Crayon Shin-chan: Action Kamen vs Leotard Devil

values: Doraemon: Nobita's Three Visionary Swordsmen

values: Doraemon: Nobita and the Galaxy Super-express

values: Doraemon: Nobita and the Legend of the Sun King

values: Doraemon: Nobita and the Green Giant Legend

values: Doraemon the Movie: Nobita's Spaceblazer

values: Doraemon: Nobita and the Birth of Japan 2016

values: Crayon Shin-chan: Fast Asleep! Dreaming World Big Assault!

values: Doraemon the Movie: Nobita's Treasure Island

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values: 짱구는 못말려 극장판: 전설을 부르는 춤을 춰라, 아미고! – Korean

values: Crayon Shin-chan - Densetsu o yobu - Odore! Amigo! – Italian

values: クレヨンしんちゃん 伝説を呼ぶ 踊れ!アミーゴ! – Japanese

values: Shin-Chan: Ao Ritmo do Samba – Portuguese

values: Crayon Shin-chan: Densetsu o yobu - Odore! Amigo! – Vietnamese

values: 蠟筆小新：Amigo！森巴入侵計畫 – Chinese

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text:
Purdue Pharma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Purdue Pharma L.P.
Native name
Purdue Pharmaceuticals L.P.
Type
Private
Industry
Pharmaceuticals
Founded
New York, New York, USA (1892 (1892))
Founders
John Purdue Gray
George Frederick Bingham
Headquarters
Stamford, Connecticut, USA
Key people
Dr. Craig Landau (President & CEO)
Website
purduepharma.com (Global website)
Footnotes / references
Purdue Pharma L.P. is a privately held pharmaceutical company owned principally by parties and descendants of Mortimer and Raymond Sackler [1]. In 2007 it paid out one of the largest fines ever levied against a pharmaceutical firm for mislabeling its product OxyContin, and three executives were found guilty of criminal charges. Although the company has shifted its focus to abuse-deterrent formulations, Purdue continues to market and sell opioids, and continues to be involved in lawsuits around the opioid crisis.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Structure
3 Management
4 Controversy
5 Oxycontin-related lawsuits
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Purdue Pharma is a privately held company founded in 1892 by doctors John Purdue Gray and George Frederick Bingham in New York, New York (USA) as the Purdue Frederick Company.[2] The company is not related to Purdue University or its founder John Purdue.
In 1952, the company was sold to two more doctors, Raymond and Mortimer Sackler who relocated the business to Yonkers, New York. In the intervening years the company opened further offices in New Jersey and Connecticut. The headquarters are in Stamford, Connecticut.
The current company, Purdue Pharma L.P. was constituted in 1991 and focuses on pain management medication, calling itself a "pioneer in developing medications for reducing pain, a principal cause of human suffering". In September 2015 the company's website said it has some 1,700 people on its payroll.[3]
In September 2015 the company announced it would acquire VM Pharma, gaining access to worldwide development and commercial rights to an allosteric selective tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitor program – specifically the Phase II candidate VM-902A. The deal could generate more than $213 million for VM Pharma.[4]
Structure[edit]
The company's different branches include Purdue Pharma L.P., The Purdue Frederick Company, Purdue Pharmaceutical Products L.P. and Purdue Products L.P. The company's manufacturing takes place at three different sites, Purdue Pharmaceuticals L.P. a plant located in Wilson North Carolina, The P.F. Laboratories Inc in Totowa, New Jersey and Rhodes Technologies L.P. in Coventry Rhode Island. Purdue Pharma L.P. also has research labs in Cranbury New Jersey. OxyContin is currently distributed throughout the U.S., Canada and Mexico. Distribution takes place from the P.F. Laboratories Inc in Totowa, New Jersey.
Management[edit]
Craig Landau was appointed CEO on June 22, 2017. He joined Purdue Pharma L.P. in 1999. During his 14 years with the U.S. organization, he has served as Chief Medical Officer and as Vice President of R&D Innovation, Clinical and Medical Affairs. In this role and as part of the Company’s Management Team, he and the R&D organization were responsible for a number of health policy initiatives as well as product registrations in the U.S. and other regions, including Butrans, reformulated OxyContin, Targiniq ER and Hysingla ER. In 2013, he was appointed President and CEO of Purdue Pharma (Canada).
Craig earned his B.Sc. in Physiology and Anatomy from Cornell University and his M.D. from Mount Sinai School of Medicine. He completed his Anesthesiology residency at Yale University, with specialty training in chronic pain management, obstetric and peripheral vascular anesthesia. He is also a U.S. Army Veteran, having concluded a distinguished 14-year career in 2005.
Controversy[edit]
