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Juggling
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For the novel by Barbara Trapido, see Juggling (novel).
"Juggler" redirects here. For other uses, see The Juggler.
Play media
Street juggler with devil sticks at the Hockenheim artisans' and farmers' market (2012)
Juggling five balls
Juggling is a physical skill, performed by a juggler, involving the manipulation of objects for recreation, entertainment, art or sport. The most recognizable form of juggling is toss juggling. Juggling can be the manipulation of one object or many objects at the same time, using one or many hands. Jugglers often refer to the objects they juggle as props. The most common props are balls, clubs, or rings. Some jugglers use more dramatic objects such as knives, fire torches or chainsaws. The term juggling can also commonly refer to other prop-based manipulation skills, such as diabolo, devil sticks, poi, cigar boxes, contact juggling, hooping, yo-yo, and hat manipulation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Origins and history
2.1 Ancient to 20th century
2.2 20th century
3 Popular forms
4 World records
5 Performance
5.1 Style
5.1.1 Circus juggling
5.1.2 Comedy juggling
5.1.3 Gentleman juggling
5.1.4 Themed juggling
6 Venues
6.1 Circus
6.2 Variety theatres
6.3 Casinos
6.4 Festivals and fairs
6.5 Historically themed events
6.6 Street performance
6.7 Space
7 Notable jugglers
8 Mathematics
8.1 Juggling notation
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Etymology[edit]
Animation of 3 ball cascade (also known as a Siteswap 3)
The words juggling and juggler derive from the Middle English jogelen ("to entertain by performing tricks"), which in turn is from the Old French jangler. There is also the Late Latin form joculare of Latin joculari, meaning "to jest".[1] Although the etymology of the terms juggler and juggling in the sense of manipulating objects for entertainment originates as far back as the 11th century, the current sense of to juggle, meaning "to continually toss objects in the air and catch them", originates from the late 19th century.[2][3]
From the 12th to the 17th century, juggling and juggler were the terms most consistently used to describe acts of magic, though some have called the term juggling a lexicographical nightmare, stating that it is one of the least understood relating to magic. In the 21st century, the term juggling usually refers to toss juggling, where objects are continuously thrown into the air and caught again, repeating in a rhythmical pattern.[2][4][5]
According to James Ernest in his book Contact Juggling, most people will describe juggling as "throwing and catching things"; however, a juggler might describe the act as "a visually complex or physically challenging feat using one or more objects".[6] David Levinson and Karen Christensen describe juggling as "the sport of tossing and catching or manipulating objects [...] keeping them in constant motion".[7] "Juggling, like music, combines abstract patterns and mind-body coordination in a pleasing way."[8]
Origins and history[edit]
Main article: History of juggling
Ancient to 20th century[edit]
This ancient wall painting appears to depict jugglers. It was found in the 15th tomb of the Karyssa I area, Egypt. According to Dr. Bianchi, associate curator of the Brooklyn Museum "In tomb 15, the prince is looking on to things he enjoyed in life that he wishes to take to the next world. The fact that jugglers are represented in a tomb suggests religious significance." ... "round things were used to represent large solar objects, birth, and death."[9]
The earliest record of juggling is suggested in a panel from the 15th (1994 to 1781 B.C.) Beni Hasan tomb of an unknown Egyptian prince, showing female dancers and acrobats throwing balls.[10] Juggling has been recorded in many early cultures including Egyptian, Nabataean, Chinese, Indian, Greek, Roman, Norse, Aztec (Mexico) and Polynesian civilizations.[11][12][13]
Juggling in ancient China was an art performed by some warriors. One such warrior was Xiong Yiliao, whose juggling of nine balls in front of troops on a battlefield reportedly caused the opposing troops to flee without fighting, resulting in a complete victory.[14]
In Europe, juggling was an acceptable diversion until the decline of the Roman Empire, after which the activity fell into disgrace. Throughout the Middle Ages, most histories were written by religious clerics who frowned upon the type of performers who juggled, called gleemen, accusing them of base morals or even practicing witchcraft. Jugglers in this era would only perform in marketplaces, streets, fairs, or drinking houses. They would perform short, humorous and bawdy acts and pass a hat or bag among the audience for tips. Some kings' and noblemen’s bards, fools, or jesters would have been able to juggle or perform acrobatics, though their main skills would have been oral (poetry, music, comedy and storytelling).
In 1768, Philip Astley opened the first modern circus. A few years later, he employed jugglers to perform acts along with the horse and clown acts. Since then, jugglers have been associated with circuses.
In the early 19th century,[15] troupes from Asia, such as the famous "Indian Jugglers"[16] referred to by William Hazlitt,[17] arrived to tour Britain, Europe and parts of America.[18]
In the 19th century, variety and music hall theatres became more popular, and jugglers were in demand to fill time between music acts, performing in front of the curtain while sets were changed. Performers started specializing in juggling, separating it from other kinds of performance such as sword swallowing and magic. The Gentleman Juggler style was established by German jugglers such as Salerno and Kara. Rubber processing developed, and jugglers started using rubber balls. Previously, juggling balls were made from balls of twine, stuffed leather bags, wooden spheres, or various metals. Solid or inflatable rubber balls meant that bounce juggling was possible. Inflated rubber balls made ball spinning easier and more readily accessible. Soon in North America, vaudeville theatres employed jugglers, often hiring European performers.
20th century[edit]
Main articles: Modern juggling culture and Juggling convention
In the early to mid-20th century, variety and vaudeville shows decreased in popularity due to competition from motion picture theatres, radio and television, and juggling suffered as a result. Music and comedy transferred very easily to radio, but juggling could not. In the early years of TV, when variety-style programming was popular, jugglers were often featured; but developing a new act for each new show, week after week, was more difficult for jugglers than other types of entertainers; comedians and musicians can pay others to write their material, but jugglers cannot get other people to learn new skills on their behalf.
