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Weather front
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Approaching weather fronts are often visible from the ground, but are not always as well defined as this.
A weather front is a boundary separating two masses of air of different densities, and is the principal cause of meteorological phenomena outside the tropics. In surface weather analyses, fronts are depicted using various colored triangles and half-circles, depending on the type of front. The air masses separated by a front usually differ in temperature and humidity. Cold fronts may feature narrow bands of thunderstorms and severe weather, and may on occasion be preceded by squall lines or dry lines. Warm fronts are usually preceded by stratiform precipitation and fog. The weather usually clears quickly after a front's passage. Some fronts produce no precipitation and little cloudiness, although there is invariably a wind shift.[1]
Cold fronts and occluded fronts generally move from west to east, while warm fronts move poleward. Because of the greater density of air in their wake, cold fronts and cold occlusions move faster than warm fronts and warm occlusions. Mountains and warm bodies of water can slow the movement of fronts.[2] When a front becomes stationary, and the density contrast across the frontal boundary vanishes, the front can degenerate into a line which separates regions of differing wind velocity, known as a shearline. This is most common over the open ocean.
Contents
[hide]
1 Bergeron classification of air masses
2 Surface weather analysis
3 Front Types
3.1 Cold front
3.2 Warm front
3.3 Occluded front
3.4 Stationary front
3.5 Dry line
3.6 Squall line
4 Precipitation produced
5 Movement
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Bergeron classification of air masses[edit]
Main article: Air mass
The Bergeron classification is the most widely accepted form of air mass classification. Air mass classifications are indicated by three letters. The first letter describes its moisture properties, with c used for continental air masses (dry) and m for maritime air masses (moist). The second letter describes the thermal characteristic of its source region: T for tropical, P for polar, A for arctic or Antarctic, M for monsoon, E for equatorial, and S for superior air (dry air formed by significant upward motion in the atmosphere). The third letter designates the stability of the atmosphere. If the air mass is colder than the ground below it, it is labeled k. If the air mass is warmer than the ground below it, it is labeled w.[3] Fronts separate air masses of different types or origins, and are located along troughs of lower pressure.[4]
Different air masses which affect North America, as well as other continents, tend to be separated by frontal boundaries. In this illustration, the Arctic front separates Arctic from Polar air masses, while the Polar front separates Polar air from warm air masses. (cA is continental arctic; cP is continental polar; mP is maritime polar; cT is continental tropic; and mT is maritime tropic.)
Surface weather analysis[edit]
Weather map symbols:
1. cold front;
2. warm front;
3. stationary front;
4. occluded front;
5. surface trough;
6. squall/shear line;
7. dry line;
8. tropical wave;
9. trowal
Main articles: Surface weather analysis, Low-pressure area, and High-pressure area
A surface weather analysis is a special type of weather map which provides a view of weather elements over a geographical area at a specified time based on information from ground-based weather stations.[5] Weather maps are created by plotting or tracing the values of relevant quantities such as sea-level pressure, temperature, and cloud cover onto a geographical map to help find synoptic scale features such as weather fronts. Surface weather analyses have special symbols which show frontal systems, cloud cover, precipitation, or other important information. For example, an H may represent high pressure, implying fair weather. An L on the other hand may represent low pressure, which frequently accompanies precipitation. Low pressure also creates surface winds deriving from high pressure zones. Various symbols are used not just for frontal zones and other surface boundaries on weather maps, but also to depict the present weather at various locations on the weather map. In addition, areas of precipitation help determine the frontal type and location.[5]
Front Types[edit]
There are two different meanings used within meteorology to describe weather around a frontal zone. The term "anafront" describes boundaries which show instability, meaning air rises rapidly along and over the boundary to cause significant weather changes. A "katafront" is weaker, bringing smaller changes in temperature and moisture, as well as limited rainfall.[6]
Cold front[edit]
Main article: Cold front
A cold front is located at the leading edge of the temperature drop off, which in an isotherm analysis shows up as the leading edge of the isotherm gradient, and it normally lies within a sharp surface trough. Cold fronts often bring heavy thunderstorms, rain and hail. Cold fronts can produce sharper changes in weather and move up to twice as quickly as warm fronts, since cold air is denser than warm air and rapidly replaces the warm air preceding the boundary. On weather maps, the surface position of the cold front is marked with the symbol of a blue line of triangle-shaped pips pointing in the direction of travel, and it is placed at the leading edge of the cooler air mass.[2] Cold fronts come in association with a low-pressure area. The concept of colder, dense air "wedging" under the less dense warmer air is often used to depict how air is lifted along a frontal boundary. The cold air wedging underneath warmer air creates the strongest winds just above the ground surface, a phenomenon often associated with property-damaging wind gusts. This lift would then form a narrow line of showers and thunderstorms if enough moisture were present. However, this concept isn't an accurate description of the physical processes;[7] upward motion is not produced because of warm air "ramping up" cold, dense air, rather, frontogenetical circulation is behind the upward forcing.
