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Joe Lo Truglio
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Joe Lo Truglio
Lo Truglio at the 2010 San Diego Comic Con
Born
Joseph Lo Truglio
(1970-12-02) December 2, 1970 (age 47)
Ozone Park, Queens, New York, U.S.
Residence
Los Angeles, California
Occupation
Actor, comedian, writer
Years active
1991—present
Spouse(s)
Beth Dover (m. 2014)
Children
1
Joseph Lo Truglio (born December 2, 1970) is an American actor, comedian and writer best known for his television roles such as Charles Boyle on the Fox sitcom Brooklyn Nine-Nine and as a cast member on The State and Reno 911!. His noteable film roles include Wet Hot American Summer, I Love You Man, Superbad, Paul, Role Models, and Wanderlust.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Lo Truglio was born in Ozone Park, Queens, New York, and is of Italian and Irish descent.[1] He grew up in Margate, Florida, and graduated from Coconut Creek High School. He met many of his future The State cast members at New York University, where he participated in the school's sketch comedy group. The group, which included David Wain, Michael Showalter, Michael Ian Black, Michael Patrick Jann, Kevin Allison, Ken Marino, Todd Holoubek, Thomas Lennon, Kerri Kenney-Silver, and Ben Garant, formed what would become the cast of MTV's The State.
Career[edit]
Lo Truglio wrote and acted in various skits for The State, and animated segments for the show. After The State ended in 1995, he made a number of guest appearances throughout the late 1990s on shows such as Viva Variety, Upright Citizens Brigade, Law & Order and Third Watch.
In 2001, Lo Truglio appeared in fellow State alumnus David Wain's comedy film Wet Hot American Summer, where he played a camp counselor. He made cameo appearances on Wain/Showalter/Black's Stella shorts.
He appeared in the 2005 Comedy Central show Stella and had a cameo in Showalter's film The Baxter. He made cameos on Reno 911!, as well as in the 2007 movie, Reno 911!: Miami. He has provided his voice for several video games, including Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and The Warriors. In 2005, he provided the voice of Vincenzo 'Lucky' Cilli in Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories. In 2006 he had a supporting role in Artie Lange's Beer League.
Lo Truglio has appeared in several television commercials, including spots for Gateway Computer, Jack Link's Beef Jerky and an old Crispy Pop ad.
He portrayed "Francis the Driver" in the Judd Apatow hit comedy Superbad and had supporting roles in films such as Pineapple Express, Paul, Role Models, Wanderlust, and I Love You, Man. In July 2008, Lo Truglio starred with Bill Hader and Jason Sudeikis in the web series The Line on Crackle.[2] He has appeared on the comedy podcasts Comedy Bang Bang, Never Not Funny, and Superego.
Lo Truglio appeared on the Starz comedy Party Down and also had a recurring role on the short-lived 2010 Fox sitcom Sons of Tucson. In 2011, he co-starred in the short-lived NBC comedy series Free Agents starring Hank Azaria. Lo Truglio provided the voice of Freddy in the American Dad! episode "Stan's Best Friend." In 2013, Lo Truglio began co-starring opposite Andy Samberg and Andre Braugher on the Fox comedy series Brooklyn Nine-Nine.
Lo Truglio reprised his role as Neil in the eight-episode Netflix series Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp, the prequel to the 2001 film Wet Hot American Summer. The series premiered on July 31, 2015.
Personal life[edit]
Lo Truglio married actress Beth Dover on April 19, 2014,[3] having gotten engaged the previous year. They had shared the screen in the Brooklyn Nine-Nine episode "Fancy Brudgom"[4] and in season 3 of Burning Love as well as Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp. They have one son, Eli.[5]
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1997 Naked in the Cold Sun
2001 Wet Hot American Summer Neil
2002 Stella shorts Various
2003 The Station Agent Danny
2003 Last Man Running Chooch
2005 Hitch Music Lover Guy
2005 Stricken Joe #1 Short
2005 The Baxter Bar Baxter #1
2005 The Pigs Hal
2006 Beer League Dave
2007 The Ten Paul Mardino
2007 Reno 911!: Miami Tattoo Shop Owner #2
2007 Puberty: The Movie Herman Goldberg
2007 Superbad Francis the Driver
2008 Pineapple Express Mr. Edwards
2008 Role Models Kuzzik
2009 Fanboys Jail Guard
2009 I Love You, Man Lonnie
2010 Gulliver's Travels Butt-Crack Man
2011 Paul O'Reilly
2011 High Road Officer Fogerty
2012 Wanderlust Wayne
2012 Queens of Country Penny McEntire
2012 My Uncle Rafael Father Jim
2012 Pitch Perfect Clef #1
2012 Wreck-It Ralph Markowski (voice)
2014 About Last Night Ryan Keller
2014 Someone Marry Barry Sammy
2015 Knight of Cups Guest
2015 Pitch Perfect 2 Tone Hangers
2015 The Breakup Girl Steve
