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Special session
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In a legislature, a special session (also extraordinary session) is a period when the body convenes outside of the normal legislative session. This most frequently occurs in order to complete unfinished tasks for the year (often delayed by conflict between political parties), such as outlining the government's budget for the next fiscal year, biennium, or other period. Special sessions may also be called during an economic downturn in order to cut the budget. In other cases, a special session may be convened to address special topics, or emergencies such as war or natural disaster.
Who calls a special session varies - by vote of the legislature during regular session, by the executive, or by the legislature's speaker or presiding officer. The United Nations has both special sessions and emergency special sessions.
United States[edit]
In the United States of America, Article II, Section 3 of the United States Constitution gives the President of the United States the power to "on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses or either of them." [1]
This power exists for urgent or extraordinary situations that require congressional action when Congress is adjourned. Presidents have exercised this power 46 times to recall only the Senate and 28 times to recall both Chambers of Congress, most recently by Harry Truman in 1948.[2]
The Senate itself differentiates between "extraordinary sessions" called by the Presidential proclamation and "special sessions" that merely indicate a session not normally scheduled.[3] The term "session" can refer to either the formal start and end of a Congressional session or the daily sessions of the chambers of Congress.[4] Thus a formal "special session" will only happen when Congress has adjourned sine die and is not simply in recess (in other words Congress may or may not already be in an official session, but in recess, when convened).[4]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ United States Archives: Transcript of the Constitution
Jump up ^ U.S. Senate History
Jump up ^ "Types of Sessions". Retrieved 26 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Beth, Richard; Tollestrup, Jessica (23 February 2013). "Sessions, Adjournments, and Recesses of Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. pp. Summary. Retrieved 26 January 2014.

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Hung parliament
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The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the Commonwealth realms and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A hung parliament is a term used in legislatures under the Westminster system to describe a situation in which no particular political party or pre-existing coalition (also known as an alliance or bloc) has an absolute majority of legislators (commonly known as members or seats) in a parliament or other legislature. This situation is also known, albeit less commonly, as a balanced parliament,[1][2] or as a legislature under no overall control,[3][4][5] and can result in a minority government. The term is not relevant in multi-party systems where it is rare for a single party to hold a majority.
In the Westminster System, in the circumstance of a hung parliament, no party or coalition has an automatic mandate to assume control of the executive – a status usually known in parliamentary systems as "forming (a) government". However, an absolute majority may still be gained through the formation of a new coalition government, or the addition of previously unaffiliated members to a pre-existing coalition. However, a minority government may instead result: that is, the party that has the most members is allowed to form government without an absolute majority, provided that it has the express, ongoing support of unaffiliated members, such as minor parties and/or independent legislators.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 History
2.1 Ireland
2.2 United Kingdom
2.3 Canada
2.4 Australia
2.5 New Zealand
3 Consequences
3.1 Australia
3.2 India
3.3 New Zealand
3.4 United Kingdom
4 Working majority
4.1 United Kingdom
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
7.1 United Kingdom
Overview[edit]
A normal objective of parliamentary systems – especially those requiring responsible government, such as the Westminster system – is the formation of a stable government (i.e. ideally one that lasts a full parliamentary term, until the next election would normally be due). This requires a government to be able to muster sufficient votes in parliament to pass motions of confidence and supply, especially motions of no-confidence and budget bills). If such motions fail, they normally result in the dissolution of parliament and a fresh election. In some parliamentary systems, however, a new government may be formed without recourse to an election – if, for example, a minor party holds the balance of power, it may publicly express for the opposition, thereby creating a new majority.
The term hung parliament is most often used of parliaments dominated by two major parties or coalitions. General elections in such systems usually result in one party having an absolute majority and thus quickly forming a new government. In most parliamentary systems, a hung parliament is considered exceptional and is often seen by all parties and observers as undesirable. In other contexts, a hung parliament may be seen as ideal – for example, if opinions among the voting public are polarised regarding one or more issues, a hung parliament may lead to the emergence of a compromise or consensus.
If a legislature is bicameral, the term "hung parliament" is usually used only with respect to the lower house.
In a multi-party system with legislators elected by proportional representation or a similar systems, it is usually exceptionally rare and difficult for any party to have an absolute majority. Under such situations, hung parliaments are often taken for granted and coalition governments are normal. However, the term may be used to describe an election in which no established coalition wins an outright majority (such as the German federal election of 2005 or the 2018 Italian general election).
History[edit]
Ireland[edit]
Because Ireland uses PR-STV, it is rare for any one party to have a majority on its own. The last such occasion was 1977. However, one or other coalitions are known to be possible before and during the election. Therefore, a "hung Dáil" (Dáil Éireann being the lower and most dominant chamber of the Oireachtas/Parliament) in Ireland refers more to the inability of a coalition of parties who traditionally enter government together or would be expected to govern together, from doing so.
The President has no direct role in the formation of governments in the case of a hung parliament. However he retains the power to convene a meeting of either or both the Dáil and Senate which could become important if there was a government trying to use parliamentary recess to prevent confidence votes and hold onto power. The President may also refuse to dissolve Dáil Eireann and call an election if the Taoiseach loses a vote of confidence, instead giving the other parties a chance to see if they can put together a government without proceeding to another election.
In 2016, Fine Gael and Labour, who had been in government the previous five years, were unable, due to Labours collapse, to enter government again. Fianna Fáil had enough seats to put together a rainbow government with the other centre-left, hard left parties and independents but negotiations broke down. Fianna Fáil had also promised not to enter coalition with Sinn Féin due to the current leaderships Provisional IRA connections.
The press began to speculate about a Germany style "Grand Coalition" similar to the Christian Democrats and Social Democrats there. Many members of FF considered FG too right wing to enter coalition with and threatened to leave the party this came to pass. As talks continued on without a new government (the old government, constitutionally, which had just been voted out, remaining in power including ministers who had lost their seats) FF agreed to allow a government to form by abstention. The parliamentary arithmetic fell in such a way that if FF TD's abstained on confidence and supply matters, a FG minority govt could, with the support of a group of independents, form a new government. This was agreed in exchange for a number of policy concessions. Once the deal with FF was signed, Taoiseach Enda Kenny conducted talks with the independents and entered government for a second term.
United Kingdom[edit]
The House of Commons following the 2017 general election. No party has a majority.
In the United Kingdom, before World War I, a largely stable two-party system existed for generations; traditionally, only the Tories and Whigs, or from the mid-19th century the Conservative and Liberal parties, managed to deliver Members of Parliament in significant numbers. Hung parliaments were thus rare, especially during the 19th century. The possibility of change arose when, in the aftermath of the Act of Union, 1800, a number of Irish MPs took seats in the House, though initially these followed the traditional alignments. However, two Reform Acts (in 1867 and in 1884) significantly extended the franchise and redrew the constituencies, and coincided with a change in Irish politics. After the 1885 general election, neither party had an overall majority. The Irish Parliamentary Party held the balance of power and made Irish Home Rule a condition of their support. However, the Liberal Party split on the issue of Irish Home Rule, leading to another general election in 1886, in which the Conservatives won the most seats and governed with the support of the fragment of Liberalism opposed to Home Rule, the Liberal Unionist Party.