The International Jugglers' Association, founded in 1947, began as an association for professional vaudeville jugglers, but restrictions for membership were eventually changed, and non-performers were permitted to join and attend the annual conventions. The IJA continues to hold an annual convention each summer and runs a number of other programs dedicated to advance the art of juggling worldwide.
World Juggling Day was created as an annual day of recognition for the hobby, with the intent to teach people how to juggle, to promote juggling and to get jugglers together and celebrate. It is held on the Saturday in June closest to the 17th, the founding date of the International Jugglers' Association.[19]
Most cities and large towns now have juggling clubs. These are often based within, or connected to, universities and colleges. There are also community circus groups that teach young people and put on shows. The Juggling Edge[20] maintains a searchable database of most juggling clubs.
Since the 1980s, a juggling culture has developed. The scene revolves around local clubs and organizations, special events, shows, magazines, web sites, internet forums and, possibly most importantly, juggling conventions. In recent years, there has also been a growing focus on juggling competitions. Juggling today has evolved and branched out to the point where it is synonymous with all prop manipulation. The wide variety of the juggling scene can be seen at any juggling convention.
Juggling conventions or festivals form the backbone of the juggling scene. The focus of most of these conventions is the main space used for open juggling. There will also be more formal workshops in which expert jugglers will work with small groups on specific skills and techniques. Most juggling conventions also include a main show (open to the general public), competitions, and juggling games.
Popular forms[edit]
Main article: Forms of juggling
Play media
Pair of street jugglers with torches
Juggling four racquets, Daniel Hochsteiner
Juggling can be categorised by various criteria:
Professional or amateur
Juggling up until the latter half of the 20th century has been principally practised as a profession. Since the 1960s, and even more so from the 1980s, juggling has also been practiced as a hobby. The popularity of juggling acts performing outside the circus has meant an increase in the number of professional jugglers in the last thirty years. Festivals, fairs, retail promotions and corporate events have all booked juggling acts. The increase in hobby juggling has resulted in juggling stores opening and numerous juggling conventions being run to fulfill the needs of an increasingly popular pastime.
Objects juggled
Balls, clubs, rings, diabolos, devil sticks and cigar boxes are several types of objects that are commonly juggled. Other objects, such as scarves, knives, fruits and vegetables, flaming torches and chainsaws, have also been used.
Method of juggling
The best known type of juggling is toss juggling, which is throwing and catching objects in the air without the objects touching the ground. Bounce juggling is bouncing objects (usually balls) off the ground. Contact juggling is manipulating the object in constant contact with the body. One division of juggling by method is into toss, balancing (equilibristics), gyroscopic (spin), and contact juggling.[21]
Trick juggling
This type of juggling involves performing tricks of varying levels of difficulty. The tricks can use the basic patterns of toss juggling but add more difficult levels of object manipulation. Other tricks can be independent of these basic patterns and involve other variations of object manipulation.
Number of objects juggled
Numbers juggling is the goal of juggling as many objects as possible. This is often the initial goal of beginner jugglers, as it is commonly seen in the circus and stage juggling acts. Numbers juggling records are noted by a number of organisations.
Number of jugglers
Juggling is most commonly performed by an individual. However, multiple-person juggling is also popular and is performed by two or more people. Various methods of passing the objects between the jugglers is used — this can be through the air (as in toss juggling), bounced off the ground, simply handed over, or a number of other ways depending on the objects and the style of juggling. For example, one variation is where two club jugglers stand facing each other, each juggling a three-club pattern themselves, but then simultaneously passing between each other. Another variation is where the jugglers are back-to-back, and (usually) any passes to the other person travel over their heads.
Sport (competitive) juggling
Juggling has more recently developed as a competitive sport by organizations such as the World Juggling Federation. Sport juggling competitions reward pure technical ability and give no extra credit for showmanship or for juggling with props such as knives or torches. Albert Lucas created the first sport juggling organization in the early nineties − the International Sport Juggling Federation,[22] which promotes joggling and other athletic forms of juggling.
World records[edit]
Main article: Juggling world records
Toss juggling and club passing world records are tracked by the Juggling Information Service Committee on Numbers Juggling (JISCON).[23] The records listed on the JISCON page represent the longest runs with each number and prop that have been authenticated using video evidence.
The most footballs (soccer balls) juggled simultaneously is five and was achieved by Victor Rubilar (Argentina) at the Gallerian Shopping Centre in Stockholm, Sweden, on 4 November 2006. This was equaled by Marko Vermeer (Netherlands) in Amstelveen, Netherlands, on 11 August 2014 and Isidro Silveira (Spain), in Adeje, Tenerife, Spain, on 4 November 2015.[24]
Juggling is often used in circus arts, such as in Jennifer Miller's Circus Amok
Street juggler Mark Lippard on stilts at the Lexington Barbecue Festival.
Performance[edit]
Style[edit]
Professional jugglers perform in a number of different styles, which are not mutually exclusive. These juggling styles have developed or been introduced over time with some becoming more popular at some times than others.
Circus juggling[edit]
Traditional circus-style juggling emphasises high levels of skill and sometimes large-scale props to enable the act to "fill" the circus ring. The juggling act may involve some comedy or other circus skills such as acrobatics, but the principal focus is the technical skill of the jugglers. Costumes are usually colourful with sequins. Variations within this style include the traditions from Chinese and Russian circus.
Comedy juggling[edit]
Comedy juggling acts vary greatly in their skill level, prop use and costuming. However, they all share the fact that the focus of the performance is comedic rather than a demonstration of technical juggling skill. Comedy juggling acts are most commonly seen in street performance, festivals and fairs.
Gentleman juggling[edit]
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There are very few Gentleman Jugglers working in the world today[25]. Here, Thom Wall demonstrates a juggling trick using a teacup, saucer, and tray in his show "On the Topic of Juggling" at the Emerald Room in St Louis, Missouri.
