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List of languages by number of native speakers
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For languages by total speakers, see List of languages by total number of speakers.
Current distribution of human language families
This article ranks human languages by their number of native speakers.
However, all such rankings should be used with caution.[1] It is difficult to define the difference between a language and a dialect, or between a language and a macrolanguage; for example, Chinese is sometimes considered a single language and sometimes a macrolanguage whose many varieties are all independent languages. Any division of speakers among languages is the result of the classification of these speakers. Often such classifications are based on political or cultural factors. Although such classifications are not entirely arbitrary, it is not possible to devise a coherent linguistic set of criteria for the boundaries between languages.
For a list of languages with the smallest numbers of native speakers, see lists of endangered languages.
Contents
[hide]
1 Top languages by population
2 Charts and graphs
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Top languages by population
The following table contains the top 100 languages by estimated number of native speakers in the 2007 edition of Nationalencyklopedin. As census methods in different countries vary to a considerable extent, and given that some countries do not record language in their censuses, any list of languages by native speakers, or total speakers, is effectively based on estimates. Updated estimates from 2010 are also provided.[2]
The top eleven languages have additional figures from the 2010 edition of the Nationalencyklopedin. Numbers above 95 million are rounded off to the nearest 5 million.
Top languages by population per Nationalencyklopedin
Rank
Language
Native
speakers
in millions
2007 (2010)
Fraction
of world
population
(2007)
1 Mandarin (entire branch) 935 (955) 14.1%
2 Spanish 390 (405) 5.85%
3 English 365 (360) 5.52%
4 Hindi[a] 295 (310) 4.46%
5 Arabic 280 (295) 4.23%
6 Portuguese 205 (215) 3.08%
7 Bengali (Bangla) 200 (205) 3.05%
8 Russian 160 (155) 2.42%
9 Japanese 125 (125) 1.92%
10 Punjabi 95 (100) 1.44%
11 German 92 (95) 1.39%
12 Javanese 82 1.25%
13 Wu (e.g. Shanghainese) 80 1.20%
14 Malay (inc. Malaysian and Indonesian) 77 1.16%
15 Telugu 76 1.15%
16 Vietnamese 76 1.14%
17 Korean 76 1.14%
18 French 75 1.12%
19 Marathi 73 1.10%
20 Tamil 70 1.06%
21 Urdu 66 0.99%
22 Turkish 63 0.95%
23 Italian 59 0.90%
24 Yue (incl. Cantonese) 59 0.89%
25 Thai 56 0.85%
26 Gujarati 49 0.74%
27 Jin 48 0.72%
28 Southern Min (incl. Hokkien and Teochew) 47 0.71%
29 Persian 45 0.68%
30 Polish 40 0.61%
31 Pashto 39 0.58%
32 Kannada 38 0.58%
33 Xiang (Hunanese) 38 0.58%
34 Malayalam 38 0.57%
35 Sundanese 38 0.57%
36 Hausa 34 0.52%
37 Odia (Oriya) 33 0.50%
38 Burmese 33 0.50%
39 Hakka 31 0.46%
40 Ukrainian 30 0.46%
41 Bhojpuri 29[b] 0.43%
42 Tagalog (Filipino) 28 0.42%
43 Yoruba 28 0.42%
44 Maithili 27[b] 0.41%
45 Uzbek 26 0.39%
46 Sindhi 26 0.39%
47 Amharic 25 0.37%
48 Fula 24 0.37%
49 Romanian 24 0.37%
50 Oromo 24 0.36%
51 Igbo 24 0.36%
52 Azerbaijani 23 0.34%
53 Awadhi 22[b] 0.33%
54 Gan Chinese 22 0.33%
55 Cebuano (Visayan) 21 0.32%
56 Dutch 21 0.32%
57 Kurdish 21 0.31%
58 Serbo-Croatian 19 0.28%
59 Malagasy 18 0.28%
60 Saraiki 17[c] 0.26%
61 Nepali 17 0.25%
62 Sinhalese 16 0.25%
63 Chittagonian 16 0.24%
64 Zhuang 16 0.24%
65 Khmer 16 0.24%
66 Turkmen 16 0.24%
67 Assamese 15 0.23%
68 Madurese 15 0.23%
69 Somali 15 0.22%
70 Marwari 14[b] 0.21%
71 Magahi 14[b] 0.21%
72 Haryanvi 14[b] 0.21%
73 Hungarian 13 0.19%
74 Chhattisgarhi 12[b] 0.19%
75 Greek 12 0.18%
76 Chewa 12 0.17%
77 Deccan 11 0.17%
78 Akan 11 0.17%
79 Kazakh 11 0.17%
80 Northern Min[disputed – discuss] 10.9 0.16%
81 Sylheti 10.7 0.16%
82 Zulu 10.4 0.16%
83 Czech 10.0 0.15%
84 Kinyarwanda 9.8 0.15%
85 Dhundhari 9.6[b] 0.15%
86 Haitian Creole 9.6 0.15%
87 Eastern Min (inc. Fuzhounese) 9.5 0.14%
88 Ilocano 9.1 0.14%
