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Another Cinderella Story
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Another Cinderella Story
DVD cover
Directed by
Damon Santostefano
Produced by
Dylan Sellers
Written by
Erik Patterson
Jessica Scott
Starring
Selena Gomez
Drew Seeley
Jane Lynch
Emily Perkins
Katharine Isabelle
Jessica Parker Kennedy
Marcus T. Paulk
Nicole LaPlaca
Music by
John Paesano
Cinematography
Jon Joffin
Edited by
Tony Lombardo
Distributed by
Warner Premiere
Release date
September 16, 2008 (2008-09-16)
Running time
92 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Another Cinderella Story is a 2008 teen comedy musical dance film directed by Damon Santostefano and starring Selena Gomez, Drew Seeley and Jane Lynch. It is a sequel to A Cinderella Story (2004) and the second installment in A Cinderella Story series. The film was released on DVD on September 16, 2008.
The film was followed by A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song (2011).
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Reception
4 Soundtrack
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
This film is a retelling of the Cinderella fairy tale in a modern setting with Mary Santiago, a high school student with ambitions of becoming a dancer, taking the role of Cinderella. Tami, Mary's only friend serves as the fairy godmother. The cruel, self-obsessed, snobby, and washed-up pop singer Dominique Blatt takes the role of the stepmother, even though she is just her legal guardian and Mary's mother was one of Dominique's dancers when she died; Dominique took Mary in as her legal guardian and turned her into the hired help. The aggressive, extremely obsessed, and equally snobby Britt and air-headed Bree serve as the two stepsisters, and Joey Parker, now a famous celebrity and pop star has returned to school for his senior year and to remember why he started dancing, acts as Prince Charming. A school dance substitutes for the ball, with the role of the glass slipper filled by a Zune.[1]
Cast[edit]
Selena Gomez as Mary Santiago
Mia Aida Duran as Mary at 3 years old
Nicole Muñoz as Mary at 11 years old
Drew Seeley as Joey Parker
Jane Lynch as Dominique Blatt
Emily Perkins as Britt Blatt
Katharine Isabelle as Bree Blatt
Jessica Parker Kennedy as Tami
Marcus T. Paulk as Dustin aka The Funk
Nicole LaPlaca as Natalia Faroush
Lynda Boyd as Evie Parker
Garwin Sanford as Rod Parker
Colin Foo as Lee-Ha
Camille Mitchell as Regina Cretikos
Tiffany Burns as Doreen Smithe
Reception[edit]
Amber Wilkinson of Eye for Film gave the film, four out of five stars and praised the musical aspects, saying that "the song and dance numbers are so well-handled and catchy, it's a shame there aren't more of them." However, she also said that the "characters are so wafer thin they barely cast a shadow."[2] While Wilkinson says that the film is completely different from A Cinderella Story, Lacey Walker, reviewing for Christian Answers, notes several aspects of the two films that were directly parallel to each other. Walker also gave it three out of five stars, praising the script, saying the writers "peppered this story with a surprising dose of humor and some pleasing plot twists." However, Walker specifically criticized the "glaringly obvious" age difference between the 15-year-old Gomez and the 25-year-old Seeley.[3]
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Another Cinderella Story (soundtrack)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Damon Santostefano Brings Us Another Cinderella Story". MovieWeb.
Jump up ^ "Another Cinderella Story Movie Review (2008)". Eye for Film. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Another Cinderella Story Movie Review". christiananswers.net.
External links[edit]
Another Cinderella Story on IMDb
Another Cinderella Story at AllMovie
Another Cinderella Story at Rotten Tomatoes
Another Cinderella Story at the TCM Movie Database
[show]
v
t
e
A Cinderella Story
Films
A Cinderella Story (2004)
Another Cinderella Story (2008)
A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song (2011)
A Cinderella Story: If the Shoe Fits (2016)
Soundtracks
A Cinderella Story: Original Soundtrack
Another Cinderella Story
Songs
"Our Lips Are Sealed"
"Tell Me Something I Don't Know"
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Damon Santostefano
Fright Show (1985)
Severed Ties (1992)
Three to Tango (1999)
Last Man Running (2003)
Bring It On Again (2004)
Another Cinderella Story (2008)
Best Player (2011)
A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song (2011)
Pure Country: Pure Heart (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Cinderella by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm
Characters
Buttons
Cinderella
Ugly sisters
Fairy godmother
Wicked stepmother
Prince Charming
Films
Cinderella (1899)
Cinderella or the Glass Slipper (1912)
Cinderella (1914)
A Lowland Cinderella (1921)
A Kiss for Cinderella (1925 film)
Ella Cinders (1926)
The Cookie Carnival (1935)
The Magic Shoes (1935)