Purdue Pharma makes pain medicines such as hydromorphone, oxycodone, fentanyl, codeine, and hydrocodone. It is widely known for the production of drugs such as MS Contin, Oxycontin, and Ryzolt. In 1972, Contin (a controlled drug-release system) was developed. In 1984, its extended-release formulation of morphine, MS Contin was released. In 1996 its extended-release formulation of oxycodone, OxyContin was released.[3]
The controversy behind the company emerged as a result of the drugs that they made and how they carried high potential for abuse by drug abusers and people with a history of addiction. The most commonly abused medications that the company produces are MS Contin and OxyContin. Both can be abused by crushing, chewing, snorting, or injecting the dissolved product. This is a significant risk to the abuser because it can result in overdose and death. Drug-seeking tactics that addicts undergo to obtain the medication include “doctor shopping”, which is visiting a number of different physicians to obtain additional prescriptions and refusal to follow up with appropriate examinations. Along with the high potential for abuse among people without prescriptions, there is also a risk for physical dependency and tolerance for patients that are prescribed them. Nevertheless, strong analgesic drugs remain indispensable to patients suffering from severe acute and cancer pain.[5]
OxyContin, introduced in 1995, was Purdue Pharma’s breakthrough palliative for chronic pain. Under a marketing strategy that Arthur Sackler had pioneered decades earlier, the company aggressively pressed doctors to prescribe the drug, wooing them with free trips to pain-management seminars and paid speaking engagements. Sales soared[6]. The drug was marketed as “smooth and sustained pain control all day and all night” when taken on a 12-hour schedule and as having lower abuse potential than immediate-release oxycodone because of its time-release properties even though there was no scientific evidence backing that conclusion.[7] However, at the start of 2000, widespread reports of OxyContin abuse surfaced. The results obtained from a proactive abuse surveillance program called Researched Abused, Diversion, and Addiction-Related Surveillance (RADARS) sponsored by Purdue Pharma L.P. pronounced Oxycontin and hydrocodone the most commonly abused pain medications.[8] In 2012, New England Journal of Medicine published a study that found that "76 percent of those seeking help for heroin addiction began by abusing pharmaceutical narcotics, primarily OxyContin",[9] and draws a direct line between Purdue's marketing of OxyContin and the subsequent heroin epidemic in the U.S.
A 2016 Los Angeles Times investigation reported that in many people OxyContin's 12-hour schedule does not adequately control pain, resulting in withdrawal symptoms including intense craving for the drug. The journalists suggested that this problem gives "new insight into why so many people have become addicted." Using Purdue documents and other records, they claim that Purdue was aware of this problem even before the drug went to market but "held fast to the claim of 12-hour relief, in part to protect its revenue [because] OxyContin’s market dominance and its high price — up to hundreds of dollars per bottle — hinge on its 12-hour duration."[10]
OxyContin became a blockbuster drug. Purdue had increased its earnings from a few billion in 2007[11] to US$31 billion by 2016.[12] That had increased to US$35 billion by 2017.[13] According to a 2017 article in The New Yorker, Purdue Pharma is "owned by one of America’s richest families, with a collective net worth of thirteen billion dollars".[13]
Oxycontin-related lawsuits[edit]
Purdue was involved in measures against prescription drug abuse, particularly of Oxycontin. In 2001, Connecticut Attorney General Richard Blumenthal issued a statement urging Purdue to take action regarding abuse of Oxycontin; he did note that while Purdue seemed sincere, there was little action being taken beyond "cosmetic and symbolic steps."[14] After Purdue announced plans to reformulate the drug, Blumenthal noted that this would take time and that "Purdue Pharma has a moral, if not legal obligation to take effective steps and address addiction and abuse even as it works to reformulate the drug."[15] The company has since fabricated research to make Oxycontin appear less addictive than it really is.[citation needed]
In 2004, the West Virginia attorney general sued Purdue for reimbursement of “excessive prescription costs” paid by the state. Saying that patients were taking more of the drug than they had been prescribed because the effects of the drug wore off hours before the 12-hour schedule, the state charged Purdue with deceptive marketing. In his ruling the trial judge wrote: “Plaintiff’s evidence shows Purdue could have tested the safety and efficacy of OxyContin at eight hours, and could have amended their label, but did not.” The case never went to trial; Purdue agreed to settle by paying the state $10 million for programs to discourage drug abuse, with all the evidence remaining under seal and confidential.[10]