89 Quechua 8.9 0.13%
90 Kirundi 8.8 0.13%
91 Swedish 8.7 0.13%
92 Hmong 8.4 0.13%
93 Shona 8.3 0.13%
94 Uyghur 8.2 0.12%
95 Hiligaynon/Ilonggo (Visayan) 8.2 0.12%
96 Mossi 7.6 0.11%
97 Xhosa 7.6 0.11%
98 Belarusian 7.6[d] 0.11%
99 Balochi 7.6 0.11%
100 Konkani 7.4 0.11%
Total
5,610 85%
Charts and graphs
Bubble chart of languages by proportion of native speakers worldwide[2]
Languages with at least 50 million first-language speakers, millions (according to: Ethnologue[4])
See also
Global language system
Linguistic demography
Linguistic Diversity Index
List of ISO 639-3 codes
List of languages by total number of speakers
List of languages by number of native speakers in India (uses a different definition of Hindi)
List of sign languages by number of native signers
Lists of languages
World language
Languages used on the Internet
Notes
Jump up ^ Refers to only Modern Standard Hindi here. The Census of India defines Hindi on a loose and broad basis. It does not include the entire Hindustani language , only the Hindi register of it. In addition to Standard Hindi, it incorporates a set of other Indo-Aryan languages written in Devanagari script including Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Haryanvi, Dhundhari etc. under Hindi group which have more than 422 million native speakers as of 2001.[3] However, the census also acknowledges Standard Hindi, the above mentioned languages and others as separate mother tongues of the Hindi language and provides individual figures for all these languages.[3]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h This is only a fraction of total speakers; others are counted under "Hindi" as they regard their language a Hindi dialect.
Jump up ^ Numbers may also be counted in Punjabi above
Jump up ^ Only half this many use Belarusian as their home language.
References
Jump up ^ Paolillo, John C.; Das, Anupam (31 March 2006). "Evaluating language statistics: the Ethnologue and beyond" (PDF). UNESCO Institute of Statistics. pp. 3–5. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin. Asterisks mark the 2010 estimates for the top dozen languages.
^ Jump up to: a b Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2000, Census of India, 2001
Jump up ^ Summary by language size
External links
The Ethnologue's most recent list of languages by number of speakers
Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People (Archived 2009-10-31) – Encarta list, based on data from Ethnologue, but some figures (e.g. for Arabic) widely vary from it
Map of World Languages. Download of MP3 audio files in 1600 language combinations.
[show]
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t
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Countries and languages lists
[hide]
Countries
By languages
Spoken
Countries by spoken languages
Official
Countries by the number of recognized official languages
Arabic
Chinese
English
French
German
Malay
Portuguese
Romanian
Russian
Spanish
Tamil
Endonyms
Countries and capitals in native languages
Exonyms
Country names in various languages
A–C
D–I
J–P
Q–Z
Languages of the European Union
[hide]
Languages
By continent
Africa
Americas
North
South
Asia
East
South
Europe
Oceania
By country
Official languages
by state
List of languages without official status
Countries by the number of recognized official languages
Languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language
By population
By number of native speakers
By number of total speakers
Languages in censuses
By family
Language families
Language-based
geopolitical
organizations
Arab League (Arabic)
Dutch Language Union (Dutch)
English Speaking Union
Francophonie (French)
Community of Portuguese Language Countries (Portuguese)
Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa (Portuguese)
Latin Union (Romance)
Hispanidad (Spanish)
Turkic Council (Turkic)
International Organization of Turkic Culture (Turkic)
See also
Lists of languages
Category:Languages
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values: قائمة اللغات حسب عدد متحدثيها الأصليين – Arabic

