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Swahili language
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Swahili
Kiswahili
Native to
Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Mozambique (mostly Mwani), Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda,[1] Comoros, Mayotte, Zambia, Malawi, and Madagascar
Native speakers
3 million[2][3] to 15 million.[citation needed] (2012)[4]
L2 speakers: 50 to 100 million[2]
Language family
Niger–Congo
Atlantic–Congo
Benue–Congo
Southern Bantoid
Bantu
Northeast Coast Bantu
Sabaki
Swahili
Writing system
Latin script (Roman Swahili alphabet),
Arabic script (Arabic Swahili alphabet)
Swahili Braille
Official status
Official language in
Tanzania, Kenya, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, African Union, East African Community
Regulated by
Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa (Tanzania), Chama cha Kiswahili cha Taifa (Kenya)
Language codes
ISO 639-1
sw
ISO 639-2
swa
ISO 639-3
swa – inclusive code
Individual codes:
swc – Congo Swahili
swh – Coastal Swahili
ymk – Makwe
wmw – Mwani
Glottolog
swah1254[5]
Guthrie code
G.42–43;
G.40.A–H (pidgins & creoles)[6]
Linguasphere
99-AUS-m
areas where Swahili or Comorian is the indigenous language
official or national language
as a trade language
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Swahili, also known as Kiswahili (translation: coast language[7]), is a Bantu language and the first language of the Swahili people. It is a lingua franca of the African Great Lakes region and other parts of eastern and south-eastern Africa, including Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Mozambique, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).[8] Comorian, spoken in the Comoros Islands is sometimes considered to be a dialect of Swahili, though other authorities consider it a distinct language.[9]
Estimates of the total number of Swahili speakers vary widely, from 50 million to over 100 million.[2] Swahili serves as a national language of four nations: Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, and the DRC.[citation needed] Shikomor, the official language in Comoros and also spoken in Mayotte (Shimaore), is related to Swahili.[10] Swahili is also one of the working languages of the African Union and officially recognised as a lingua franca of the East African Community.[11]
A significant fraction of Swahili vocabulary derives from Arabic[12] through contact with Arabic-speaking Muslim inhabitants. For example, the Swahili word for "book" is kitabu, traceable back to the Arabic word كتاب kitābu (from the root k.t.b. "write"). However, the Swahili plural form of this word ("books") is vitabu, following Bantu grammar in which ki- is reanalysed as a nominal class prefix, whose plural is vi-.[13]
Contents
[hide]
1 Classification
2 History
2.1 Origin
2.2 Colonial period
2.3 Current status
3 Phonology
3.1 Vowels
3.2 Consonants
4 Orthography
5 Grammar
5.1 Noun classes
5.1.1 Semantic motivation
5.2 Agreement
6 Dialects and closely related languages
6.1 Dialects
6.1.1 Old dialects
6.2 Other regions
6.3 Swahili poets
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Classification[edit]
Swahili is a Bantu language of the Sabaki branch.[14] In Guthrie's geographic classification, Swahili is in Bantu zone G, whereas the other Sabaki languages are in zone E70, commonly under the name Nyika. Local folk-theories of the language have often considered Swahili to be a mixed language because of its many loan words from Arabic, and the fact that Swahili people have historically been Muslims. However, historical linguists do not consider the Arabic influence on Swahili to be significant enough to classify it as a mixed language, since Arabic influence is limited to lexical items, most of which have only been borrowed after 1500, while the grammatical and syntactic structure of the language is typically Bantu.[15][16]
History[edit]
Swahili in Arabic script—memorial plate at the Askari Monument, Dar es Salaam (1927)
Origin[edit]
Its old name was Kingozi, but as traders came from Arabic and Persian countries, their vocabulary intermingled with the language. It was originally written in Arabic script.[17]
The earliest known documents written in Swahili are letters written in Kilwa in 1711 in the Arabic script that were sent to the Portuguese of Mozambique and their local allies. The original letters are preserved in the Historical Archives of Goa, India.[18]
Colonial period[edit]
Although originally written with the Arabic script, Swahili is now written in a Latin alphabet introduced by Christian missionaries and colonial administrators. The text shown here is the Catholic version of the Lord's Prayer.[19]
Christian missionaries were the ones that spread the Latin alphabet to the Swahili people. They used it to communicate with the natives, spreading it further.
Since Swahili was the language of commerce in East Africa, the colonial administrators wanted to standardize it.[20] In June 1928, an interterritorial conference attended by representatives of Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, and Zanzibar took place in Mombasa. The Zanzibar dialect was chosen as standard Swahili for those areas,[7] and the standard orthography for Swahili was adopted.[21]
Current status[edit]
Swahili has become a second language spoken by tens of millions in three African Great Lakes countries (Tanzania, Kenya, and the DRC) where it is an official or national language. It is the only African language in the African Union. In 2016, Swahili was made a compulsory subject in all Kenyan schools.[22] Swahili and closely related languages are spoken by relatively small numbers of people in Burundi, Comoros, Malawi, Mozambique, Uganda, Zambia and Rwanda.[23] The language was still understood in the southern ports of the Red Sea and along the coasts of southern Arabia and the Persian Gulf in the 20th century.[24][25]
Some 80 percent of approximately 49 million Tanzanians speak Swahili in addition to their first languages.[26] The five eastern provinces of the DRC are Swahili-speaking. Nearly half the 66 million Congolese reportedly speak it.[27] Swahili speakers may number 120 to 150 million in total.[28]