This style was popular in variety theatres and usually involves juggling some of the elements of a gentleman's attire namely hats, canes, gloves and cigars − and other everyday items[26] such as plates and wine bottles[27]. The style is often sophisticated and visual rather than comedic, though has been interpreted in many different styles. French juggler Gaston Palmer, for example, gained a kind of notoriety for his comedic execution of gentleman juggling tricks[28].
Themed juggling[edit]
Jugglers perform themed acts, sometimes with specifically themed props and usually in themed costumes. Examples include jesters, pirates, sports, Victorians and chefs.
Venues[edit]
Circus[edit]
Jugglers commonly feature in circuses, with many performers having enjoyed a star billing. Circus jugglers come from many countries and include those from Russia and other Eastern European countries, China, Latin America and other European countries. Some of the greatest jugglers from the past 50 years are from Eastern Europe, including Sergej Ignatov, Andrii Kolesnikov, Evgenij Biljauer, and Gregory Popovich.
Variety theatres[edit]
Variety theatres have a long history of including juggling acts on their billing. Vaudeville in the USA and Music halls in the UK regularly featured jugglers during the heyday of variety theatre in the first half of 20th century. Variety theatre has declined in popularity but is still present in many European countries, particularly Germany. Television talent shows have introduced juggling acts to a wider audience with the newest examples being Britain's Got Talent and America's Got Talent.
Casinos[edit]
In North America jugglers have often performed in casinos, in places like Las Vegas. Germany and the United States have produced some of the greatest jugglers from the past 50 years, most notably Francis Brunn from Germany and Anthony Gatto from the United States.
Festivals and fairs[edit]
There is a wide variety of festivals and fairs where juggling acts are sometimes booked to perform. Music, food and arts festivals have all booked professional performers. The festivals can range from very large scale events such as Glastonbury Festival to small town or village fairs. The acts may differ from year to year or a one-act may become a regular feature at these yearly events.
Historically themed events[edit]
Renaissance fairs in North America and medieval fairs in Europe often book professional jugglers. Other historically themed events such as Victorian, maritime, and large-scale festivals of history such as the one organised by English Heritage regularly employ juggling acts as part of the event.
Street performance[edit]
A street performer juggling torches in Devizes, Wiltshire
In many countries such as the UK, USA, Australia, Spain, France jugglers perform on the street (busking). Street juggling acts usually perform what is known as a circle show and collect money at the end of the performance in a hat or bottle. Most street jugglers perform comedy juggling acts. Well known locations for this kind of street performance include Covent Garden in London, Faneuil Hall in Boston, Outside the Pump Rooms in Bath, Prince's Street in Edinburgh, outside the Pompidou Centre in Paris, Circular Quay in Sydney, and Pearl Street in Boulder.
Space[edit]
Juggling has been performed in space despite the fact that the micro-gravity environment of orbit deprives the juggled objects of the essential ability to fall. This was accomplished initially by Don Williams, as part of a Houston scientist's "Toys In Space" project, with apples and oranges.[29]
Two person juggling passing multiple objects between them was first accomplished in space by Greg Chamitoff and Richard Garriott[30] while Garriott was visiting the International Space Station as a Spaceflight Participant in October 2008. Their juggling of objects while in orbit was featured in Apogee of Fear, the first science fiction movie made in space by Garriott and 'Zero-G Magic', a magic show also recorded in space by Chamitoff and Garriott at that time.
Notable jugglers[edit]
Main article: List of jugglers
Anthony Gatto
Albert Lucas
Sergej Ignatov
Air Jazz[31]
Francis Brunn & Lotti Brunn
Bobby May
Enrico Rastelli
Paul Cinquevalli
Michael Moschen
Mathematics[edit]
An illustration of Shannon's juggling theorem for the cascade juggling pattern, note that the hand making the toss reverses each time through the pattern (1st time: RLR, 2nd time: LRL), meaning the tosses alternate between hands
Mathematics has been used to understand juggling as juggling has been used to test mathematics. The number of possible patterns n digits long using b or fewer balls is bn and the average of the numbers in a siteswap pattern equal the number of balls required for the pattern.[10] For example, the number of three digit three ball patterns is 33 = 27, and the box, (4,2x)(2x,4), requires (4+2+4+2)/4 = 3 balls.
"The time that a ball spends in flight is proportional to the square root of the height of the throw," meaning that the number of balls used greatly increases the amount of speed or height required, which increases the need for accuracy between the direction and synchronization of throws.[10]
Coupled oscillation and synchronization ("the tendency of two limbs to move at the same frequency"[10]) appear to be easier in all patterns and also required by certain patterns. For example, "the fountain pattern...can be stably performed in two ways...one can perform the fountain with different frequencies for the two hands, but that coordination is difficult because of the tendency of the limbs to synchronize," while "in the cascade...the crossing of the balls between the hands demands that one hand catches at the same rate that the other hand throws."[10]
Cascade ladder diagram minimum required by siteswap (siteswap: 3)
Cascade ladder suggested by Shannon's formula (siteswap: 3)
Claude Shannon, builder of the first juggling robot, developed a juggling theorem, relating the time balls spend in the air and in the hands: (F+D)H=(V+D)N, where F = time a ball spends in the air, D = time a ball spends in a hand/time a hand is full, V = time a hand is vacant, N = number of balls, and H = number of hands.[10] For example, a hand's and a ball's perspectives in the two-hand (H) three-ball (N) cascade pattern:
toss:    1st 2nd 3rd
hand: D--VD—VD--V
ball: D--F--D--F--
         R   L   R
         L   R   L

(F+D)H=(V+D)N
(3+3)2=(1+3)3
6×2=4×3
12=12
Juggling notation[edit]
With a few more balls: 10 siteswap
Main article: Juggling notation
Juggling tricks and patterns can become very complex, and hence can be difficult to communicate to others. Therefore, notation systems have been developed for specifying patterns, as well as for discovering new patterns.[32]
Diagram-based notations are the clearest way to show juggling patterns on paper, but as they are based on images, their use is limited in text-based communication. Ladder diagrams track the path of all the props through time, where the less complicated causal diagrams only track the props that are in the air, and assumes that a juggler has a prop in each hand. Numeric notation systems are more popular and standardized than diagram-based notations. They are used extensively in both a written form and in normal conversations among jugglers.