Warm front[edit]
Main article: Warm front
Warm fronts are at the leading edge of a homogeneous warm air mass, which is located on the equatorward edge of the gradient in isotherms, and lie within broader troughs of low pressure than cold fronts. A warm front moves more slowly than the cold front which usually follows because cold air is denser and harder to remove from the Earth's surface.[2] This also forces temperature differences across warm fronts to be broader in scale. Clouds ahead of the warm front are mostly stratiform, and rainfall gradually increases as the front approaches. Fog can also occur preceding a warm frontal passage. Clearing and warming is usually rapid after frontal passage. If the warm air mass is unstable, thunderstorms may be embedded among the stratiform clouds ahead of the front, and after frontal passage thundershowers may continue. On weather maps, the surface location of a warm front is marked with a red line of semicircles pointing in the direction of travel.[2]
Occluded front[edit]
Main article: Occluded front
Occluded front depiction for the Northern Hemisphere
An occluded front is formed when a cold front overtakes a warm front,[8] and usually forms around mature low-pressure areas.[2] The cold and warm fronts curve naturally poleward into the point of occlusion, which is also known as the triple point.[9] It lies within a sharp trough, but the air mass behind the boundary can be either warm or cold. In a cold occlusion, the air mass overtaking the warm front is cooler than the cool air ahead of the warm front and plows under both air masses. In a warm occlusion, the air mass overtaking the warm front is warmer than the cold air ahead of the warm front and rides over the colder air mass while lifting the warm air.[2]
A wide variety of weather can be found along an occluded front, with thunderstorms possible, but usually their passage is associated with a drying of the air mass. Within the occlusion of the front, a circulation of air brings warm air upward and sends drafts of cold air downward, or vice versa depending on the occlusion the front is experiencing. Precipitations and clouds are associated with the trowal, the projection on the Earth's surface of the tongue of warm air aloft formed during the occlusion process of the depression.[10]
Occluded fronts are indicated on a weather map by a purple line with alternating half-circles and triangles pointing in direction of travel.[2] The trowal is indicated by a series of blue and red junction lines.
Stationary front[edit]
Main article: Stationary front
A stationary front is a non-moving (or stalled) boundary between two air masses, neither of which is strong enough to replace the other. They tend to remain essentially in the same area for extended periods of time, usually moving in waves.[11] There is normally a broad temperature gradient behind the boundary with more widely spaced isotherm packing.
A wide variety of weather can be found along a stationary front, but usually clouds and prolonged precipitation are found there. Stationary fronts either dissipate after several days or devolve into shear lines, but they can transform into a cold or warm front if conditions aloft change. Stationary fronts are marked on weather maps with alternating red half-circles and blue spikes pointing in opposite directions, indicating no significant movement.
When stationary fronts become smaller in scale, degenerating to a narrow zone where wind direction changes significantly over a relatively short distance, they become known as shearlines.[12] A shearline is depicted as a line of red dots and dashes.[2] Stationary fronts may bring snow or rain for a long period of time.
Dry line[edit]
Main article: Dry line
A similar phenomenon to a weather front is the dry line, which is the boundary between air masses with significant moisture differences. When the westerlies increase on the north side of surface highs, areas of lowered pressure will form downwind of north–south oriented mountain chains, leading to the formation of a lee trough. Near the surface during daylight hours, warm moist air is denser than dry air of greater temperature, and thus the warm moist air wedges under the drier air like a cold front. At higher altitudes, the warm moist air is less dense than the dry air and the boundary slope reverses. In the vicinity of the reversal aloft, severe weather is possible, especially when a triple point is formed with a cold front.[13] A weaker form of the dry line seen more commonly is the lee trough, which displays weaker differences in moisture. When moisture pools along the boundary during the warm season, it can be the focus of diurnal thunderstorms.[14]
The dry line may occur anywhere on earth in regions intermediate between desert areas and warm seas. The southern plains west of the Mississippi River in the United States are a particularly favored location. The dry line normally moves eastward during the day and westward at night. A dry line is depicted on National Weather Service (NWS) surface analyses as an orange line with scallops facing into the moist sector. Dry lines are one of the few surface fronts where the pips indicated do not necessarily reflect the direction of motion.[15]
Squall line[edit]
Main article: Squall line
A shelf cloud such as this one can be a sign that a squall is imminent
Organized areas of thunderstorm activity not only reinforce pre-existing frontal zones, but can outrun cold fronts in a pattern where the upper level jet splits apart into two streams, with the resultant Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) forming at the point of the upper level split in the wind pattern running southeast into the warm sector parallel to low-level thickness lines. When the convection is strong and linear or curved, the MCS is called a squall line, with the feature placed at the leading edge of the significant wind shift and pressure rise.[16] Even weaker and less organized areas of thunderstorms lead to locally cooler air and higher pressures, and outflow boundaries exist ahead of this type of activity, which can act as foci for additional thunderstorm activity later in the day.[17]
These features are often depicted in the warm season across the United States on surface analyses and lie within surface troughs. If outflow boundaries or squall lines form over arid regions, a haboob may result.[18] Squall lines are depicted on NWS surface analyses as an alternating pattern of two red dots and a dash labelled SQLN or SQUALL LINE, while outflow boundaries are depicted as troughs with a label of OUTFLOW BOUNDARY.
