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1970s energy crisis
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1970s energy crisis
Real and Nominal price of oil, 1968–2006.[1]
Date
1973 (1973)–1980 (1980)
Also known as
1970s oil crisis
The 1970s energy crisis was a period when the major industrial countries of the world, particularly the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, faced substantial petroleum shortages, real and perceived, as well as elevated prices. The two worst crises of this period were the 1973 oil crisis and the 1979 energy crisis, when the Yom Kippur War and the Iranian Revolution triggered interruptions in Middle Eastern oil exports.[2]
The crisis began to unfold as petroleum production in the United States and some other parts of the world peaked in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[3] World oil production per capita began a long-term decline after 1979.[4]
The major industrial centers of the world were forced to contend with escalating issues related to petroleum supply. Western countries relied on the resources of potentially unfriendly countries in the Middle East and other parts of the world.
The crisis led to stagnant economic growth in many countries as oil prices surged. Although there were genuine concerns with supply, part of the run-up in prices resulted from the perception of a crisis. The combination of stagnant growth and price inflation during this era led to the coinage of the term stagflation.[5]
By the 1980s, both the recessions of the 1970s and adjustments in local economies to become more efficient in petroleum usage, controlled demand sufficiently for petroleum prices worldwide to return to more sustainable levels.
The period was not uniformly negative for all economies. Petroleum-rich countries in the Middle East benefited from increased prices and the slowing production in other areas of the world. Some other countries, such as Norway, Mexico, and Venezuela, benefited as well. In the United States, Texas and Alaska, as well as some other oil-producing areas, experienced major economic booms due to soaring oil prices even as most of the rest of the nation struggled with the stagnant economy. Many of these economic gains, however, came to a halt as prices stabilized and dropped in the 1980s.
Contents
[hide]
1 Key periods
1.1 Production peaks around 1970
1.2 1973 oil crisis
1.3 1979 energy crisis
1.4 1980s oil glut
2 Effects
2.1 Recession
2.2 Strategic petroleum reserves
2.3 Middle East
2.4 OPEC
2.5 "Oil Patch"
3 See also
4 References
Key periods[edit]
United States oil production peaked in 1970.
Production peaks around 1970[edit]
Further information: Peak oil
During the 1960s petroleum production in some of the world's top producers began to peak. Germany reached its production peak in 1966, Venezuela and the United States in 1970, and Iran in 1974.[6] Canada's conventional oil production peaked around this same time (though non-conventional production later helped revive Canadian production to some degree).[7] The worldwide production per capita peaked soon afterward.[4]
Though production in other parts of the world was increasing, the peaks in these regions began to put substantial upward pressure on world oil prices. Equally as important, control of the oil supply became an increasingly important problem as countries like West Germany and the U.S. became increasingly dependent on foreign suppliers for this key resource.[citation needed]
1973 oil crisis[edit]
Main article: 1973 oil crisis
The 1973 oil crisis is a direct consequence of the US production peak in late 1970 and the beginning of 1971 (and shortages, especially for heating oil, started from there). The "embargo" as described below is the "practical name" given to the crisis, allowing the US to "lie to itself" or hide its production peak towards its citizens. For the main Arab producers, the "embargo" allowed to show to "the Arab street" that they were doing something for the Palestinians. In real market terms (number of barrels) the embargo was almost a non-event, and only from a few countries, towards a few countries.[8]
It should also be noted that the "Embargo" was never effective from Saudi Arabia towards the US, as reported by James Akins in interview at 24:10 in the documentary "la face cachée du pétrole part 2".[9] James Akins, who audited US capacity for Nixon after US peak, was US ambassador in Saudi Arabia at that time. Lawrence Rocks and Richard Runyon captured the unfolding of these events at the time in The Energy Crisis book.[10][11] In October 1973, the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries or the OAPEC (consisting of the Arab members of OPEC) proclaimed an oil embargo "in response to the U.S. decision to re-supply the Israeli military" during the Yom Kippur war; it lasted until March 1974.[12] OAPEC declared it would limit or stop oil shipments to the United States and other countries if they supported Israel in the conflict. With the US actions seen as initiating the oil embargo, the long-term possibility of embargo-related high oil prices, disrupted supply and recession, created a strong rift within NATO; both European countries and Japan sought to disassociate themselves from the US Middle East policy. Arab oil producers had also linked the end of the embargo with successful US efforts to create peace in the Middle East, which complicated the situation. To address these developments, the Nixon Administration began parallel negotiations with both Arab oil producers to end the embargo, and with Egypt, Syria, and Israel to arrange an Israeli pull back from the Sinai and the Golan Heights after the fighting stopped. By January 18, 1974, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had negotiated an Israeli troop withdrawal from parts of the Sinai. The promise of a negotiated settlement between Israel and Syria was sufficient to convince Arab oil producers to lift the embargo in March 1974. By May, Israel agreed to withdraw from the Golan Heights.[12]
Graph of oil prices from 1861–2007, showing a sharp increase in 1973, and again in 1979. The orange line is adjusted for inflation.