Phonology[edit]
Unlike the vast majority of Niger-Congo languages,[29] Swahili lacks contrastive tone. Due to this and the language's shallow orthography, Swahili is said to be the easiest African language for an English speaker to learn.[30]
Vowels[edit]
Standard Swahili has five vowel phonemes: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/. Vowels are never reduced, regardless of stress, but they are pronounced in full as follows:[31]
/a/ is pronounced like the "a" in father.
/e/ is pronounced like the "e" in great.
/i/ is pronounced like the "ee" in see.
/o/ is pronounced somewhat like the "o" in ford.
/u/ is pronounced like the "u" in zulu or "oo" in loop.
Consonants[edit]
There are 36 consonant phonemes in Swahili.[32]
Swahili consonant phonemes[31]
Labial
Dental
Alveolar
Postalveolar
/ palatal
Velar
Glottal
Nasal
m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ɲ ⟨ny⟩ ŋ ⟨ng'⟩
Stop
prenasalized
ᵐb ⟨mb⟩ ⁿd ⟨nd⟩ ⁿdʒ ⟨nj⟩ ᵑɡ ⟨ng⟩
voiced
b ⟨b⟩ d ⟨d⟩ ɟ ⟨j⟩ g ⟨g⟩
voiceless
p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ tʃ ⟨ch⟩ k ⟨k⟩
Fricative
prenasalized
ᵐv ⟨mv⟩ ⁿz ⟨nz⟩
voiced
v ⟨v⟩ (ð ⟨dh⟩) z ⟨z⟩ (ɣ ⟨gh⟩)
voiceless
f ⟨f⟩ (θ ⟨th⟩) s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨sh⟩ (x ⟨kh⟩) h ⟨h⟩
Rhotic
r ⟨r⟩
Approximant
l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩
Orthography[edit]
Swahili in Arabic script on the clothes of a woman in Tanzania (ca. early 1900s)
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Swahili is currently written in an alphabet close to English, except it does not use the letters Q and X.[33] There are two digraphs for native sounds, ch and sh; c is not used apart from unassimilated English loans and, occasionally, as a substitute for k in advertisements. There are also several digraphs for Arabic sounds not distinguished in pronunciation outside of traditional Swahili areas.
The language used to be written in the Arabic script. Unlike adaptations of the Arabic script for other languages, relatively little accommodation was made for Swahili. There were also differences in orthographic conventions between cities and authors and over the centuries, some quite precise but others different enough to cause difficulties with intelligibility.
/e/ and /i/, /o/ and /u/ were often conflated, but in some spellings, /e/ was distinguished from /i/ by rotating the kasra 90° and /o/ was distinguished from /u/ by writing the damma backwards.
Several Swahili consonants do not have equivalents in Arabic, and for them, often no special letters were created unlike, for example, in Persian and Urdu scripts. Instead, the closest Arabic sound is substituted. Not only did that mean that one letter often stands for more than one sound, but also writers made different choices of which consonant to substitute. Here are some of the equivalents between Arabic Swahili and Roman Swahili:
Arabic Swahili
Roman Swahili
Final
Medial
Initial
Isolated
ـا ا aa
ـب ـبـ بـ ب b p mb mp bw pw mbw mpw
ـت ـتـ تـ ت t nt
ـث ـثـ ثـ ث th?
ـج ـجـ جـ ج j nj ng ng' ny
ـح ـحـ حـ ح h
ـخ ـخـ خـ خ kh h
ـد د d nd
ـذ ذ dh?
ـر ر r d nd
ـز ز z nz
ـس ـسـ سـ س s
ـش ـشـ شـ ش sh ch
ـص ـصـ صـ ص s, sw
ـض ـضـ ضـ ض dhw
ـط ـطـ طـ ط t tw chw
ـظ ـظـ ظـ ظ z th dh dhw
ـع ـعـ عـ ع ?
ـغ ـغـ غـ غ gh g ng ng'
ـف ـفـ فـ ف f fy v vy mv p
ـق ـقـ قـ ق k g ng ch sh ny
ـك ـكـ كـ ك
ـل ـلـ لـ ل l
ـم ـمـ مـ م m
ـن ـنـ نـ ن n
ـه ـهـ هـ ه h
ـو و w
ـي ـيـ يـ ي y ny
That was the general situation, but conventions from Urdu were adopted by some authors so as to distinguish aspiration and /p/ from /b/: پھا /pʰaa/ 'gazelle', پا /paa/ 'roof'. Although it is not found in Standard Swahili today, there is a distinction between dental and alveolar consonants in some dialects, which is reflected in some orthographies, for example in كُٹَ -kuta 'to meet' vs. كُتَ -kut̠a 'to be satisfied'. A k with the dots of y, ﮛﮝﮜﮚ, was used for ch in some conventions; ky being historically and even contemporaneously a more accurate transcription than Roman ch. In Mombasa, it was common to use the Arabic emphatics for Cw, for example in صِصِ swiswi (standard sisi) 'we' and كِطَ kit̠wa (standard kichwa) 'head'.
Word division differs from Roman norms. Particles such as ya, na, si, kwa, ni are joined to the following noun, and possessives such as yangu and yako are joined to the preceding noun, but verbs are written as two words, with the subject and tense–aspect–mood morphemes separated from the object and root, as in aliye niambia "he who told me".[34]
Grammar[edit]
See also: Swahili grammar
Noun classes [edit]
Semantic motivation[edit]
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The ki-/vi- class historically consisted of two separate genders, artefacts (Bantu class 7/8, utensils and hand tools mostly) and diminutives (Bantu class 12), which were conflated at a stage ancestral to Swahili. Examples of the former are kisu "knife", kiti "chair" (from mti "tree, wood"), chombo "vessel" (a contraction of ki-ombo). Examples of the latter are kitoto "infant", from mtoto "child"; kitawi "frond", from tawi "branch"; and chumba (ki-umba) "room", from nyumba "house". It is the diminutive sense that has been furthest extended. An extension common to diminutives in many languages is approximation and resemblance (having a 'little bit' of some characteristic, like -y or -ish in English). For example, there is kijani "green", from jani "leaf" (compare English 'leafy'), kichaka "bush" from chaka "clump", and kivuli "shadow" from uvuli "shade". A 'little bit' of a verb would be an instance of an action, and such instantiations (usually not very active ones) are found: kifo "death", from the verb -fa "to die"; kiota "nest" from -ota "to brood"; chakula "food" from kula "to eat"; kivuko "a ford, a pass" from -vuka "to cross"; and kilimia "the Pleiades", from -limia "to farm with", from its role in guiding planting. A resemblance, or being a bit like something, implies marginal status in a category, so things that are marginal examples of their class may take the ki-/vi- prefixes. One example is chura (ki-ura) "frog", which is only half terrestrial and therefore is marginal as an animal. This extension may account for disabilities as well: kilema "a cripple", kipofu "a blind person", kiziwi "a deaf person". Finally, diminutives often denote contempt, and contempt is sometimes expressed against things that are dangerous. This might be the historical explanation for kifaru "rhinoceros", kingugwa "spotted hyena", and kiboko "hippopotamus" (perhaps originally meaning "stubby legs").
Another class with broad semantic extension is the m-/mi- class (Bantu classes 3/4). This is often called the 'tree' class, because mti, miti "tree(s)" is the prototypical example. However, it seems to cover vital entities neither human nor typical animals: trees and other plants, such as mwitu 'forest' and mtama 'millet' (and from there, things made from plants, like mkeka 'mat'); supernatural and natural forces, such as mwezi 'moon', mlima 'mountain', mto 'river'; active things, such as moto 'fire', including active body parts (moyo 'heart', mkono 'hand, arm'); and human groups, which are vital but not themselves human, such as mji 'village', and, by analogy, mzinga 'beehive/cannon'. From the central idea of tree, which is thin, tall, and spreading, comes an extension to other long or extended things or parts of things, such as mwavuli 'umbrella', moshi 'smoke', msumari 'nail'; and from activity there even come active instantiations of verbs, such as mfuo "metal forging", from -fua "to forge", or mlio "a sound", from -lia "to make a sound". Words may be connected to their class by more than one metaphor. For example, mkono is an active body part, and mto is an active natural force, but they are also both long and thin. Things with a trajectory, such as mpaka 'border' and mwendo 'journey', are classified with long thin things, as in many other languages with noun classes. This may be further extended to anything dealing with time, such as mwaka 'year' and perhaps mshahara 'wages'. Animals exceptional in some way and so not easily fitting in the other classes may be placed in this class.
The other classes have foundations that may at first seem similarly counterintuitive.[35] In short,
Classes 1–2 include most words for people: kin terms, professions, ethnicities, etc., including translations of most English words ending in -er. They include a couple generic words for animals: mnyama 'beast', mdudu 'bug'.
Classes 5–6 have a broad semantic range of groups, expanses, and augmentatives. Although interrelated, it is easier to illustrate if broken down:
Augmentatives, such as joka 'serpent' from nyoka 'snake', lead to titles and other terms of respect (the opposite of diminutives, which lead to terms of contempt): Bwana 'Sir', shangazi 'aunt', fundi 'craftsman', kadhi 'judge'.
Expanses: ziwa 'lake', bonde 'valley', taifa 'country', anga 'sky'
from this, mass nouns: maji 'water', vumbi 'dust' (and other liquids and fine particulates which may cover broad expanses), kaa 'charcoal', mali 'wealth', maridhawa 'abundance'
