text:
Hook-and-loop fastener
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the manufacturer, see Velcro.
Hooks
Loops
A shoe using hook-and-loop closures
Macro photograph of hooks
Hook-and-loop fasteners, hook-and-pile fasteners or touch fasteners, consist of two components: typically, two lineal fabric strips (or, alternatively, round "dots" or squares) which are attached (sewn or otherwise adhered) to the opposing surfaces to be fastened. The first component features tiny hooks, the second features smaller loops. When the two are pressed together the hooks catch in the loops and the two pieces fasten or bind temporarily. When separated, by pulling or peeling the two surfaces apart, the strips make a distinctive "ripping" sound.
Hook-and-loop fasteners are often referred to by the genericized trademark Velcro.
Contents
1 History
2 Strength
3 Advantages and disadvantages
4 Applications
5 Variations on touch fasteners
6 Standards
7 Jumping
8 In popular culture
9 References
History[edit]
Tiny hooks can be seen covering the surface of this bur. The design of hook-and-loop imitated this natural mechanism for seed dispersion.
Close-up of a single bract spine of Arctium minus
The original hook-and-loop fastener was conceived in 1941 by Swiss engineer George de Mestral.[1][2][3] The idea came to him one day after returning from a hunting trip with his dog in the Alps. He took a close look at the burs (seeds) of burdock that kept sticking to his clothes and his dog's fur. He examined them under a microscope, and noted their hundreds of "hooks" that caught on anything with a loop, such as clothing, animal fur, or hair.[4] He saw the possibility of binding two materials reversibly in a simple fashion if he could figure out how to duplicate the hooks and loops.[1][3] Hook-and-loop is viewed by some like Steven Vogel[5] or Werner Nachtigall[6] as a key example of inspiration from nature or the copying of nature's mechanisms (called bionics or biomimesis).
Originally people refused to take De Mestral seriously when he took his idea to Lyon, which was then a center of weaving. He did manage to gain the help of one weaver, who made two cotton strips that worked. However, the cotton wore out quickly, so De Mestral turned to synthetic fibers.[4] He settled on nylon as being the best synthetic, which had several advantages: it doesn’t break down, rot, or attract mold, and it could be produced in threads of various thickness.[7] Nylon had only recently been invented, and through trial and error de Mestral eventually discovered that, when sewn under hot infrared light, nylon forms small hook shapes.[1] However, he had yet to figure out a way to mechanize the process, and to make the looped side. Next he found that nylon thread, when woven in loops and heat-treated, retains its shape and is resilient; however, the loops had to be cut in just the right spot so that they could be fastened and unfastened many times. On the verge of giving up, a new idea came to him. He bought a pair of shears and trimmed the tops off the loops, thus creating hooks that would match up perfectly with the loops in the pile.[4]
Mechanizing the process of weaving the hooks took eight years, and it took another year to create the loom that trimmed the loops after weaving them. In all, it took ten years to create a mechanized process that worked.[4]
De Mestral submitted his idea for a patent in Switzerland in 1951, which was granted in 1955.[1] Within a few years he obtained patents and began to open shops in Germany, Switzerland, Great Britain, Sweden, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Canada. In 1957 he branched out to the textile center of Manchester, New Hampshire in the United States.
Columnist Sylvia Porter made the first mention of the product in her column Your Money's Worth of August 25, 1958, writing, "It is with understandable enthusiasm that I give you today an exclusive report on this news: A 'zipperless zipper' has been invented – finally. The new fastening device is in many ways potentially more revolutionary than was the zipper a quarter century ago."[8]
A Montreal firm, Velek, Ltd., acquired the exclusive right to market the product in North and South America, as well as in Japan, with American Velcro, Inc. of New Hampshire, and Velcro Sales of New York, marketing the "zipperless zipper" in the United States.[9]
De Mestral obtained patents in many countries right after inventing the fasteners, as he expected an immediate high demand. Partly due to its cosmetic appearance, though, hook-and-loop's integration into the textile industry took time.[citation needed] At the time, the fasteners looked like they had been made from leftover bits of cheap fabric, and thus was not sewn into clothing or used widely when it debuted in the early 1960s.[10] It was also viewed as impractical.[10]
A number of Velcro Corporation products were displayed at a fashion show at the Waldorf-Astoria hotel in New York in 1959,[11] and the fabric got its first break when it was used in the aerospace industry to help astronauts maneuver in and out of bulky space suits. However, this reinforced the view among the populace that hook-and-loop was something with very limited utilitarian uses. The next major use hook-and-loop saw was with skiers, who saw the similarities between their costume and that of the astronauts, and thus saw the advantages of a suit that was easier to don and remove. Scuba and marine gear followed soon after. Having seen astronauts storing food pouches on walls,[12] children's clothing makers came on board.[10] As touch fasteners only became widely used after NASA's adoption of it, NASA is popularly – and incorrectly – credited with its invention.
By the mid-1960s hook-and-loop fasteners were used in the futuristic creations of fashion designers such as Pierre Cardin, André Courrèges and Paco Rabanne.[13]
Later improvements included strengthening the filament by adding polyester.[7]
In 1978 de Mestral's patent expired, prompting a flood of low-cost imitations from Taiwan, China and South Korea onto the market. Today, the trademark is the subject of more than 300 trademark registrations in over 159 countries.[specify] George de Mestral was inducted into the national inventors hall of fame for his invention.[4]
The big breakthrough George de Mestral made was to think about hook-and-eye closures on a greatly reduced scale. Hook-and-eye fasteners have been common for centuries, but what was new about hook-and-loop fasteners was the miniaturisation of the hooks and eyes. Shrinking the hooks led to the two other important differences. Firstly, instead of a single-file line of hooks, touch fasteners have a two-dimensional surface.[14] This was needed, because in decreasing the size of the hooks, the strength was also unavoidably lessened, thus requiring more hooks for the same strength. The other difference is that hook-and-loop has indeterminate match-up between the hooks and eyes. With larger hook-and-eye fasteners, each hook has its own eye. On a scale as small as that of hook-and-loop fasteners, matching up each of these hooks with the corresponding eye is impractical, thus leading to the indeterminate matching.[14]
Strength[edit]
Hook-and-loop fastener photographed using a low power microscope.
