text:
Scarlett O'Hara
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the instrumental composition, see Scarlett O'Hara (instrumental).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Scarlett O'Hara
Scarlett O'Hara as portrayed by Vivien Leigh in the 1939 film adaptation of Gone with the Wind
First appearance
Gone with the Wind
Created by
Margaret Mitchell
Portrayed by
Vivien Leigh (Gone with the Wind)
Joanne Whalley (Scarlett)
Information
Full name
Katie Scarlett O'Hara
Gender
Female
Family
Gerald O'Hara (father, deceased)
Ellen Robillard O'Hara (mother, deceased)
Susan Elinor "Suellen" O'Hara Benteen (sister)
Caroline Irene "Carreen" O'Hara (sister)
Gerald O'Hara Jr. (name of 3 brothers, all deceased)
Spouse(s)
Charles Hamilton
(1st; deceased)
Frank Kennedy
(2nd; deceased)
Rhett Butler
(3rd; separated )
Children
Wade Hampton Hamilton
(son with Charles)
Ella Lorena Kennedy
(daughter with Frank)
Eugenie Victoria "Bonnie Blue" Butler
(daughter with Rhett; deceased)
Katie Colum "Cat" Butler
(daughter with Rhett in Scarlett)
Relatives
Langston Butler (father-in-law named in Scarlett; deceased)
Eleanor Butler (mother-in-law in sequel Scarlett)
Ross Butler (brother-in-law named in Scarlett)
Rosemary Butler (sister-in-law)
Pauline Robillard (maternal aunt)
Eulalie Robillard (maternal aunt)
Philippe Robillard (cousin of her mother)
James O'Hara (paternal uncle)
Andrew O'Hara (paternal uncle)
Pierre Robillard (maternal grandfather)
Solange Prudhomme Robillard (maternal grandmother)
Katie Scarlett O'Hara (paternal grandmother)
Will Benteen (brother-in-law)
Unnamed Benteen (niece or nephew, via Suellen and Will)
Melanie Hamilton (sister-in-law)
Beau Wilkes (nephew)
Religion
Roman Catholicism[1]
Katie Scarlett O'Hara is a fictional character and the main protagonist in Margaret Mitchell's 1936 novel Gone with the Wind and in the later film of the same name. She also is the main character in the 1970 musical Scarlett and the 1991 book Scarlett, a sequel to Gone with the Wind that was written by Alexandra Ripley and adapted for a television mini-series in 1994. During early drafts of the original novel, Mitchell referred to her heroine as "Pansy", and did not decide on the name "Scarlett" until just before the novel went to print.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
2 Personality
3 Searching for Scarlett
4 Other actresses considered
5 Adaptations
6 Historical sources for the character
7 Comparisons to other characters
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Biography[edit]
O'Hara is the oldest living child of Gerald and Ellen O'Hara. She was born in 1844 or 1845 on her family's plantation Tara in Georgia. She was named Katie Scarlett, after her father's mother, but is always called Scarlett, except by her father, who refers to her as "Katie Scarlett."[3] She is from a Catholic family of Irish and French ancestry, and a descendant of an aristocratic Savannah family on her mother's side (the Robillards). O'Hara has black hair, green eyes, and pale skin. She is famous for her fashionably small waist.[4] Scarlett has two younger sisters, Susan Elinor ("Suellen") O'Hara and Caroline Irene ("Carreen") O'Hara, and three little brothers who died in infancy. Her baby brothers are buried in the family burying ground at Tara, and each was named Gerald O'Hara, Jr.
Personality[edit]
Scarlett O'Hara is an atypical protagonist, especially as a female romantic lead in fiction. When the novel opens, Scarlett is sixteen. She is vain, self-centered, and very spoiled by her wealthy parents. She can also be insecure, but is very intelligent, despite her fashionable Southern-belle pretense at ignorance and helplessness around men. She is somewhat unusual among Southern women, whom society preferred to act as dainty creatures who needed protection from their men. Scarlett is aware that she is only acting empty-headed, and resents the fashionable "necessity" of it, unlike most of her typical party-going Southern belles social set.
Outwardly, Scarlett is the picture of southern charm and womanly virtues, and a popular belle with the country males. The one man she truly wants, however, is her neighbor, Ashley Wilkes – the one man she can't have. The Wilkes family has a tradition of intermarrying with their cousins, and Ashley is promised to his cousin, Melanie Hamilton of Atlanta. Scarlett's motivation in the early part of the novel centers on her desire to win Ashley's heart. When he refuses her advances (which no well-bred Southern lady would be so forward as to make), she takes refuge in childish rage, and spitefully accepts the proposal of Charles Hamilton, Melanie's brother, in a misguided effort to get back at Ashley and Melanie.
Rhett Butler, a wealthy older bachelor and a society pariah, overhears Scarlett express her love to Ashley during a barbecue at Twelve Oaks, the Wilkes' estate. Rhett admires Scarlett's willfulness and her departure from accepted propriety as well as her beauty. He pursues Scarlett, but is aware of her impetuousness, childish spite, and her fixation on Ashley. He assists Scarlett in defiance of proper Victorian mourning customs when her husband, Charles Hamilton, dies in a training camp, and Rhett encourages her hoydenish behavior (by antebellum custom) in Atlanta society. Scarlett, privately chafing from the strict rules of polite society, finds friendship with Rhett liberating.
The Civil War sweeps away the lifestyle for which Scarlett was raised, and Southern society falls into ruin. Scarlett, left destitute after Sherman's army marches through Georgia, becomes the sole source of strength for her family. Her character begins to harden as her relatives, the family slaves and the Wilkes family look to her for protection from homelessness and starvation. Scarlett becomes money-conscious and more materialistic in her motivation to ensure that her family survives and Tara stays in her family, while other Georgia planters are losing their homes. This extends to stealing her younger sister's fiancé, going into business herself (well-bred southern ladies never worked outside the home), engaging in controversial business practices and even exploiting convict labor in order to make her lumber business profit. Her conduct results in the accidental death of her second husband, Frank Kennedy, and shortly after she marries Rhett Butler for "fun" and because he is very wealthy.
Scarlett is too insecure and vain to truly grow up and realize her pursuit of Ashley is misdirected until the climax of the novel. With the death of Melanie Wilkes, she realizes her pursuit of Ashley was a childish romance. She realizes she never really loved Ashley and that she has loved Rhett Butler for some time. She pursues Rhett from the Wilkes home to their home, only to discover he has given up hope of ever receiving her love, and is about to leave her. After telling him she loves him, he refuses to stay with her, which leads to the famous line, "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn." Wracked with grief, but determined to once again pursue and win her man, realizing that Tara is what matters most to her (other than Rhett) Scarlet returns home to Tara to launch her pursuit of Rhett at a later time.
Searching for Scarlett[edit]
While the studio and the public agreed that the part of Rhett Butler should go to Clark Gable (except for Clark Gable himself), casting for the role of Scarlett was harder. The search for an actress to play Scarlett in the film version of the novel famously drew the biggest names in the history of cinema, such as Bette Davis (who had been cast as a Southern belle in Jezebel in 1938), and Katharine Hepburn, who went so far as demanding an appointment with producer David O. Selznick and saying, "I am Scarlett O'Hara! The role is practically written for me." Selznick replied rather bluntly, "I can't imagine Rhett Butler chasing you for twelve years." [5] Jean Arthur and Lucille Ball were also considered, as well as relatively unknown actress Doris Davenport. Susan Hayward was "discovered" when she tested for the part, and the career of Lana Turner developed quickly after her screen test. Tallulah Bankhead and Joan Bennett were widely considered to be the most likely choices until they were supplanted by Paulette Goddard.