In May 2007 the company pleaded guilty to misleading the public about Oxycontin's risk of addiction and agreed to pay $600 million in one of the largest pharmaceutical settlements in U.S. history. Its president, top lawyer and former chief medical officer pleaded guilty as individuals to misbranding charges, a criminal violation and agreed to pay a total of $34.5 million in fines.[16][17] Those executives are: Michael Friedman, the company’s president, who agreed to pay $19 million in fines; Howard R. Udell, its top lawyer, who agreed to pay $8 million; and Dr. Paul D. Goldenheim, its former medical director, who agreed to pay $7.5 million. In addition three top executives were charged with a felony and sentenced to 400 hours of community service in drug treatment programs.[18]
On October 4, 2007, Kentucky officials sued Purdue because of widespread Oxycontin abuse in Appalachia. A lawsuit filed by Kentucky then-Attorney General Greg Stumbo and Pike County officials demanded millions in compensation.[19] Eight years later, on December 23, 2015, Kentucky settled with Purdue for $24 million.[20]
In January 2017 the city of Everett, Washington sued Purdue based on increased costs for the city from the use of oxycontin as well as Purdue not intervening when they noted odd patterns of sale of their product, per agreement in the 2007 suit noted above. The allegations include not following legal agreements to track suspicious excess ordering or potential black market usage. False clinics created by unscrupulous doctors using homeless individuals as 'patients' to purchase oxycontin, then sell to the citizens of Everett was the factual basis of the suit. The blackmarket sale of the drug out of legal pharmacies based in Los Angeles with distributions points in Everett is also part of the experience of the city. No intervention was made by Purdue to contact the DEA for years despite knowing of the practice and the overuse and sale of their product. The suit is asking for a yet to be determined reimbursement related to costs of policing, housing, health care, rehabilitation, criminal justice system, park and recreations department, as well as to the loss of life or compromised quality of life of the citizens of the city directly.[21][22][23]
See also[edit]
Richard Sackler (born March 1945) a former chairman and president of Purdue Pharma
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a12775932/sackler-family-oxycontin/
Jump up ^ "Advances in Pain Management, Healthcare & Patients' Lives - About Purdue Pharma L.P". www.purduepharma.com. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "About Purdue Pharma L.P". Retrieved September 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Purdue Pharma Acquires TrkA Inhibitor Program for Up to $213M+ - GEN". GEN. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
Jump up ^ World Health Organization. Cancer pain relief and palliative care. Geneva: WHO 1990
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/19/business/raymond-sackler-dead-of-purdue-pharma.html
Jump up ^ Quinoes, Sam. http://opiateaddictionsupport.com/chasing-heroin-review-frontline-documentary/. Retrieved 4 March 2016. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Cicero TJ, Inciardi JA, Muñoz A (2005). "Trends in abuse of Oxycontin and other opioid analgesics in the United States: 2002-2004". J Pain. 6 (10): 662–72. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2005.05.004. PMID 16202959.
Jump up ^ Smith, Jason. "Kingpins: OxyContin, Heroin, and the Sackler-Sinaloa Connection". Retrieved 4 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Harriet, Ryan; Girion, Lisa; Glover, Scott (May 5, 2016). "'You want a description of hell?' OxyContin's 12-hour problem". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 18, 2017. This is an in-depth series.
Jump up ^ Meier, Barry (May 10, 2007). "In Guilty Plea, OxyContin Maker to Pay $600 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "More than 1 million OxyContin pills ended up in the hands of criminals and addicts. What the drugmaker knew". Los Angeles Times. July 10, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Keefe, Patrick Radden (October 2017). "The Family That Built an Empire of Pain: The Sackler dynasty's ruthless marketing of painkillers has generated billions of dollars—and millions of addicts". The New Yorker. A Reporter at Large. Retrieved October 26, 2017. According to Forbes, the Sacklers are now one of America’s richest families, with a collective net worth of thirteen billion dollars—more than the Rockefellers or the Mellons... While the Sacklers are interviewed regularly on the subject of their generosity, they almost never speak publicly about the family business, Purdue Pharma—a privately held company, based in Stamford, Connecticut, that developed the prescription painkiller OxyContin. Indepth-analysis