Various constructions and strengths are available. Some touch fasteners are strong enough that a two-inch square (5 × 5 cm) piece is enough to support a 175-pound (80 kg) load.[7] Fasteners made of Teflon loops, polyester hooks, and glass backing are used in aerospace applications, e.g. on space shuttles. The strength of the bond depends on how well the hooks are embedded in the loops, how much surface area is in contact with the hooks, and the nature of the force pulling it apart. If hook-and-loop is used to bond two rigid surfaces, such as auto body panels and frame, the bond is particularly strong because any force pulling the pieces apart is spread evenly across all hooks. Also, any force pushing the pieces together is disproportionately applied to engaging more hooks and loops. Vibration can cause rigid pieces to improve their bond. Full-body hook-and-loop suits have been made that can hold a person to a suitably covered wall.
When one or both of the pieces is flexible, e.g., a pocket flap, the pieces can be pulled apart with a peeling action that applies the force to relatively few hooks at a time. If a flexible piece is pulled in a direction parallel to the plane of the surface, then the force is spread evenly, as it is with rigid pieces.
Three ways to maximize the strength of a bond between the two flexible pieces are:
Increase the area of the bond, e.g. using larger pieces.
Ensure that the force is applied parallel to the plane of the fastener surface, such as bending around a corner or pulley.
Increase the number of hooks and loops per area unit.
Shoe closures can resist a large force with only a small amount of hook-and-loop fasteners. This is because the strap is wrapped through a slot, halving the force on the bond by acting as a pulley system (thus gaining a mechanical advantage), and further absorbing some of the force in friction around the tight bend. This layout also ensures that the force is parallel to the strips.
Advantages and disadvantages[edit]
RFID transponder attached to car with touch fastener
Touch fasteners are easy to use, safe, and maintenance free. There is only a minimal decline in effectiveness even after many fastenings and unfastenings. The tearing noise it makes can also be useful against pickpockets.
There are also some deficiencies: it tends to accumulate hair, dust, and fur in its hooks after a few months of regular use. The loops can become elongated or broken after extended use. The hooks often become attached to articles of clothing, especially loosely woven items like sweaters. This clothing may be damaged when one attempts to remove the hook-and-loop, even if the sides are separated slowly. The tearing noise made by unfastening hook-and-loop fasteners make it inappropriate for some applications. For example, a soldier in hiding would not want to alert the enemy to his position by opening a pocket.[1] It also absorbs moisture and perspiration when worn next to the skin, which means it will smell if not washed.
Textiles can contain chemicals or compounds, such as dyes,[15] that may be allergenic to sensitive people. Some products have been tested according to the Oeko-tex certification standard, which imposes limits on the chemical content of textiles to address the issue of human ecological safety.[relevant? – discuss]
Applications[edit]
Because its ease of use, hook-and-loop fasteners have been used for a wide variety of applications where a temporary bond is required. It is especially popular in clothing where it replaces buttons or zippers, and as a shoe fastener for children who have not yet learned to tie shoelaces. Touch fasteners are used in adaptive clothing, which is designed for people with physical disabilities, the elderly, and the infirm, who may experience difficulty dressing themselves due to an inability to manipulate closures such as buttons and zippers.
Touch fasteners held together a human heart during the first artificial heart surgery, and it is used in nuclear power plants and army tanks to hold flashlights to walls. Cars use it to bond headliners, floor mats and speaker covers. It is used in the home when pleating draperies, holding carpets in place and attaching upholstery.[4] It closes backpacks, briefcases and notebooks, secures pockets, and holds disposable diapers, and diaper covers for cloth diapers, on babies. It is an integral part of the game tag rugby, and is used in surfboard leashes and orthopaedic braces.
NASA makes significant use of touch fasteners. Each space shuttle flew equipped with ten thousand inches of a special fastener made of Teflon loops, polyester hooks, and glass backing.[7] Touch fasteners are widely used, from the astronauts' suits, to anchoring equipment. In the near weightless conditions in orbit, hook-and-loop fasteners are used to temporarily hold objects and keep them from floating away.[16] A patch is used inside astronauts' helmets where it serves as a nose scratcher.[4][7] During mealtimes astronauts use trays that attach to their thighs using springs and fasteners.[12] Touch fasteners are also used aboard the International Space Station.
Variations on touch fasteners[edit]
3M Dual Lock
The Slidingly Engaging Fastener was developed to address several problems with common hook-and-loop fasteners.[17][18] Heavy-duty variants (such as "Dual Lock" or "Duotec") feature mushroom-shaped stems on each face of the fastener, providing an audible snap when the two faces mate. A strong pressure sensitive adhesive bonds each component to its substrate.
There is a silent version of touch fasteners, sometimes called Quiet Closures.
Standards[edit]
ASTM D5169-98 (2010) Standard Test Method for Shear Strength (Dynamic Method) of Hook and Loop Touch Fasteners
ASTM D5170-98 (2010) Standard Test Method for Peel Strength ("T" Method) of Hook and Loop Touch Fasteners
ASTM D2050-11 Standard Terminology Relating to Fasteners and Closures Used with Textiles
Jumping[edit]
Velcro jumping is a game where people wearing hook-covered suits take a running jump and hurl themselves as high as possible at a loop-covered wall.[7][19] The wall is inflated, and looks similar to other inflatable structures. It is not necessarily completely covered in the material—often there will be vertical strips of hooks. Sometimes, instead of a running jump, people use a small trampoline.
Television show host David Letterman immortalized this during the February 28, 1984 episode of Late Night with David Letterman on NBC. Letterman proved that with enough of the material a man could be hurled against a wall and stick, by performing this feat during the television broadcast.[4][10][19] This put the Velcro brand fastener in the national spotlight.[10][dubious – discuss]
Jumping goes beyond David Letterman, though. Amusement companies rent walls and jumpsuits for $400-$500 a day.[19] It was also done on a regular basis in pubs in both New York and New Zealand, where it is a competition to see how high a person can get their feet above the ground.[20] Jeremy Bayliss and Graeme Smith of the Cri Bar and Grill in Napier, New Zealand, started it after seeing American astronauts sticking to walls during space flights. They created their own equipment for the "human fly" contests, and sold it to several others in New Zealand.[20]
The game moved to the U.S. after Sports Illustrated published a story on it in 1991. Adam Powers and Stephen Wastell of the Perfect Tommy's bar in New York city read of the game, and soon became the United States distributor of Human Bar Fly equipment. Wall-jumping now exists in dozens of New Zealand bars and is said to be one of the favorite bar activities there.[20]
In popular culture[edit]
1969–1972 - Velcro brand fasteners were used on the suits, sample collection bags, and lunar vehicles during all Apollo program missions to the Moon.[21]
1984 - David Letterman wears a suit made of hook-and-loop and jumps from a trampoline into a wall covered in the product during an interview with Velcro Companies' USA director of industrial sales.[22]
1996 - In the John Frankenheimer film The Island of Dr. Moreau, Moreau's assistant jokingly claims that the doctor won his Nobel Prize for inventing Velcro.[23]