Independently, the OPEC members agreed to use their leverage over the world price-setting mechanism for oil to stabilize their real incomes by raising world oil prices. This action followed several years of steep income declines after the recent failure of negotiations with the major Western oil companies earlier in the month.
For the most part, industrialized economies relied on crude oil,[citation needed] and OPEC was their major supplier.[citation needed] Because of the dramatic inflation experienced during this period, a popular economic theory has been that these price increases were to blame, as being suppressive of economic activity. However, the causality stated by this theory is often questioned.[13] The targeted countries responded with a wide variety of new, and mostly permanent, initiatives to contain their further dependency. The 1973 "oil price shock", along with the 1973–1974 stock market crash, have been regarded as the first event since the Great Depression to have a persistent economic effect.[14]
1979 energy crisis[edit]
Main article: 1979 energy crisis
Production in top countries by year (million barrels per day)[15]
A crisis emerged in the United States in 1979 during the wake of the Iranian Revolution. Amid massive protests, the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, fled his country in early 1979, allowing the Ayatollah Khomeini to gain control. The protests shattered the Iranian oil sector. While the new regime resumed oil exports, it was inconsistent and at a lower volume, forcing prices to go up. Saudi Arabia and other OPEC nations, under the presidency of Dr. Mana Alotaiba increased production to offset the decline, and the overall loss in production was about 4 percent.[16] However, a widespread panic resulted, driving the price far higher than would be expected under normal circumstances.
In 1980, following the Iraqi invasion of Iran, oil production in Iran nearly stopped, and Iraq's oil production was severely cut as well.
After 1980, oil prices began a decline as other countries began to fill the production shortfalls from Iran and Iraq.
1980s oil glut[edit]
Main article: 1980s oil glut
The 1973 and 1979 energy crisis had caused petroleum prices to peak in 1980 at over US$35 per barrel (US$104 in today's dollars). Following these events slowing industrial economies and stabilization of supply and demand caused prices to begin falling in the 1980s.[17] The glut began in the early 1980s as a result of slowed economic activity in industrial countries (due to the 1973 and 1979 energy crises) and the energy conservation spurred by high fuel prices.[18] The inflation adjusted real 2004 dollar value of oil fell from an average of $78.2 per barrel in 1981 to an average of $26.8 in 1986.[19]
In June 1981, The New York Times stated an "Oil glut! ... is here"[20] and Time Magazine stated: "the world temporarily floats in a glut of oil,"[21] though the next week a New York Times article warned that the word "glut" was misleading, and that in reality, while temporary surpluses had brought down prices somewhat, prices were still well above pre-energy crisis levels.[22] This sentiment was echoed in November 1981, when the CEO of Exxon Corp also characterized the glut as a temporary surplus, and that the word "glut" was an example of "our American penchant for exaggerated language." He wrote that the main cause of the glut was declining consumption. In the United States, Europe and Japan, oil consumption had fallen 13% from 1979 to 1981, due to "in part, in reaction to the very large increases in oil prices by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and other oil exporters," continuing a trend begun during the 1973 price increases.[23]
After 1980, reduced demand and overproduction produced a glut on the world market, causing a six-year-long decline in oil prices culminating with a 46 percent price drop in 1986.