values: Llista d'idiomes por númberu de falantes – Asturian

values: Danışanların sayına görə dillər siyahısı – Azerbaijani

values: ভাষাভাষীর সংখ্যানুসারে ভাষাসমূহের তালিকা – Bangla

values: Roll ar yezhoù ar muiañ komzet er bed – Breton

values: Llista d'idiomes per nombre de parlants natius – Catalan

values: Seznam jazyků podle počtu mluvčích – Czech

values: Rhestr ieithoedd yn nhrefn nifer eu siaradwyr brodorol – Welsh

values: Verdens sprog sorteret efter antal talere – Danish

values: Anexo:Lenguas por número de hablantes nativos – Spanish

values: Listo de lingvoj laŭ parolantaro – Esperanto

values: Hizkuntzen zerrenda hiztun kopuruaren arabera – Basque

values: فهرست زبان‌ها بر پایه جمعیت سخنگویان بومی – Persian

values: Liste des langues par nombre de locuteurs natifs – French

values: Lista de linguas por número de falantes – Galician

values: 모어 화자 수순 언어 목록 – Korean

values: भाषाभाषियों की संख्या के अनुसार भाषाओं की सूची – Hindi

values: Popis jezika po broju govornika – Croatian

values: Daftar bahasa menurut jumlah penutur asli – Indonesian

values: Appendice:Lista de linguas del mundo per numero de parlatores – Interlingua