The young English actress Vivien Leigh, virtually unknown in America, saw that several English actors, including Ronald Colman and Leslie Howard, were in consideration for the male leads in Gone with the Wind. Her agent happened to be the London representative of the Myron Selznick talent agency, headed by David Selznick's brother, Myron. Leigh asked Myron to put her name into consideration as Scarlett on the eve of the American release of her picture Fire Over England in February 1938. David Selznick watched both Fire Over England and her most recent picture, A Yank at Oxford, that month, and thought she was excellent but in no way a possible Scarlett, as she was "too British". But Myron Selznick arranged for David to first meet Leigh on the night in December 1938 when the burning of the Atlanta Depot was being filmed on the Forty Acres backlot that Selznick International and RKO shared. Leigh and her then lover Laurence Olivier (later to be her husband) were visiting as guests of Myron Selznick, who was also Olivier's agent, while Leigh was in Hollywood hoping for a part in Olivier's current movie, Wuthering Heights. In a letter to his wife two days later, David Selznick admitted that Leigh was "the Scarlett dark horse", and after a series of screen tests, her casting was announced on January 13, 1939. Just before the shooting of the film, Selznick informed Ed Sullivan: "Scarlett O'Hara's parents were French and Irish. Identically, Miss Leigh's parents are French and Irish."[6]
In any case, Leigh was cast—despite public protest that the role was too "American" for an English actress—but Leigh was able to pull off the role so well that she eventually won an Academy Award for her performance as Scarlett O'Hara.
Other actresses considered[edit]
A great number of actresses were considered. In fact, there were approximately 32 women who were considered and or tested for the role. The search for Scarlett began in 1936 (the year of the book's publication) and ended in December 1938.[7]
Between 1936 and 1938, the following actresses were considered for the role, which required playing Scarlett from 16 years of age until she was 28 (actress age in 1939, the year of Gone With the Wind's release, when Leigh was 26).
Lucille Ball (28)
Constance Bennett (35)
Clara Bow (34)
Mary Brian (33)
Ruth Chatterton (47)
Claudette Colbert (36)
Joan Crawford (35)
Bette Davis (31)
Frances Dee (30)
Irene Dunne (41)
Madge Evans (30)
Glenda Farrell (35)
Alice Faye (24)
Joan Fontaine (22), sister of Olivia de Havilland, who played Mellie (23)
Kay Francis (34)
Janet Gaynor (33)
Paulette Goddard (29)
Jean Harlow (28)
Susan Hayward (22)
Katharine Hepburn (32)
Miriam Hopkins (37)
Rochelle Hudson (23)
Dorothy Lamour (25)
Andrea Leeds[8] (25)
Carole Lombard (31)
Anita Louise (24)
Myrna Loy (34)
Pola Negri (42)
Maureen O'Sullivan (28)
Merle Oberon (28)
Ginger Rogers (28)
Norma Shearer (37)
Ann Sheridan (24)
Gale Sondergaard, who also was considered for but ultimately lost the role of the Wicked Witch of the West the same year[8] (40)
Barbara Stanwyck (32)
Gloria Stuart (29)
Margaret Sullavan (30)
Gloria Swanson (40)
Lana Turner who was considered by Cukor to be too young to have the depth for the role (18)
Linda Watkins (31)
Mae West (46)
Jane Wyman (22)
Loretta Young (26)
Between late 1937 and mid-1938, approximately 128 actresses were nominated for the role of Scarlett through letters of suggestion sent to Selznick International Pictures from the public.[8]
Adaptations[edit]
A 1966 musical stage adaptation was a major hit in Japan and London's West End, but failed to survive in America where it starred Lesley Ann Warren and Harve Presnell. It closed after engagements in Los Angeles and San Francisco, never opening on Broadway.
In 1980 a film about the search for Scarlett O'Hara was made entitled Moviola: The Scarlett O'Hara War with actress Morgan Brittany impersonating Vivien Leigh, whom she resembled.
In the 1994 TV mini-series based on the sequel Scarlett, the character was played by English actress Joanne Whalley.
In the Margaret Martin musical Gone with the Wind, the role of Scarlett O'Hara was originated by Jill Paice.
In the South Korean stage production Girls' Generation member Seohyun played Scarlett, alongside Bada, former member of S.E.S..
Historical sources for the character[edit]
While Margaret Mitchell used to say that her Gone with The Wind characters were not based on real people, modern researchers have found similarities to some of the people in Mitchell's own life as well as individuals she heard of. Rhett Butler is thought to be based on Mitchell's first husband, Red Upshaw. Scarlett's upbringing resembled that of Mitchell's maternal grandmother, Annie Fitzgerald Stephens (1844–1934), who was raised on a plantation in Clayton County, Georgia (where the fictional Tara was placed), and whose father was an Irish immigrant. Another source for Scarlett might have been Martha Bulloch Roosevelt, the mother of U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt. Martha grew up in a beautiful Southern mansion, Bulloch Hall, in Roswell, just north of Atlanta, Georgia. Her physical appearance, beauty, grace and intelligence were well known to Mitchell and the personality similarities (the positive ones) between Martha, who was also called Mittie, and Scarlett were striking.[citation needed]
Comparisons to other characters[edit]
Troy Patterson of Entertainment Weekly argued that Ally McBeal, the main character of the television series with the same name, has similarities to O'Hara and that "Scarlett and Ally are fairy-tale princesses who bear about as much resemblance to real women as Barbie and Skipper."[9] Patterson wrote that Ally is similar because she is also a child from a ruling class family, "pines hopelessly after an unavailable dreamboat", and has a "sassy black roommate" in place of a "mammy" to "comfort her".[9]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Taylor, 1989 & 62.
Jump up ^ "Shrewd, Selfish Scarlett: A Complicated Heroine". NPR. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
Jump up ^ Mitchell 1936, pp. 404, 413, 451.
Jump up ^ "[T]here was no one in Fayetteville, Jonesboro or in three counties, for that matter, who had so small a waist." Mitchell 1936, pp. 75–76. With a tightly-laced corset, she could fit into a dress with a 17-inch dress. Mitchell 1936, p. 76.
Jump up ^ Higham, Charles (2004). Kate: The Life of Katharine Hepburn. New York City, NY: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-32598-9. Pg. 94
Jump up ^ "Letter from David O. Selznick to Ed Sullivan". Harry Ransom Center - The University Of Texas At Austin. Jan 7, 1939. Archived from the original on 2006-09-07.
Jump up ^ Thompson, David. "Hollywood", 1930s pgs. 178 - 182
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Making of Gone With The Wind" Part 2, Documentary circa 1990s.
^ Jump up to: a b Patterson, Troy, Ty Burr, and Stephen Whitty. "Gone With the Wind." (video review) Entertainment Weekly. October 23, 1998. Retrieved on December 23, 2013. This document has three separate reviews of the film, one per author.
References[edit]
Mitchell, Margaret (1936). Gone with the Wind. Macmillan Publishers.
Taylor, Helen (1989). Scarlett's Women: Gone with the Wind and Its Female Fans. Rutgers University Press.
External links[edit]
Fictional characters portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scarlett O'Hara.
Short biographies of Scarlett and Vivien Leigh
[hide]
v
t
e
Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell
Characters
Scarlett O'Hara
Rhett Butler
Ashley Wilkes
Melanie Hamilton
India Wilkes
Adaptations
Gone with the Wind (film)
Scarlett (musical)
Autant en emporte le vent
Gone with the Wind (musical)
Related works
The Making of a Legend: Gone with the Wind
Scarlett (novel)
Scarlett (miniseries)
The Wind Done Gone
Rhett Butler's People
The Scarlett O'Hara War
"Went with the Wind!"
Related
"Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn"
Tara plantation
Twelve Oaks
Margaret Mitchell House and Museum
Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Co.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scarlett_O%27Hara&oldid=843434998"
Categories:
Fictional American people of French descent
Fictional American people of Irish descent
Fictional businesspeople
Fictional characters from Georgia (U.S. state)
Fictional characters introduced in 1936
Fictional murderers
Fictional people of the Confederate States of America
Fictional socialites
Gone with the Wind characters
Female characters in literature
Female characters in film
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from June 2012
All articles needing additional references
Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Español
فارسی
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
ქართული
日本語
Polski
Română
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
ᏣᎳᎩ
Tiếng Việt
中文
10 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 May 2018, at 04:11.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href class