2017 Win It All Ron
2018 A Futile and Stupid Gesture Brad Zotti
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1992–1993 You Wrote It, You Watch It Various Also writer
1993–1995 The State Various 27 episodes; also creator and writer
1999 Upright Citizens Brigade Airduct Friar Episode: "Infested with Friars"
2000 Law & Order Policeman #2 Episode: "Turnstile Justice"
2000 TV Funhouse Bellboy Episode: "Hawaiian Day"
2002 Third Watch The Wrong Bernie Episode: "Firestarter"
2005 Stella Ansel Episode: "Office Party"
2005 Cheap Seats Terry Borkin Episode: "Coney Island Hot Dog Eating Contest"
2005–2009 Reno 911! Shopkeeper / Deputy Frank Rizzo 16 episodes
2008 Wainy Days Various 3 episodes; also writer
2008 The Sarah Silverman Program Kenneth Episode: "Patriot Tact"
2008–2011 Childrens Hospital Dr. Antonio Zarala / Shane 2 episodes
2009 Cupid Jimmy Episode: "Pilot"
2009 Party Down Donnie Episode: "James Rolf High School Twentieth Reunion"
2010 Sons of Tucson Glenn 5 episodes
2010–2011 Glenn Martin DDS Various voices 5 episodes
2010–2011 Backwash Officer Bobby Bleeker 5 episodes
2011 Mad Love Nick Episode: "The Spy Who Loved Me"
2011–2012 Free Agents Walter 8 episodes
2012 American Dad! Various voices 2 episodes
2012 Robot Chicken Ted Logan/Father (voice) Episode: "In Bed Surrounded by Loved Ones"
2012 How I Met Your Mother Honeywell Episode: "The Stamp Tramp"
2012 Wedding Band Bobby Episode: "Time of My Life"
2012–2016 Bob's Burgers Various voices 4 episodes
2013 Burning Love Alex 23 episodes
2013 Community Mark 2 episodes
2013 Family Tree Souvenir Vendor Episode: "Indians"
2013–2016 Drunk History Various 4 episodes
2013 NTSF:SD:SUV Nate Mungus Episode: "Comic Con-Air"
2013 Comedy Bang! Bang! Stan Couples Episode: "Sarah Silverman Wears a Black Dress with a White Collar"
2013–present Brooklyn Nine-Nine Charles Boyle Main Role
2015 Scheer-RL Mark Wahlberg Episode: "Eminem and Mark Wahlberg"
2015 Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp Neil 5 episodes
2016 New Girl Charles Boyle Episode: "Homecoming"
2017 Animals. Gigglepuss / Father Anthony (voice) 2 episodes
2017 Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later Neil 4 episodes
2017 Dice Roger Episode: "It's a Miserable Life"
2017 Easy Mike Episode: "Package Thief"
2017 Do You Want To See a Dead Body? Himself Episode: "A Body and a High School Reunion"
Video games
Year
Title
Role
2004 Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Pedestrian (voice)
2005 The Warriors Vermin / Birdie (voice)
2005 Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories Vincenzo Cilli (voice)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 21/06/2012 16:04 Updated: 21/06/2012 16:09 (2012-06-21). "Wanderlust's Joe Le Truglio: 'It's Always Fun To Run Naked'". Huffingtonpost.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Operation Watch This: The Line Is Getting Funny, Y'all". Videogum. 2008-08-08. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
Jump up ^ Brooklyn99Insider.com. "wedding bells ring for joe lo truglio". Retrieved May 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fancy Brudgom on IMDb
Jump up ^ WENN (2016-03-24). "Actor Joe Lo Truglio is a first-time dad". Hollywood.com. Retrieved 2017-08-19.
External links[edit]
Official website
Joe Lo Truglio on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb170775777 (data)
ISNI: 0000 0001 1914 6198
LCCN: no2011054526
VIAF: 170317757
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Lo_Truglio&oldid=850454480"
Categories:
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New York University alumni
Living people
People from Margate, Florida
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Yale attitude change approach
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In social psychology, the Yale attitude change approach (also known as the Yale attitude change model) is the study of the conditions under which people are most likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasive messages. This approach to persuasive communications was first studied by Carl Hovland and his colleagues at Yale University.[1] The basic model of this approach can be described as "who said what to whom": the source of the communication, the nature of the communication and the nature of the audience.[1] According to this approach, many factors affect each component of a persuasive communication. The credibility and attractiveness of the communicator (source), the quality and sincerity of the message (nature of the communication), and the attention, intelligence and age of the audience (nature of the audience) can influence an audience's attitude change with a persuasive communication. Independent variables include the source, message, medium and audience, with the dependent variable the effect (or impact) of the persuasion.