Jump up ^ General, Office of the Attorney. "CT Attorney General". www.ct.gov. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
Jump up ^ General, Office of the Attorney. "CT Attorney General". www.ct.gov. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Sue Lindsey, (May 11, 2007) OxyContin Maker, Execs Guilty of Deceit USA Today reproducing and Associated Press report
Jump up ^ Barry Meier, (May 11, 2007) "In Guilty Plea, OxyContin Maker to Pay $600 Million", New York Times
Jump up ^ "domain-b.com : Purdue Pharma fined $634 million for OxyContin deaths; executives punished". www.domain-b.com. July 22, 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kentucky sues makers of OxyContin - USATODAY.com". usatoday30.usatoday.com. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kentucky settles lawsuit with OxyContin maker for $24 million". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
Jump up ^ Harriet Ryan (January 19, 2017), "City devastated by OxyContin use sues Purdue Pharma, claims drugmaker put profits over citizens' welfare", The Los Angeles Times
Jump up ^ Scott North (February 20, 2017), "Everett's suit against OxyContin maker moves to federal court", Everett Herald
Jump up ^ "U.S. City Sues OxyContin Maker For Contributing To Opioid Crisis", Morning Edition, NPR, February 3, 2017
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I Got My Mind Made Up (You Can Get It Girl)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"I Got My Mind Made Up (You Can Get It Girl)"
Single by Instant Funk
from the album Instant Funk
Released
1979 (1979)
Genre
Disco
funk
Length
5:17
3:20 (single version)
Label
Salsoul
"I Got My Mind Made Up (You Can Get It Girl)" is a song recorded by the disco band Instant Funk in 1979. Released from their self-titled debut album, the song spent three non-consecutive weeks at number one on the R&B singles chart (interrupted by "He's the Greatest Dancer" by Sister Sledge). It also enjoyed success on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, peaking at number twenty.[1] The single also peaked at number one on the disco chart.[2] It was recognizably sampled by De La Soul in their track "A Rollerskating Jam named 'Saturdays'".
Throughout the years 'I Got My Mind Made Up' has been remixed to varying degrees of success in the clubs. In 1990 the song was remixed by Freshline Allstars and Hithouse. In 1995 the song was remixed by Johnny Vicious. In 1997 the song was remixed by Alex Neri. In 1998 the song was remixed by Succi and in 2003 the song was remixed by Thunderpuss.
The original production of this song was done on 8 tracks and was a simple 3 minute R&B song. It was transferred to 24 track tape at Blank Tapes, NYC and work began on it by the producer Bunny Sigler and engineer Bob Blank. Among other things, Bunny brought in a woman to say 'say what?' throughout the record. Standing behind her, his directions ("scream") were amplified and used as part of the production. Remixing was done manually (no computerization) and was attempted by Walter Gibbons, Ken Cayre (the owner of Salsoul Records) and finally by Larry Levan. Done in Blank Tapes's old studio A, on a console that was not automated, the remixes were done with spicing tape, playing a small section of the music and then resetting the console, then recording the next piece. For the groove part that defines the song, 4 bars of groove section was edited in over and over to create the format of the song as it exists today. Bob Blank, the engineer for this production, estimates that it took over 60 hours of mixing time to create the versions that exist today.
In 1985, Salsoul Records removed all the multi-track masters from Blank Tapes (hundreds were stored in air conditioned storage areas in the studio) and destroyed them, except for some that were saved from destruction by John Morales. This master was among them.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Vladimir Bogdanov; Chris Woodstra; John Bush; Stephen Thomas Erlewine (2003). All Music Guide to Soul: The Definitive Guide to R&B and Soul. Backbeat Books. p. 338. ISBN 0-87930-744-7.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Hot Dance/Disco: 1974-2003. Record Research. p. 129.
Preceded by
"Bustin' Loose (Part 1)" by Chuck Brown & the Soul Searchers Billboard's Hot Soul number one single
March 17–24, 1979 Succeeded by
"He's the Greatest Dancer" by Sister Sledge
Preceded by
"He's the Greatest Dancer" by Sister Sledge Billboard's Hot Soul number one single
April 7, 1979 Succeeded by
"Disco Nights (Rock-Freak)" by GQ
Preceded by
"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" by Rod Stewart Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one single
March 17, 1979 Succeeded by
"He's the Greatest Dancer" / "We Are Family" by Sister Sledge

