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Peacock Throne
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Not to be confused with Sun Throne.
Painting of the (later) Peacock Throne in the Diwan-i-Khas of the Red Fort, around 1850
The Peacock Throne was a famous jeweled throne that was the seat of the Mughal emperors of India. It was commissioned in the early 17th century by emperor Shah Jahan and was located in the Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audiences) in the Red Fort of Delhi. The original throne was subsequently captured and taken as a war trophy in 1739 by the Persian emperor Nadir Shah, and has been lost since. A replacement throne based on the original was commissioned afterwards and existed until the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Contents
1 History
2 Descriptions
2.1 By Abdul Hamid Lahori
2.2 By Inayat Khan
2.3 By François Bernier
2.4 By Jean-Baptiste Tavernier
3 Discrepancies between descriptions of Lahori and Tavernier
3.1 Lahori's description
3.2 Tavernier's description
4 Later Peacock Throne
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History[edit]
Shah Jahan seated on a minor throne, which probably shared some stylistic elements with the Peacock Throne
Shah Jahan ruled in what is considered the Golden Age of the vast Mughal Empire, which covered almost all of the Indian subcontinent. It was ruled from the newly constructed capital of Shahjahanabad. The emperor was the focus around which everything else revolved, giving audiences and receiving petitioners. This ruler and his court was to be a mirror image of paradise on earth, in the very centre of the empire; and such a ruler would be worthy of a Throne of Solomon (تخت سليمان, Takht-e-Sulaiman) to underscore his position as a just king. Just like Solomon's throne, the Peacock Throne was to be covered in gold and jewels, with steps leading up to it, with the ruler floating above ground and closer to heaven. Said Gilani and his workmen from the imperial goldsmiths' department were commissioned with the construction of this new throne. It took seven years to complete. Large amounts of solid gold, precious stones and pearls were used, creating a masterful piece of Mughal workmanship that was unsurpassed before or after its creation. It was an opulent indulgence that could only be seen by a small number of courtiers, aristocrats, and visiting dignitaries. The throne was, even by Golden Age Mughal standards, supremely extravagant, costing twice as much as the construction of the Taj Mahal.[1][2][3]
The appearance of this new throne was in stark contrast to the older throne of Jahangir, a large rectangular slab of engraved black basalt constructed in the early 1600s, used by the father of Shah Jahan.
The new throne was not initially given the name by which it became known. It was simply known as the "Jeweled Throne" or "Ornamented Throne" (Takht-Murassa). It received its name from later historians because of the peacock statues featured on it.[1]
The Peacock Throne was inaugurated in a triumphant ceremony on 22 March 1635, the formal seventh anniversary of Shah Jahan's accession.[4] The date was chosen by astrologers and was doubly auspicious, since it coincided exactly with Eid al-Fitr, the end of Ramadan, and Nowruz, the Persian Spring festival. The emperor and the court were returning from Kashmir and it was determined that the third day of Nowruz would be the most auspicious day for him to enter the capital and take his seat on the throne.[5][6]
Muhammad Qudsi, the emperor's favourite poet, was chosen to compose twenty verses that were inscribed in emerald and green enamel on the throne. He praised the matchless skill of the artisans, the "heaven-depleting grandeur" of its gold and jewels, and included the date in the letters of the phrase "the throne of the just king".[1][7]
Poet Abu-Talib Kalim was given six pieces of gold for each verse in his poem of sixty-three couplets.[8]
The master goldsmith Said Gilani was summoned by the emperor and showered with honours, including with his weight in gold coins and given the title "Peerless Master" (Bibadal Khan). Gilani produced a poem of 134 couplets, filled with chronograms, the first twelve couplets giving the date of the emperor's birth, the following thirty-two the date of his first coronation, then ninety couplets giving the date of the throne's inauguration.[8]
Towards India he turned his reins quickly and went in all glory,
Driving like the blowing wind, dapple-grey steed swift as lightning.
With bounty and liberality, he returned to the capital;
Round his stirrups were the heavens and angels round his reins.
A thousand thanks! The beauty of the world has revived
With the early glory of the throne of multi-coloured gems.[9]
After Shah Jahan's death, his son Aurangzeb, who had the regnal name of Alamgir, ascended the Peacock Throne. Aurangzeb was the last of the strong Mughal emperors. After his death, in 1707, his son Bahadur Shah I reigned from 1707–1712. Bahadur Shah I was able to keep the empire stable, by maintaining a relaxed religious policy; however, after his death the empire was in inexorable decline. A period of political instability, military defeats, and court intrigues led to a succession of weak emperors: Jahandar Shah ruled for one year from 1712–1713, Farrukhsiyar from 1713–1719, Rafi ud-Darajat and Shah Jahan II only for a couple of months in 1719. By the time Muhammad Shah came to power, Mughal power was in serious decline and the empire was vulnerable. Nevertheless, under the generous patronage of Muhammad Shah, the court at Delhi became again a beacon of the arts and culture. Administrative reforms could not however stop the later Mughal-Maratha Wars, which greatly sapped the imperial forces. It was only a question of time until forces from neighbouring Persia saw their chance to invade.
The Persian king Nader Shah seated upon the Peacock Throne with members of the court, after his victory at the Battle of Karnal
Nadir Shah's invasion of India culminated in the Battle of Karnal, on 13 February 1739, and the defeat of Muhammad Shah. Nadir Shah entered Delhi and sacked the city, in the course of which tens of thousands of inhabitants were massacred. Persian troops left Delhi at the beginning of May 1739, taking with them the throne as a war trophy, their haul of treasure amounting to a large reduction in Mughal wealth and an irreplaceable loss of cultural artefacts. Among the known precious stones that Nadir Shah looted were the Akbar Shah, Great Mughal, Great Table, Koh-i-Noor, and Shah diamonds, as well as the Samarian spinel and the Timur ruby. These stones were either part of the Peacock Throne or were in possession of the Mughal emperors. The Akbar Shah Diamond was said to form one of the eyes of a peacock,[10] as did the Koh-i-Noor.[11] The Shah diamond was described by Jean-Baptiste Tavernier as being on the side of the throne.[12] Many of these stones ended up becoming part of the Persian crown jewels or were taken later by the British colonialists.
When Nadir Shah was assassinated by his own officers on 19 June 1747, the throne disappeared, most probably being dismantled or destroyed for its valuables, in the ensuing chaos.[13] One of the unsubstantiated rumours claimed the throne was given to the Ottoman Sultan,[14] although this could have been a minor throne produced in Persia and given as a gift. The Persian emperor Fath-Ali Shah commissioned the Sun Throne to be constructed in the early 19th century. The Sun Throne has a platform in the shape of that of the Peacock Throne. Some rumours claim that parts of the original Peacock Throne were used in its construction, although there is no evidence for that. Over time, the Sun Throne was erroneously referred to as the Peacock Throne, a term that was later appropriated by the West as a metonym for the Persian monarchy. No structural parts proven to be of the original Peacock Throne survived. Only some of diamonds and precious stones that are attributed to it have survived and re-worked.
A Sikh legend has it that a rectangular stone slab measuring 6 feet (1.8 m) by 4 feet (1.2 m) by 9 inches (230 mm) was uprooted, enchained, and brought by Jassa Singh Ramgarhia to Ramgarhia Bunga, in Amritsar, after the capture of the Red Fort by the combined Dal Khalsa forces of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Baghel Singh in 1783, as war booty.[15][16] However, that this stone pedestal does indeed come from the Peacock Throne has not been independently corroborated by scientists and historians.
A replacement throne that closely resembled the original was probably constructed for the Mughal emperor, after the Persian invasion.[17] The throne was located on the eastern side of the Divan-i-Khas, towards the windows. This throne however was also lost, possibly during or after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the subsequent looting and partial destruction of the Red Fort by the British.[18] The marble pedestal on which it rested has survived and can still be seen today.[19][20]
In 1908, the New York Times reported that Caspar Purdon Clarke, Director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, obtained what was purported to be a marble leg from the pedestal of the throne.[21] Although mentioned in the 1908 annual report, the status of this pedestal leg remains unknown.[19][22][23] There is another marble leg in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Where exactly these two pedestal legs originate from, and if they are connected to the Peacock Throne at all, remains unclear.