First Love (1939)
Cinderella (1947)
Cinderella (1950)
The Glass Slipper (1955)
Cinderfella (1960)
Stop! Look! and Laugh (1960)
More Than a Miracle (1967)
Tři oříšky pro Popelku (1973)
The Slipper and the Rose (1976)
Cinderella (1979)
Cinderella '80 (1984)
Maid to Order (1987)
If the Shoe Fits (1990)
Ever After (1998)
Ella Enchanted (2004)
Cinderella (2006)
Elle: A Modern Cinderella Tale (2010)
Cinderella (2015)
A Cinderella Story series
A Cinderella Story (2004)
Another Cinderella Story (2008)
Once Upon a Song (2011)
If the Shoe Fits (2016)
Animation
Cinderella Blues (1931)
Poor Cinderella (1934)
Cinderella Meets Fella (1938)
Swing Shift Cinderella (1945)
Cinderella (1950)
Señorella and the Glass Huarache (1964)
Cinderella (1979)
The Tender Tale of Cinderella Penguin (1981)
The Magic Riddle (1991)
Cinderella (1994)
Happily N'Ever After (2007)
Year of the Fish (2008)
Cinderella the Cat (2017)
Charming (2018)
Sequels
Princess Cinderella (1941)
Cinderella II: Dreams Come True (2002)
Cinderella III: A Twist in Time (2007)
Television
Hey, Cinderella! (1968)
Cindy (1978)
Cinderella Monogatari (1996)
Cinderella (1997)
CinderElmo (1999)
Cinderella (2000)
La Cenicienta (2003)
Bawang Merah Bawang Putih (2004)
Floricienta (2004)
Floribella (2005 Brazil)
Floribella (2006 Portugal)
Grazilda (2010)
Rags (2012)
Aik Nayee Cinderella (2012)
Literary
adaptations
Celestina (1791)
Cinderella, or the Little Glass Slipper (1954)
Nine Coaches Waiting (1958)
Carrie (1974)
The Coachman Rat (1989)
Witches Abroad (1991)
Ella Enchanted (1997)
I Was a Rat! or The Scarlet Slippers (1999)
Just Ella (1999)
Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister (1999)
Chinese Cinderella (1999)
The Fairy Godmother (2004)
Phoenix and Ashes (2004)
Bella at Midnight (2006)
Ash (2009)
Princess of Glass (2010)
Cinder (2012)
Opera
Cendrillon (1810 Isouard)
La Cenerentola (1817 Rossini)
Cendrillon (1899 Massenet)
Cendrillon (1904 Viardot)
La Cenicienta (1966 Hen)
Ballet
Cinderella (1893 Fitinhof-Schell)
Aschenbrödel (1900 Strauss-Bayer)
Cinderella (1945 Prokofiev)
Cinderella (1948 Ashton)
Musicals
Cinderella and the Prince, or The Castle of Heart's Desire (1904)
Stubborn Cinderella (1909)
Mr. Cinders (1929)
Cinderella (1957)
Cindy (1964)
The Penny Friend (1966)
The Slipper and the Rose (1984)
Soho Cinders (2008)
Cinderella (2013)
Other
Plays
A Kiss for Cinderella (1916)
Comics
Cinderella: From Fabletown with Love
Cinderalla
Games
Cinders
Songs
"Spread a Little Happiness" (1929)
"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo" (1949)
"A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes" (1950)
"Cinderella" (1987)
"Hey Cinderella" (1993)
"It's Midnight Cinderella" (1996)
"Cinderella" (2001)
"Cinderella" (2002)
"Cinderella" (2003)
"Stealing Cinderella" (2007)
"Cinderella" (2007)
"C\C (Cinderella\Complex)" (2008)
Albums
A Cinderella Story (2004 soundtrack)
Disney's Princess Favorites (2002)
Sociology
Cinderella complex
Cinderella effect
The Cinderella Movement
Commercials
A Coach for Cinderella
A Ride for Cinderella
Adult
Cinder Ellen up too Late
Cinderella (1977)
Naughty Cinderella
National
variation
Bawang Merah Bawang Putih (Malay and Indonesian)
Beauty and Pock Face (Chinese)
Chūjō-hime (Japanese)
Fair, Brown and Trembling (Irish)
Finette Cendron (French)
The Green Knight (Danish)
Katie Woodencloak (Norwegian)
Kongji and Patzzi (Korean)
Ochikubo Monogatari (Japanese)
"Rhodopis" (Greek)
Rushen Coatie (Scottish)
The Sharp Grey Sheep (Scottish)
The Story of Tam and Cam (Vietnamese)
Sumiyoshi Monogatari (Japanese)
The True Bride (German)
The Wonderful Birch (Russian)
Ye Xian (Chinese)
Related
Catskin
Into the Woods
Into the Woods (2014 film)
Politically Correct Bedtime Stories
Disney's characters
Stop! Look! and Laugh
Waltz Suite
Black Cinderella Two Goes East
Cinderella Monogatari
Cinderella's Sister
Cinderella (sports)
Lying to Be Perfect
Cinderella's Eyes (2011)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Another_Cinderella_Story&oldid=824986721"
Categories:
2008 films
English-language films
2008 direct-to-video films
American dance films
American films
Canadian films
Dance films
Hip hop films
Films based on Cinderella
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Films shot in Vancouver
American teen films
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Radiometric dating
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Radiometric dating or radioactive dating is a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed. The method compares the abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope within the material to the abundance of its decay products, which form at a known constant rate of decay.[1] The use of radiometric dating was first published in 1907 by Bertram Boltwood[2] and is now the principal source of information about the absolute age of rocks and other geological features, including the age of fossilized life forms or the age of the Earth itself, and can also be used to date a wide range of natural and man-made materials.
