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Prevalence of teenage pregnancy
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Teenage birth rate per 1,000 women aged 15–19, 2000–2009[1]
Industrialized and developing countries have distinctly different rates of teenage pregnancy. In developed regions, such as United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, teen parents tend to be unmarried and adolescent pregnancy is seen as a social issue.
By contrast, teenage parents in developing regions such as Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Pacific Islands are often married, and their pregnancy may be welcomed by family and society. However, in these societies, early pregnancy may combine with malnutrition and poor health care to cause medical problems. A report by Save the Children found that, annually, 13 million children are born to women under age 20 worldwide. More than 90% of these births occur to women living in developing countries. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of mortality among women between the ages of 15 and 19 in such areas, as they are the leading cause of mortality among older women.
The age of the mother is determined by the easily verified date when the pregnancy ends, not by the estimated date of conception.[2] Consequently, the statistics do not include women who first became pregnant before their 20th birthdays, if those pregnancies did not end until on or after their 20th birthdays.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Rates by continent
1.1 Africa
1.2 Asia
1.3 Australia
1.4 Europe
1.4.1 Bulgaria and Romania
1.4.2 Netherlands
1.4.3 Nordic countries
1.4.4 Italy, Spain and Portugal
1.4.5 United Kingdom
1.5 The Americas
1.5.1 Canada
1.5.2 Colombia
1.5.3 United States
2 Statistics
2.1 World Development Indicator
2.2 UN Statistics Division, live birth 2009
2.3 UN Statistics Division, estimates 1995-2010
2.4 Birth and abortion rates, 1996
3 See also
4 References
Rates by continent[edit]
Africa[edit]
Adolescent fertility correlates strongly with poverty in African nations.
The highest rate of teenage pregnancy in the world — 143 per 1,000 girls aged 15–19 years — is in sub-Saharan Africa.[3] Women in Africa, in general, get married at much earlier ages than women elsewhere — leading to earlier pregnancies. In Nigeria, according to the Health and Demographic Survey in 1992, 47% of women aged 20–24 were married before 15 and 87% before 18. 53% of those surveyed also had given birth to a child before the age of 18.[4] Teenage birth rates in African countries (2002)[5] According to data from World Bank, as of 2015, the highest incidence of births among 15-19 years old girls was in: Niger, Mali, Angola, Guinea and Mozambique. [6]
A Save the Children report identified 10 countries where motherhood carried the most risks for young women and their babies. Of these, 9 were in sub-Saharan Africa, and Niger, Liberia, and Mali were the nations where girls were the most at-risk. In the 10 highest-risk nations, more than one in six teenage girls between the ages of 15 to 19 gave birth annually, and nearly one in seven babies born to these teenagers died before the age of one year.[7]
Asia[edit]
In the Indian subcontinent, premarital sex is uncommon, but early marriage sometimes means adolescent pregnancy. The rate of early marriage is higher in rural regions than it is in urbanized areas. Fertility rates in South Asia range from 71 to 119 births a trend towards increasing age at marriage for both sexes. In South Korea and Singapore, although the occurrence of sexual intercourse before marriage has risen, rates of adolescent childbearing are low at 4 to 8 per 1000. The rate of early marriage and pregnancy has decreased sharply in Indonesia; however, it remains high in comparison to the rest of Asia.[citation needed]
Surveys from Thailand have found that a significant minority of unmarried adolescents are sexually active. Although premarital sex is considered normal behavior for males, particularly with prostitutes, it is not always regarded as such for females. Most Thai youth reported that their first sexual experience, whether within or outside of marriage, was without contraception. The adolescent fertility rate in Thailand is relatively high at 60 per 1000. 25% of women admitted to hospitals in Thailand for complications of induced abortion are students. The Thai government has undertaken measures to inform the nation's youth about the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases and unplanned pregnancy.
According to the World Health Organization, in several Asian countries including Bangladesh and Indonesia, a large proportion (26-37%) of deaths among female adolescents can be attributed to maternal causes.[8]
Australia[edit]
Main article: Teenage pregnancy in Australia
In 2015, the birth rate among teenage women in Australia was 11.9 births per 1,000 women.[9] The rate has fallen from 55.5 births per 1,000 women in 1971, probably due to ease of access to effective birth control, rather than any decrease in sexual activity.[10]
Europe[edit]
The overall trend in Europe since 1970 has been a decrease in the total fertility rate, an increase in the age at which women experience their first birth, and a decrease in the number of births among teenagers.