Inspired by the legend of the throne, King Ludwig II of Bavaria installed a romanticised version of it in his Moorish Kiosk in Linderhof Palace, constructed in the 1860s.[citation needed]
Descriptions[edit]
The contemporary descriptions that are known today of Shah Jahan's throne are from the Mughal historians Abdul Hamid Lahori and Inayat Khan, and the French travellers François Bernier and Jean-Baptiste Tavernier. No known painting that would match their descriptions exists of the throne.
By Abdul Hamid Lahori[edit]
Abdul Hamid Lahori (d. 1654) describes, in his Padshahnama, the construction of the throne:[24]
In the course of years many valuable gems had come into the Imperial jewel-house, each one of which might serve as an ear-drop for Venus, or would adorn the girdle of the Sun. Upon the accession of the Emperor, it occurred to his mind that, in the opinion of far-seeing men, the acquisition of such rare jewels and the keeping of such wonderful brilliants can only render one service, that of adorning the throne of empire. They ought therefore, to be put to such a use, that beholders might share in and benefit by their splendour, and that Majesty might shine with increased brilliancy.
It was accordingly ordered that, in addition to the jewels in the Imperial jewel-house, rubies, garnets, diamonds, rich pearls and emeralds, to the value of 200 lacs of rupees, should be brought for the inspection of the Emperor, and that they, with some exquisite jewels of great weight, exceeding 50,000 miskals, and worth eighty-six lacs of rupees, having been carefully selected, should be handed over to Bebadal Khan, the superintendent of the goldsmith's department. There was also to be given to him one lakh of tolas of pure gold, equal to 250,000 miskals in weight and fourteen lakhs of rupees in value.
The throne was to be three gaz in length, two and a half in breadth, and five in height, and was to be set with the above-mentioned jewels. The outside of the canopy was to be of enamel work with occasional gems, the inside was to be thickly set with rubies, garnets, and other jewels, and it was to be supported by twelve emerald columns. On the top of each pillar there were to be two peacocks thick set with gems, and between each two peacocks a tree set with rubies and diamonds, emeralds and pearls. The ascent was to consist of three steps set with jewels of fine water.
This throne was completed in the course of seven years at a cost of 100 lakhs of rupees. Of the eleven jeweled recesses (takhta) formed around it for cushions, the middle one, intended for the seat of the Emperor, cost ten lakhs of rupees. Among the jewels set in this recess was a ruby worth a lac of rupees, with Shah 'Abbas, the king of Iran, had presented to the late Emperor Jahangir, who sent it to his present Majesty, the Sahib Kiran-i sani, when he accomplished the conquest of the Dakhin.
On it were engraved the names of Sahib-kiran (Timur), Mir Shah Rukh, and Mirza Ulugh Beg. When in course of time it came into the possession of Shah 'Abbas, his name was added; and when Jahangir obtained it, he added the name of himself and of his father. Now it received the addition of the name of his most gracious Majesty Shah Jahan. By command of the Emperor, the following masnawi, by Haji Muhammad Jan, the final verse of which contains the date, was placed upon the inside of the canopy in letters of green enamel. . . .
On his return to Agra, the Emperor held a court, sat for the first time on his throne.[25]
By Inayat Khan[edit]
The following is the account given of the throne in the Shahjahannama of Inayat Khan:
The Nauroz of the year 1044 fell on the 'Id-i fitr, when His Majesty was to take his seat on the new jeweled throne. This gorgeous structure, with a canopy supported on twelve pillars, measured three yards and a half in length, two and a half in breadth, and five in height, from the flight of steps to the overhanging dome. On his Majesty's accession to the throne, he had commanded that eighty-six lakhs worth of gems and precious stones, and a diamond worth fourteen lakhs, which together make a crore of rupees as money is reckoned in Hindustan, should be used in its decoration. It was completed in seven years, and among the precious stones was a ruby worth a lakh of rupees that Shah 'Abbas Safavi had sent to the late Emperor, on which were inscribed the names of the great Timur Sahih-Kiran, etc.[26]
By François Bernier[edit]
The French physician and traveller François Bernier described, in his Travels in the Mogul Empire A.D. 1656-1668, the throne in the Diwan-i-Khas:
The King appeared seated upon his throne, at the end of the great hall, in the most magnificent attire. His vest was of white and delicately flowered satin, with a silk and gold embroidery of the finest texture. The turban, of gold cloth, had an aigrette whose base was composed of diamonds of an extraordinary size and value, besides an Oriental topaz, which may be pronounced unparalleled, exhibiting a lustre like the sun. A necklace of immense pearls, suspended from his neck, reached to the stomach, in the same manner as many of the Gentiles wear their strings of beads.
The throne was supported by six massive feet, said to be of solid gold, sprinkled over with rubies, emeralds, and diamonds. I cannot tell you with accuracy the number or value of this vast collection of precious stones, because no person may approach sufficiently near to reckon them, or judge of their water and clearness; but I can assure you that there is a confusion of diamonds, as well as other jewels, and that the throne, to the best of my recollection, is valued at four crores of Rupees. I observed elsewhere that a lakh is one hundred thousand[27] rupees, and that a crore is a hundred lakh; so that the throne is estimated at forty millions of rupees, worth sixty millions of pounds [livres] or thereabouts. It was constructed by Shah Jahan, the father of Aurangzeb, for the purpose of displaying the immense quantity of precious stones accumulated successively in the treasury from the spoils of ancient Rajas and Patans, and the annual presents to the Monarch, which every Omrah is bound to make on certain festivals. The construction and workmanship of the throne are not worthy of the materials; but two peacocks, covered with jewels and pearls, are well conceived and executed. They were made by a workman of astonishing powers, a Frenchman by birth, named..... who, after defrauding several of the Princes of Europe, by means of false gems, which he fabricated with peculiar skill, sought refuge in the Great Mogul's court, where he made his fortune.
At the foot of the throne were assembled all the Omralis, in splendid apparel, upon a platform surrounded by a silver railing, and covered by a spacious canopy of brocade with deep fringes of gold. The pillars of the hall were hung with brocades of a gold ground, and flowered satin canopies were raised over the whole expanse of the extensive apartment fastened with red silken cords, from which were suspended large tassels of silk and gold. The[28] floor was covered entirely with carpets of the richest silk, of immense length and breadth.[29]
By Jean-Baptiste Tavernier[edit]
Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, as a traveller wearing a Mughal dress, from his Les Six Voyages, published in 1679
The French jeweler Jean-Baptiste Tavernier made his sixth voyage to India between 1663 and 1668. It was his great privilege to be invited to visit the court at Delhi by emperor Aurangzeb himself, where he remained as Aurangzeb's guest for two months, from September 12, 1665 to November 11, 1665.
Tavernier was invited so the emperor could inspect the jewels he had brought from the west, with the intent of purchasing them. During this visit, Tavernier not only sold several jewels to the emperor and the emperor's uncle Jafar Khan, but established a close relationship with the emperor that led to a longer stay. Tavernier was invited to stay until the conclusion of the emperor's annual birthday celebrations, during which time he had the opportunity to visit the Red Fort and inspect the Peacock Throne. He was also given the opportunity to inspect the valuable jewels and stones belonging to the emperor, but was not able to see those still kept by Aurangzeb's father Shah Jahan, who was imprisoned at Agra Fort. In January 1666, only few months after Tavernier's stay, Shah Jahan died and Aurangzeb claimed the remaining stones.
Tavernier gives a detailed description of the Peacock Throne in his book Les Six Voyages de J. B. Tavernier, which was published in 1676 in two volumes. The account of the throne appears in Chapter VIII of Volume II, in which he describes the preparations for the emperor's annual birthday festival, and also the magnificence of the court. It should be noted that Tavernier is considered among the least reliable from a conventionally historical perspective.[30][31]
It should be stated that the Great Mogul has seven magnificent thrones, one wholly covered with diamonds, the others with rubies, emeralds, or pearls.