Both the election of January 1910, and that of December 1910 produced a hung parliament with an almost identical number of seats won by the governing Liberal Party and the Conservative Party. This was due both to the constitutional crisis and to the rise of the Labour Party. The elections of 1929 resulted in the last hung parliament for many years; in the meantime, Labour had replaced the Liberals as one of the two dominating parties.
Since the elections of 1929, there have been three general elections that resulted in hung parliaments in the UK. The first was the election in February 1974, and the ensuing parliament lasted only until October. The second was the May 2010 election, the result of which was a hung parliament with the Conservative party as the largest single party. The results for the 3 main parties were: Conservatives 306, Labour 258, Liberal Democrats 57.[6] The third one resulted from the snap election held in June 2017 that had been called for by Theresa May in order to strengthen her majority heading into Brexit negotiations later in 2017. However, this election backfired on May and her Conservative Party, resulting in a hung parliament after the snap election.[7]
The formation of the coalition resulting from the 2010 election led to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, which instituted fixed five-year Parliaments and transferred the power to call early elections from the Prime Minister to Parliament itself. This was the idea of the Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, then the leader of the Liberal Democrats, who said that this would stop the Prime Minister and leader of the Conservative Party, David Cameron, from calling a snap election to end the hung parliament, as many other Conservatives had requested.
Hung parliaments can also arise when slim government majorities are eroded by by-election defeats and defection of Members of Parliament to opposition parties, as well as resignations of MPs from the House of Commons. This happened in December 1996 to the Conservative government of John Major (1990–97) and in mid-1978 to the Labour government of James Callaghan (1976–79); this latter period covers the era known as the Winter of Discontent. The minority government of Jim Callaghan came when Labour ended their 15-month Lib-Lab pact with the Liberals having lost their majority in early 1977.
According to researchers Andrew Blick and Stuart Wilks-Heeg, the phrase "hung parliament" did not enter into common usage in the UK until the mid-1970s. It was first used in the press by journalist Simon Hoggart in The Guardian in 1974.[8]
Academic treatments of hung parliaments include David Butler's Governing Without a Majority: Dilemmas for Hung Parliaments in Britain (Sheridan House, 1986) and Vernon Bogdanor's 'Multi-Party Politics and the Constitution' (Cambridge University Press, 1983).
Canada[edit]
Further information: Federal minority governments in Canada
Three recent Canadian Parliaments (the 38th, the 39th, and the 40th Parliaments) were hung parliaments, although that term is not used in Canada. Rather, the term "minority government" is used to describe the situation in which the party with the greatest number of seats in the House of Commons (but less than a majority) forms the Government. The aftermath of all three of these elections was that the largest party ruled as a "minority government". Although minority governments have tended to be short-lived, the two successive minorities under Prime Minister Stephen Harper managed to hold on to power from February 2006 until a no confidence vote in March 2011 resulted in the dissolution of Parliament and elections held on 2 May 2011. The subsequent election saw a majority parliament elected with Harper's Conservative Party obtaining a 24-seat majority. The make-up of the 40th Canadian Parliament hung parliament resulted in the 2008–09 Canadian parliamentary dispute. The Conservative Party had a plurality of seats, however, the Liberal Party and New Democratic Party together held enough seats to have a larger plurality and reached an accord to form a minority coalition government. The Bloc Québécois agreed to provide support on confidence votes. On 4 December 2008, Governor General Michaëlle Jean granted Prime Minister Stephen Harper a prorogation on the condition that parliament reconvene early in the new year; the date was set as 26 January 2009. The first session of the 40th parliament thus ended, delaying a vote of no-confidence.[9]
Australia[edit]
The House of Representatives elected in 2010, with a 72-72 tie between the Labor Party and the Opposition Coalition.
Australian parliaments are modelled on the Westminster system, with a hung parliament typically defined as a lack of a lower house parliamentary majority from either the Australian Labor Party or Liberal/National Coalition.
Hung parliaments are rare at the federal level in Australia, as a virtual two-party system, in which the Australian Labor Party competes against an alliance of the conservative parties, has existed with only brief interruptions since the early 20th century. Prior to 1910, no party had a majority in the House of Representatives. As a result, there were frequent changes of government, several of which took place during parliamentary terms. Since 1910, when the two-party system was cemented, there have been two hung parliaments, the first in 1940, and the second in 2010. At the 1940 federal election, incumbent Prime Minister Robert Menzies secured the support of the two crossbenchers and continued to govern, but in 1941 the independents switched their support to Labor, bringing John Curtin to power.
Declining support for the major parties in recent times is leading to more non-majoritarian outcomes at elections.[10] At the 2010 federal election, which resulted in an exact 72-72 seat tie between Labor and The Liberal-National Coalition, incumbent Prime Minister Julia Gillard secured the support of four out of six Independent and Green Party crossbenchers and continued to govern.
Having hung Parliaments in both Australia and the United Kingdom at the same time, and also briefly including Canada as well, is unprecedented in the history of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Hung parliaments are rather more common at a state level. The Tasmanian House of Assembly and the unicameral Parliament of the Australian Capital Territory are both elected by Hare-Clark proportional representation, thus, elections commonly return hung parliaments. In other states and territories, candidates contest single-member seats. With far fewer seats than federal parliament, hung parliaments are more likely to be elected. Recent examples include New South Wales in 1991, Queensland in 1998 and 2015, Victoria in 1999, South Australia in 1997 and 2002, Western Australia in 2008, the Australian Capital Territory in 2008, and Tasmania in 2010.
New Zealand[edit]
Hung parliaments had a relatively uncommon place in New Zealand politics prior to the introduction of proportional representation in 1993. Only on five occasions since the beginnings of modern party politics in 1890 has a hung parliament occurred, in 1911, 1922, 1928, 1931 & 1993 respectively. The rarity between 1936 and 1996 was due to the regression into a two party system, alternating between the long dominating New Zealand Labour Party and New Zealand National Party.[11] Since the first MMP election in 1996 no single party has gained an outright majority in parliament. Subsequent governments have all been formed as either coalitions or under confidence and supply agreements.[citation needed]
Consequences[edit]
In countries used to decisive election outcomes, a hung parliament is often viewed as an unfavourable outcome, leading to relatively weak and unstable government. A period of uncertainty after the election is common, as major party leaders negotiate with independents and minor parties to establish a working majority.
An aspiring head of government may seek to build a coalition government; in Westminster systems, this typically involves agreement on a joint legislative programme and a number of ministerial posts going to the minor coalition partners, in return for a stable majority. Alternatively, a minority government may be formed, establishing confidence and supply agreements in return for policy concessions agreed in advance, or relying on case by case support.
Australia[edit]
In the Western Australian state election of 2008 the Australian Labor Party won more seats than the Liberal Party at 28 to 24. The National Party along with three independents had the seats needed to give either party a majority. To help the Liberal Party form government, the Nationals supported the party on the condition that the Royalties for Regions policy was implemented.
In the 1999 Victorian state election, the Labor Party won 42 seats, while the incumbent Liberal National Coalition retained 43, with 3 seats falling to independents. The Labor Party formed a minority government with the 3 independents.
The 2010 Tasmanian state election resulted in a hung parliament. After a period of negotiation, the incumbent Labor government led by David Bartlett was recommissioned, but containing the Leader of the Tasmanian Greens, Nick McKim, as a minister, and the Greens' Cassy O'Connor as Cabinet Secretary.