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background: #DEDEE2; color: #000000;

values: text-align:center;background: #DEDEE2; color: #000000;

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholicism
mw-redirect
Roman Catholicism

values:
infobox
width:22em;border-spacing: 2px 5px;

values:
/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._State)
mw-redirect
Georgia (U.S. State)

values:
/wiki/Southern_belles
mw-redirect
Southern belles

values:
/wiki/Leslie_Howard_(actor)
mw-redirect
Leslie Howard (actor)

values: Edit section: Other actresses considered

values: -moz-column-width: 18em; -webkit-column-width: 18em; column-width: 18em;

values:
/wiki/Scarlett_(TV_miniseries)
mw-redirect
Scarlett (TV miniseries)

values: Edit section: Historical sources for the character

values:
/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia
mw-redirect
Atlanta, Georgia

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Comparisons to other characters

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: The Making of a Legend: Gone with the Wind

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Fictional American people of French descent

values: Category:Fictional American people of Irish descent

values: Category:Fictional characters from Georgia (U.S. state)

values: Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1936

values: Category:Fictional people of the Confederate States of America

values: Category:Female characters in literature

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2012

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Scarlett_O%27Hara
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: سكارليت أوهارا – Arabic

values: Скарлет О'Хара – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: اسکارلت اوهارا – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: სკარლეტ ო’ჰარა – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: スカーレット・オハラ – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Скарлетт О’Хара – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: ᎤᏐᎪᏍᏓᎩᎦᎨ ᎣᎭᎳ – Cherokee

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-chr
display: none;

values: 斯佳丽·奥哈拉 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Scarlett_O_Hara rootpage-Scarlett_O_Hara skin-vector action-view


