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Sympathy for the Devil
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This article is about the song. For other uses, see Sympathy for the Devil (disambiguation).
"Sympathy for the Devil"
German single picture sleeve (1973)
Song by the Rolling Stones
from the album Beggars Banquet
Released
6 December 1968 (1968-12-06)
Recorded
4–5, 8–10 June 1968
Studio
Olympic, London
Genre
Samba rock
Length
6:18
Label
Decca
Songwriter(s)
Jagger/Richards
Producer(s)
Jimmy Miller
Audio sample
file
help
"Sympathy for the Devil" is a samba rock song by the Rolling Stones, written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards. Sung by Jagger, the song is an homage to the Devil, written in the first-person narrative from his point of view, recounting atrocities committed throughout the history of humanity. It is performed in a rock arrangement with a samba rhythm. It first appeared as the opening track on their 1968 album Beggars Banquet. Rolling Stone magazine placed it at number 32 in its list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".
Contents
[hide]
1 Inspiration
2 Recording
3 Aftermath
4 Personnel
5 The 1968 film and others
6 Guns N' Roses version
6.1 Personnel
6.2 Charts
6.3 Sales and certifications
7 Other recorded versions
8 References
9 External links
Inspiration[edit]
"Sympathy for the Devil" is credited to Jagger and Richards, though the song was largely a Jagger composition.[1] The working title of the song was "The Devil Is My Name", having earlier been called "Fallen Angels", and it is sung by Jagger as a first-person narrative from the point of view of the Devil, recounting his control over the events of human existence.
In the 2012 documentary Crossfire Hurricane, Jagger stated that his influence for the song came from Baudelaire and from the Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita (which had just appeared in English translation in 1967). The book was given to him by Marianne Faithfull.
In a 1995 interview with Rolling Stone, Jagger said, "I think that was taken from an old idea of Baudelaire's, I think, but I could be wrong. Sometimes when I look at my Baudelaire books, I can't see it in there. But it was an idea I got from French writing. And I just took a couple of lines and expanded on it. I wrote it as sort of like a Bob Dylan song."[1] It was Richards who suggested changing the tempo and using additional percussion, turning the folk song into a samba.[2]
Backed by an intensifying rock arrangement, the narrator, with narcissistic relish, recounts his exploits over the course of human history and warns the listener: "If you meet me, have some courtesy, have some sympathy, and some taste; use all your well-learned politesse, or I'll lay your soul to waste." Further more, Jagger stated in the Rolling Stone interview: "it's a very long historical figure — the figures of evil and figures of good — so it is a tremendously long trail he's made as personified in this piece."[1] By the time Beggars Banquet was released, the Rolling Stones had already raised some hackles for sexually forward lyrics such as "Let's Spend the Night Together"[3] and for allegedly dabbling in Satanism[4] (their previous album, while containing no direct Satanic references in its music or lyrics, was titled Their Satanic Majesties Request), and "Sympathy" brought these concerns to the fore, provoking media rumours and fears among some religious groups that the Stones were devil-worshippers and a corrupting influence on youth.[4]
The lyrics focus on atrocities in the history of mankind from Satan's point of view including the trial and death of Jesus Christ ("Made damn sure that Pilate washed his hands to seal his fate"), European wars of religion ("I watched with glee while your kings and queens fought for ten decades for the gods they made"), the violence of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the 1918 shooting of the Romanov family ("I stuck around St. Petersburg when I saw it was a time for a change/Killed the Tsar and his ministers/Anastasia screamed in vain"), and World War II ("I rode a tank, held a general's rank when the blitzkrieg raged, and the bodies stank"). The song was originally written with the line "I shouted out 'Who killed Kennedy?'" After Robert F. Kennedy's death on 6 June 1968, the line was changed to "I shouted out 'Who killed the Kennedys?'"[5]
Jagger sings the final lines of the coda, before the fade, in a high falsetto.
The song may have been spared further controversy when the first single from the album, "Street Fighting Man", became even more controversial in view of the race riots and student protests occurring in many cities in Europe and in the United States.[6]
Recording[edit]
The recording of "Sympathy for the Devil" began at London's Olympic Sound Studios on 4 June 1968 and continued into the next day; overdubs were done on 8, 9 and 10 June.[7] Personnel included on the recording include Nicky Hopkins on piano, Rocky Dijon on congas and Bill Wyman on maracas.