This 1970s R&B/soul music song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Mountain formation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The geological processes that underlie the formation of mountains
Thrust and reverse fault movement are an important component of mountain formation.
Illustration of mountains that developed on a fold that thrusted.
Mountain formation refers to the geological processes that underlie the formation of mountains. These processes are associated with large-scale movements of the Earth's crust (tectonic plates).[1] Folding, faulting, volcanic activity, igneous intrusion and metamorphism can all be parts of the orogenic process of mountain building.[2] The formation of mountains is not necessarily related to the geological structures found on it.[3]
The understanding of specific landscape features in terms of the underlying tectonic processes is called tectonic geomorphology, and the study of geologically young or ongoing processes is called neotectonics.[4][clarification needed]
From the late 18th century until its replacement by plate tectonics in the 1960s geosyncline theory was used to explain much mountain-building.[5]
Contents
1 Types of mountains
1.1 Volcanic mountains
1.2 Fold mountains
1.3 Block mountains
1.4 Uplifted passive margins
1.5 Residual mountains
2 Models
2.1 Hotspot volcanoes
2.2 Fault blocks
3 See also
4 Notes
5 External links
Types of mountains[edit]
See also: List of mountain types
There are four main types of mountains: volcanic, fold,residual, and block. A more detailed classification useful on a local scale predates plate tectonics and adds to these categories.[6]
Volcanic mountains[edit]
See also: Stratovolcano, Shield volcano, and Guyot
Annotated view includes Ushkovsky, Tolbachik, Bezymianny, Zimina, and Udina stratovolcanoes of Kamchatka, Russia. Oblique view taken on November 12, 2013 from ISS.[7]
Stratovolcanoes associated with a subduction zone (left) and a spreading ridge volcano (right). A hotspot volcano is center.[8]
Movements of tectonic plates create volcanoes along the plate boundaries, which erupt and form mountains. A volcanic arc system is a series of volcanoes that form near a subduction zone where the crust of a sinking oceanic plate melts and drags water down with the subducting crust.[9]
Most volcanoes occur in a band encircling the Pacific Ocean (the Pacific Ring of Fire), and in another that extends from the Mediterranean across Asia to join the Pacific band in the Indonesian Archipelago. The most important types of volcanic mountain are composite cones or stratovolcanoes (Vesuvius, Kilimanjaro and Mount Fuji are examples) and shield volcanoes (such as Mauna Loa on Hawaii, a hotspot volcano).[10][11]
A shield volcano has a gently sloping cone due to the low viscosity of the emitted material, primarily basalt. Mauna Loa is the classic example, with a slope of 4°-6°. (The relation between slope and viscosity falls under the topic of angle of repose.[12]) The composite volcano or stratovolcano has a more steeply rising cone (33°-40°),[13] due to the higher viscosity of the emitted material, and eruptions are more violent and less frequent than for shield volcanoes. Besides the examples already mentioned are Mount Shasta, Mount Hood and Mount Rainier.[14]
Fold mountains[edit]
See also: Fold (geology), Fold and thrust belt, and Fold mountain
Zard-Kuh, a fold mountain in the central Zagros range of Iran.
When plates collide or undergo subduction (that is – ride one over another), the plates tend to buckle and fold, forming mountains. Most of the major continental mountain ranges are associated with thrusting and folding or orogenesis. Examples are the Jura and the Zagros mountains.[15]
Block mountains[edit]
Main article: Fault-block mountain
Fault-block mountain of tilted type.[16]
Sierra Nevada Mountains (formed by delamination) as seen from the International Space Station.
When a fault block is raised or tilted, block mountains can result.[17] Higher blocks are called horsts and troughs are called grabens. A spreading apart of the surface causes tensional forces. When the tensional forces are strong enough to cause a plate to split apart, it does so such that a center block drops down relative to its flanking blocks.
An example is the Sierra Nevada Range, where delamination created a block 650 km long and 80 km wide that consists of many individual portions tipped gently west, with east facing slips rising abruptly to produce the highest mountain front in the continental United States.[18][19]
Uplifted passive margins[edit]
Unlike orogenic mountains there is no widely accepted geophysical model that explains elevated passive continental margins such as the Scandinavian Mountains, Eastern Greenland, the Brazilian Highlands or Australia's Great Dividing Range.[20][21] Different elevated passive continental margins most likely share the same mechanism of uplift. This mechanism is possibly related to far-field stresses in Earth’s lithosphere. According to this view elevated passived margins can be likened to giant anticlinal lithospheric folds, where folding is caused by horizontal compression acting on a thin to thick crust transition zone (as are all passive margins).[22][23]