text:
Saint-Domingue
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Saint-Domingue
Colony of France
1625–1804
Flag before the French Revolution
Royal Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of France
Capital Cap-Français (1711–1770)
Port-au-Prince (1770–1804)
Languages French, Haitian Creole
Religion Roman Catholicism
Government Absolute monarchy (until 1792)
Republic (1792–1804)
King
• 1625–1643 Louis XIII
• 1643–1715 Louis XIV
• 1715–1774 Louis XV
• 1774–1792 Louis XVI
Head of state of the French Republic
• 1792–1795 National Convention
• 1795–1799 French Directory
• 1799–1804 Napoléon Bonaparte
History
• First French settlement 1625
• Recognized 1697
• Independence January 1, 1804
Area 21,550 km2 (8,320 sq mi)
Currency Saint-Domingue livre
Preceded by Succeeded by
Captaincy General of Santo Domingo
First Empire of Haiti
Today part of Haiti
Part of a series on the
History of Haiti
Chronology
Early history
Spanish rule
French rule
Haitian Revolution
Siege of Santo Domingo
Haitian-Dominican Wars
Imperial era
Republican era
Duvalier era
Post-Duvalier era
Post-quake era
Topics
Slavery
U.S. occupation
2004 coup d'état
2010 earthquake
Timeline
Military history
Haiti portal
v
t
e
Saint-Domingue (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃.dɔ.mɛ̃ɡ]) was a French colony on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola from 1659 to 1804. The French had established themselves on the western portion of the islands of Hispaniola and Tortuga by 1659. In the Treaty of Ryswick of 1697, Spain formally recognized French control of Tortuga Island and the western third of the island of Hispaniola.[1][2]
In 1791, the slaves and some free people of color of Saint-Domingue began waging a rebellion against French authority. The rebels became reconciled to French rule following the abolition of slavery in the colony in 1793, although this alienated the island's dominant slave-holding class. France controlled the entirety of Hispaniola from 1795 to 1802, when a renewed rebellion began. The last French troops withdrew from the western portion of the island in late 1803, and the colony later declared its independence as Haiti, its indigenous name, the following year.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Establishment
3 Profitable colony
4 End of colonial rule
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Overview[edit]
Spain controlled the entire island of Hispaniola from the 1490s until the 17th century, when French pirates began establishing bases on the western side of the island. The official name was La Española, meaning "The Spanish (Island)". It was also called Santo Domingo or San Domingo, after Saint Dominic.[3]
The western part of Hispaniola was neglected by the Spanish authorities, and French buccaneers began to settle first on the Tortuga Island, then on the northwest of the island: they called it le Grande Terre. Spain later ceded the entire western coast of the island to France, retaining the rest of the island, including the Guava Valley, today known as the Central Plateau.[3]
The French called their portion of Hispaniola Saint-Domingue, the French equivalent of Santo Domingo. The Spanish colony on Hispaniola remained separate, and eventually became the Dominican Republic, the capital of which is still named Santo Domingo.[3]
Establishment[edit]
French map of Saint-Domingue French colony in Hispanola island, by Nicolas de Fer
When Christopher Columbus took possession of the island in 1492, he named it Insula Hispana, meaning "the Spanish island" in Latin[4] As Spain conquered new regions on the mainland of the Americas (Spanish Main), its interest in Hispaniola waned, and the colony's population grew slowly. By the early 17th century, the island and its smaller neighbors, notably Tortuga, became regular stopping points for Caribbean pirates. In 1606, the king of Spain ordered all inhabitants of Hispaniola to move close to Santo Domingo, to avoid interaction with pirates. Rather than secure the island, however, this resulted in French, English and Dutch pirates establishing bases on the now-abandoned north and west coasts of the island.
French buccaneers established a settlement on the island of Tortuga in 1625 before going to Grande Terre (mainland). At first they survived by pirating Spanish ships, eating wild cattle and hogs, and selling hides to traders of all nations. Although the Spanish destroyed the buccaneers' settlements several times, on each occasion they returned due to an abundance of natural resources: hardwood trees, wild hogs and cattle, and fresh water. The settlement on Tortuga was officially established in 1659 under the commission of King Louis XIV.
In 1665, French colonization of the islands Hispaniola and Tortuga entailed slavery-based plantation agricultural activity such as growing coffee and cattle farming. It was officially recognized by King Louis XIV. Spain tacitly recognized the French presence in the western third of the island in the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick; the Spanish deliberately omitted direct reference to the island from the treaty, but they were never able to reclaim this territory from the French.[5]
The economy of Saint-Domingue became focused on slave-based agricultural plantations. Saint-Domingue's black population quickly increased. They followed the example of neighboring Caribbean colonies in coercive treatment of the slaves. More cattle, and slave agricultural holdings, coffee plantations and spice plantations were implemented, as well as fishing, cultivation of cocoa, coconuts and snuff. Saint-Domingue quickly came to overshadow the previous colony in both wealth and population. Nicknamed the "Pearl of the Antilles," Saint-Domingue became the richest and most prosperous French colony in the West Indies, cementing its status as an important port in the Americas for goods and products flowing to and from France and Europe. Thus, the income and the taxes from slave-based sugar production became a major source of the French budget.
Among the first buccaneers was Bertrand D'Ogeron, who played a big part in the settlement of Saint-Domingue. He encouraged the planting of tobacco, which turned a population of buccaneers and freebooters, who had not acquiesced to royal authority until 1660, into a sedentary population. D'Orgeron also attracted many colonists from Martinique and Guadeloupe, including Jean Roy, Jean Hebert and his family, and Guillaume Barre and his family, who were driven out by the land pressure which was generated by the extension of the sugar plantations in those colonies. But in 1670, shortly after Cap-Français (later Cap-Haïtien) had been established, the crisis of tobacco intervened and a great number of places were abandoned. The rows of freebooting grew bigger; plundering raids, like those of Vera Cruz in 1683 or of Campêche in 1686, became increasingly numerous, and Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de Seignelay, elder son of Jean Baptist Colbert and at the time Minister of the Navy, brought back some order by taking a great number of measures, including the creation of plantations of indigo and of cane sugar. The first sugar windmill was built in 1685.
On 22 July 1795, Spain ceded to France the remaining Spanish part of the island of Hispaniola, Santo Domingo (now the Dominican Republic), in the second Treaty of Basel, ending the War of the Pyrenees. The people of the eastern part of Saint-Domingue (French Santo Domingo)[9] were opposed to the arrangements and hostile toward the French. The islanders revolted against their new masters and a state of anarchy ensued, leading to more French troops being brought in.
An early death among Europeans was very common due to diseases and conflicts; the French soldiers that Napoleon sent in 1802 to quell the revolt in Saint-Domingue were attacked by Yellow fever during the Haitian Revolution, and more than half of the French army died of disease.[10]
Profitable colony[edit]