It is often mentioned that Marianne Faithfull, Anita Pallenberg, Brian Jones, Charlie Watts, producer Jimmy Miller, Wyman and Richards performed backup vocals, singing the "woo woos", repeatedly, as this can be seen in the film Sympathy for the Devil (see below) by Jean-Luc Godard. Richards plays bass on the original recording,[citation needed] and also electric guitar. Jones is seen playing an acoustic guitar in the film, but it is not audible in the finished mix.
In the 2003 book According to the Rolling Stones, Watts said: "'Sympathy' was one of those sort of songs where we tried everything. The first time I ever heard the song was when Mick was playing it at the front door of a house I lived at in Sussex ... He played it entirely on his own ... and it was fantastic. We had a go at loads of different ways of playing it; in the end I just played a jazz Latin feel in the style of Kenny Clarke would have played on 'A Night in Tunisia' – not the actual rhythm he played, but the same styling."[2]
On the overall power of the song, Jagger continued in Rolling Stone: "It has a very hypnotic groove, a samba, which has a tremendous hypnotic power, rather like good dance music. It doesn't speed up or slow down. It keeps this constant groove. Plus, the actual samba rhythm is a great one to sing on, but it is also got some other suggestions in it, an undercurrent of being primitive—because it is a primitive African, South American, Afro-whatever-you-call-that rhythm (candomblé). So to white people, it has a very sinister thing about it. But forgetting the cultural colors, it is a very good vehicle for producing a powerful piece. It becomes less pretentious because it is a very unpretentious groove. If it had been done as a ballad, it wouldn't have been as good."[1]
Aftermath[edit]
In an interview with Creem, Jagger said, "[When people started taking us as devil worshippers], I thought it was a really odd thing, because it was only one song, after all. It wasn't like it was a whole album, with lots of occult signs on the back. People seemed to embrace the image so readily, [and] it has carried all the way over into heavy metal bands today. Some people have made a living out of doing this; for example, Jimmy Page." [4]
Of the change in public perception the band experienced after the song's release, Richards said in a 1971 interview with Rolling Stone, "Before, we were just innocent kids out for a good time, they're saying, 'They're evil, they're evil.' Oh, I'm evil, really? So that makes you start thinking about evil... What is evil? Half of it, I don't know how much people think of Mick as the devil or as just a good rock performer or what? There are black magicians who think we are acting as unknown agents of Lucifer and others who think we are Lucifer. Everybody's Lucifer."[8]
Contrary to a widespread misconception, it was "Under My Thumb" and not "Sympathy for the Devil" that the Rolling Stones were performing when Meredith Hunter was killed at the Altamont Free Concert.[4] Rolling Stone magazine's early articles on the incident misreported that the killing took place during "Sympathy for the Devil",[9] but the Stones in fact played "Sympathy for the Devil" earlier in the concert; it was interrupted by a fight and restarted, Jagger commenting, "We're always having—something very funny happens when we start that number." Several other songs were performed before Hunter was killed.[7]
Personnel[edit]
Mick Jagger – lead vocals
Keith Richards – guitar solo, bass guitar, backing vocals
Brian Jones – backing vocals
Bill Wyman – maracas, backing vocals
Charlie Watts – drums, backing vocals, cowbell
Nicky Hopkins – piano, backing vocals
Rocky Dijon – congas
Anita Pallenberg, Marianne Faithfull – backing vocals
The 1968 film and others[edit]
Cover art for DVD release
Sympathy for the Devil is also the title of a producer's edit of a 1968 film by Jean-Luc Godard whose own original version is called One Plus One. The film, a depiction of the late 1960s American counterculture, also featured the Rolling Stones in the process of recording the song in the studio. On the filming, Jagger said in Rolling Stone: "[it was] very fortuitous, because Godard wanted to do a film of us in the studio. I mean, it would never happen now, to get someone as interesting as Godard. And stuffy. We just happened to be recording that song. We could have been recording 'My Obsession.' But it was 'Sympathy for the Devil', and it became the track that we used."[1]