The principal throne, which is placed in the hall of the first court, is nearly of the form and size of our camp-beds; that is to say, it is about 6 feet (1.8 m) long and 4 feet (1.2 m) wide. Upon the four feet, which are very massive and from 20 inches (51 cm) to 25 inches (64 cm) high, are fixed the four bars[32] which support the base of the throne, and upon these bars are ranged twelve columns, which sustain the canopy on three sides, there not being any on that which faces the court. Both the feet and the bars, which are more than 18 inches long, are covered with gold inlaid and enriched with numerous diamonds, rubies, and emeralds.
In the middle of each bar there is a large balass ruby, cut en cabuchon, with four emeralds round it, which form a square cross. Next in succession, from one side to the other along the length of the bars there are similar crosses, arranged so that in one the ruby is in the middle of four emeralds, and in another the emerald is in the middle and four balass rubies surround it. The emeralds are table-cut, and the intervals between the rubies and emeralds are covered with diamonds, the largest of which do not exceed 10 to 12 carats in weight, all being showy stones, but very flat.
There are also in some parts pearls set in gold, and upon one of the longer sides of the throne there are four steps to ascend it. Of the three cushions or pillows which are upon the throne, that which is placed behind the King's back is large and round like one of our bolsters, and the two others that are placed at his sides are flat. There is to be seen, moreover, a sword suspended from this throne, a mace, a round shield, a bow and quiver with arrows; and all these weapons, as also the cushion and steps, both of this throne and the other six, are covered over with stones which match those with which each of the thrones is respectively enriched.
I counted the large balass rubies on the great throne, and there are about 108, all cabuchons, the least of which weighs 100 carats, but there are some which weigh apparently 200 and more. As for the emeralds, there are plenty of good colour, but they have many flaws; the largest may weigh 60 carats and the least 30 carats. I counted about 116; thus there are more emeralds than rubies.
The underside of the canopy is covered with diamonds and pearls, with a fringe of pearls all round, and above the canopy, which is a quadrangular-shaped dome, there is to be seen a peacock with elevated tail made of blue sapphires and other coloured stones, the body being of gold inlaid with precious stones, having a large ruby in front of the breast, from whence hangs a pear-shaped pearl of 50 carats or thereabouts, and of a somewhat yellow water. On both sides of[33] the peacock there is a large bouquet of the same height as the bird, and consisting of many kinds of flowers made of gold inlaid with precious stones. On the side of the throne which is opposite the court there is to be seen a jewel consisting of a diamond of from 80 to 90 carats weight, with rubies and emeralds round it, and when the King is seated he has this jewel in full view.
But that which in my opinion is the most costly thing about this magnificent throne is, that the twelve columns supporting the canopy are surrounded with beautiful rows of pearls, which are round and of fine water, and weigh from 6 to 10 carats each. At 4 feet distance from the throne there are fixed, on either side, two umbrellas, the sticks of which for 7 or 8 feet in height are covered with diamonds, rubies, and pearls. The umbrellas are of red velvet, and are embroidered and fringed all round with pearls.
This is what I have been able to observe regarding this famous throne, commenced by Tamerlane and completed by Shāhjahān; and those who keep the accounts of the King’s jewels, and of the cost of this great work, have assured me that it amounts to 107,000 lakhs of rupees, which amount to 160,500,000 livres of our money.[34]
Tavernier, however, describes seeing the throne in what is probably the Diwan-i-Am. One theory is that the throne was sometimes moved between the two halls, depending on the occasion. Tavernier also describes five other thrones in the Diwan-i-Khas.
Discrepancies between descriptions of Lahori and Tavernier[edit]
Shah Alam II seated on the throne, next to him the crown prince. Although the original Peacock Throne was lost by the time of this painting, it depicts what was either a replacement throne modelled on the original one, or painted from memories and descriptions (circa 1800)
Akbar II seated on the throne (circa 1811)
Akbar II in durbar (holding court) in the Diwan-i Khas at the Red Fort (circa 1830)
The descriptions of Lahori, from before 1648, and Tavernier's, published in 1676, are generally in broad agreement on the most important features of the thrones, such as its rectangular shape, standing on four legs at its corners, the 12 columns on which the canopy rests, and the type of gemstones embedded on the throne, such as balas rubies, emeralds, pearls, diamonds, and other coloured stones. There are however some significant differences between the two descriptions:
Lahori's account of the throne, based on the language used, could be a description of the projected design. Tavernier's account of the throne seems to be an eye-witness observation during his visit, in 1665, to the Red Fort. It could be that there were differences between the projected and final designs of the throne that Shah Jahān ascended for the first time on March 12, 1635.
According to Lahori, the throne was to have a length of 3 yards (9 feet) and a breadth of 2½ yards (7½ feet). Tavernier however gives the length at 6 feet and breadth of 4 feet. The height is described by Lahori as 5 yards (15 feet), but Tavernier's account does not mention its total height. Only the height of the four legs at the corners are mentioned, which was about 2 feet.
Lahori describes the canopy as being supported by 12 emerald columns, Tavernier describes 12 columns that were surrounded by and embedded with rows of pearls, which were round and of fine water, and which weighed from 6 to 10 carats each. He thinks these pearls were in fact the most costly and precious aspect of the throne.
A major difference is the position of the eponymous peacock statues. Lahori states that on the top of each pillar there were to be two peacocks, thick-set with gems, and between each two peacocks, a tree set with rubies and diamonds, emeralds and pearls. If the reference to "pillar" here means "column" there would be 24 peacocks right round the throne. Tavernier however saw only a single large peacock above the quadrangular-shaped, dome-like canopy, with an elevated tail, embedded with blue sapphires and other coloured stones, the body of the peacock being made of gold inlaid with precious stones, having a large ruby in front of the breast, from which hung a pear-shaped pearl around 60 carats in weight. Apart from the single large peacock, Tavernier's account speaks of a large bouquet, representing many kinds of flowers, made of gold inlaid with precious stones, of the same height as the peacock, situated on either side of the peacock.
According to Lahori, ascending the throne was by way of three steps, which were also set with jewels of fine water. Tavernier however describes four steps on the longer side of the throne and embedded with the same types of gemstones used on the throne, and with matching designs.
Apart from the significant differences between the two accounts given above, there are several details given in Lahori's account that are not mentioned in Tavernier's, and vice versa.
Lahori's description[edit]
Lahori's account mentions several historical diamonds that decorated the throne, such as the 186-carat Koh-i-Noor diamond, the 95-carat Akbar Shah diamond, the 88.77-carat Shah diamond and the 83-carat Jahangir diamond, apart from the 352.50-carat Timur Ruby, the third-largest balas ruby in the world. Tavernier makes no mention of these most precious stones. One explanation is that when Tavernier saw the throne in 1665, all these historical diamonds and the balas ruby were in the possession of Shah Jahan, who was under house arrest at the Fort in Agra. Shah Jahan died on 22 January 1666—two months after Tavernier left Delhi, and reached Bengal, during this, his sixth, and last, voyage to India—and his son and successor Aurangzeb was able to claim all these gems. Lahori's descriptions were made during the rule of Shah Jahan, when all the gems were probably incorporated in the throne.
According to Lahori, a twenty-couplet poem by the poet Muhammad Qudsi praising Shah Jahan in emerald letters was embedded in the throne. Tavernier does not mention this in his account, either because of his inability to read and understand what was written, or because Aurangzeb had ordered its removal.
Tavernier's description[edit]
Tavernier was allowed to closely inspect the throne and its jewels and wrote the most well known detailed description to date.