Together with stratigraphic principles, radiometric dating methods are used in geochronology to establish the geological time scale.[3] Among the best-known techniques are radiocarbon dating, potassium-argon dating and uranium-lead dating. By allowing the establishment of geological timescales, it provides a significant source of information about the ages of fossils and the deduced rates of evolutionary change. Radiometric dating is also used to date archaeological materials, including ancient artifacts.
Different methods of radiometric dating vary in the timescale over which they are accurate and the materials to which they can be applied.
Contents
[hide]
1 Fundamentals of radiometric dating
1.1 Radioactive decay
1.2 Accuracy of radiometric dating
1.3 Closure temperature
1.4 The age equation
2 Modern dating methods
2.1 Uranium-lead dating method
2.2 Samarium-neodymium dating method
2.3 Potassium-argon dating method
2.4 Rubidium-strontium dating method
2.5 Uranium-thorium dating method
2.6 Radiocarbon dating method
2.7 Fission track dating method
2.8 Chlorine-36 dating method
2.9 Luminescence dating methods
2.10 Other methods
3 Dating with short-lived extinct radionuclides
3.1 The 129I – 129Xe chronometer
3.2 The 26Al – 26Mg chronometer
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Fundamentals of radiometric dating[edit]
Radioactive decay[edit]
Example of a radioactive decay chain from lead-212 (212Pb) to lead-208 (208Pb) . Each parent nuclide spontaneously decays into a daughter nuclide (the decay product) via an α decay or a β− decay. The final decay product, lead-208 (208Pb), is stable and can no longer undergo spontaneous radioactive decay.
All ordinary matter is made up of combinations of chemical elements, each with its own atomic number, indicating the number of protons in the atomic nucleus. Additionally, elements may exist in different isotopes, with each isotope of an element differing in the number of neutrons in the nucleus. A particular isotope of a particular element is called a nuclide. Some nuclides are inherently unstable. That is, at some point in time, an atom of such a nuclide will undergo radioactive decay and spontaneously transform into a different nuclide. This transformation may be accomplished in a number of different ways, including alpha decay (emission of alpha particles) and beta decay (electron emission, positron emission, or electron capture). Another possibility is spontaneous fission into two or more nuclides.
While the moment in time at which a particular nucleus decays is unpredictable, a collection of atoms of a radioactive nuclide decays exponentially at a rate described by a parameter known as the half-life, usually given in units of years when discussing dating techniques. After one half-life has elapsed, one half of the atoms of the nuclide in question will have decayed into a "daughter" nuclide or decay product. In many cases, the daughter nuclide itself is radioactive, resulting in a decay chain, eventually ending with the formation of a stable (nonradioactive) daughter nuclide; each step in such a chain is characterized by a distinct half-life. In these cases, usually the half-life of interest in radiometric dating is the longest one in the chain, which is the rate-limiting factor in the ultimate transformation of the radioactive nuclide into its stable daughter. Isotopic systems that have been exploited for radiometric dating have half-lives ranging from only about 10 years (e.g., tritium) to over 100 billion years (e.g., samarium-147).[4]
For most radioactive nuclides, the half-life depends solely on nuclear properties and is essentially a constant. It is not affected by external factors such as temperature, pressure, chemical environment, or presence of a magnetic or electric field.[5][6][7] The only exceptions are nuclides that decay by the process of electron capture, such as beryllium-7, strontium-85, and zirconium-89, whose decay rate may be affected by local electron density. For all other nuclides, the proportion of the original nuclide to its decay products changes in a predictable way as the original nuclide decays over time. This predictability allows the relative abundances of related nuclides to be used as a clock to measure the time from the incorporation of the original nuclides into a material to the present.
Accuracy of radiometric dating[edit]
Thermal ionization mass spectrometer used in radiometric dating.