Precipitation produced[edit]
Main article: Precipitation
Convective precipitation
Fronts are the principal cause of significant weather. Convective precipitation (showers, thundershowers, and related unstable weather) is caused by air being lifted and condensing into clouds by the movement of the cold front or cold occlusion under a mass of warmer, moist air. If the temperature differences of the two air masses involved are large and the turbulence is extreme because of wind shear and the presence of a strong jet stream, "roll clouds" and tornadoes may occur.[19]
In the warm season, lee troughs, breezes, outflow boundaries and occlusions can lead to convection if enough moisture is available. Orographic precipitation is precipitation created through the lifting action of air moving over terrain such as mountains and hills, which is most common behind cold fronts that move into mountainous areas. It may sometimes occur in advance of warm fronts moving northward to the east of mountainous terrain. However, precipitation along warm fronts is relatively steady, as in rain or drizzle. Fog, sometimes extensive and dense, often occurs in pre-warm-frontal areas.[20] Although, not all fronts produce precipitation or even clouds because moisture must be present in the air mass which is being lifted.[1]
Movement[edit]
Fronts are generally guided by winds aloft, but do not move as quickly. Cold fronts and occluded fronts in the Northern Hemisphere usually travel from the northwest to southeast, while warm fronts move more poleward with time. In the Northern Hemisphere a warm front moves from southwest to northeast. In the Southern Hemisphere, the reverse is true; a cold front usually moves from southwest to northeast, and a warm front moves from northwest to southeast. Movement is largely caused by the pressure gradient force (horizontal differences in atmospheric pressure) and the Coriolis effect, which is caused by Earth's spinning about its axis. Frontal zones can be slowed down by geographic features like mountains and large bodies of warm water.[2]
See also[edit]
Weather portal
Atmospheric sciences portal
Cyclogenesis
Extratropical cyclone
Norwegian cyclone model
Surface weather analysis
Trough (meteorology)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Samuel Miller. "Lesson 7: Clouds and Precipitation". Archived from the original on 2005-01-11. Retrieved 2011-07-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i David Roth. "Unified Surface Analysis Manual" (PDF). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology. Airmass Classification. Retrieved on 2008-05-22.
Jump up ^ C. Donald Ahrens (2007). Meteorology today: an introduction to weather, climate, and the environment. Cengage Learning. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-495-01162-0. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Monmonier, Mark. Air Apparent: How Meteorologists Learned to Map, Predict, and Dramatize Weather. University of Chicago Press. Chicago: 1999.
Jump up ^ Chris C. Park (2001). The environment: principles and applications. Psychology Press. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-415-21771-2. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
Jump up ^ "Overrunning". NWS Glossary. National Weather Service. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
Jump up ^ "Occluded Front". University of Illinois Department of Atmospheric Sciences. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ National Weather Service Office, Norman, Oklahoma. "Triple Point". NOAA. Retrieved 2006-10-22. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Trowal". World Meteorological Organisation. Eumetcal. Archived from the original on 2014-03-31. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
Jump up ^ Stationary Front. University of Illinois Department of Atmospheric Sciences. Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ "Shear Line". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2007-03-14. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ Huaqing Cai. "Dryline cross section". Archived from the original on 2008-01-20. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Lee Trough". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2012-05-16. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ "Dry Line: A Moisture Boundary". University of Illinois Department of Atmospheric Science. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology. "Chapter 2: Definitions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ Michael Branick. "A Comprehensive Glossary of Weather". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ Western Region Climate Center. "H". Retrieved 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ "Convection". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ "Orographic Lifting". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
Bibliography[edit]
(1999). Air Apparent: How Meteorologists Learned to Map, Predict, and Dramatize Weather. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atmospheric fronts.