Effects[edit]
Recession[edit]
Main article: 1973–75 recession
In the parlance of recession shapes, the Recession of 1973–75 in the United States could be considered a U-shaped recession, because of its prolonged period of weak growth and contraction.[24]
Percent Change From Preceding Period in Real Gross Domestic Product (annualized; seasonally adjusted); Average GDP growth 1947–2009
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
The decade of the 1970s was a period of limited economic growth due in part to the energy crises of that decade. Though the mid decade was the worst period for the United States the economy was generally weak until the 1980s. The period marked the end of the general post-World War II economic boom. It differed from many previous recessions as being a stagflation, where high unemployment coincided with high inflation.
Other causes that contributed to the recession included the Vietnam War, which turned out costly for the United States of America and the fall of the Bretton Woods system. The emergence of newly industrialized countries rose competition in the metal industry, triggering a steel crisis, where industrial core areas in North America and Europe were forced to re-structure. The 1973–1974 stock market crash made the recession evident.
According to the National Bureau of Economic Research, the recession in the United States lasted from November 1973 to March 1975.[25] Although the economy was expanding from 1975 to the first recession of the early 1980s, which began in January 1980, inflation remained extremely high for the rest of the decade.
During this recession, the Gross Domestic Product of the United States fell 3.2 percent. Though the recession ended in March 1975, the unemployment rate did not peak for several months. In May 1975, the rate reached its height for the cycle of 9 percent.[26] (Only two cycles have higher peaks than this, the current cycle, where the unemployment rate is currently 9.7%[when?] in the United States and the Early 1980s recession where unemployment peaked at 10.8% in November and December 1982.)
The recession also lasted from 1973–75 in the United Kingdom. The GDP declined by 3.9%[27][28] or 3.37%[29] depending on the source. It took 14 quarters for the UK's GDP to recover to that at the start of recession.[27]
Strategic petroleum reserves[edit]
Main article: Global strategic petroleum reserves
As a result of the 1973 crisis many nations created strategic petroleum reserves (SPRs), crude oil inventories (or stockpiles) held by the governments of particular countries or private industry, for the purpose of providing economic and national security during an energy crisis. According to the United States Energy Information Administration, approximately 4.1 billion barrels (650,000,000 m3) of oil are held in strategic reserves, of which 1.4 billion is government-controlled. The remainder is held by private industry. At the moment the US Strategic Petroleum Reserve is one of the largest strategic reserves, with much of the remainder held by the other 26 members of the International Energy Agency.[30] Recently, other non-IEA countries have begun creating their own strategic petroleum reserves, with China being the largest of these new reserves. Since current consumption levels are neighboring 0.1 billion barrels (16,000,000 m3)/day, in the case of a dramatic worldwide drop in oil field output as suggested by some peak oil analysts[who?], the strategic petroleum reserves are unlikely to last for more than a few months.
Middle East[edit]
Further information: Arab–Israeli conflict
Since Israel's declaration of independence in 1948 this state has found itself in nearly continual conflict with the Arab world and some other predominantly Muslim countries. The animosity between the Arabs and the Israelis became a global issue during the 1970s. The Yom Kippur War of 1973, with the supplying of Israel by its Western allies while some Arab states received Soviet supplies, made this one of the most internationally threatening confrontations of the period.
The large oil discoveries in the Middle East and southwestern Asia, and the peaking of production in some of the more industrialized areas of the world gave some Muslim countries unique leverage in the world, beginning in the 1960s. The 1973 and 1979 crises, in particular, were demonstrations of the new power that these countries had found. The United States and other countries were forced to become more involved in the conflicts between these states and Israel leading to peace initiatives such as the Camp David Accords.
OPEC[edit]
Further information: OPEC
One of the first challenges OPEC faced in the 1970s was the United States' unilaterally pulling out of the Bretton Woods Accord and taking the U.S. off the established Gold Exchange Standard in 1971. With that standard, only the value of the U.S. dollar was pegged to the price of gold and all other currencies were pegged to the U.S. dollar. The change resulted in instability in world currencies and depreciation of the value of the U.S. dollar, as well as other currencies, and decreasing real revenues for OPEC whose producers still priced oil in dollars.