Guns N' Roses version[edit]
"Sympathy for the Devil"
Single by Guns N' Roses
from the album Interview with the Vampire soundtrack
B-side
"Escape to Paris" (by Elliot Goldenthal)
Released
13 December 1994 (1994-12-13)
Recorded
October 1994
Genre
Hard rock
heavy metal
Length
7:36
Label
Geffen
Songwriter(s)
Jagger/Richards
Producer(s)
Guns N' Roses
Mike Clink
Matthias Gohl
Guns N' Roses singles chronology
"Since I Don't Have You"
(1994) "Sympathy for the Devil"
(1994) "Chinese Democracy"
(2008)
"Since I Don't Have You"
(1994) "Sympathy for the Devil"
(1994) "Chinese Democracy"
(2008)
Guns N' Roses recorded a cover in 1994 which reached number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100; it was featured in the closing credits of Neil Jordan's film adaptation of Anne Rice's Interview with the Vampire (except the 4K cut of the film) and was included on their Greatest Hits album. This cover is noteworthy for causing an incident involving incoming guitarist, Paul "Huge" Tobias, that was partially responsible for guitarist Slash departing from the band in 1996.[10] Slash has described the Guns N' Roses version of the song as "the sound of the band breaking up".[11]
Rhythm guitarist Gilby Clarke, who does not appear on the recording, noted that the recording foreshadowed his departure from the band, stating: "They did that while I was on the road touring for my solo record. […] I knew that that was the ending because nobody told me about it. Officially I was in the band at that time, and they did that song without me. That was one of the last straws for me, because nobody had said anything to me, and they recorded a song by one of my favorite bands. It was pretty clear I'm a big Rolling Stones fan, and they recorded the song without me. So I knew that was it."[12]
Personnel[edit]
Axl Rose – lead vocals, piano
Slash – lead and rhythm guitars
Duff McKagan – bass guitar, backing vocals
Matt Sorum – drums, percussion
Dizzy Reed – keyboards
Paul Tobias – rhythm and lead guitars, backing vocals
Charts[edit]
Chart (1994–1995)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[13]
12
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[14]
17
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[15]
18
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[16]
40
Finland (The Official Finnish Charts)[17]
2
France (SNEP)[18]
15
Germany (Official German Charts)[19]
20
Ireland (IRMA)[20]
16
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[21]
9
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[22]
13
Norway (VG-lista)[23]
5
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[24]
7
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[25]
15
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[26]
10
US Billboard Hot 100[27]
55
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[28]
10
Sales and certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Japan (RIAJ)[29]
Gold 50,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Other recorded versions[edit]
In 2005, Cuban drummer and percussionist Horacio Hernandez ("El Negro") recorded a Latin Jazz version of the song, sung by Latin great Rubén Blades.[30]
British gothic rock band Inkubus Sukkubus released a cover of the song on their 2007 album Science and Nature.[31]
Indie rock bands Band of Skulls and John & Jehn covered the song for the French TV show Taratata broadcast in March 2010.[32]
Motörhead covered the song for their 2015 album Bad Magic.[33]
Sandie Shaw covered the song for her 1969 album Reviewing the Situation.[34]
Blood, Sweat & Tears released a version in 1970 on the band's third album.
Tiamat covered the song for their 1999 album Skeleton Skeletron.
Jane's Addiction as Sympathy on 1987 album Jane's Addiction
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Wenner, Jann (December 14, 1995). "Mick Jagger Remembers". Rolling Stone.
^ Jump up to: a b Jagger, Mick; Richards, Keith; Watts, Charlie; Wood, Ronnie (2003). According to the Rolling Stones. Chronicle Books. p. 119. ISBN 0-8118-4060-3.
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Richie. "Let's Spend the Night Together". allmusic. 2007 . Retrieved 26 June 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cruickshank, Douglas. "Sympathy for the Devil". Salon.com. Retrieved 25 June 2006.