Collectives: kundi 'group', kabila 'language/ethnic group', jeshi 'army', daraja ' stairs', manyoya 'fur, feathers', mapesa 'small change', manyasi 'weeds', jongoo 'millipede' (large set of legs), marimba 'xylophone' (large set of keys)
from this, individual things found in groups: jiwe 'stone', tawi 'branch', ua 'flower', tunda 'fruit' (also the names of most fruits), yai 'egg', mapacha 'twins', jino 'tooth', tumbo 'stomach' (cf. English "guts"), and paired body parts such as jicho 'eye', bawa 'wing', etc.
also collective or dialogic actions, which occur among groups of people: neno 'a word', from kunena 'to speak' (and by extension, mental verbal processes: wazo 'thought', maana 'meaning'); pigo 'a stroke, blow', from kupiga 'to hit'; gomvi 'a quarrel', shauri 'advice, plan', kosa 'mistake', jambo 'affair', penzi 'love', jibu 'answer', agano 'promise', malipo 'payment'
From pairing, reproduction is suggested as another extension (fruit, egg, testicle, flower, twins, etc.), but these generally duplicate one or more of the subcategories above
Classes 9–10 are used for most typical animals: ndege 'bird', samaki 'fish', and the specific names of typical beasts, birds, and bugs. However, this is the 'other' class, for words not fitting well elsewhere, and about half of the class 9–10 nouns are foreign loanwords. Loans may be classified as 9–10 because they lack the prefixes inherent in other classes, and most native class 9–10 nouns have no prefix. Thus they do not form a coherent semantic class, though there are still semantic extensions from individual words.
Class 11 (which takes class 10 for the plural) are mostly nouns with an "extended outline shape", in either one dimension or two:
mass nouns that are generally localized rather than covering vast expanses: uji 'porridge', wali 'cooked rice'
broad: ukuta 'wall', ukucha 'fingernail', upande 'side' (≈ ubavu 'rib'), wavu 'net', wayo 'sole, footprint', ua 'fence, yard', uteo 'winnowing basket',
long: utambi 'wick', utepe 'stripe', uta 'bow', ubavu 'rib', ufa 'crack', unywele 'a hair'
from 'a hair', singulatives of nouns, which are often class 6 ('collectives') in the plural: unyoya 'a feather', uvumbi 'a grain of dust', ushanga 'a bead'
Class 14 are abstractions, such as utoto 'childhood' (from mtoto 'a child') and have no plural. They have the same prefixes and concord as class 11, except optionally for adjectival concord.
Class 15 are verbal infinitives.
Classes 16–18 are locatives. The Bantu nouns of these classes have been lost; the only permanent member is the Arabic loan mahali 'place(s)', but in Mombasa Swahili, the old prefixes survive: pahali 'place', mwahali 'places'. However, any noun with the locative suffix -ni takes class 16–18 agreement. The distinction between them is that class 16 agreement is used if the location is intended to be definite ("at"), class 17 if indefinite ("around") or involves motion ("to, toward"), and class 18 if it involves containment ("within"): mahali pazuri 'a good spot', mahali kuzuri 'a nice area', mahali muzuri (it's nice in there).
Agreement[edit]
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Swahili phrases agree with nouns in a system of concord, but if the noun refers to a human, they accord with noun classes 1-2 regardless of their noun class. Verbs agree with the noun class of their subjects and objects; adjectives, prepositions and demonstratives agree with the noun class of their nouns. In Standard Swahili (Kiswahili sanifu), based on the dialect spoken in Zanzibar, the system is rather complex; however, it is drastically simplified in many local variants where Swahili is not a native language, such as in Nairobi. In non-native Swahili, concord reflects only animacy: human subjects and objects trigger a-, wa- and m-, wa- in verbal concord, while non-human subjects and objects of whatever class trigger i-, zi-. Infinitives vary between standard ku- and reduced i-.[36] ("Of" is animate wa and inanimate ya, za.)
In Standard Swahili, human subjects and objects of whatever class trigger animacy concord in a-, wa- and m-, wa-, and non-human subjects and objects trigger a variety of gender-concord prefixes.
Swahili noun-class concord
NC
Semantic
field
Noun
-C, -V
Subj.
Obj
-a
Adjective
-C, -i, -e[* 1]
-
I (mimi) ni-
-
we (sisi) tu-
-
thou (wewe) u- ku-
-
you (ninyi) m- wa-
1
person m-, mw- a- m- wa m-, mwi-, mwe-
2
people wa-, w- wa- wa wa-, we-, we-
3
tree m- u- wa m-, mwi-, mwe-
4
trees mi- i- ya mi-, mi-, mye-
5
group, AUG ji-/Ø, j- li- la ji-/Ø, ji-, je-
6
groups, AUG ma- ya- ya ma-, me-, me-
7
tool, DIM ki-, ch- ki- cha ki-, ki-, che-
8
tools, DIM vi-, vy- vi- vya vi-, vi-, vye-
9
animals, 'other',
loanwords N- i- ya N-, nyi-, nye-
10
zi- za
11
extension u-, w-/uw- u- wa m-, mwi-, mwe-
10
(plural of 11) N- zi- za N-, nyi-, nye-
14
abstraction u-, w-/uw- u- wa m-, mwi-, mwe-
or u-, wi-, we-
15
infinitives ku-, kw-[* 2] ku- kwa- ku-, kwi-, kwe-
16
position -ni, mahali pa- pa pa-, pe-, pe-
17
direction, around -ni ku- kwa ku-, kwi-, kwe-
18
within, along -ni mu- (NA) mwa mu-, mwi-, mwe-
Jump up ^ Most Swahili adjectives begin with either a consonant or the vowels i- or e-, listed separately above. The few adjectives beginning with other vowels do not agree with all noun classes since some are restricted to humans. NC 1 m(w)- is mw- before a and o, and reduces to m- before u; wa- does not change; and ki-, vi-, mi- become ch-, vy-, my- before o but not before u: mwanana, waanana "gentle", mwororo, waororo, myororo, chororo, vyororo "mild, yielding", mume, waume, kiume, viume "male".
Jump up ^ In a few verbs: kwenda, kwisha
Dialects and closely related languages[edit]
This list is based on Swahili and Sabaki: a linguistic history.
Dialects[edit]
Modern standard Swahili is based on Kiunguja, the dialect spoken in Zanzibar Town, but there are numerous dialects of Swahili, some of which are mutually unintelligible, such as the following:[37]
Old dialects[edit]
Maho (2009) considers these to be distinct languages:
Kimwani is spoken in the Kerimba Islands and northern coastal Mozambique.
Chimwiini is spoken by the ethnic minorities in and around the town of Barawa on the southern coast of Somalia.
Kibajuni is spoken by the Bajuni minority ethnic group on the coast and islands on both sides of the Somali–Kenyan border and in the Bajuni Islands (the northern part of the Lamu archipelago) and is also called Kitikuu and Kigunya.
Socotra Swahili (extinct)
Sidi, in Gujarat (extinct)
The rest of the dialects are divided by him into two groups:
Mombasa–Lamu Swahili
Lamu
Kiamu is spoken in and around the island of Lamu (Amu).
Kipate is a local dialect of Pate Island, considered to be closest to the original dialect of Kingozi.
Kingozi is an ancient dialect spoken on the Indian Ocean coast between Lamu and Somalia and is sometimes still used in poetry. It is often considered the source of Swahili.
Mombasa
Chijomvu is a subdialect of the Mombasa area.
Kimvita is the major dialect of Mombasa (also known as "Mvita", which means "war", in reference to the many wars which were fought over it), the other major dialect alongside Kiunguja.
Kingare is the subdialect of the Mombasa area.
Kimrima is spoken around Pangani, Vanga, Dar es Salaam, Rufiji and Mafia Island.
Kiunguja is spoken in Zanzibar City and environs on Unguja (Zanzibar) Island. Kitumbatu (Pemba) dialects occupy the bulk of the island.
Mambrui, Malindi
Chichifundi, a dialect of the southern Kenya coast.
Chwaka
Kivumba, a dialect of the southern Kenya coast.
Nosse Be (Madagascar)
Pemba Swahili
Kipemba is a local dialect of the Pemba Island.
Kitumbatu and Kimakunduchi are the countryside dialects of the island of Zanzibar. Kimakunduchi is a recent renaming of "Kihadimu"; the old name means "serf" and so is considered pejorative.
Makunduchi
Mafia, Mbwera
Kilwa (extinct)
Kimgao used to be spoken around Kilwa District and to the south.
Maho includes the various Comorian dialects as a third group. Most other authorities consider Comorian to be a Sabaki language, distinct from Swahili.[38]
Other regions[edit]
In Somalia, where the Afroasiatic Somali language predominates, a variant of Swahili referred to as Chimwiini (also known as Chimbalazi) is spoken along the Benadir coast by the Bravanese people.[39] Another Swahili dialect known as Kibajuni also serves as the mother tongue of the Bajuni minority ethnic group, which lives in the tiny Bajuni Islands as well as the southern Kismayo region.[39][40]
In Oman, an estimated 22,000 people speak Swahili.[41] Most are descendants of those repatriated after the fall of the Sultanate of Zanzibar.[42][43]
Swahili poets[edit]
Shaaban bin Robert
Mathias E. Mnyampala
Euphrase Kezilahabi
Christopher Mwashinga
Tumi Molekane
See also[edit]
Africa portal
Languages portal
Mandombe script
Swahili literature
UCLA Language Materials Project