The rates of teenage pregnancy may vary widely within a country. For instance, in the United Kingdom, the rate of adolescent pregnancy in 2002 was as high as 100.4 per 1000 among young women living in the London Borough of Lambeth, and as low as 20.2 per 1000 among residents in the Midlands local authority area of Rutland. In Italy, the teenage birth rate in central regions is only 3.3 per 1,000, but, in the Mezzogiorno it is 10.0 per 1000.
Teenage birth is often associated with economic and social issues: such as alcohol and drug misuse and, across 13 nations in the European Union, women who gave birth as teenagers were twice as likely to be living in poverty, compared with those who first gave birth when they were over 20.[11]
Bulgaria and Romania[edit]
Romania and Bulgaria have some of the highest teenage birth rates in Europe. As of 2015, Bulgaria had a birth rate of 37/1.000 women aged 15-19, and Romania of 34.[12] Both countries also have very large Romani populations, who have an occurrence of teenage pregnancies well above the local average.[13][14][15]
In recent years, the number of teenage mothers is declining in Bulgaria.
Number of teenage mothers in Bulgaria in the period 1990-2016 [16]
Year 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
All live births in Bulgaria 105,180 71,967 73,679 69,886 75,513 65,950
Mothers aged under twenty 22,518 16,278 12,787 10,625 8,411 6,274
Share of teenage mothers 21.4% 22.6% 17.4% 15.2% 11.1% 9.5%
Netherlands[edit]
The Netherlands has a low rate of births and abortions among teenagers (5 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2002[5]). Compared with countries with higher teenage birth rates, the Dutch have a higher average age at first intercourse and increased levels of contraceptive use (including the "double Dutch" method of using both a hormonal contraception method and a condom[citation needed]).
Nordic countries[edit]
Nordic countries, such as Denmark and Sweden, also have low rates of teenage birth (both have 7 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2002[5]). However, Norway's birth rate is slightly higher (11 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2002[5]) and Iceland has a birth rate of 19 per 1,000 women aged 15–19 [5] (nearly the same as the UK). These countries have higher abortion rates than the Netherlands.
Italy, Spain and Portugal[edit]
In some countries, such as Italy and Spain, the rate of adolescent pregnancy is low (6 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2002 in both countries).[5] These two countries also have low abortion rates (lower than Sweden and the other Nordic countries)[17] and their teenage pregnancy rates are among the lowest in Europe. Portugal, however, has a relatively high percentage of teenage pregnancy (17 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2002).[5]
United Kingdom[edit]
Main article: Teenage pregnancy and sexual health in the United Kingdom
The UK has one of the highest teenage birth rates in Europe with a rate of 26.4 teenage births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2006, down from 27.9 births in 2001.[18] The UK also has a higher rate of abortion than most European countries. Of young Britons reported engaging in sexual intercourse whilst in their teens, 80% said they did not use a form of contraception (Citation needed), although a half of those under 16, and one-third of those between 16 and 19, said they did not use a form of contraception during their first encounter (Citation needed). 10% of British teen mothers are married.[19] Adolescent pregnancy is viewed as a matter of concern by both the British government and the British press.
The Americas[edit]
Canada[edit]
The Canadian teenage birth rate in 2002 was 16 per 1000 [5] and the teenage pregnancy rate was 33.9. According to data from Statistics Canada, the Canadian teenage pregnancy rate has trended towards a steady decline for both younger (15-17) and older (18-19) teens in the period between 1992-2002.[20] Canada's highest teen pregnancy rates occur in small towns located in rural parts of peninsular Ontario. Alberta and Quebec have high teen pregnancy rates as well.