Siteswap is by far the most common juggling notation. Various heights of throw, considered to take specific "beats" of time to complete, are assigned a relative number. From those, a pattern is conveyed as a sequence of numbers, such as "3", "744", or "97531". Those examples are for two hands making alternating or "asynchronous" throws, and often called vanilla siteswap. For showing patterns in which both hands throw at the same time, there are other notating conventions for synchronous siteswap. There is also multiplex siteswap for patterns where one hand holds or throws two or more balls on the same beat. Other extensions to siteswap have been developed, including passing siteswap, Multi-Hand Notation (MHN), and General Siteswap (GS).
See also[edit]
Jugglers (category)
Flair bartending
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, 1989: juggling entry.[full citation needed]
^ Jump up to: a b "Juggle", OxfordDictionaries.com.
Jump up ^ Rid, Samuel (1612). The Art of Iugling or Legerdemaine. Project Gutenberg.
Jump up ^ "Juggle", Merriam-Webster.com.
Jump up ^ (1983). American Heritage Dictionary. Cited in Ernest (2011), p.1.
Jump up ^ Ernest, James (2011). Contact Juggling, p.1. ISBN 9781591000273.
Jump up ^ Crego, Robert (2003). Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries, p.16. ISBN 9780313316104.
Jump up ^ Borwein, Jonathan M.; ed. (1997). Organic Mathematics, p.134. American Mathematical Soc. ISBN 9780821806685.
Jump up ^ Gillen, Billy (1986). "Remember the Force Hassan!", Juggling.org. Juggler's World: Vol. 38, No. 2.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Beek, Peter J. and Lewbel, Arthur (1995). "The Science of Juggling Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine.", Scientific American.
Jump up ^ "Prof. Arthur Lewbel's Research in Juggling History". .bc.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
Jump up ^ "The JIS Museum of Juggling's Ethnography section". Juggling.org. 1995-03-13. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
Jump up ^ Jane, Taylor (2001). Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans. London, United Kingdom: I.B.Tauris. p. 41. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ [1] Chinese Acrobatics Through the Ages, by Fu Qifeng
Jump up ^ The Times (London, England), 27 July 1813, p.2:'The exhibition of the Indian Jugglers, at No. 87, Pall-mall, has been attended by nearly all the Families of distinction in town; and is becoming extremely popular.'
Jump up ^ "J. Green: The Indian Jugglers", Orientalism-in-Art.org.
Jump up ^ [2] In his Table Talk (1821) Hazlitt recalled the opening routine: '... the chief of the Indian Jugglers begins with tossing up two brass balls, which is what any of us could do, and concludes with keeping up four at the same time, which is what none of us could do to save our lives... to make them revolve round him at certain intervals, like the planets in their spheres, to make them chase one another like sparkles of fire, or shoot up like flowers or meteors, to throw them behind his back and twine them round his neck like ribbons or like serpents...with all the ease, the grace, the carelessness imaginable... is skill surmounting difficulty, and beauty triumphing over skill.'
Jump up ^ [3] An appearance by the leader of the Indian Jugglers troupe, Ramo Samee, is described in the Salem Gazette, 5 October 1819
Jump up ^ "World Juggling Day Archived 2015-06-30 at the Wayback Machine.", IJA.
Jump up ^ "Juggling Edge - Global Juggling Clubs". JugglingEdge.com. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
Jump up ^ Ernest (2011), p.2.
Jump up ^ "International Sport Juggling Federation". isjf.org. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
Jump up ^ "JIS Numbers Juggling Records". Juggling.org. 2011-06-20. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
Jump up ^ [Guinness World Records "most footballs juggled"] Check |url= value (help). http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-footballs-juggled. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ Lisenby, Ashley. "St. Louisan juggles his way into spot with Cirque du Soleil show". stltoday.com. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Meaning and expression in juggling". Object Episodes. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
Jump up ^ Lisenby, Ashley. "St. Louisan juggles his way into spot with Cirque du Soleil show". stltoday.com. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Gaston Palmer - IJA". www.juggle.org. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
Jump up ^ Giduz, Bill (1985). "The Joy of Zero-G Juggling". Juggler's World. 37–2: 4–6.
Jump up ^ Chamitoff, Greg. "Greg Chamitoff's Journal". Nasa.gov. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Ziethen, Karl-Heinz (2003). Virtuosos of Juggling. Santa Cruz: Renegade Juggling. pp. 137–138. ISBN 0974184802.
Jump up ^ "Siteswap Fundamentals ⋆ Thom Wall". Thom Wall. 2017-09-05. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
Further reading[edit]
Dancey, Charlie 1995 Compendium of Club Juggling Butterfingers, Bath ISBN 1 898591 14 8.
Dancey, Charlie 2001 Encyclopedia of Ball Juggling, Butterfingers, Devon ISBN 1 898591 13 X.
Finnigan, Dave 1987 The Complete Juggler, Vintage Books, New York ISBN 0 394 74678 3.
Summers, Kit 1987 Juggling with Finesse, Finesse Press, San Diego ISBN 0 938981 00 5.
Ziethen, Karl-Heinz & Serena, Alessandro 2003 Virtuosos of Juggling, Renegade Juggling, Santa Cruz ISBN 0 9741848 0 2.
Ziethen, Karl-Heinz & Allen, Andrew 1985 Juggling: The Art and its Artists, Werner Rausch & Werner Luft Inc, Berlin ISBN 3 9801140 1 5.
External links[edit]
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Learning to juggle
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Juggling.
Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Juggler.
