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The Proposal (film)
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The Proposal
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Anne Fletcher
Produced by
Todd Lieberman
David Hoberman
Kristin Burr
Written by
Peter Chiarelli
Starring
Sandra Bullock
Ryan Reynolds
Betty White
Mary Steenburgen
Craig T. Nelson
Music by
Aaron Zigman
Cinematography
Oliver Stapleton
Edited by
Priscilla Nedd-Friendly
Production
company
Touchstone Pictures
K/O Paper Products
Mandeville Films
Distributed by
Walt Disney Studios
Motion Pictures
Release date
June 1, 2009 (2009-06-01) (Hollywood)
June 19, 2009 (2009-06-19) (United States)
Running time
108 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$40 million[1]
Box office
$317.4 million[1]
The Proposal is a 2009 American romantic comedy film directed by Anne Fletcher and written by Peter Chiarelli. The film stars Sandra Bullock and Ryan Reynolds with Betty White, Mary Steenburgen and Craig T. Nelson. The plot centers on a Canadian executive who learns that she may face deportation from the U.S. because of her expired visa. Determined to retain her position as editor in chief of a publishing house, she convinces her assistant to temporarily act as her fiancé.
Development on the film began in 2005, when Chiarelli wrote the film's script. Principal filming occurred over a period of two months from March to May 2008. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who criticized its script but praised the chemistry between Bullock and Reynolds. It was a box office success, grossing over $317 million worldwide and becoming the 20th highest-grossing film of 2009.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical reception
4.3 Accolades
4.4 Home media
5 Remakes
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Margaret Tate (Sandra Bullock) is an executive editor in chief of a book publishing company. After learning she is about to be deported to Canada because she violated the terms of her work visa, she persuades her assistant, Andrew Paxton (Ryan Reynolds), to marry her. She reminds Andrew that if she's deported, the work he put in as her assistant will be lost, and he'll be set back in his dream to become an editor. Mr. Gilbertson, a U.S. immigration agent, informs them that he suspects they are committing fraud to avoid Margaret's deportation. Gilbertson tells them that they'll be asked questions about each other separately. If their answers don't match, Margaret will be deported to Canada permanently and Andrew will be convicted of a felony punishable by a $250,000 fine and five years in prison. Andrew insists that Margaret make him an editor after their marriage and publish the book he's been recommending to her. Margaret agrees.
The couple travels to Sitka, Alaska, Andrew's hometown, to meet his family. Margaret meets Andrew's mother Grace (Mary Steenburgen) and grandmother Annie (Betty White), known as "Gammy". During the trip to the family home, Margaret notices that nearly every shop in town carries the name Paxton and learns that Andrew's family is in fact very wealthy. During a welcome home party, Andrew confronts his father, Joe (Craig T. Nelson), who is angry about Andrew's dating the boss he has so long disliked and thinks he is using her to get ahead in his career. After their argument, Andrew announces the engagement to everyone. Margaret also meets Gertrude, Andrew's ex-girlfriend.
The next day, Grace and Annie take Margaret to a local bar as part of her bachelorette party to watch a strip dance by a locally famous but over-the-hill exotic dancer, Ramone. Stepping away from the show, Margaret learns from Gertrude that Andrew wanted to become an editor and make his own life and that Andrew had proposed to Gertrude. However, Gertrude refused because she didn't want to leave Sitka for New York. Returning home, Margaret learns of the conflict between Andrew and Joe. That night, Margaret asks Andrew about his relationship with his father, but Andrew refuses to talk. Instead, Margaret opens up to Andrew.
The next day, the family convinces them to marry while they're in Sitka. After Margaret realizes how close Andrew's family is, she becomes upset, gets on Andrew's boat, and speeds away with him. She tells him she has been alone since she was sixteen years old after her parents died and had forgotten what it felt like to have a family. She lets go of the helm and stumbles to the back of the boat. Andrew makes a sharp turn to avoid hitting a buoy, and Margaret falls out of the boat. Andrew quickly turns the boat around and saves her because she can't swim. At the wedding ceremony, Margaret confesses the truth about the wedding to the guests, including Gilbertson, who informs her she has twenty-four hours to leave for Canada. Margaret returns to the Paxton home to pack her things. Andrew rushes to their room only to find Margaret has already left, leaving the aforementioned book manuscript with a note of praise and a promise to publish it. Gertrude attempts to comfort Andrew and asks approvingly if he is going to go after her. As he rushes out to find Margaret, another argument arises between him and Joe. Annie fakes a heart attack and convinces them to reconcile before she "passes away". After she succeeds in getting things moving again, she owns up to faking the heart attack as it was the only means to get their attention. Andrew's parents realize he really loves Margaret. He goes to New York and tells Margaret he loves her in front of the entire office staff. They kiss, then go to Gilbertson and inform him they are again engaged, but for real this time. The film ends with Gilbertson asking questions (some of them irrelevant) not only to Andrew and Margaret, but also Joe, Grace, Annie and Ramone.
Cast[edit]
Sandra Bullock as Margaret Tate, a chief editor at a major New York City book publisher.
Ryan Reynolds as Andrew Paxton, Margaret's assistant whose ultimate career goal is to become an editor.
Mary Steenburgen as Grace Paxton, Andrew's mother.
Craig T. Nelson as Joe Paxton, Andrew's father who owns the family business that dominate the entire town of Sitka.
Betty White as Grandma Annie "Gammy", Andrew's grandmother and Joe's mother.
Denis O'Hare as Mr. Gilbertson, the immigration agent investigating Margaret's case.