1997 - The fastener has become part of a recurring joke in various media in which it is claimed that modern humans would be unable to invent it, and that it is in fact a form of advanced technology. For example, K claims in Men in Black that Velcro was originally alien technology,[24]
2002 - The Star Trek: Enterprise episode "Carbon Creek" portrays Velcro as being introduced to human society by Vulcans in 1957. One of the Vulcans in the episode is named "Mestral", after the fastener's actual inventor and founder of the brand.[25]
2004 - One of the characters in the film Garden State made a vast fortune from inventing "silent Velcro".[26]
2016 - As an April Fool's Day joke Lexus introduced "Variable Load Coupling Rear Orientation (V-LCRO)" seats, technology that attaches the driver to the seat with Velcro Brand product to allow for more aggressive turns.[27]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Stephens, Thomas (2007-01-04). "How a Swiss invention hooked the world". swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
Jump up ^ McSweeney, Thomas J.; Stephanie Raha (August 1999). Better to Light One Candle: The Christophers' Three Minutes a Day: Millennial Edition. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8264-1162-4. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "About us: History". Velcro.us. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Strauss, Steven D. (December 2001). The Big Idea: How Business Innovators Get Great Ideas to Market. Kaplan Business. pp. 15–pp.18. ISBN 978-0-7931-4837-0. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
Jump up ^ Steven Vogel (1988). Life's Devices: The Physical World of Animals and Plants. ISBN 978-0-691-02418-9.
Jump up ^ Nachtigall, W. 1974. Biological Mechanisms of Attachment: the comparative morphology and bionengineering of organs for linkage New York : Springer-Verlag
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Schwarcz, Joseph A. (October 2003). Dr. Joe & What You Didn't Know: 99 Fascinating Questions About the Chemistry of Everyday Life. Ecw Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-55022-577-8. Retrieved 2008-05-09. But not every Velcro application has worked ... A strap-on device for impotent men also flopped.
Jump up ^ Sylvia Porter, "Your Money's Worth", Syracuse Herald-Journal, August 25, 1957, p21
Jump up ^ Id.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Freeman, Allyn; Bob Golden (September 1997). Why Didn't I Think of That: Bizarre Origins of Ingenious Inventions We Couldn't Live Without. Wiley. pp. 99–pp.104. ISBN 978-0-471-16511-8. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
Jump up ^ Suddath, Claire (June 15, 2010) A Brief History of: Velcro, Time.com
^ Jump up to: a b Jones, Thomas; Benson, Michael (January 2002). The Complete Idiot's Guide to NASA. Alpha. pp. 130–132. ISBN 978-0-02-864282-6. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
Jump up ^ Jane Pavitt (2008-09-01). Fear and fashion in the Cold War. Victoria & Albert Museum. ISBN 978-1-85177-544-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Weber, Robert John (February 1993). Forks, Phonographs, and Hot Air Balloons: A Field Guide to Inventive Thinking. Oxford University Press. pp. 157–160. ISBN 978-0-19-506402-5. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
Jump up ^ Crespo et al, Contact Dermatitis, 2009
Jump up ^ Jones, Thomas; Michael Benson (January 2002). The Complete Idiot's Guide to NASA. Alpha. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-02-864282-6. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
Jump up ^ Mone, Gregory (2007-05-14). "Invention awards The New Velcro". Popular Science. Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
Jump up ^ Body Beauty (2007-06-11). "Velcro Reinvented". InventorSpot.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sennett, Frank (November 2004). 101 Stunts for Principals to Inspire Student Achievement. Corwin Press. p. 86. ISBN 076198836X. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kleinfield, N. R. (1992-01-05). "Fly Through Air, Hit a Wall. Now Stay There". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
Jump up ^ "Working on the Moon". Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "LiveScience: Who Invented Velcro?". Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet (1996-08-23). "The Island of Dr. Moreau (1996)". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
Jump up ^ Tatara, Paul (1997-07-04). "'Men in Black:' DO believe the hype". CNN. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
Jump up ^ "Startrek.com:Carbon Creek". Startrek.com. CBS Studios. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
Jump up ^ Holden, Stephen (2004-07-28). "Garden State (2004)". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
Jump up ^ "TIME: Best April Fools Day Jokes". Retrieved 16 May 2016.
show
v
t
e
Sewing
Techniques
Basting
Cut
Darning
Ease
Embellishment
Fabric tube turning
Floating canvas
Gather
Godet
Gusset
Heirloom sewing
Shirring
Stitches
List of sewing stitches
Backstitch
Bar tack
Blanket
Blind stitch
Buttonhole
Catch stitch
Chain stitch
Cross-stitch
Embroidery stitch
Hemstitch
Lockstitch
Overlock
Pad stitch
Pick stitch
Rantering
Running
Sashiko
Stoating
Tack
Topstitch
Zigzag
Seams
Neckline
Felled seam
Seam allowance
Style line
Notions
Trims
Bias tape
Collar stays
Elastic
Grommet / Eyelet
Interfacing
Passementerie
Piping
Ruffle
Rickrack
Self-fabric
Soutache
Trim
Twill tape
Wrights
Closures
Buckle
Button
Buttonhole
Frog
Hook-and-eye
Hook and loop fastener
Shank
Snap
Zipper
Materials
Bias
Yarn / Thread
Selvage
Textiles / Fabrics
Tools
Bobbin
Dress form
Needlecase
Needle threader
Pattern notcher
Pin
Pincushion
Pinking shears
Scissors
Seam ripper
Sewing needle
Stitching awl
Tailor's ham
Tape measure
Thimble
Tracing paper
Tracing wheel
Trades
Suppliers
Cloth merchant
Draper
Dressmaker
Haberdasher
Mercer
Sewing occupations
Tailor
Sewing machine
manufacturers
List of sewing machine brands and companies
Barthélemy Thimonnier
Bernina International
Brother Industries
Elias Howe
Elna
Feiyue
Frister & Rossmann
Janome
Jones Sewing Machine Company
Juki
Merrow
New Home
Pfaff
Sewmor
Singer
Tapemaster
Viking / Husqvarna
White
Pattern manufacturers
Butterick
Burda
Clothkits
McCall's
Simplicity
Glossary of sewing terms
show
v
t
e
Clothing materials and parts
Garment structures
Armscye
Collar
Clerical collar
Collar stays
Detachable collar
Cuff
Dart
Facing
Fly
Lapel
Gore
Hem
Lining
Placket
Pleat
Pocket
Revers
Ruffle
Shoulder pad
Strap
Sleeve
Train
Waistband
Yoke
Textiles
Artificial leather
Cotton
Elastic
Fur
Linen
Nylon
Polyester
Rayon
Silk
Spandex
Wool
Animal hides / Leather
Calf
Deer
Goat
Kangaroo
Ostrich
Seal
Sheep
Snake
Stingray
Fasteners
Back closure
Belt hook
Buckle
Button
Buttonhole
Frog
Shank
Hook-and-eye
Hook and loop
Velcro
Snap
Zipper
Seams
Neckline
Bustline
Waistline
Hemline
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hook-and-loop_fastener&oldid=854571503"
Categories:
Textile closures
Fasteners
Swiss inventions
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015
Articles needing more detailed references
Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections
All accuracy disputes
Articles with disputed statements from August 2009
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
한국어
Հայերեն
עברית
Lietuvių
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Русский
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ᏣᎳᎩ
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
18 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 12 August 2018, at 09:07 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: thumbcaption clear:left