OPEC was slow to adjust to the situation but finally made the decision to price oil against gold.[31] Frustrated negotiations between OPEC and the major oil companies to revise the oil price agreement as well as the ongoing Middle East conflicts continued to stall OPEC's efforts at stabilization through this era.
"Oil Patch"[edit]
The major oil-producing regions of the U.S.—Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Colorado, Wyoming, and Alaska—benefited greatly from the price inflation of the 1970s as did the U.S. oil industry in general. Oil prices generally increased throughout the decade; between 1978 and 1980 the price of West Texas Intermediate crude oil increased 250 percent.[32] Though all states felt the effects of the stock market crash and related national economic problems, the economic benefits of increased oil revenue in the Oil Patch states generally offset much of this.
See also[edit]
Energy portal
Energy crisis
1973 oil crisis
1973–75 recession
1979 energy crisis
1979 world oil market chronology
1980s oil glut
1990 oil price shock
Hubbert peak theory
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References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Annual Energy Review 2006, Figure 5.21" (PDF). U.S. Energy Information Administration, Department of Energy. June 2007. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Oil Squeeze". Time. 1979-02-05. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Hubbert, Marion King (June 1956). Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels 'Drilling and Production Practice' (PDF). Spring Meeting of the Southern District. Division of Production. American Petroleum Institute. San Antonio, Texas: Shell Development Company. pp. 22–27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Duncan, Richard C (November 2001). "The Peak of World Oil Production and the Road to the Olduvai Gorge". Population and Environment. Springer Netherlands. 22 (5): 503–22. doi:10.1023/A:1010793021451. ISSN 1573-7810. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
Jump up ^ Mankiw, N. Gregory; Scarth William M. (2003). Macroeconomics: Canadian Edition Updated. New York: Worth Publishers. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-7167-5928-7. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Petroleum Overview, 1949–2008". U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
"ABC TV's Four Corners". Australian Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on 14 October 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
Jump up ^ Zittel, Werner; Schindler, Jörg (January 2003). "Future world oil supply" (PDF). L-B-Systemtechnik. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Maugeri, Leonardo. The Age of Oil: The Mythology, History, and Future of the World's Most Controversial Resource. p. 113
Jump up ^ "The hidden face of oil".
Jump up ^ Smith, William D. (17 April 1973). "Energy Crisis: Shortages Amid Plenty". The New York Times. New York. Archived from the original on 17 April 1973. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Welles, Chris (25 February 1973). "The Energy Crisis". The New York Times. New York. Archived from the original on 25 February 1973. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Oil Embargo, 1973–1974, at US State Department
Jump up ^ Barsky, Robert B.; Kilian, Lutz (2004). "Oil and the Macroeconomy since the 1970s". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 18 (4): 115–134. doi:10.1257/0895330042632708.
Jump up ^ Perron, P.; University, Princeton; Program, Econometric Research (1988), The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock and the Unit Root Hypothesis (PDF), Princeton, NJ: Econometric Research Program, Princeton University, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2012, retrieved 15 November 2009
Jump up ^ "Monthly Energy Review, April 2016, Figure 11.1a" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. 26 April 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Oil Squeeze". Time. 1979-02-05. Archived from the original on 1 December 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Mouawad, Jad (2008-03-08). "Oil Prices Pass Record Set in '80s, but Then Recede". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Oil Glut, Price Cuts: How Long Will They Last?". Volume: 89 Issue: 7. U.S. News & World Report. 1980-08-18. p. 44.
Jump up ^ Oak Ridge National Lab data[dead link]
Jump up ^ Robert D Hershey Jr. (1981-06-21). "How the oil glut is changing business". New York Times. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Christopher Byron (1981-06-22). "Problems for Oil Producers". Time Magazine. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Daniel Yergin (1981-06-28). "The Energy Outlook; Lulled to Sleep by the Oil Glut Mirage". Section 3; Page 2, Column 3. New York Times.
Jump up ^ C. C. Garvin Jr. (November 9, 1981). "The oil glut in perspective". Annual API Issue. Oil & Gas Journal: 151.