Colombia[edit]
In 2016, the Minister of Health and Social Protection of Colombia, Alejandro Gaviria Uribe announced that "teenage pregnancy decreased by two percentage points breaking the growing tendency that had been seen since the nineties".[21]
United States[edit]
See also: Teenage pregnancy in the United States
In 2013, the teenage birth rate in the United States reached a historic low: 26.6 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19.[22] More than three-quarters of these births are to adult women aged 18 or 19.[22] In 2005 in the U.S., the majority (57%) of teen pregnancies resulted in a live birth, 27% ended in an induced abortion, and 16% in a fetal loss.[23]
The U.S. teen birth rate was 53 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2002,[5] the highest in the developed world.[11] If all pregnancies, including those that end in abortion or miscarriage, are taken into account, the total rate in 2000 was 75.4 pregnancies per 1,000 girls. Nevada and the District of Columbia have the highest teen pregnancy rates in the U.S., while North Dakota has the lowest.[24] Over 80% of teenage pregnancies in the U.S. are unintended;[25] approximately one third end in abortion, one third end in spontaneous miscarriage, and one third will continue their pregnancy and keep their baby.[26]
However, the trend is decreasing: in 1990, the birth rate was 61.8, and the pregnancy rate 116.9 per thousand. This decline has manifested across all races, although teenagers of African-American and Hispanic descent retain a higher rate, in comparison to that of European-Americans and Asian-Americans. The Guttmacher Institute attributed about 25% of the decline to abstinence and 75% to the effective use of contraceptives.[24]
Within the United States teen pregnancy is often brought up in political discourse. The goal to limit teen pregnancy is shared by Republicans and Democrats, though avenues of reduction are usually different. Many Democrats cite teen pregnancy as proof of the continuing need for access to birth control and sexual education, while Republicans often cite a need for returning to conservative values, often including abstinence.
An inverse correlation has been noted between teen pregnancy rates and the quality of education in a state. A positive correlation, albeit weak, appears between a city's teen pregnancy rate and its average summer night temperature, especially in the Southern U.S. (Savageau, compiler, 1993–1995).
Statistics[edit]
World Development Indicator[edit]
The birth rate for women aged 15–19 is one of the World Bank's World Development Indicators. The data for most countries and a variety of groupings (e.g. Sub-Saharan Africa or OECD members) are published regularly, and can be viewed or downloaded from a United Nations website.[27]
UN Statistics Division, live birth 2009[edit]
Per 1,000 women 15–19 years old, source:[28]
showCountry
Teenage birth rate
per 1000 women 15–19
Year
South Korea 1.8 2009
Hong Kong 3.5 2009
Switzerland 4.1 2009
Japan 4.9 2009
Singapore 7.2 2009
Netherlands 5.3 2009
Slovenia 5.4 2009
Denmark 5.5 2009
Sweden 5.9 2009
Cyprus 6.0 2009
Tunisia 6.0 2007