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (January 2008)

values:
/wiki/Space_shuttle
mw-redirect
Space shuttle

values: Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages

values: The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (April 2017)

values:
/wiki/Brace_(orthopaedic)
mw-redirect
Brace (orthopaedic)

values: Edit section: Variations on touch fasteners

values:
/wiki/Pressure_sensitive_adhesive
mw-redirect
Pressure sensitive adhesive

values:
/wiki/Inflatable_structure
mw-redirect
Inflatable structure

values: The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (August 2009)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.popsci.com/node/9642

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Collar_stays
mw-redirect
Collar stays

values:
/wiki/Hook_and_loop_fastener
mw-redirect
Hook and loop fastener

values:
/wiki/Bias_(textile)
mw-redirect
Bias (textile)

values:
/wiki/Feiyue_(Sewing)
mw-redirect
Feiyue (Sewing)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Template talk:Clothing materials and parts

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015

values: Category:Articles needing more detailed references

values: Category:Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections

values: Category:Articles with disputed statements from August 2009

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Hook-and-loop_fastener
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: لاصق فيلكرو – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takjapael
Takjapael – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: Տեքստիլ ճարմանդ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipukai
Lipukai – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Текстильная застёжка – Russian

values: Чичак трака – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: வெல்க்ரோ – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-chr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Липучка (застібка) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hook-and-loop_fastener rootpage-Hook-and-loop_fastener skin-vector action-view


text:
Sump pump
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A small submersible AC sump pump with a garden hose connector
A sump pump is a pump used to remove water that has accumulated in a water-collecting sump basin, commonly found in the basements of homes. The water may enter via the perimeter drains of a basement waterproofing system, funneling into the basin or because of rain or natural ground water, if the basement is below the water table level.
Sump pumps are used where basement flooding happens regularly and to solve dampness where the water table is above the foundation of a home. Sump pumps send water away from a house to any place where it is no longer problematic, such as a municipal storm drain or a dry well.
Pumps may discharge to the sanitary sewer in older installations. Once considered acceptable, this practice may now violate the plumbing code or municipal bylaws, because it can overwhelm the municipal sewage treatment system. Municipalities urge homeowners to disconnect and reroute sump pump discharge away from sanitary sewers. Fines may be imposed for noncompliance. Many homeowners have inherited their sump pump configurations and do not realize that the pump discharges into the sewer.
Usually hardwired into a home's electrical system, sump pumps may have a battery backup. The home's pressurized water supply powers some pumps, eliminating the need for electricity at the expense of using potable water, potentially making them more expensive to operate than electrical pumps and creating an additional water disposal problem. Since a sump basin may overflow if not constantly pumped, a backup system is important for cases when the main power is out for prolonged periods of time, as during a severe storm.
There are generally two types of sump pumps—pedestal and submersible. In the case of the pedestal pump, the motor is mounted above the sump—where it is more easily serviced, but is also more conspicuous. The pump impeller is driven by a long, vertical extension shaft and the impeller is in a scroll housing in the base of the pump. The submersible pump, on the other hand, is entirely mounted inside the sump, and is specially sealed to prevent electrical short circuits. There is debate about which variety of sump pump is better. Pedestal sump pumps usually last longer (25 to 30 years) if they are installed properly and kept free of debris. They are less expensive and easier to remove. Submersible pumps will only last 5 to 15 years. They are more expensive to purchase but can take up debris without clogging.[1][2]
Sump pump systems are also utilized in industrial and commercial applications to control water table-related problems in surface soil. An artesian aquifer or periodic high water table situation can cause the ground to become unstable due to water saturation. As long as the pump functions, the surface soil will remain stable. These sumps are typically ten feet in depth or more; lined with corrugated metal pipe that contains perforations or drain holes throughout. They may include electronic control systems with visual and audible alarms and are usually covered to prevent debris and animals from falling in.
Contents
[hide]
1 Components
2 Pump selection
3 Backup components
4 Maintenance
5 Footnotes
6 Resources
Components[edit]
Modern sump pump components in the United States are standardized. They consist of:
A plastic, metal, or concrete container forming a sump basin, approximately 2 feet (0.6 m) across and 2 to 3 feet (0.6 to 1 m) deep, 15 to 25 U.S. gallons (60 to 100 litre) capacity;
A sump pump, either 1/3 or 1/2 horsepower (200 or 400 W), either battery or mains powered (or both).
Pump selection[edit]
Selection of a sump pump may consider:
Automatic vs. manual operation – pump may be controlled automatically by a level switch.
Power – Sump pump motive power will vary from 1/4 horsepower to multiple horsepower.
Head pressure – The hydraulic head pressure of a sump pump describes the maximum height that the pump will move water. For instance, a sump pump with a 15 feet (4.6 m) maximum head (also called a shutoff head) will raise water up 15 feet (4.6 m) before it completely loses flow. .
Power cord length – Running a more powerful electrical motor a long distance from the main service panel will require heavier gauge wiring to assure sufficient voltage at the motor for proper pump performance.
Phase and voltage – Sump pumps powered from the AC mains are available with single-phase or three-phase induction motors, rated for 110–120, 220–240, or 460 volts. Three-phase power is typically not available in residential locations.
Water level sensing switch type – Pressure switches are fully enclosed, usually inside the pump body, making them immune to obstructions or floating debris in the sump basin. Float switches, particularly the types attached to the end of a short length of flexible electrical cable, can get tangled or obstructed, especially if the pump is prone to movement in the basin due to torque effects when starting and stopping. Pressure switches are typically factory set and not adjustable, while float switches can be adjusted in place to set the high and low water levels in the sump basin. There is a solid state switch utilizing field-effect technology, which will turn on and off the pump through use of an internal switch and a piggyback plug.