In the 2010 federal election, neither Labor nor the Liberal coalition secured the majority of seats required to form a Government in their own right. In order to counter the potential instability of minority government involved groups may negotiate written agreements defining their terms of support. Such measures were undertaken by the Gillard Government in 2010.[12]
India[edit]
In India if an election results in a 'hung assembly' in one of the state Legislative Assemblies and no party is capable of gaining confidence then fresh elections are announced to be held as soon as possible. Until this occurs President's Rule (or in the State of Jammu and Kashmir 'Governor's Rule') is applied. In India there have been many situations of hung assemblies in the state legislatures.
New Zealand[edit]
The first such occasion was in 1911 when the Liberal Party won fewer seats than the opposition Reform Party despite tallying the most votes. A vote of no confidence was placed by Reform and the Liberals survived by just one vote. This prompted Prime Minister Sir Joseph Ward to resign, his replacement Thomas Mackenzie was later defeated in July 1912 in a vote with several MPs and Labour crossing the floor to vote with the opposition, the last time in New Zealand history a government has changed on a confidence vote. This broke 23 years of Liberal governance and William Massey formed a new Reform Party government. Massey governed through to his death in 1925, though in 1922 the Reform Party suffered major losses and Massey was forced negotiate with several Independent MPs to retain power.
In 1928, Reform were ousted from governance and Joseph Ward once again won back power. However, the Reform and United (Liberal) parties were tied on seats with Labour holding the balance of power. Labour chose to back Ward rather than let Reform leader Gordon Coates remain in office. In the next election in 1931, there was again a three-way deadlock. On this occasion the Reform and United parties became a coalition government out of mutual fear of Labour's ever-increasing appeal as the Great Depression worsened.
1993 was the last time a hung parliament occurred in New Zealand. Governor-General Dame Catherine Tizard asked Sir David Beattie to form a committee, along with three retired appeal court judges, to decide whom to appoint as Prime Minister. [13] However National won an extra seat after special votes were counted, giving National 50 seats and Labour 45 seats (4 were won by third party candidates). Labour's Sir Peter Tapsell agreed to become Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives. As a result, National did not lose a vote in the house and maintained a dubious majority for three years.
United Kingdom[edit]
In the February 1974 General Election, no party gained an overall parliamentary majority. Labour won the most seats (301, which was 17 seats short of an overall majority) with the Conservatives on 297 seats, although the Conservatives had a larger share of the popular vote. As the incumbent Prime Minister, Edward Heath remained in office, attempting to build a coalition with the Liberals. When these negotiations were unsuccessful Heath resigned and Labour led by Harold Wilson took over in a minority government.
In the 2010 UK General Election, another hung parliament occurred with the Conservatives as the largest party, and discussions followed to help create a stable government. This resulted in agreement on a coalition government, which was also a majority government, between the Conservative Party, which won the most votes and seats in the election, and the Liberal Democrats.
In the 2017 UK General Election, a hung parliament occurred for the second time in seven years with the Conservatives again being the largest party. The Conservatives led by Theresa May formed a minority government, supported by a confidence-and-supply agreement with the Democratic Unionist Party.
Working majority[edit]
There have been occasions when, although a parliament or assembly is technically hung, the party in power has a working majority. For example, in the United Kingdom, the tradition is that the Speaker and Deputy Speakers do not vote and Sinn Féin MPs never take their seats, so these members can be discounted from the opposition numbers.
United Kingdom[edit]
In 2005, this was the case in the 60-seat National Assembly for Wales, where Labour lost their majority when Peter Law was expelled for standing against the official candidate in the 2005 Westminster election in the Blaenau Gwent constituency. When the Assembly was first elected on 1 May 2003, Labour won 30 seats, Plaid Cymru won 12, the Conservatives won 11, Liberal Democrats won 6, and the John Marek Independent Party won a seat.
When Dafydd Elis-Thomas (Plaid Cymru) was reelected as the presiding officer, this reduced the number of opposition AMs who could vote to 29, as the presiding officer votes only in the event of a tie and, even then, not on party political lines but according to Speaker Denison's rule. Thus, Labour had a working majority of one seat until Law ran in Blaenau Gwent.[14]
See also[edit]
Divided government
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Balanced parliament: No need to rush". The Guardian. London. 2010-05-05.
Jump up ^ "SNP puts case for hung parliament". BBC News. 2010-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Q+A - What happens if no party gets a majority in UK election?". Reuters. May 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ Paun, Akash (2009-12-04). "Hung up on 'no overall control'". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to the era of no overall control". Newstatesman.com. Retrieved 2013-12-27.
Jump up ^ "General election 2010 results of a hung parliament" Archived 10 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine., PoliticsRAW. May 08, 2010
Jump up ^ "Election results 2017: UK wakes up to hung Parliament". BBC News. 2017-06-09. Retrieved 2017-06-09.
Jump up ^ Blick, Andrew; Stuart Wilks-Heeg (April 2010). "Governing without majorities: Coming to terms with balanced Parliaments in UK politics" (PDF). Liverpool: Democratic Audit. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "GG agrees to suspend Parliament: Harper". CBC. 2008-12-04. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
Jump up ^ Ward, Alan J. (2014). Parliamentary Government in Australia. Anthem Press. p. 172. ISBN 178308121X. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Bassett, Michael (1982). Three Party Politics in New Zealand 1911–1931. Auckland: Historical Publications. pp. 64–5. ISBN 0-86870-006-1.
Jump up ^ Fenna, Alan; Jane Robbins; John Summers (2013). Government Politics in Australia. Pearson Higher Education AU. p. 49. ISBN 1486001386. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
Jump up ^ McLean, Gavin (2006). The Governors: New Zealand's Governors and Governors-General. Otago University Press. ISBN 1-877372-25-0.
Jump up ^ Labour lose assembly majority as Law quits, ePolitix.com. April 17, 2005
External links[edit]
Look up hung parliament in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
United Kingdom[edit]
Charter 2010 – planning for a hung parliament
Hang Em – a pressure group
Hung parliament news, New Statesman
Hung parliaments: What you need to know, Institute for Government (2010)
Q&A: What is a hung parliament?, BBC News (8 March 2010)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&oldid=830470651"
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text:
Ku Hye-sun
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a Korean name; the family name is Ku.
Ku Hye-sun
In May 2013.
