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United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas
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United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas
(E.D. Tex.)
Location
Tyler, Texas
Appeals to
Fifth Circuit
Established
February 21, 1857
Judges assigned
8
Chief Judge
James Rodney Gilstrap
U.S. Attorney
Joseph D. Brown
Official court website
The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (in case citations, E.D. Tex.) is a federal court in the Fifth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).
The District was established on February 21, 1857, with the division of the state into an Eastern and Western District.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Organization of the court
2 History
3 Patent litigation
4 Current judges
5 Vacancies and pending nominations
6 Former judges
7 Chief judges
8 Succession of seats
9 See also
10 Notes
11 External links
Organization of the court[edit]
The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas is one of four federal judicial districts in Texas.[2] Court for the District is held at Beaumont, Lufkin, Marshall, Plano, Sherman, Texarkana, and Tyler.
Beaumont Division comprises the following counties: Hardin, Jasper, Jefferson, Liberty, Newton, and Orange.
Lufkin Division comprises the following counties: Angelina, Houston, Nacogdoches, Polk, Sabine, San Augustine, Shelby, Trinity, and Tyler.
Marshall Division comprises the following counties: Camp, Cass, Harrison, Marion, Morris, and Upshur.
Sherman Division comprises the following counties: Collin, Cooke, Delta, Denton, Fannin, Grayson, Hopkins, and Lamar.
Texarkana Division comprises the following counties: Bowie, Franklin, Red River, and Titus.
Tyler Division comprises the following counties: Anderson, Cherokee, Gregg, Henderson, Panola, Rains, Rusk, Smith, Van Zandt, and Wood.
The United States Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Texas represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. The current United States Attorney is Joseph D. Brown since January 8, 2018.
History[edit]
The oldest federal civil building in Texas, the 1861 Customs and Courthouse in Galveston, housed headquarters for the Eastern District of Texas between 1861–1891.
Federal Courthouse in Galveston that housed the Eastern District court from 1891–1902, when the Southern District of Texas was created.[3]
The first federal judge in Texas was John C. Watrous, who was appointed on May 26, 1846, and had previously served as Attorney General of the Republic of Texas. He was assigned to hold court in Galveston, at the time, the largest city in the state. As seat of the Texas Judicial District, the Galveston court had jurisdiction over the whole state.[4]
Patent litigation[edit]
The Eastern District of Texas currently hears the most patent cases in the country and has seen an increase in the number of cases filed relating to patent infringement, notably in the courts of Judge T. John Ward in the Marshall Division, Judge Leonard Davis in the Tyler Division, and Judge David Folsom in the Texarkana Division and now Judge J. Rodney Gilstrap in the Marshall Division and Judge Robert W. Schroeder III in the Texarkana Division, as well as Magistrate Judges Roy S. Payne, John Love and K. Nicole Mitchell. Perhaps because the district has a set of local rules for patent cases and relatively fast trial settings, patent plaintiffs have flocked to this small venue. In addition the proximity to larger cities (such as Dallas and Houston), along with a jury pool interested in protecting property rights, may attract patent cases to Marshall, Tyler, and Texarkana.
In 2003, there were 14 patent cases filed. In 2004, this number more than quadrupled to 59 patent cases filed. In 2006, the number of cases grew to an estimated 236.[5]
The district has been perceived to be a favorable jurisdiction for plaintiffs in patent infringement lawsuits, which win 88% of the time compared to a nationwide average of 68% in 2006,[6] even, according to some claims, in dubious cases (i.e. patent trolls).[7]
Between 2004 and 2011 the district presided over TiVo Inc. v. EchoStar Corp., involving the issues of patent infringement and contempt of court.