values: Æвзæгты номхыгъд дзурджыты нымæцмæ гæсгæ – Ossetic

values: Lingue per numero di parlanti madrelingua – Italian

values: ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು – Kannada

values: Сёлешгенлени санына кёре тиллени тизмеси – Karachay-Balkar

values: Сөйлеушілер саны бойынша тілдер тізімі – Kazakh

values: Рахазвайбурун кьадардиз килигна чӀаларин сиягь – Lezghian

values: Valodu uzskaitījums pēc runātāju skaita – Latvian

values: Sąrašas:Kalbos pagal gimtakalbius vartotojus – Lithuanian

values: Nyelvek listája a beszélők száma szerint – Hungarian

values: Список на јазиците по општиот број на говорници – Macedonian

values: जगातील भाषांची यादी – Marathi

values: Senarai bahasa mengikut bilangan penutur asli – Malay

values: ネイティブスピーカーの数が多い言語の一覧 – Japanese

values: Liste over språk etter utbredelse – Norwegian

values: Verdas språk etter utbreiing – Norwegian Nynorsk

values: Soʻzlashuvchilar soni boʻyicha tillar roʻyxati – Uzbek

values: Lista di lenganan segun total papiadonan nativo – Papiamento

values: Najczęściej używane języki świata – Polish

values: Lista de línguas por total de falantes – Portuguese

values: Listă de limbi după numărul de vorbitori – Romanian

values: Список языков по количеству носителей – Russian

values: List of languages by number of native speakers – Simple English

values: Zoznam jazykov podľa počtu hovoriacich – Slovak

values: Seznam jezikov po številu govorcev – Slovenian

values: Списак језика по броју говорника – Serbian

values: Jezici po broju govornika – Serbo-Croatian

values: Luettelo kielistä puhujamäärän perusteella – Finnish

values: Lista över världens största språk efter antal talare – Swedish

values: உலக மொழிகளின் பட்டியல் – Tamil

values: Сөйләшүчеләр саны буенча телләр исемлеге – Tatar

values: รายชื่อภาษาเรียงตามจำนวนผู้ใช้เป็นภาษาแม่ – Thai

values: Anadil olarak konuşulma sayılarına göre diller listesi – Turkish

values: Список мов за кількістю носіїв – Ukrainian

values: فہرست زبان بلحاظ مکلمین – Urdu

values: Danh sách ngôn ngữ theo tổng số người sử dụng – Vietnamese

values: Àkójọ àwọn èdè gẹ́gẹ́ bíi iye àwọn afisọ̀rọ̀ abínibí – Yoruba

values: 以母語人口排序的語言列表 – Chinese

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text:
Freedom of Information Act 2000
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For a general discussion of freedom of information legislation throughout the United Kingdom, see Freedom of information in the United Kingdom. For the 2007 amendment bill, see Freedom of Information (Amendment) Bill.
Freedom of Information Act 2000
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title
An Act to make provision for the disclosure of information held by public authorities or by persons providing services for them and to amend the Data Protection Act 1998 and the Public Records Act 1958; and for connected purposes.
Citation
2000 c. 36
Territorial extent
England and Wales; Scotland; Northern Ireland
Dates
Royal assent
30 November 2000
Commencement
30 November 2000 (part)[1]
30 January 2001 (part)[1]
14 May 2001 (part)[2][3]
Other legislation
Relates to
Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002
Status: Current legislation
Text of statute as originally enacted
Text of the Freedom of Information Act 2000 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk
document
The Freedom of Information Act 2000 (c.36) is an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that creates a public "right of access" to information held by public authorities. It is the implementation of freedom of information legislation in the United Kingdom on a national level. Its application is limited in Scotland (which has its own freedom of information legislation) to UK Government offices geo-located in Scotland. The Act implements a manifesto commitment of the Labour Party in the 1997 general election, developed by Dr David Clark as a 1997 White Paper. The final version of the Act is believed[by whom?] to have been diluted from that proposed while Labour was in opposition. The full provisions of the act came into force on 1 January 2005.
The Act is the responsibility of the Lord Chancellor's Department (now renamed the Ministry of Justice). The Act led to the renaming of the Data Protection Commissioner (set up to administer the Data Protection Act), who is now known as the Information Commissioner. The Office of the Information Commissioner oversees the operation of the Act.
A second freedom of information law is in existence in the UK, the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 (asp 13). It was passed by the Scottish Parliament in 2002, to cover public bodies over which the Holyrood parliament, rather than Westminster, has jurisdiction. For these institutions, it fulfils the same purpose as the 2000 Act.
Around 120,000 requests are made each year.[4] Private citizens made 60% of them, with businesses and journalists accounting for 20% and 10% respectively.[4] Journalists' requests took up more of officials' time than businesses' and individuals' requests.[citation needed] The Act cost £35.5 million in 2005.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 The white paper
1.2 Parliamentary debate
2 Act
2.1 Applicability
2.1.1 Public authorities
2.1.1.1 Hybrid public authorities
2.1.2 Publicly owned companies
2.1.3 Designated bodies
2.2 Right of Access
2.3 Exemptions
2.3.1 Absolute exemptions
2.3.2 Qualified exemptions
2.3.2.1 Class-based exemptions
2.3.2.2 Harm-based exemptions
2.4 Refusing requests
2.4.1 Vexatious requests
2.5 Implementing the act
2.6 Unusual features
3 Reception
4 Facts revealed by the act
5 Amendment bill
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Background[edit]
The act implements what was a manifesto commitment of the Labour Party in the 1997 general election. Before its introduction, there had been no right of access to government by the general public, merely a limited voluntary framework for sharing information.
The white paper[edit]
The act was preceded by a 1998 White paper, Your Right to Know, by Dr David Clark. The White paper was met with widespread enthusiasm,[6] and was described at the time as being "almost too good to be true" by one advocate of freedom of information legislation. The final act was substantially more limited in scope than the initial white paper.[7]
Parliamentary debate[edit]
A draft Bill was published in May 1999; the Bill was extensively debated in the House of Commons and the House of Lords, and received royal assent in November 2000.
Act[edit]
Applicability[edit]