The Yale attitude change approach has generated research and insight into the nature of persuasion.[2] This approach has helped social psychologists understand the process of persuasion and companies make their marketing and advertising strategies more effective.[1] Like most other theories about persuasion and attitude change, this approach is not perfect. Not a systematic theory about persuasive communications, this approach is a general framework within which research was conducted. The Yale researchers did not specify levels of importance among the factors of a persuasive message; they emphasized analyzing the aspects of attitude change over comparing them.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Persuasive Communication depends on who says what to whom
1.1 Defining the Who: The Source of Communication
1.2 Defining the What: The Nature of the Communication
1.3 Defining the To Whom: The Nature of the Audience
2 History
2.1 Initial/Notable Studies by the Yale Communication Research Program
2.1.1 Characteristics of the Communicator
2.1.2 The Content of the Communication
2.1.3 The Audience
2.2 Remarks
3 Theoretical approaches
3.1 Legacy of Yale Research on Theories and Models Pertaining to Attitude Change
3.1.1 Influences on McGuire
3.1.2 Influences on Dolores Albarracín's Cognition-in-Persuasion Model
3.1.3 Influences on Elaboration Likelihood Model
3.1.4 Influences on Other Theories
4 Empirical findings: Modern studies exploring factors contributing to persuasion and influence
4.1 Applications in Marketing
4.1.1 Source credibility and experience claims in consumer advertisement
4.2 Persuasion
4.2.1 Attractiveness as an influence on opinion change and persuasion
4.3 Acceptance of Message by Recipient
5 Controversy
6 Conclusions
7 References
8 External links
Persuasive Communication depends on who says what to whom[edit]
Defining the Who: The Source of Communication[edit]
The effects of credibility rely on the aspects of the speaker to be of "high trustworthiness" or "low trustworthiness". Prominent, credible speakers can drastically persuade more people than others who are not credible. Credible speakers also have a sense of reputation where what they say matters to whom they are speaking to. In addition, attractive speakers have a stronger influence than those who are unattractive, regardless if the material is factual or not.[4]
Defining the What: The Nature of the Communication[edit]
The characteristics of the nature of the communication impacts the degree of attitude change. One such characteristic is the design of the message; people tend be more persuaded by messages that don't appear to be targeted for them.[1] By nature, there is a primacy effect that occurs with speakers. People are more influenced by what they hear first. The first speaker is recorded stronger than the following speakers even if the arguments following the first speaker are stronger. If there is a delay after every speech, then it is better to go last because of the recency effect where people remember the most recent event the most.[5]
Defining the To Whom: The Nature of the Audience[edit]
Attitude may change depending on the characteristics of the audience. Audiences that are distracted during the persuasive communication will often be persuaded less than audiences that are not distracted.[1] From the ages of 18-25, people are very susceptible to attitude change. After those ages, people tend to be more stable and resistant to attitude change. Additionally, an audience member that is less intelligent tends to be more persuasable than those with higher intelligence. People who do not enjoy thinking can rely on experts and trustworthy sources to conserve their cognitive resources. If the expert source is untrustworthy, then the person might have to evaluate the material on their own. In most cases, people are not knowledgeable enough to interpret the information themselves or have very low confidence in the issue, thus they must rely on knowledgeable others(expert and trustworthy sources).[6]
History[edit]
The Yale Attitude Change Approach, also referred to as the Yale Model of Persuasion or Yale School Research is considered to be one of the first models of attitude change. It was a reflection of the Yale Communication Research Program's findings, a program which was set up under a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.[3]
During the early 1900s and World War II there was a heavy need for research on political persuasion as propaganda analysis and public opinion research,[7] the Research Branch of the Army's Information and Education Division was deemed with this responsibility. The importance of understanding methods behind changing public opinion was emphasized by the success of Nazi propaganda campaigns.[8] Carl Hovland was appointed the Chief Psychologist and director of Experimental Studies for the U.S war Department. Along with others such as, Frances J. Anderson, Arthur A. Lumsdaine, John L. Finan, Nathan Maccoby, Fred D. Sheffield, Irving L. Janis, M. Brewster Smit [9] undertook the responsibility of conducting, analyzing, and planning experiments that explored the effectiveness of war propaganda.[8] After the war Hovland, Arthur A. Lumsdaine, and Fred D. Sheffield published a report of the major research findings of the Experimental section of the Research Branch under the publication Experiments on Mass Communication, 1949[9]. These experiments are considered an antecedent to the Yale groups research.[10] Interest in persuasion remained strong after the war considering the increasing availability and advancements of telecommunications. With interests in persuasion persistent Carl Hovland, Irving Janis, Arthur A. Lumsdaine, Fred D. Sheffield and others within the "Yale School" returned to Yale with desires to continue researching the topic.[8] They established the Yale Communication Research Program which aimed to understand and examine factors that influenced attitude change. It was considered the first modern attempt of such a task.[8]
The Yale Communication Program was a "cooperative research and study group" that encouraged members to pursue research in their line of interest regarding the subject of persuasive communication and their effects on behavior and opinion.[3] The Yale group examined attitude change from a learning theory perspective and information processing approach.[7] The Yale school's approach is considered convergent.[8] As in it started with identifying a phenomenon (attitude change) and then searched for an explanation by looking at variable factors and their effect on the phenomena, as opposed to a divergent approach which starts with a theory that is then applied to a phenomenon.[8] The Yale school also suggested that the effects of the factors contributing to attitude change depended on a sequence of message processing stages summarized as; attention, comprehension and acceptance.[3] In essence a person must "first notice the message, and pay attention to it, then comprehend its meaning, and finally accept it".[8] They also introduced the concept of "incentive"[11] as a crucial variable in influencing attitude change. It was not enough for a response to be learned but that motivation was provided in order to preference one opinion over another.[11]
Hovland, Janis, and Kelly published the group's first empirical findings under the publication Communication and Persuasion (1953)[3]. They paralleled their research to Laswell's (1948) statement; who says what to whom with what effect [3]. In the publication they categorized their findings on the analysis of four factors: "1) the communicator who transmits the communication; 2) the stimuli transmitted by the communicator; 3) the audience responding to the communication; 4) the responses made by the audience to the communication".[3] The Yale School had a breakdown of sub-factors that they observed for each topic (The Communicator, The Communication, The Audience).[3] The fourth topic, which they deemed "Responses" was composed of two subtopics which explored the "expression of the new opinion" and "retention of the opinion change".[3] The Yale group had a total of five publications reporting the findings of their experiments (including Communication and Persuasion) under the same model, they were: The Order of Presentation in Persuasion, Personality and Persuasibility, Attitude Organization and Change, and Social Judgement that further explored each factor.