In 2009 Judge Leonard Davis, of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, ordered a permanent injunction that "prohibits Microsoft from selling or importing to the United States any Microsoft Word products that have the capability of opening .XML, .DOCX or DOCM files (XML files) containing custom XML," according to an announcement by the plaintiff, Toronto-based i4i Inc.[8]
In 2013, 24.5% of federal patent suits filed in the U.S. were filed in the Eastern District. Judges in this district have been found to grant requests for summary judgment of invalidity at a lower rate than the national average.[9]
In 2014, 1,425 patent suits in the U.S. were filed in the Eastern District, making it the number one region with the most filings in the country, followed by the United States District Court for the District of Delaware in second place, with 946 patent cases filed, with the United States District Court for the Central District of California ranking third with 305 cases.[10]
In 2015, a staggering 43.6% of federal patent suits (2,540 suits) were filed in the Eastern District, which was more than the number of lawsuits filed in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware (545 cases or 9.3%), the United States District Court for the Central District of California (300 cases or 5.1%), the United States District Court for the Northern District of California (228 cases or 3.9%) and the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (162 cases or 2.8%) combined.[11]
In 2016, 1,647 cases (or 36.4%) of the nation's patent cases were filed in the Eastern District, which was again more than the total number of lawsuits filed in the District of Delaware (455 cases or 10.1%), Central District of California (290 cases or 6.4%), Northern District of Illinois (247 cases or 5.5%) and Northern District of California (188 cases or 4.2%) combined.[12]
The vast majority of the patent cases in the Eastern District of Texas are filed before or heard in the Marshall, Texas division by District Court Judge James Rodney Gilstrap and Magistrate Judge Roy S. Payne.[13] U.S. District Judge Robert W. Schroeder III in the Texarkana Division, and Magistrate Judges John Love and K. Nicole Mitchell hear the next highest number of patent cases in the District.
The filing of such cases in the Eastern District of Texas dropped after the 2017 Supreme Court decision in TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC, which held that for the purpose of venue in patent infringement suits, a domestic corporation "resides" only in its state of incorporation. Meanwhile, the filing of such cases in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware increased.[14]
Current judges[edit]
#
Title
Judge
Duty station
Born
Term of service
Appointed by
Active
Chief
Senior
27 Chief Judge James Rodney Gilstrap Marshall 1957 2011–present 2018–present — Obama
25 District Judge Marcia A. Crone Beaumont 1952 2003–present — — G.W. Bush
28 District Judge Amos L. Mazzant III Sherman 1965 2014–present — — Obama
29 District Judge Robert W. Schroeder III Texarkana 1966 2014–present — — Obama
30 District Judge vacant — — — — — —
31 District Judge vacant — — — — — —
32 District Judge vacant — — — — — —
33 District Judge vacant — — — — — —
18 Senior Judge Richard A. Schell Plano 1950 1988–2015 1994–2001 2015–present Reagan
21 Senior Judge Thad Heartfield Beaumont 1940 1995–2010 2003–2009 2010–present Clinton
24 Senior Judge Ron Clark Beaumont 1953 2002–2018 2015–2018 2018–present G.W. Bush
Vacancies and pending nominations[edit]
Seat
Seat last held by
Vacancy reason
Date of vacancy
Nominee
Date of nomination
3 Richard A. Schell Senior Status March 10, 2015 0 !– 0 !–
6 Leonard Davis Retirement May 15, 2015 J. Campbell Barker January 23, 2018
7 Michael H. Schneider Sr. Senior Status January 7, 2016 Jeremy D. Kernodle
5 Ron Clark February 28, 2018 Michael J. Truncale
Former judges[edit]
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason for
termination
1 Watrous, John CharlesJohn Charles Watrous TX 1801–1874 1857–1870[Note 1] — — Polk, Polk resignation
2 Winch, Joel C. C.Joel C. C. Winch TX 1835–1880 1870–1871[Note 2] — — Grant, Grant not confirmed
3 Morrill, AmosAmos Morrill TX 1809–1884 1872–1883 — — Grant, Grant retirement
4 Sabin, Chauncey BrewerChauncey Brewer Sabin TX 1824–1890 1884–1890 — — Arthur, Arthur death
5 Bryant, David EzekielDavid Ezekiel Bryant TX 1849–1910 1890–1910 — — Harrison, B.B. Harrison death
6 Russell, Gordon J.Gordon J. Russell TX 1859–1919 1910–1919 — — Taft, Taft death
7 Estes, William LeeWilliam Lee Estes TX 1870–1930 1920–1930 — — Wilson, Wilson death
8 Bryant, RandolphRandolph Bryant TX 1893–1951 1931–1951 — — Hoover, Hoover death
9 Sheehy, Joseph WarrenJoseph Warren Sheehy TX 1910–1967 1951–1967 1954–1967 — Truman, Truman death
10 Cecil, Lamar John RyanLamar John Ryan Cecil TX 1902–1958 1954–1958[Note 3] — — Eisenhower, Eisenhower death
11 Fisher, Joseph JeffersonJoseph Jefferson Fisher TX 1910–2000 1959–1984 1967–1980 1984–2000 Eisenhower, Eisenhower death
12 Justice, William WayneWilliam Wayne Justice TX 1920–2009 1968–1998 1980–1990 1998–2009 Johnson, L.L. Johnson death
13 Steger, WilliamWilliam Steger TX 1920–2006 1970–1987 — 1987–2006 Nixon, Nixon death
14 Parker, Robert ManleyRobert Manley Parker TX 1937–present 1979–1994 1990–1994 — Carter, Carter appointment to 5th Cir.