Oscar Nuñez as Ramone, a resident of Sitka who holds many jobs, including waiter, male stripper, shopkeeper and minister.
Malin Åkerman as Gertrude, Andrew's ex-girlfriend.
Michael Nouri as publisher Bergen, Tate's superior.
Aasif Mandvi as Bob Spaulding, an editor.
Michael Mosley as Chuck, Andrew's friend.
Production[edit]
The Proposal premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California.
Peter Chiarelli initially wrote the script for the film in 2005.[2] In May 2007, it was announced that Sandra Bullock had been given a lead role for The Proposal.[3] Julia Roberts was originally approached by producers for a lead role in the film, but later declined.[4] Nearly two months after the announcement, it was reported that negotiations were being finalized for Ryan Reynolds to star opposite to Bullock.[2] In January 2008, Touchstone Pictures signed Anne Fletcher to direct the film.[5] It premiered on June 1, 2009 at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California.[6]
Filming for The Proposal initiated in April 2008 in Rockport, Massachusetts.[7] In the oncoming days leading to production, areas of the town were temporarily remodeled to represent Sitka, Alaska, the setting of most of the film.[7] Principal photography officially began on April 9 at Bearskin Neck, where it continued over a period of 24 hours. Filming continued at the Motif Number One building on Bradley Wharf (April 14–16), the Haskins Building (April 15–18), and the central business district of Rockport (April 17).[7][8] Principal photography relocated to Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts on April 22, where it resumed over an approximate period of two weeks. In response, city officials accommodated the producers by renting out all publicly owned parking lots. Filming for The Proposal was shortly delayed after Bullock and her husband were involved in a car accident.[9] The wedding scene was filmed in a three-story twentieth century Victorian home; photography took place at the residence for three weeks.[10] In an interview with the New York Times, the owners of the home stated that Nelson Coates knocked on their door asking for leaves. Initially, the owners directed Coates to other residences in the area; however, they eventually gave the film's producer a tour of the house. Production occurred on the first floor of the home.[7][10] Outside of the Cape Ann area, filming took place in Boston, Massachusetts at the State Street Bank Building and in Lower Manhattan in New York City.[11] The Proposal contained 350 special effect shots, and some parts were edited using computer-generated imagery.[12] The score to The Proposal was composed by Aaron Zigman, who recorded his score with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Sony Scoring Stage.[13]
As part of an extensive advertising campaign, Reynolds discussed taking part in the production of a nude scene. The scene was filmed in a period of three days, and took approximately twelve takes to complete.[14] Expressing that she was initially nervous, Bullock stated in an interview with Sky News that "when everyone else acts like it's just a normal day it really helps you relax." Although she revealed that producers provided them with fig leaves, Bullock stated that they would continuously fall off. She added, "You could literally see everything."[15] Similar sentiments were expressed by Reynolds, who in an interview with People, stated, "Filming a scene that involves being entirely naked and takes a couple days can be a little awkward." He continued: "Thankfully you're there for so long and you're doing it for so long that you dispense with the awkwardness pretty quickly and start to have mundane, normal conversations – the difference being you're not wearing pants."[16]
Release[edit]
Box office[edit]
The Proposal was released in the United States on June 19, 2009. On its opening day, the film grossed an estimated $12.7 million in 3,056 theaters, becoming the highest-grossing film of the day.[17] It later went on to gross over $34 million during its opening weekend, beating out Year One, Up, and The Hangover.[18] In an exit poll conducted by Disney, nearly 63% of the opening audience consisted of female viewers, 78% were eighteen or older, and 71% were classified as couples.[18] It marked the biggest opening weekend out of any film in Bullock's career, nearly doubling from her previous holder, Premonition.[19] As of October 2011, the film had grossed over $164 million in the United States and Canada.[1]
Box office performances showed similar numbers in international markets. The film was released in Australia on June 18, 2009, grossing over $2.8 million on its opening weekend. In Russia, the film grossed over $2.6 million on its opening weekend, accounting for 34% of all total film revenue in that country.[20] In South Africa the film debuted at number two, losing out to the new release Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs. It managed to gross over $2.6 million as of October 2011.[20] In the United Kingdom, estimated first opening weekend grosses stand at £3.2 million.[21] The film has grossed over $317 million worldwide, with international grosses standing at $153 million.[1] It is the twentieth highest-grossing film of 2009.[22]
Critical reception[edit]
Critics praised the chemistry between Ryan Reynolds (left) and Sandra Bullock (right)
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 44% based on 182 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Sandra Bullock and Ryan Reynolds exhibit plenty of chemistry, but they're let down by The Proposal's devotion to formula."[23] On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating, the film has a score of 48 out of 100, based on 30 reviews from critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[24] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[25]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave a mixed review, giving the film three out of four stars despite complaining that the film "recycles a plot that was already old when Tracy and Hepburn were trying it out".[26] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone was very critical of the film, calling it insipid. He wrote, "Anne Fletcher directs Peter Chiarelli's script like a manufacturer of hard plastic that is guaranteed to ward off intrusion from all recognizable human emotion."[27] New York Times writer Manohla Dargis felt that Bullock's character was awkward in comparison to her previous work. She continued: "She’s always been better in fundamentally independent roles that allow her to grab the wheel [...] and take the spotlight [...], an independence that persists all the way through the last-act coupling. She can smile as brightly at a man as well as the next leading lady, though, like all genuinely big female stars, she’s really more of a solo act."[28] The Telegraph's Tim Robey expressed disappointment towards the film, giving it a two out of five stars.[29]
It's saying a lot about this section [...] that its comic highlight is Bullock having her mobile phone stolen by a passing eagle, and proffering the family's puppy by way of exchange. In fairness, the leads get very naked before they strictly intend to, and the sound department notches up at least one big laugh with the wettest slap you've ever heard when they unexpectedly collide [...]. But the more recurrent noise towards the end was me groaning with disappointment, that a movie which had struck gold with its central matchmaking was succeeding so ruthlessly in taking the shine off. On the plus side, it's done great business, so we might get to see Bullock and Reynolds back in something soon.