The Freedom of Information Act creates a statutory right for access to information in relation to bodies that exercise functions of a public nature, three different kinds of bodies are covered under the act. Public Authorities, publicly owned companies and designated bodies performing public functions.
Public authorities[edit]
In principle, the freedom of information act applies to all "public authorities" within the United Kingdom, a full list of "public authorities" for the purposes of the act is included in Schedule 1. Government departments, the Houses of Parliament, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the Welsh Assembly, the armed forces, local government bodies, National Health Service bodies, schools, colleges and universities, police authorities and Chief Officers of Police are included within this list, which ranges from the Farm Animal Welfare Council to the Youth Council for Northern Ireland. A few government departments are expressly excluded from the scope of the act, principally Intelligence services.
As government departments are closed and created, the act must be continually updated. s4 of the Act empowers the Secretary of State for constitutional affairs to add a body or officeholder to Schedule 1 as a public authority if they are created statute or prerogative; and its members are appointed by the government.[8]
Hybrid public authorities[edit]
It is important to note that for some public authorities listed under Schedule 1, the act has limited effect. For example, the BBC is subject to the act only for information which is not held for the purposes of journalism, art or literature, to prevent its journalistic activities from possible compromise. The scope of this provision was considered in the recent High Court decision of BBC v Sugar an internal BBC document examining the BBC coverage of the Middle East for potential bias. The appellants in that case argued that the document had been produced for both operational and journalistic reasons, and so should not be covered by the partial exemption provided in the act. The High Court rejected this argument; Mr Justice Irwin considered that the meaning of journalism within the act meant that any information held for such purposes was covered by the exemption:
My conclusion is that the words in the Schedule mean the BBC has no obligation to disclose information which they hold to any significant extent for the purposes of journalism, art or literature, whether or not the information is also held for other purposes. The words do not mean that the information is disclosable if it is held for purposes distinct from journalism, art or literature, whilst it is also held to any significant extent for those listed purposes. If the information is held for mixed purposes, including to any significant extent the purposes listed in the Schedule or one of them, then the information is not disclosable.
A 4:1 majority (Lord Wilson dissenting) of the Supreme Court upheld this decision, stating that the disclosure of any information held for the purposes of journalism, art or literature was to be excluded - even if the information was predominantly held for other purposes.
Publicly owned companies[edit]
Companies that fall within the definition of a publicly owned company under s6 of the Act automatically fall within its grasp. S6 provides that a company is publicly owned if:
(a) it is wholly owned by the Crown, or
(b) it is wholly owned by any public authority listed in Schedule 1 other than
(i) a government department, or
(ii) any authority which is listed only in relation to particular information.
Designated bodies[edit]
Under s5 of the act the Secretary of State may designate further bodies as public authorities under the act, provided that those bodies are exercising a function of a public nature or contracting to provide a service whose provision is a function of a public authority.[9] The first order under section 5 (in November 2011) extended the list of public authorities to also include the Association of Chief Police Officers, the Financial Ombudsman Service and UCAS.[10]
Right of Access[edit]
The act creates a general right of access, on request, to information held by public authorities. On receipt of a freedom of information claim a public authority has two corresponding duties. First, a duty to inform a member of the public whether or not it holds the information requested (s1(1)(a)), and second, if it does hold that information, to communicate it to the person making that request (s1(1)(b)). As the corollary to this, the Act thus grants the equivalent rights to a confirmation or denial and communication of relevant information to an individual making a request under the act. The basic duty is supplemented by an additional duty to aid individuals in making requests and ensuring that they frame their FOI requests appropriately. (s.16(1))
However, there are numerous exemptions. Some of these are absolute bars to disclosure; some are qualified, which means the public authority has to decide whether the public interest in disclosing the relevant information outweighs the public interest in maintaining the exemption. An applicant for information who considers that a request has been wrongly rejected may apply to the Information Commissioner, who has the power to order disclosure. However, such orders can be appealed to a specialist tribunal (the Information Tribunal) and in some circumstances the Government has the power to override orders of the Information Commissioner.
Any person can request information under the act; this includes legal entities such as companies. There is no special format for a request. Applicants do not need to mention the Act when making a request. Applicants do not have to give a reason for their request.
Exemptions[edit]
Although the Act covers a wide range of government information, the act contains a variety of provisions that provide for the exemption from disclosure of certain types of information. The act contains two forms of exemption. "Absolute" exemptions that are not subject to any public interest assessment, they act as absolute bars to the disclosure of information and "qualified" exemptions where a public interest test must be made, balancing the public interest in maintaining the exemption against the public interest in disclosing the information. The original Freedom of Information White Paper proposed only seven such exemptions,[citation needed] but the final Bill included 24.
Absolute exemptions[edit]
Exemptions designated "absolute exemptions" have no public interest test attached. The act contains eight such exemptions:
Information that is accessible by other means (s.21)
Information belonging to security services (s.23)
Information contained in court records (s.32)