Native name
구혜선
Born
(1984-11-09) November 9, 1984 (age 33)
Incheon, South Korea
Other names
Goo Hye-sun
Alma mater
Sungkyunkwan University
Seoul Institute of the Arts
Occupation
Actress
singer-songwriter
director
artist
Years active
2002–present
Agent
YG Entertainment
Partners Park[1]
Spouse(s)
Ahn Jae-hyun (m. 2016)
Korean name
Hangul
구혜선
Hanja
具惠善
Revised Romanization
Gu Hye-seon
McCune–Reischauer
Ku Hyesŏn
Website
http://www.kuhyesun.com
Ku Hye-sun (born November 9, 1984) is a South Korean actress, singer-songwriter, director and artist. She gained widespread recognition in the television dramas Pure in Heart (2006), The King And I (2007), Boys Over Flowers (2009), Take Care of Us, Captain (2012), Angel Eyes (2014) and Blood (2015).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 As actress
2.2 As singer-songwriter
2.3 As director
2.4 As artist and an ambassador
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 As actress
4.1.1 Television series
4.1.2 Film
4.1.3 Narration
4.1.4 Reality show
4.1.5 Music video
4.2 As director
4.2.1 Feature film
4.2.2 Short film
4.2.3 Trailer
5 Discography
5.1 Albums
5.2 Singles
6 Concert
7 Bibliography
8 Art exhibitions
9 Fashion
10 Ambassadorship
11 Awards and nominations
12 References
13 External links
Early life[edit]
Ku Hye-sun's family consists of her mother, father, and one older sister. While growing up, Ku initially dreamed of becoming a singer. She eventually formed a vocal band with college friends, but due to her gaining popularity through the internet as a model she put those goals on hold.[citation needed]
Career[edit]
As actress[edit]
Ku Hye-sun entered the entertainment industry after gaining popularity on the Internet as an ulzzang. She used to be a trainee under SM Entertainment, before switching over to DSP Media and preparing to debut in a girl group called Ria. But after it didn't work out she then signed under YG Entertainment. Originally set to debut as a singer (supposedly in a three-member girl group with 2NE1's Park Bom and Sandara Park), YG Entertainment CEO Yang Hyun-suk advised Ku to pursue acting rather than music. She made her debut in a CF for Sambo computers and then made her television debut in the KBS horror series Anagram, and continued to appear in one-act dramas. Her performance as Hye-jin in the 2004 MBC sitcom Nonstop 5 attracted the audience's attention.[citation needed]
In December 2008
Ku soon rose to fame in the 2006 television drama Pure in Heart and surprised critics with her performance in the historical drama The King and I.[2] She then starred in the martial arts drama Strongest Chil Woo.[3]
Ku rose to fame for her role as Geum Jan-di in the mega hit KBS2 drama Boys Over Flowers opposite Lee Min Ho,[4] which gained her pan-Asia popularity.[5]
After a year in limbo with no broadcasting slot, her first pre-produced drama The Musical finally aired in September 2011.[6][7][8] Ku next starred as a female pilot in the SBS series Take Care of Us, Captain,[9][10][11][12] followed by Absolute Darling, the Taiwanese drama adaptation of the manga Absolute Boyfriend.[13][14]
After two years break from acting career, Ku appears in MBC channel’s two-part documentary drama Heo Nanseolheon. She took part in the program’s narration and production as well.[15]
Ku then made a small screen comeback acting in SBS's wekeend drama Angel Eyes in 2014. She played a legally blind woman who gets her vision back in an operation and decides to embrace life with passion by becoming an emergency rescue worker.[16]
In February 2015, Ku starred in KBS's vampire drama Blood. She plays an arrogant genius physician who entered medical school at a young age of 17.[17] However, Blood suffered low ratings in Korea and Ku was criticized for her bad acting.[18][19] On November 6, 2015, Ku was confirmed to be starring in a Chinese drama The Legendary Tycoon which tells the life story of Run Run Shaw, a self-made entertainment mogul from Hong Kong.[20][21]
Ku was cast in the MBC's weekend drama You’re Too Much alongside Uhm Jung-hwa.[22] However, she left the show after two weeks due to health reasons.[23]
As singer-songwriter[edit]
In recent years, Ku has displayed her vocal talents through soundtrack releases as well as digital singles. In 2005, she released her first single "Happy Birthday to You" for Nonstop 5. In 2006, she released the track "Sarang Ga" ("Love Story"), which became the title song of Pure in Heart. In 2012, Ku released her first self-composed soundtrack, titled "Fly Again" for SBS's Take Care of Us, Captain, which she stars in.[citation needed]
In July 2009
Ku released her first album Breath in 2009, an album of new-age music which included her composed song for her friend and singer, Gummy, entitled "Around the Alley".[citation needed] She then released her self composed and written digital single "Brown Hair" in 2010, with the music rearranged by bossa nova pianist Choi In-young.[24] In 2012, Ku released "It's You" and its music video. She not only wrote the music and lyrics of "It’s You", but also filmed and edited the music video.[25] In 2014, Ku released her 5th digital single "Happy", which is also a remake to Seo In-guk's song "Were We Happy".[26][27] She released another self-written single titled "Must" the same year, which also serves as the soundtrack of her film My Daughtr.[28]
In 2015, she released a second album titled Breath 2, which serves as a follow up to her 2009 album Breath.[29] The title track "After 10 Years 100 Years" is a remake of the OST from the film The Peach Tree. Ku held her first concert the same year.[30]
In 2016, Ku released the song "Written and Erased", which is a collaboration song of Ku with The Blind.[citation needed] On April 28, she released her first regular album And Spring that consist of 11 tracks including her singles "Stupid", "Brown Hair", and "It’s You."[31]
As director[edit]
Ku made her official debut as a director through her short film The Madonna. The film which was centered around the topic of assisted suicide, debuted at the 2009 Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival.[32] The film was featured in several film events, including the Asiana International Short Film Festival and the Pusan Asian Short Film Festival where it won "Audience Award" category.[33] The Madonna also won the "Spotlight Award" at the 12th Short Shorts Film Festival which was held in Tokyo from June 10 through 20, 2010.[33] She shared that the reason of herself making film was "It’s not like I dreamed of becoming a filmmaker since I was young. I’m interested in many things, including music, art and literature, and I thought I could incorporate all those things by making a film."[32]
The following year, Ku directed her first feature-length film Magic.[34][35] The film was invited and screened at the 6th Jecheon International Music & Film Festival (JIMFF) from August 12 to 17, 2010[36] and the 23rd Annual Tokyo International Film Festival.[37] She continued directing short films such as You (2010) Fragments of Sweet Memories (2012),[38] as well as trailers for film festivals. Fragment of Sweet Memories was selected as one of Korea's outstanding 3D films, and was shown at the Cinemountain in Busan Cinema Center during the International 3D Festival (I3DF), which Ku serves as the promotional ambassador of.[39][40] The film was also selected as a finalist for the Seoul Senior Film Festival, and received citation from the Mayor Park Won-soon.[citation needed]