— Tim Robey, of The Telegraph[29]
The interaction between Reynolds and Bullock was well received by critics. Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly opined that the chemistry between the two actors was "fresh and irresistible."[30] Zorianna Kit of The Huffington Post exclaimed that "what [kept] audiences of this lite-fare comedy in their seats is the undeniable on-screen chemistry between leads Sandra Bullock and Ryan Reynolds." She continued: "The two are so adept at comedy and have so much fun with one another, viewers watching The Proposal won't be able to resist their charms, even when some of the plot veers in to unnecessarily silliness."[31] Betsey Sharkley of the Los Angeles Times felt that their relationship was a "cheeky update of The Taming of the Shrew." She opined, "Bullock's deft physical comedy, one of her most endearing qualities, is given a full run. [...] Reynolds' ability to deliver a line, or a look, with withering, surgical precision is there at every turn."[32] Giving it a one out of five stars, The Guardian writer Peter Bradshaw gave a negative reaction to the interaction between Reynolds and Bullock. Bradshaw stated: "Their initial sparky detestation isn't convincing, and neither is their later thawing and romance. In each scene, it looks as if they have never met before. And Margaret isn't permitted to be a convincing cow, because that would make her unsympathetic [...]. Andrew can't be a total wimp, because that would be unsexy, so the fundamental comic premises of the film are fudged."[33]
Accolades[edit]
List of awards and nominations
Award
Category
Recipients
Result
Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2009[34] Best Comedy Film Nominated
67th Golden Globe Awards[35] Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Sandra Bullock Nominated
2010 Kids' Choice Awards Blimp Award for Favorite Movie Actress (along with Blind Side) Sandra Bullock Nominated
2010 MTV Movie Awards[36] Best Comedic Performance Sandra Bullock Nominated
Best Comedic Performance Ryan Reynolds Nominated
Best Kiss Sandra Bullock & Ryan Reynolds Nominated
Best WTF Moment Betty White Nominated
36th People's Choice Awards[37] Favorite Comedy Movie Won
Favorite On-Screen Team Sandra Bullock & Ryan Reynolds Nominated
Favorite Movie Nominated
Satellite Awards 2009[38] Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Sandra Bullock Nominated
2010 Teen Choice Awards[39][40] Choice Movie Dance Sandra Bullock & Betty White Won
Choice Scene Stealer – Female Betty White Nominated
Choice Movie Chemistry Sandra Bullock & Ryan Reynolds Nominated
Choice Movie Liplock Sandra Bullock & Ryan Reynolds Nominated
Choice Movie – Romantic Comedy Nominated
Choice Movie Actress – Romantic Comedy Sandra Bullock Won
Choice Movie Actor – Romantic Comedy Ryan Reynolds Nominated
2009 Teen Choice Awards[41] Choice Summer Movie – Romance Won
Choice Summer Movie Star – Male Ryan Reynolds Nominated
Choice Summer Movie Star – Female Sandra Bullock Nominated
Home media[edit]
The Proposal was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on DVD and Blu-ray on October 13, 2009.[42] It sold over 2.4 million units within its first week, translating to an addition of $39.3 million in the box office.[43] In its second week, sales numbers declined by 70% to 623,744 units, ranking second among DVD sales of the week.[43] By July 2013, The Proposal had sold over 5.6 million units and earned over $90 million in sales.[43]
Remakes[edit]
A Chinese remake co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Linmon Pictures and directed by Yee Chin-yen was announced in June 2016.[44]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Proposal (2009)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Kits, Borys (July 31, 2007). "Reynolds wed to 'Proposal'". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kits, Borys (May 25, 2007). "Romantic 'Proposal' for Bullock". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Abramowitz, Rachel (January 12, 2010). "Can Julia Roberts come back on her own terms?". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kits, Borys (January 16, 2008). "She'll accept Dis 'Proposal'". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Access Extended: 'The Proposal' Premiere, Hollywood". Access Hollywood. June 2, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Silverstein, Stephanie (April 4, 2008). "Disney begins filming on 'The Proposal'". Wicked Local Rockport. Perinton, New York: GateHouse Media. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Proposal Trailer and Movie Set Transformation; April 22, 2009".