Initial/Notable Studies by the Yale Communication Research Program[edit]
Characteristics of the Communicator[edit]
The Yale group observed the effects of credibility on persuasion. Credibility was composed of; 1) Expertness: the degree to which the communicator was knowledgeable in the field, and 2) Trustworthines: In reference to the intentions of the communicator.[3]
Hovland and Weiss in studies such as, The influence of source credibility on communication effectiveness[12] (1951), exposed participants to identical newspaper and magazine articles yet attributed them to either high credibility sources (like Robert Oppeinhemier) or low credibility sources (like the Soviet Newspaper Pravda). Their results indicated that participants regarded sources with higher credibility more favorably than those considered as low-credibility. They contributed this effect to the expertise of the source and the confidence in the sources sincerity in delivering the message.[7] They also observed that effects from both positive and negative sources tended to dissipate after several weeks.[3]
An exception to the gradual dissociation of the effects of a persuasive message were reported in studies conducted by Hovland, Lumsdaine, and Shieffield. Results showed that while memory of factual information decreased or memory of the source dissipated opinion change increased gradually over time, they coined this phenomenon the Sleeper Effect.[3]
The Content of the Communication[edit]
The Yale school focused on factors such as Motivating appeals[3] and organization of arguments in regards to the content of the communication. In particular they focused on "emotional" appeals which were considered a class of stimuli whose contents could arouse emotion, in contrast to logical/rational appeals.[3] In particular the group looked at fear-arousing appeals.[3]
Janis and Feshbach in their experiment Effects of Fear-arousing Communications(1953),[13] explored degrees of intensities of fear appeal and their effects on conformity in the context of the consequences of poor dental hygiene. The study showed that messages were more effective when contained low-leveled threat references such as "cavities" or "tooth decay" instead of "strong appeal" references, such as exclaiming serious infections that could cause paralysis and kidney damage.[3] The results suggested that appeals of high intensity would be less effective than milder ones.
In regards to structure of an argument Hovland, Lumsdaine, and Sheffield explored the effectiveness of one-sided and two-sided messages (containing pros and cons).[9] The study (referenced in Experiments on Mass Communications, 1948) looked at whether a message given to American soldiers would be more effective if it only advocated one position or if it advocated both sides of the position. It was found that two-sided messages were more effective on budging educated men's opinions.[9] Additionally, two sided arguments were also better at generating change of opinion in those soldiers who opposed the argument initially. For less educated men who also supported the government's position, the one-sided argument was more persuasive.[3] Their findings not only suggested that the content of the communication has an impact on attitude change but so do the attributes of the receiver.
A follow up study conducted by Lumsdaine and Janis, Resistance to counter propaganda produced by a one-sided versus two-side propaganda presentation(1953),[14] explored the resistance of opinion change motivated by argument structure. The findings summarized that two sided messages were more effective to resistance of counter propaganda regardless of initial position held (even if the initial belief was counter to the new developed belief). Two sided messages were more effective in maintaining sustained opinion change.[3]
Another study spearheaded by Hovland and Mandel, An experimental comparison of conclusion-drawing by the communicator and by the audience(1952),[15] highlighted that messages are more persuasive when they are implicitly argued. The audience is then able to come to their own conclusion. Hovland and Mandel mentioned that this effect may only be evident with less complex issues that can easily be surmised by the audience.[3]
The Audience[edit]
In terms of the audience the Yale group concerned themselves with the audience predisposition, which they defined as the audience's motives, abilities, personalities,[3] and the context of the situation.[7]
In one study Kelly and Volkart, The resistance to change of group-anchored attitudes (Kelly, Volkart, 1952)[16], confirmed the notion that individuals with greater interest in retaining group membership are less likely to adopt beliefs that contradict group standards. Their findings are consistent with the hypothesis that supports the relationship between internalization of norms and stronger group attachments.[3]
Holland et al. studied[11] the resistance to attitude change when a person is a member of a group and discovered five factors that induce conformity of opinion within a group:
1) the individual's knowledge of group norms
2) the extent to which the individual values group membership
3) the individuals social status or rank within the group
4) particular situation cues
5) salience of the group(the extent to which a specific group is dominant in the individual's awareness at the time the 'counter persuasion' is delivered
Because these five factors play an influential role in inducing conformity, members may resist attitude change when the group is exposed to a message that counters group norms/culture. The more the group membership is valued, the more resistance, to the extent that a boomerang effect may occur.[11]
Remarks[edit]
The Yale group did ample and very meaningful research in the field of attitude change and persuasion. They brought forth emphasis on the importance of learning theories behind attitude change and laid a strong foundation of mass findings that stimulated further research related to persuasion.[17] Examples of such work that stemmed from their findings was the inoculation theory and the social judgement theory.[17] The research was considered a landmark in the development of attitude change and persuasion.[18]
Theoretical approaches[edit]
The Yale attitude change approach is a method of making persuasive communications effective, a study begun by Carl Hovland based on his experiences during World War II attempting to boost morale in US soldiers with propaganda.[1] This study focused on communication-bound predispositions to accept (or reject) appeals and unbound attributes, such as tendencies to particular responses to all communications. The Yale group's research "stemmed from a variety of theoretical approaches, including, among others, Hull's learning theory, some motivational hypotheses of Freud and other psychoanalysts, and some of the formulations of Lewin, Sherif, Newcomb, and others".[19] The Yale group developed a theoretical structure linking individual attributes and persuasion based on three major factors: the source of the communication, the nature of the communication and the nature of the audience.