In his account, Tavernier gave details of the design in which the balas rubies, emeralds, diamonds, and pearls were arranged on the four horizontal bars connecting the four vertical legs, from which the 12 vertical columns, supporting the canopy, arose. In the middle of each bar, a large cabochon-cut balas ruby was placed, surrounded by four emeralds forming a square cross. Smaller such square crosses were situated on either side of the central large cross, along the length of the bar, but arranged in such a way that while in one square cross a balas ruby occupied the center, surrounded by four emeralds, in the next square cross, an emerald was surrounded by four balas rubies. The emeralds were table-cut and the intervals between the emerald-and-ruby crosses, were covered with diamonds, also table-cut and not exceeding 10 to 12 carats in weight.
There were three cushions or pillows upon the throne. The one placed behind the emperor's back was large and round; the other two, placed at his sides, were flat. The cushions were also studded with gems.
Tavernier mentioned some royal standards and weapons that were suspended from the throne, such as a mace, a sword and a round shield, and a bow and quiver with arrows, all studded with gemstones.
He counted the number of large balas rubies and emeralds on the throne. Accordingly, there were 108 large balas rubies on the throne, all cabochon-cut, the smallest weighing around 100 carats and the largest over 200 carats in weight. He counted 116 large emeralds on the throne, all of excellent colour, but with many flaws (a characteristic feature of emeralds), the smallest weighing around 30 carats and the largest around 60 carats.
The underside of the canopy was covered with diamonds and pearls, with a fringe of pearls all round.
On the side of the throne facing the court was suspended a diamond of 80 to 90 carats in weight, with rubies and emeralds surrounding it. When the Emperor was seated on the throne, this suspended arrangement of jewels was in full view in front of him.
Tavernier then wrote about two large gem-studded royal umbrellas, which were not part of the throne, but were placed on either side of the throne, at a distance of 4 feet from it. The central stems of these umbrellas, 7 to 8 feet long, were covered with diamonds, rubies, and pearls. The cloth of the umbrella was made of red velvet, and embroidered and fringed all round with pearls. The height of these umbrellas might give an indication as to the height of the throne, which was probably of the same height. Thus, the height of the throne would have been around 7 to 10 feet.
Later Peacock Throne[edit]
After Nader Shah looted the original, another throne was made for the Mughal emperor. Along with the Peacock Throne, Nader had also taken the fabulous Koh-i Noor and Darya-i Noor diamonds to Persia, where some became part of the Persian crown jewels, and others were sold to the Ottomans. The plunder taken by Nader was so great that he stopped taxation for 3 years. The bottom half of the Peacock Throne might have been converted into the Sun Throne also a part of the Persian crown jewels. Various 19th-century Indian paintings of this later throne exist. It was located in the Diwan-i-Khas and might have been smaller in size than the original. However, the appearance would have been similar, based on either the original plans or from memory and eye-witness accounts. The replacement throne was made out of gold, or was gilded, and was studded with precious and semi-precious stones. Just like the original, it featured 12 columns. The columns carried a Bengali do-chala roof, which was graced with two peacock statues on the two ends, carrying pearl necklaces in their beaks, and two peacocks at the top, also carrying pearl necklaces in their beaks. The two lower peacocks were in the center underneath a flower bouquet made out of jewels, or under a royal umbrella. This throne was protected by a canopy made out of precious and colorful textiles, and gold and silver threads. The canopy was carried by four slender columns or beams made out of metal. Underneath the throne, colorful and precious carpets were laid out.
See also[edit]
Golden Throne (Mysore)
Maharaja Ranjit Singh's throne
Marble Throne
Naderi Throne
Sun Throne
Throne of Jahangir
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Nicoll, Fergus (2009). Shah Jahan. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978 0670083039.
Jump up ^ "The Sunday Tribune - Books". Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ K.R.N. Swamy (January 30, 2000). "As priceless as the Peacock Throne". The Tribune. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nicoll, Fergus (2009). Shah Jahan. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978 0670083039.
Jump up ^ Nicoll, Fergus (2009). Shah Jahan. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978 0670083039.
Jump up ^ Muhammad Baqir. The Peacock Throne: Romance and Reality. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 3 (1966), pp. 27-32. The inauguration of the throne took place on 3 Shawwal 1044. See Lahori's Padhshahnama in Elliot and Dowson, History of India, vol. 6, pp. 45-6. Also Inayat Khan in Begley and Desai, Shah Jahan Nama, pg. 147.
Jump up ^ Aurang shahinshah adil (1+6+200+50+20, 300+1+5+50+300+1+5, 70+1+4+30=AH 1044)
^ Jump up to: a b Nicoll, Fergus (2009). Shah Jahan. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978 0670083039.
Jump up ^ Hasan, Mughal Poetry, pp. 56-61. Biography of Said Gilani Bibadal Khan in Nawaz Khan, Maathir, vol. 1, pp. 396-9
Jump up ^ [1] Archived January 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [2] Archived November 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [3] Archived July 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ James Fraser. Narrative of a Journey into Khorasan in the years 1821 and 1822 (n.p., 1825), p. 43, cited in Baqir "Peacock Throne", 34-41
Jump up ^ Mehmet Onder - Antika - The Turkish Journal of Collectable Art, May 1985, Issue: 2
Jump up ^ "Monumental neglect". Retrieved 21 March 2015.
Jump up ^ File:Historic stone slab of Mughal throne.jpg
Jump up ^ Swany, K.R.N. "As priceless as the Peacock Throne," The Tribune (India). January 30, 2000.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Caspar Purdon (1 October 1908). "A Pedestal of the Platform of the Peacock Throne". Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. 3 (10): 182–83. doi:10.2307/3252550. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Times of India: Latest News India, World & Business News, Cricket & Sports, Bollywood". The Times Of India.
Jump up ^ "Shah Jahan's Peacock Throne". YouTube. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "INDIAN TREASURE FOR METROPOLITAN - Sir Purdon Clarke Has Purchased Pedestal of Peacock Throne of Great Mughal. MARVEL IN INLAID MARBLE Has Been Trying to Get the Relic for Years - Price Paid One-Tenth of Original Offer". New York Times. 1908-07-26. Retrieved 2013-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Annual report of the Trustees". Archive.org. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "PG Times". Pgtimes.in. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Koch, Ebba (1997). King of the world: the Padshahnama : an imperial Mughal manuscript from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-1898592105.
Jump up ^ "Full text of "Shah Jahan"". Archive.org. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Khan, 'Inayat (1990). The Shah Jahan nama of 'Inayat Khan: an abridged history of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, compiled by his royal librarian : the nineteenth-century manuscript translation of A.R. Fuller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0195624892.
Jump up ^ "Columbia University Libraries: Travels in the Mogul Empire A.D. 1656-1668". Columbia.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Columbia University Libraries: Travels in the Mogul Empire A.D. 1656-1668". Columbia.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Columbia University Libraries: Travels in the Mogul Empire A.D. 1656-1668". Columbia.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Kapur, Harish (18 June 2013). "Jean-Baptiste Tavernier: A Life". AuthorHouse. Retrieved 12 April 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Longino, Michele (5 March 2015). "French Travel Writing in the Ottoman Empire: Marseilles to Constantinople, 1650-1700". Routledge. Retrieved 12 April 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Travels in India". Archive.org. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Travels in India". Archive.org. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Travels in India". Archive.org. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Delhi". Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 955a.
Further reading[edit]
Curzon, George Nathaniel (1892). Persia and the Persian Question. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
Delhi Fort: A Guide to the Building and Gardens. Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. 1929.
Hansen, Waldemar (1986). The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0225-4.
Swamy, K.R.N.; Ravi, Meera (1993). The Peacock Thrones of the World. Alpine Fine Arts Collection.
Swamy, K.R.N.; Ravi, Meera (2003). The Mughal Peacock Throne ; A Reference Anthology. Kolkata: Writers Workshop Greybird Book.
Batra, N. L. (2008). Delhi's Red Fort by the Yamuna. Delhi: Niyogi Books. ISBN 978-8189738273.
External links[edit]
Media related to Peacock Throne at Wikimedia Commons
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First Presidency (LDS Church)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about First Presidency of the LDS Church. For information about the First Presidency in the wider Latter Day Saint movement, see First Presidency.