Surface Analysis Manual
Cold Fronts
Warm Fronts
Fronts: the boundaries between air masses
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text:
Arby's
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Arby's
Type
Subsidiary
Industry
Restaurants
Founded
July 23, 1964; 54 years ago (1964-07-23) in Boardman, Ohio, United States
Founders
Forrest Raffel
Leroy Raffel
Headquarters
Sandy Springs, Georgia (Atlanta mailing address), United States[1]
Number of locations
3,342 (as of 2015)
Area served
United States
Canada
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
Qatar
Kuwait[1]
Key people
Paul Brown (CEO, Inspire Brands)
Rob Lynch (president)[2]
Products
Fast food
Sandwiches, salads, sides
Services
Franchising
Revenue
US$1.2637 billion (2007)[3]
Operating income
US$9.4 million (2007)[3]
Net income
US$16.1 million (2007)[3]
Number of employees
74,000 (2013)[4]
Parent
Inspire Brands
Website
www.arbys.com
Arby's is an American quick-service fast-food sandwich restaurant chain with more than 3,300 restaurants system wide and third in terms of revenue.[5] In October 2017, Food & Wine called Arby's "America's second largest sandwich chain (after Subway)".[6]
Arby's is owned by Inspire Brands, the renamed Arby's Restaurant Group, Inc. (ARG). ARG was renamed as the company took over ownership of Buffalo Wild Wings on February 5, 2018.[7][8]
Roark Capital Group acquired Arby's Restaurant Group in July 2011 and owns 81.5% of the company, with The Wendy's Company owning the other 18.5%. In addition to its classic Roast Beef and Beef 'n Cheddar sandwiches,[9] Arby's products also include deli-style Market Fresh line of sandwiches, Curly Fries and Jamocha Shakes.[9] Its headquarters are in Sandy Springs, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta which uses Atlanta mailing addresses.[1]
As of December 31, 2015, there are 3,342 restaurants. There are international locations in five countries outside the United States: Canada, Turkey, Qatar, Kuwait, and United Arab Emirates.[10]
Contents
1 History
2 Products
3 Advertising
4 Global locations
5 Legal issues
6 Data breach
7 Inspire Brands
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
An Arby's franchise with vintage sign in Midland, Michigan. Very few locations still carry this sign.
Arby's was founded in Boardman, Ohio, on July 23, 1964, by Forrest (1922–2008)[11] and Leroy Raffel, owners of a restaurant equipment business who thought there was a market opportunity for a fast food franchise based on a food other than hamburgers. The brothers wanted to call their restaurants "Big Tex", but that name was already used by an Akron business. Instead, they chose the name "Arby's," based on R. B., the initials of Raffel Brothers.[12][13][14]
The Raffel brothers opened the first new restaurant in Boardman, Ohio, just outside Youngstown, on July 23, 1964. They initially served only roast beef sandwiches, potato chips, and soft drinks. Hoping to attract a more upscale clientele, Arby's interior design was purposely more luxurious in appearance than the typical fast food sandwich stand of the day. Arby's offered their roast beef sandwiches for $.69 at a time when hamburger stands were charging $.15 for a hamburger.[15] A year later, the first Arby's licensee opened a restaurant in Akron, Ohio. The famous Arby's "hat" was designed by the original sign makers, Peskin Sign Co.[16]
During the 1970s, the expansion of Arby's took place at a rate of 50 stores per year. During this time it created several menu items, including the Beef 'n Cheddar, Jamocha Shakes, chicken sandwiches, Curly Fries, and two signature sauces: Arby's Sauce and Horsey Sauce.[17] Baked potatoes were added to the menu in 1968.[18] Curly Fries were initially introduced as Curly-Q Fries in 1988.[19] It became the first restaurant in the fast food industry to offer a complete "lite" menu in 1991 with several sandwiches and salads under 300 calories and 94 percent fat-free.[15][20]
The family-owned business tried converting into a public company in 1970 by offering the sale of stock,[21] but the IPO never went through when the stock market subsequently fell.[22] In 1976, the family sold the company to Royal Crown Cola Company for $18 million[23] and Leroy Raffel remained as CEO until his retirement three years later.[22]
In 1984, Victor Posner obtained Arby's via a hostile takeover of its then parent Royal Crown[24] through his DWG Corporation.[25] Nine years later, with a new owner of DWG Corporation and a new name, Triarc Companies, Inc.,[26] a former PepsiCo executive, Don Pierce, was brought in to "resurrect" Arby's.[27] With $100 million additional funding, Pierce moved to a new "Roast Town" concept, similar in format to Boston Market, in 1996.[28] The Roast Town concept received poor marks in market tests and was quickly discontinued. Pierce and his team left the company and it sold all of its 354 company-owned locations to RTM Restaurant Group, an existing Arby's franchise, for $71 million.[29] Another marketing concept that was tried was a dual-brand venture that was started in 1995 with ZuZu's Handmade Mexican Grill.[30] The marketing venture was a failure resulting in lawsuits being filed by each company against the other.[31]
In 1992, Les Franchises P.R.A.G. Inc. opened the first Arby's franchise in the Canadian province of Quebec.[32] It was also the 100th location to open in Canada and joins other locations that were then operating in the provinces of Ontario, Alberta, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan. The Quebec location also sold the uniquely French-Canadian dish called poutine.