Jump up ^ Jagger/Richards (20 June 2004). "Sympathy for the Devil". RollingStones.com. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Wyman, Bill (2002). Rolling With the Stones. DK Publishing. p. 309. ISBN 0-7894-9998-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Zentgraf, Nico. "The Complete Works of the Rolling Stones 1962–2008". Retrieved 23 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Greenfield, Robert (19 August 1971). "The Rolling Stone Interview: Keith Richards". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ Burks, John (7 February 1970). "Rock & Roll's Worst Day". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 13 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Gary Graft (January 1997). "Total Guitar-Slash, Rock and Roses 1997". oocities.org; Total Guitar. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bozza, Anthony; Slash (2007). Slash (Paperback). New York: Harper Collins. p. 480. ISBN 0-00-725777-5. (German paperback is ISBN 0-00-725776-7)
Jump up ^ "Gilby Clarke Opens Up About His Final Guns N' Roses Gig". Ultimate Classic Rock.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pennanen, Timo. Sisältää hitin: levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972. Otava Publishing Company Ltd, 2003. ISBN 951-1-21053-X
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Guns N' Roses". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil". VG-lista. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil". Singles Top 100. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Guns N' Roses. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses – Chart history" Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Guns N' Roses. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ ""RIAJ > The Record > June 1995 > Page 5 > Certified Awards (April 1995)"" (PDF). Recording Industry Association of Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved 2014-02-14.
Jump up ^ "La timba no es como ayer". AllAboutJazz.com. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Science & Nature". Allmusic.com. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "video BAND OF SKULLS / JOHN JEHN : Sympathy for the devil – bande of skulls, band of skull, band skulls – videos MYTARATATA.COM". Video.mytaratata.com. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Motörhead To Release 'Bad Magic' In August". Blabbermouth.net. June 4, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sandie Shaw – Reviewing The Situation". discogs.com. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
External links[edit]
"Reason to Rock" review
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
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Beggars Banquet
Side one
"Sympathy for the Devil"
"No Expectations"
"Dear Doctor"
"Parachute Woman"
"Jigsaw Puzzle"
Side two
"Street Fighting Man"
"Prodigal Son"
"Stray Cat Blues
"Factory Girl"
"Salt of the Earth"
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The Rolling Stones singles discography
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"Time Is on My Side"
"Little Red Rooster"
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"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" / "The Spider and the Fly"
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"19th Nervous Breakdown" / "As Tears Go By"
"Paint It Black" / "Stupid Girl"
"Mother's Little Helper" / "Lady Jane"
"Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadow?"
"Let's Spend the Night Together" / "Ruby Tuesday"
"We Love You" / "Dandelion"
"In Another Land"
"She's a Rainbow" / "2000 Light Years from Home"
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"Street Fighting Man" / "No Expectations"
"Honky Tonk Women" / "You Can't Always Get What You Want"
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"Rain Fall Down"
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"Plundered My Soul" / "All Down the Line"
"No Spare Parts" / "Before They Make Me Run"
"Doom and Gloom"
"One More Shot"
Other countries
"Let It Bleed" / "You Got the Silver" (London Japan)
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Faust and Marguerite (1900)
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The Student of Prague (1913)
The Student of Prague (1926)
Faust (1926)
The Devil and Daniel Webster (1941)