The First Presidency of
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Dallin H. Oaks
First Counselor
Russell M. Nelson
President of the Church
Henry B. Eyring
Second Counselor
The First Presidency, also called the Quorum of the Presidency of the Church[1] or simply the Presidency)[2], is the presiding or governing body of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). It is composed of the President of the Church and his counselors. The First Presidency currently consists of Russell M. Nelson and his two counselors: Dallin H. Oaks and Henry B. Eyring.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Membership
1.1 Title of members
1.2 Removal
2 Duties
3 Members of the First Presidency who were not apostles
4 Counselors in the First Presidency not retained upon reorganization
5 Secretary to the First Presidency
5.1 List of secretaries
6 See also
7 References
Membership[edit]
The First Presidency is composed of the President of the Church and his counselors. Historically, and as mandated by church scripture,[1] the First Presidency has been composed of the president and two counselors, but circumstances have occasionally required additional counselors (for example, David O. McKay had five during the final years of his presidency, and at one point, Brigham Young had eight).
Counselors must be high priests[1] and are usually chosen from among the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, but there have been a number of exceptions of members of the church's Presiding Bishopric or the church at large being called to be counselors. Any high priest of the church is eligible to be called as a counselor in the First Presidency. There have also been a few cases of counselors being ordained to the priesthood office of apostle and becoming members of the Quorum of the Twelve after they had already been set apart as counselors in the First Presidency, such as J. Reuben Clark). There have been other cases where counselors have been ordained to the office of apostle but not set apart as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, such as Alvin R. Dyer. Other counselors in the First Presidency were never ordained to the office of apostle, such as Charles W. Nibley and John R. Winder. Whether or not a counselor is an apostle, all members of the First Presidency are sustained by the church as prophets, seers, and revelators.
Counselors are formally designated as "First Counselor in the First Presidency" and "Second Counselor in the First Presidency," based on when they were selected by the president. Additional counselors have been designated in different ways, including "Third Counselor in the First Presidency" (such as Hugh B. Brown), "Assistant Counselor to the President" (such as John Willard Young), and simply "Counselor in the First Presidency" (such as Thorpe B. Isaacson).
Counselors serve in the First Presidency until their own deaths, until the death of the church president who called them, or until they are released by the church president. The death of a church president dissolves the First Presidency, and leaves the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles as the senior leader of the church. The death or release of a counselor does not dissolve the First Presidency.
Often, the surviving counselors of the late president will be called as counselors in the new First Presidency, and a notably-infirm counselor may revert to his place among the Twelve Apostles, with a healthier man called as counselor in his place. On the death or release of a first counselor, the second counselor usually succeeds, and a new second counselor is named. Although that is fairly common, there are no hard and fast rules about such practices, and each president is free to choose the counselors he prefers.
Title of members[edit]
Like the church president and President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, counselors in the First Presidency are appropriately referred to by the title "President".
Removal[edit]
A member could be removed by the current president at any time or if disciplined by the Common Council of the Church, although both are rare and removal for discipline has not happened since early days of the church.
Duties[edit]
Main article: President of the Church (LDS Church)
The First Presidency is the highest ranking priesthood quorum of the church. The counselors assist the church president and work closely with him in guiding the entire church and carrying out the duties of the president of the church. The First Presidency has the theoretical authority to make the final decision on nearly all issues that might affect the church or its operations, but in practice, the First Presidency has delegated much of its decision-making power to members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the Seventy, the Presiding Bishopric, and local leaders of the church. Nevertheless, the First Presidency has retained its overarching decision-making power in a number of significant areas and may, at any time, choose to overrule the decisions of a lesser church quorum or authority.
In the case of an infirm president, his counselors may be called upon to perform more of the duties of the First Presidency that would normally be performed by the president. If they are needed, any number of additional counselors may be called to assist them, but the president of the church remains the only person on the earth authorized to use all priesthood keys. All members of the First Presidency are sustained by the membership of the church as prophets, seers, and revelators and given the keys of the kingdom when they are ordained as an apostle.
All members of the First Presidency are also members of the church's Council on the Disposition of the Tithes, which determines how the tithing funds of the church are spent.
Members of the First Presidency who were not apostles[edit]
There is no requirement that counselors in the First Presidency be apostles of the church. The following men served as a counselor in the First Presidency during the years indicated and were never ordained to the priesthood office of apostle. For example, J. Reuben Clark was not an apostle when he became second counselor in the First Presidency on April 6, 1933, but a year and a half later, he was ordained as an apostle and became a member of the Quorum of Twelve Apostles for one day, on October 11, 1934.
Sidney Rigdon (1832–44)
Jesse Gause (1832–33)
Frederick G. Williams (1833–37)
John Smith (1837–44)
Joseph Smith Sr. (1837–40)
William Law (1841–44)
John C. Bennett (1841–42)
John R. Winder (1901–10)
Charles W. Nibley (1925–31)
Thorpe B. Isaacson (1965–70)
Counselors in the First Presidency not retained upon reorganization[edit]
John Smith, Assistant Counselor to Joseph Smith, not retained as a counselor by Brigham Young
Amasa M. Lyman, Assistant Counselor to Joseph Smith, not retained as a counselor by Brigham Young
John Willard Young, First Counselor to Brigham Young, not retained as a counselor by John Taylor
Daniel H. Wells, Second Counselor to Brigham Young, not retained as a counselor by John Taylor
Brigham Young Jr., Lorenzo Snow, and Albert Carrington, Assistant Counselors to Brigham Young, not retained as counselors by John Taylor
Rudger Clawson, called as Second Counselor to Lorenzo Snow, not retained as a counselor by Joseph F. Smith
Hugh B. Brown, First Counselor to David O. McKay, not retained as a counselor by Joseph Fielding Smith
Thorpe B. Isaacson and Alvin R. Dyer, Counselors to David O. McKay, not retained as counselors by Joseph Fielding Smith
Marion G. Romney, First Counselor to Spencer W. Kimball, not retained as a counselor by Ezra Taft Benson
Dieter F. Uchtdorf, Second Counselor to Thomas S. Monson, not retained as a counselor by Russell M. Nelson
Secretary to the First Presidency[edit]
The church employs a secretary to assist the First Presidency in its administrative duties. The position is paid employment position and the incumbent is not a member of the First Presidency or a general authority of the church. However, it is common for letters from the office of the First Presidency to private individuals to bear the signature of the secretary, as opposed to members of the First Presidency.
The First Presidency also employs assistant secretaries and press secretaries. When David O. McKay became President of the Church in 1951, he continued with his longtime personal secretary, Clare Middlemiss, and moved the existing secretary, Joseph Anderson, into the newly-created First Presidency's office.[4] D. Arthur Haycock also served as personal secretary to several church presidents in the 20th century.
List of secretaries[edit]
George W. Robinson (1838–40)
George Reynolds (1865–1909)
George F. Gibbs (1909–22)
Joseph Anderson (1922–70)
Francis M. Gibbons (1970–86)
F. Michael Watson (1986–2008)
Brook P. Hales (2008–)
See also[edit]
Book: Priesthood (LDS Church)
LDS Church portal
Book of Mormon portal
Chronology of the First Presidency (LDS Church)
Council of the Church
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Presidency.
^ Jump up to: a b c Doctrine and Covenants 107:22.
Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 107:36
Jump up ^ Mormon Channel (2018-01-13), A Message from President Russell M. Nelson, retrieved 2018-01-16
Jump up ^ Prince, Gregory A.; William Robert Wright (2005). David O. McKay and the Rise of Modern Mormonism. University of Utah Press. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-87480-822-3. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
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Russell M. Nelson (President)
Dallin H. Oaks (First Counselor)
Henry B. Eyring (Second Counselor)
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Presidents of
the Church
J. Smith Jr. (1830–44)
B. Young Sr. (1847–77)
Taylor (1880–87)
Woodruff (1889–98)
Snow (1898–1901)
J.F. Smith Sr. (1901–18)
Grant (1918–45)
G.A. Smith (1945–51)
McKay (1951–70)
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Tanner (1972–82)
Romney (1982–85)
Hinckley (1985–95)
Monson (1995–2008)
Eyring (2008–2018)
Oaks (2018– )
Second Counselors
Rigdon (1832)
Williams (1833–37)
H. Smith (1837–41)
Law (1841–44)
W. Richards (1847–54)
Grant (1854–56)
Wells (1857–77)
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Clawson (1901)
Lund (1901–10)
J.H. Smith (1910–11)
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Clark (1951–59)
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Brown (1961–63)
Tanner (1963–72)
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Hinckley (1982–85)
Monson (1985–95)
Faust (1995–2007)
Eyring (2007–08)
Uchtdorf (2008–18)
Eyring (2018–)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)&oldid=833017982"
Categories:
Leadership positions in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Members of the First Presidency (LDS Church)
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Ameer Abdullah
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ameer Abdullah
Abdullah with the Nebraska Cornhuskers in 2012
No. 21 – Detroit Lions
Position:
Running back
Personal information
Date of birth:
(1993-06-13) June 13, 1993 (age 24)
Place of birth:
Homewood, Alabama
Height:
5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
Weight:
203 lb (92 kg)
Career information
High school:
Homewood (AL)
College:
Nebraska
NFL Draft:
2015 / Round: 2 / Pick: 54
Career history
Detroit Lions (2015–present)
Roster status:
Active
Career highlights and awards
NFL Kickoff Return Yards Leader (2015)
Second Team All-Big Ten (2014)
First-team All-Big Ten (2013)
Senior Bowl MVP (2015)
Career NFL statistics as of Week 6, 2017
Rushing yards:
1,040
Receptions:
40
Receiving yards:
308
Kickoff return yards:
1,077
Total touchdowns:
5
Player stats at NFL.com
Ameer Abdullah (born June 13, 1993) is an American football running back for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Nebraska.[1] In 2013, Abdullah rushed for 1,690 yards, fourth most in Nebraska history.[2] He decided not to enter the NFL Draft at the end of his junior year, but instead to return for his senior season.[2][3][4][5] He was considered a contender for the 2014 Heisman Trophy.[6][7][8] He is a native of Homewood, Alabama.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 High school career
2 College career
2.1 College decision
2.2 2011
2.3 2012
2.4 2013
2.5 2014
2.5.1 Florida Atlantic
2.5.2 McNeese State
2.5.3 Fresno State
2.5.4 Miami
2.5.5 Illinois
2.5.6 Michigan State
2.5.7 Northwestern
2.5.8 Rutgers
2.5.9 Purdue
2.6 College statistics
3 Professional career
4 Personal life
5 References
6 External links
High school career[edit]
During senior year of high school, Abdullah had 1,800 yards rushing, 515 yards receiving, and four punt returns for touchdowns.[9] He was the 2010 South region player of the year.[10] In the 2010, Mississippi-Alabama All-Star Classic, he scored the winning touchdown in overtime.[11]
Also a track star at Homewood, he ran a career-best time of 11.15 seconds in the 100 meters at the 2011 AHSAA 6A Section 3 Championships, placing 7th in the prelims. He also competed in the long jump; he had a career-best leap of 6.60 meters.[12]
College career[edit]
College decision[edit]
Abdullah was offered football scholarships from several schools, but schools such as Alabama and Auburn wanted him to play cornerback, while he wanted to be a running back.[13] Nebraska coach Bo Pelini, however, while making no guarantees, told him that they would put him in a position that would maximize his talent. Pelini's view was the critical factor in choosing Nebraska.[13]
2011[edit]
Abdullah was one of six true freshman to play for Nebraska in the 2011 season. His best game was against Fresno State when he had 228 return yards. He had 211 kickoff return yards including a 100-yard touchdown return. Abdullah's total kickoff return yards broke the previous Nebraska record. His best running total was 36 yards and his longest run was 24 yards, both against Wyoming.[9]
2012[edit]
After Rex Burkhead was injured, Abdullah started seven games. His first start was against UCLA and he rushed for 119 yards with two touchdowns. His longest run was 45 yards against Arkansas State. He had 252 all-purpose yards against Wisconsin, which included five kickoffs totaling 142 yards, 10 rushes for 70 yards, and 22 yards receiving. During the game against Penn State, he rushed for 116 yards and 1,000 rushing yards for the first time in his college career. His per game average of 134.5 all-purpose yards ranked fourth in the Big Ten Conference and his per game average of 81.2 rushing yards ranked ninth.[9]
2013[edit]
Abdullah rushed for over 100 yards in 11 of 13 games (including the Gator Bowl). The 10, 100-yard games during the regular season placed him fourth in Nebraska school history. He achieved a career-high rushing against Illinois of 225 yards. For the season, he rushed for an average of 130.7 yards per game, which ranked him second in the Big Ten and seventh nationally. He had 232 yards in pass receptions and averaged 154.9 all-purpose yards per game, which also ranked him second in the Big Ten. He was placed on the All-Big Ten first-team by both the conference’s coaches and media. He was a semifinalist for the Doak Walker Award.[9]
After Abdullah played in the Gator Bowl, he considered whether he should enter the 2014 NFL Draft as an underclassman.[14] On 9 January 2014, he decided to stay at Nebraska for his senior season, stating that
I have come to realize that life is bigger than football... and that my chances of long-term success in life will be greatly enhanced by completing my college education. … If playing in the NFL is truly in God’s plans for me, then God will again present this opportunity to me after I complete my college education.[15]
2014[edit]
Ameer Abdullah running north to south in Memorial Stadium, Lincoln during the Nebraska vs. Florida Atlantic college football game on August 30, 2014
Sporting News listed Abdullah among their top 10 candidates for the Heisman trophy in 2014[16] and they list Abdullah as the number 4 returning running back.[17] In late September, 2014, Eric Galko and Ian Wharton of Sporting News analyzed his running attributes. They concluded that even though his 40-yard time is not below 4.4 second and he does not possess the most power when running, he is a complete running back. He runs very low, below the pad level of defenders, making him very difficult to tackle. Abdullah has great balance, vision to find holes and the patience to wait for his blockers to those open holes. These running characteristics together with his burst, shiftiness in space, and ability to keep his legs moving when hit, make him "the most well-rounded tailback in the country".[18]
In early September, 2014, Nebraska sent out AA batteries to members of the sports news media and created a website for Abdullah to promote his Heisman campaign.[19]
Both Abdullah and 2013 Heisman Trophy winner Jameis Winston trained together at the same gym in Birmingham, Alabama. On September 22, 2014, Abdullah commented how Winston could avoid controversies in the future.[20]
Think before you act. Understand the bigger picture. Everything that you do, say or how you present yourself can have dire consequences. That's something I feel like he definitely needs to assess more.[20]
In December, 2014, Abdullah received the Senior CLASS Award for the most outstanding senior college football player in Division I based on classroom performance, community contributions, personal character, and athletic achievements. Players are selected based on votes from FBS football coaches, media, and fans.[21]
Florida Atlantic[edit]
Abdullah ran for a career-high 232 rushing yards on 21 carries for an average of 11 yards per carry in a 55-7 win over Florida Atlantic. His longest run was 47 yards for a touchdown. He also caught one pass for 9 yards. On September 1, he won Big Ten offensive player of the week.[22]
McNeese State[edit]
Abdullah ran for 67 yards on 17 carries for an average of 3.2 yards per carry in a 31-24 win over the McNeese State Cowboys. His longest run was for 19 yards. He caught 3 passes for 96 yards and his 58-yard run after his last catch with 20 seconds left in the game put Nebraska up by a touchdown and was the game-winning score.[23]
Fresno State[edit]
Abdullah ran for 110 yards on 19 carries for an average of 5.8 yards per carry in a 55-19 win over the Fresno State Bulldogs. During the first quarter, he had a 57-yard rushing touchdown.[24]
Miami[edit]
Ameer Abdullah running for a touchdown in the fourth quarter during the Nebraska against Miami on September 9, 2014.