Jump up ^ Silverstein, Stephanie (April 21, 2008). "Sandra Bullock resumes filming despite Friday car accident". Wicked Local. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Rimer, Sara (July 29, 2009). "When Hollywood Moved In". New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Proposal (2009)". On the Set of New York. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Feeney, Mark (June 12, 2009). "A movie boom's special effect". Boston Globe. The New York Times Company. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Dan Goldwasser (2009-05-06). "Aaron Zigman scores The Proposal". ScoringSessions.com. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Chris (July 15, 2009). "Why I waited until 44 to do my first nude scene, by The Proposal star Sandra Bullock". Daily Mail. Associated Newspapers. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lewington, Lara (July 15, 2009). "Sandra Happy To Go Stark Bullock Naked". Sky News (British Sky Broadcasting Group). Retrieved October 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lehner, Marla (June 3, 2009). "Ryan Reynolds: The Truth About Nude Scenes". People. Time Inc. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ellwood, Gregory (June 20, 2009). "Friday Box Office: 'The Proposal' gives Sandra Bullock a record opening day". HitFix. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Gray, Brandon (2009-06-21). "Weekend Report: 'Proposal' Pops to the Top, 'Year One' Lacks Stones". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
Jump up ^ Young, John (June 21, 2009). "'The Proposal' celebrates box office win". CNN. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Proposal (2009)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1041829/business?ref_=tt_dt_bus
Jump up ^ "2009 Worldwide Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Proposal (2009)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
Jump up ^ "The Proposal reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Robert (2009-06-17). "The Proposal". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (2009-06-21). "The Proposal". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
Jump up ^ Dargis, Manohla (June 18, 2009). "The Proposal (2009)". New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Robey, Tim (July 23, 2009). "The Proposal, review". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum, Lisa (2009-06-16). "The Proposal Movie Review". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
Jump up ^ Kit, Zorianna (2009-06-22). "Movie Review: The Proposal". The Huffington Post. Arianna Huffington. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
Jump up ^ Sharkey, Betsey (June 19, 2009). "The Proposal". The Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bradshaw, Peter (July 23, 2009). "The Proposal". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Accomando, Beth (December 14, 2009). "Broadcast Film Critics Association Announces Nominations". KPBS. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Burr, Ty (December 15, 2009). "The Golden Globe film nominations". Boston Globe. The New York Times Company. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2010 MTV Movie Awards". MTV (Viacom). Retrieved October 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards 2010". CBS. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2009 14th Annual SATELLITE AWARDS". International Press Academy. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Soll, Lindsay (June 14, 2010). "Teen Choice Awards 2010: First Round Of Nominees Announced". MTV (Viacom). Retrieved October 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Soll, Lindsay (June 28, 2010). "Teen Choice Awards 2010: Second (Giant) Wave Of Nominees Announced". MTV (Viacom). Retrieved October 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Coppersmith, Scott (August 9, 2009). "Teen Choice Awards 2009: The Nominees". KTTV. Archived from the original on June 26, 2010. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Thorton, Michelle (August 17, 2009). ""The Proposal" On DVD October 13th". ReelEmpire.com. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Proposal - DVD Sales". The Numbers. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Brzeski, Patrick (June 13, 2016). "Disney to Co-Produce Chinese Remake of Sandra Bullock's 'The Proposal' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
External links[edit]
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Trojan Horse
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the mythological Trojan Horse. For other uses, see Trojan horse (disambiguation).
Replica of Trojan Horse - Canakkale Waterfront - Dardanelles - Turkey
Trojan horse as depicted in the Vergilius Vaticanus
Detail from The Procession of the Trojan Horse in Troy by Domenico Tiepolo (1773), inspired by Virgil's Aeneid
The Trojan Horse is a tale from the Trojan War about the subterfuge that the Greeks used to enter the independent city of Troy and win the war. In the canonical version, after a fruitless 10-year siege, the Greeks constructed a huge wooden horse, and hid a select force of men inside. The Greeks pretended to sail away, and the Trojans pulled the horse into their city as a victory trophy. That night the Greek force crept out of the horse and opened the gates for the rest of the Greek army, which had sailed back under cover of night. The Greeks entered and destroyed the city of Troy, ending the war.
Metaphorically a "Trojan Horse" has come to mean any trick or stratagem that causes a target to invite a foe into a securely protected bastion or place. A malicious computer program which tricks users into willingly running it is also called a "Trojan horse" or simply a "Trojan".
The main ancient source for the story is the Aeneid of Virgil, a Latin epic poem from the time of Augustus. The event is also referred to in Homer's Odyssey.[1] In the Greek tradition, the horse is called the "wooden horse" (δουράτεος ἵππος dourateos hippos in Homeric/Ionic Greek (Odyssey 8.512); δούρειος ἵππος, doureios hippos in Attic Greek).
Contents
1 Literary accounts
1.1 Men in the horse
2 Factual explanations
3 Ancient representations
4 Notes
5 External links
Literary accounts[edit]
Sinon is brought to Priam, from folio 101r of the Roman Vergil
According to Quintus Smyrnaeus, Odysseus thought of building a great wooden horse (the horse being the emblem of Troy), hiding an elite force inside, and fooling the Trojans into wheeling the horse into the city as a trophy. Under the leadership of Epeius, the Greeks built the wooden horse in three days. Odysseus's plan called for one man to remain outside the horse; he would act as though the Greeks had abandoned him, leaving the horse as a gift for the Trojans. An inscription was engraved on the horse reading: "For their return home, the Greeks dedicate this offering to Athena". Then they burned their tents and left to Tenedos by night. Greek soldier Sinon was "abandoned", and was to signal to the Greeks by lighting a beacon.[2] In Virgil's poem, Sinon, the only volunteer for the role, successfully convinces the Trojans that he has been left behind and that the Greeks are gone. Sinon tells the Trojans that the Horse is an offering to the goddess Athena, meant to atone for the previous desecration of her temple at Troy by the Greeks, and ensure a safe journey home for the Greek fleet. Sinon tells the Trojans that the Horse was built to be too large for them to take it into their city and gain the favor of Athena for themselves.