15 Cobb, HowellHowell Cobb TX 1922–2005 1985–2001 — 2001–2005 Reagan, Reagan death
16 Hall Jr., Sam BlakeleySam Blakeley Hall Jr. TX 1924–1994 1985–1994 — — Reagan, Reagan death
17 Brown, Paul N.Paul N. Brown TX 1926–2012 1985–2001 — 2001–2012 Reagan, Reagan death
19 Hannah Jr., John H.John H. Hannah Jr. TX 1939–2003 1994–2003 2001–2003 — Clinton, Clinton death
20 Folsom, DavidDavid Folsom TX 1947–present 1995–2012 2009–2012 — Clinton, Clinton retirement
22 Ward, T. JohnT. John Ward TX 1943–present 1999–2011 — — Clinton, Clinton retirement
23 Leonard DavisLeonard Davis TX 1948–present 2002–2015 2012–2015 — Bush, G.W.G.W. Bush retirement
26 Schneider Sr., Michael H.Michael H. Schneider Sr. TX 1943–present 2004–2016 — 2016 Bush, G.W.G.W. Bush retirement
Jump up ^ Reassigned from the District of Texas
Jump up ^ Recess appointment; the United States Senate later rejected the appointment.
Jump up ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on November 8, 1954, confirmed by the United States Senate on December 2, 1954, and received commission on December 3, 1954.
Chief judges[edit]
Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their district court, and preside over any panel on which they serve unless circuit judges are also on the panel. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the district court judges. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge. A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years or until age 70, whichever occurs first. The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position.
When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire on what has since 1958 been known as senior status or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982.
Succession of seats[edit]
Seat 1
Seat reassigned from the District of Texas on February 21, 1857 by 11 Stat. 164
Watrous 1857–1870
Winch 1870–1871
Morrill 1872–1883
Sabin 1884–1890
D. Bryant 1890–1910
Russell 1910–1919
Estes 1920–1930
R. Bryant 1931–1951
Sheehy 1951–1967
Justice 1968–1998
Ward 1999–2011
Mazzant III 2014–present
Seat 2
Seat established on February 10, 1954 by 68 Stat. 8
Cecil 1954–1958
Fisher 1959–1984
Hall, Jr. 1985–1994
Folsom 1995–2012
Schroeder III 2014–present
Seat 3
Seat established on June 2, 1970 by 84 Stat. 294
Steger 1970–1987
Schell 1988–2015
vacant 2015–present
Seat 4
Seat established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629
Parker 1979–1994
Heartfield 1995–2010
Gilstrap 2011–present
Seat 5
Seat established on July 10, 1984 by 98 Stat. 333
Cobb 1985–2001
Clark 2002–2018
vacant 2018–present
Seat 6
Seat established on July 10, 1984 by 98 Stat. 333
Brown 1985–2001
Davis 2002–2015
vacant 2015–present
Seat 7
Seat established on December 1, 1990 by 104 Stat. 5089
Hannah, Jr. 1994–2003
Schneider, Sr. 2004–2016
vacant 2016–present
Seat 8
Seat established on November 2, 2002 by 116 Stat. 1758 (temporary)
Crone 2003–present
See also[edit]
List of United States federal courthouses in Texas
Courts of Texas
Patent troll
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/courts_district_tx.html U.S. District Courts of Texas, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center
Jump up ^ http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/uscode/28/I/5/124 United States Code 28
Jump up ^ "National Park Service Archaeological Field Inspection".