Abdullah ran for 229 yards on 35 carries for an average of 6.5 yards per carry with two touchdowns in a 41-31 win over Miami Hurricanes. His 35 carries were a career-high and his last touchdown sealed the win. His longest run was 26 yards and he caught one pass for three yards and a touchdown.[25][26] Abdullah also had 313 all-purpose yards, which broke Nebraska's 1972 Heisman Trophy winner Johnny Rodgers's record of 5,586 career all-purpose yards. Abdullah's career total reached 5,762 yards.[27] On September 22, 2014, Abdullah was Big Ten co-offensive player for week four, sharing honors with Melvin Gordon.[28]
Illinois[edit]
Abdullah ran for 208 yards on 22 carries for an average of 9.5 yards per carry with three touchdowns in a 45-14 win over the Illinois Fighting Illini. He rushed for 196 yards by halftime. His longest run was for 28 yards and he had four runs of 20 yards or more before halftime.[29] On September 29, 2014, Abdullah was named Big Ten player offensive player of the week.[30]
Michigan State[edit]
Abdullah was held to 45 yards rushing on 24 attempts for an average of 1.9 yards per carry and two touchdowns in a 27–22 loss to the Michigan State Spartans. He also had two pass receptions for 22 yards.[31]
Northwestern[edit]
Abdullah ran for 146 yards on 23 carries for an average of 6.3 yards per carry with four touchdowns in a 38–17 win over the Northwestern Wildcats. He was held to 39 yards at halftime, but rushed for 107 yards in the second half including a 50-yard rush at the beginning of the fourth quarter that set up his third touchdown. He also had 4 pass receptions for 13 yards.[32][33]
Rutgers[edit]
Abdullah turning the corner on his third touchdown run.
Abdullah crossing the 20 yard line.
Abdullah heading to the end zone for his second touchdown.
Abdullah crosses the goal line.
Abdullah ran for 225 yards on 19 carries for an average of 11.8 yards per carry with four touchdowns in a 42–24 win over the Rutgers Scarlet Knights. In the first half, Abdullah had runs of 53 and 48 yards for touchdowns on two consecutive series. In the second half, he ran for 49 yards on the first play of the half and Tommy Armstrong Jr. subsequently threw a touchdown pass for a touchdown. In the fourth quarter, Abdullah ran 23 yards for his third touchdown of the game. He also caught two passes for 26 yards and he returned two kickoffs for 90 yards. His 341 all-purpose yards set a new record for all-purpose yards at Nebraska.[34]
On Monday, October 27, Abdullah was named Big 10 offensive player of the week for the fourth time in the 2014 season.[35] He named to the Paul Hornung Award honor roll for the third time during the 2014 season.[36] He was also named Week 9 player of the week by Athlon Sports.[37]
Purdue[edit]
Abdullah ran for only one yard on six carries before he was injured in the first quarter in a 35–14 win over the Purdue Boilermakers. Pelini told reporters after the game that Abdullah had suffered a "mild" MCL sprain and bruise when he tried to recover a fumbled snap by the quarter back on a fourth down at the Purdue 1-yardline. When asked, Pelini said that he was optimistic that Abdullah would be ready to play the Wisconsin Badgers on November 15, but he added he couldn't say for sure whether he would be able to play.[38]
College statistics[edit]
Rushing and receiving statistics by year.[9][39]
Rushing
Receiving
Year
Att
Yds
Avg
Lng
TD
Rec
Yds
Avg
Lng
TD
2011 42 150 3.6 24 3 1 11 11 11 0
2012 226 1,137 5.0 45 8 24 178 7.4 26 2
2013 281 1,690 6.0 62 9 26 232 8.9 40 2
2014 264 1,611 6.1 57 19 22 269 12.2 58 3
Career
813
4,588
5.6
62
39
73
690
9.5
58
7
Punt, kick return, and all-purpose yardage statistics by year.[9][40]
Punt Returns
Kick Returns
All-Purpose
Year
Att
Yds
Avg
TD
Att
Yds
Avg
TD
Att
Yds
Ave
TD
2011 15 107 7.1 0 26 763 29.3 1 84 1,031 12.3 4
2012 16 209 13.1 1 17 360 21.2 0 283 1,904 6.7 11
2013 0 0 – 0 4 77 19.3 0 311 1,999 6.4 11
2014 0 0 – 0 11 272 24.7 0 297 2,152 7.2 22
Career
31
316
10.2
1
59
1,492
24.9
1
975
7,086
7.3
48
Professional career[edit]
Pre-draft measurables
Ht
Wt
Arm length
Hand size
40‑yd dash
10-yd split
20-yd split
20‑ss
3‑cone
Vert jump
Broad
BP
3 ft 1 in
(0.94 m) 399 lb
(181 kg) 10 in
(0.25 m) 8 5⁄8 in
(0.22 m) 33.2 s 1.48 s 2.63 s 3.95 s 6.79 s 42.5 in
(1.08 m) 10 ft 10 in
(3.30 m) 24 reps
All values from NFL Combine, 40-yard dash from Pro Day[41]
Abdullah was drafted in the second round with the 54th overall pick by the Detroit Lions in the 2015 NFL Draft.[42]
On May 14, 2015, the Detroit Lions signed Abdullah to a four-year, $4.15 million contract with $1.85 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $1.28 million.[43]
Abdullah began his rookie season as the Detroit Lions' third running back on their depth chart behind veterans Joique Bell and Theo Riddick. He made his professional regular season debut in the Lion's season opener against the San Diego Chargers, finishing with seven carries for 50 rushing yards and four catches for 44 receiving yards. He scored his first career touchdown on a 24-yard rushing touchdown of the first quarter of the 28-33 loss to the Chargers.[44] The following week, he had his first career start against the Minnesota Vikings and finished the 16-26 loss with six carries for nine yards. On September 27, 2015, Abdullah had eight rushing attempts for 23 rushing yards and made two catches to 19 receiving yards and a touchdown in a 12-24 loss to the Denver Broncos. He caught his first career touchdown reception on a 16-yard pass from Matt Stafford. In Week 12, he made his second career start and rushed for 63 yards on a season-high 16 carries, while also making one reception for 12 yards against the Philadelphia Eagles. He remained the starting running back for the rest of the season. On December 21, 2015, Abdullah had nine carries for a season-high 77 rushing yards and scored his second rushing touchdown of the season against the New Orleans Saints. He finished his rookie season with a total of 143 carries, 597 rushing yards, two rushing touchdowns, 25 receptions, 183 receiving yards, and one receiving touchdown while starting nine games and playing in all 16.[45]
He began his second season as the Detroit Lions' starting running back for the beginning of the regular season. In the season-opener against the Indianapolis Colts, Abdullah had 12 carries for 63 rushing yards and caught five passes for 57 receiving yards and a touchdown as the Lions defeated the Colts 37-35.[46] On September 18, 2016, he had six rushing attempts for 38 rushing yards against the Tennessee Titans before suffering an injury to his foot and leaving the game. It was later discovered he tore a ligament in his left foot and would miss the remainder of the season.[47] On September 21, 2016, the Detroit Lions placed Abdullah on injured reserve.[48]
Personal life[edit]
Abdullah was born on June 13, 1993 in Homewood, Alabama, the son of Kareem and Aisha Abdullah, and the youngest of nine children.[49] He majored in History at the University of Nebraska [9] and is a devout Muslim.[50]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ameer Abdullah". ESPN. Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Patterson, Chip (9 January 2014). "All-Big Ten RB Ameer Abdullah returning to Nebraska for 2014". CBS Sports. Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Kaipust, Rich (9 January 2014). "Husker I-back Ameer Abdullah to return for senior year". Omaha World Herald. Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Merriman, Sean (9 January 2014). "Ameer Abdullah Returning for Senior Season". Big Ten Network. Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Sherman, Mitch (9 January 2014). "Abdullah makes statement about Nebraska". ESPN. Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Myerberg, Paul (14 December 2013). "Forward thinking: Breaking down the 2014 Heisman Trophy race". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Huguenin, Mike (16 December 2013). "Who will be top Heisman challenger to Jameis Winston in 2014?". NFL.com. Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Gall, Braden (10 January 2014). "An Early Look at the Top 25 Heisman Candidates for 2014". Athlon Sports. Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "#8 Ameer Abdullah". University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Archived from the original on 2016-09-16. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Grant, Rubin E. (22 December 2010). "South Football Player of the Year: Ameer Abdullah of Homewood". The Birmingham News. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Alabama - Mississippi 24th Annual All-Star Game". Alabama - Mississippi All-Star Football Game. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Jump up ^ http://al.milesplit.com/athletes/1294725-ameer-abdullah/feed#.VASzXPmSwrk