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Thomas J. Hinnebusch, 1992, "Swahili", International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Oxford, pp. 99–106
David Dalby, 1999/2000, The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities, Linguasphere Press, Volume Two, pp. 733–735
Benji Wald, 1994, "Sub-Saharan Africa", Atlas of the World's Languages, Routledge, pp. 289–346, maps 80, 81, 85
^ Jump up to: a b c "HOME - Home". Swahililanguage.stanford.edu. Retrieved 19 July 2016. After Arabic, Swahili is the most widely used African language but the number of its speakers is another area in which there is little agreement. The most commonly mentioned numbers are 50, 80, and 100 million people. [...] The number of its native speakers has been placed at just under 2 million.
Jump up ^ Hinnebusch, Thomas J. (2003). "Swahili". In William J. Frawley. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Subscription required (help)). First-language (L1) speakers of Swahili, who probably number no more than two million [...]
Jump up ^ Swahili at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Congo Swahili at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Coastal Swahili at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Makwe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Mwani at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Jump up ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Swahili (G.40)". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Jump up ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
^ Jump up to: a b http://aboutworldlanguages.com/Swahili
Jump up ^ Prins 1961
Jump up ^ Nurse and Hinnebusch, 1993, p.18
Jump up ^ Nurse and Hinnebusch, 1993
Jump up ^ http://www.eac.int/treaty/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=206&Itemid=331
Jump up ^ The Routledge Concise Compendium of the World's Languages (2nd ed.), George L. Campbell and Gareth King. Routledge (2011), p. 678. ISBN 978-0-415-47841-0
Jump up ^ See pp. 11 and 52 in Ghil'ad Zuckermann (2003). Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.
Jump up ^ Derek Nurse, Thomas J. Hinnebusch, Gérard Philippson. 1993. Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History. University of California Press
Jump up ^ Derek Nurse, Thomas T. Spear. 1985. The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society, 800-1500. University of Pennsylvania Press
Jump up ^ Thomas Spear. 2000. Early Swahili History Reconsidered. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 257-290
Jump up ^ Juma, Abdurahman. "Swahili history". www.glcom.com. Retrieved 2017-09-30.
Jump up ^ E. A. Alpers, Ivory and Slaves in East Central Africa, London, 1975.., pp. 98–99 ; T. Vernet, "Les cités-Etats swahili et la puissance omanaise (1650–1720), Journal des Africanistes, 72(2), 2002, pp. 102–105.
Jump up ^ "Baba yetu". Wikisource. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html
Jump up ^ Mdee, James S. (1999). "Dictionaries and the Standardization of Spelling in Swahili". Lexikos. pp. 126–7. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Wanambisi, Laban (5 December 2016). "International schools must teach Kiswahili, Kenya's history – Matiang'i". Capital News. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Nurse & Thomas Spear (1985) The Swahili
Jump up ^ Kharusi, N. S. (2012). "The ethnic label Zinjibari: Politics and language choice implications among Swahili speakers in Oman". Ethnicities. 12 (3): 335–353. doi:10.1177/1468796811432681.
Jump up ^ Adriaan Hendrik Johan Prins (1961) The Swahili-speaking Peoples of Zanzibar and the East African Coast. (Ethnologue)
Jump up ^ Brock-Utne 2001: 123
Jump up ^ Kambale, Juakali (10 August 2004). "DRC welcomes Swahili as an official AU language". Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
Jump up ^ (2005 World Bank Data).
Jump up ^ "Niger-Congo languages". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
Jump up ^ "BBC - Languages - Swahili - A Guide to Swahili - 10 facts about the Swahili language". Retrieved 2017-09-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Modern Swahili Grammar East African Publishers, 2001 Mohamed Abdulla Mohamed p. 4
Jump up ^ "Swahili | About World Languages". aboutworldlanguages.com. Retrieved 2017-09-30.
Jump up ^ "A Guide to Swahili - The Swahili alphabet". BBC.
Jump up ^ Jan Knappert (1971) Swahili Islamic poetry, Volume 1
Jump up ^ See Contini-Morava for details.
Jump up ^ Kamil Ud Deen, 2005. The acquisition of Swahili.
Jump up ^ H.E.Lambert 1956, 1957, 1958
Jump up ^ Derek Nurse; Thomas Spear; Thomas T. Spear. The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society, 800-1500. p. 65.
^ Jump up to: a b "Somalia". Ethnologue. 1999-02-19. Retrieved 2015-11-15.
Jump up ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2007). Kenya: identity of a nation. New Africa Press. p. 102. ISBN 0-9802587-9-0.
Jump up ^ "Oman". Ethnologue. 1999-02-19. Retrieved 2015-11-15.
Jump up ^ Fuchs, Martina (2011-10-05). "African Swahili music lives on in Oman". Reuters. Retrieved 2015-11-15.
Jump up ^ Beate Ursula Josephi, Journalism education in countries with limited media freedom, Volume 1 of Mass Communication and Journalism, (Peter Lang: 2010), p.96.
References[edit]
Ashton, E. O. Swahili Grammar: Including intonation. Longman House. Essex 1947. ISBN 0-582-62701-X.
Irele, Abiola and Biodun Jeyifo. The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought, Volume 1. Oxford University Press US. New York City. 2010. ISBN 0-19-533473-6
Blommaert, Jan: Situating language rights: English and Swahili in Tanzania revisited (sociolinguistic developments in Tanzanian Swahili) – Working Papers in Urban Language & Literacies, paper 23, University of Gent 2003
Brock-Utne, Birgit (2001). "Education for all – in whose language?". Oxford Review of Education. 27 (1): 115–134. doi:10.1080/03054980125577.
Chiraghdin, Shihabuddin and Mathias E. Mnyampala. Historia ya Kiswahili. Oxford University Press. Eastern Africa. 1977. ISBN 0-19-572367-8
Contini-Morava, Ellen. Noun Classification in Swahili. 1994.
Lambert, H.E. 1956. Chi-Chifundi: A Dialect of the Southern Kenya Coast. (Kampala)
Lambert, H.E. 1957. Ki-Vumba: A Dialect of the Southern Kenya Coast. (Kampala)
Lambert, H.E. 1958. Chi-Jomvu and ki-Ngare: Subdialects of the Mombasa Area. (Kampala)
Marshad, Hassan A. Kiswahili au Kiingereza (Nchini Kenya). Jomo Kenyatta Foundation. Nairobi 1993. ISBN 9966-22-098-4.
Nurse, Derek, and Hinnebusch, Thomas J. Swahili and Sabaki: a linguistic history. 1993. Series: University of California Publications in Linguistics, v. 121.
Ogechi, Nathan Oyori: "On language rights in Kenya (on the legal position of Swahili in Kenya)", in: Nordic Journal of African Studies 12(3): 277–295 (2003)
Prins, A.H.J. 1961. "The Swahili-Speaking Peoples of Zanzibar and the East African Coast (Arabs, Shirazi and Swahili)". Ethnographic Survey of Africa, edited by Daryll Forde. London: International African Institute.
Prins, A.H.J. 1970. A Swahili Nautical Dictionary. Preliminary Studies in Swahili Lexicon – 1. Dar es Salaam.
Whiteley, Wilfred. 1969. Swahili: the rise of a national language. London: Methuen. Series: Studies in African History.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutSwahili languageat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Data from Wikidata
Swahili edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
UCLA report on Swahili
John Ogwana (2001) Swahili Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow: Factors of Its Development and Expansion
List of Swahili Dictionaries
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Links to related articles
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Ik
Karamojong
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Tepes
Teso
Others
Kitara
Nubi
Oropom
[show]
v
t
e
Narrow Bantu languages (by Guthrie classification)
[show]
Zones A – B
Zone A
A10
A11[101] Londo
A12[101] Barue
A13 Balong
A14 Bonkeng
A15 Mbo
[A141 Bafo
A151 Nkongho]
A20
A21 Bomboko
A22 Baakpe
A23 Su
A24 Duala
A25 Oli
A26 Pongo
A27 Mulimba
[A221 Bubia
A231 Kole]
A30
A31a North Bobe
A31b Southwest Bobe
A31c Southeast Bobe
A32a Banoo
A32b Bapoko
A33a Yasa
A33b Kombe
A34 Benga
A40
A41 Lombi
A42 Bankon
A43a Mbene
A43b North Kogo
A43c South Kogo
A44 Banen
A45 Nyokon
A46 Mandi
[A441 Aling'a
A461 Bonek
A462 Yambeta
A50
A51 Fa’
A52 Kaalong
A53 Kpa
A54 Ngayaba
[A501 Hijuk]
A60
A61[601] Ngoro
A62 Yambasa
A63 Mangisa
A64[601] Bacenga
A65 Bati
[A621 Baca
A622 Gunu
A623 Mbule]
A70
A71 Eton
A72a Ewondo
A72b Mvele
A72c Bakja
A72d Yangafek
A73a Bëbëlë
A73b Gbïgbïl
A74 Bulu
A75 Fang
[A751 South-West Fang]
A80
A81 Mvumbo
A82 So
A83 Makaa
A84 Njem
A85a Konabem
A85b Bekwil
A86a Medjime
A86b Mpompo
A86c Mpiemo
A87 Bomwali
[A801 Gyele
A802 Ukwedjo
A803 Shiwe
A831 Byep
A832 Bekol
A841 Bajue
A842 Koonzime]
A90
A91 Kwakum
A92a Pol
A92b Pomo
A93 Kako
Zone B
B10
B11a Mpongwe
B11b Rongo
B11c Galwa
B11d Dyumba
B11e Nkomi
B20
B21 Sekiyani
B22a West Kele
B22b Ngom
B22c Bubi
B23 Mbangwe
B24 Wumbvu
B25 Kota
[B201 Ndasa