Alias Nick Beal (1949)
Beauty and the Devil (1950)
Marguerite de la nuit (1955)
Damn Yankees (1958)
Faust (1960)
Bedazzled (1967)
Doctor Faustus (1967)
El extraño caso del doctor Fausto (1969)
Mephisto (1981)
Doctor Faustus (1982)
Faust (1994)
The Master and Margarita (1994)
Bedazzled (2000)
Faust: Love of the Damned (2001)
Fausto 5.0 (2001)
I Was a Teenage Faust (2002)
Shortcut to Happiness (2003)
Faust (2011)
Plays
Gretchen (1879)
Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? (1955)
The Black Bonspiel of Wullie MacCrimmon (1965)
Temptation (1986)
Operas
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Faust (1859, Gounod)
Mefistofele (1868, Boito)
Faust and Marguerite (1855, Lutz)
Faust up to Date (1888, Lutz)
Doktor Faust (1916–25, Busoni)
Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights (1938)
The Rake's Progress (1951, Stravinsky)
Reuben, Reuben (1955)
Historia von D. Johann Fausten (1994)
Faustus, the Last Night (2006)
Classical music
Gretchen am Spinnrade (1814, Schubert)
Faust Overture (1840, Wagner)
Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges' 2nd movement "Quasi-Faust" (1847, Alkan)
Scenes from Goethe's Faust (1853, Schumann)
Part II of Symphony No. 8 (1906–07, Mahler)
Faust Symphony (1854–57, Liszt)
Mephisto Waltzes (Liszt)
Gothic Symphony (Brian)
Bagatelle sans tonalité (Liszt)
Other music
Albums
Epica Saga
Epica
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Songs
"Mephisto Polka" (1859–85)
"Cross Road Blues" (1936)
"Sympathy for the Devil" (1968)
"Friend of the Devil" (1970)
"Bohemian Rhapsody" (1975)
"The Devil Went Down to Georgia" (1979)
"Faustian Echoes" (2012)
"The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles" (2015)
Television
Episodes
"The Devil's Hands Are Idle Playthings" (2003)
Other
The Devil and Daniel Mouse (1978)
Musicals
Damn Yankees (1955)
Randy Newman's Faust (1993)
Success! (1993)
Faust (2003)
Prose
"Bearskin"
"Daniel and the Devil"
Melmoth the Wanderer (1820)
"The Devil and Tom Walker" (1824)
St. John's Eve (1830)
Auriol (1844)
Chasse-galerie (1892)
The Sorrows of Satan (1896)
Exploits and Opinions of Dr. Faustroll, Pataphysician (1898)
The Master and Margarita (1929–40)
Mephisto (1936)
The Devil and Daniel Webster (1937)
None but Lucifer (1939)
Doktor Faustus (1947)
The Devil in Velvet (1951)
The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant (1954)
Gimmicks Three (1956)
The Devil to Pay in the Backlands (1956)
That Hell-Bound Train (1958)
For a Breath I Tarry (1966)
The Damnation Game (1986)
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El Oued
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El Oued
اﻟﻮادي
city

Location of El Oued Commune within El Oued Province
El Oued
Location of El Oued within Algeria
Coordinates: 33°27′20″N 7°11′0″E / 33.45556°N 7.18333°E / 33.45556; 7.18333Coordinates: 33°27′20″N 7°11′0″E / 33.45556°N 7.18333°E / 33.45556; 7.18333
Country
Algeria
Province
El Oued Province
District
El Oued District
Area
• Total
77.0 km2 (29.7 sq mi)
Elevation
76 m (249 ft)
Population (2008)[1]
• Total
134,699
• Density
1,700/km2 (4,500/sq mi)
Time zone
CET (UTC+1)
El Oued (Arabic: اﻟﻮادي, meaning the Valley) or Oued Souf is a city, and the capital of El Oued Province, in Algeria. The oasis town is watered by an underground river, hence its name is El Oued which enables date palm cultivation and the rare use (for the desert) of brick construction for housing. As most roofs are domed, it is known as the "City of a Thousand Domes".[2]
El Oued is located 400 miles (640 km) south east of Algiers (the capital city of Algeria), near the Tunisian border. The population of El Oued was 134,699 as of the 2008 census,[1] up from 105,256 in 1998,[3] with a population growth rate of 2.5%.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Culture
3 Climate
4 Transportation
5 Education
6 Localities
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
El Oued in January 1913
El Oued bazaar in January 1913
In 11th, Fatimids send Banu Hilal in Tripolitania, Tunisia and Constantine area against Zirids.
Culture[edit]
The inhabitants are also Teroud living in Oued Souf area.
Climate[edit]
El Oued has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), with very hot summers and mild winters. Rainfall is light and sporadic, and summers are particularly dry.