Backup system and alarm for critical applications.
Backup components[edit]
A secondary, typically battery-powered sump pump can operate if the first pump fails. A battery-powered secondary pump requires the following components in parallel with the above others:
A battery-driven 12 volt sump pump with its own water-level sensor, piping, and check valve (the pipes usually join after the check valves to prevent reverse flow through the primary when the secondary unit is pumping);
It must be a marine deep cycle battery, or special long-life standby battery. Standard automobile batteries are not suitable for this application. Auto batteries are designed to deliver a high current for a short period. Sump pumps need a smaller current for a long time.
A trickle-charge battery charger. It may alternately have a specialized controller to manage, monitor and test that the battery is holding a charge.
Alternative sump pump systems can be driven by municipal water pressure. Water-powered sump pumps are similar to backup-battery-driven systems with a separate pump, float and check valves. During installation, the float is mounted in the sump pit above the normal high water mark. Under normal conditions, your main electric powered sump pump will handle all the pumping duties. When water rises higher than normal for any reason, the backup float in the sump is lifted and activates the backup sump pump. As municipal water rushes through the ejector, it creates a powerful suction force which causes the PVC pipe to act like a giant soda straw, drawing water up from the sump and ejecting it outdoors. There are no impellers, turbines, motors, or mechanical parts to wear out. There are no batteries, wires, or chargers to monitor, tend to, or replace.[3]
One can also use an ejector pump that uses an ordinary garden hose to supply high-pressure water and another garden hose to carry the water away. Although such ejector pumps waste water and are relatively inefficient, they have the advantage of having no moving parts and offer the utmost in reliability.
If the backup sump system is rarely used, a component failure may not be noticed, and the system may fail when needed. Some battery control units test the system periodically and alert on failed electrical components.
A simple, battery-powered water alarm can be hung a short distance below the top of the sump to sound an alarm should the water level rise too high.
Maintenance[edit]
Illustration of a typical pedestal-type sump pump.
Sump basins and sump pumps must be maintained. Typical recommendations suggest examining equipment every year. Pumps running frequently due to higher water table, water drainage, or weather conditions should be examined more frequently. Sump pumps, being mechanical devices, will fail eventually, which could lead to a flooded basement and costly repairs. Redundancy in the system (multiple/secondary pumps) can help to avoid problems when maintenance and repairs are needed on the primary system.[4]
When examining a sump pump and cleaning it, dirt, gravel, sand, and other debris should be removed to increase efficiency and extend the life of the pump. These obstructions can also decrease the pump's ability to drain the sump, and can allow the sump to overflow. The check valve can also jam from the debris. Examine the discharge line opening, when applicable, to ensure there are no obstructions in the line. Even a partially obstructed discharge line can force a sump pump to work harder and increase its chance of overheating and failure.[5]
Float switches are used to automatically turn the sump pump on when water rises to a preset level. Float switches must be clear of any obstructions within the sump. A float guard can be used to prevent the float switch from accidentally resting on the pump housing, and remaining on. As mechanical float switches can wear out, they should be periodically tested by actuating them manually to assure that they continue to move freely and that the switch contacts are opening and closing properly.
If left in standing water, pedestal pumps should be manually run from time to time, even if the water in the sump isn't high enough to trip the float switch. This is because these pumps are incapable of removing all the water in a sump and the lower bearing or bushing for the pump impeller shaft tends to remain submerged, making it prone to corrosion and eventually freezing the drive shaft in the bearing. In the alternative, a pedestal pump that is expected to remain idle for an extended time should be removed from the sump and stored out of water, or the sump should be mopped out to bring the level of the remaining water well below the lower shaft bearing.
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Pedestal Sump Pumps". Retrieved January 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sump Pumps: The Differences Between Common Pump Models". Basement Health Pros. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Basepump Water-Powered Backup Sump Pump". Alpha Plumbing. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sump Pumps". Basement-repair.com. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
Jump up ^ Author unknown (Date unknown). Basement Troubleshooting Guide: Failing Sump Pumps.
Resources[edit]
Ann Cameron Siegal, "The Sump Pump's Fault, or Yours?", Washington Post, August 9, 2008
"Sump Pump Helps Keep Water Out", North Dakota State University Extension Service, June 14, 2005
Thomas Scherer, "Sump Pump Questions", North Dakota State University Extension Service
"Sizing Up a Sump Pump" (pdf), University of Illinois Extension
John Newton & Co. "Sump Pumps - Your Questions Answered"
[hide]
v
t
e
Sewerage
Types
Combined sewer
Decentralized wastewater system
Drain-waste-vent system
Effluent sewer
Force main
Gravity sewer
Outfall
Sanitary sewer
Simplified sewerage
Storm drain
Vacuum sewer
Construction materials
Asbestos cement pipe
Brickwork
Cast iron pipe
Concrete pipe
Culvert
Interceptor ditch
Plastic pipe
Reinforced concrete
Steel pipe
Vitrified clay pipe
Related equipment
Chopper pumps
Combined sewer overflow
Grease trap
Grinder pump
Manhole
Lift station
Sewage pumping
Sewer dosing unit
Sewer gas destructor lamp
Stormwater detention vault
Submersible pump
Sump pump
Trap
Problems
Biogenic sulfide corrosion
Blocked Sewer
First flush
Infiltration/Inflow
Sanitary sewer overflow
Sewer fly
Sewer gas
Sewer rat
Liquids transported
Blackwater (waste)
Greywater
Industrial wastewater
Sewage
Stormwater
Wastewater
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sump_pump&oldid=818484601"
Categories:
Home appliances
Plumbing
Pumps
Stormwater management
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from April 2017
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 3 January 2018, at 21:03.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