Italy 6.8 2005
Luxembourg 7.1 2009
Norway 9.5 2009
Germany 9.8 2008
France 10.2 2008
Austria 10.4 2009
Faeroe Islands 10.5 2007
Greece 11.6 2009
Czech Republic 11.8 2009
Spain 12.2 2009
Croatia 13.0 2009
Israel 13.4 2009
Bahrain 13.7 2008
Malaysia 13.9 2008
Canada 14.2 2008
Kuwait 14.4 2008
Albania 14.5 2004
Iceland 14.5 2009
Bosnia and Herzegovina 14.9 2009
Portugal 15.3 2009
Qatar 15.9 2009
Poland 16.2 2009
Ireland 16.3 2009
Australia 16.5 2009
Lithuania 16.9 2009
Tonga 17.5 2003
Bermuda 17.7 2009
Maldives 18.0 2009
Mongolia 19.3 2008
Hungary 19.5 2009
Martinique 19.8 2007
Macedonia 19.9 2009
Malta 20.2 2009
Pakistan 20.3 2005
Estonia 20.4 2009
Latvia 20.8 2009
Uzbekistan 21.1 2000
Sri Lanka 21.2 2006
Serbia 21.7 2009
Slovakia 21.8 2009
Belarus 21.9 2006
Montenegro 22.5 2009
UK 25.0 2009
Guadeloupe 25.5 2003
Moldova 27.0 2009
Armenia 27.6 2009
Morocco 28.3 2001
Ukraine 29.3 2007
New Zealand 29.4 2009
Fiji 29.7 2004
Russia 30.2 2009
Palau 30.8 2005
Kazakhstan 31.1 2008
Kyrgyzstan 31.2 2009
Egypt 31.2 2009
Netherlands Antilles 31.7 2007
Mauritius 31.9 2009
Cayman Islands 34.1 2009
Bhutan 36.5 2005
Georgia 36.6 2006
Liberia 37.4 2008
Aruba 39.3 2009
Romania 39.3 2009
Azerbaijan 41.4 2009
United States 41.5 2008
Timor-Leste 42.2 2004
Saint Lucia 43.9 2005
Réunion 44.1 2007
Dominica 45.8 2006
Bulgaria 46.7 2009
Cuba 50.5 2009
Namibia 51.2 2001
Grenada 53.1 2000
US Virgin Islands 53.1 2007
Puerto Rico 54.6 2008
Chile 54.9 2008
Uruguay 58.8 2007
Greenland 63.0 2009
Costa Rica 63.0 2009
Suriname 65.5 2007
Argentina 67.7 2009
Swaziland 71.0 2007
El Salvador 73.9 2007
French Guiana 83.3 2007
Panama 88.4 2009
Malawi 101.5 2008
Venezuela 101.8 2007
Senegal 115.6 2002
UN Statistics Division, estimates 1995-2010[edit]
Per 1,000 women 15–19 years old, source:[29]
showCountry
1995–2000
2000–2005
2005–2010
Afghanistan 212.4 161.2 118.7
Albania 11.8 17.4 17.9
Algeria 11.8 8.5 7.3
Angola 215.1 201.0 171.1
Argentina 69.8 60.7 56.9
Armenia 53.0 37.9 35.7
Aruba 47.3 41.1 33.4
Australia 19.2 16.7 16.5
Austria 14.6 13.5 12.8
Azerbaijan 41.0 33.6 33.8
Bahamas 61.9 44.0 31.8
Bahrain 17.9 15.7 14.9
Bangladesh 130.5 105.9 78.9
Barbados 56.2 42.1 42.6
Belarus 33.2 23.9 22.1
Belgium 22.7 16.1 14.2
Belize 106.3 91.2 78.7
Benin 123.3 117.4 111.7
Bhutan 75.0 58.3 50.2
Bolivia 86.9 84.4 78.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina 27.0 18.2 16.4
Botswana 73.3 61.2 52.1
Brazil 89.7 86.0 75.6
Brunei Darussalam 28.8 26.2 25.1
Bulgaria 50.6 44.8 42.8
Burkina Faso 136.2 130.4 124.8
Burundi 40.1 29.0 18.6
Cambodia 53.3 45.4 41.8
Cameroon 142.8 136.2 127.8
Canada 20.1 15.0 14.0
Cape Verde 105.8 94.7 81.6
Central African Republic 134.4 122.5 106.6
Chad 193.4 189.6 164.5
Channel Islands 13.8 11.9 9.9
Chile 66.9 61.6 58.3
China 6.8 8.2 8.4
Hong Kong 5.0 4.0 3.2
Macao 6.1 4.0 3.0
Colombia 91.7 95.7 74.3
Comoros 66.5 63.6 58.0
Republic of the Congo 130.2 130.5 118.7
Costa Rica 86.9 76.4 65.6
Côte d'Ivoire 136.4 134.9 129.4
Croatia 17.8 14.4 13.5
Cuba 67.9 50.3 45.2
Cyprus 13.1 7.2 6.6
Czech Republic 16.7 11.4 11.1
North Korea 1.4 1.0 0.7
Democratic Republic of the Congo 242.0 230.6 201.4
Denmark 8.0 6.6 6.0
Djibouti 31.1 28.8 22.9