B202 Sighu
B203 Sama
B204 Ndambomo
B205 Metombola
B221 Molengue
B251 Shake
B252 Mahongwe]
B30
B31 Tsogo
B32 Kande
[B301 Viya
B302 Himbaka
B303 Bongwe
B304 Pinzi
B305 Vove]
B40
B41 Sira
B42 Sangu
B43 Punu
B44 Lumbu
[B401 Bwisi
B402 Varama
B403 Vungu
B404 Ngubi
B411 Bwali]
B50
B51 Duma
B52 Nzebi
B53 Tsaangi
[B501 Wanzi
B502 Mwele
B503 Vili]
B60
B61 Mbete
B62 Mbaama
B63 Nduumo
[B602 Kaning'i
B603 Yangho]
B70
B71a Tege-Kali
B71b Njiningi
B72a Ngungwele
B72b Mpumpu
B73a Tsaayi
B73b Laali
B73c Yaa
B73d Kwe
B74a Ndzindziu
B74b Boma
B75 Bali
B76a Musieno
B76b Ngee
B77a Kukwa
B77b Fumu
B78 Wuumu
[B701 Tsitsege]
B80
B81 Tiene
B82 Boma
B83 Mfinu
B84a[84] Mpuon
B84b[84] Mpuun
B85a Mbiem
B85b East Yans
B85c Yeei
B85d Ntsuo
B85e Mpur
B86 Di
B87[84] Mbuun
[B821 Mpe
B822 Nunu
B861 Ngul (Ngwi)
B862 Lwel
B863 Mpiin
B864 West Ngongo
B865 Nzadi]
[show]
Zones C – D
Zone C
C10
C11 Ngondi
C12a Pande
C12b Bogongo
C13 Mbati
C14 Mbomotaba
C15 Bongili
C16 Lobala
[C101 Dibole
C102 Ngando
C103 Kota
C104 Yaka
C105 Mbenga
C141 Enyele
C142 Bondongo
C143 Mbonzo
C161 Bomboli
C162 Bozaba]
C20
C21 Mboko
C22 Akwa
C23[21] Ngare
C24 Koyo
C25 Mbosi
C26 Kwala
C27 Kuba
[C201 Bwenyi]
C30
C31a Loi
C31b Ngiri
C31c Nunu
C32 Bobangi
C33 Sengele
C34 Sakata
C35a Ntomba
C35b Bolia
C36a Poto
C36b Mpesa
C36c Mbudza
C36d Mangala
C36e Boloki
C36f Kangana
C36g Ndolo
C37 Buja
[C301 Doko
C302 Bolondo
C311 Mabaale
C312 Ndoobo
C313 Litoka
C314 Balobo
C315 Enga
C321 Binza
C322 Dzamba
C323 Mpama
C371 Tembo
C372 Kunda
C373 Gbuta
C374 Babale]
C40
C41 Ngombe
C42 Bwela
C43 Bati
C44 Boa
C45 Angba
[C401 Pagibete
C403 Kango
C411 Bomboma
C412 Bamwe
C413 Dzando
C414 Ligendza
C415 Likula
C441 Bango]
C50
C51 Mbesa
C52 So
C53 Poke
C54 Lombo
C55 Kele
C56 Foma
[C501 Likile
C502 Linga]
C60
C61a Northeast Mongo
C61b Northwest Mongo
C62 Lalia
[C63 Ngando
C611 Bafoto]
C70
C71 Tetela
C72 Kusu
C73 Nkutu
C74 Yela
C75 Kela
C76 Ombo
[C701 Langa]
C80
C81 Dengese
C82 Songomeno
C83 Busoong
C84 Lele
C85 Wongo
Zone D
D10
D11 Mbole
D12 Lengola
D13 Metoko
D14 Enya
[D141 Zura]
D20
D21 Bali
D22 Amba
D23 Komo
D24 Songola
D25 Lega
D26 Zimba
D27 Bangubangu
D28a West Holoholo
D28b East Holoholo
[D201 Liko
D211 Kango
D251 Lega-Malinga
D281 Tumbwe
D282 Lumbwe]
D30
D31 Peri
D32 Bira
D33 Nyali
[D301 Kari
D302 Guru
D303 Ngbinda
D304 Homa
D305 Nyanga-li
D306 Gbati-ri
D307 Mayeka
D308 Bodo
D311 Bila
D312 Kaiku
D313 Ibutu
D331 Bvanuma
D332 Budu
D333 Ndaaka
D334 Mbo
D335 Beeke
D336 Ngbee]
[J]D40
[J]D41 Konzo
[J]D42 Ndandi
[J]D43 Nyanga
[J]D50
[J]D51 Hunde
[J]D52 Haavu
[J]D53 Nyabungu
[J]D54 Bembe
[J]D55 Buyi
[J]D56 Kabwari
[JD501 Nyindu
[J]JD502 Yaka
[J]JD531 Tembo]
[J]D60
[J]D61 Ruanda
[J]D62 Rundi
[J]D63 Fuliiro
[J]D64 Subi
[J]D65 Hangaza
[J]D66 Ha
[J]D67 Vinza
[JD631 Vira]
[show]
Zones E – H
Zone E
[J]E10
[J]E11 Nyoro
[J]E12 Tooro
[J]E13 Nyankore
[J]E14 Ciga
[J]E15 Ganda
[J]E16 Soga
[J]E17 Gwere
[J]E18 Nyala
[JE101 Gungu
JE102 Talinga-Bwisi
JE103 Ruli
JE121 Hema]
[J]E20
[J]E21 Nyambo
[J]E22 Ziba
[J]E23 Dzindza
[J]E24 Kerebe
[J]E25 Jita
[JE221 Rashi
JE251 Kwaya
JE252 Kara
JE253 Ruri]
[J]E30
[J]E31a Gisu
[J]E31b Kisu
[J]E31c Bukusu
[J]E32a Hanga
[J]E32b Tsotso
[J]E33 Nyore
[J]E34 Saamia
[J]E35 Nyuli
[JE341 Xaayo
JE342 Marachi
JE343 Songa]
[J]E40
[J]E41 Logooli
[J]E42 Gusii
[J]E43 Koria
[J]E44 Zanaki
[J]E45 Nata
E46 Sonjo
[JE401 Nguruimi
JE402 Ikizu
JE403 Suba/Suba-Simbiti
JE404 Shashi
JE405 Kabwa
JE406 Singa
JE407 Ware
JE411 Idaxo
JE412 Isuxa
JE413 Tiriki
JE431 Simbiti
JE432 Hacha
JE433 Surwa
JE434 Sweta]
E50
E51 Kikuyu
E52 Embu
E53 Meru
E54 Saraka
E55 Kamba
E56 Daiso
[E531 Mwimbi-Muthambi
E541 Cuka]
E60
E61[621a] Rwo
E62a[621b,622a] Hai
E62b[622c] Wunjo
E62c[623] Rombo
E63 Rusa
E64 Kahe
E65 Gweno
E70
E71 Pokomo
E72a Gyriama
E72b Kauma
E72c Conyi
E72d Duruma
E72e Rabai
E73 Digo
E74a Dabida
E74b[741] Sagala
[E701 Elwana
E731 Segeju
E732 Degere
E74 Taita]
Zone F
F10
F11 Tongwe
F12 Bende
[J]F20
[J]F21 Sukuma
[J]F22 Nyamwezi
[J]F23 Sumbwa
[J]F24 Kimbu
[J]F25 Bungu
F30
F31 Nilamba
F32 Remi
F33 Langi
F34 Mbugwe
Zone G
G10
G11 Gogo
G12 Kaguru
G20
G21 [E74a] Tubeta
G22 Asu
G23 Shambala
G24 Bondei
[G221 Mbugu]
G30
G31 Zigula
G32 Ngwele
G33 Zaramo
G34 Ngulu
G35 Ruguru
G36 Kami
G37 Kutu
G38 Vidunda
G39 Sagala
[G301 Doe
G311 Mushungulu]
G40
G41 Tikuu
G42a Amu
G42b Mvita
G42c Mrima
G42d Unguja
G43a Phemba
G43b Tumbatu
G43c Hadimu
G44a Ngazija
G44b Njuani
[G402 Makwe
G403 Mwani
G404 Sidi
G411 Socotra Swahili
G412 Mwiini]
G50
G51 Pogolo
G52 Ndamba
G60
G61 Sango
G62 Hehe
G63 Bena
G64 Pangwa
G65 Kinga
G66 Wanji
G67 Kisi
[G651 Magoma]
Zone H
H10
H11 Beembe
H12 Vili
H13 Kunyi
H14 Ndingi
H15 Mboka
H16a South Kongo
H16b Central Kongo
H16c Yombe
H16d Fiote
H16e Bwende
H16f Laadi
H16g East Kongo
H16h Southeast Kongo
[H111 Hangala
H112 Kamba-Doondo
H131 Suundi]
H20
H21a (North) Mbundu
H21b Mbamba
H22 Sama
H23 Bolo
H24 Songo
H30
H31 Yaka
H32 Suku
H33 [L12b] Hungu
H34 Mbangala
H35 Sinji
[H321 Soonde]
H40
H41 Mbala
H42 Hunganna
[show]
Zones J – M
Zone J*
[J]D40
[J]D41 Konzo
[J]D42 Ndandi
[J]D43 Nyanga
[J]D50
[J]D51 Hunde
[J]D52 Haavu
[J]D53 Nyabungu
[J]D54 Bembe
[J]D55 Buyi
[J]D56 Kabwari
[JD501 Nyindu
[J]JD502 Yaka
[J]JD531 Tembo]
[J]D60
[J]D61 Ruanda
[J]D62 Rundi
[J]D63 Fuliiro
[J]D64 Subi
[J]D65 Hangaza
[J]D66 Ha
[J]D67 Vinza
[JD631 Vira]
[J]E10
[J]E11 Nyoro
[J]E12 Tooro
[J]E13 Nyankore
[J]E14 Ciga
[J]E15 Ganda
[J]E16 Soga
[J]E17 Gwere
[J]E18 Nyala
[JE101 Gungu
JE102 Talinga-Bwisi
JE103 Ruli
JE121 Hema]
[J]E20
[J]E21 Nyambo
[J]E22 Ziba
[J]E23 Dzindza
[J]E24 Kerebe
[J]E25 Jita
[JE221 Rashi
JE251 Kwaya
JE252 Kara
JE253 Ruri]
[J]E30
[J]E31a Gisu
[J]E31b Kisu
[J]E31c Bukusu
[J]E32a Hanga
[J]E32b Tsotso
[J]E33 Nyore
[J]E34 Saamia
[J]E35 Nyuli
[JE341 Xaayo
JE342 Marachi
JE343 Songa]
[J]E40
[J]E41 Logooli
[J]E42 Gusii
[J]E43 Koria
[J]E44 Zanaki
[J]E45 Nata
E46 Sonjo
[JE401 Nguruimi
JE402 Ikizu
JE403 Suba/Suba-Simbiti
JE404 Shashi
JE405 Kabwa
JE406 Singa
JE407 Ware
JE411 Idaxo
JE412 Isuxa
JE413 Tiriki
JE431 Simbiti
JE432 Hacha
JE433 Surwa
JE434 Sweta]
[J]F20
[J]F21 Sukuma
[J]F22 Nyamwezi
[J]F23 Sumbwa
[J]F24 Kimbu
[J]F25 Bungu
Zone K
K10
K11 Chokwe
K12a Luimbi
K12b Nyemba
K13 Lucazi
K14 Lwena
K15 Mbunda
K16 Nyengo
K17 Mbwela
K18 Nkangala
K20
K21 Lozi
K30
K31 Luyana
K32 Mbowe
K33 Kwangali
K34 Mashi
K35 Simaa
K36 Sanjo
K37 Kwangwa
[K321 Mbume
K322 Liyuwa
K332 Manyo
K333 Mbukushu
K334 Mbogedu
K351 Mulonga
K352 Mwenyi
K353 Koma
K354 Imilangu
K371 Kwandi]
K40
K41 Totela
K42 Subiya
[K402 Fwe
K411 Totela of Namibia]
Zone L
L10
L11 Pende
L12 Samba & Holu
L13 Kwese
[L101 Sonde]
L20
L21 Kete
L22 Binji (Mbagani)
L23 Songe
L24 Luna
[L201 Budya
L202 Yazi
L221 Lwalwa
L231 Binji]
L30
L31a Luba-Kasai
L31b Lulua
L32 Kanyoka
L33 Luba-Katanga
L34 Hemba
L35 Sanga
[L301 Kebwe
L331 Zeela]
L40
L41 Kaonde
L50
L51 Salampasu
L52 Lunda
L53 Ruund
[L511 Luntu]
L60
L61 Mbwera
L62 Nkoya
[L601 Kolwe
L602 Lushangi
L603 Shasha]
Zone M
M10
M11 Pimbwe
M12 Rungwa
M13 Fipa
M14 Rungu
M15 Mambwe
[M131 Kuulwe]
M20
M21 Wanda
M22 Mwanga
M23 Nyiha
M24 Malila
M25 Safwa
M26 Iwa
M27 Tambo
[M201 Lambya
M202 Sukwa]
M30
M31 Nyakyusa
[M301 Ndali
M302 Penja]
M40
M41 Taabwa
M42 Bemba
[M401 Bwile
M402 Aushi]
M50
M51 Biisa
M52 Lala
M53 Swaka
M54 Lamba
M55 Seba
[M521 Ambo
M522 Luano
M541 Lima
M542 Temba]
M60
M61 Lenje
M62 Soli
M63 Ila
M64 Tonga
[M611 Lukanga Twa
M631 Sala
M632 Lundwe
M633 Kafue Twa]
[show]
Zones N – S
Zone N
N10
N11 Manda
N12 Ngoni
N13 Matengo
N14 Mpoto
N15 Tonga
[N101 Ndendeule
N102 Nindi
N121 Ngoni of Malawi]
N20
N21 Tumbuka
[N201 Mwera of Mbamba Bay]
N30
N31a Nyanja
N31b Cewa
N31c Manganja
N40
N41 Nsenga
N42 Kunda
N43 Nyungwe
N44 Sena
N45[44] Rue
N46[44] Podzo
[N441 Sena-Malawi]
Zone P
P10
P11 Ndengereko
P12 Ruihi
P13 Matumbi
P14 Ngindo
P15 Mbunga
P20
P21 Yao
P22 Mwera
P23 Makonde
P24 Ndonde
P25 Mabiha
P30
P31 Makua
P32 Lomwe
P33 Ngulu
P34 Cuabo
[P311 Koti
P312 Sakati
P331 Lomwe of Malawi
P341 Moniga]
Zone R
R10
R11 Umbundu
R12 Ndombe
R13 Nyaneka
R14 Khumbi
[R101 Kuvale
R102 Kwisi
R103 Mbali]
R20
R21 Kwanyama
R22 Ndonga
R23 Kwambi
R24 Ngandyera
[R211 Kafima
R212 Evale
R213 Mbandja
R214 Mbalanhu
R215 Ndongwena
R216 Kwankwa
R217 Dombondola
R218 Esinga
R241 Kwaluudhi
R242 Kolonkadhi-Eunda]
R30
R31 Herero
[R311 North-West Herero
R312 Botswana Herero]
R40
R41 Yei
Zone S
S10
S11 Korekore
S12 Zezuru
S13a Manyika
S13b Tebe
S14 Karanga
S15 Ndau
S16 Kalanga
S20
S21 Venda
S30
S31a Tswana
S31b Kgatla
S31c Ngwatu
S31d[311] Khalaxadi
S32a Pedi
S32b Lobedu
S33 Sotho
[S301 Phalaborwa
S302 Kutswe
S303 Pai
S304 Pulana]
S40
S41 Xhosa
S42 Zulu
S43 Swati
S44 (Northern) Ndebele
[S401 Old Mfengu
S402 Bhaca
S403 Hlubi
S404 Phuthi
S405 Nhlangwini
S406 Lala
S407 South Ndebele
S408 Sumayela Ndebele]
S50
S51 Tswa
S52[53] Gwamba
S53 Tsonga
S54 Ronga
[S511 Hlengwe]
S60
S61 Copi
S62 Tonga
[S611 Lenge]
Note: The Guthrie classification is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.
Authority control
BNE: XX4576510
BNF: cb119333361 (data)
GND: 4078094-6
LCCN: sh85130962
NDL: 00571784
SUDOC: 027249700
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&oldid=842115060"
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Arabic language