value: tr

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Foundation_(architecture)
mw-redirect
Foundation (architecture)

values:
/wiki/Deep_cycle_battery
mw-redirect
Deep cycle battery

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template talk:Sewerage (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Lift_station
mw-redirect
Lift station

values:
/wiki/Blocked_Sewer
mw-redirect
Blocked Sewer

values:
/wiki/Industrial_wastewater
mw-redirect
Industrial wastewater

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Sump_pump
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Sump_pump rootpage-Sump_pump skin-vector action-view


text:
Miracles from Heaven (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Miracles from Heaven
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Patricia Riggen
Produced by
DeVon Franklin
T. D. Jakes
Joe Roth
Written by
Randy Brown
Based on
Miracles from Heaven
by Christy Beam
Starring
Jennifer Garner
Kylie Rogers
Martin Henderson
Eugenio Derbez
Queen Latifah
Music by
Carlo Siliotto
Cinematography
Checco Varese
Edited by
Emma E. Hickox
Production
companies
Affirm Films
Roth Films
Franklin Entertainment
Distributed by
Columbia Pictures
Release date
February 21, 2016 (2016-02-21) (Dallas)
March 16, 2016 (2016-03-16) (United States)
Running time
109 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$13 million[2]
Box office
$73.9 million[3]
Miracles from Heaven is a 2016 American Christian drama film directed by Patricia Riggen and written by Randy Brown. It is based on Miracles from Heaven by Christy Beam, which recounts the true story of her young daughter who had a near-death experience and was later cured of an incurable disease. The film stars Jennifer Garner, Kylie Rogers, Martin Henderson, John Carroll Lynch, Eugenio Derbez, and Queen Latifah. Principal photography began in Atlanta, Georgia, in July 2015. The film was released on March 16, 2016. The movie was financially successful, and although critical reception was mixed, Garner's performance earned general praise.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
4 Soundtrack
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Set in Burleson, Texas, between 2008 and 2012, the film centers on a 10-year-old girl named Annabel Beam, daughter of Christy Beam. One day, Anna starts to vomit, and when examined by her doctor, he does not find anything abnormal. On March 20, 2008, Anna wakes up her family at midnight because of an intense stomach pain, severe enough that her parents decide to take her to the hospital. Doctors find no signs of illness, except to say it could be either acid reflux, or lactose intolerance, but Christy is not convinced by this. The following morning, Christy finally finds a pediatrician in the hospital that is able to diagnose Anna with an abdominal obstruction, and he tells them he must operate immediately or she will die. After the emergency surgery is performed, the doctor explains that Anna has been left with pseudo-obstruction motility disorder and she is unable to eat, so feeding tubes are needed for her nutrition. The doctor then tells the Beams about America's foremost pediatric gastroenterologist, Dr. Nurko, who practices in Boston, but explains it could take months for them to be seen. In January 2009, Christy and Anna travel to Boston despite not having an appointment with the doctor.
Dr. Nurko has a last minute opening, and when Anna is subsequently examined at Boston Children's Hospital, the extent of her chronic illness is found. She then goes through extensive treatment. During this ordeal, Anna and her mother befriend a local Massachusetts resident named Angela, as well as Ben and his sick daughter, Haley.
On December 29, 2011, Anna, along with her bigger sister Abbie, climb up to a very high branch of an old cotton tree. While they are on that branch, it begins to break. Anna goes to the trunk for safety, whereupon stepping on it, she falls in a hole to the base of the tree. When Christy finds out what has happened, she desperately calls her husband, as well as the fire department. Anna is then rescued by the firefighters, who warn Christy to expect the worst by saying that nobody could fall 30 feet without sustaining a serious injury; broken bones or paralysis. Once out, Anna is airlifted to a hospital, where a battery of tests are run on her, and all of the tests come back negative. Other than a minor concussion, Anna is uninjured. . . . Sometime after the fall, Anna seems to no longer be affected by her illness. When Christy and Anna go to an appointment with Dr. Nurko, he tells Christy that Anna is miraculously cured. Anna then recounts with her parents the experience she had during the fall. She describes how her soul left her body during the fall, and God promised that she would be cured of her illness upon her return to Earth. At church, Christy shares the story of how God miraculously healed her daughter with His love. As Christy finishes her speech, one of the congregation protests, stating that she does not believe Christy. Ben, who has traveled from Boston upon hearing the story about Anna, believes her and tells her that his daughter Haley died peacefully because Anna gave her faith when in the hospital.
Cast[edit]
Jennifer Garner as Christy Beam, Anna's mother[4]
Kylie Rogers as Anna Beam[5]
Martin Henderson as Dr. Kevin Beam, Christy's husband and Anna's father[6]
Eugenio Derbez as Dr. Nurko, a pediatric gastroenterologist who is Anna's doctor at the Boston Children's Hospital.[7]
Queen Latifah as Angela, a waitress who befriends Anna and her mother in a restaurant in Boston[8]
Brighton Sharbino as Abbie Beam, the oldest Beam daughter
Courtney Fansler as Adelynn Beam, the youngest Beam daughter
Zach Sale as Dr. Blyth, the first doctor to listen to Christy about her sick daughter
Kelly Collins Lintz as Emmy, a family friend of the Beams
John Carroll Lynch as Reverend Scott, the Senior Pastor of the Beam family's church
Brandon Spink as Billy Snyder, a friend of Anna
Hannah Alligood as Haley, a sick cancer patient who becomes friends with Anna
Wayne Pere as Ben, Haley's father
Bruce Altman as Dr. Burgi, Anna's doctor who is the head of the pediatric division at the hospital in Texas
Suehyla El-Attar as a receptionist at the Boston Children's hospital
The real Beam family makes a cameo at the end of the film before the credits.
Production[edit]
On November 10, 2014, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Sony Pictures Entertainment had acquired the film adaptation rights to a faith-based memoir, Miracles From Heaven: A Little Girl, Her Journey to Heaven, and Her Amazing Story of Healing, written by Christy Beam, and hired Randy Brown to write the script.[9] The team behind the studios' 2014 Christian film Heaven Is for Real, T. D. Jakes and Joe Roth, were retained to produce the film along with DeVon Franklin.[9]
On April 8, 2015, the studio hired Patricia Riggen to direct the film.[10] On April 30, 2015, Jennifer Garner was cast to star in the film as Christy Beam.[4] On June 22, 2015, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Queen Latifah was cast as a waitress who befriends Anna and Beam at the Boston Children's Hospital.[8] On the same day, Variety confirmed the casting of Martin Henderson to play the girl's father and Beam's husband.[6]
On June 29, 2015, Kylie Rogers was cast as Beam's sick daughter Anna.[5] On July 17, 2015, Eugenio Derbez was cast to play a character inspired by Children's Hospital specialist Dr. Samuel Nurko, an American-based Mexican pediatric gastroenterologist who eases his young patients' treatment by playing games with them.[7] John Carroll Lynch was also cast in the film for an unspecified role.[11]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography on the film began in Atlanta, Georgia, in July 2015, as Garner was spotted filming on July 8.[12] Filming was subsequently confirmed by various sources, together with announcements that David R. Sandefur and Emma E. Hickox had been appointed as production designer and editor, respectively.[11][13] On August 2, 2015, Latifah and Garner were spotted on the set of film in Atlanta.[14]