Prior to the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), the economy of Saint-Domingue gradually expanded, with sugar and, later, coffee becoming important export crops. After the war, which disrupted maritime commerce, the colony underwent rapid expansion. In 1767, it exported 72 million pounds of raw sugar and 51 million pounds of refined sugar, one million pounds of indigo, and two million pounds of cotton.[11] Saint-Domingue became known as the "Pearl of the Antilles" — one of the richest colonies in the world in the 18th-century French empire. It was the greatest jewel in imperial France’s mercantile crown. By the 1780s, Saint-Domingue produced about 40 percent of all the sugar and 60 percent of all the coffee consumed in Europe. This single colony, roughly the size of Hawaii or Belgium, produced more sugar and coffee than all of the British West Indies colonies combined, generating enormous revenue for the French government and enhancing its power.
The labor for these plantations was provided by an estimated 790,000 African slaves, accounting in 1783–1791 for a third of the entire Atlantic slave trade. Between 1764 and 1771, the average annual importation of slaves varied between 10,000 and 15,000; by 1786 it was about 28,000, and from 1787 onward, the colony received more than 40,000 slaves a year. However, the inability to maintain slave numbers without constant resupply from Africa meant the slave population in 1789 totalled to 500,000, ruled over by a white population that numbered only 32,000.[11] At all times, a majority of slaves in the colony were African-born, as the brutal conditions of slavery and tropical diseases such as yellow fever prevented the population from experiencing growth through natural increase [1]. African culture thus remained strong among slaves to the end of French rule. The folk religion of Vodou commingled Catholic liturgy and ritual with the beliefs and practices of the Vodun religion of Guinea, Congo and Dahomey.[12] Slave traders scoured the Atlantic coast of Africa, and the slaves who arrived came from hundreds of different tribes, their languages often mutually incomprehensible.
To regularize slavery, in 1685 Louis XIV had enacted the code noir, which accorded certain human rights to slaves and responsibilities to the master, who was obliged to feed, clothe and provide for the general well-being of his slaves. The code noir sanctioned corporal punishment but had provisions intended to regulate the administration of punishments. In the event, such protections were often ignored by white colonists. A passage from Henri Christophe's personal secretary, who lived more than half his life as a slave, describes the crimes committed against the slaves of Saint-Domingue by the French colonists:
"Have they not hung up men with heads downward, drowned them in sacks, crucified them on planks, buried them alive, crushed them in mortars? Have they not forced them to consume faeces? And, having flayed them with the lash, have they not cast them alive to be devoured by worms, or onto anthills, or lashed them to stakes in the swamp to be devoured by mosquitoes? Have they not thrown them into boiling cauldrons of cane syrup? Have they not put men and women inside barrels studded with spikes and rolled them down mountainsides into the abyss? Have they not consigned these miserable blacks to man eating-dogs until the latter, sated by human flesh, left the mangled victims to be finished off with bayonet and poniard?"[13]
Thousands of slaves found freedom by fleeing into the mountains, forming communities of maroons and raiding isolated plantations. The most famous was Mackandal, a one-armed slave, originally from Guinea (region), who escaped in 1751. A Vodou Houngan (priest), he united many of the different maroon bands. For the next six years, he staged successful raids while evading capture by the French. He and his followers reputedly killed more than 6,000 people. He preached a radical vision of destroying white colonization in Saint-Domingue. In 1758, after a failed plot to poison the drinking water of the planters, he was captured and burned alive at the public square in Cap-Français.
Saint-Domingue had the largest and wealthiest free population of color in the Caribbean; they were known as the gens de couleur. The royal census of 1789 counted roughly 25,000 such persons. While many free population of color were former slaves, most members of this class were mulattoes, of mixed French/European and African ancestry. Typically, they were the descendants of the enslaved women and French colonists. As in New Orleans, a system of plaçage developed, in which white men had a kind of common-law marriage with slave or free mistresses, and provided for them with a dowry, sometimes freedom, and often education or apprenticeships for their mixed-race children. Some such descendants of planters inherited considerable property. As their numbers grew, they were made subject to discriminatory colonial legislation. Statutes forbade gens de couleur from taking up certain professions, marrying whites, wearing European clothing, carrying swords or firearms in public, or attending social functions where whites were present.[14]
The regulations did not restrict their purchase of land, and many accumulated substantial holdings and became slaveowners. By 1789, they owned one-third of the plantation property and one-quarter of the slaves of Saint-Domingue.[14] Central to the rise of the gens de couleur planter class was the growing importance of coffee, which thrived on the marginal hillside plots to which they were often relegated. The largest concentration of gens de couleur was in the southern peninsula. This was the last region of the colony to be settled, owing to its distance from Atlantic shipping lanes and its formidable terrain, with the highest mountain range in the Caribbean. In the parish of Jérémie, the free population of color formed the majority of the population. Many lived in Port-au-Prince as well, which became an economic center in the South of the island.
End of colonial rule[edit]
Main article: Haitian Revolution
In 1758 white homeowners on Hispaniola began to restrict rights and create laws to exclude mulattoes and blacks, establishing a rigid class system. There were ten black people for every white one. In France, the majority of the Estates General, an advisory body to the King, constituted itself as the National Assembly, made radical changes in French laws, and on 26 August 1789, published the Declaration of the Rights of Man, declaring all men free and equal. The French Revolution shaped the course of the conflict in Saint-Domingue and was at first widely welcomed on the island. At first, wealthy whites saw it as an opportunity to gain independence from France. The elite planters intended to take control of the island and create trade regulations to further their own wealth and power.[15]
Between 1791 and 1804, the leaders François Dominique Toussaint-Louverture and Jean-Jacques Dessalines led the revolution against the slave system established on the island; slavery in Saint-Domingue, along with other Caribbean colonies from the French colonial empire, were the third largest source of income to France. They were inspired by the houngans, sorcerers or priests of Haitian Vodou, Dutty Boukman and François Mackandal.
Léger-Félicité Sonthonax from September 1792 to 1795 was the de facto ruler of Saint-Domingue. He was a French Girondist and abolitionist during the French Revolution who controlled 7,000 French troops in Saint-Domingue during part of the Haitian Revolution.[16] His official title was Civil Commissioner. Within a year of his appointment, his powers were considerably expanded by the Committee of Public Safety. Sonthonax believed that Saint-Domingue's whites, most of whom were of Spanish descent, were royalist or separatist conservatives attached to independence or Spain as a way to preserve the slave plantations. He attacked the military power of the white settlers, and by doing so, he alienated the colonists from the French government. Many gens de couleur, mixed-race residents of the colony, asserted that they could form the military backbone of Saint-Domingue if they were given rights, but Sonthonax rejected this view as outdated in the wake of the August 1791 slave uprising. He believed that Saint-Domingue would need ex-slave soldiers among the ranks of the colonial army if it was to survive. Although he did not originally intend to free the slaves, by October 1793 he ended slavery in order to maintain his own power.[17]
In 1799, the black military leader Toussaint L'Ouverture brought under French rule a law which abolished slavery, and embarked on a program of modernization. He had become master of the whole island.[18]