In 2002, Arby's returned to operating restaurants by purchasing the second largest Arby's franchisee, Sybra Inc., with 293 locations out of bankruptcy outbidding RTM so as to prevent RTM from becoming too large.[33] RTM was purchased by Arby's on July 25, 2005.[34][35]
In 2008, Triarc purchased Wendy's, and changed its name to Wendy's/Arby's Group, to reflect their core businesses.[36][37] In January 2011, it was announced that Wendy's/Arby's Group were looking into selling the Arby's side of the business to focus on the Wendy's brand.[38] It was officially announced the companies would split on January 21, 2011.[39] In 2009, the Wendy's/Arby's Group signed a franchise deal with the Al Jammaz Group of Saudi Arabia to open dual-branded Wendy's/Arby's through the Middle East[40] with the first location opening in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates in May 2010.[41] The Wendy's/Arby's Group also signed a similar franchise deal in June 2010 with Tab Gida Sanayi ve Ticaret to open dual-branded restaurants in Turkey.[42]
In 2010, Arby's opened a restaurant at Ft. Bliss, their first location at an American military base under a deal that the Wendy's/Arby's Group had signed with the Army and Air Force Exchange Service to open restaurants at bases both in the United States and overseas.[43] Only American military personnel and some of their guests can patronize the Arby's locations situated on the military bases and operated by the Post Exchange.
There were two different attempts to operate franchises in the United Kingdom. GSR Restaurant Group opened their first Arby's franchise location in London in 1992 followed by a second location the following year in Glasgow.[44] These were also the first locations to open in Europe, but both were forced to close by 1994. In 2001, Barown Restaurants opened two Arby's franchise locations in Southampton, Hampshire, and Sutton, Surrey, but both were forced to close after operating for a few months.[45]
On June 13, 2011, Wendy's/Arby's Group Inc. announced that it would sell the majority of its Arby's chain to Roark Capital Group while maintaining an 18.5% stake in the company.[15][46] At the time of the sale, Arby's was experiencing an operating loss for the year of $35 million with 350 Arby's franchisees more than 60 days late in royalty payments and 74 low performing franchised units and 96 company-owned units forced to close.[47] Despite its cash flow problem, Arby's also reported that it had six months of sales growth at established stores in the United States which it had attributed to its new turnaround plan that it had recently launched.[48] The new owners turned the company around by closing more underperforming locations, changing the company's marketing strategy, and by introducing new products on a regular basis. After four years, Arby's was able to issue $300 million in dividends, which resulted in Wendy's receiving $54.9 million for its minority stake with the remainder paid to Roark.[49]
In September 2017, Arby's returned to Kuwait for the first time in two decades by the opening of an Arby's franchise in Jabriya by Kharafi Global.[50][51]
In November 2017, Arby's announced it had negotiated a purchase for the restaurant chain Buffalo Wild Wings for $2.4 billion in cash.[52]
Products[edit]
Arby's medium roast beef sandwich with curly fries
"Beef-n-Cheddar" sandwich
In addition to roast beef, deli style sandwiches, called "Market Fresh Sandwiches," are sold at Arby's. The original lineup of sandwiches included Roast Beef and Swiss, Roast Turkey and Swiss, Roast Ham and Swiss, and Roast Chicken Caesar. With the exception of the Chicken Caesar, all Market Fresh Sandwiches came with the standard toppings of spicy brown honey mustard, mayonnaise, red onion rings, green leaf lettuce, tomato slices and sliced Swiss cheese. Additions to the Market Fresh lineup included Roast Turkey Ranch and Bacon and the Ultimate BLT. Market Fresh Five-Star Club, served on Harvest White Bread, was introduced in 2003 for a limited time.[53]
The Ultimate BLT was released for a limited time in 2002[54] and later in 2012.[55]
In 2003, the line was again expanded to include other styles of specialty sandwiches that were served on baguettes that included the Italian Beef 'n Provolone,[56] French Dip 'n Swiss, Philly Beef Supreme,[57] and Pot Roast[58][59] sandwiches.