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Voiced plosive

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Voiceless plosive

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Voiced fricative

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Voiceless fricative

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Zanzibar Town

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Kibajuni dialect

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Socotra Swahili

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Lingala language

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Équateur Province

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/wiki/Ngombe_language_(Bantu)
mw-redirect
Ngombe language (Bantu)

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/wiki/Tabwa_language
mw-redirect
Tabwa language

values:
/wiki/Maniema_Province
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Maniema Province

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/wiki/Alur_dialect
mw-redirect
Alur dialect

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Logoli_language
mw-redirect
Logoli language

values:
/wiki/Barwe_language
mw-redirect
Barwe language

values:
/wiki/Chichopi_language
mw-redirect
Chichopi language

values:
/wiki/Maindo_language
mw-redirect
Maindo language

values:
/wiki/Manyika_language
mw-redirect
Manyika language

values:
/wiki/Ndau_language
mw-redirect
Ndau language

values:
/wiki/Phimbi_language
mw-redirect
Phimbi language

values:
/wiki/Tawara_language
mw-redirect
Tawara language

values:
/wiki/Tewe_language
mw-redirect
Tewe language

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/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia)
mw-redirect
Tonga language (Zambia)

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/wiki/Languages_of_Oman
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Languages of Oman

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/wiki/Great_Lakes_Bantu
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Great Lakes Bantu

values:
/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Bantu
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Northeast Coast Bantu

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/wiki/Ndonde_language
mw-redirect
Ndonde language

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/wiki/Kisankasa_language
mw-redirect
Kisankasa language

values:
/wiki/Mediak_language
mw-redirect
Mediak language

values:
/wiki/Mosiro_language
mw-redirect
Mosiro language

values:
/wiki/Tepes_language
mw-redirect
Tepes language

values:
/wiki/Londo_language_(Cameroon)
mw-redirect
Londo language (Cameroon)

values:
/wiki/North_Bobe_dialect
mw-redirect
North Bobe dialect

values:
/wiki/Southwest_Bobe_dialect
mw-redirect
Southwest Bobe dialect

values:
/wiki/Southeast_Bobe_dialect
mw-redirect
Southeast Bobe dialect

values:
/wiki/Noho_language
mw-redirect
Noho language

values:
/wiki/South_Kogo_dialect
mw-redirect
South Kogo dialect

values:
/wiki/Mengisa_language
mw-redirect
Mengisa language

values:
/wiki/Bakja_dialect
mw-redirect
Bakja dialect

values:
/wiki/Sama_language_(Gabon)
mw-redirect
Sama language (Gabon)

values:
/wiki/Yangho_language
mw-redirect
Yangho language

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values: Ngando language (Central African Republic)