Jump up ^ "U.S. Department of Justice: 2002 Centennial Report, pgs. 1, 10" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Creswell, Julie (24 September 2006). "So Small a Town, So Many Patent Suits" – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ Williams, Sam. "A Haven for Patent Pirates".
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ i4i Limited Partnership v. Microsoft Corporation 670 F. Supp. 2d 568
Jump up ^ "Why Do Patent Trolls Go to Texas? It's Not for the BBQ". Electronic Frontier Foundation. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
Jump up ^ David Yates, SE Texas Record, Eastern District of Texas No. 1 home for patent suits, report finds, http://setexasrecord.com/stories/510607088-eastern-district-of-texas-no-1-home-for-patent-suits-report-finds
Jump up ^ Lex Machina, 2015 Year End Trends, https://lexmachina.com/lex-machina-2015-end-of-year-trends/
Jump up ^ Brian Howard, Lex Machina, Q4 Litigation Update, https://lexmachina.com/q4-litigation-update/ Note: In 2016 (by the third quarter), 1,195 cases (or 35.4%) of the nation's patent cases were filed in the Eastern District, which was again more than the total number of lawsuits filed in the District of Delaware (309 cases or 9.2%), Central District of California (243 cases or 7.2%), Northern District of Illinois (182 cases or 5.4%) and District of New Jersey (158 cases or 4.7%) combined. See Brian Howard, Lex Machina, 2016 Third Quarter Litigation Trends, https://lexmachina.com/2016-third-quarter-litigation-trends/
Jump up ^ Kaleigh Rogers, Motherboard (Vice), The Small Town Judge Who Sees a Quarter of the Nation’s Patent Cases, http://motherboard.vice.com/read/the-small-town-judge-who-sees-a-quarter-of-the-nations-patent-cases
Jump up ^ Patent lawsuits drop 21 percent in the Eastern District of Texas as SCOTUS ruling brings new era, ABA Journal, July 19, 2017
External links[edit]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas
[show]
v
t
e
Current active district judges of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals
E. Louisiana
Brown
Feldman
Vance
Fallon
Barbier
Zainey
Africk
Milazzo
Morgan
3 seats vacant
M. Louisiana
Jackson
Dick
deGravelles
W. Louisiana
Hicks
Foote
Doughty
4 seats vacant
N. Mississippi
Aycock
Mills
Brown
S. Mississippi
Jordan
Wingate
Starrett
Ozerden
Reeves
1 seat vacant
E. Texas
Gilstrap
Crone
Mazzant
Schroeder
4 seats vacant
N. Texas
Lynn
Fitzwater
McBryde
Lindsay
Godbey
Kinkeade
Boyle
O'Connor
Scholer
3 seats vacant
S. Texas
Rosenthal
Hinojosa
Hughes
Lake
Gilmore
Ellison
Crane
Hanen
Alvarez
Miller
Saldaña
Ramos
Marmolejo
Bennett
Hanks
Olvera
3 seats vacant
W. Texas
Garcia
Biery
Martinez
Moses
Cardone
Yeakel
Montalvo
Rodriguez
Guaderrama
Pitman
Counts
2 seats vacant
[show]
v
t
e
Current senior district judges of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals
E. Louisiana
Berrigan
Lemmon
Lemelle
M. Louisiana
None
W. Louisiana
Walter
Trimble
Doherty
Melancon
James
Drell
Minaldi
N. Mississippi
Biggers
Davidson
S. Mississippi
Barbour
Lee
Gex
Bramlette
Guirola
E. Texas
Schell
Heartfield
Clark
N. Texas
Robinson
Fish
Maloney
Cummings
Means
S. Texas
Bue
Head
Hittner
Hoyt
Harmon
Rainey
Werlein
Jack
Atlas
Tagle
W. Texas
Nowlin
Sparks
Briones
Junell
[show]
v
t
e
United States district and territorial courts
List of United States district and territorial courts
District Courts
Alabama (M, N, S)
Alaska
Arizona
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Coordinates: 32°21′07″N 95°18′09″W / 32.352020°N 95.302563°W / 32.352020; -95.302563
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Texas&oldid=836121183"
Categories:
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House of Windsor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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House of Windsor
Country
Antigua and Barbuda
Australia
The Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Canada
Grenada
Jamaica
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Solomon Islands
Tuvalu
United Kingdom
Parent house
Wettin → Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Founded
17 July 1917; 100 years ago (1917-07-17)
Founder
George V
Current head
Elizabeth II
The House of Windsor is the royal house of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. The dynasty is of German paternal descent and was originally a branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, itself derived from the House of Wettin, and it succeeded the House of Hanover as monarchs in the British Empire following the death of Queen Victoria, wife of Albert, Prince Consort. The houses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Windsor have provided five British monarchs to date, including four kings and the present queen, Elizabeth II.