While questioning Sinon, the Trojan priest Laocoön guesses the plot and warns the Trojans, in Virgil's famous line Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes ("I fear Greeks, even those bearing gifts"),[3] Danai (acc Danaos) or Danaans (Homer's name for the Greeks) being the ones who had built the Trojan Horse. However, the god Poseidon sends two sea serpents to strangle him and his sons Antiphantes and Thymbraeus before any Trojan heeds his warning. According to Apollodorus the two serpents were sent by Apollo, whom Laocoon had insulted by sleeping with his wife in front of the "divine image".[4] In the Odyssey, Homer says that Helen of Troy also guesses the plot and tries to trick and uncover the Greek soldiers inside the horse by imitating the voices of their wives, and Anticlus attempts to answer, but Odysseus shuts his mouth with his hand.[5] King Priam's daughter Cassandra, the soothsayer of Troy, insists that the horse will be the downfall of the city and its royal family. She too is ignored, hence their doom and loss of the war.[6]
Trojan War
Achilles tending the wounded Patroclus
(Attic red-figure kylix, c. 500 BC)
The war
Setting: Troy (modern Hisarlik, Turkey)
Period: Bronze Age
Traditional dating: c. 1194–1184 BC
Modern dating: c. 1260–1180 BC
Outcome: Greek victory, destruction of Troy
See also: Historicity of the Iliad
Literary sources
Iliad
Epic Cycle
Aeneid, Book 2
Iphigenia in Aulis
Philoctetes
Ajax
The Trojan Women
Posthomerica
See also: Trojan War in popular culture
Episodes
Judgement of Paris
Seduction of Helen
Trojan Horse
Sack of Troy
The Returns
Wanderings of Odysseus
Aeneas and the Founding of Rome
Greeks and allies
Agamemnon
Achilles
Helen
Menelaus
Nestor
Odysseus
Ajax
Diomedes
Patroclus
Thersites
Achaeans
Myrmidons
See also: Catalogue of Ships
Trojans and allies
Priam
Hecuba
Hector
Paris
Cassandra
Andromache
Aeneas
Memnon
Troilus
Penthesilea and the Amazons
Sarpedon
See also: Trojan Battle Order
Participant gods
Caused the war:
Eris
Zeus
On the Greek side:
Athena
Hephaestus
Hera
Hermes
Poseidon
Thetis
On the Trojan side:
Aphrodite
Apollo
Ares
Artemis
Leto
Scamander
Related topics
Homeric Question
Archaeology of Troy
Mycenae
Mycenaean warfare
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This incident is mentioned in the Odyssey:
What a thing was this, too, which that mighty man wrought and endured in the carven horse, wherein all we chiefs of the Argives were sitting, bearing to the Trojans death and fate! 4.271 ff
But come now, change thy theme, and sing of the building of the horse of wood, which Epeius made with Athena's help, the horse which once Odysseus led up into the citadel as a thing of guile, when he had filled it with the men who sacked Ilion. 8.492-3 ff (trans. Samuel Butler)
The most detailed and most familiar version is in Virgil's Aeneid, Book II[7] (trans. A. S. Kline).
After many years have slipped by, the leaders of the Greeks,
opposed by the Fates, and damaged by the war,
build a horse of mountainous size, through Pallas's divine art,
and weave planks of fir over its ribs:
they pretend it's a votive offering: this rumour spreads.
They secretly hide a picked body of men, chosen by lot,
there, in the dark body, filling the belly and the huge
cavernous insides with armed warriors.
[...]
Then Laocoön rushes down eagerly from the heights
of the citadel, to confront them all, a large crowd with him,
and shouts from far off: "O unhappy citizens, what madness?
Do you think the enemy's sailed away? Or do you think
any Greek gift's free of treachery? Is that Ulysses's reputation?
Either there are Greeks in hiding, concealed by the wood,
or it's been built as a machine to use against our walls,
or spy on our homes, or fall on the city from above,
or it hides some other trick: Trojans, don't trust this horse.
Whatever it is, I'm afraid of Greeks even those bearing gifts."
Book II includes Laocoön saying: "Equo ne credite, Teucri. Quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentes." ("Do not trust the horse, Trojans! Whatever it is, I fear the Greeks, even bringing gifts.")
Well before Virgil, the story is also alluded to in Greek classical literature. In Euripides' play Trojan Women, written in 415 BC, the god Poseidon proclaims: "For, from his home beneath Parnassus, Phocian Epeus, aided by the craft of Pallas, framed a horse to bear within its womb an armed host, and sent it within the battlements, fraught with death; whence in days to come men shall tell of 'the wooden horse,' with its hidden load of warriors."[8]
Men in the horse[edit]
Thirty of the Achaeans' best warriors hid in the Trojan horse's belly and two spies in its mouth. Other sources give different numbers: The Bibliotheca 50;[9] Tzetzes 23;[10] and Quintus Smyrnaeus gives the names of 30, but says there were more.[11] In late tradition the number was standardized at 40. Their names follow:[12]
Odysseus (leader)
Acamas
Agapenor
Ajax the Lesser
Amphidamas
Amphimachus
Anticlus
Antimachus
Antiphates
Calchas
Cyanippus
Demophon
Diomedes
Echion
Epeius
Eumelus
Euryalus
Eurydamas
Eurymachus
Eurypylus
Ialmenus
Idomeneus
Iphidamas
Leonteus
Machaon
Meges
Menelaus
Menestheus
Meriones
Neoptolemus
Peneleos
Philoctetes
Podalirius
Polypoetes
Sthenelus
Teucer
Thalpius
Thersander
Thoas
Thrasymedes
Factual explanations[edit]
There has been speculation that the Trojan Horse may have been a battering ram or other sort of siege engine resembling, to some extent, a horse, and that the description of the use of this device was then transformed into a myth by later oral historians who were not present at the battle and were unaware of that meaning of the name. Assyrians at the time used siege machines with animal names, often covered with dampened horse hides to protect against flaming arrows; it is possible that the Trojan Horse was such.[13] Pausanias, who lived in the 2nd century AD, wrote in his book Description of Greece "That the work of Epeius was a contrivance to make a breach in the Trojan wall is known to everybody who does not attribute utter silliness to the Phrygians"[14] where, by Phrygians, he means the Trojans.