The basic equation of radiometric dating requires that neither the parent nuclide nor the daughter product can enter or leave the material after its formation. The possible confounding effects of contamination of parent and daughter isotopes have to be considered, as do the effects of any loss or gain of such isotopes since the sample was created. It is therefore essential to have as much information as possible about the material being dated and to check for possible signs of alteration.[8] Precision is enhanced if measurements are taken on multiple samples from different locations of the rock body. Alternatively, if several different minerals can be dated from the same sample and are assumed to be formed by the same event and were in equilibrium with the reservoir when they formed, they should form an isochron. This can reduce the problem of contamination. In uranium-lead dating, the concordia diagram is used which also decreases the problem of nuclide loss. Finally, correlation between different isotopic dating methods may be required to confirm the age of a sample. For example, the age of the Amitsoq gneisses from western Greenland was determined to be 3.6 ± 0.05 million years ago (MA) using uranium-lead dating and 3.56 ± 0.10 Ma using lead-lead dating, results that are consistent with each other.[9]:142–143
Accurate radiometric dating generally requires that the parent has a long enough half-life that it will be present in significant amounts at the time of measurement (except as described below under "Dating with short-lived extinct radionuclides"), the half-life of the parent is accurately known, and enough of the daughter product is produced to be accurately measured and distinguished from the initial amount of the daughter present in the material. The procedures used to isolate and analyze the parent and daughter nuclides must be precise and accurate. This normally involves isotope ratio mass spectrometry.[10]
The precision of a dating method depends in part on the half-life of the radioactive isotope involved. For instance, carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years. After an organism has been dead for 60,000 years, so little carbon-14 is left that accurate dating can not be established. On the other hand, the concentration of carbon-14 falls off so steeply that the age of relatively young remains can be determined precisely to within a few decades.[11]
Closure temperature[edit]
Main article: Closure temperature
If a material that selectively rejects the daughter nuclide is heated, any daughter nuclides that have been accumulated over time will be lost through diffusion, setting the isotopic "clock" to zero. The temperature at which this happens is known as the closure temperature or blocking temperature and is specific to a particular material and isotopic system. These temperatures are experimentally determined in the lab by artificially resetting sample minerals using a high-temperature furnace. As the mineral cools, the crystal structure begins to form and diffusion of isotopes is less easy. At a certain temperature, the crystal structure has formed sufficiently to prevent diffusion of isotopes. This temperature is what is known as closure temperature and represents the temperature below which the mineral is a closed system to isotopes. Thus an igneous or metamorphic rock or melt, which is slowly cooling, does not begin to exhibit measurable radioactive decay until it cools below the closure temperature. The age that can be calculated by radiometric dating is thus the time at which the rock or mineral cooled to closure temperature.[12][13] Dating of different minerals and/or isotope systems (with differing closure temperatures) within the same rock can therefore enable the tracking of the thermal history of the rock in question with time, and thus the history of metamorphic events may become known in detail. This field is known as thermochronology or thermochronometry.
The age equation[edit]
Sm/Nd isochron plotted of samples [14] from the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe. The age is calculated from the slope of the isochron (line) and the original composition from the intercept of the isochron with the y-axis.
The mathematical expression that relates radioactive decay to geologic time is[12][15]
D = D0 + N(t) (eλt − 1)
where
t is age of the sample,
D is number of atoms of the daughter isotope in the sample,
D0 is number of atoms of the daughter isotope in the original composition,
N is number of atoms of the parent isotope in the sample at time t (the present), given by N(t) = Noe-λt, and
λ is the decay constant of the parent isotope, equal to the inverse of the radioactive half-life of the parent isotope[16] times the natural logarithm of 2.
The equation is most conveniently expressed in terms of the measured quantity N(t) rather than the constant initial value No.
The above equation makes use of information on the composition of parent and daughter isotopes at the time the material being tested cooled below its closure temperature. This is well-established for most isotopic systems.[13][17] However, construction of an isochron does not require information on the original compositions, using merely the present ratios of the parent and daughter isotopes to a standard isotope. Plotting an isochron is used to solve the age equation graphically and calculate the age of the sample and the original composition.
Modern dating methods[edit]
Radiometric dating has been carried out since 1905 when it was invented by Ernest Rutherford as a method by which one might determine the age of the Earth. In the century since then the techniques have been greatly improved and expanded.[16] Dating can now be performed on samples as small as a nanogram using a mass spectrometer. The mass spectrometer was invented in the 1940s and began to be used in radiometric dating in the 1950s. It operates by generating a beam of ionized atoms from the sample under test. The ions then travel through a magnetic field, which diverts them into different sampling sensors, known as "Faraday cups", depending on their mass and level of ionization. On impact in the cups, the ions set up a very weak current that can be measured to determine the rate of impacts and the relative concentrations of different atoms in the beams.
Uranium-lead dating method[edit]
Main article: uranium-lead dating
A concordia diagram as used in uranium-lead dating, with data from the Pfunze Belt, Zimbabwe.[18] All the samples show loss of lead isotopes, but the intercept of the errorchron (straight line through the sample points) and the concordia (curve) shows the correct age of the rock.[13]
Uranium-lead radiometric dating involves using uranium-235 or uranium-238 to date a substance's absolute age. This scheme has been refined to the point that the error margin in dates of rocks can be as low as less than two million years in two-and-a-half billion years.[14][19] An error margin of 2–5% has been achieved on younger Mesozoic rocks.[20]
Uranium-lead dating is often performed on the mineral zircon (ZrSiO4), though it can be used on other materials, such as baddeleyite, as well as monazite (see: monazite geochronology).[21] Zircon and baddeleyite incorporate uranium atoms into their crystalline structure as substitutes for zirconium, but strongly reject lead. Zircon has a very high closure temperature, is resistant to mechanical weathering and is very chemically inert. Zircon also forms multiple crystal layers during metamorphic events, which each may record an isotopic age of the event. In situ micro-beam analysis can be achieved via laser ICP-MS or SIMS techniques.[22]
One of its great advantages is that any sample provides two clocks, one based on uranium-235's decay to lead-207 with a half-life of about 700 million years, and one based on uranium-238's decay to lead-206 with a half-life of about 4.5 billion years, providing a built-in crosscheck that allows accurate determination of the age of the sample even if some of the lead has been lost. This can be seen in the concordia diagram, where the samples plot along an errorchron (straight line) which intersects the concordia curve at the age of the sample.