The approach has a similar structure to Aristotle's concept of persuasion in his Rhetoric. According to Aristotle, there are three means of persuasion: the character of the speaker, the emotional state of the listener and logos (the argument itself).[20] Contemporary psychologists use the Yale model's psychological approach and Aristotle's philosophical approach to examine components of persuasion.
Legacy of Yale Research on Theories and Models Pertaining to Attitude Change[edit]
Influences on McGuire[edit]
William McGuire(1968) further broke down Hovland et al. (1953) message processing stages (attention, comprehension, acceptance)[8] into six stages: presentation, attention, comprehension, yielding, retention, and behavior.[21] In summary, McGuire proposed that a message must first be presented, drawn attention to, and then understood and comprehended by the audience. This would cause an attitude change, that must be remembered at a later time to actually influence behavioral changes.[8] McGuire emphasized the importance of reception (the attention and comprehension stages of the Yale group) and yielding (anticipation and critical-evaluation steps) in his study of individual differences in influencibility.[22] According to McGuire reception was positively related to ability and motivational attributes.[22] Individual attributes also contributed to the yielding stage(acceptance of the opinion).[22] One weakness of the approach is the nature of its steps—specifically, the yielding step. The approach assumes that the audience's attitude will change by learning a new message, yet learning does not always result in persuasion.[23] This Information processing paradigm's heritage lays in the message learning theme and theories that guided the work done on persuasion and attitude change by the Yale Communications program.[24] McGuire is best known for his inoculation theory of exploring resistance to persuasion, which was influenced by the Yale School's research on the resilience of two-sided messages on opinion acceptance.[14]
Influences on Dolores Albarracín's Cognition-in-Persuasion Model[edit]
The Albarracín model,[8] which is a stage model developed in 2002, builds off both McGuire's work and the Yale attitude change approach in regards to the sequence of message processing stages. The study found that message processing may occasionally bypass early stages and takes a step towards addressing the role of processing stages on attitude change. The evidence that people can use processing stages in a different order or even skip a stage altogether was the important acknowledgment of this study. [8]
Influences on Elaboration Likelihood Model[edit]
Another model that stems from the Yale attitude change approach is the elaboration likelihood model which is a contemporary approach to persuasion. Developed by R.E. Petty and J.T. Cacioppo during the late 1980s, the model describes two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change: centrally and peripherally. The central route to persuasion occurs when people have the ability and motivation to listen to a message, think about its arguments and internalize the information. The recipient relies on cognititive responses instead of heuristics when using the central route. The peripheral route to persuasion is used when the recipient has little to no motivation or effort and people are swayed not by the argument itself but by elements secondary to the message (such as the length of the communication or the attractiveness of the communicator). Under the peripheral route, the recipient relies on the context of the situation rather than the information at hand(i.e. they look at attractiveness in this case or if the person speaking is famous or not).[1]
Influences on Other Theories[edit]
Martin Bauer views the Yale approach from a slightly-different angle. In 2008, he argued that persuasion cannot focus only on the social influence of intersubjectivity (the sharing of subjective states by two or more individuals) but must include inter-objectivity (the understandings shared by individuals about social reality). Using the concept of the fait accompli (a completed, irreversible "done deal"), Bauer described artifacts such as nuclear power, information technology and genetic engineering as types of social influence.[25]
Empirical findings: Modern studies exploring factors contributing to persuasion and influence[edit]
Research on external factors which influence individual's attitude has a strong focus on marketing strategy applications. Advances in technology have made mass media pervasive, communications is a $400 billion plus industry.[26] The average American watches 38,000 commercials a year.[26] There is vast financial gains in benefiting from studies examining the factors surrounding source credibility, communicator attractiveness, message context, and mood on persuasion and attitude change.
Applications in Marketing[edit]
Source credibility and experience claims in consumer advertisement[edit]
"Prepurchase Attribute Verifiability, Source Credibility, and Persuasion", a study by Shailendra Jain and Steven Posavac,[27] examined the role message origin plays in the likelihood that a recipient will believe the message in an advertisement. Advertisements for mountain bikes and cameras were studied; consumers were asked their overall reaction to search claims (claims which can be statistically proven) and experience claims (testimonials). The credibility of the claims was also compared. Participants were shown advertisements for each of the products and asked questions about the advertisements, which contained search or experience claims. The search claim for the mountain bike was its weight, the experience claim was its ease of control. The search claim for the camera was its compactness and the experience claim was its photo quality. The results indicated that consumers were more likely to believe (and be satisfied with) claims if they thought the source was trustworthy or had experience with the product. They were more likely to believe advertisements with concrete evidence behind the claims, such as the weight of the bike or the compactness of the camera. The study demonstrates that the credibility of a source correlates with its ability to persuade.[27]
Persuasion[edit]
Attractiveness as an influence on opinion change and persuasion[edit]
"An Attribution Analysis of Communicator Characteristics on Opinion Change: the Case of Communicator Attractiveness", a study by Alice Eagly and Shelly Chaiken,[28] examined the effects of attractiveness and message content on persuasion. Eagly and Chaiken surveyed undergraduate students on communicators' attractiveness and whether they were persuaded to adopt the speaker's position (desirable or undesirable) on a topic. Students were asked to predict the speaker's position before hearing the message. The study showed that participants were more likely to be persuaded by an attractive speaker to take an undesirable position on a topic than by an unattractive speaker.[28] However, they were equally likely to be persuaded to take a desirable position on a topic by attractive and unattractive speakers. Participants were more likely to agree with attractive speakers in general and more likely to agree with any speaker discussing a desirable position on a topic.[28] More attractive individuals are more persuasive than individuals perceived as less attractive. Message content affects believability; desirable messages are more believable than undesirable ones.