Corned beef and turkey Reuben sandwiches were added to the menu in 2005.[60]
In early 2006, Arby's Restaurant Group signed a contract with Pepsi, making Pepsi the chain's exclusive soft drink provider. When any franchisees who had contracts with Coca-Cola expired, they switched to Pepsi-Cola,[61] with the only exception being the Arby's located at Youngstown State University, because the University has its own separate contract with Coca-Cola for other university purposes, particularly the athletic department. This Arby's closed in mid-2012 when construction began to convert the location into a Wendy's.[62] It was announced in August 2017, that Coca-Cola had won a contract to serve Coke products at all its restaurants, ending an almost 11-year association with Pepsi. The transition began in early 2018,[63] and all Arby's locations were serving Coca-Cola beverages by June 19, 2018.[64] Arby's promoted their announcement by breaking two Guinness World Records.[65] The first record, "world's smallest advertisement", measured 38.3 microns by 19.2 microns on a sesame seed and was printed at Georgia Tech.[66] The second record, "largest advertising poster", took up approximately 5 acres of land and was placed in Monowi, Nebraska, America's smallest town.[67]
Toasted Subs, sandwiches served on a toasted ciabatta roll, were first introduced in September 2007. The initial line-up included the French Dip & Swiss Toasted Sub, Philly Beef Toasted Sub, Classic Italian Toasted Sub, and Turkey Bacon Club.[68] Three months later, the Toasted Subs product line was extended to include the Meatball Toasted Sub and the Chicken Parmesan Toasted Sub.[69]
In October 2013, Arby's introduced a Smokehouse Brisket sandwich.[70]
In September 2014, Arby's introduced gyros to its menu for a limited time.[71] Gyros were previously offered in 2006.[72] They have since become a permanent menu fixture on the menu in April 2016.[73]
On an almost annual basis, Arby's had offered some sort of a flatbread melt sandwich for a limited time. In 2007[74][75][76] and again in 2008,[77] it was the Philly Cheesesteak and the Fajita Beef. The Beef Fajita returned with the new Chicken Fajita in 2009.[78] After a six-year hiatus, Steak Fajita Flatbreads were offered for a limited time in 2015.[79] The following year, Steak Fajita returned in 2016 with Chicken Fajita along with a choice between a hot and mild sauce.[80]
After a nine-year hiatus, a pork-beef mixture meatball sandwich was reintroduced in July 2016.[81]
In August 2015, Arby's introduced a series of five small sandwiches called Sliders starting at $1.29, with prices varied by location.[82][83] These new menu items led to an increase in sales at many locations.[84] This is not the first time Arby's tried to market miniature sandwiches. Two years earlier, Arby's tried to sell a similar product called the Mighty Minis that were sold in pairs.[85] During the first month of national sales, the firm was able to sell 1 million or a ton of sliders.[84] To encourage additional sales outside normal lunch and dinner meal hours, began to offer sliders and small size drinks and sides at the reduced price of $1 between the hours of 2 and 5 p.m. starting in October 2015.[86] Due to Arby's great success in the increase of sales created by the introduction of this new product line, Nation's Restaurant News awarded Arby's its MenuMasters Award for 2016.[87] The Turkey 'n Cheese was initially offered as a limited time menu item in December 2016[88] but was shown to be popular enough to be retained on the regular menu. A Pizza Slider was introduced as a limited time menu item in May 2017.[89]
In late August 2016, Arby's introduced four chicken sandwiches that used a buttermilk-based breaded breast filet.[90]
Arby's debuted a new sandwich known as Smokehouse Pork Belly Sandwich in October 2016.[91]
In October 2016, word leaked through social media that Arby's was about to test a venison sandwich, which Arby's confirmed, selecting 17 stores in Georgia, Michigan, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Wisconsin (all major deer hunting states) to offer it during a four-day test during those states' respective hunting seasons. Prior to the start of the promotion, USA Today published the locations of all 17 participating restaurants.[92] Both due to curiosity and heavy demand from hunters, the sandwiches sold out in all markets on the first day of the test.[93] Another USA Today article reported that the farm-raised venison was imported from New Zealand.[94] In the following year, Arby's announced that the venison sandwich would return nationwide on October 21, 2017, also available in limited quantities.[95]
In September 2017, Arby's introduced the Chicken Pepperoni Parm sandwich, their version of a chicken parmigiana sandwich which also contains pepperoni slices.[96]
In October 2017, Arby's announced that three locations in Colorado, Montana, and Wyoming will offer an elk sandwich for a limited time.[95] The farm-raised elk meat that was used to make the sandwiches was obtained from the same farm in New Zealand that provides the venison to Arby's since many states, such as Montana, prohibit the raising of game animals on commercial farms.[97]
Some locations also serve breakfast,[98] including at truck stop locations operated by Pilot Flying J and Love's Travel Stops and Country Stores that are typically operating 24 hours.