Samarium-neodymium dating method[edit]
Main article: Samarium-neodymium dating
This involves the alpha-decay of 147Sm to 143Nd with a half-life of 1.06 x 1011 years. Accuracy levels of within twenty million years in ages of two-and-a-half billion years are achievable.[23]
Potassium-argon dating method[edit]
Main article: Potassium-argon dating
This involves electron capture or positron decay of potassium-40 to argon-40. Potassium-40 has a half-life of 1.3 billion years, and so this method is applicable to the oldest rocks. Radioactive potassium-40 is common in micas, feldspars, and hornblendes, though the closure temperature is fairly low in these materials, about 350 °C (mica) to 500 °C (hornblende).
Rubidium-strontium dating method[edit]
Main article: Rubidium-strontium dating
This is based on the beta decay of rubidium-87 to strontium-87, with a half-life of 50 billion years. This scheme is used to date old igneous and metamorphic rocks, and has also been used to date lunar samples. Closure temperatures are so high that they are not a concern. Rubidium-strontium dating is not as precise as the uranium-lead method, with errors of 30 to 50 million years for a 3-billion-year-old sample.
Uranium-thorium dating method[edit]
Main article: Uranium-thorium dating
A relatively short-range dating technique is based on the decay of uranium-234 into thorium-230, a substance with a half-life of about 80,000 years. It is accompanied by a sister process, in which uranium-235 decays into protactinium-231, which has a half-life of 32,760 years.
While uranium is water-soluble, thorium and protactinium are not, and so they are selectively precipitated into ocean-floor sediments, from which their ratios are measured. The scheme has a range of several hundred thousand years. A related method is ionium-thorium dating, which measures the ratio of ionium (thorium-230) to thorium-232 in ocean sediment.
Radiocarbon dating method[edit]
Main article: Radiocarbon dating
Ale's Stones at Kåseberga, around ten kilometres south east of Ystad, Sweden were dated at 56 CE using the carbon-14 method on organic material found at the site.[24]
Radiocarbon dating is also simply called Carbon-14 dating. Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon, with a half-life of 5,730 years,[25][26] (which is very short compared with the above isotopes) and decays into nitrogen.[27] In other radiometric dating methods, the heavy parent isotopes were produced by nucleosynthesis in supernovas, meaning that any parent isotope with a short half-life should be extinct by now. Carbon-14, though, is continuously created through collisions of neutrons generated by cosmic rays with nitrogen in the upper atmosphere and thus remains at a near-constant level on Earth. The carbon-14 ends up as a trace component in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2).
A carbon-based life form acquires carbon during its lifetime. Plants acquire it through photosynthesis, and animals acquire it from consumption of plants and other animals. When an organism dies, it ceases to take in new carbon-14, and the existing isotope decays with a characteristic half-life (5730 years). The proportion of carbon-14 left when the remains of the organism are examined provides an indication of the time elapsed since its death. This makes carbon-14 an ideal dating method to date the age of bones or the remains of an organism. The carbon-14 dating limit lies around 58,000 to 62,000 years.[28]
The rate of creation of carbon-14 appears to be roughly constant, as cross-checks of carbon-14 dating with other dating methods show it gives consistent results. However, local eruptions of volcanoes or other events that give off large amounts of carbon dioxide can reduce local concentrations of carbon-14 and give inaccurate dates. The releases of carbon dioxide into the biosphere as a consequence of industrialization have also depressed the proportion of carbon-14 by a few percent; conversely, the amount of carbon-14 was increased by above-ground nuclear bomb tests that were conducted into the early 1960s. Also, an increase in the solar wind or the Earth's magnetic field above the current value would depress the amount of carbon-14 created in the atmosphere.
Fission track dating method[edit]
Main article: fission track dating
Apatite crystals are widely used in fission track dating.
This involves inspection of a polished slice of a material to determine the density of "track" markings left in it by the spontaneous fission of uranium-238 impurities. The uranium content of the sample has to be known, but that can be determined by placing a plastic film over the polished slice of the material, and bombarding it with slow neutrons. This causes induced fission of 235U, as opposed to the spontaneous fission of 238U. The fission tracks produced by this process are recorded in the plastic film. The uranium content of the material can then be calculated from the number of tracks and the neutron flux.
This scheme has application over a wide range of geologic dates. For dates up to a few million years micas, tektites (glass fragments from volcanic eruptions), and meteorites are best used. Older materials can be dated using zircon, apatite, titanite, epidote and garnet which have a variable amount of uranium content.[29] Because the fission tracks are healed by temperatures over about 200 °C the technique has limitations as well as benefits. The technique has potential applications for detailing the thermal history of a deposit.
Chlorine-36 dating method[edit]
Large amounts of otherwise rare 36Cl (half-life ~300ky) were produced by irradiation of seawater during atmospheric detonations of nuclear weapons between 1952 and 1958. The residence time of 36Cl in the atmosphere is about 1 week. Thus, as an event marker of 1950s water in soil and ground water, 36Cl is also useful for dating waters less than 50 years before the present. 36Cl has seen use in other areas of the geological sciences, including dating ice and sediments.