Soundtrack[edit]
The Miracles from Heaven soundtrack features songs from Howie Day, George Harrison, Clayton Anderson, Third Day and others.[15] The southern Christian rock band Third Day made a cameo as the church worship band.[16]
No.
Title
Music
Length
1. "Soul on Fire" Third Day
2. "Right Where I Belong" Clayton Anderson
3. "Collide" Howie Day 4:09
4. "Your Words" Third Day
5. "Here Comes the Sun" Cam 3:06
Release[edit]
On May 11, 2015, the film was scheduled for a March 18, 2016 release by Columbia Pictures. On January 10, it was moved up to March 16.[17] The film held its world premiere on February 21, 2016 in Dallas, Texas.[18]
Home media[edit]
Miracles from Heaven was released on Digital Media on June 21, 2016, and was followed by a DVD, Blu-ray, and 4K Ultra HD release on July 12, 2016, from AFFIRM Films and Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.[19][20] The film debuted in second place on the home video sales chart behind The Divergent Series: Allegiant for the week ending on July 17, 2016.[21]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Miracles from Heaven grossed $61.7 million in North America and $12.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $73.9 million, against a budget of $13 million.[3]
The film grossed $1.9 million on its first day, finishing second at the box office behind Zootopia ($4.6 million).[22] The film had an $18 million Wednesday-to-Sunday gross, including $14.8 million in its opening weekend, finishing third at the box office behind Zootopia ($37.2 million) and The Divergent Series: Allegiant ($29 million).[23]
On its opening weekend in the United Kingdom, Miracles from Heaven grossed $29 thousand, dropping to $231 by week four.[24]
Critical response[edit]
Miracles from Heaven received generally mixed reviews from critics, with Garner's performance receiving praise. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 43%, based on 87 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The site's consensus reads, "Miracles from Heaven makes the most out of an outstanding performance from Jennifer Garner, but it isn't quite enough to keep this faith-based drama from preaching to the choir."[25] On Metacritic the film has a score of 44 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[26] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale.[22]
Accolades[edit]
Association
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref.
People's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie Miracles from Heaven Nominated [27]
Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Drama Miracles from Heaven Won [28]
Choice Movie Actress: Drama Jennifer Garner Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "AMC Theatres: Miracles from Heaven". AMC Theatres. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lang, Brent. "Box Office: 'Allegiant' Opening Falling Short of Other 'Divergent' Films". Variety. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Miracles from Heaven (2016)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Kroll, Justin (April 30, 2015). "Jennifer Garner to Star in 'Miracles From Heaven' for Sony (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Kit, Borys (June 29, 2015). "'Whispers' Actress Joins Jennifer Garner in 'Miracles from Heaven' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Kroll, Justin (June 22, 2015). "Martin Henderson Joins Jennifer Garner in 'Miracles From Heaven'". Variety. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Hopewell, John (July 17, 2015). "Platino Awards: Eugenio Derbez Joins 'Miracles From Heaven'". Variety. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Siegel, Tatiana; Kit, Borys (June 22, 2015). "Queen Latifah to Star in Sony's 'Miracles From Heaven' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Kit, Borys (November 10, 2014). "'Heaven Is for Real' Producers Reteam for Sony's 'Miracles From Heaven' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (April 8, 2015). "Sony's 'Miracles From Heaven' Adaptation Finds Director (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "MIRACLES FROM HEAVEN Starring Jennifer Garner, Martin Henderson, Kylie Rogers, Eugenio Derbez & Queen Latifah Begins Filming in Atlanta". PR Newswire. July 17, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jennifer Garner dons brighter look in yellow cardigan and polka dot dress as she gets back to work on faith-based film after split". Daily Mail. July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "On the Set for 7/13/15: Jennifer Garner Begins Shooting Miracles from Heaven, Michael Bay Wraps 13 Hours & Doug Liman Calls Cut on Mena". ssninsider.com. July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Queen Latifah and Jennifer Garner on the Miracles from Heaven Set". comingsoon.net. August 2, 2015. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Miracles from Heaven". IMDb. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Miracles From Heaven': Film Review". IMDb. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (May 11, 2015). "'Miracles From Heaven' To Release In Time For Easter From Sony". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Atlas, Darla (February 22, 2016). "Jennifer Garner Opens Up About Faith and Family Following the Premiere of Miracles from Heaven". People.com. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Miracles From Heaven Coming Soon on Home Media Christian Cinema, May 24, 2016
Jump up ^ Silas Lesnick (July 21, 2016). "July 12, 2016: This Week on Blu-ray, DVD and Digital HD". Comingsoon.net. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ John Latchem (July 21, 2016). "'Allegiant' Debuts Atop Disc Sales Charts". Variety. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Miracles From Heaven' Opens Wednesday With A+ CinemaScore". Deadline Hollywood.
Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson (March 20, 2016). "Weekend Box Office: 'Divergent: Allegiant' Crumbles, 'Miracles From Heaven' Nabs Divine Debut". Forbes. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ [1] Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ "Miracles from Heaven (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Miracles from Heaven reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 – Full List". Deadline Hollywood. November 15, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Goodman, Jessica (August 1, 2016). "Teen Choice Awards 2016: See the full list of winners". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
Christy Beam
Miracles from Heaven on IMDb
Miracles from Heaven at the TCM Movie Database
Miracles from Heaven at History vs. Hollywood
hide
v
t
e
Films directed by Patricia Riggen
Under the Same Moon (2007)
Lemonade Mouth (2011)
Girl in Progress (2012)
The 33 (2015)
Miracles from Heaven (2016)
Template:Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Drama
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miracles_from_Heaven_(film)&oldid=865274892"
Categories:
2016 films
English-language films
2010s drama films
American drama films
American films
Columbia Pictures films
Affirm Films films
Drama films based on actual events
Films about children
Films about Christianity
Films about diseases
Films about Evangelicalism
Films based on non-fiction books
Films directed by Patricia Riggen
Films produced by Joe Roth
Films set in 2011
Films set in Texas
Films shot in Atlanta
Heaven and hell films
Near-death experiences
Hidden categories:
Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Čeština
Español
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Magyar
日本語
Português
Українська
中文
5 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 October 2018, at 21:38 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