The name was changed from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the English Windsor in 1917 because of anti-German sentiment in the British Empire during World War I.[1] During the reign of the Windsors, major changes took place in British society. The British Empire participated in the First and Second World Wars, ending up on the winning side both times, but subsequently lost its status as a superpower during decolonisation. Much of Ireland broke with the United Kingdom and the remnants of the Empire became the Commonwealth of Nations.
The current head of the house is monarch of sixteen sovereign states. These are the United Kingdom (where they are based), Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. As well as these separate monarchies, there are also three Crown dependencies, fourteen British Overseas Territories and two associated states of New Zealand.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 List of monarchs
3 Members
3.1 Descendants of Elizabeth II
3.2 Family tree
4 Nations of which the House of Windsor is or was the ruling house
5 See also
6 Notes
6.1 Footnotes
6.2 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Background[edit]
"A Good Riddance"; cartoon from Punch, Vol. 152, 27 June 1917, commenting on the King's order to relinquish all German titles held by members of his family
Edward VII and, in turn, his son, George V, were members of the German ducal House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha by virtue of their descent from Albert, Prince Consort, husband of Queen Victoria, the last British monarch from the House of Hanover. High anti-German sentiment amongst the people of the British Empire during World War I reached a peak in March 1917, when the Gotha G.IV, a heavy aircraft capable of crossing the English Channel, began bombing London directly and became a household name. In the same year, on 15 March, King George's first cousin, Nicholas II, the Emperor of Russia, was forced to abdicate, which raised the spectre of the eventual abolition of all the monarchies in Europe. The King and his family were finally convinced to abandon all titles held under the German Crown and to change German titles and house names to anglicised versions. Hence, on 17 July 1917, a royal proclamation issued by George V declared:
Now, therefore, We, out of Our Royal Will and Authority, do hereby declare and announce that as from the date of this Our Royal Proclamation Our House and Family shall be styled and known as the House and Family of Windsor, and that all the descendants in the male line of Our said Grandmother Queen Victoria who are subjects of these Realms, other than female descendants who may marry or may have married, shall bear the said Name of Windsor....[2]
The name had a long association with monarchy in Britain, through the town of Windsor, Berkshire, and Windsor Castle; the link is alluded to in the Round Tower of Windsor Castle being the basis of the badge of the House of Windsor. Upon hearing that his cousin had changed the name of the British royal house to Windsor and in reference to Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor, German Emperor Wilhelm II remarked jokingly that he planned to see "The Merry Wives of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha".[3]
George V also restricted the use of British princely titles to his nearest relations,[4] and in 1919, he stripped 3 of his German relations of their British titles and styles.[5]
List of monarchs[edit]
Portrait
Name
From
Until
Relationship with predecessor
King Edward VII 22 January 1901 6 May 1910 Son of Victoria
King George V 6 May 1910 20 January 1936 Son of Edward VII
King Edward VIII 20 January 1936 11 December 1936
(Abdicated) Son of George V
King George VI 11 December 1936 6 February 1952
Queen Elizabeth II 6 February 1952 reigning Daughter of George VI
Members[edit]
Members of the House of Windsor on the balcony of Buckingham Palace, 15 June 2013. Left to right: Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester; Lady Rose Gilman; Prince Michael of Kent; Princess Michael of Kent; Lady Louise Windsor; Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex; James, Viscount Severn; Sophie, Countess of Wessex; Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall; Prince Charles, Prince of Wales; Queen Elizabeth II; Princess Anne, Princess Royal; Prince Andrew, Duke of York; Prince Henry of Wales; Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge; Prince William, Duke of Cambridge; Princess Eugenie of York; Princess Beatrice of York; Prince Edward, Duke of Kent; Katharine, Duchess of Kent
See also: List of members of the House of Windsor
The 1917 proclamation stated that the name of the Royal House and all British descendants of Victoria and Albert in the male line were to bear the name of Windsor, except for women who married into other families.