Luminescence dating methods[edit]
Main article: Luminescence dating
Luminescence dating methods are not radiometric dating methods in that they do not rely on abundances of isotopes to calculate age. Instead, they are a consequence of background radiation on certain minerals. Over time, ionizing radiation is absorbed by mineral grains in sediments and archaeological materials such as quartz and potassium feldspar. The radiation causes charge to remain within the grains in structurally unstable "electron traps". Exposure to sunlight or heat releases these charges, effectively "bleaching" the sample and resetting the clock to zero. The trapped charge accumulates over time at a rate determined by the amount of background radiation at the location where the sample was buried. Stimulating these mineral grains using either light (optically stimulated luminescence or infrared stimulated luminescence dating) or heat (thermoluminescence dating) causes a luminescence signal to be emitted as the stored unstable electron energy is released, the intensity of which varies depending on the amount of radiation absorbed during burial and specific properties of the mineral.
These methods can be used to date the age of a sediment layer, as layers deposited on top would prevent the grains from being "bleached" and reset by sunlight. Pottery shards can be dated to the last time they experienced significant heat, generally when they were fired in a kiln.
Other methods[edit]
Other methods include:
argon-argon (Ar-Ar)
iodine-xenon (I-Xe)
lanthanum-barium (La-Ba)
lead-lead (Pb-Pb)
lutetium-hafnium (Lu-Hf)
potassium-calcium (K-Ca)
rhenium-osmium (Re-Os)
uranium-lead-helium (U-Pb-He)
uranium-uranium (U-U)
krypton-krypton (Kr-Kr)
Dating with short-lived extinct radionuclides[edit]
Absolute radiometric dating requires a measurable fraction of parent nucleus to remain in the sample rock. For rocks dating back to the beginning of the solar system, this requires extremely long-lived parent isotopes, making measurement of such rocks' exact ages imprecise. To be able to distinguish the relative ages of rocks from such old material, and to get a better time resolution than that available from long-lived isotopes, short-lived isotopes that are no longer present in the rock can be used.[30]
At the beginning of the solar system, there were several relatively short-lived radionuclides like 26Al, 60Fe, 53Mn, and 129I present within the solar nebula. These radionuclides—possibly produced by the explosion of a supernova—are extinct today, but their decay products can be detected in very old material, such as that which constitutes meteorites. By measuring the decay products of extinct radionuclides with a mass spectrometer and using isochronplots, it is possible to determine relative ages of different events in the early history of the solar system. Dating methods based on extinct radionuclides can also be calibrated with the U-Pb method to give absolute ages. Thus both the approximate age and a high time resolution can be obtained. Generally a shorter half-life leads to a higher time resolution at the expense of timescale.
The 129I – 129Xe chronometer[edit]
See also: Iodine-129 § Meteorite age dating
129I beta-decays to 129Xe with a half-life of 16 million years. The iodine-xenon chronometer[31] is an isochron technique. Samples are exposed to neutrons in a nuclear reactor. This converts the only stable isotope of iodine (127I) into 128Xe via neutron capture followed by beta decay (of 128I). After irradiation, samples are heated in a series of steps and the xenon isotopic signature of the gas evolved in each step is analysed. When a consistent 129Xe/128Xe ratio is observed across several consecutive temperature steps, it can be interpreted as corresponding to a time at which the sample stopped losing xenon.
Samples of a meteorite called Shallowater are usually included in the irradiation to monitor the conversion efficiency from 127I to 128Xe. The difference between the measured 129Xe/128Xe ratios of the sample and Shallowater then corresponds to the different ratios of 129I/127I when they each stopped losing xenon. This in turn corresponds to a difference in age of closure in the early solar system.
The 26Al – 26Mg chronometer[edit]
Another example of short-lived extinct radionuclide dating is the 26Al – 26Mg chronometer, which can be used to estimate the relative ages of chondrules. 26Al decays to 26Mg with a half-life of 720 000 years. The dating is simply a question of finding the deviation from the natural abundance of 26Mg (the product of 26Al decay) in comparison with the ratio of the stable isotopes 27Al/24Mg.
The excess of 26Mg (often designated 26Mg* ) is found by comparing the 26Mg/27Mg ratio to that of other Solar System materials.[32]
The 26Al – 26Mg chronometer gives an estimate of the time period for formation of primitive meteorites of only a few million years (1.4 million years for Chondrule formation).[33]
See also[edit]
Isochron dating
Isotope geochemistry
Isotopic signature
Paleopedological record
Radioactivity
Radiohalo
Sensitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP)
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "Geologic Time: Radiometric Time Scale". United States Geological Survey. 16 June 2001.
Jump up ^ Stacey, J. S.; J. D. Kramers (June 1975). "Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 26 (2): 207–221. Bibcode:1975E&PSL..26..207S. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(75)90088-6.
Jump up ^ Vinyu, M. L.; R. E. Hanson; M. W. Martin; S. A. Bowring; H. A. Jelsma; P. H. G. M. Dirks (2001). "U-Pb zircon ages from a craton-margin archaean orogenic belt in northern Zimbabwe". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 32 (1): 103–114. Bibcode:2001JAfES..32..103V. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(01)90021-1.