Dominican Republic 111.0 109.6 108.7
Ecuador 85.4 84.5 82.8
Egypt 58.8 52.5 46.6
El Salvador 111.5 91.9 82.7
Equatorial Guinea 133.9 128.8 122.9
Eritrea 98.7 83.2 66.6
Estonia 30.5 22.3 22.7
Ethiopia 111.5 97.2 72.4
Fiji 45.8 41.5 45.2
Finland 9.6 13.1 9.3
France 7.2 8.0 7.2
French Guiana 120.8 103.1 82.7
French Polynesia 61.3 55.6 51.1
Gabon 130.1 107.1 89.9
Gambia 130.9 102.8 76.6
Georgia 60.5 48.5 44.7
Germany 12.8 10.4 7.9
Ghana 90.1 79.9 71.1
Greece 11.7 10.7 11.6
Grenada 61.5 51.2 42.4
Guadeloupe 21.8 20.1 19.5
Guam 78.2 54.5 51.5
Guatemala 121.1 115.4 107.2
Guinea 174.4 165.7 157.4
Guinea-Bissau 147.3 130.6 111.1
Guyana 73.9 82.4 68.3
Haiti 61.8 52.5 46.4
Honduras 114.6 102.5 93.1
Hungary 27.0 18.5 16.5
Iceland 23.5 17.3 14.6
India 116.1 98.6 86.3
Indonesia 47.8 49.1 45.1
Iran 48.4 33.5 29.5
Iraq 57.1 71.2 98.0
Ireland 19.0 19.0 17.5
Israel 17.7 16.0 14.0
Italy 7.0 7.0 6.7
Jamaica 93.5 85.4 77.3
Japan 4.4 5.8 5.0
Jordan 40.6 31.0 26.5
Kazakhstan 40.0 28.4 30.0
Kenya 105.7 104.2 100.2
Kuwait 26.9 16.1 13.8
Kyrgyzstan 37.6 31.5 34.1
Laos 55.5 52.0 39.0
Latvia 21.9 16.6 18.0
Lebanon 32.0 19.8 16.2
Lesotho 94.0 89.6 73.5
Liberia 152.2 146.1 142.6
Libya 4.7 3.8 3.2
Lithuania 32.2 20.6 19.7
Luxembourg 10.1 11.8 10.1
Madagascar 155.1 149.5 134.3
Malawi 160.9 159.1 119.2
Malaysia 15.0 15.2 14.2
Maldives 46.6 23.0 12.2
Mali 190.9 189.5 186.3
Malta 16.5 16.2 17.3
Martinique 26.0 25.1 22.5
Mauritania 96.5 88.0 79.2
Mauritius 36.3 36.5 35.4
Mayotte 86.0 106.0 102.5
Mexico 77.8 74.4 70.6
Federated States of Micronesia 44.8 34.3 25.4
Mongolia 32.8 21.8 20.8
Montenegro 23.4 20.9 18.2
Morocco 27.1 19.5 15.1
Mozambique 117.0 176.4 149.2
Myanmar 23.7 19.3 16.3
Namibia 90.4 81.7 74.4
Nepal 129.1 119.9 103.4
Netherlands 6.2 7.1 5.1
Netherlands Antilles 43.5 36.7 31.7
New Caledonia 16.3 19.0 20.0
New Zealand 31.5 27.1 30.9
Nicaragua 132.6 119.4 112.7
Niger 220.6 213.5 207.1
Nigeria 135.2 127.2 118.3
Norway 12.6 9.6 9.0
Occupied Palestinian Territory 96.5 71.4 53.5
Oman 43.2 18.1 9.2
Pakistan 60.0 41.3 31.6
Panama 93.2 89.0 82.6
Papua New Guinea 75.6 71.0 66.9
Paraguay 91.9 82.3 72.3
Peru 70.5 61.5 54.7
Philippines 49.1 53.9 54.1
Poland 20.4 14.9 14.8
Portugal 20.7 20.2 16.8
Puerto Rico 72.4 65.0 53.8
Qatar 24.2 18.6 16.2
South Korea 3.0 2.2 2.3
Republic of Moldova 58.1 37.4 33.8
Réunion 23.4 36.0 44.7
Romania 41.9 35.0 32.0
Russian Federation 35.7 27.9 30.0
Rwanda 53.5 44.7 38.7
Saint Lucia 69.8 62.0 61.7
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 76.1 64.6 58.9
Samoa 45.4 36.8 28.3
Sao Tome and Principe 94.6 80.0 66.1
Saudi Arabia 37.3 20.6 11.6
Senegal 112.4 107.7 105.9
Serbia 28.0 25.8 22.1
Sierra Leone 150.9 143.4 143.7
Singapore 8.0 7.0 4.8
Slovakia 27.4 20.7 20.2
Slovenia 12.8 8.5 5.0
Solomon Islands 71.1 70.1 70.3
Somalia 72.5 71.9 70.1
South Africa 80.6 70.7 59.2
Spain 8.1 10.3 12.7
Sri Lanka 28.0 27.9 23.6
Sudan 87.1 73.6 61.9
Suriname 50.8 44.8 39.5
Swaziland 109.4 102.4 83.9
Sweden 8.9 8.1 6.0
Switzerland 5.7 5.3 4.6
Syrian Arab Republic 51.9 45.5 42.8
Tajikistan 35.8 31.5 28.4
TFYR Macedonia 33.4 26.3 22.0
Thailand 45.8 43.6 43.3
Timor-Leste 71.9 70.1 65.8
Togo 93.9 78.9 65.3
Tonga 22.5 21.3 22.3