[hide]Climate data for El Oued
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
27.6
(81.7) 35.5
(95.9) 40.0
(104) 40.0
(104) 45.2
(113.4) 48.6
(119.5) 49.6
(121.3) 49.0
(120.2) 46.0
(114.8) 41.0
(105.8) 32.0
(89.6) 28.2
(82.8) 49.6
(121.3)
Average high °C (°F)
16.9
(62.4) 19.6
(67.3) 22.5
(72.5) 26.8
(80.2) 31.7
(89.1) 37.4
(99.3) 40.1
(104.2) 39.8
(103.6) 34.9
(94.8) 28.3
(82.9) 21.8
(71.2) 17.3
(63.1) 28.09
(82.55)
Daily mean °C (°F)
11.0
(51.8) 13.4
(56.1) 16.1
(61) 20.1
(68.2) 24.7
(76.5) 29.8
(85.6) 32.5
(90.5) 32.4
(90.3) 28.2
(82.8) 22.0
(71.6) 15.7
(60.3) 11.5
(52.7) 21.45
(70.62)
Average low °C (°F)
5.1
(41.2) 7.1
(44.8) 9.6
(49.3) 13.3
(55.9) 17.7
(63.9) 22.2
(72) 24.7
(76.5) 24.8
(76.6) 21.5
(70.7) 15.6
(60.1) 9.6
(49.3) 5.4
(41.7) 14.72
(58.5)
Record low °C (°F)
−2.0
(28.4) −2.0
(28.4) −5.4
(22.3) 4.8
(40.6) 5.0
(41) 9.0
(48.2) 17.2
(63) 14.5
(58.1) 13.0
(55.4) 2.1
(35.8) 0.0
(32) −2.2
(28) −5.4
(22.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
10.7
(0.421) 9.3
(0.366) 9.9
(0.39) 7.0
(0.276) 5.6
(0.22) 2.0
(0.079) 0.1
(0.004) 1.1
(0.043) 5.3
(0.209) 7.8
(0.307) 9.4
(0.37) 7.0
(0.276) 75.2
(2.961)
Average relative humidity (%)
64.7 54.1 47.0 43.7 38.1 33.2 30.4 34.6 46.5 52.9 58.8 64.8 47.4
Source #1: NOAA (1965-1990)[4]
Source #2: climatebase.ru (extremes, humidity)[5]
Transportation[edit]
The N16 highway connects El Oued to Touggourt to the southwest and Tebessa to the northeast. The N48 connects El Oued to the town of Still to the north, from which the N3 may be used to reach Biskra.
El Oued lies about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Guemar Airport.
Education[edit]
7.4% of the population has a tertiary education, and another 17.5% has completed secondary education.[6] The overall literacy rate is 86.1% (second highest in the province), and is 91.2% among males (second highest in the province) and 80.6% among females (equal highest in the province).[7]
Localities[edit]
The commune of El Oued is composed of six localities:[8]
El Oued
Mahda
Legtouta
Keraïma
Oum Sahaouine
Mih Bahi Sud
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Population: El Oued Wilaya" (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Algeria: El-Oued, the City of a thousand Domes". Algeria Channel. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Algeria Communes". Statoids. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Climate Normals for El Oued". Retrieved 12 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "El Oued, Algeria". Climatebase.ru. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Structure relative de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs âgée de 6 ans et plus selon le niveau d'instruction et la commune de résidence." (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Taux d'analphabétisme et taux d'alphabétisation de la population âgée de 15 ans et plus, selon le sexe et la commune de résidence ." (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya d'El Oued" (PDF) (in French). Journal officiel de la République Algérienne. 19 December 1984. p. 1564. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
External links[edit]
El-Oued: Pearl of Sahara
Explore Oued Souf with Google Earth on Global Heritage Network
[show]
Places adjacent to El Oued
Biskra
El M'Ghair
Ourmas Sidi Aoun
Guemar
Kouinine Tébessa
Hassani Abdelkrim
Trifaoui
Djamaa
Touggourt Douar El Ma
El Oued
Oum Sahaouine
Oued El Alenda
Ouargla Illizi Ababsa
Sidi Slimane
Bayadha
Nakhla
[show]
v
t
e
Provincial seats of Algeria
Adrar
Aïn Defla
Aïn Témouchent
Algiers
Annaba
Batna
Béchar
Béjaïa
Biskra
Blida
Bordj Bou Arréridj
Bouïra
Boumerdès
Chlef
Constantine
Djelfa
El Bayadh
El Oued
El Taref
Ghardaïa
Guelma
Illizi
Jijel
Khenchela
Laghouat
Mascara
Médéa
Mila
Mostaganem
M'Sila
Naâma
Oran
Ouargla
Oum El Bouaghi
Relizane
Saida
Sétif
Sidi Bel Abbès
Skikda
Souk Ahras
Tamanrasset
Tébessa
Tiaret
Tindouf
Tipasa
Tissemsilt
Tizi Ouzou
Tlemcen
[show]
v
t
e
El Oued Province
Capital: El Oued
El Oued District
El Oued
Oum Sahaouine
Kouinine
Bayadha District
Bayadha
Ababsa
Sidi Slimane
Debila District
Debila
Drimini
Hassani Abdelkrim
Z'Goum
Djamaâ District
Djamaa
Ourglana
Mazer Zaouia
Sidi Yahia
Tigdidine
Sidi Amrane
Aïn Choucha
Chémora
Tamerna Djedida
Tamerna Guedima
Tendla
Arfiane El Bared
M'Rara
El M'Ghair District
El M'Ghair
Dendouga
N'Sigha
Oum Touyour
Baadj
Sidi Khellil
Aïn Cheikh
Still
Guemar District
Guemar
Ghamra
Ourmes
Taghzout
Hassi Khelifa District
Hassi Khelifa
Trifaoui
Lizerg
Khobna
Magrane District
Magrane
Gottaï
Sidi Aoun
Souihla
Mih Ouensa District
Mih Ouensa
Bougoufa
El Kataf
Mih Lachache
Mih Moulahoum
Oudeï Tork
Sahabane
Oued El Alenda
Chégamat
Dabadib
Reguiba District
Reguiba
El Arfji
Hobba
Sif El Menadi
Hamraia
Méguibra
Robbah District
Robbah
Débidibi
El Ogla
Nakhla
Taleb Larbi District
Taleb Larbi
Ben Guecha
Douar El Ma
Wikimedia Commons has media related to El Oued.