Organizations
The International Jugglers' Association (IJA) — worldwide community of jugglers
The European Jugglers' Association (EJA) — European community of jugglers
The World Juggling Federation (WJF) — private company aimed at promoting competition-style juggling
Extreme juggling — hosts yearly competitions and releases DVDs of the competitors
Resources
Juggling Information Service - dated but has a huge amount of information (website)
The Juggling Edge - up to date events and club listings
r/juggling - juggling subreddit; active community
Library of Juggling - detailed collection of toss juggling patterns
Other
A glossary of juggling terms
JIS Numbers Juggling Records - list of world juggling records
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Melissa & Joey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Melissa & Joey
Genre
Sitcom
Created by
David Kendall
Bob Young
Starring
Melissa Joan Hart
Joey Lawrence
Taylor Spreitler
Nick Robinson
Theme music composer
Joey Lawrence &
Matthew Gerrard
Opening theme
"Stuck With Me", performed by Joey Lawrence
Composer(s)
Danny Lux
Michael Reola
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
104 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
David Kendall
Bob Young
Melissa Joan Hart
Joey Lawrence
Paula Hart
John Ziffren
Seth Kurland
Producer(s)
Ken Ornstein
Sarah Jane Cunningham
Suzie V. Freeman
David Hartle
Brenda Hsueh
Camera setup
Multi-camera
Running time
22 minutes[1]
Production company(s)
Hartbreak Films
JL Veritas
ABC Family Original Productions
Distributor
Disney–ABC Domestic Television
Release
Original network
ABC Family
Picture format
HDTV 1080i
Audio format
Dolby Digital 5.1
Original release
August 17, 2010 (2010-08-17) – August 5, 2015 (2015-08-05)
External links
Official website
Melissa & Joey is an American sitcom television series starring Melissa Joan Hart and Joey Lawrence that aired for four seasons between 2010 and 2015 on ABC Family (now Freeform). The series follows local politician Mel Burke (Hart) and Joe Longo (Lawrence), whom Mel hires to look after her niece (Taylor Spreitler) and nephew (Nick Robinson) after a Ponzi scheme leaves Joe broke.
The series originally was picked up for a pilot and season one containing 12 episodes - this premiered August 17, 2010. Then, due to the success of the show, ABC Family renewed it for 18 more episodes on October 8, 2010, which premiered June 29, 2011. The series was renewed by ABC Family for a second season of fifteen episodes, which began airing on May 30, 2012, and ended on August 29, 2012.[2] During the second season, Melissa & Joey ranked as cable TV's #1 telecast at 8 o'clock across target audiences 18–34, 18–49 and 12–34 demographics.[3][4]
On August 17, 2012, ABC Family renewed Melissa & Joey for a third season,[5] set to premiere on May 29, 2013.[6] On May 28, 2013, ABC Family announced that the third season would be expanded by 20 episodes, and that the show had also been renewed for a fourth season consisting of 22 episodes, bringing the series total to 104 episodes.[7]
The show proved to be quite successful for ABC as, in its third season, it established a 13-week high in total viewers, an eight-week high in viewers between the ages of 18–34 and 18–49 and a 15-week high in female viewers between the ages of 12–34.[8] During the fourth season, the show reached a milestone of 100 episodes for syndication purposes but declined in the ratings.[9][10] Along with most ABC Family shows, the declining number of viewers watching Melissa & Joey occurred in tandem with a general trend of reduced numbers of TV network subscribers.[11][12][13] Looking to marginalize these declines, the show accelerated the availability of its episodes to non-provider-authenticated ABC Family subscribers with Hulu Plus to three weeks post broadcast.[14] On February 9, 2015, ABC Family announced its decision to end the series after four seasons.[15] The series finale aired on August 5, 2015.[16]
Contents
1 Series overview
2 Episodes
3 Cast and characters
3.1 Main
3.2 Recurring
4 Development and production
5 Broadcast
6 Home media
7 Reception
7.1 Ratings
7.2 Awards and nominations
8 References
9 External links
Series overview[edit]
Mel is a local politician from a political family. When a family scandal leaves her niece, Lennox, and nephew, Ryder, without their parents, Mel takes them in. Meanwhile, Joe is a former commodities trader left bankrupt after a Ponzi scheme, and finds himself searching for a job.[17] So when Mel finds it hard to handle an instant family and her own life, she hires Joe to become the family's new male nanny, or "manny".
The show stars two former teen idols who were notable for roles they played in popular 1990s sitcoms, Lawrence for Gimme a Break!, Blossom, and Brotherly Love and Hart for Clarissa Explains It All and Sabrina, the Teenage Witch. Hart and Lawrence are both listed as executive producers of the series, and have each directed individual episodes.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Melissa & Joey episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 30 12 August 17, 2010 (2010-08-17) October 26, 2010 (2010-10-26)
18 June 29, 2011 (2011-06-29) September 14, 2011 (2011-09-14)
2 15 May 30, 2012 (2012-05-30) August 29, 2012 (2012-08-29)
3 37 May 29, 2013 (2013-05-29) June 18, 2014 (2014-06-18)
4 22 12 October 22, 2014 (2014-10-22) March 18, 2015 (2015-03-18)
10 June 3, 2015 (2015-06-03) August 5, 2015 (2015-08-05)
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Melanie Alison "Mel" Burke[18][19] (Melissa Joan Hart) is a city councilwoman in Toledo, Ohio (the youngest in the city's history, as Mel repeatedly brags). She is also a senator's daughter. Growing up, she was a rebellious, irresponsible party girl, and now she must take care of her niece and nephew after their mother (her sister, Meredith)[20] was arrested for money laundering and their father disappeared to avoid arrest for running a Ponzi scheme. She started dating Joe in "A Decent Proposal". She accepted his proposal in season 3 episode 32 "Right Time, Right Place", and they marry at the end of "At Last". She runs for Congress in season 4 and learns that she and Joe are having twins.