In November 1799, during the continuing war in Saint-Domingue, Napoleon Bonaparte gained power in France. He passed a new constitution declaring that the colonies would be subject to special laws.[19] Although the colonies suspected this meant the re-introduction of slavery, Napoleon began by confirming Toussaint's position and promising to maintain the abolition.[20] He forbade Toussaint to control the formerly Spanish settlement on the east side of Hispaniola, as that would have given the slave leader a more powerful defensive position.[21] In January 1801, Toussaint and Hyacinthe Moïse invaded the Spanish settlements, taking possession from the Governor, Don Garcia, with few difficulties.
Toussaint promulgated the Constitution of 1801 on 7 July, officially establishing his authority as governor general "for life" over the entire island of Hispaniola and confirming most of his existing policies. Article 3 of the constitution states: "There cannot exist slaves [in Saint-Domingue], servitude is therein forever abolished. All men are born, live and die free and French."[22]
During this time, Bonaparte met with refugee planters; they urged the restoration of slavery in Saint-Domingue, saying it was integral to the colony's profits. He sent an expedition of more than 20,000 men to Saint-Domingue in 1802 to restore French authority.[23]
The French Civil Code of Napoleon affirmed the political and legal equality of all adult men; it established a merit-based society in which individuals advanced in education and employment because of talent rather than birth or social standing. The Civil Code confirmed many of the moderate revolutionary policies of the National Assembly but retracted measures passed by the more radical Convention. The code restored patriarchal authority in the family, for example, by making women and children subservient to male heads of households or excluding slaves. The situation of slaves and people of mixed race was not improved.
The Haitian Revolution culminated in the elimination of slavery in Saint-Domingue and the founding of the Haitian republic. France was weakened by a British naval blockade, and by the unwillingness of Napoleon to send massive reinforcements. Having sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States in April 1803, Napoleon began to lose interest in his failing ventures in the Western Hemisphere.
A minority of state officials and civil servants were exempt from manual labor, including some freed colored Haitians. Many slaves had to work hard to survive, and they became increasingly motivated by their hunger. Consisting mostly of slaves, the population was uneducated and largely unskilled. They had lived under authoritarian control as rural laborers. White residents felt the sting most sharply. While Toussaint, a former privileged slave of a tolerant white master, had felt a certain magnanimity toward whites, Dessalines, a former field slave, despised them. A firm hand was used in resistance to slavery.
Napoleon's troops, under the command of his brother-in-law, General Charles Emmanuel Leclerc, planned to seize control of the island by diplomatic means. They proclaimed peaceful intentions, and kept secret his orders to deport all black officers.[24] Meanwhile, Toussaint was preparing for defense and insuring discipline. This may have contributed to a rebellion against forced labor led by his nephew and top general, Moïse, in October 1801. It was violently repressed, with the result that when the French ships arrived, not all of Saint-Domingue was automatically on Toussaint's side.[25]
For a few months, the island was quiet under Napoleonic rule. But when it became apparent that the French intended to re-establish slavery, because they had done so on Guadeloupe, Dessalines and Pétion switched sides again, in October 1802, and fought against the French.
In late January 1802, while Leclerc sought permission to land at Cap-Français and Christophe held him off, the Vicomte de Rochambeau suddenly attacked Fort-Liberté, effectively quashing the diplomatic option.[26] In November Leclerc died of yellow fever, like much of his army.[27]
His successor, the Vicomte de Rochambeau, fought a brutal campaign. His atrocities helped rally many former French loyalists to the rebel cause. Like other black slaves captured by the French army, Mackandal was burned alive at the stake. The people of Saint-Domingue, mostly black, were hostile toward abuse by the French. The slave population had severe food shortages and brutal forced rural labor. The islanders revolted against their new masters and a state of anarchy ensued, bringing more French troops. The people began a series of attacks on the owners of sugar and coffee plantations. French soldiers from Napoleon were sent in 1802 to quell the revolt in Saint-Domingue. They suffered from seasonal epidemics of Yellow fever and more than half of the French army died of disease.[28] The British naval blockade to France persisted.
Dessalines led the rebellion until its completion, when the French forces were finally defeated in 1803.[27] Whites were slaughtered and massacred wholesale under the rule of Dessalines. The brutality toward whites shocked foreign governments.[citation needed]
The last battle of the Haitian Revolution, the Battle of Vertières, occurred on 18 November 1803, near Cap-Haïtien. When the French withdrew, they had only 7,000 troops left to ship to France.
Haiti did not try to support, or aid other slave rebellions because they feared that the great powers would take renewed action against them, as happened a few years later with Spain.[original research?] After the defeat of the French army, wealthy white owners saw the opportunity to preserve their political power and plantations. They attacked the town halls that had representatives of the defeated French authority. Elite planters took control of the former Spanish side of the island, asking Spain for a Spanish government and protection by the Spanish army. Later these planters created trade regulations that would further preserve their own wealth and power.[citation needed] Most whites that were left in Haiti proper were killed in a brutal genocide.[citation needed]
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, American and British authors often referred to Saint-Domingue period as "Santo Domingo" or "San Domingo."[7]:2 This led to confusion with the earlier Spanish colony, and later the contemporary Spanish colony established at Santo Domingo during the colonial period; in particular, in political debates on slavery previous to the American Civil War, "San Domingo" was used to express fears of Southern whites of a slave rebellion breaking out in their own region. Today, the former Spanish possession contemporary with the early period of the French colony corresponds mostly with the Dominican Republic, whose capital is Santo Domingo. The name of Saint-Domingue was changed to Hayti (Haïti) when Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared the independence from the French in 1804.[29] Like the name Haiti itself, Saint-Domingue may be used to refer to all of Hispaniola, or the western part in the French colonial period, while the Spanish version Hispaniola or Santo Domingo is often used to refer to the Spanish colonial period or the Dominican nation.
See also[edit]
Haiti portal
Kingdom of France portal
List of colonial governors of Saint-Domingue
History of Haiti
French colonization of the Americas
Spanish Colony of Santo Domingo
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hispaniola Article". Britannica.com. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dominican Republic 2014". Retrieved 24 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dominican Republic – The first colony". Country Studies. Library of Congress; Federal Research Division. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
Jump up ^ "Quam protinus Hispanam dixi": EPISTOLA DE INSULIS NUPER REPERTIS (Letter to Lord Raphael Sanchez, March 14, 1493).
Jump up ^ Emilio Rodríguez Demorizi, "Acerca del Tratado de Ryswick," Clío: Órgano de la Academia Dominicana de la Historia 22:100 (Jul–Sep 1954), pp. 127–132.
Jump up ^ Von Grafenstein, Johanna (2005). Latin America and the Atlantic World (in English and Spanish). Cologne: Böhlau Verlag GmbH & Cie. p. 352. ISBN 3-412-26705-8. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Chartrand, René (1996). Napoleon’s Overseas Army (3rd ed.). Hong Kong: Reed International Books Ltd. ISBN 085045-900-1. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