Jump up ^ Martha C. White (January 12, 2009). "This Recession Was Brought to You by the Letters U, V and L". The Big Money. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "NBER Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions". NBER. Archived from the original on 2007-07-17. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
Jump up ^ Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved on September 19, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b Bank of England February 2009 Quarterly inflation report
Jump up ^ Office for National Statistics, IHYQ series, Gross Domestic Product: Quarter on Quarter growth: CVM SA, Seasonally adjusted, Constant 2003 prices, Updated on 23/ 1/2009, retrieved on 17 February 2009 Archived 30 March 2006 at WebCite
Jump up ^ ONS GDP ABMI series
Jump up ^ "Fact Sheet on IEA Oil Stocks and Emergency Response Potential" (PDF). International Energy Agency. 2004-01-01. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Hammes, David; Wills, Douglas. (Spring 2005). "Black Gold: The End of Bretton Woods and the Oil-Price Shocks of the 1970s". The Independent Review. v. IX (n. 4): 501–11. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Angell, Cynthia; Williams, Norman (8 April 2005). "U.S. Home Prices: Does Bust Always Follow Boom?". Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
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text:
Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Benedictus (disambiguation).
Detail of Zechariah writing down the name of his son (Domenico Ghirlandaio, 15th century, Tornabuoni Chapel, Italy).
At the church of St. John in the Mountains - the birthplace of St. John
The Benedictus (also Song of Zechariah or Canticle of Zachary), given in Gospel of Luke 1:68-79, is one of the three canticles in the opening chapters of this Gospel, the other two being the "Magnificat" and the "Nunc dimittis". The Benedictus was the song of thanksgiving uttered by Zechariah on the occasion of the circumcision of his son, John the Baptist.[1]
The canticle received its name from its first words in Latin (Benedictus Dominus Deus Israel, “Blessed be the Lord God of Israel”).
The whole canticle naturally falls into two parts. The first (verses 68-75) is a song of thanksgiving for the realization of the Messianic hopes of the Jewish nation; but to such realization is given a characteristically Christian tone. As of old, in the family of David, there was power to defend the nation against their enemies, now again that of which they had been so long deprived, and for which they had been yearning, was to be restored to them, but in a higher and spiritual sense. The horn is a sign of power, and the "horn of salvation" signified the power of delivering or "a mighty deliverance". While the Jews had impatiently borne the yoke of the Romans, they had continually sighed for the time when the House of David was to be their deliverer. The deliverance was now at hand, and was pointed to by Zechariah as the fulfilment of God's oath to Abraham; but the fulfilment is described as a deliverance not for the sake of worldly power, but that "we may serve him without fear, in holiness and justice all our days".[1]
The second part of the canticle is an address by Zechariah to his own son, who was to take so important a part in the scheme of the Redemption; for he was to be a prophet, and to preach the remission of sins before the coming or the Dawn from on high. The prophecy that he was to "go before the face of the Lord to prepare his ways" (v. 76) was of course an allusion to the well-known words of Isaiah 40:3 which John himself afterwards applied to his own mission (John 1:23), and which all three Synoptic Gospels adopt (Matt 3:3; Mark 1:2; Luke 3:4).[1]
In the Roman Catholic Church, the Benedictus is part of Lauds, probably because of the song of thanksgiving for the coming of the Redeemer in the first part of the canticle. It is believed to have been first introduced by Benedict of Nursia.[2] According to Durandus, the allusion to Christ's coming under the figure of the rising sun had also some influence on its adoption. It also features in various other liturgical offices, notably at a funeral, at the moment of interment, when words of thanksgiving for the Redemption are specially in place as an expression of Christian hope.
It is one of the canticles in the Anglican service of Morning Prayer (or Matins) according to the Book of Common Prayer, where it is sung or said after the second (New Testament) lesson, unless Psalm 100 ("Jubilate Deo") is used instead. It may also be used as a canticle in the Lutheran service of Matins.