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/wiki/Mbenga_language
mw-redirect
Mbenga language

values:
/wiki/Mboshi_language
mw-redirect
Mboshi language

values:
/wiki/Ntomba-Bolia_language
mw-redirect
Ntomba-Bolia language

values:
/wiki/Dzamba_language
mw-redirect
Dzamba language

values:
/wiki/Foma_language
mw-redirect
Foma language

values:
/wiki/Yela_language
mw-redirect
Yela language

values:
/wiki/Kela_language
mw-redirect
Kela language

values:
/wiki/Baali_language
mw-redirect
Baali language

values:
/wiki/Subi_language
mw-redirect
Subi language

values:
/wiki/Nyankore_language
mw-redirect
Nyankore language

values:
/wiki/Ciga_language
mw-redirect
Ciga language

values:
/wiki/Ganda_language
mw-redirect
Ganda language

values:
/wiki/Nyala_language_(Bantu)
mw-redirect
Nyala language (Bantu)

values:
/wiki/Talinga-Bwisi_language
mw-redirect
Talinga-Bwisi language

values:
/wiki/Ruli_language
mw-redirect
Ruli language

values:
/wiki/Ziba_language
mw-redirect
Ziba language

values:
/wiki/Dzindza_language
mw-redirect
Dzindza language

values:
/wiki/Kerebe_language
mw-redirect
Kerebe language

values:
/wiki/Rashi_language
mw-redirect
Rashi language

values:
/wiki/Ruri_language
mw-redirect
Ruri language

values:
/wiki/Gisu_dialect
mw-redirect
Gisu dialect

values:
/wiki/Kisu_dialect
mw-redirect
Kisu dialect

values:
/wiki/Hanga_dialect
mw-redirect
Hanga dialect

values:
/wiki/Tsotso_dialect
mw-redirect
Tsotso dialect

values:
/wiki/Saamia_language
mw-redirect
Saamia language

values:
/wiki/Nyuli_language
mw-redirect
Nyuli language

values:
/wiki/Xaayo_language
mw-redirect
Xaayo language

values:
/wiki/Songa_language
mw-redirect
Songa language

values:
/wiki/Koria_language
mw-redirect
Koria language

values:
/wiki/Nata_language
mw-redirect
Nata language

values:
/wiki/Nguruimi_language
mw-redirect
Nguruimi language

values:
/wiki/Shashi_language
mw-redirect
Shashi language

values:
/wiki/Idaxo_language
mw-redirect
Idaxo language

values:
/wiki/Isuxa_language
mw-redirect
Isuxa language

values:
/wiki/Tiriki_language
mw-redirect
Tiriki language

values:
/wiki/Simbiti_language
mw-redirect
Simbiti language

values:
/wiki/Hacha_language
mw-redirect
Hacha language

values:
/wiki/Surwa_language
mw-redirect
Surwa language

values:
/wiki/Sweta_language
mw-redirect
Sweta language

values:
/wiki/Saraka_language
mw-redirect
Saraka language

values:
/wiki/Daiso_language
mw-redirect
Daiso language

values:
/wiki/Mwimbi-Muthambi_language
mw-redirect
Mwimbi-Muthambi language

values:
/wiki/Cuka_language
mw-redirect
Cuka language

values:
/wiki/Rwo_dialect
mw-redirect
Rwo dialect

values:
/wiki/Hai_dialect
mw-redirect
Hai dialect

values:
/wiki/Wunjo_dialect
mw-redirect
Wunjo dialect

values:
/wiki/Rombo_dialect
mw-redirect
Rombo dialect

values:
/wiki/Gyriama_dialect
mw-redirect
Gyriama dialect

values:
/wiki/Kauma_dialect
mw-redirect
Kauma dialect

values:
/wiki/Conyi_dialect
mw-redirect
Conyi dialect

values:
/wiki/Duruma_dialect
mw-redirect
Duruma dialect

values:
/wiki/Rabai_dialect
mw-redirect
Rabai dialect

values:
/wiki/Dabida_dialect
mw-redirect
Dabida dialect

values:
/wiki/Sagala_dialect
mw-redirect
Sagala dialect

values:
/wiki/Elwana_language
mw-redirect
Elwana language

values:
/wiki/Segeju_language
mw-redirect
Segeju language

values:
/wiki/Degere_language
mw-redirect
Degere language

values:
/wiki/Bende_language
mw-redirect
Bende language

values:
/wiki/Nilamba_language
mw-redirect
Nilamba language

values:
/wiki/Remi_language
mw-redirect
Remi language

values:
/wiki/Langi_language
mw-redirect
Langi language

values:
/wiki/Kaguru_language
mw-redirect
Kaguru language

values:
/wiki/Tubeta_language
mw-redirect
Tubeta language

values:
/wiki/Asu_language_(Bantu)
mw-redirect
Asu language (Bantu)

values:
/wiki/Ngwele_language
mw-redirect
Ngwele language

values:
/wiki/Ruguru_language
mw-redirect
Ruguru language

values:
/wiki/Kami_language_(Bantu)
mw-redirect
Kami language (Bantu)

values:
/wiki/Sagala_language_(Tanzania)
mw-redirect
Sagala language (Tanzania)

values:
/wiki/Mushungulu_language
mw-redirect
Mushungulu language

values:
/wiki/Tikuu_language
mw-redirect
Tikuu language

values:
/wiki/Amu_dialect
mw-redirect
Amu dialect

values:
/wiki/Mvita_dialect
mw-redirect
Mvita dialect

values:
/wiki/Mrima_dialect
mw-redirect
Mrima dialect

values:
/wiki/Unguja_dialect
mw-redirect
Unguja dialect

values:
/wiki/Phemba_dialect
mw-redirect
Phemba dialect

values:
/wiki/Tumbatu_dialect
mw-redirect
Tumbatu dialect

values:
/wiki/Hadimu_dialect
mw-redirect
Hadimu dialect

values:
/wiki/Ngazija_dialect
mw-redirect
Ngazija dialect

values:
/wiki/Njuani_dialect
mw-redirect
Njuani dialect

values:
/wiki/Mwiini_language
mw-redirect
Mwiini language

values:
/wiki/Sango_language_(Bantu)
mw-redirect
Sango language (Bantu)

values:
/wiki/Wanji_language
mw-redirect
Wanji language

values:
/wiki/Kisi_language_(Bantu)
mw-redirect
Kisi language (Bantu)

values:
/wiki/Magoma_language
mw-redirect
Magoma language

values:
/wiki/Ndingi_language
mw-redirect
Ndingi language

values:
/wiki/Mboka_language
mw-redirect
Mboka language

values:
/wiki/South_Kongo_dialect
mw-redirect
South Kongo dialect

values:
/wiki/Central_Kongo_dialect
mw-redirect
Central Kongo dialect

values:
/wiki/Yombe_dialect_(Kongo)
mw-redirect
Yombe dialect (Kongo)

values:
/wiki/Fiote_dialect
mw-redirect
Fiote dialect

values:
/wiki/Bwende_dialect
mw-redirect
Bwende dialect

values:
/wiki/Laadi_dialect
mw-redirect
Laadi dialect

values:
/wiki/East_Kongo_dialect
mw-redirect
East Kongo dialect

values:
/wiki/Southeast_Kongo_dialect
mw-redirect
Southeast Kongo dialect

values:
/wiki/Hangala_language
mw-redirect
Hangala language

values:
/wiki/Kamba_language_(Congo)
mw-redirect
Kamba language (Congo)

values:
/wiki/Doondo_language
mw-redirect
Doondo language

values:
/wiki/North_Mbundu_language
mw-redirect
North Mbundu language

values:
/wiki/Mbamba_dialect
mw-redirect
Mbamba dialect

values:
/wiki/Songo_language
mw-redirect
Songo language

values: Yaka language (Democratic Republic of Congo)

values:
/wiki/Hungu_language
mw-redirect
Hungu language

values:
/wiki/Sinji_language
mw-redirect
Sinji language

values:
/wiki/Soonde_language
mw-redirect
Soonde language

values:
/wiki/Hunganna_language
mw-redirect
Hunganna language

values:
/wiki/Nyemba_language
mw-redirect
Nyemba language

values:
/wiki/Lucazi_language
mw-redirect
Lucazi language

values:
/wiki/Lwena_language
mw-redirect
Lwena language

values:
/wiki/Mbwela_language
mw-redirect
Mbwela language

values:
/wiki/Nkangala_language
mw-redirect
Nkangala language

values:
/wiki/Sanjo_language
mw-redirect
Sanjo language

values:
/wiki/Mbume_language
mw-redirect
Mbume language

values:
/wiki/Liyuwa_language
mw-redirect
Liyuwa language

values:
/wiki/Manyo_language
mw-redirect
Manyo language

values:
/wiki/Mbogedu_language
mw-redirect
Mbogedu language

values:
/wiki/Mulonga_language
mw-redirect
Mulonga language

values:
/wiki/Mwenyi_language
mw-redirect
Mwenyi language

values:
/wiki/Koma_language_(Bantu)
mw-redirect
Koma language (Bantu)

values:
/wiki/Imilangu_language
mw-redirect
Imilangu language

values:
/wiki/Kwandi_language
mw-redirect
Kwandi language

values:
/wiki/Subiya_language
mw-redirect
Subiya language

values:
/wiki/Totela_language_(Namibia)
mw-redirect
Totela language (Namibia)

values:
/wiki/Samba_dialect
mw-redirect
Samba dialect

values:
/wiki/Holu_dialect
mw-redirect
Holu dialect

values:
/wiki/Sonde_language_(L101)
mw-redirect
Sonde language (L101)