The Phoenician ship called "hippos". From the Assyrian city of Khorsabad, VIII century BC.
Some authors have suggested that the gift might also have been a ship, with warriors hidden inside.[15] It has been noted that the terms used to put men in the horse are those used by ancient Greek authors when describing the embarkation of men on a ship, and that there are analogies between the building of ships by Paris at the beginning of the Trojan saga and the building of the horse at the end;[16] ships are called "sea-horses" once in the Odyssey.[17] This view has recently gained support from naval archaeology[18][19]: ancient text and images show that a Phoenician merchant ship type decorated with a horse head, called hippos (=horse) by Greeks, became very diffuse in the Levant area around the beginning of the first millennium BC, being used to trade precious metals, and sometimes to pay tribute after the end of a war[19]; it is suggested therefore that the original story viewed the Greek soldiers hiding inside the hull of such a vessel, possibly disguised as a tribute, and that at some time this term was misunderstood in the oral transmission of the story, giving origin the Trojan horse myth.
A more speculative theory, originally proposed by Fritz Schachermeyr, states that the Trojan Horse is a metaphor for a destructive earthquake that damaged the walls of Troy and allowed the Greeks in.[20] In this theory, the horse represents Poseidon, who as well as being god of the sea was also god of horses and earthquakes. This theory is supported by the fact that archaeological digs have found that Troy VI was heavily damaged in an earthquake,[20] but is hard to square with the mythological claim that Poseidon built the walls of Troy in the first place.[21]
Ancient representations[edit]
Pictorial representations of the Trojan Horse earlier than, or contemporary to, the first literary appearances of the episode can help clarify what was the meaning of the story as perceived by its contemporary audience. There are few ancient (before 480 BC) depictions of the Trojan Horse surviving[22][23]. The earliest is on a Boeotian fibula dating from about 700 BC[24][25]. Other two are on relief pithos vases from the adjoining Grecian islands Mykonos and Tinos, both generally dated between 675 and 650 BC, the one from Mykonos (see figure) being known as the Mykonos Vase.[22][26] (Historian Michael Wood, however, dates the Mykonos Vase to the 8th century BC, some 500 years after the supposed time of the war, but before the written accounts attributed by tradition to Homer; Wood concludes from that evidence that the story of the Trojan Horse existed before those accounts were written.[27]). Other archaic representations of the Trojan horse are found[22] on a Corinthian aryballos dating back to 560 BC[22] (see figure), on a vase fragment to 540 BC (see figure), and on an Etruscan carnelian scarab.[28]
The earliest known depiction of the Trojan Horse[22], on a bronze fibula (ca. 700 BC). Note the wheels and the square openings on the horse's side.
The Mykonos vase (750 to 650 BC), with one of the earliest known renditions of the Trojan Horse. (Note the depiction of the faces of hidden warriors shown on the horse's side.)
Depiction of the Trojan Horse on a Corinthian aryballos (ca. 560 b.C.) found in Cerveteri (Italy)
Warriors leaving the Trojan Horse; Fragment of an attic black-figure Krater from Orbetello (Italy); ca. 540 B.C.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Broeniman, Clifford (1996). "Demodocus, Odysseus, and the Trojan War in "Odyssey" 8". The Classical World. 90 (1): 3–13. JSTOR 4351895.
Jump up ^ Bibliotheca, Epitome, e.5.15
Jump up ^ "Virgil:Aeneid II". Poetryintranslation.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Jump up ^ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, Epitome,Epit. E.5.18
Jump up ^ Homer, Odyssey, 4. 274-289.
Jump up ^ Virgil. The Aeneid. Trans. Robert Fitzgerald. New York: Everyman's Library, 1992. Print.
Jump up ^ "Virgil". poetryintranslation.com.
Jump up ^ "The Trojan Women, Euripides". Classics.mit.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Jump up ^ Epitome 5.14
Jump up ^ Posthomerica 641–650
Jump up ^ Posthomerica xii.314-335
Jump up ^ "THE WOODEN HORSE - Greek Mythology Link". Maicar.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Jump up ^ Michael Wood, in his book "In search of the Trojan war" ISBN 978-0-520-21599-3 (which was shown on BBC TV as a series)
Jump up ^ "Pausanias, Description of Greece 1, XXIII,8". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Jump up ^ Fields, Nic (2004). Troy c. 1700-1250 BC. Spedaliere, Donato and Spedaliere, Sarah Sulemsohn (illustrators). Oxford: Osprey. pp. 51–52. ISBN 1841767034. OCLC 56321915.
Jump up ^ See pages 22-26 in The fall of Troy in early Greek poetry and art, Michael John Anderson, Oxford University Press, 1997
Jump up ^ de Arbulo Bayona, Joaquin Ruiz (2009). "LOS NAVEGANTES Y LO SAGRADO. EL BARCO DE TROYA. NUEVOS ARGUMENTOS PARA UNA EXPLICACION NAUTICA DEL CABALLO DE MADERA" (PDF). Arqueología Náutica Mediterránea, Monografies del CASC. Girona. 8: 535–551.