In 2011, Ku established her own company, Ku Hye-sun Film, under which she would produce and film her projects.[41] Her second directorial feature The Peach Tree was the first film made under her newly established production company.[42][43][44][45] She also wrote the theme song and novel version of the film.[46] On October 25, 2012, she was awarded the Minister Commendation at the 14th Annual Republic of Korea Design Award for The Peach Tree.[47]
In 2013, Ku directed a short film for Samsung Galaxy S4, as part of the project "Story of Me and S4".[48][49] The same year, she served as the jury for the 9th Jecheon International Music and Film Festival.[50]
In 2014, Ku released her fifth directed film, Daughter.[51] Not only did she took part in producing, script-writing and directing of the movie, she also plays the main character as a mother who gives her daughter an oppressive corporal punishment.[52] The film aims to address and make known to society the problems of child abuse. Daughter was invited to Busan International Film Festival.[53]
As artist and an ambassador[edit]
Aside from her acting and directional works, Ku participates in a wide range of projects, including writing and drawing as well as ambassador activities. In recognition of her versatility and talents, Ku was voted as the Best Female Artist in the Entertainment Industry in 2012.[54] She also received the Korea Fulfillment Award, and the Ministry Award for "sharing happiness" for her charitable acts.[55][56]
In May 2013
In 2009, Ku published her first illustrated novel Tango (탱고), centered around a 20-something young girl who goes through two separate relationships to finally mature into a woman. The book was a bestseller, selling 30,000 copies within a week.[57] Its release coincided with her first solo art exhibition, also titled "Tango" which was held in July 2009 at La Mer Gallery and attracted a total of 10,000 visitors. The exhibition featured around 40 of Ku's illustrations, some from her novel.[58] She held her second art exhibition in 2012, titled "Afterimage" at the Hangaram Design Arts Center in the Seoul Arts Center.[59] She donated all proceeds from the sale of her artwork toward purchasing "clean cars" (germ-free automobiles) for the Korea Leukemia Patient Group.[60][61][62]
From 17–31 August 2013, she held exhibition entitled "Anything That Leaves Yearning Is All Beautiful".[63][64] The same year, Ku attended the Hong Kong Contemporary Art Fair.[65] The illustration poster of her cat 'Mango' will be sold at this exhibition, where the profit will be donated to charity organization ‘Community Chest Hong Kong’.[66][67] Ku was also appointed as the 2013 Cheongju International Craft Biennale (CICB) ambassador,[68] as well as the ambassador for ArtisTree, an organization to encourage arts.[69]
Personal life[edit]
On March 11, 2016, Ku was confirmed to be dating her Blood co-star Ahn Jae-hyun since April 2015.[70] The couple officially registered their marriage at the Gangnam district office on May 20, 2016 and married on May 21, 2016.[71] They announced that instead of holding a wedding party, they would donate the money to the pediatric ward of Severance Hospital.[72] The pair is confirmed to be appearing in the upcoming reality show Newlywed Diary produced by Na Young-seok, which will showcase their married life.[73]
Filmography[edit]
As actress[edit]
Television series[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Network
2004 Nonstop 5 Hye-sun MBC
Drama City – Anagram Nurse KBS2
2005 Drama City – Everybody Cha Cha Cha
Ballad of Seodong Eun-jin SBS
2006 Pure in Heart Yang Guk-hwa KBS1
2007 The King and I Queen Je-heon/Yoon So-hwa SBS
2008 Strongest Chil Woo Yoon So-yoon KBS2
2009 Boys Over Flowers Geum Jan-di
2010 Ku Cine Herself Mnet
2011 The Musical Go Eun-bi SBS
2012 Take Care of Us, Captain Han Da-jin
Absolute Darling Guan Xiao Fei GTV
2014 Heo Nanseolheon Heo Nanseolheon/ Documentary narrator[74] MBC
Angel Eyes Yoon Soo-wan SBS
2015 Blood Yoo Ri-ta/Yoo Chae-yoon KBS2
2017 You Are Too Much Jung Hae-dang (up until Episode 6, replaced by Jang Hee-jin) MBC
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2007 August Rush Girl on couch (cameo) American production
2014 Daughter San Also director and screenwriter
Narration[edit]
Year
Title
Network
Notes
Ref
2012 The Hospice for the Children Who Live for Today SBS [75]
2013 Prime MBC I Love Wood segment [76]
2014 Miracles in December KBS1 Angel Bread segment [77]
2016 Rookie KBS2
Reality show[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Episode
Network
Notes
2017 Newlywed Diary Cast Episode 1-6 tvN with Ahn Jae-hyun
Music video[edit]
Year
Song Title
Artist
2002 "We Make a Good Pair" Sung Si-kyung
2004 "The Reason I Close My Eyes" Taebin
2006 "Forget You" Soul Star
2007 "Yesterday Is Different from Today" Kim Ji-eun
2010 "Touch Your Heart" Fahrenheit
"Brown Hair" Ku Hye-sun
2012 "Marry Me"
2013 "With Laughter or with Tears" Seo In-guk
"It's You" Ku Hye-sun
"Happy"
2014 "She's So High"[78] Beatburger
"Floral Rain" Ku Hye-sun
2015 "After 10 Years 100 Years"
"A Day Without Sound"
As director[edit]
Feature film[edit]
Year
Title
Credited as
Cast
Ref.
2010 Magic Director,
screenwriter,
cameo Im Ji-kyu
Seo Hyun-jin
Kim Jung-wook [34]
2012 The Peach Tree Director,
screenwriter,
music director Cho Seung-woo
Ryu Deok-hwan
Nam Sang-mi [43][44][79]
2014 Daughter Director,
screenwriter,
actor Ku Hye-sun
Shim Hye-jin [52]
Short film[edit]
Year
Title
Credited as
Cast
Ref.
2009 The Madonna
(aka The Cheerful Caretaker) Director,
screenwriter,
editor Seo Hyun-jin
Kim Myung-soo
Jun Tae-soo [32]
2010 You Director,
screenwriter Nam Sang-mi
Choi Il-hwa
2012 Fragments of Sweet Memories
(3D) Director,
screenwriter,
music director Yoo Seung-ho
Choi Il-hwa
Ryu Young-jae
Yang Hyun-mo
Yang Kyung-mo
Seo Hyun-jin [38][80][81][82]
2013 White Dog
(Samsung Galaxy S4) Director,
singer of theme song Cristina Fernandez Lee
Moon Mason
Ku Hye-sun [49]
2018 Mystery Pink Director, Screenwriter Seo Hyun-jin,
Yang Dong-geun Yoon Da-kyoung, Hyun Seung-min, Park Jeong-uk
Trailer[edit]
Year
Event
Cast
Ref.
2009 7th Asiana International Short Film Festival Seo Hyun-jin
2011 13th International Women's Film Festival in Seoul Ku Hye-sun
2013 14th Persons with Disabilities Film Festival [83][84]
2014 10th Jecheon International Music & Film Festival Ku Hye-sun, Seong Seung-han, Choi In-young [85]
Discography[edit]
Albums[edit]
Year
Album
Label
Notes
Ref.
2009 Breath YG Entertainment Singer, composer [86]
2015 Breath 2 [29]
2016 And Spring [31]
Singles[edit]
Year
Title
Album
Label
Notes
Ref.
2005 "Happy Birthday To You" Nonstop 5 OST EMI Singer [87]
2006 "Sarang Ga (Love Story)" Pure in Heart OST YG Entertainment [88]
2010 "Brown Hair" Singer, composer [89]
2012 "Fly Again" Take Care of Us, Captain OST Pony Canyon Composer
"Marry Me" YG Entertainment Singer, composer [90][91]
2013 "Flying Galaxy" [92]
"It's You" [25]
"Happy" [27]
2014 "Floral Rain"
"Must" [28]
2015 "A Day Without Sound" Singer [93]
2016 "Written and Erased" In collaboration with The Blind
"Winter Story" for Newlywed Diary [94]
"Summer Day"
Concert[edit]
Year
Concert
Artist
2009 With You Ku Hye Sun participated in Isao Sasaki's concert
Over the Rainbow Ku Hye Sun, Isao Sasaki
2015 Summer, Autumn, Winter, and Spring Ku Hye Sun, Choi In-young
Bibliography[edit]
Year
Title
Notes
Ref.