Contents
[hide]
1 Greek
2 Latin
3 English
3.1 International Commission on English in the Liturgy
3.2 The United Methodist Hymnal
3.3 New American Bible
3.4 Douay-Rheims
3.5 Book of Common Prayer
4 References
5 External links
Greek[edit]
The Greek version of the canticle appears in the Gospel of Luke 1:68-79:
Εὐλογητὸς κύριος ὁ θεὸς τοῦ Ἰσραήλ,
ὁτι ἐπεσκέψατο καὶ ἐποίησεν λύτρωσιν τῷ λαῷ αὐτοῦ,
καὶ ἠγειρεν κέρας σωτηρίας ἡμῖν
ἐν οἴκῳ Δαυὶδ παιδὸς αὐτοῦ,
καθὼς ἐλάλησεν διὰ στόματος τῶν ἀγίων ἀπ' αἰῶνος προφητῶν αὐτοῦ,
σωτηρίαν ἐξ ἐχθρῶν ἡμῶν καὶ ἐκ χειρὸς πάντων τῶν μισούντων ἡμᾶς·
ποιῆσαι ἔλεος μετὰ τῶν πατέρων ἡμῶν
καὶ μνησθῆναι διαθήκης ἀγίας αὐτοῦ,
ὅρκον ὃν ὤμοσεν πρὸς Ἀβραὰμ τὸν πατέρα ἡμῶν,
τοῦ δοῦναι ἡμῖν
ἀφόβως ἐκ χειρὸς ἐχθρῶν ῥυσθέντας
λατρεύειν αὐτῷ ἐν ὁσιότητι
καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ πάσαις ταῖς ἡμέραις ἡμῶν.
Καὶ σὺ δέ, παιδίον, προφήτης ὑψίστου κληθήσῃ,
προπορεύσῃ γὰρ ἐνώπιον κυρίου ἑτοιμάσαι ὁδοὺς αὐτοῦ,
τοῦ δοῦναι γνῶσιν σωτηρίας τῷ λαῷ αὐτοῦ
ἐν ἀφέσει ἀμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν,
διὰ σπλάγχνα ἐλέους θεοῦ ἡμῶν,
ἐν οἷς ἐπισκέψεται ἡμᾶς ἀνατολὴ ἐξ ὑψους,
ἐπιφᾶναι τοῖς ἐν σκότει καὶ σκιᾷ θανάτου καθημένοις,
τοῦ κατευθῦναι τοὺς πόδας ἡμῶν εἰς ὁδὸν εἰρήνης.
Latin[edit]
Benedictus Dominus Deus Israel; quia visitavit et fecit redemptionem plebi suae
et erexit cornu salutis nobis, in domo David pueri sui,
sicut locutus est per os sanctorum, qui a saeculo sunt, prophetarum eius,
salutem ex inimicis nostris, et de manu omnium, qui oderunt nos;
ad faciendam misericordiam cum patribus nostris, et memorari testamenti sui sancti,
iusiurandum, quod iuravit ad Abraham patrem nostrum, daturum se nobis,
ut sine timore, de manu inimicorum liberati, serviamus illi
in sanctitate et iustitia coram ipso omnibus diebus nostris.
Et tu, puer, propheta Altissimi vocaberis: praeibis enim ante faciem Domini parare vias eius,
ad dandam scientiam salutis plebi eius in remissionem peccatorum eorum,
per viscera misericordiae Dei nostri, in quibus visitabit nos oriens ex alto,
illuminare his, qui in tenebris et in umbra mortis sedent, ad dirigendos pedes nostros in viam pacis.
[3]
English[edit]
International Commission on English in the Liturgy[edit]
Blessed be the Lord, the God of Israel;
he has come to his people and set them free.
He has raised up for us a mighty savior,
born of the house of his servant David.
Through his holy prophets he promised of old
that he would save us from our enemies,
from the hands of all who hate us.
He promised to show mercy to our fathers
and to remember his holy covenant.
This was the oath he swore to our father Abraham:
to set us free from the hands of our enemies,
free to worship him without fear,
holy and righteous in his sight all the days of our life.
You, my child, shall be called the prophet of the Most High;
for you will go before the Lord to prepare his way,
to give his people knowledge of salvation
by the forgiveness of their sins.
In the tender compassion of our God
the dawn from on high shall break upon us,
to shine on those who dwell in darkness and the shadow of death,
and to guide our feet into the way of peace.
The United Methodist Hymnal[edit]
Blessed be the Lord, the God of Israel,
who has come to set the chosen people free.