Acceptance of Message by Recipient[edit]
Hovland states[29] another set of factors that impact attitude change, specifically, in order for the communication to be accepted by the recipient. One such factor is the prestige of the medium on which the message is communicated with. One medium may be more prestigeful than others. Most importantly, "prestige for whom?" is important to specify since certain mediums may be more prestigeful for certain segments of the population. Accordingly, how the medium differs in credibility affects the prestige of the medium; a medium judged by an individual to be the most trustworthy may be the most effective.[29]
A second factor which may affect the comparison of media is the extent of social interaction. In a study by Knower(1935),[29] hearing a speech when a member of an audience is less effective than hearing it individually. Conversely, a study by Cantril and Allport(1935)[29] suggest that radio may be more effective than print because the individual identifies as part of a larger group of people listening to the same program at the same time.
A third factor that affects the likelihood of acceptance of the message by the recipient is the extent to which the medium provides flexibility. Flexibility in this case means the extent to which the medium can canter to special interests and differences in comprehension. Print, for example, is particularly effective by providing for specialized interests and tastes to a greater extent than other mediums. Additionally, a two-way communication network may also induce flexibility. For example, in a political campaign where a two-way communication between the studio and the listener was employed, flexibility was heightened. Accordingly, "questions raised by the man-in-the-street could thus be answered immediately by the political candidate in the television studio"[29]
Controversy[edit]
A major issue with the Yale attitude change approach is the fact that it is strictly functional, focusing on a change in attitude and the information processing accompanying it. Other scholars see persuasion as a function of "communication, social influence, and group processes",[30] taking into account other factors such as social influence and the media.
A theory proposed by Margarita Sanchez-Mazas focuses on people's desire for social recognition and dignity. In this model, persuasion is seen as a way to overcome social injustice and achieve recognition and dignity. Sanchez-Mazas examines the roles of majorities and minorities in creating social change, and believes that "persuasion is a simultaneous, reciprocal process between groups, and specifically between majorities and minorities".[31]
A persuasion developed by Clelia Nascimento-Schulze emphasizes communication in a complex society. According to Nascimento-Schulze, technology and the media are used to promote science in developing countries. It was determined that the Internet was most successful at transferring scientific knowledge to the public because it contains an optimal amount of visual information and combines art and science in a creative, informative way. Key to this theory is an "interactive society"[32] with technology allowing communities to share common values and beliefs, such as the Internet.
Another form of public persuasion, studied by Helene Joffe, explores how the media produces visual stimuli which elicit feelings of fear, empathy or disgust. This theory highlights the substantial role of technology in evoking emotion in individuals, focusing on advertising campaigns for health, safety and charities. According to Joffe, visual stimuli lure an audience into a "state of emotion".[33]
The Elaboration Likelihood Model is based on the Yale Attitude Approach Model by processing the different outcomes of attitude change. However, there are also claims that they are independent entities that have no connection.[6]
Conclusions[edit]
The model was a major contributor to the development and understanding of attitude change and persuasion, however it is now only one part of many perspectives on persuasion.[10] Research in persuasion is considering the effects of the unconscious, with scholars beginning to explore the possibility of "priming in inducing non-conscious effects".[34] This idea, new to social psychology, is beginning to shed light on the relationship between the individual unconscious and the social environment.[35] The study of persuasion has always been an integral part of social psychology with the focus slowly moving from attitude change and behavior modification to communications, literature, art and the other humanities.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Aronson, Elliot, Timothy D. Wilson, and Robin M. Akert. Social Psychology. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Education, 2010. Print.
Jump up ^ "The Yale Approach". cios.org. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Carl I. Hovland, Irving L. Janis, and Harold H. Kelley "Communication and Persuasion: Psychological Studies of Opinion Change" New Haven: Yale UP, 1953 Print.
Jump up ^ CARL I. HOVLAND, WALTER WEISS; The Influence of Source Credibility on Communication Effectiveness, Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 15, Issue 4, 1 January 1951, Pages 635–650,
Jump up ^ Haugtvedt, Curtis P.; Wegener, Duane T. (1994). "Message Order Effects in Persuasion: An Attitude Strength Perspective". Journal of Consumer Research. 21: 205. doi:10.1086/209393.
^ Jump up to: a b Petty, R. E., & Wegener, D. T. (1999). The elaboration likelihood model: Current status and controversies. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology (pp. 37-72). New York: Guilford Press.