^ Jump up to: a b Hamilton, Brian (16 November 2012). "Overlooked for his size, Nebraska's Abdullah proving his critics wrong". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Sipple, Steven M. (6 January 2014). "Abdullah could enhance already splendid legacy". JournalStar.com. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Maisel, Ivan (10 January 2014). "3-point stance: Franklin's future". ESPN. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "10 Spot: Heisman candidates for 2014". Sporting News. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Bradley, Ken (26 February 2014). "SN's top RBs: Todd Gurley leads talented position into spring". Sporting News. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Galko, Eric; Wharton, Ian (26 September 2014). "Nebraska's Ameer Abdullah looks like an NFL running back". Sporting News. Archived from the original on 29 September 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Bennett, Brian (12 September 2013). "Abdullah's Heisman campaign gets charge". ESPN. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Associated Press (22 September 2014). "Abdullah: Winston must grow up". ESPN. Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ameer Abdullah of Nebraska selected as the 2014 Senior CLASS Award® winner for football". Senior CLASS Award. 27 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ameer Abdullah wins Big Ten Player of the Week honors". Omaha World Herald. 1 September 2014. Archived from the original on 1 September 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (6 September 2014). "Abdullah's TD lets No. 18 Nebraska escape FCS scare vs. McNeese State". USA Today. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
Jump up ^ McKewon, Sam (14 September 2014). "Huskers roll past Fresno State". Omaha World Herald. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
Jump up ^ McKewon, Sam (21 September 2014). "Turning up the heat: Abdullah, Huskers keep pressure on in win over Miami". Omaha World Herald. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (21 September 2014). "Miami can't slow Ameer Abdullah in road loss to Nebraska". Fox News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Olson, Eric (21 September 2015). "Abdullah Key in No. 24 Neb's 41-31 Win Over Miami". ABC News. Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
Jump up ^ BTN Staff (22 September 2014). "Ameer Abdullah, Melvin Gordon". Big Ten Network. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ameer Abdullah rushes for 208 yards as No. 21 Huskers run by Illini". ESPN. 28 September 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ameer Abdullah, Cole Farrand & others claim Week 5 Big Ten honors". Big Ten Network. 29 September 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "(19) Nebraska 22 Michigan State 27". ESPN. 4 October 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Nyatawa, Jon (18 October 2014). "Ameer Abdullah's four touchdowns lift Huskers past Wildcats". Omaha World Herald. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nebraska 38 Northwestern 17". ESPN. 18 October 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rutgers 24 Nebraska 42". ESPN. 25 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Neb's Abdullah B10 offensive player of week again". USA Today. 27 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "PAUL HORNUNG AWARD WEEK NINE HONOR ROLL". Louisville Sports Commission. 27 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Lassan, Steven (27 October 2014). "Nebraska's Ameer Abdullah is Athlon Sports' Week 9 Player of the Week". Athlon Sports Communications. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
Jump up ^ McKewon, Sam (1 November 2014). "Ameer Abdullah injury update". Omaha World Herald. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ameer Abdullah". ESPN. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "#8 Ameer Abdullah". Washington Post. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ameer Abdullah, DS #5 RB, Nebraska". nfldraftscout.com. November 15, 2015. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Twentyman, Tim (May 1, 2015). "Detroit Lions draft running back Ameer Abdullah". Detroit Lions. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sportrac.com: Ameer Abdullah contract". sportrac.com. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NFL Game Center: Week 1/2015: Detroit Lions Vs. San Diego Chargers". NFL.com. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NFL Player Profile: Ameer Abdullah". NFL.com. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2016 Detroit Lions Football Schedule". FBSHEDULES. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ ESPN news services (September 25, 2016). "Detroit Lions believe foot injury will force RB Ameer Abdullah to miss remainder of season". ESPN.com. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dave Birkett (September 21, 2016). "Detroit Lions' Ameer Abdullah placed on injured-reserve". freep.com. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Christopherson, Brian (16 January 2014). "Abdullah says goal of winning Big Ten helps fuel his return". JournalStar.com. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
Jump up ^ McMann, Aaron. "41 comments Get to know Ameer Abdullah: Detroit Lions' pick has eight siblings, dedicated to his Islamic faith". mLive. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
External links[edit]
Official website
Nebraska Cornhuskers Biography
CBS Sports Video Biography
Ameer Abdullah Senior Bowl Interview
[show]
v
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Senior CLASS Award – Football
2008: Laurinaitis
2009: Tebow
2010: Dobbs
2011: Cousins
2012: Te'o
2013: Urschel
2014: Abdullah
2015: Prescott
2016: Butt
[show]
v
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Detroit Lions 2015 NFL draft selections
Laken Tomlinson
Ameer Abdullah
Alex Carter
Gabe Wright
Michael Burton
Quandre Diggs
Corey Robinson
[show]
v
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e
Detroit Lions current roster
Active roster
5 Matt Prater
9 Matthew Stafford
10 Jared Abbrederis
11 Marvin Jones
13 T. J. Jones
14 Jake Rudock
15 Golden Tate
16 Jace Billingsley
19 Kenny Golladay
21 Ameer Abdullah
23 Darius Slay
24 Nevin Lawson
25 Theo Riddick
26 Don Carey
27 Glover Quin
28 Quandre Diggs
30 Teez Tabor
31 D. J. Hayden
32 Tavon Wilson
34 Zach Zenner
35 Miles Killebrew
36 Dwayne Washington
38 Tion Green
39 Jamal Agnew
40 Jarrad Davis
43 Nick Bellore
44 Jalen Reeves-Maybin
45 Charles Washington
48 Don Muhlbach
54 Steve Longa
58 Paul Worrilow
59 Tahir Whitehead
60 Graham Glasgow
63 Tim Lelito
64 Travis Swanson
65 Bryce Harris
69 Anthony Zettel
71 Rick Wagner
72 Brian Mihalik
73 Greg Robinson
76 T. J. Lang
77 Emmett Cleary
78 Jeremiah Valoaga
80 Michael Roberts
85 Eric Ebron
87 Darren Fells
90 Cornelius Washington
91 A'Shawn Robinson
94 Ezekiel Ansah
95 Jacquies Smith
97 Akeem Spence
98 Jeremiah Ledbetter
99 Khyri Thornton
Reserve lists
2 Kasey Redfern (IR)
6 Sam Martin (NFI)
39 Mike James (IR)
46 Desmond Lawrence (IR)
51 Brandon Copeland (IR)
53 Brandon Chubb (IR)
61 Kerry Hyder (IR)
66 Joe Dahl (IR)
67 Zac Kerin (IR)
68 Taylor Decker (PUP)
70 Corey Robinson (IR)
92 Haloti Ngata (IR)
93 Jordan Hill (IR)
Practice squad
8 Brad Kaaya
17 Andy Jones
38 Adairius Barnes
41 Rolan Milligan
50 Thurston Armbrister
62 Christian Ringo
74 Dan Skipper
75 Leo Koloamatangi
79 Alex Barrett
83 Dontez Ford (Inj.)
84 Hakeem Valles
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ameer_Abdullah&oldid=806371202"
Categories:
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