Residual mountains[edit]
Further information: Inselberg and bornhardt
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Residual mountains are formed as a result of erosion of an existing elevated area. They are also called mountains of denudation.
Examples in India include: the Aravalli Range, the Nilgiri Mountains in Tamilnadu, the Rajmahal Hills, and the Eastern and Western Ghats.[citation needed]
Models[edit]
See also: Extensional tectonics, Rift valley, Rift, Prediction of volcanic activity, and Geomorphology
Hotspot volcanoes[edit]
Hotspots are supplied by a magma source in the Earth's mantle called a mantle plume. Although originally attributed to a melting of subducted oceanic crust, recent evidence belies this connection.[24] The mechanism for plume formation remains a research topic.
Fault blocks[edit]
Several movements of the earth's crust that lead to mountains are associated with faults. These movements actually are amenable to analysis that can predict, for example, the height of a raised block and the width of an intervening rift between blocks using the rheology of the layers and the forces of isostasy. Early bent plate models predicting fractures and fault movements have evolved into today's kinematic and flexural models.[25][26]
See also[edit]
3D fold evolution
Continental collision
Cycle of erosion
Inselberg
Orogeny – The formation of mountain ranges
Tectonics – The processes that control the structure and properties of the Earth's crust and its evolution through time
Seamount – A mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Steven M. Stanley (2004). "Mountain building". Earth system history (2nd ed.). Macmillan. p. 207. ISBN 0-7167-3907-0.
Jump up ^ Robert J. Twiss; Eldridge M. Moores (1992). "Plate tectonic models of orogenic core zones". Structural Geology (2nd ed.). Macmillan. p. 493. ISBN 0-7167-2252-6.
Jump up ^ Ollier, Cliff; Pain, Colin (2000). The Origin of Mountains. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 0-415-19890-9.
Jump up ^ Kurt Stüwe (2007). "§4.5 Geomorphology". Geodynamics of the lithosphere: an introduction (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 178. ISBN 3-540-71236-4.
Jump up ^ "Geosynclinal Theory". publish.illinois.edu. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved March 8, 2018. The major mountain-building idea that was supported from the 19th century and into the 20th is the geosynclinal theory.
Jump up ^ Andrew Goudie (2004). Encyclopedia of geomorphology; Volume 2. Routledge. p. 701. ISBN 0-415-32738-5.
Jump up ^ NASA - Activity at Kliuchevskoi
Jump up ^ Victor Schmidt; William Harbert (2003). Planet Earth and the New Geoscience (4th ed.). Kendall Hunt. pp. 46–47. ISBN 0-7872-9355-5.
Jump up ^ Stephen D Butz (2004). "Chapter 8: Plate tectonics". Science of Earth Systems. Thompson/Delmar Learning. p. 136. ISBN 0-7668-3391-7.
Jump up ^ John Gerrard (1990). "Types of volcano". Mountain environments: an examination of the physical geography of mountains. MIT Press. p. 194. ISBN 0-262-07128-2.
Jump up ^ Robert Wayne Decker; Barbara Decker (2005). "Chapter 8: Hot spots". Volcanoes (4th ed.). Macmillan. p. 113 ff. ISBN 0-7167-8929-9.
Jump up ^ Arthur Holmes; Donald Duff (2004). Holmes Principles of Physical Geology (4th ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 209. ISBN 0-7487-4381-2.
Jump up ^ Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Volume 39. American Society of Civil Engineers. 1898. p. 62.
Jump up ^ James Shipman; Jerry D. Wilson; Aaron Todd (2007). "Minerals, rocks and volcanoes". An Introduction to Physical Science (12th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 650. ISBN 0-618-93596-7.
Jump up ^ Michael P Searle (2007). "Diagnostic features and processes in the construction and evolution of Oman-, Zagros-, Himalayan-, Karakoram-, and Tibetan type orogenic belts". In Robert D Hatcher Jr.; MP Carlson; JH McBride & JR Martinez Catalán. 4-D framework of continental crust. Geological Society of America. p. 41 ff. ISBN 0-8137-1200-9.
Jump up ^ Chris C. Park (2001). "Figure 6.11". The environment: principles and applications (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 160. ISBN 0-415-21770-9.
Jump up ^ Scott Ryan (2006). "Figure 13-1". CliffsQuickReview Earth Science. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-78937-2.
Jump up ^ John Gerrard (1990-04-12). Reference cited. p. 9. ISBN 0-262-07128-2.
Jump up ^ Lee, C.-T.; Yin, Q; Rudnick, RL; Chesley, JT; Jacobsen, SB (2000). "Osmium Isotopic Evidence for Mesozoic Removal of Lithospheric Mantle Beneath the Sierra Nevada, California" (PDF). Science. 289 (5486): 1912–6. Bibcode:2000Sci...289.1912L. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1912. PMID 10988067. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-15.