In December 2017, Arby's introduced Buffalo Chicken Tenders, Oreo bites and Nashville Hot fish sandwiches (seasoned with a dried cayenne pepper seasoning powder).[citation needed]
In May 2018, Arby's introduced Market Fresh sandwiches, a Bacon Beef and Cheddar sandwich and a Coke Float (which is here until September 3, 2018 for a limited time).[citation needed]
Advertising[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Ving Rhames is the narrator of Arby's commercials.[99] In the commercials, food items (old and new) are being showcased by a chef, who is only seen from the neck down. Radio ads, that rarely pop up, use the same audio from the commercials (except for the man at the end saying "At participating locations for a limited time").
Global locations[edit]
Current Arby's locations:
Canada
Egypt (Planned to re-open in 2018) [100]
Kuwait
Qatar
South Korea (Camp Humphrey's Post Exchange, Pyeongtaek)
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
United States
Former Arby's countries:
Australia (closed in the 2000s)
Mexico (closed in the 2000s)[101]
Ecuador (closed in the 1990s)
Brazil (closed in the 1990s)
Chile (closed in the 1990s)
Puerto Rico (closed in the 1990s)
Japan (closed in the 1990s)[102][103]
Netherlands (closed in the 1990s)
Poland (closed in the 1990s)
United Kingdom (closed in 2001)[45]
Jordan (closed in late 1990s)
Egypt (closed in late 1990s)
Indonesia (closed in the 1990s)
Philippines (closed in the 1990s)
Malaysia (closed in the 1990s)
Portugal (closed in late 1990s)
Bahrain (closed in late 1990s)
Taiwan (closed in late 1980s)
Legal issues[edit]
In November 2002, Access Now filed a lawsuit against RTM, then a franchise of TriArc, that some 800 of their stores did not comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). The lawsuit had no liability damages except for lawyer fees. In August 2006, the court accepted the settlement between RTM and Access Now. The result was that every year, 100 of the RTM stores would be retrofitted to comply with the ADA. Accordingly, it was estimated that about $1.2 million would be spent to retrofit those stores each year.[3]
Data breach[edit]
In February 2017, Arby's reported that they were investigating a malware attack on its payment card system that had targeted thousands of customers’ credit and debit cards.[104] The malware was placed on point-of-sale systems inside Arby’s corporate-owned restaurants, not its locations owned by franchisees, and was active between October 25, 2016 and January 19, 2017.[105] Eight credit unions and banks from Alabama, Arkansas, Indiana, Louisiana, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Montana have filed suit since early February against Arby's concerning the data breach.[106][107]
Inspire Brands[edit]
Inspire Brands, Inc., formerly Arby's Restaurant Group, Inc., is the owner of the Arby's restaurant chain, Buffalo Wild Wings and R Taco. The company is based in Atlanta with a support center in Minneapolis.[108] Inspire Brands is owned by Roark Capital Group, majority shareholder, and The Wendy's Company, minority.[49]
Arby's Restaurant Group, Inc. (ARG) was renamed Inspire Brands, Inc. as the company took ownership of Buffalo Wild Wings on February 5, 2018. Buffalo Wild Wings also owned the R Taco chain.[7][8] Arby's CEO Paul Brown was selected to continue as Inspire Brand CEO.[7] Brown expected that Inspire would acquire additional chains in different segments. He plans to structure the company similar to Hilton Hotels & Resorts.[108]
On August 16, 2018, The Wendy's Company announced that it sold its 12.3% stake in Inspire Brands back to Inspire Brands for $450 million, which includes a 38% premium over its stake most recent valuation.[109]
See also[edit]
Food portal
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Krebs, Brian (February 9, 2017). "Fast Food Chain Arby's Acknowledges Breach". KrebsOnSecurity.
Jump up ^ Meltzer, Mark (March 28, 2017). "Report: Seven lawsuits filed over Arby's data breach". Atlanta Business Journal.
Jump up ^ Filloon, Whitney (March 29, 2017). "Arby's Sued Following Massive Credit Card Breach: Eight lawsuits have been filed thus far". Eater.
^ Jump up to: a b Klein, Danny (February 5, 2018). "Arby's CEO: We're Not Done Buying Brands After BWW". QSR magazine. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's sells stake in Arby's owner for $450 million". CNBC. 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arby's.