The Lord has raised up for us
a mighty Savior from the house of David.
Through the holy prophets, God promised of old
to save us from our enemies,
from the hands of all who hate us;
to show mercy to our forebears
and to remember the holy covenant.
This was the oath God swore to our father Abraham
to set us free from the hands of our enemies,
free to worship without fear,
holy and righteous in the Lord's sight,
all the days of our life. R
and you, child, shall be called the prophet of the Most High,
for you will go before the Lord to prepare the way,
to give God's people knowledge of salvation
by the forgiveness of their sins.
In the tender compassion of our God
the dawn from on high shall break upon us,
to shine on those who dwell in the darkness and the shadow of death,
and to guide our feet into the way of peace. R
New American Bible[edit]
Blessed be the Lord, the God of Israel,
for he has visited and brought redemption to his people.
He has raised up a horn for our salvation
within the house of David his servant,
even as he promised through the mouth of his holy prophets from of old:
salvation from our enemies and from the hand of all who hate us,
to show mercy to our fathers
and to be mindful of his holy covenant
and of the oath he swore to Abraham our father,
and to grant us that, rescued from the hand of enemies,
without fear we might worship him in holiness and righteousness
before him all our days.
And you, child, will be called prophet of the Most High,
for you will go before the Lord to prepare his ways,
to give his people knowledge of salvation
through the forgiveness of their sins,
because of the tender mercy of our God
by which the daybreak from on high will visit us
to shine on those who sit in darkness and death’s shadow,
to guide our feet into the path of peace.
Douay-Rheims[edit]
From the Douay-Rheims Bible (1582):[4]
Blessed be the Lord God of Israel; because he hath visited and wrought the redemption of His people:
And hath raised up an horn of salvation to us, in the house of David his servant:
As he spoke by the mouth of his holy prophets, who are from the beginning:
Salvation from our enemies, and from the hand of all that hate us:
To perform mercy to our fathers, and to remember his holy testament,
The oath, which he swore to Abraham our father, that he would grant to us,
That being delivered from the hand of our enemies, we may serve him without fear,
In holiness and justice before him, all our days.
And thou, child, shalt be called the prophet of the Highest: for thou shalt go before the face of the Lord to prepare his ways:
To give knowledge of salvation to his people, unto the remission of their sins:
Through the bowels of the mercy of our God, in which the Orient from on high hath visited us:
To enlighten them that sit in darkness, and in the shadow of death: to direct our feet into the way of peace.
Book of Common Prayer[edit]
From the Book of Common Prayer (1662):[5]
Blessed be the Lord God of Israel : for he hath visited, and redeemed his people;
And hath raised up a mighty salvation for us : in the house of his servant David;
As he spake by the mouth of his holy Prophets : which have been since the world began;
That we should be saved from our enemies : and from the hands of all that hate us;
To perform the mercy promised to our forefathers : and to remember his holy Covenant;
To perform the oath which he sware to our forefather Abraham : that he would give us;
That we being delivered out of the hands of our enemies : might serve him without fear;
In holiness and righteousness before him : all the days of our life.
And thou, Child, shalt be called the Prophet of the Highest : for thou shalt go before the face of the Lord to prepare his ways;
To give knowledge of salvation unto his people : for the remission of their sins,
Through the tender mercy of our God : whereby the day-spring from on high hath visited us;
To give light to them that sit in darkness, and in the shadow of death : and to guide our feet into the way of peace.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Ward, Bernard. "The Benedictus (Canticle of Zachary)." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 11 Jan. 2014
Jump up ^ Baumer, Histoire du Bréviaire, I, 253.
Jump up ^ "Neovulgate (official text of the Roman Catholic Church)". Archived from the original on 2010-03-15.
Jump up ^ Douay-Rheims Catholic Bible Online
Jump up ^ The 1662 Book of Common Prayer
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Benedictus.
List of available settings at Choral Public Domain Library.
Order for Morning Prayer in the Book of Common Prayer
Pope John Paul II, "Reflection on Canticle of Zechariah", General Audience, October 1, 2003
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "The Benedictus (Canticle of Zachary)". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.
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