Jump up ^ Bonow, Johan M. (2009). "atlantens kustberg och högslätter – gamla eller unga?" (PDF). www.geografitorget.se (in Swedish). Geografilärarnas Riksförening.
Jump up ^ Green, Paul F.; Lidmar-Bergström, Karna; Japsen, Peter; Bonow, Johan M.; Chalmers, James A. (2013). "Stratigraphic landscape analysis, thermochronology and the episodic development of elevated, passive continental margins". Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin. 30: 18. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Japsen, Peter; Chalmers, James A.; Green, Paul F.; Bonow, Johan M. (2012). "Elevated, passive continental margins: Not rift shoulders, but expressions of episodic, post-rift burial and exhumation". Global and Planetary Change. 90-91: 73–86. Bibcode:2012GPC....90...73J. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.05.004.
Jump up ^ Løseth and Hendriksen 2005
Jump up ^ Y Niu & MJ O'Hara (2004). "Chapter 7: Mantle plumes are NOT from ancient oceanic crust". In Roger Hékinian; Peter Stoffers & Jean-Louis Cheminée. Oceanic hotspots: intraplate submarine magmatism and tectonism. Springer. p. 239 ff. ISBN 3-540-40859-2.
Jump up ^ AB Watts (2001). "§7.2 Extensional tectonics and rifting". Isostasy and flexure of the lithosphere. Cambridge University Press. p. 295. ISBN 0-521-00600-7.
Jump up ^ GD Karner & NW Driscoll (1999). "Style, timing and distribution of tectonic deformation across the Exmouth Plateau, northwest Australia, determined from stratal architecture and quantitative basin modelling". In Conall Mac Niocaill & Paul Desmond Ryan. Continental tectonics. Geological society. p. 280. ISBN 1-86239-051-7.
External links[edit]
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Speaker of the Lok Sabha
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Speaker of the Lok Sabha
Sabha
State Emblem of India
Flag of India
Incumbent
Sumitra Mahajan
Style
The Honourable
Appointer
Members of the Lok Sabha
Term length
During the life of the Lok Sabha (five years maximum)
Inaugural holder
Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar
Formation
15 May 1952
Deputy
M. Thambidurai
Website
Speaker's Official Website
India
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
India
Constitution and law[show]
Constitutional amendment
Basic structure doctrine
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The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India.[1] The speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections. Serving for a term of five years, the Speaker chosen from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha, and is by convention a member of the ruling party or alliance.
The current speaker is Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party, who is presiding over the 11th Lok Sabha. She is the second woman to hold the office, after her immediate predecessor Meira Kumar.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Powers and functions of the Speaker
2 Removal of the Speaker
3 Protem Speaker
4 List of Speakers
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Powers and functions of the Speaker[edit]
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house; and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behavior by suspending them. They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. The date of election of the speaker is fixed by the President. Further, all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker. The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament. The counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha is the Chairman, who is the Vice President of India. In the warrant of precedence, the speaker of Lok Sabha comes next only to The Deputy Prime Minister of India. Speaker has the sixth rank in the political executive of India.
Removal of the Speaker[edit]
Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by an effective majority of the House as per Articles 94 and 96.
Speaker is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 & 8 of Representation of the People Act, 1951.[3] This would arise out of speaker's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in Articles 110 of the constitution.[4] When courts uphold the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of a bill as money bill, it amounts to disrespecting the constitution deserving conviction under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 which is applicable for disqualification of speaker's Lok Sabha membership under section 8k of Representation of the People Act, 1951. However the omissions in the procedure committed by the speaker in the Lok Sabha can not be challenged in court of law per Article 122[5]
Protem Speaker[edit]
After a general election and the formation of a new government, a list of senior Lok Sabha members prepared by the Legislative Section is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, who selects a protem speaker. The appointment has to be approved by the president.[6]