2009 Tango Novel [57][58]
2010 Ku Hye-sun's The Story Behind the Making of "Magic" Non-fiction
2012 The Peach Tree Novelization
2017 Ku Hye Sun's Music Collection Music Book
2018 Ku Hye Sun's Scenario Collection Scenario Book
Art exhibitions[edit]
Year
Title
Location
Notes
Ref.
2009 Tango La Mer Gallery, South Korea Solo exhibition [58]
2012 Red Bull Collective Art Gwanggyo Gallery, Cheonggyecheon Participation [95]
Afterimage Hangaram Design Arts Center, Seoul Arts Center Solo exhibition [59]
2013 Harbor City Gallery, Hong Kong [65]
Anything That Leaves Yearning Is All Beautiful Korean Cultural Center in Shanghai [63][96]
2016 Dark Yellow MBC Sangam-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul Participated in "We, 颜(Face)" the DMC Festival 2016 [97]
2017 Hangaram Art Museum, Seoul Solo Exhibition [98][99]
2018 Mystery Pink Hangaram Art Museum, Seoul Solo Exhibition
Fashion[edit]
André Kim's Fashion Show with Song Chang-eui (2009)
Lie Sang Bong's Fashion Show at CICB (2013)
Ambassadorship[edit]
2012: Goodwill Ambassador for International 3D Festival[39]
2013: Promotional Ambassador for Cheongju International Craft Biennale[68]
2013: Promotional Ambassador for Artistree[69]
2013: Honorary Ambassador for 14th Persons with Disabilities Film Festival[100]
2015: Honorary Ambassador for Seoul 2015 International Blind Sports Association (IBSA) World Games[101][102]
2015: Honorary Ambassador fir Korean Leukemia Association[103][104]
2016: Honorary Ambassador for Social Contribution Donation Bank[105][106]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominated work
Result
2006 KBS Drama Awards Best New Actress[107] Pure in Heart Won
2007 43rd Baeksang Arts Awards Best New Actress (TV) Nominated
SBS Drama Awards New Star Award[108] The King and I Won
2009 26th Pusan Asian Short Film Festival Audience Award The Madonna Won
4th Andre Kim Best Star Awards Best Female Star[109] Boys Over Flowers Won
6th Yahoo! Taiwan Asia Buzz Awards Best Asian Actress[5] Won
KBS Drama Awards Excellence Award, Actress in a Mid-length Drama[110] Won
Netizen Award, Actress Won
Best Couple Award with Lee Min-ho[111] Won
14th Asian Television Awards Best Drama Actress Nominated
3rd Mnet 20's Choice Awards HOT Drama Star (Female) Nominated
2010 12th Short Shorts Film Festival & Asia Spotlight Award[33] The Madonna Won
23rd Tokyo International Film Festival Best Asian-Middle Eastern Film Magic Nominated
2011 5th Mnet 20's Choice Awards Hot 20's Voice N/A Nominated
2012 31st Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival Orbit Competition The Peach Tree Nominated
SBS Drama Awards Top Excellence Award, Actress in a Drama Special Take Care of Us, Captain Nominated
2012 Korea Fulfillment Awards Grand Prize (Daesang)[55] Herself Won
14th Annual Republic of Korea Design Award by Ministry of Knowledge Economy Design Merits Division-Minister Commendation Award[47] Herself Won
2013 Ministry of Health and Welfare 2nd Happiness Sharing Talent Award[56] Herself Won
2014 Ministry of Gender Equality and Family Grand Prize in Gender Equality Herself Won
2014 SBS Drama Awards Excellence Award, Actress in a Drama Special Angel Eyes Nominated
Best Couple Award with Lee Sang-yoon Nominated
2014 Asian Drama Awards Pilipinas Best Actress of the Year 2014 Won
Best Couple Award with Lee Sang-yoon Nominated
The 6th Seoul Senior Film Festival Best Young Director N/A Won
2015 KBS Drama Awards Excellence Award, Actress in a Mid-length Drama Blood Nominated
Best Couple Award with Ahn Jae-hyun Nominated
2015 Asian Drama Award Pilipinas Best Actress 2015 Angel Eyes Won
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye-sun inks deal with startup label Partners Park". Kpop Herald. 3 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "[2008 K-DRAMA] First Half Wrapup". Screen Anarchy. 28 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "Chil-woo to Bring Joseon Hero to TV". The Korea Times. 4 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Han, Sang-hee (10 February 2009). "Boys Over Flowers Continues to Bloom in Korea". The Korea Times.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ku Hye-sun Named Best Asian Actress in Taiwan". The Chosun Ilbo. 9 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Ko, Kyoung-seok (22 August 2011). "Ku Hye-sun mini-series The Musical to premiere Sept 2". 10Asia.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye-sun and co-stars head to Broadway to shoot "The Musical"". 10Asia. 29 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Despite hitches and delays, TV musical drama plows forward". The Korea Herald. 31 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Hong, Lucia (22 September 2011). "Ku Hye-sun, Yoo Sun, MBLAQ Lee Joon cast in new SBS series". 10Asia.
Jump up ^ Hong, Lucia (1 November 2011). "Shooting begins for new Ji Jin-hee, Ku Hye-sun TV series". 10Asia.
Jump up ^ Hong, Lucia (3 January 2012). "Ku Hye-sun thought flying a plane would be as easy as driving a car". 10Asia.
Jump up ^ "Actress flies high in TV return". Korea JoongAng Daily. 4 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Sunwoo, Carla (10 March 2012). "Ku Hye-sun to star in magic world with custom-order boyfriends" Archived 2012-07-17 at Archive.is. Korea JoongAng Daily.
Jump up ^ Choi, Eun-hwa (24 April 2012). "Author of Absolute Boyfriend Comic Applauds Gu Hye Sun's Acting". enewsWorld.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye Sun Appears in MBC's Special Program "Huh Nansulhun"!". YG Entertainment. 24 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye-sun eyes angelic role". Korea JoongAng Daily. 28 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Blood' Koo Hye-seon feels pressure about co-starring with younger actor Ahn Jae-hyun". Hancinema. 11 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye-sun's poor acting fuels controversy". Kpop Herald. 3 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye-sun apologetic for poor acting style". Kpop Herald. 23 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Sung, So-young (9 November 2015). "Ku Hye-sun lands role in China". Korea JoongAng Daily.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye-sun Lands Lead Role in Upcoming Chinese Drama". The Chosun Ilbo. 10 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye-sun, Uhm Jung-hwa cast in drama". Korea JoongAng Daily. 10 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye-sun quits drama due to health scare". Korea JoongAng Daily. 25 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye-sun to release digital single on June 16". 10Asia. 15 June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ku Hye-sun releases self-composed song 'It's You'". The Korea Herald. 23 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Cho, Suyoun (11 April 2013). "Actress Ku Hye sun gives a song she made as a gift to Seo In guk". BNT News.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ku Hye-sun puts out her fifth single". Korea JoongAng Daily. 28 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Multifaceted singer Ku releases single". Korea JoongAng Daily. 13 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ku Hye-sun to drop New Age album". The Korea Herald. 9 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye-sun planning to hold first concert". Korea JoongAng Daily. 24 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Jeong, Byung-ki (29 April 2016). "Ku Hye-sun unveils her first regular album". Korea JoongAng Daily.