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Enumerated powers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Enumerated powers of the United States Congress are listed in Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution. In summary, Congress may exercise the powers that the Constitution grants it, subject to the individual rights listed in the Bill of Rights. Moreover, the Constitution expresses various other limitations on Congress, such as the one expressed by the Tenth Amendment: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." Historically, Congress and the Supreme Court have broadly interpreted the enumerated powers, especially by deriving many implied powers from them.[1] The enumerated powers listed in Article One include both exclusive federal powers, as well as concurrent powers that are shared with the states, and all of those powers are to be contrasted with reserved powers that only the states possess.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 List of enumerated powers of the federal constitution
2 Political interpretation
3 Necessary and Proper Clause
3.1 McCulloch v. Maryland
4 Recent case law
5 Enumerated Powers Act
5.1 Tea Party support
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
List of enumerated powers of the federal constitution[edit]
The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
To borrow on the credit of the United States;
To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;
To establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;
To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;
To establish Post Offices and Post Roads;
To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations;
To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
To provide and maintain a Navy;
To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;
To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings; And
To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
—  Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution
Several amendments explicitly grant Congress additional powers. For example, the Sixteenth Amendment grants the power to "lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived."
Political interpretation[edit]
There are differences of opinion on whether current interpretation of enumerated powers as exercised by Congress is constitutionally sound.
One school of thought is called strict constructionism. Strict constructionists refer to a statement on the enumerated powers by Chief Justice Marshall in the case McCulloch v. Maryland:[4]
This government is acknowledged by all, to be one of enumerated powers. The principle, that it can exercise only the powers granted to it, would seem too apparent, to have required to be enforced by all those arguments, which its enlightened friends, while it was depending before the people, found it necessary to urge; that principle is now universally admitted.[4]
Another school of thought is referred to as loose construction. They often refer to different comments by Justice Marshall from the same case:
We admit, as all must admit, that the powers of the Government are limited, and that its limits are not to be transcended. But we think the sound construction of the Constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be carried into execution which will enable that body to perform the high duties assigned to it in the manner most beneficial to the people. Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consistent with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are constitutional.[4]
Necessary and Proper Clause[edit]
Interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause has been controversial, especially during the early years of the republic. Strict constructionists interpret the clause to mean that Congress may make a law only if the inability to do so would cripple its ability to apply one of its enumerated powers. Loose constructionists, on the other hand, believe it is largely up to Congress and not the courts to determine what means are "necessary and proper" to executing one of its enumerated powers. It is often known as the "elastic clause" because of the great amount of leeway in interpretation it allows; depending on the interpretation, it can be "stretched" to expand the powers of Congress, or allowed to "contract", limiting Congress. In practical usage, the clause has been paired with the Commerce Clause in particular to provide the constitutional basis for a wide variety of federal laws.[5]
McCulloch v. Maryland[edit]
The defining example of the Necessary and Proper Clause in U.S. history was McCulloch v. Maryland in 1819. The United States Constitution says nothing about establishing a national bank. The U.S. government established a national bank that provided part of the government's initial capital. In 1819 the federal government opened a national bank in Baltimore, Maryland. In an effort to tax the bank out of business, the government of Maryland imposed a tax on the federal bank. James William McCulloch, a cashier at the bank, refused to pay the tax. Eventually the case was heard before the U.S. Supreme Court. Chief Justice John Marshall held that the power of establishing a national bank could be implied from the U.S. constitution. Marshall ruled that no state could use its taxing power to tax an arm of the national government.[6]