Joseph Paul "Joe" Longo[19] (Joey Lawrence) is a former executive and commodities trader with an MBA who lost his job, money and marriage in the wake of Mel's brother-in-law's Ponzi scheme and wound up living in his car. Seeing that Mel needed help raising her niece and nephew (and that he needed a job), he has agreed to be the live-in nanny to assist Mel and give advice to the kids. He was born in a U.S. Army hospital in Uijeongbu, South Korea, and raised in Secaucus, New Jersey. He also has a brother named Tony who briefly dated Mel and a sister named Teresa. It was revealed he has a 13-year-old daughter named Dani (Jada Facer) with a woman named Felicia (Brooke Burke-Charvet). He started dating Mel in "A Decent Proposal". He proposed to her in "Right time, right place" and they get married in "At Last". In season 4 he writes a book and in the series finale it is published, he is also invited to go on a book tour.
Lennox Elizabeth Scanlon (Taylor Spreitler) is a free-spirited teenage girl who, at first, is against the idea of living with her aunt, but soon comes to terms with it. Lennox is known for her artsy, hipster style and extremely vocal liberal views and ideas. Her longest relationship thus far has been with Zander. They broke up when he left Ohio for school in Vermont and Lennox stayed in Toledo to attend the University of Toledo. They get back together, but then break up again after Zander finds out that Lennox had a relationship with Joe's nephew, Marco; then Zander slept with his roommate, keeping them apart. In "At Last", she hooked up with Marco to forget about Zander, but continued their relationship afterwards and in the series finale she and Zander get engaged.
Ryder Scanlon (Nick Robinson) is Mel's nephew, and the youngest in the household. In the Pilot, it is mentioned that he suffered a nervous breakdown and burned his father's suits in the driveway. Like many teenage boys his age, he enjoys watching television and playing sports and chasing girls. Lennox often makes jabs at her brother for being a "nerd", but it is not clear if this is true or just a brother-sister teasing relationship. Ryder is suspended from school in Season 3 for smoking marijuana on a school trip. In Season 4 he joins the Navy and is stationed in Portsmouth, Virginia.
Recurring[edit]
Stephanie Krause (Lucy DeVito) is Mel's legislative assistant and former intern, beginning with episode 7. Hyperactive and fiercely loyal, Stephanie is keen to schedule interviews, photo opportunities, and media coverage for Mel. She regularly exhibits that she has a crush on Joe.
Rhonda Cheng (Elizabeth Ho) is Mel's press secretary appearing in 5 of the 6 first episodes. She's a giddy yet loyal friend to her and always gives her dating and/or parenting advice.
Tiffany Longo (Megan Hilty) is Joe's former wife, first seen in episode 13. Their on-again, off-again relationship is punctuated by bouts of lovemaking in unusual places.
Holly Rebeck (Rachel G. Fox) is Ryder's extremely aggressive, controlling girlfriend. She is often manipulative, jealous, and conceited, and Ryder is usually submissive to her demands. Later on, she gets help with her "controlling" issues, though sometimes she can't help but be a bit demanding. She broke up with Ryder in the beginning of the third season after she found out he smoked pot on the school trip.
George Karpelos, Jr.[21] (Scott Michael Foster) is Mel's 24-year-old lover, starting with episode 21. He is an independent business entrepreneur who loves bicycling. Their relationship is put on hold when George moves to Italy for business, and later, Mel breaks it off.
Roman Maizes (Chris Brochu), a nerd and Lennox's boyfriend in the first season.
Russell Burke (Christopher Rich) is Mel's father, the former Senator of Ohio, who is very indulgent to his grandchildren and tends to undermine Mel's authority with them. He left his wife Monica for a 28-year-old yoga instructor but returns to his wife when Mel informs the yoga instructor that her father had a vasectomy.
Elena Romanov (Anya Monzikova) is a Russian businesswoman whom Joe marries at the end of the second season. Their marriage ends when she moves back to Russia to testify for an old colleague.
Leo Larbeck (Joel McKinnon Miller), the friendly contractor who helped Mel and Joe remodel the house in the beginning of the second season.
Jackie (Christine Lakin), Mel's best friend from college, who is her only other single friend. She plans to get a sperm donor to have a baby without having to marry someone, and Mel unwittingly leads her to purchase Joey's sperm.
Haskell Davis (Gregg Sulkin), Lennox's boyfriend in the second season.
Aidan Haber (Cody Linley), the president of the Spirit Committee at Lennox and Ryder's school. Became romantically involved with Lennox in the second season.
Monica Burke (Rita Rudner), Mel's neurotic mother who gets back together with her husband Russell after Mel ruins his relationship with his mistress by telling her about his vasectomy.
Austin (Trevor Donovan) is Mel's childhood friend who is back in town.[22]
Noah (Justin Hartley) Mel's boyfriend in season 3, who temporarily moves in with her after his apartment floods.[23]
Zander Carlson (Sterling Knight), Lennox's boyfriend in the third and fourth season. He is also a talented artist, and provides illustrations for Lennox's web series "Cassandra." After a car accident, Zander and Lennox decided to take their relationship to the next level and got engaged in the series finale.
Keira (Sadie Calvano), Ryder's girlfriend in the third season.
Dani Mancini (Jada Facer), Joey's long-lost daughter that was revealed in late season three. She decided to live Joey and Mel for a while when her mother goes on tour. After her mother decided to leave the tour and come home, Dani moved back with her, but still keeps in touch with Joey and Mel.
Felicia Mancini (Brooke Burke), Dani's mother who works as a professional band massager.
Anthony "Tony" Longo (Matthew Lawrence), Joe's younger brother. Actor Matthew Lawrence and Joey Lawrence are brothers.
Marco (Kevin Fonteyne) Joey's nephew and Lennox's ex-boyfriend who she dumped when he left for Japan for six months.