^ Jump up to: a b c Yang, Sung-hee (30 July 2009). "Versatile actress aims for next big hit" Archived 2012-07-11 at Archive.is. Korea JoongAng Daily.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lim, Hye-seon (14 June 2010). "Ku Hye-sun's short feature wins at Japan film fest". 10Asia.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kus feature debut is more spoof than Magic". The Korea Times. 17 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye-sun Breaks Free from Acting". The Chosun Ilbo. 29 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Ku Hye-sun's first feature pic "Magic" invited to JIMFF . 10Asia. 26 July 2010. Retrieved 2016-08-19.
Jump up ^ Ku Hye-sun's 1st feature "Magic" invited to Tokyo film fest . 10Asia. 29 October 2010. Retrieved 2016-08-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Sunwoo, Carla (31 July 2012). "Ku Hye-sun to screen her 3-D short" Archived 2012-08-05 at the Wayback Machine.. Korea JoongAng Daily.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ku Hye-sun the face of Busan 3-D fest". Korea JoongAng Daily. 1 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Im, Seong-gyun (30 November 2012). "'감독' 구혜선 국제3D페스티벌 홍보대사 위촉". Star News (in Korean).
Jump up ^ "Star Diary: Ku Hye-sun establishes movie production company". 10Asia. Retrieved 2016-08-19.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye-sun Returns to Director's Chair". The Chosun Ilbo. 19 February 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Lee, Ji-hye (13 October 2011). "Ku Hye-sun: The appeal to being a director is that you get to do everything together". 10Asia.
^ Jump up to: a b Lee, Claire (25 October 2012). "Koo Hye-sun presents conjoined twins tale on screen". The Korea Herald.
Jump up ^ "Young actress leaps roles in entertainment". The Korea Times. 30 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye Sun′s ′The Peach Tree′ to Screen at the ′New York Asian Film Festival′". enewsWorld. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ku Hye-sun to be recognized at 14th Korea Design Awards". Korea JoongAng Daily. 26 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Samsung screens Galaxy S4 promo films". Korea JoongAng Daily. 7 May 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Jang, Sung-ran (9 May 2013). "4 Celebrities Make Smartphone Shorts". Korean Film Council.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye-sun Joins Jury for Jecheon Music Film Festival". The Chosun Ilbo. 3 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye-sun wraps new film". Korea JoongAng Daily. 17 December 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ku Hye-sun to star in her film". Korea JoongAng Daily. 20 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye-sun's Latest Film Invited to Busan Film Fest". The Chosun Ilbo. 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Koo Hye-seon chosen as the best female artist". HanCinema via Starnews. 12 July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Kim, Min-ji (22 November 2012). "구혜선 '대한민국 실천대상' 수상 소감 "고맙습니다"". TV Report (in Korean).
^ Jump up to: a b "구혜선·장미란 '행복나눔인' 장관상 받는다". Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 28 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Koo Hye-seon Displays Her Versatility". HanCinema via The Chosun Ilbo. 15 April 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Garcia, Cathy Rose A. (5 July 2009). "Actress Koo Hye-sun Reveals Artistic Side". The Korea Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Hong, Lucia (1 August 2012). "Ku Hye-sun to hold art exhibition". 10Asia.
Jump up ^ Lee, Hye-ji (14 September 2012). "Ku Hye-sun to Donate Exhibition Profits to Children With Leukemia". 10Asia.
Jump up ^ Ho, Stewart (14 September 2012). "Gu Hye Sun to Donate All Profit From Personal Art Exhibition to Aid Leukemia Patients". enewsWorld.
Jump up ^ Sunwoo, Carla (15 September 2012). "Ku Hye-sun art to benefit patients". Korea JoongAng Daily.
^ Jump up to: a b Lee, Sun-min (7 August 2013). "Actress Ku Hye-sun to hold solo art exhibit". Korea JoongAng Daily.
Jump up ^ Cho, Su-youn (6 August 2013). "Koo Hye sun to hold her own exhibition in Shanghai, China". BNT News.
^ Jump up to: a b Lee, Sun-min (7 March 2013). "Ku Hye-sun will showcase art talent in Hong Kong". Korea JoongAng Daily.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye Sun, Invited for Private Exhibition in October, in Hong Kong". YG Entertainment. 16 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Ji, Xiaotang. "Ku Hye Sun's Solo Art Exhibition "After Image"". Artintern.
^ Jump up to: a b Lee, Sun-min (24 May 2013). "Ku Hye-sun, Lie Sang-bong to Promote Cheongju Craft Biennale". The Chosun Ilbo.
^ Jump up to: a b Son, Hye-in (9 August 2013). "배우 구혜선, 예술나무운동 홍보대사로 위촉". The Women's News (in Korean).
Jump up ^ "Romance blooms for Ahn Jae-hyun, Ku Hye-sun". The Korea Times. 11 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Actress Ku Hye-sun to marry in May". The Korea Times. 8 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Celebrities donate during a wedding event". Korea JoongAng Daily. 23 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Newlywed reality show to air on tvN". Korea JoongAng Daily. 31 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Special Documentary Film "Heo NanSeolHeon" in which KU HYE SUN Played Leading Role, Received "Grand Prize for Gender Equality"!". YG Entertainment. 17 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Ho, Stewart (8 September 2012). "Gu Hye Sun Lends Her Voice for SBS Documentary, Donates Earning". enewsWorld.
Jump up ^ "[MBC 다큐프라임] I Love Wood 목재, 생활 속의 자연". Medical World News. 17 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "[성탄절 TV 프로] 6년을 기다려야 맛보는 '천사의 빵'… 구혜선 내레이션". kyeongin.com (in Korean). 25 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "TVXQ Changmin, Ku Hye-sun pair up for rookie group's MV". Kpop Herald. 26 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye-sun reveals main cast for upcoming second feature". 10Asia. 23 February 2011. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
Jump up ^ Choi, Eun-hwa (12 March 2012). "Yoo Seung Ho Cast in Director Gu Hye Sun's 3D Film". enewsWorld.
Jump up ^ Suk, Monica (12 March 2012). "Ku Hye-sun casts Yoo Seung-ho in her next short film". 10Asia.
Jump up ^ Lee, Tae-ho (30 July 2012). "Actress Ku Hye-sun to attend 8th JIMFF as director". 10Asia.
Jump up ^ Cho, Suyoun (28 August 2013). "Ku Hye sun to direct trailer video of 14th Persons with Disabilities Film Festival". BNTNews.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye-sun Lends Talent to Disabled People". 10Asia. 28 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye-sun Creates Trailer for Jecheon Film Fest". The Chosun Ilbo. 16 July 2014.
Jump up ^ 1집 구혜선 소품집 - 숨 . Daum (in Korean). Retrieved 2009-09-03.
Jump up ^ 논스톱 5 . Daum (in Korean). Retrieved 2005-09-23.
Jump up ^ 열 아홉 순정 . Daum (in Korean). Retrieved 2006-09-06.