Recent case law[edit]
The case of United States v. Lopez[7] in 1997 held unconstitutional the Gun Free School Zone Act because it exceeded the power of Congress to "regulate commerce...among the several states". Chief Justice William Rehnquist wrote, "We start with first principles. The Constitution creates a Federal Government of enumerated powers." For the first time in sixty years the Court found that in creating a federal statute, Congress had exceeded the power granted to it by the Commerce Clause.[8]
For more details see: The Rehnquist Court and the Commerce Clause
In National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius,[9] the Supreme Court held that the Commerce Clause did not give Congress the authority to require individuals to purchase health insurance. However, since the court ruled that Congress's taxing authority was sufficient to enact the mandate, some constitutional lawyers have argued that the commerce clause discussion should be treated as judicial dictum.[10][11] Chief Justice John Roberts, in his majority opinion, stated that:
[T]he statute reads more naturally as a command to buy insurance than as a tax, and I would uphold it as a command if the Constitution allowed it. It is only because the Commerce Clause does not authorize such a command that it is necessary to reach the taxing power question. And it is only because we have a duty to construe a statute to save it, if fairly possible, that §5000A can be interpreted as a tax. Without deciding the Commerce Clause question, I would find no basis to adopt such a saving construction.[9]
No other justice joined this segment of the Chief Justice's opinion.
Enumerated Powers Act[edit]
Parts of this article (those related to documentation) need to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2017)
The Enumerated Powers Act[12] is a proposed law that would require all bills introduced in the U.S. Congress to include a statement setting forth the specific constitutional authority under which each bill is being enacted. In every Congress since the 104th Congress, U.S. Congressman John Shadegg has introduced the Enumerated Powers Act, although it has not been passed into law. At the beginning of the 105th Congress, the House of Representatives incorporated the substantive requirement of the Enumerated Powers Act into the House rules.[13]
Tea Party support[edit]
The Enumerated Powers Act is supported by leaders of the U.S. Tea Party movement. National Tea Party leader Michael Johns has said that progressives often "see the Constitution as an impediment to their statist agenda. In almost all cases, though, there is very little thought or dialogue given to what should be the first and foremost question asked with every legislative or administrative governmental action: Is this initiative empowered to our federal government by the document's seven articles and 27 amendments? In many cases, the answer is no." "For this reason," Johns said, "we also strongly support the Enumerated Powers Act, which will require Congress to justify the Constitutional authority upon which all legislation is based."[14]
See also[edit]
Compact theory
Constitution in exile
New federalism
Originalism
States' rights
Strict constructionism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Exploring Constitutional Conflicts, UMKC
Jump up ^ Gardbaum, Stephen. "Congress's Power to Pre-Empt the States", Pepperdine Law Review, Vol. 33, p. 39 (2005).
Jump up ^ Bardes, Barbara et al. American Government and Politics Today: The Essentials (Cengage Learning, 2008).
^ Jump up to: a b c McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 US 316 (S.Ct. 1819-03-06).
Jump up ^ UMKC "The Necessary and Proper Clause"
Jump up ^ Schmidt, Barbara A.; Bardes, Mack C.; Shelley, Steffen W. (2011–2012). American government and politics today: the essentials. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-538-49719-0.
Jump up ^ 514 U.S. 549
Jump up ^ United States v. Lopez – Significance, Court Of Appeals Ruling, Supreme Court Ruling, Implications, Related Cases, Further Readings
^ Jump up to: a b National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius , 567 US ___ (S.Ct. 2012-06-28).
Jump up ^ Schwinn, Steven D. (2012-06-29), Did Chief Justice Roberts Craft a New, More Limited Commerce Clause?
Jump up ^ Zadorozny, George (2012-07-11), Dicta in the NFIB v. Sebelius (Obamacare) Decision
Jump up ^ H.R. 2458
Jump up ^ John Shadegg
Jump up ^ "Interview with National Tea Party Founder and Leader Michael Johns". usconservatives.about.com. About.com.
External links[edit]
Annotations on enumerated powers from FindLaw
Text of the Enumerated Powers Act
Committees on Enumerated Powers: How Congress Can Revive the Constitution from the Center for Constitutional Studies
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