^ Jump up to: a b c d DEMİRDÖĞEN, Ülkü D. (2010). "The Roots of Research in (political) Persuasion: Ethos, Pathos, Logos and the Yale Studies of Persuasive Communications". International Journal of Social Inquiry. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k R.,, Maio, Gregory. The Psychology of Attitudes & Attitude Change. Haddock, Geoffrey, (Second ed.). Los Angeles. ISBN 9781446272268. OCLC 897446271.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hovland, Carl Iver; Lumsdaine, Arthur A.; Sheffield, Fred D. (1949). Experiments on Mass Communication. Princeton University Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Marková, Ivana (2008-02-01). "Persuasion and Social Psychology". Diogenes. 55 (1): 5–8. doi:10.1177/0392192107087912.
^ Jump up to: a b c d 1934-2002., Kiesler, Charles A., (1969). Attitude change; a critical analysis of theoretical approaches. Collins, Barry E.,, Miller, Norman, 1933-. New York,: Wiley. ISBN 0471474657. OCLC 2593.
Jump up ^ Hovland, Carl I.; Weiss, Walter (1951-01-01). "The Influence of Source Credibility on Communication Effectiveness". Public Opinion Quarterly. 15 (4): 635. doi:10.1086/266350. ISSN 0033-362X.
Jump up ^ Janis, Irving L.; Feshbach, Seymour (1953). "Effects of fear-arousing communications". The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 48 (1): 78–92. doi:10.1037/h0060732.
^ Jump up to: a b Lumsdaine, Arthur A.; Janis, Irving L. (1953). "Resistance to "Counterpropaganda" Produced by One-Sided and Two-Sided "Propaganda" Presentations". The Public Opinion Quarterly. 17 (3): 311–318. doi:10.1086/266464. JSTOR 2746134.
Jump up ^ Hovland, Carl I.; Mandell, Wallace (1952). "An experimental comparison of conclusion-drawing by the communicator and by the audience". The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 47 (3): 581–588. doi:10.1037/h0059833.
Jump up ^ Kelley, Harold H.; Volkart, Edmund H. (1952). "The Resistance to Change of Group-Anchored Attitudes". American Sociological Review. 17 (4): 453–465. doi:10.2307/2088001. JSTOR 2088001.
^ Jump up to: a b Encyclopedia of communication theory. Littlejohn, Stephen W., Foss, Karen A., Sage Publications., Sage eReference (Online service). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage. 2009. ISBN 9781412959377. OCLC 310834032.
Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of communication theory. Littlejohn, Stephen W., Foss, Karen A., Sage Publications., Sage eReference (Online service). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage. 2009. ISBN 1412959373. OCLC 310834032.
Jump up ^ Kilpatrick, F. P. (1954). "Communication and persuasion". Psychological Bulletin. 51 (4): 438–439. doi:10.1037/h0050834.
Jump up ^ Demi̇rdöğen, Ülkü D. The Roots of Research in (political) Persuasion: Ethos, Pathos, Logos and the Yale Studies of Persuasive Communications.
Jump up ^ McGuire, W. J. (1968). Personality and attitude change: An information-processing theory. In A. G. Greenwood, T. C. Brock, & T. M. Ostrom, Psychological Foundations of Attitudes. New York: Academic Press, 171-196.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rhodes, Nancy; Wood, Wendy (1992). "Self-esteem and intelligence affect influenceability: The mediating role of message reception". Psychological Bulletin. 111 (1): 156–171. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.156.
Jump up ^ Benoit, W. L. (n.d.). The yale approach. In Electronic Encyclopedia of Communication. Communication Institute for Online Scholarship. Retrieved from http://www.cios.org/encyclopedia/persuasion/Byale_approach1.htm
Jump up ^ Social psychology : handbook of basic principles. Higgins, E. Tory (Edward Tory), 1946-, Kruglanski, Arie W. New York: Guilford Press. 1996. ISBN 9781572301009. OCLC 34731629.
Jump up ^ Bauer, M. W. (2008). "Social Influence by Artefacts". Diogenes. 55 (1): 68–83. doi:10.1177/0392192107087918.
^ Jump up to: a b R., Pratkanis, Anthony (2001). Age of propaganda : the everyday use and abuse of persuasion. Aronson, Elliot. (Rev. ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780805074031. OCLC 36695300.
^ Jump up to: a b Pratap Jain, Shailendra; Posavac, Steven S. (2001). "Prepurchase Attribute Verifiability, Source Credibility, and Persuasion". Journal of Consumer Psychology. 11 (3): 169–180. doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1103_03.
^ Jump up to: a b c Eagly, Alice H.; Chaiken, Shelly (1975). "An Attribution Analysis of Communicator Characteristics On Opinion Change: the Case of Communicator Attractiveness". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 32 (1): 136–44. doi:10.1037/h0076850.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lindzey, G. (1954). Handbook of social psychology(Vol. 11, Chapter 28, p,1083). Cambridge, Mass: Addison-Wesley
Jump up ^ Markova, I (2008). "Persuasion and Social Psychology". Diogenes. 55 (1): 5–8. doi:10.1177/0392192107087912.
Jump up ^ Sanchez-Mazas, M (2008). "Violence or Persuasion? Denial of Recognition and Opportunities for Action in Contemporary Societies". Diogenes. 55 (1): 94–106. doi:10.1177/0392192107087920.
Jump up ^ Nascimento-Schulze, C. M. (2008). "Science and Society: To Indicate, to Motivate or to Persuade?". Diogenes. 55 (1): 133–42. doi:10.1177/0392192107087923.