value: li

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Acid_reflux
mw-redirect
Acid reflux

values:
/wiki/Intestinal_pseudoobstruction
mw-redirect
Intestinal pseudoobstruction

values:
/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Entertainment
mw-redirect
Sony Pictures Entertainment

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards
mw-redirect
People's Choice Awards

values: background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress Drama

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.christybeam.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4257926/
external text

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Template:Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Drama (page does not exist)

values: Category:Drama films based on actual events

values: Category:Films based on non-fiction books

values: Category:Films directed by Patricia Riggen

values: Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Miracles_from_Heaven_(film)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: معجزات من الجنة (فيلم) – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values: معجزه‌هایی از بهشت (فیلم) – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 미라클 프롬 헤븐 – Korean

values: Miracles from Heaven (film) – Indonesian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: 天国からの奇跡 – Japanese

values: Чудеса з небес (фільм) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: 來自天堂的奇蹟 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Miracles_from_Heaven_film rootpage-Miracles_from_Heaven_film skin-vector action-view


text:
Home Equity Theft Prevention Act
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
hideThis article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Home Equity Theft Prevention Act ("HETPA", NY RPL §265-a) is a New York State law passed on July 26, 2006, to provide homeowners of residential property with information and disclosures in order to make informed decisions when approached by persons seeking a sale or transfer of the homeowner's property, particularly when homeowners are in default on their mortgage payments or the property is in foreclosure.[1]
Contents
1 Covered contract
2 Contractual requirements
3 Five-day right of recission
4 Prohibited behavior
5 Remedies
6 Exclusions
7 Impact on deeds in lieu of foreclosure
8 References
9 External links
Covered contract[edit]
A contract is covered if it is either (i) currently in foreclosure or on a tax lien sale list; or (ii) the owner is in default (behind on mortgage payments by 2+ months) and the sale involves a reconveyance agreement.
A reconveyance arrangement has two elements: (i) A sale, mortgage, lien, encumbrance or any other method which allows an "equity purchaser" to obtain legal or equitable title to all or part of the property; and (ii) Some agreement or promise to the "equity seller" that he/she can regain ownership of the property (e.g., the purchase agreement, option to purchase, lease, etc.)
There are some key requirements for a valid reconveyance agreement. The equity purchaser needs the equity seller's permission to resell the property to anyone else for so long as the equity seller has a right to buy the property back.
Either (i) title to the property must eventually be reconveyed to the equity seller; or (ii) the equity purchaser must have paid seller at least 82% of the fair market value of the property within 120 days of the eviction or voluntary relinquishment by the equity seller.
The equity purchaser must confirm that the equity seller has the "reasonable ability" to buy back the property and the deed must recite that the property is subject to reconveyance and the terms of the reconveyance arrangement.
Contractual requirements[edit]
Once a contract is determined to be covered by the Act, there are some strict contractual requirements that must be met:
The contract must contain the entire agreement between the parties and must meet the following format requirements: Contract must be fully completed (i.e., no blank spaces); Font size equal to at least 12-point bold type; In English or in both English or Spanish if Spanish is the primary language of the equity seller; Name, address and phone number of the buyer; Address of the subject property; Consideration to be paid; List of all services that buyer has promised; Terms for payment of the consideration; Time at which possession of the property must be surrendered; Terms of any rental or lease agreement; Terms of any reconveyance agreement; Notice of right to cancellation in the immediate proximity of signature line and font in at least 14-point bold type (form in HEPTA); and Notice of cancellation form to be attached to the contract (form in HEPTA)
Any provision which purports to limit the liability of the equity purchaser shall be null and void. Inclusion of such a provision shall, at the option of the equity seller, render the covered contract void. Any provision which purports to require arbitration shall be void at the option of the equity seller. Any waiver of any or all HEPTA shall be void and unenforceable as contrary to the public policy.
Five-day right of recission[edit]
The Act also gives the equity seller a five-day right to cancel the contract; a "cooling off" period. Once an equity seller cancels the contract by sending the cancellation form or otherwise indicating such an intention, the equity purchaser must return all original contracts and other documents signed by the equity seller within 10 days, as well as any fee or other consideration received by the equity purchaser from the equity seller. Cancellation of the contract releases the equity seller of all obligations to pay fees to the equity purchaser.
Prohibited behavior[edit]
Before midnight on the 5th business day after the contract is executed, the equity purchaser cannot: Accept a deed; Record any document with the county clerk; Transfer any interest in the residence; Pay the equity seller any consideration; Suggest that the equity seller waive his/her right to cancel or rescind.
The equity purchaser is prohibited from representing (directly or indirectly) that: Equity purchaser is an advisor or acting on behalf of the equity seller; Equity purchaser has certification that buyer actually does not have or that buyer is not a member of a licensed profession when he actually is a member of that profession; Equity purchaser is helping the equity seller "save" the residence, unless equity purchaser has a good faith basis for such representation; or Equity purchaser is helping the equity seller in preventing a foreclosure unless the equity purchaser has a good faith basis for such representation
An equity purchaser shall make no false or misleading statement regarding: The value of the property; The amount of proceeds the equity seller will receive after a foreclosure sale; The timing of the judicial foreclosure process; Any contract term The equity seller's rights and obligations; The nature of any document which the equity purchaser induces the equity seller to sign; Any other false or misleading statement concerning the sale of the property or concerning a reconveyance arrangement
The equity purchaser is prohibited from making any contract that takes unconscionable advantage of the equitable seller.
Remedies[edit]
2-Year Right of Rescission - Generally, a violation of the contractual requirements or any of the prohibited acts in Subdivision 7 makes the conveyance voidable and may be rescinded within 2 years of the date the deed was recorded. The statute then gives the equity purchaser (or its successor) twenty days to reconvey the property on the condition of repayment of any consideration paid to the equity seller. HEPTA does not affect the rights of a bona-fide purchaser or encumbrancer for value if their conveyance occurred before the recording of the notice of rescission.
6-Year Statute of Limitations - Within 6 years, an equity seller may bring an action for the recovery of damages or equitable relief against an equity purchaser for a violation of HEPTA. A court may award actual damages plus reasonable attorneys' fees and costs. The court is also authorized to award equitable relief of up to 3 times the actual damages.
There are also criminal penalties for violation of prohibited behavior listed in Subdivision 7:
Violation "with intent to defraud" = class E felony, subject to imprisonment and a fine of not more than $25,000. "Knowingly violates" = Class A misdemeanor, subject to a fine of not more than $25,000 and imprisonment in accordance with the penal law, or both.
A mortgage broker or bank making a loan with knowledge that the equity purchaser is not complying with HEPTA is subject to penalties under Banking Law §595-a. These criminal penalties are in addition to the risk that the equity seller will rescind and thereby jeopardize the encumbrancer's interest in the property.
Exclusions[edit]
Those who acquire title as follows are excluded from HETPA:
(i) To use, and then actually uses, the property as his/her primary residence;
(ii) By a deed from a referee in a foreclosure sale;
(iii) At any sale of property authorized by statute;
(iv) By order or judgment of any court;
(v) From a spouse, or from a parent, grandparent, child, grandchild or sibling of such person or such person's spouse;
(vi) As a not-for-profit housing organization or as a public housing agency; or
(vii) As a bona fide purchaser or encumbrancer for value (e.g. a lienholder)
What is a Bona Fide Purchaser? One who (i) acts in good faith; (ii) purchases for valuable consideration or provide a mortgage; (iii) has no notice of the equity seller's continuing right to, or equity in, the property prior to the acquisition of title or encumbrance; (iv) has no notice of any violation of HETPA by the equity purchaser as related to the property. Generally, this is one who either purchases from or provides a loan to the equity purchaser.
An equity purchaser has a defense to a violation of Subdivision 7 if he/she (i) acted in good faith; (ii) proves that the violation was not intentional (iii) proves that the violation resulted from a bona fide error despite procedures adapted to avoid such errors; (iv) notifies the equity seller within ninety days of the contract date of the compliance failure; Makes appropriate restitution within ninety days of the contract date.
Examples of bona fide errors include clerical, calculation, computer malfunction and programming, and printing errors. An error of legal judgment is NOT a bona fide error, nor is a failure to provide notices or other material information.
Impact on deeds in lieu of foreclosure[edit]
There is some confusion as to whether HEPTA applies to deeds in lieu of foreclosure since there is no clear exclusion as there is for referee deeds, for example. The 2-year right of rescission is not a risk that banks or title insurers are comfortable with, especially given the complexities of compliance, so many banks and title insurers are not willing to work with deeds in lieu.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Industry Letters > General > Mortgage Banking: Home Equity Theft Prevention Act". State of New York Banking Department. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012.
External links[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_Equity_Theft_Prevention_Act&oldid=838133423"
Categories:
New York (state) statutes
Real property law in the United States
2006 in law
Housing legislation in the United States
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from March 2011
All articles needing additional references
Articles needing cleanup from December 2008
All pages needing cleanup
Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from December 2008
Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2008
Articles with multiple maintenance issues
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 25 April 2018, at 03:59 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: class role tabindex

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup

values:
mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible
width:95%; margin: 0.2em 0;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox

values:
/wiki/New_York_State
mw-redirect
New York State

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Edit section: Five-day right of recission

values:
/wiki/County_clerk
mw-redirect
County clerk

values:
/wiki/Non-profit_organization
mw-redirect
Non-profit organization

values: Edit section: Impact on deeds in lieu of foreclosure

values:
/wiki/Deeds_in_lieu_of_foreclosure
mw-redirect
Deeds in lieu of foreclosure

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Real property law in the United States

values: Category:Housing legislation in the United States

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2011

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles needing cleanup from December 2008

values: Category:Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from December 2008

values: Category:Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2008

values: Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Home_Equity_Theft_Prevention_Act
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Home_Equity_Theft_Prevention_Act rootpage-Home_Equity_Theft_Prevention_Act skin-vector action-view