By early 1919 the living male-line British descendants of Victoria subject to British rule were King George V, his five sons, his daughter Princess Mary, his unmarried sister Princess Victoria, his uncle Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, his cousin Prince Arthur of Connaught, his cousin once removed Prince Alastair of Connaught, and his unmarried cousin Princess Patricia of Connaught. Prince Alastair and Princess Victoria died unmarried and childless. Princess Mary married into the Lascelles family, and Princess Patricia married Alexander Ramsay. Neither of the Prince Arthurs had any further children, meaning all subsequent members of the House of Windsor descend from the sons of George V.
Two of George V's sons, Edward VIII (later Duke of Windsor) and Prince John, had no children, so the entire present day members of the House of Windsor are descendants of the other three sons, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later George VI), Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, and Prince George, Duke of Kent.
Descendants of Elizabeth II[edit]
Succession to the British throne – family tree (2015)
In 1947, Princess Elizabeth (now Queen Elizabeth II), heiress presumptive to King George VI, married Philip Mountbatten. He was a member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, a branch of the House of Oldenburg, and had been a prince of Greece and Denmark. However, Philip, a few months before his marriage, abandoned his princely titles and adopted the surname Mountbatten, which was that of his uncle and mentor, the Earl Mountbatten of Burma, and had itself been adopted by Lord Mountbatten's father (Philip's maternal grandfather), Prince Louis of Battenberg, in 1917. It is the literal translation of the German battenberg, which refers to Battenberg, a small town in Hesse.
Soon after Elizabeth became Queen in 1952, Lord Mountbatten observed that because it was the standard practice for the wife in a marriage to adopt her husband's surname, the royal house had become the House of Mountbatten. When Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, heard of this comment, she informed British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and he later advised the Queen to issue a royal proclamation declaring that the royal house was to remain known as the House of Windsor. This she did on 9 April 1952, officially declaring it her "Will and Pleasure that I and My children shall be styled and known as the House and Family of Windsor, and that My descendants, other than female descendants who marry and their descendants, shall bear the name of Windsor."[6] Philip privately complained, "I am nothing but a bloody amoeba. I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."[7]
On 8 February 1960, after the death of Queen Mary and the resignation of Churchill, the Queen confirmed that she and her children would continue to be known as the House and Family of Windsor, as would any agnatic descendants who enjoy the style of Royal Highness and the title of Prince or Princess.[6] Still, Elizabeth also decreed that her agnatic descendants who do not have that style and title would bear the surname Mountbatten-Windsor.[6]
This came after some months of correspondence between the Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and the constitutional expert Edward Iwi. Iwi had raised the prospect that the Royal child due to be born in February 1960 would bear "the Badge of Bastardy" if it were given its mother's maiden name (Windsor) rather than its father's name (Mountbatten). Macmillan had attempted to rebuff Iwi, until the Queen advised the acting Prime Minister Rab Butler in January 1960 that for some time she had had her heart set on a change that would recognise the name Mountbatten. She clearly wished to make this change before the birth of her child. The issue did not affect Prince Charles or Princess Anne, as they had been born with the name Mountbatten, before the Queen's accession to the throne.[8] Prince Andrew was born 11 days later, on 19 February 1960.