Jump up ^ Tiboni, Francesco. "The Dourateos Hippos from allegory to Archaeology: a Phoenician Ship to break the Wall." Archaeologia maritima mediterranea 13.13 (2016): 91-104
^ Jump up to: a b Tiboni, Francesco (2017-12-05). "La marineria fenicia nel Mediterraneo nella prima Età del ferro: il tipo navale Hippos". In Morozzo della Rocca, Maria Carola; Tiboni, Francesco. Atti del 2° convegno nazionale. Cultura navale e marittima transire mare 22-23 settembre 2016 (in Italian). goWare. ISBN 9788867979042.
^ Jump up to: a b Eric H. Cline (2013). The Trojan War: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 0199333823.
Jump up ^ Stephen Kershaw (2010). A Brief Guide to Classical Civilization. ISBN 1849018006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sparkes, B. A. (1971). "The Trojan Horse in Classical Art1". Greece & Rome. 18 (1): 54–70. doi:10.1017/S001738350001768X. ISSN 1477-4550.
Jump up ^ Sadurska, Anna (1986). "Equus Trojanus". Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. Zürich. 3,1: 813–817.
Jump up ^ British Museum. Dept. of Greek and Roman Antiquities; Walters, Henry Beauchamp (1899). Catalogue of the bronzes, Greek, Roman, and Etruscan, in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum. Wellesley College Library. London, Printed by order of the Trustees. p. 374.
Jump up ^ "Bronze bow fibula (brooch) with a glimpse of the Trojan Horse with wheels under feet - Images for Mary Beard's Cultural Exchange - Front Row's Cultural Exchange - BBC Radio 4". BBC. Retrieved 2017-11-03.
Jump up ^ Caskey, Miriam Ervin (Winter 1976). "Notes on Relief Pithoi of the Tenian-Boiotian Group". American Journal of Archaeology. 80 (1): 19–41. JSTOR 502935.
Jump up ^ Wood, Michael (1985). In Search of the Trojan War. London: BBC books. pp. 80; 251. ISBN 978-0-563-20161-8.
Jump up ^ "Carnelian scarab | Etruscan, Populonia | Late Archaic | The Met". The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Trojan Horse
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Public service
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Public service (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Civil service.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Roman public bath, still in use
Public service[1][not in citation given] is a service which is provided by government to people living within its jurisdiction, either directly (through the public sector) or by financing provision of services. The term is associated with a social consensus (usually expressed through democratic elections) that certain services should be available to all, regardless of income, physical ability or mental acuity. Even where public services are neither publicly provided nor publicly financed, for social and political reasons they are usually subject to regulation going beyond that applying to most economic sectors. Public policy[2][not in citation given] when made in the public's interest and motivations can provide public services. Public service is also a course that can be studied at a college or university. Examples of public services are the fire brigade, police, air force, and paramedics.
Contents
[hide]
1 Sectors
2 Public administration
3 Characteristics
4 History
5 Nationalization
6 Privatization
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Sectors[edit]
Public services may be associated with fundamental human rights (such as the right to water). The Volunteer Fire Dept. and Ambulance Corps. are institutions with the mission of servicing the community. A service is helping others with a specific need or want. Here, service ranges from a doctor curing an illness, to a repair person, to a food pantry.
In modern developed countries, the term "public services" (or "services of general interest") often includes:[citation needed]
Courts
Electricity
Education, [e.g. state (public) schools, public universities, etc...]
Emergency services, (e.g. Fire, EMS, Law Enforcement, Search and Rescue, etc...)
Environmental protection
Health care
Military
Postal service
Public bank
Public broadcasting
Public library
Public security
Public transportation
Social services, (e.g. public housing, social welfare, food subsidies, etc...)
Telecommunications
Urban planning
Transportation infrastructure
Waste management, (e.g. wastewater, solid waste, recycling, etc...)
Water supply network
Public administration[edit]
Main article: Public Administration
In modern democracies, public service is often performed by employees known as civil servants who are hired by elected officials. Government agencies are not profit-oriented and their employees are motivated very differently.[3] Studies of their work have found contrasting results including both higher levels of effort[3] and fewer hours of work.[4] A survey in the UK found that private sector hiring managers do not credit government experience as much as private sector experience.[5] Public workers tend to make less in wages when adjusting for education, although that difference is reduced when benefits and hours are included.[6] Public workers have other intangible benefits such as increased job security.[6]
Characteristics[edit]
A public service may sometimes have the characteristics of a public good (being non-rivalrous and non-excludable), but most are services which may (according to prevailing social norms) be under-provided by the market. In most cases public services are services, i.e. they do not involve manufacturing of goods. They may be provided by local or national monopolies, especially in sectors which are natural monopolies.
They may involve outputs that are hard to attribute to specific individual effort or hard to measure in terms of key characteristics such as quality. They often require high levels of training and education. They may attract people with a public service ethos who wish to give something to the wider public or community through their work.
History[edit]
Governing bodies have long provided core public services. The tradition of keeping citizens secure through organized military defence dates to at least four thousand years ago.[7]
Maintaining order through local delegated authority originated at least as early as the Warring States period (5th to 3rd centuries BCE) in ancient China with the institition of xian (prefectures) under the control of a centrally-appointed prefect. Historical evidence of state provision of dispute resolution through a legal/justice system goes back at least as far as ancient Egypt.[8]
A primary public service in ancient history involved ensuring the general favor of the gods through a theologically and ceremonially correct state religion.[9]
The widespread provision of public utilities as public services in developed countries usually began in the late nineteenth century, often with the municipal development of gas and water services. Later, governments began to provide other services such as electricity and healthcare. In most developed countries local or national governments continue to provide such services, the biggest exceptions being the U.S. and the UK, where private provision is arguably proportionally more significant.[citation needed] Nonetheless, such privately provided public services are often strongly regulated, for example (in the US) by Public Utility Commissions.