McKenna Cederstrom (Greer Grammer), an aspiring actress who Lennox and Zander hire for the role of "Cassandra" in their film. She and Zander become romantically involved, until realizing he still loves Lennox.
Noelle (Hayley Erin), Lennox's friend who develops a crush on Ryder.
Development and production[edit]
The cast and crew of Melissa & Joey
The series marks the second time Hart and Lawrence have co-starred together in an ABC Family production; their first was the 2009 television film, My Fake Fiance. Melissa & Joey was criticized early on for lacking sufficient chemistry between the leads and a "will they, won't they" theme present in their earlier project, My Fake Fiance.[24]
On October 8, 2010, ABC Family announced their order of an additional 20 episodes for the first season, creating a season of 30 episodes.[25] The mid-season finale for season one aired on October 26, 2010.[26] The second half of the first season began airing on June 29, 2011.[27] On July 11, 2011, ABC Family announced that Melissa & Joey had been picked up for a second season.[28] On August 17, 2012, ABC Family announced that Melissa & Joey had been picked up for a third season.[29]
Both Lawrence and Hart directed episodes in season two. Lawrence's episode is called "Wherefore Art Thou Lennox" and Hart was the first woman to direct an episode of the series.[30]
The series was filmed before a live studio audience at CBS Studio Center stage 14.[31] The house used for exteriors is located in the Hancock Park area of Los Angeles.[32]
On February 9, 2015, ABC Family announced its decision to end the series after four seasons.[33]
Broadcast[edit]
Melissa & Joey premiered on STAR World India on October 6, 2011.[34] In Southeast Asia, it premiered on STAR World in 2011.[35] In the United Kingdom, all episodes were put on Sky On Demand on July 1, 2014[36] and began airing on E4 on July 28, 2014.[37]
Home media[edit]
On May 24, 2011, Shout! Factory released Melissa & Joey: Season One, Part One on DVD in Region 1.[38] Special features include a sneak peek of the remaining season 1 episodes, bloopers, and featurettes with Melissa Joan Hart and Joey Lawrence. On October 4, 2011, Shout! Factory released Melissa & Joey: Season One, Part Two on DVD in Region 1, collecting the final 18 episodes of season one in a 2-disc set.[39]
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
Melissa & Joey stood as Wednesday's #1 cable TV telecast at 8 o'clock in Adults 18–34, Women 18–34, Women 18–49 and Females 12–34 Demographics. The show continued to dominate its cable time period during its second season, ranking #1 across key measures Adults 18–34, Women 18–34, Adults 18–49, Women 18–49, Viewers 12–34 and Females 12–34.[3][4]
The following is a table with the average estimated number of viewers per episode, each season of Melissa & Joey on ABC Family.
Season
Timeslot (ET/PT)
No. of
episodes
Premiere
Finale
Date
Premiere viewers
(in millions)
18–49
rating
Date
Finale viewers
(in millions)
18–49
Rating
1 Tuesday 8:00PM 12 August 17, 2010 2.15[40] 1.0 October 26, 2010 1.38[41] 0.6
Wednesday 8:00PM 18 June 29, 2011 1.54[42] 0.6 September 14, 2011 1.39[43] 0.7
2 15 May 30, 2012 1.21[44] 0.7 August 29, 2012 1.50[45] 0.7
3 37 May 29, 2013 0.97[46] 0.5 June 18, 2014 1.29[47] 0.6
4 22 October 22, 2014 1.19[48] 0.6 August 5, 2015 0.94[49] 0.4
Melissa & Joey : U.S. viewers per episode (millions)
Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research.[50][citation needed]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Outcome
2013 People's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Comedy Melissa & Joey Nominated
2014 People's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Comedy Melissa & Joey Nominated
2015 People's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Comedy Melissa & Joey Won
2015 Women's Image Network Awards Outstanding Actress Comedy Series Melissa Joan Hart Nominated
2015 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Drama Series - Guest Starring Young Actress 14 - 16 Johnnie Ladd Won
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Melissa & Joey 4 Seasons 2014: "Witch Came First"". Amazon.com. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "(#2001/2002) "I Can Manage/If You Can't Stand the Heat"". Listings – Melissa & Joey on ABC Family. the Futon Critic. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b ""Melissa & Joey" Ranks as Cable TV's #1 Telecast at 8 O'Clock Across Target 18–34, 18–49 and 12–34 Demographics". FutonCritic. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Melissa & Joey' Ranks as Cable TV's #1 Telecast at 8 O'Clock for the 11th Consecutive Week in Women 18–34". TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "ABC Family Renews 'Melissa & Joey', 'Baby Daddy', 'Switched at Birth' & Orders Additional Episodes of 'Bunheads'". TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "'Melissa and Joey' Season Three, ' 'Baby Daddy' Season Two and 'Dancing Fools' Premiere Wednesday May 29 on ABC Family – Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. May 1, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Melissa & Joey Season 4: ABC Family Show Renewed, Principal Cast Expected to Return". The Epoch Times. June 18, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ABC Family's 'Baby Daddy' & 'Melissa & Joey' Soar to 13-Week Highs in Total Viewers and Multi-Week Highs in Target Demos". TVByTheNumbers.com. May 29, 2014. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.disneyabcpress.com/abcfamily/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2015/02/138312_0086-900x598.jpg
Jump up ^ "Melissa & Joey TV show on ABC Family: latest ratings (cancel or renew?) | canceled + renewed TV shows". TV Series Finale. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Are SVODs Netflix, Amazon To Blame For Cable TV Viewing Declines? 02/05/2015". Mediapost.com. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton (November 4, 2014). "Cable Under Fire: Plunge in Ratings Could Spell Trouble for Top Nets". Variety. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hagey, Keach (October 9, 2014). "Pay TV's New Worry: 'Shaving' the Cord". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Watch Melissa & Joey Online - Free at Hulu". Hulu.com. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva. "'Melissa & Joey' Cancelled After Four Seasons on ABC Family - Deadline". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "; Double Happiness – Official Disney ABC Press". disneyabcpress.com. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ DiNunno, Gina (March 19, 2010). "Joey Lawrence Compares New ABC Family Role to 'Bruce Willis In His Prime'". TV Guide. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Skip to the 3:10 mark". YouTube. September 7, 2011. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "You're the One That I Want". Melissa & Joey. Season 3. Episode 35. June 4, 2014. Event occurs at 18:25. ABC Family.