Jump up ^ Manyeruke, Tawanda D.; Thomas G. Blenkinsop; Peter Buchholz; David Love; Thomas Oberthür; Ulrich K. Vetter; Donald W. Davis (2004). "The age and petrology of the Chimbadzi Hill Intrusion, NW Zimbabwe: first evidence for early Paleoproterozoic magmatism in Zimbabwe". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 40 (5): 281–292. Bibcode:2004JAfES..40..281M. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2004.12.003.
Jump up ^ Li, Xian-hua; Liang, Xi-rong; Sun, Min; Guan, Hong; Malpas, J. G. (2001). "Precise 206Pb/238U age determination on zircons by laser ablation microprobe-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry using continuous linear ablation". Chemical Geology. 175 (3–4): 209–219. Bibcode:2001ChGeo.175..209L. doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00394-6.
Jump up ^ Wingate, M.T.D. (2001). "SHRIMP baddeleyite and zircon ages for an Umkondo dolerite sill, Nyanga Mountains, Eastern Zimbabwe". South African Journal of Geology. 104 (1): 13–22. doi:10.2113/104.1.13.
Jump up ^ Ireland, Trevor (December 1999). "Isotope Geochemistry: New Tools for Isotopic Analysis". Science. 286 (5448): 2289–2290. doi:10.1126/science.286.5448.2289.
Jump up ^ Mukasa, S. B.; A. H. Wilson; R. W. Carlson (December 1998). "A multielement geochronologic study of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe: significance of the robust and reset ages". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 164 (1–2): 353–369. Bibcode:1998E&PSL.164..353M. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00228-3.
Jump up ^ "Ales stenar". The Swedish National Heritage Board. 11 October 2006. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
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Jump up ^ Vasiliev, S. S.; V. A. Dergachev (2002). "The ~2400-year cycle in atmospheric radiocarbon concentration: Bispectrum of 14C data over the last 8000 years" (PDF). Annales Geophysicae. 20 (1): 115–120. Bibcode:2002AnGeo..20..115V. doi:10.5194/angeo-20-115-2002.
Jump up ^ "Carbon-14 Dating". www.chem.uwec.edu. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
Jump up ^ Plastino, Wolfango; Lauri Kaihola; Paolo Bartolomei; Francesco Bella (2001). "Cosmic background reduction in the radiocarbon measurement by scintillation spectrometry at the underground laboratory of Gran Sasso" (PDF). Radiocarbon. 43 (2A): 157–161.
Jump up ^ Jacobs, J.; R. J. Thomas (August 2001). "A titanite fission track profile across the southeastern Archæan Kaapvaal Craton and the Mesoproterozoic Natal Metamorphic Province, South Africa: evidence for differential cryptic Meso- to Neoproterozoic tectonism". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 33 (2): 323–333. Bibcode:2001JAfES..33..323J. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(01)80066-X.
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Further reading[edit]
Gunten, Hans R. von (1995). "Radioactivity: A Tool to Explore the Past". Radiochimica Acta. 70-71 (s1). ISSN 2193-3405. doi:10.1524/ract.1995.7071.special-issue.305.
Magill, Joseph; Galy, Jean (2005). "Archaeology and Dating". Radioactivity Radionuclides Radiation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 105–115. ISBN 978-3-540-26881-9. doi:10.1007/3-540-26881-2_6.
Isotope Geology. ISBN 978-0521862288.
Geochemistry: Pathways and Processes (2 ed.). ISBN 0-231-12440-6.
Cosmochemistry. ISBN 978-0-521-87862-3.
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And Now the Legacy Begins
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And Now the Legacy Begins
Studio album by Dream Warriors
Released
April 23, 1991 (U.S.)
Recorded
1990–1991
Genre
Canadian hip hop, jazz rap
Length
54:15
Label
4th & B'way/Island/PolyGram
444 037
Producer
Dream Warriors, Split Personality, Ron Nelson, Krush and Skad, Maximum 60
Dream Warriors chronology
And Now the Legacy Begins
(1991) Subliminal Simulation
(1994)
Singles from And Now the Legacy Begins
"Wash Your Face in My Sink"
Released: 1990
"My Definition of a Boombastic Jazz Style"
Released: 1990
"Ludi"
Released: 1991
"Follow Me Not"
Released: 1991
And Now the Legacy Begins is the debut album of Canadian hip hop duo Dream Warriors, released April 23, 1991. It was released worldwide on Island Records and in the United States on sub-label 4th & B'way Records (although it was not a hit in the U.S.). The album is regarded as one of the finest alternative hip hop records of the golden era.[1]
Contents
1 Singles
2 Reception
3 Track listing
4 Samples
5 Chart positions
6 Accolades
7 Personnel
8 References
Singles[edit]
"My Definition of a Boombastic Jazz Style", the album's most successful single, sampled Quincy Jones' "Soul Bossa Nova" — which was also known to Canadian audiences as the longtime theme music of the television game show Definition and later was known as theme for the Austin Powers movie series. The song was a hit in both Canada and Europe, winning a Juno Award for Rap Recording of the Year in 1992,.[1] "Wash Your Face in My Sink" and "Ludi" were also notable singles.
Reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [2]
Robert Christgau [3]
NME 10/10[4]
RapReviews 7.5/10[5]
Spin favorable[6]
The album received high critical acclaim. Spin magazine highly recommended the album, praising its "stunning, almost seamless sample-driven tracks."[7] Allmusic gave it 4½ out of 5 stars, noting that "the duo plays around with any number of inspired samples and grooves, from jazz to harder-edged beats, with style and skill."[8] It peaked at #18 on the UK Albums Chart and #34 in Canada, where it received gold certification. Over 800,000 copies were sold worldwide.[1][9][10] In 2013, the album made Ballast's list of the top 50 Canadian albums of all time.[11]
Track listing[edit]
#
Title
Producer(s)
Length
1. "Mr. Bubbunut Spills His Guts" Dream Warriors 0:16
2. "My Definition of a Boombastic Jazz Style" Dream Warriors 4:17
3. "Follow Me Not" Split Personality 3:02
4. "Ludi" Dream Warriors 3:03
5. "U Never Know a Good Thing Till You Lose It" Dream Warriors 4:04
6. "And Now the Legacy Begins" Krush and Skad 3:08
7. "Tune from the Missing Channel" Dream Warriors 4:30
8. "Wash Your Face in My Sink" Dream Warriors 3:37
9. "Voyage Through the Multiverse" Ron Nelson 6:14
10. "U Could Get Arrested" (feat. Split Personality) Split Personality 3:19
11. "Journey On" Ron Nelson 4:38
12. "Face in the Basin" Dream Warriors 3:44
13. "Do Not Feed the Alligators" Split Personality 3:35
14. "Twelve Sided Dice" Dream Warriors 4:25
15. "Maximum 60 Lost in a Dream" Maximum 60 0:03
16. "Answer for the Owl" Dream Warriors 3:20
Samples[edit]
"My Definition of a Boombastic Jazz Style" – Contains a sample of "Soul Bossa Nova" by Quincy Jones
"Ludi" – Contains a sample of "My Conversation" by Slim Smith & The Uniques
"U Never Know a Good Thing Till You Lose It" – Contains a sample of "Sing a Happy Song" by War and "Wild and Loose" and "The Walk" by The Time
"And Now the Legacy Begins" – Contains samples of "Shine Your Light" by The Graingers and "Genius of Love" by Tom Tom Club
"Wash Your Face in My Sink" – Contains a sample of "Hang on Sloopy" by Count Basie
"Face in the Basin" – Contains samples of "Think (About It)" by Lyn Collins and "Funky Stuff" by Kool & the Gang
"Twelve Sided Dice" – Contains a sample of "Riding High" by Faze-O
"Answer for the Owl" – Contains a sample of "Just Kissed My Baby" by The Meters
Chart positions[edit]
Chart (1991)
Peak
position
Canadian RPM Albums Chart[12] 34
UK Albums Chart[9] 18
Accolades[edit]
Publication
Country
Accolade[13]
Year
Rank
Eye Weekly Canada Canadian Critics Poll - Albums of the Year 1991 25
The Face United Kingdom Albums of the Year 1991 13
Melody Maker United Kingdom Albums of the Year 1991 26
Musik Express/Sounds Germany Albums of the Year 1991 20
NME United Kingdom Albums of the Year 1991 18
Q United Kingdom Albums of the Year 1991 *
Rock de Lux Spain Albums of the Year 1991 3
RoRoRo Rock-Lexicon Germany Most Recommended Albums 2003 *
Vox United Kingdom Albums of the Year 1991 *
(*) signifies unordered lists
Personnel[edit]
Pete Ashworth – Photography
Dream Warriors – Producer, Mixing
Krush – Producer
Maximum 60 – Producer, Engineer, Mixing
Ron Nelson – Producer, Engineer
Split Personality – Producer, Mixing
Swifty – Artwork
Wrighty – Artwork
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Dream Warriors > Overview AllMusic. Accessed on January 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Allmusic review
Jump up ^ "Robert Christgau: CG: dream warriors". www.robertchristgau.com.
Jump up ^ "21 1990s Albums NME Has Given 10/10 - NME". 10 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dream Warriors :: And Now the Legacy Begins :: 4th and Broadway/Island". www.rapreviews.com.
Jump up ^ "Dream Warriors - And Now The Legacy Begins CD Album". www.cduniverse.com.
Jump up ^ And Now the Legacy Begins CD CD Universe. Accessed on October 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ And Now, the Legacy Begins > Overview Allmusic. Accessed on January 20, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 168. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ Canadian Music Week 2004 Archived 2009-11-10 at the Wayback Machine. Canadian Music Week. Accessed on December 26, 2008.
Jump up ^ Unger, Andrew "The 50 Greatest Canadian Albums of All Time", "Ballast", Feb 13, 2013 accessed Feb 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Top Albums/CDs - Volume 53, No. 19, April 13 1991 RPM. Accessed on June 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Dream Warriors - And Now the Legacy Begins AcclaimedMusic.net. Accessed on January 20, 2010.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=And_Now_the_Legacy_Begins&oldid=845217155"
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