Any future monarch can change the dynastic name through a similar royal proclamation, as royal proclamations do not have statutory authority.[9]
Family tree[edit]
See also: Windsor British monarchs' family tree
[show]Family tree
King
George V Queen Mary
King Edward VIII[N 1] King George VI Queen Elizabeth Princess Mary, Princess Royal, Countess of Harewood Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester Prince George, Duke of Kent Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent Prince John
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Queen Elizabeth II Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon Prince William of Gloucester Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester Prince Edward, Duke of Kent Katharine, Duchess of Kent Princess Alexandra, The Hon Lady Ogilvy Prince Michael of Kent Princess Michael of Kent
Diana, Princess of Wales
(div. 1996) Prince Charles, Prince of Wales Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall Princess Anne, Princess Royal Prince Andrew, Duke of York Sarah, Duchess of York
(div. 1996) Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex Sophie, Countess of Wessex
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge Prince Henry of Wales
(Prince Harry) Princess Beatrice of York Princess Eugenie of York Lady Louise Windsor James, Viscount Severn
Prince George of Cambridge Princess Charlotte of Cambridge
Nations of which the House of Windsor is or was the ruling house[edit]
At the creation of the House of Windsor, its head reigned over a unitary British Empire. Following the end of the First World War, however, shifts took place that saw the emergence of the Dominions as sovereign states, the first step being the issuance of the Balfour Declaration in 1926, followed by the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act the next year, and the Statute of Westminster in 1931. From then on, the House of Windsor became the royal house of multiple countries, a number that shifted over the decades, as some Dominions became republics and Crown colonies became realms, republics, or monarchies under a different sovereign. Since 1949, two monarchs of the House of Windsor, George VI and Elizabeth II, have also been Head of the Commonwealth of Nations, comprising most (but not all) parts of the former British Empire and some states that were never part of it.
In the chart below, the countries are differentiated between light green (realms of the House of Windsor as Dominions), medium green (present realms of the House of Windsor), and dark green (former realms of the House of Windsor).
1930
1935
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Antigua and Barbuda
Australia
The Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Canada
Ceylon
Fiji
The Gambia
Ghana
Grenada
Guyana
India
Irish Free State/Ireland[N 2]
Jamaica
Kenya
Malawi
Malta
Mauritius
New Zealand
Nigeria
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
St Vincent and the Grenadines
Sierra Leone
Solomon Islands
South Africa
Tanganyika
Trinidad and Tobago
Tuvalu
Uganda
United Kingdom
1930
1935
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
See also[edit]
British prince
British princess
Canadian Royal Family
Succession to the British throne
List of descendants of George V
Notes[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ After his abdication in 1936, King Edward VIII became the Duke of Windsor.
Jump up ^ In 1936, virtually all of the functions of the monarch in the Irish Free State were removed, although the monarch was empowered to sign treaties and accredit diplomats when authorised to do so (see Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936). In 1937, a new constitution created the office of President of Ireland to perform many of the functions of a head of state. In 1949, the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 unambiguously severed links with the monarchy. In 1952, Elizabeth II was the first head of the House of Windsor who did not refer to Ireland (but instead to just Northern Ireland) in her regal style.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McGuigan, Jim (2001). "British identity and 'people's princess'". The Sociological Review. 48 (1). doi:10.1111/1467-954X.00200. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "No. 30186". The London Gazette. 17 July 1917. p. 7119.
Jump up ^ Carter, Miranda (2010), George, Nicholas and Wilhelm: Three Royal Cousins and the Road to World War I, Random House, p. xxiii, ISBN 9780307593023
Jump up ^ "Styles of the members of the British royal family: Documents". Heraldica. 30 November 1917.
Jump up ^ "At the Court at Buckingham Palace, the 28th day of March, 1919". London Gazette. His Majesty's Stationery Office. 28 March 1919. pp. Issue 31255, Page 4000. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Royal Styles and Titles – 1960 Letters Patent Archived 23 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Brandreth, Gyles (2004). Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage. p.253–254. London: Century. ISBN 0-7126-6103-4
Jump up ^ Travis, Alan (18 February 1999). "Queen feared 'slur' on family", The Guardian Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 17 April 2014
Jump up ^ The Royal Family name Archived 30 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine., Royal Household, retrieved 24 April 2016
Bibliography[edit]
Longford, Elizabeth Harman (Countess of Longford). The Royal House of Windsor. Revised ed. Crown, 1984.
Roberts, Andrew. The House of Windsor. University of California Press, 2000.
External links[edit]
Royal Family name from royal.uk
House of Windsor from royal.uk
House of Windsor Tree from royal.gov.uk (Lord Culloden & Albert+Leopold Windsor are missing)
Royal House
House of Windsor
Preceded by
House of Hanover Ruling House of the United Kingdom
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