Jump up ^ White, Ashli (2010). Encountering Revolution: Haiti and the Making of the Early Republic. Baltimore, Maryland, U. S. A.: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8018-9415-2.
Jump up ^ [6][7][8]
Jump up ^ Bollet, A.J. (2004). Plagues and Poxes: The Impact of Human History on Epidemic Disease. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 48–49. ISBN 1-888799-79-X.
^ Jump up to: a b James, C. L. R. (1963) [1938]. The Black Jacobins (2nd ed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp. 45, 55. OCLC 362702.
Jump up ^ Vodou is a Dahomean word meaning 'god' or 'spirit'.
Jump up ^ Heinl, Robert Debs; Heinl, Michael; Heinl, Nancy Gordon (2005) [1996]. Written in Blood: The Story of the Haitian People, 1492–1995 (2nd ed.). Lanham, Md; London: Univ. Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-3177-0. OCLC 255618073.
^ Jump up to: a b "Slavery and the Haitian Revolution". Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution. George Mason University and American Social History Productions, Inc. 2001. Retrieved 14 February 2010. |chapter= ignored (help)
Jump up ^ Thomas E. Weil, Jan Knippers Black, Howard I. Blustein, Kathryn T. Johnston, David S. McMorris, Frederick P. Munson, Haiti: A Country Study. (Washington, D.C.: The American University Foreign Area Handbook Series 1985).
Jump up ^ Stein, Robert (1985). Leger Felicite Sonthonax: The Lost Sentinel of the Republic. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 0-8386-3218-1.
Jump up ^ Rogozinski, Jan (1999). A Brief History of the Caribbean (Revised ed.). New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 167–168. ISBN 0-8160-3811-2.
Jump up ^ Bell, pp.189–191
Jump up ^ Bell, p.180
Jump up ^ Bell, p. 184
Jump up ^ Bell, p.186
Jump up ^ Ogé, Jean-Louis. Toussaint Louverture et l'Indépendence d'Haïti. Brossard: L’Éditeur de Vos Rêves, 2002, p.140
Jump up ^ Bell, pp.217–222, 223
Jump up ^ James, pp.292–294, Bell, pp.223–224
Jump up ^ Bell, pp.206–209, 226–229, 250
Jump up ^ Bell, pp.232–234
^ Jump up to: a b "The Slave Rebellion of 1791". Retrieved 27 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Bollet, AJ (2004). Plagues and Poxes: The Impact of Human History on Epidemic Disease. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 48–9. ISBN 1-888799-79-X.
Jump up ^ A Brief History of Dessalines from 1825 Missionary Journal Archived 28 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine.
References[edit]
Butel, Paul (2002). Histoire des Antilles françaises: XVIIe-XXe siècle. Collection "Pour l'histoire" (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 2-262-01540-6. OCLC 301674023.
Nezat, Jack Claude (2007). The Nezat and Allied Families 1630–2007. United States?: J.C. Nezat. ISBN 978-2-9528339-2-9. OCLC 227000253.
Garrigus, John (2002). Before Haiti: Race and Citizenship in Saint-Domingue. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan. ISBN 0-230-10837-7. OCLC 690382111.
Joseph, Celucien L. Race, Religion, and The Haitian Revolution: Essays on Faith, Freedom, and Decolonization (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012)
Joseph, Celucien L. From Toussaint to Price-Mars: Rhetoric, Race, and Religion in Haitian Thought (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013)
Further reading[edit]
Jacques Savary des Brûlons (1748). "Saint Domingue". Dictionnaire universel de commerce (in French) (New ed.). Paris: Estienne et fils.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Saint-Domingue (Haiti).
External links[edit]
The Louverture Project: Saint-Domingue – Saint-Domingue page on Haitian history Wiki.
The Louverture Project: Slavery in Saint-Domingue
[show]
v
t
e
Haiti articles
History
Chiefdoms
Captaincy General of Santo Domingo
Colonial governors (Santo Domingo)
Atlantic slave trade
Maroons
Treaty of Ryswick
Saint-Domingue
Colonial governors (Saint-Domingue)
Slavery
Revolution
1804 Massacre
Unification of Hispaniola
Post-independence Republic
U.S. occupation
Duvalier dynasty
2004 coup d'état
2010 earthquake
Hurricane Matthew
Timeline
Geography
Administrative divisions
Arrondissements
Cities
Deforestation
Departments
Earthquakes
Environment
Hispaniola
Islands
National parks
Rivers
Politics
Constitution
Elections
Foreign relations
Government
Human rights
Law enforcement
Military
Parliament
Political parties
President
Prime Minister
Supreme Court
Economy
Agriculture
Central bank
External debt
Foreign aid
Gourde (currency)
Poverty
Telecommunications
Tourism
Transport
Society
Crime
Demographics
Education
Ethnic groups
Health
Religion
People
Social class
Water and sanitation
Culture
Art
Cinema
Cuisine
Haitian Creole
Haitian French
Literature
Media
Music
Mythology
Public holidays
Television
Outline
Index
Book
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
French overseas empire
Former
[show]
v
t
e
Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean
French North Africa
Algeria
Morocco
Tunisia
French West Africa
Côte d'Ivoire
Dahomey
French Sudan
Guinea
Mauritania
Arguin Island
Niger
Senegal
Upper Volta
French Togoland
James Island
Albreda
French Equatorial Africa
Chad
Gabon
Middle Congo
Ubangi-Shari
French Cameroons
French Comoros
Anjouan
Grande Comore
Mohéli
French Somaliland (Djibouti)
Madagascar
Isle de France
[show]
v
t
e
Former French colonies in the Americas
New France
Acadia
Louisiana
Canada
Terre Neuve
French Caribbean
Dominica
Grenada
The Grenadines
Saint-Domingue
Haïti, Dominican Republic
Saint Kitts & Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent
Tobago
Virgin Islands
Equinoctial France
Berbice
France Antarctique
Inini
French colonization of the Americas
French West India Company
[show]
v
t
e
Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania
French India
Chandernagor
Coromandel Coast
Madras
Mahé
Pondichéry
Karaikal
Yanaon
Indochinese Union
Cambodia
Laos
Vietnam
Cochinchina
Annam
Tonkin
Kouang-Tchéou-Wan, China
French Mandate for Syria
and the Lebanon
State of Syria
Aleppo
Damascus
Alawite State
Greater Lebanon
Jabal al-Druze
Sanjak of Alexandretta
Oceania
New Hebrides
Vanuatu
Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)
France–Asia relations
French East India Company
Present
[show]
v
t
e
Overseas France
[hide]
Inhabited areas
Overseas departments1
French Guiana
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Mayotte2
Réunion
Overseas collectivities
French Polynesia
St. Barthélemy
St. Martin
St. Pierre and Miquelon
Wallis and Futuna
Sui generis collectivity
New Caledonia
[show]
Uninhabited areas
Pacific Ocean
Clipperton Island
Overseas territory (French
Southern and Antarctic Lands)
Île Amsterdam
Île Saint-Paul
Crozet Islands
Kerguelen Islands
Adélie Land
Scattered islands in
the Indian Ocean
Bassas da India3
Europa Island3
Glorioso Islands2, 3
Juan de Nova Island3
Tromelin Island4
1 Also known as overseas regions
2 Claimed by Comoros
3 Claimed by Madagascar
4 Claimed by Mauritius
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Domingue&oldid=832911973"
Categories:
Former countries in the Caribbean
States and territories established in 1625
States and territories disestablished in 1804
Saint-Domingue
French colonization of the Americas
Former French colonies
Colonial government in the West Indies
History of Haiti
History of Hispaniola
Former colonies in North America
States and territories established in 1659
Abolitionism in France
17th century in Haiti
18th century in Haiti
1800s in Haiti
1620s establishments in the Caribbean
1625 establishments in North America
1804 disestablishments in North America
1625 establishments in the French colonial empire
1804 disestablishments in the French colonial empire
Hidden categories:
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
CS1 errors: chapter ignored
Webarchive template wayback links
Use dmy dates from June 2012
Former country articles requiring maintenance
Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters
Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters
Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017
All articles that may contain original research
Articles that may contain original research from August 2012
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
Haiti articles missing geocoordinate data
All articles needing coordinates
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Українська
中文
13 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 March 2018, at 17:13.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: td