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Fast food and fast casual restaurant chains in the United States
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WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0004 0477 2737
LCCN: nr00026663
VIAF: 129446445
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arby%27s&oldid=856265019"
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text:
List of Kochi Metro stations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of stations in phase 1 of the Kochi Metro. There are 22 stations planned on the line from Aluva to Pettah.[1][2]
Kochi Metro - Phase 1 Route Map

Contents
[hide]
1 Stations
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Stations[edit]
Sl No
Station Name
Opened
Height of Rail Level
Platform Type
Alignment Description
Location
1 Aluva 19 June 2017 12.5 m Side Platform On 1000 m curve
2 Pulinchodu 19 June 2017 12.5 m Side Platform Curved
3 Companypady 19 June 2017 12.5 m Side Platform Straight
4 Ambattukavu 19 June 2017 12.5 m Side Platform Straight
5 Muttom 19 June 2017 12.5 m Side Platform & Island Platform Straight Curved
6 Kalamassery 19 June 2017 12.5 m Side Platform Straight
7 Cochin University 19 June 2017 12.5 m Side Platform Curved
8 Pathadipalam 19 June 2017 12.5 m Side Platform Straight
9 Edapally 19 June 2017 12.5 m Side Platform Straight 10°1′35.96″N 76°18′33.33″E / 10.0266556°N 76.3092583°E / 10.0266556; 76.3092583 (Edappally Junction Metro Station)
10 Changampuzha Park 19 June 2017 12.5 m Side Platform Straight 10°0′54.64″N 76°18′8.26″E / 10.0151778°N 76.3022944°E / 10.0151778; 76.3022944 (Edappally Metro Station)
11 Palarivattom 19 June 2017 12.5 m Side Platform Straight 10°0′32.27″N 76°18′13.86″E / 10.0089639°N 76.3038500°E / 10.0089639; 76.3038500 (Palarivattom Metro Station)
12 J. L. N. Stadium 03 October 2017 12.5 m Side Platform Straight 10°0′1.86″N 76°17′56.41″E / 10.0005167°N 76.2990028°E / 10.0005167; 76.2990028 (Nehru Stadium Metro Station)
13 Kaloor 03 October 2017 12.5 m Side Platform Straight 9°59′40.62″N 76°17′29.77″E / 9.9946167°N 76.2916028°E / 9.9946167; 76.2916028 (Kaloor Metro Station)
14 Lissie 03 October 2017 12.5 m Side Platform Straight 9°59′28.4″N 76°17′16.9″E / 9.991222°N 76.288028°E / 9.991222; 76.288028 (Lissie Metro Station)
15 M. G. Road 03 October 2017 12.5 m Side Platform Straight 9°59′2.64″N 76°16′55.38″E / 9.9840667°N 76.2820500°E / 9.9840667; 76.2820500 (Madhava Pharmacy Metro Station)
16 Maharaja College 03 October 2017 12.5 m Side Platform Straight 9°58′24.34″N 76°17′05.96″E / 9.9734278°N 76.2849889°E / 9.9734278; 76.2849889 (Maharaja College Metro Station)
17 Ernakulam South 12.5 m Side Platform Straight 9°58′3.92″N 76°17′28.60″E / 9.9677556°N 76.2912778°E / 9.9677556; 76.2912778 (Ernakulam Junction Metro Station)
18 Kadavanthra 12.5 m Side Platform Straight 9°57′59.72″N 76°17′53.73″E / 9.9665889°N 76.2982583°E / 9.9665889; 76.2982583 (GCDA Metro Station)
19 Elamkulam 12.5 m Side Platform Straight Opposite to a cross road –Janatha road – which is leading to commercial establishments and residential areas
20 Vyttila 12.5 m Side Platform Straight
21 Thaikoodam 12.5 m Side Platform Straight
22 Petta 12.5 m Side Platform Straight
[hide]
[
v
t
e
]
Proposed Kochi Metro Route Map
Aluva
Pulinchodu
Infopark - II
Companypady
Infopark - I
Ambattkavu
Rajagiri
Muttom
Chittethukara
North Kalamassery
Kochi SEZ
CUSAT
Kakkanad Junction
Pathadippalam
Kunnumpuram
Edappally Junction
Vazhakkala
Changampuzha Park
Chempumukku
Palarivattom
Palarivattom Bypass
Nehru Stadium
Nehru Stadium
Kaloor
Lissie
M G Road
Maharaja's College
Ernakulam Junction
Kadavanthra
Elamkulam
Vyttila Mobility Hub
Thykoodam
Pettah
Alliance Junction
SN Junction
Tripunithura

See also[edit]
Kochi Metro
List of Delhi Metro stations
List of Kolkata metro stations
List of Jaipur Metro stations
List of Chennai metro stations
List of Namma Metro stations
List of Mumbai Metro stations
Trains portal
Railways in India portal
Transport portal
Infrastructure portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Metro Rail: List of stations in phase 1
Jump up ^ Metro Stations
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kochi Metro.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kochi.
Official website
[hide]
v
t
e
Kochi Metro stations
Stations
Aluva
Pulinchodu
Companypady
Ambattukavu
Muttom
Kalamassery
Cochin University
Pathadipalam
Edapally
Changampuzha Park
Palarivattom
J. L. N. Stadium
Kaloor
Lissie
M. G. Road
Maharaja's College
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t
e
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Operational
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Kochi_Metro_stations&oldid=807246898"
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