Jump up ^ Joffe, H (2008). "The Power of Visual Material: Persuasion, Emotion and Identification". Diogenes. 55 (1): 84–93. doi:10.1177/0392192107087919.
Jump up ^ Bargh, John A (2006). "What Have We Been Priming All These Years? On the Development, Mechanisms, and Ecology of Nonconscious Social Behavior". European Journal of Social Psychology. 36 (2): 147–68. doi:10.1002/ejsp.336.
Jump up ^ Correia Jesuino, J (2008). "Lost in Translation: From Influence to Persuasion". Diogenes. 55 (1): 107–19. doi:10.1177/0392192107087921.
External links[edit]
"Persuasion" by William L. Benoit, Ph.D.
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Humko Tumse Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar Kya Karein
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Humko Tumse Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar Kya Karein
Genre
Drama
Created by
Suzana Ghai
Written by
Manasvi Arya
Starring
Ishani Sharma
Varun Toorkey
Sudhir Pandey
Abha Parmar
Ankur Verma
Opening theme
Darshan Raval & Palak Muchhal
Country of origin
India
Original language(s)
Hindi
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
95
Production
Producer(s)
Suzana Ghai
Hemant Ruprell
Ranjeet Thakur
Location(s)
Delhi
Cinematography
Sameer Shrivastava
Camera setup
Multi-camera
Running time
22 minutes approx.
Production company(s)
Panorama Entertainment
Distributor
Star India
Release
Original network
Star Plus
Picture format
576i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Original release
6 June (2016-06-06) – 7 October 2016 (2016-10-07)
External links
Website
www.hotstar.com/tv/humko-tumse-ho-gaya-hai-pyaar-kya-karein/9384
Humko Tumse Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar Kya Karein (English: I've Fallen In Love With You, What To Do?") is an Indian Hindi drama television series, which airs on Star Plus. Produced by Panorama Entertainment of Suzana Ghai, the show stars Ishani Sharma[1] and Varun Toorkey in the lead roles.[2][1][3]
Humko Tumse Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar Kya Karein shows how true love can change people for the better and that when you love someone, only that person matters, and not his wealth or status. The show ended after 4 month run in October 2016.[4][5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 References
4 External links
Plot[edit]
Anokhi Tilak Mehra (Ishani Sharma) is a clever, witty girl who hails from a middle-class family in Chandni Chowk, Delhi. Anokhi dreams of marrying a rich guy and believes that money is the main source of happiness. Her life takes a turn when she gets a job as an accountant in the Mallick house, where lives the wealthy and dysfunctional Mallick family. There she meets the family's soft spoken heir, Tushar Mallick, (Varun Toorkey) who falls for her, while she falls for his wealth. The show follows how Anokhi manages to win the Mallick family's hearts with her wit and charm while falling in love with Tushar, thus learning the true meaning of love and marriage. It is later revealed that Tushar's mother Nikita Mallika is not his mother. Nikita hates Tushar's but she doesn't show that she hates him. It is then revealed that their house servant who is working there is his biological mother actually she was the daughter in law of the house. This news is given to Tushar by Anokhi. The show ends with him knowing that their servant is his mother and the reason for her becoming the servant of the house.
Cast[edit]
Ishani Sharma as Anokhi Tushar mallick
Varun Toorkey as Tushar Mallick
Deepti Sharma as Vrinda Mehra
Sudhir Pandey as Dharamveer Mallick
Abha Parmar as (Gomti) Tushar's Grandmother
Ankur Verma as Kunal Chaddha
Pratima Kazmi as Dharamveer's elder sister
Sujata Sanghamitra as Nikita Mallick
Saptarishi Ghosh as Tushar's Father
Avinash Sahijwani as Tilak Mehra
Rahul Ram Manchanda as Gautam Mehra
Swati jain shah as Priyanka Mehra
Akhalaque Khan as Shashi Mehra
Parveen Kaur as Rajni
Vishal Malhotra as Pulkit Mallick
Sheetal Dabholkar as Jassi Mallick
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Kangana Ranaut is my inspiration, says Ishani Sharma". The Indian Express. 10 May 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sudhir Pandey: New generation actors lack devotion for acting". The Times of India. 25 May 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "We talk over the phone after shoots: Varun Toorkey". Deccan Chronicle. 21 August 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Humko Tumse Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar TV Review: It’s an impending love story between an under-confident rich boy and a street-smart girl with financial woes". Bollywoodlife. 10 May 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Siya Ke Ram is not going off-air, gets an EXTENSION". ABP News. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chandra Nandini Promo OUT: Actor Rajat Tokas dons Chandragupt Maurya look, Shweta Basu Prasad returns as Nandini; Watch new promo!". India.com. 18 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
[hide]
v
t
e
Current broadcasts on Star Plus
Currently broadcast
Primetime soap opera
Ishqbaaz
Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3
Rishton Ka Chakravyuh
Meri Durga
Naamkarann
Tu Sooraj, Main Saanjh Piyaji
Yeh Hai Mohabbatein
Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai
Daytime soap opera
Dhhai Kilo Prem
Kya Qusoor Hai Amla Ka?
Ek Aastha Aisi Bhee
Love Ka Hai Intezaar
Historical fiction
Chandra Nandni
Weekend
Dance+ 3 (reality)
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This page was last edited on 11 September 2017, at 09:07.
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