Trinidad and Tobago 42.1 35.4 34.7
Tunisia 8.4 6.5 5.7
Turkey 52.0 42.8 39.2
Turkmenistan 17.8 23.0 19.5
Uganda 191.0 172.5 149.9
Ukraine 43.0 29.5 30.8
United Arab Emirates 27.6 24.9 26.7
United Kingdom 31.0 27.0 29.6
Tanzania 133.3 132.0 130.4
United States of America 50.5 43.1 41.2
United States Virgin Islands 51.9 37.6 29.2
Uruguay 67.3 63.5 61.1
Uzbekistan 41.5 14.3 13.8
Vanuatu 62.0 58.1 54.0
Venezuela 94.1 92.1 89.9
Vietnam 27.1 25.8 26.8
Western Sahara 56.5 32.7 21.4
Yemen 109.1 91.2 78.8
Zambia 143.1 159.6 146.8
Zimbabwe 106.3 75.2 64.6
World
66.8
60.4
55.7
Birth and abortion rates, 1996[edit]
Per 1000 women 15–19, (%aborted = %of teenage pregnancies ending in abortion ) source:[17][30][31][32][33]
Country
birth rate
abortion rate
combined rate
% aborted
Netherlands 7.7 3.9 11.6 33.6
Spain 7.5 4.9 12.4 39.5
Italy 6.9 6.7 13.3 50.4
Greece 12.2 1.3 13.5 9.6
Belgium 9.9 5.2 15.1 34.4
Germany 13.0 5.3 18.3 28.9
Finland 9.8 9.6 19.4 49.5
Ireland 16.7 4.6 21.3 21.6
France 9.4 13.2 22.6 58.4
Denmark 8.2 15.4 23.6 65.3
Sweden 7.7 17.7 25.4 69.7
Norway 13.6 18.3 31.9 57.4
Czech Republic 20.1 12.4 32.5 38.2
Iceland 21.5 20.6 42.1 48.9
Slovakia 30.5 13.1 43.6 30
Australia 20.1 23.9 44 54.3
Canada 22.3 22.1 44.4 49.8
Israel 32.0 14.3 46.3 30.9
United Kingdom 29.6 21.3 50.9 41.8
New Zealand 33.4 22.5 55.9 40.3
Hungary 29.9 30.2 60.1 50.2
Romania 40.0 37.9 77.9 48.7
United States 55.6 30.2 85.8 35.2
See also[edit]
Adolescent sexuality in the United States
Teenage pregnancy and sexual health in the United Kingdom
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ J. Joseph Speidel; Cynthia C. Harper; Wayne C. Shields (September 2008). "The Potential of Long-acting Reversible Contraception to Decrease Unintended Pregnancy". Contraception. 78 (3): 197–200. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.06.001. PMID 18692608.
Jump up ^ Strasburger, Victor C. (2007) Teen Pregnancy Rates in the USA Cool Nurse, MD University of New Mexico School of Medicine.
Jump up ^ "Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19)". United Nations Data Retrieval System. United Nations. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Live births by age of mother and sex of child, general and age-specific fertility rates: latest available year, 2000-2009 — United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics
Jump up ^ "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". esa.un.org.
Jump up ^ Sikron F, Wilf-Miron R, Israeli A, U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health; Wilf-Miron, R; Israeli, A (Feb 2003). "Adolescent pregnancy in Israel". Harefuah. 142 (2): 131–6, 158, 157. PMID 12653047. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Stanley K. Henshaw, Susheela Singh and Taylor Haas, The Guttmacher Institute (Jan 1999). "The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide".
Jump up ^ "Statistical Yearbook 2008" (PDF). National Institute of Statistics.
Jump up ^ Table 4.1, data from 1996 Archived 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine., Irish Crisis Pregnancy Agency, Published 2006
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