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center; line-height:1.2em; font-size:135%; font-weight:bold;

value: tr

attrs: colspan style

values: width:50px; border:0; vertical-align:middle; font-size:30%; line-height:105%;

values: vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:115%; border:0;

values: width:50px; border:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right; line-height:105%; font-size:30%;

value: tbody

value: table

values: width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; background:transparent;

values: vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; padding:0.2em 0em 0.2em 0em;

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class title

values: display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Royal Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of France

values: display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;

values:
/wiki/File:LocationHaiti.svg
image
Location of Saint-Domingue

values: text-align:center; font-size:95%; padding:0.6em 0em 0.6em 0em;

values:
/wiki/King_of_France
mw-redirect
King of France

values:
/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte
mw-redirect
Napoléon Bonaparte

values: List of countries and outlying territories by area

values: border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;

values: width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;

values: border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;

values: width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;

values: width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto;

values: margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:65%; font-weight:normal;

values: background: none; font-size: 145%;padding: 0.15em 0.1em;line-height: 1.2em;

values:
/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg
image
Coat of Arms of Haiti

values: padding: 0.2em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;padding:0.5em;

values: History of Haiti (1804-1843) (page does not exist)

values: History of Haiti (1986-2011) (page does not exist)

values: History of Haiti (2011-present) (page does not exist)

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top:#aaa 1px solid

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values: Central Plateau (Haiti) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/King_Louis_XIV
mw-redirect
King Louis XIV

values:
/wiki/Refined_sugar
mw-redirect
Refined sugar

values:
/wiki/French_colonial_empires
mw-redirect
French colonial empires

values:
/wiki/Slave_trade
mw-redirect
Slave trade

values:
/wiki/Buried_alive
mw-redirect
Buried alive

values:
/wiki/Boiling_to_death
mw-redirect
Boiling to death

values:
/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man
mw-redirect
Declaration of the Rights of Man

values:
/wiki/Toussaint_L%27Ouverture
mw-redirect
Toussaint L'Ouverture

values:
/wiki/Abolitionism_in_France
mw-redirect
Abolitionism in France

values:
/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte
mw-redirect
Napoleon Bonaparte

values:
/wiki/Naval_blockade
mw-redirect
Naval blockade

values: Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau

values:
/wiki/Vicomte_de_Rochambeau
mw-redirect
Vicomte de Rochambeau

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (August 2012)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: List of colonial governors of Saint-Domingue

values:
nofollow
http://cardiostart.org/blog/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/362702

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/255618073

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.kreyol.com/history004.html

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/301674023

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/227000253

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/690382111

values: List of colonial governors of Santo Domingo

values:
/wiki/1804_Haiti_Massacre
mw-redirect
1804 Haiti Massacre

values:
/wiki/Military_of_Haiti
mw-redirect
Military of Haiti

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean

values: Template talk:Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean

values:
/wiki/French_Ivory_Coast
mw-redirect
French Ivory Coast

values:
/wiki/French_Senegal
mw-redirect
French Senegal

values:
/wiki/James_Island_(The_Gambia)
mw-redirect
James Island (The Gambia)

values:
/wiki/French_Gabon
mw-redirect
French Gabon

values:
/wiki/French_Comoros
mw-redirect
French Comoros

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: Template:Former French colonies in the Americas

values: Template talk:Former French colonies in the Americas

values:
/wiki/Saint_Kitts_%26_Nevis
mw-redirect
Saint Kitts & Nevis

values:
/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(island)
mw-redirect
Saint Vincent (island)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: Template:Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania

values: Template talk:Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania

values:
/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India
mw-redirect
Mahé, India

values: French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

values:
/wiki/File:Outre-mer_en.png
image
Location of French Overseas Territories

values:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Former countries in the Caribbean

values: Category:States and territories established in 1625

values: Category:States and territories disestablished in 1804

values: Category:French colonization of the Americas

values: Category:Colonial government in the West Indies

values: Category:Former colonies in North America

values: Category:States and territories established in 1659

values: Category:1620s establishments in the Caribbean

values: Category:1625 establishments in North America

values: Category:1804 disestablishments in North America

values: Category:1625 establishments in the French colonial empire

values: Category:1804 disestablishments in the French colonial empire

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Former country articles requiring maintenance

values: Category:Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters

values: Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters

values: Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017

values: Category:All articles that may contain original research

values: Category:Articles that may contain original research from August 2012

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:Haiti articles missing geocoordinate data

values: Category:All articles needing coordinates

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Saint-Domingue
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: Saint-Domingue (colonie française) – French

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: サン＝ドマング – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Сан-Доминго – Russian

values: செயிண்ட் டொமிங்கு – Tamil

values: Сан-Домінго – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: 法属圣多明戈 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Saint-Domingue rootpage-Saint-Domingue skin-vector action-view