Jump up ^ 갈색머리 . Daum (in Korean). Retrieved 2010-06-16.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye-sun Boasts Musical Talent with New Love Song". 10Asia. 15 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Renaissance woman releases single". Korea JoongAng Daily. 16 October 2010.
Jump up ^ 구혜선, 세 번째 싱글 '기억상실증' 10일 발표 . YG Family (in Korean). 10 May 2013.
Jump up ^ 구혜선-프로듀서 최인영과 미니콜라보 앨범 ‘소리없이 날’ 공개 . YG Stage (in Korean). 17 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Koo Hye-sun releases theme song for 'Newlyweds Diary'". Kpop Herald. 3 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Artists join hands for 1.3-kilometer piece". Korea JoongAng Daily. 21 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ku Hye-sun to Open Art Exhibition in Shanghai". 10Asia. 6 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "구혜선 강예원, 팝아트 작가 자격으로 합동 전시회". Herald Corp. (in Korean). 30 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Goo Hye-sun To Hold Art Exhibition "Dark Yellow"". KBS World.
Jump up ^ "Koo Hye-sun paints fear, uncertainty in 'Dark Yellow'". The Korea Herald. 6 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Kim, Joy (3 September 2013). "Ku Hye sun appointed as honorary ambassador of Persons with Disabillities Film Festival". BNT News.
Jump up ^ Ahn, Sung-mi (17 December 2014). "Seoul holds start-up ceremony for 2015 IBSA World Games". The Korea Herald.
Jump up ^ "Seoul 2015 update and official launch". IBSA. 21 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "구혜선 "더 가까이서 백혈병환우 돕고 싶어요"". OhmyNews (in Korean). 3 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Park, Hyun-jin (3 July 2015). "Ku Hye-sun to star in her film". H News (in Korean).
Jump up ^ "'기부은행' 홍보대사에 배우 구혜선". seoul.co.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 2016-09-21.
Jump up ^ ""Charity Angel" Koo Hye-seon". Hancinema. 11 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "2006 KBS Drama Awards". KBS (in Korean).
Jump up ^ "2007 Year-end Korean drama awards round-up". Hancinema. Star Money. 7 January 2007.
Jump up ^ "Stars Shine at Andre Kims Atelier". The Korea Times. 19 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Lim, Hye-seon (4 January 2010). "Lee Byung-hun scores triple wins at KBS Acting Awards". 10Asia. Retrieved 2014-09-09.
Jump up ^ "2009 Drama Awards Wrap Up With No Surprises". The Korea Times. 3 March 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ku Hye-sun.
Ku Hye-sun at Partners Park
Ku Hye-sun on Facebook
Ku Hye-sun at HanCinema
Ku Hye-sun on IMDb

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text:
Robinson projection
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Robinson projection of the world
The Robinson projection with Tissot's indicatrix of deformation
The Robinson projection is a map projection of a world map which shows the entire world at once. It was specifically created in an attempt to find a good compromise to the problem of readily showing the whole globe as a flat image.[1]
The Robinson projection was devised by Arthur H. Robinson in 1963 in response to an appeal from the Rand McNally company, which has used the projection in general purpose world maps since that time. Robinson published details of the projection's construction in 1974. The National Geographic Society (NGS) began using the Robinson projection for general purpose world maps in 1988, replacing the Van der Grinten projection.[2] In 1998 NGS abandoned the Robinson projection for that use in favor of the Winkel tripel projection, as the latter "reduces the distortion of land masses as they near the poles".[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Strengths and weaknesses
2 Formulation
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Strengths and weaknesses[edit]
The Robinson projection is neither equal-area nor conformal, abandoning both for a compromise. The creator felt this produced a better overall view than could be achieved by adhering to either. The meridians curve gently, avoiding extremes, but thereby stretch the poles into long lines instead of leaving them as points.[1]
Hence, distortion close to the poles is severe, but quickly declines to moderate levels moving away from them. The straight parallels imply severe angular distortion at the high latitudes toward the outer edges of the map, a fault inherent in any pseudocylindrical projection. However, at the time it was developed, the projection effectively met Rand McNally's goal to produce appealing depictions of the entire world.[5][6]
I decided to go about it backwards. … I started with a kind of artistic approach. I visualized the best-looking shapes and sizes. I worked with the variables until it got to the point where, if I changed one of them, it didn't get any better. Then I figured out the mathematical formula to produce that effect. Most mapmakers start with the mathematics.
—  1988 NY Times article[1]
Formulation[edit]
The projection is defined by the table:
Latitude
PLEN
PDFE
00 1.0000 0.0000
05 0.9986 0.0620
10 0.9954 0.1240
15 0.9900 0.1860
20 0.9822 0.2480
25 0.9730 0.3100
30 0.9600 0.3720
35 0.9427 0.4340
40 0.9216 0.4958
45 0.8962 0.5571
50 0.8679 0.6176
55 0.8350 0.6769
60 0.7986 0.7346
65 0.7597 0.7903
70 0.7186 0.8435
75 0.6732 0.8936
80 0.6213 0.9394
85 0.5722 0.9761
90 0.5322 1.0000
The table is indexed by latitude at 5 degree intervals; intermediate values are calculated using interpolation. Robinson did not specify any particular interpolation method, but it is reported that he used Aitken interpolation himself.[7] The PLEN column is the length of the parallel of latitude, and the PDFE column is multiplied by 0.5072 to obtain the distance of that parallel from the equator. Meridians of longitude are equally spaced on each parallel of latitude.
See also[edit]
Atlas portal
List of map projections
Winkel Tripel — projection currently used by the National Geographic.
Kavrayskiy VII
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c John Noble Wilford (October 25, 1988). "The Impossible Quest for the Perfect Map". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Snyder, John P. (1993). Flattening the Earth: 2000 Years of Map Projections. University of Chicago Press. p. 214. ISBN 0226767469.
Jump up ^ "NG Maps Print Collection - World Political Map (Bright Colored)". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 1 October 2013. This latest world map … features the Winkel Tripel projection to reduce the distortion of land masses as they near the poles.
Jump up ^ "Selecting a Map Projection - National Geographic Education". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Myrna Oliver (November 17, 2004). "Arthur H. Robinson, 89; Cartographer Hailed for Map's Elliptical Design". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ New York Times News Service (November 16, 2004). "Arthur H. Robinson, 89 Geographer improved world map". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Richardson, R.T.. Area deformation on the Robinson projection. The American Cartographer, 1989, 16, 294-296.
Further reading[edit]
Arthur H. Robinson (1974). "A New Map Projection: Its Development and Characteristics". In: International Yearbook of Cartography. Vol 14, 1974, pp. 145–155.
John B. Garver Jr. (1988). "New Perspective on the World". In: National Geographic, December 1988, pp. 911–913.
John P. Snyder (1993). Flattening The Earth—2000 Years of Map Projections, The University of Chicago Press. pp. 214–216.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maps with Robinson projection.
Table of examples and properties of all common projections, from radicalcartography.net
An interactive Java Applet to study the metric deformations of the Robinson Projection.
Numerical evaluation of the Robinson projection, from Cartography and Geographic Information Science, April, 2004 by Cengizhan Ipbuker
[show]
v
t
e
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some aspect
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Polyhedral
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Waterman butterfly
[show]
See also
Latitude
Longitude
Tissot's indicatrix
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