In developing countries public services tend to be much less well developed. For example, water services might only be available to the wealthy middle class. For political reasons the service is often subsidized, which reduces the finance potentially available for expansion to poorer communities.[citation needed]
Nationalization[edit]
Main article: Nationalization
Nationalization took off following the World Wars of the first half of the twentieth century. Across Europe, because of the extreme demands on industries and the economy, central planning was required to make production maximally efficient. Many public services, especially electricity, gas and public transport are products of this era. Following the Second World War, many countries also began to implement universal health care and expanded education under the funding and guidance of the state.
Privatization[edit]
A group of Chilean 'Damas de Rojo', volunteers on their local hospital.
Main article: Privatization
There are several ways to privatize public services. A free-market corporation may be established and sold to private investors, relinquishing government control altogether. Thus it becomes a private (not public) service. Another option, used in the Nordic countries, is to establish a corporation, but keep ownership or voting power essentially in the hands of the government. For example, the Finnish state owned 49% of Kemira until 2007, the rest being owned by private investors. A 49% share did not make it a "government enterprise", but it meant that all other investors together would have to oppose the state's opinion in order to overturn the state's decisions in the shareholder's meeting. Regulated corporation can also acquire permits on the agreement that they fulfill certain public service duties. When a private corporation runs a natural monopoly, then the corporation is typically heavily regulated, to prevent abuse of monopoly power. Lastly, the government can buy the service on the free market. In many countries, medication is provided in this manner: the government reimburses part of the price of the medication. Also, bus traffic, electricity, healthcare and waste management are privatized in this way. One recent innovation, used in the UK increasingly as well as Australia and Canada is public-private partnerships. This involves giving a long lease to private consortia in return for partly funding infrastructure.
See also[edit]
This "see also" section may contain an excessive number of suggestions. Please ensure that only the most relevant links are given, that they are not red links, and that any links are not already in this article. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
CEEP European Centre of Enterprises with Public Participation and of Enterprises of General Economic Interest
Certificate of public convenience and necessity
Good governance
Infrastructure
Right to Public Services legislation
New Public Management
United Nations Public Service Awards
VÖWG Austrian Association for Public and Social Economy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McGregor,Eugene B.,,Jr, Campbell, A. K., Macy,John W.,,Jr, & Cleveland, H. (1982). Symposium: The public service as institution. Public Administration Review, 42(4), 304. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/197199863(subscription required)
Jump up ^ Anderfuhren-Biget, S., Varone, F., & Giauque, D. (2014). POLICY ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC SERVICE MOTIVATION. Public Administration, 92(4), 807. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1639861884(subscription required)
^ Jump up to: a b Frank, Sue A.; Lewis, Gregory B. (2004-03-01). "Government Employees Working Hard or Hardly Working?". The American Review of Public Administration. 34 (1): 36–51. doi:10.1177/0275074003258823. ISSN 0275-0740.
Jump up ^ "Government Employees Work Less than Private-Sector Employees". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
Jump up ^ "Public sector stigma: The 100,000 workers Tim Hudak removes from the provincial payroll could have a tough transition to the private sector". Financial Post. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
^ Jump up to: a b Volokh, Sasha (2014-02-07). "Are public-sector employees "overpaid"?". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
Jump up ^ Rice, Michael (1998). The Power of the Bull. London: Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 9781317725831. Retrieved 27 July 2017. As the more advanced social institutions began to take shape they contributed to some counterbalancing of the essential insecurity of man's condition. It was inevitable that ambitious and assertive men should see an opportunity for establishing for themselves positions of power and influence. No doubt many such occasions had their origins in a genuine concern for the public good [...] The position of [...] the war-band leader as the strong arm of the community's defence would increasingly be confirmed by the subjection of the community to the members of what [...] were becoming, demonstrably, elites, [...] This period, embracing part of the fifth and all of the fourth and third millennia before the present era, is absolutely pivotal to the development of the modern world.
Jump up ^ Haley, John O. (2016). Law’s Political Foundations: Rivers, Rifles, Rice, and Religion. Cheltemham, Gloucestershire: Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 43–44. ISBN 9781785368509. Retrieved 27 July 2017. Pharaonic Egypt epitomizes a regulatory, public law regime. [...] The principal function of this elaborate apparatus was to maintain order and security, and, above all, to acquire as much of the surplus agricultural wealth and labor as possible.
Jump up ^ Hovey, Craig; Phillips, Elizabeth (2015). The Cambridge Companion to Political Theology. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 4-5. ISBN 9781107052741. Retrieved 27 July 2017. To ensure the favor of the gods was the preeminent task of ancient rulers worldwide, for they all were priestly kings. The Roman Caesar was the pontifex maximus of Rome's state god. The Chinese emperor certainly stood over his subjects as 'Son of Heaven,' but if he fell into disfavor with heaven and his country was visited by famine, plague, earthquakes, and floods, he could be overthrown. The Moloch of Carthage demanded children as sacrifices; the Aztecs and Mayas offered their Gods still-quivering hearts. These political religions were do ut des religions in which the relationship between deity and worshippers was one of contractual exchange.
External links[edit]
This section includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Municipal Services Project
Public Services International
Public Services International Research Unit
Daniel Chavez (ed), Beyond the Market: The Future of Public Services, TNI Public Services Yearbook 2005/6, Transnational Institute / Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU), February 2006
European Centre of Enterprises with Public Participation and of Enterprises of General Economic Interest
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