values:
/wiki/Mbagani_language
mw-redirect
Mbagani language

values:
/wiki/Lwalwa_language
mw-redirect
Lwalwa language

values:
/wiki/Lulua_dialect
mw-redirect
Lulua dialect

values:
/wiki/Kanyoka_language
mw-redirect
Kanyoka language

values:
/wiki/Zeela_language
mw-redirect
Zeela language

values:
/wiki/Luntu_language
mw-redirect
Luntu language

values:
/wiki/Mbwera_language
mw-redirect
Mbwera language

values:
/wiki/Kolwe_language
mw-redirect
Kolwe language

values:
/wiki/Lushangi_language
mw-redirect
Lushangi language

values:
/wiki/Shasha_language
mw-redirect
Shasha language

values:
/wiki/Rungu_language
mw-redirect
Rungu language

values:
/wiki/Mambwe_language
mw-redirect
Mambwe language

values:
/wiki/Kuulwe_language
mw-redirect
Kuulwe language

values:
/wiki/Iwa_language
mw-redirect
Iwa language

values:
/wiki/Tambo_language
mw-redirect
Tambo language

values:
/wiki/Sukwa_language
mw-redirect
Sukwa language

values:
/wiki/Biisa_language
mw-redirect
Biisa language

values:
/wiki/Lala_language_(Zambia)
mw-redirect
Lala language (Zambia)

values:
/wiki/Swaka_language
mw-redirect
Swaka language

values:
/wiki/Ambo_language_(Zambia)
mw-redirect
Ambo language (Zambia)

values:
/wiki/Luano_language
mw-redirect
Luano language

values:
/wiki/Lima_language
mw-redirect
Lima language

values:
/wiki/Temba_language
mw-redirect
Temba language

values:
/wiki/Lukanga_Twa_language
mw-redirect
Lukanga Twa language

values:
/wiki/Sala_language
mw-redirect
Sala language

values:
/wiki/Lundwe_language
mw-redirect
Lundwe language

values:
/wiki/Kafue_Twa_language
mw-redirect
Kafue Twa language

values:
/wiki/Manda_language_(Bantu)
mw-redirect
Manda language (Bantu)

values:
/wiki/Tonga_language_(Malawi)
mw-redirect
Tonga language (Malawi)

values:
/wiki/Ngoni_language_(Malawi)
mw-redirect
Ngoni language (Malawi)

values:
/wiki/Mwera_language_(Mbamba_Bay)
mw-redirect
Mwera language (Mbamba Bay)

values:
/wiki/Nyanja_dialect
mw-redirect
Nyanja dialect

values:
/wiki/Cewa_dialect
mw-redirect
Cewa dialect

values:
/wiki/Manganja_dialect
mw-redirect
Manganja dialect

values:
/wiki/Rue_language
mw-redirect
Rue language

values:
/wiki/Podzo_language
mw-redirect
Podzo language

values:
/wiki/Sena-Malawi_language
mw-redirect
Sena-Malawi language

values:
/wiki/Ruihi_language
mw-redirect
Ruihi language

values:
/wiki/Mabiha_language
mw-redirect
Mabiha language

values:
/wiki/Makua_language
mw-redirect
Makua language

values:
/wiki/Ngulu_dialect
mw-redirect
Ngulu dialect

values:
/wiki/Cuabo_language
mw-redirect
Cuabo language

values:
/wiki/Sakati_language
mw-redirect
Sakati language

values:
/wiki/Lomwe_language_(Malawi)
mw-redirect
Lomwe language (Malawi)

values:
/wiki/Khumbi_language
mw-redirect
Khumbi language

values:
/wiki/Kwisi_language
mw-redirect
Kwisi language

values:
/wiki/Kwanyama_language
mw-redirect
Kwanyama language

values:
/wiki/Ndonga_language
mw-redirect
Ndonga language

values:
/wiki/Kwambi_language
mw-redirect
Kwambi language

values:
/wiki/Ngandyera_language
mw-redirect
Ngandyera language

values:
/wiki/Kafima_language
mw-redirect
Kafima language

values:
/wiki/Evale_language
mw-redirect
Evale language

values:
/wiki/Mbalanhu_language
mw-redirect
Mbalanhu language

values:
/wiki/Ndongwena_language
mw-redirect
Ndongwena language

values:
/wiki/Kwankwa_language
mw-redirect
Kwankwa language

values:
/wiki/Dombondola_language
mw-redirect
Dombondola language

values:
/wiki/Esinga_language
mw-redirect
Esinga language

values:
/wiki/Kwaluudhi_language
mw-redirect
Kwaluudhi language

values:
/wiki/Kolonkadhi-Eunda_language
mw-redirect
Kolonkadhi-Eunda language

values:
/wiki/North-West_Herero_language
mw-redirect
North-West Herero language

values:
/wiki/Herero_language_(Botswana)
mw-redirect
Herero language (Botswana)

values:
/wiki/Yei_language_(Bantu)
mw-redirect
Yei language (Bantu)

values:
/wiki/Korekore_language
mw-redirect
Korekore language

values:
/wiki/Zezuru_language
mw-redirect
Zezuru language

values:
/wiki/Tebe_dialect
mw-redirect
Tebe dialect

values:
/wiki/Karanga_language_(Bantu)
mw-redirect
Karanga language (Bantu)

values:
/wiki/Kgatla_dialect
mw-redirect
Kgatla dialect

values:
/wiki/Ngwatu_dialect
mw-redirect
Ngwatu dialect

values:
/wiki/Khalaxadi_dialect
mw-redirect
Khalaxadi dialect

values:
/wiki/Pedi_dialect
mw-redirect
Pedi dialect

values:
/wiki/Lobedu_dialect
mw-redirect
Lobedu dialect

values:
/wiki/Phalaborwa_language
mw-redirect
Phalaborwa language

values:
/wiki/Kutswe_language
mw-redirect
Kutswe language

values:
/wiki/Pai_language_(Bantu)
mw-redirect
Pai language (Bantu)

values:
/wiki/Pulana_language
mw-redirect
Pulana language

values:
/wiki/Swati_language
mw-redirect
Swati language

values:
/wiki/Old_Mfengu_language
mw-redirect
Old Mfengu language

values:
/wiki/Gwamba_language
mw-redirect
Gwamba language

values:
/wiki/Hlengwe_language
mw-redirect
Hlengwe language

values:
/wiki/Copi_language
mw-redirect
Copi language

values:
/wiki/Tonga_language_(Mozambique)
mw-redirect
Tonga language (Mozambique)

values:
/wiki/Lenge_language
mw-redirect
Lenge language

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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd
display: none;

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili
Swahili – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values: لغة سواحلية – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gn
display: none;

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suahili
Suahili – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: সোয়াহিলি ভাষা – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Суахили теле – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Суахілі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili
Swahili – Central Bikol
bcl
bcl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili
Swahili – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bar
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahileg
Swahileg – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suahili
Suahili – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Суахили чĕлхи – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili
Swahili – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Σουαχίλι γλώσσα – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili
Swahili – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: زبان سواحلی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hif
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili
Swahili – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahilish
Swahilish – Manx
gv
gv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values: 스와힐리어 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Սվահիլի – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: स्वाहिली भाषा – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-iu
display: none;

values: Суахили – Ossetic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: סווהילי – Hebrew

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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kl
display: none;

values: ಸ್ವಾಹಿಲಿ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: სუაჰილი ენა – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Суахили – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rw
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiswahili
Kiswahili – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

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values: Суахили (кыв) – Komi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kv
display: none;

values:
https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiswahili
Kiswahili – Kongo
kg
kg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lad
display: none;

values: Суахили чӀал – Lezghian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lez
display: none;

values: ພາສາສະວາຮີລີ – Lao

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svahili
Svahili – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
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display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili
Swahili – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
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display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ln
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Свахилски јазик – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values: സ്വാഹിലി ഭാഷ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mi
display: none;

values: स्वाहिली भाषा – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: სუაჰილი ნინა – Mingrelian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values: Свахили хэл – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl
display: none;

values: स्वाहिली भाषा – Newari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Суахили – Chechen

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili
Swahili – Northern Frisian
frr
frr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frr
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili
Swahili – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili
Swahili – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahilum
Swahilum – Novial
nov
nov
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nov
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili
Swahili – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-om
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਸਵਾਹਿਲੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pap
display: none;

values: Swayili languij – Jamaican Creole English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jam
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suahili
Suahili – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Свагілі – Rusyn

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rue
display: none;

values: Суахили – Russian

values: Суаhили – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nso
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svahili
Svahili – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values: زمانی سەواحیلی – Central Kurdish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Свахили (језик) – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svahili
Svahili – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili
Swahili – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: சுவாகிலி மொழி – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara
display: none;

values: Суахили – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: స్వాహిలి భాష – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: ภาษาสวาฮีลี – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Забони своҳилӣ – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svahili
Svahili – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: سواحلی زبان – Urdu

values: سۋاھىلىچە – Uyghur

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-za
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwahili
Suwahili – Walloon
wa
wa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiswahili
Kiswahili – Wolof
wo
wo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wo
display: none;

values: סוואהילי – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili
Swahili – Zazaki
diq
diq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp
display: none;

values:
https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suahili
Suahili – Lingua Franca Nova
lfn
lfn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn
display: none;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Swahili_language rootpage-Swahili_language skin-vector action-view