The first meeting after the election when the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are selected by members of the Parliament is held under the pro tem Speaker. In absence of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker acts as Speaker and in the absence of both a committee of six member selected by the Speaker will act as Speaker according to their seniority.
Eligibility Criteria Of a Speaker of Loksabha
1) He or She must be a citizen of India.
2) He or She must not be less than 25 years of age.
3) He or She should not hold any office of profit under the Government of India,or the Government of any other state.
List of Speakers[edit]
No.
Name
Portrait
Term
Party
From
To
Length
Lok Sabha[7]
1 Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar
15 May 1952 27 February 1956 3 years, 288 days 1st Indian National Congress
2 M. A. Ayyangar 8 March 1956 10 May 1957 1 year, 63 days
11 May 1957 16 April 1962 4 years, 340 days 2nd
3 Sardar Hukam Singh 17 April 1962 16 March 1967 4 years, 333 days 3rd
4 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 17 March 1967 19 July 1969 2 years, 124 days 4th
5 Gurdial Singh Dhillon — 8 August 1969 19 March 1971 1 year, 221 days
22 March 1971 1 December 1975 4 years, 254 days 5th
6 Bali Ram Bhagat — 15 January 1976 25 March 1977 1 year, 69 days
(4) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 26 March 1977 13 July 1977 109 days 6th Janata Party
7 K. S. Hegde 21 July 1977 21 January 1980 2 years, 184 days
8 Balram Jakhar 22 January 1980 27 oct 1984 3 years, 358 days 7th Indian National Congress
16 January 1985 18 December 1989 4 years, 336 days 8th
9 Rabi Ray — 19 December 1989 9 July 1991 1 year, 202 days 9th Janata Dal
10 Shivraj Patil 10 July 1991 22 May 1996 4 years, 317 days 10th Indian National Congress
11 P. A. Sangma 23 May 1996 23 March 1998 1 year, 304 days 11th
12 G. M. C. Balayogi — 24 March 1998 19 October 1999 1 year, 209 days 12th Telugu Desam Party
22 October 1999 3 March 2002 2 years, 132 days 13th
13 Manohar Joshi 10 May 2002 2 June 2004 2 years, 23 days Shiv Sena
14 Somnath Chatterjee 4 June 2004 31 May 2009 4 years, 361 days 14th Communist Party of India (Marxist)
15 Meira Kumar 4 June 2009 4 June 2014 5 years, 0 days 15th Indian National Congress
16 Sumitra Mahajan 5 June 2014 Incumbent 4 years, 13 days 16th Bharatiya Janata Party
See also[edit]
Parliament of India
President of India
Vice-President of India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha". speakerloksabha.nic.in. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sumitra Mahajan: Did you know she is listed as 'Tai' even in Lok Sabha". India Today. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sections 7 & 8k, Representation of the People Act, 1951" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Aadhaar Act as Money Bill: Why the Lok Sabha isn't Immune from Judicial Review". Retrieved 29 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Interpretation of Article 122 by the Supreme Court". Retrieved 3 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Ashok, Akash Deep (4 June 2014). "Pro tem Speaker: All you need to know about this parliamentary post". India Today. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Office of the Lok Sabha Speaker". Retrieved 29 July 2016.
External links[edit]
show
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Speakers of the Lok Sabha
Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar
M. A. Ayyangar
Sardar Hukam Singh
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Gurdial Singh Dhillon
Bali Ram Bhagat
K. S. Hegde
Balram Jakhar
Rabi Ray
Shivraj Patil
P. A. Sangma
G. M. C. Balayogi
Manohar Joshi
Somnath Chatterjee
Meira Kumar
Sumitra Mahajan
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Parliament of India
President of India
President of India (List)
Lok Sabha
Speaker
Leader of the Lok Sabha
Leader of the Opposition
Constituencies
1st LS (1952–57) (Members)
2nd LS (1957–62) (Members)
3rd LS (1962–67) (Members)
4th LS (1967–71) (Members)
5th LS (1971–77) (Members)
6th LS (1977–80) (Members)
7th LS (1980–84) (Members)
8th LS (1984–89) (Members)
9th LS (1989–91) (Members)
10th LS (1991–96) (Members)
11th LS (1996–98) (Members)
12th LS (1998–99) (Members)
13th LS (1999–2004) (Members)
14th LS (2004–09) (Members)
15th LS (2009–14) (Members)
16th LS (2014–19) (Members)
Rajya Sabha
Members
Chairman
Leader of the Rajya Sabha
Leader of the Opposition
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values: লোকসভার অধ্যক্ষ – Bangla

values: લોકસભાના અધ્યક્ષ – Gujarati

values: लोकसभा अध्यक्ष – Hindi

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values: भारताच्या लोकसभेचे अध्यक्ष – Marathi

values: ਲੋਕ ਸਭਾ ਦੇ ਸਪੀਕਰ – Punjabi

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values: लोकसभाध्यक्षः – Sanskrit

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values: Speaker of the Lok Sabha – Simple English

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values: இந்திய மக்களவைத் தலைவர் – Tamil

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