Jump up ^ "The Perfect Storm".
Jump up ^ "Young Love". Melissa & Joey. Season 1. Episode 21. August 17, 2011. 04:48 minutes in. ABC Family.
Jump up ^ "'90210' star Trevor Donovan moves on to 'Melissa and Joey,' leaving his old zip code behind". Blog.zap2it.com. February 28, 2013. Archived from the original on May 19, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Carina Adly MacKenzie (May 9, 2013). "'Smallville' and 'Emily Owens' star Justin Hartley stops by 'Melissa and Joey' - Zap2it & Features". Zap2it. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ 'Melissa & Joey' review: 'Who's the Boss?' without the Mona By Andrea Reiher – August 17, 2010 12:00 AM ET – Zap2It.com
Jump up ^ Nellie, Andreeva (October 8, 2010). "ABC Family Orders More 'Melissa & Joey'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "ABC Family press release for ''Melissa & Joey'' mid-season finale". Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "ABC Family Announces Summer 2011 Programming Including 'Switched At Birth,' 'The Nine Lives of Chloe King' and 'The Lying Game'". Zap2It.com. March 7, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "ABC Family Renews 'Melissa & Joey'". The Hollywood Reporter. November 7, 2011. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Scanlon, Lennox. "ABC Family Orders a Third Season of Melissa & Joey". Abcfamily.go.com. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Klutzy_girl (October 12, 2011). "Melissa and Joey – Season 2 – Joey Lawrence and Melissa Joan Hart to direct episodes (Spoilers)". Spoilertv.com. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.cbssc.com/images/NEWSLETTERS/PDF%20files/2014%20March.pdf
Jump up ^ "The Mystery of the "Melissa & Joey" House". Iamnotastalker. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ All references concerning the cancellation of Melissa & Joey:
Hibberd, James (February 9, 2015). "'Melissa & Joey' canceled by ABC Family after four seasons". Entertainment Weekly. United States. Time Inc. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
Surette, Tim (February 9, 2015). "Whoa-No! ABC Family Cancels Melissa & Joey, Shatters Your Teen Dreams". TV Guide. United States. CBS Interactive. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
Birnbaum, David (February 9, 2015). "ABC Family's 'Melissa & Joey' Canceled". Variety. United States. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
Andreeva, Nellie (February 9, 2015). "'Melissa & Joey' Cancelled After Four Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. United States. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
Swift, Andy (February 9, 2015). "Melissa & Joey to End After 4 Seasons". TVLine. United States. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
Nededog, Jethro (February 9, 2015). "'Melissa & Joey' Canceled after 4 Seasons (Exclusive)". United States: thewrap.com. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Melissa and Joey". StarWorld.in. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "STAR World – Melissa & Joey". Starworldasia.tv. Archived from the original on May 8, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Melissa and Joey".
Jump up ^ Munn, Patrick (July 16, 2014). "E4 Acquires ABC Family's 'Melissa & Joey', Sets Premiere For July 28th". TVWise. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Melissa & Joey – DVDs for ABC Family's Series Starring Melissa Joan Hart and Joey Lawrence Archived February 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. – TVShowsOnDVD.com
Jump up ^ Melissa & Joey – 'Season 1, Part 2' Announced: Date, Cost, Cover Art Coming from Shout! in early October Archived July 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. – TVShowsOnDVD.com
Jump up ^ Robert, Seidman (August 18, 2010). "More Tuesday Cable: 'Warehouse 13' Drops, 'Teen Mom,' & 'Hawthorne Get Bigger & More". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Tuesday Cable Ratings: Heat/Celtics Slam Dunk; 'Sons of Anarchy' Steady; 16 & Pregnant, Caprica, Stargate Universe, Millionaire Matchmaker & More By Bill Gorman – tvbythenumbers.com
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (June 30, 2011). "Cable Ratings: 'Royal Pains' 'Necessary Roughness' Top Wednesday Cable + 'Franklin & Bash,' Not So Raven? & Much More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Robert. "Wednesday Cable: 'Storage Wars' Tops; 'Necessary Roughness,' 'Melissa & Joey' Finales; 'Operation Repo' Premiere & More".
Jump up ^ "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Hatfields & McCoys' Wins Night, NBA Playoffs, 'Hardcore History', 'Restaurant Impossible', 'Melissa & Joey' 'Daily Show' & More – Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. May 31, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Here Comes Honey Boo Boo' Wins Night, + FOX RNC Coverage, 'Storage Wars Texas', 'Royal Pains', 'American Hoggers', 'Daily Show' & More – Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. August 30, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Wednesday Cable Ratings: NHL Playoffs Win Night, 'Psych', 'The Real World', 'Love Thy Neighbor','Mythbusters', 'Melissa & Joey' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com". TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer, 'Catfish', 'Big Smo', 'Suits', 'Melissa & Joey' & More - Ratings". TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. June 19, 2014. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Tops Night + 'Key & Peele', 'Melissa & Joey' & More - Ratings". TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. October 23, 2014. Archived from the original on October 25, 2014. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wednesday Cable Ratings:". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ For the second season, see "Melissa & Joey: Season Two Ratings". TV Series Finale. August 30, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
For the third season, see "Melissa & Joey: Season Three Ratings". TV Series Finale. June 20, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
For the fourth season, see "Melissa & Joey : Season Four Ratings". TV Series Finale. August 6, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
Melissa & Joey on IMDb
Melissa & Joey at Yahoo! TV
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