Where disclosure of the information would infringe parliamentary privilege (s.34)
Information held by the House of Commons or the House of Lords, where disclosure would prejudice the effective conduct of public affairs (s.36). (Information that is not held by the Commons or Lords falling under s.36 is subject to the public interest test)
Information which (a) the applicant could obtain under the Data Protection Act 1998; or (b) where release would breach the data protection principles. (s.40)
Information provided in confidence (s.41)
When disclosing the information is prohibited by an enactment; incompatible with a European Union obligation; or would commit a contempt of court (s.44)
Qualified exemptions[edit]
If information falls within a qualified exemption, it must be subject to a public interest test. Thus, a decision on the application of a qualified exemption operates in two stages. First, a public authority must determine whether or not information is covered by an exemption and then, even if it is covered, the authority must disclose the information unless the application of a public interest test indicated that the public interest favours non-disclosure. Qualified exemptions can be sub-divided into two further categories: class-based exemptions covering information in particular classes, and harm-based exemptions covering situation where disclosure of information would be liable to cause harm.
Class-based exemptions[edit]
Information intended for future publication (s.22)
Information which does not fall within s. 23(1) is exempt if required for the purpose of safeguarding national security (s.24)
Information held for purposes of investigations and proceedings conducted by public authorities (s.30)
Information relating to the formation of government policy, ministerial communications, advice from government legal officers, and the operation of any ministerial private office (s.35)
Information that relates to communications with members of the Royal family, and conferring honours (s.37)
Prevents overlap between FoI Act and regulations requiring disclosure of environmental information (s.39)
Information covered by professional legal privilege (s.42)
Trade secrets (s.43(1))
Harm-based exemptions[edit]
Under these exemptions the exemption applies (subject to the public interest test) if complying with the duty under s.1 would or would be likely to:
Prejudice defence or the capability, effectiveness or security of any relevant forces (s.26)
Prejudice international relations (s.27)
Prejudice relations between any administration in the United Kingdom and any other such administration (s.28)
Prejudice the economic interests of the UK (s.29)
Prejudice law enforcement (e.g., prevention of crime or administration of justice, etc.) (s.31)
Prejudice the auditing functions of any public authorities (s.33)
In the reasonable opinion of a qualified person: prejudice the effective conduct of public affairs; prejudice collective responsibility; or inhibit the free and frank provision of advice or exchange of views (s.36)
Endanger physical or mental health, or endanger the safety of the individual (s.38)
Prejudice commercial interests (s.43(2))
Refusing requests[edit]
Vexatious requests[edit]
A public authority is not obliged to comply with a request for information if the request is vexatious.(s14(1)) A request is considered vexatious if it is ‘obsessive or manifestly unreasonable’, harasses the authority or causes distress to its staff, imposes a significant burden, or if the request lacks any serious value.[11]
Implementing the act[edit]
The Act affects over 100,000 public bodies including government departments, schools and councils. The Act came into force in phases, with the final "general right of access" to public information under the Act coming into force on 1 January 2005.[3][12] As well as the "general right of access", the Act places a duty on public authorities to adopt and maintain pro-active "publication schemes" for the routine release of important information (such as annual reports and accounts). These publication schemes must be approved by the Information Commissioner. In general, public authorities have 20 working days to respond to an information request, though this deadline can be extended in certain cases and/or with the agreement of the requester. Under the Act, public authorities are encouraged to enter into a dialogue with the requester to better determine the information they want, and the format they want it in - in itself, a change in the way UK authorities interact with the public. Requests can be refused if they cost more than £600, including time spent searching for files.[5] The UK Government established the Access to Information Central Clearing House in order to ensure consistency across Central Government in the way requests are handled.
Unusual features[edit]
Three features of the UK Freedom of Information Act deserve special mention, as they differ from the position in many other countries.
Requests by individuals for access to their own personal information are dealt with outside the act for most practical purposes. They are dealt with under the Data Protection Act 1998 once it has been determined that the exemption for first party personal data is engaged, although some key provisions remain applicable e.g. the right of complaint to the Information Commissioner.
Requests for information about matters concerning the environment are dealt with by the Environmental Information Regulations 2004. Those regulations, while similar to the FOIA, do differ in a number of ways.
There is no procedure whereby third parties can challenge a decision by a public authority to disclose information: for instance, if a commercial organisation provides information to a public authority, and the authority discloses that information in response to an FOI Act request, the commercial organisation has no right of appeal against that decision. By contrast, "reverse FOI" applications of this type are common in the U.S.
Reception[edit]
At the time of the passing of the Act, advocates of freedom of information legislation were critical of the bill for its complexity, limited scope and the inclusion of a ministerial veto. Lord Mackay criticised the bill in the House of Lords as "toothless" for its inclusion of a provisions allowing ministers to veto applications.[13]
By contrast, the former prime minister (Tony Blair) responsible for passing the Act regards it as "One of the biggest mistakes of his career". He says that "For political leaders, it's like saying to someone who is hitting you over the head with a stick, 'Hey, try this instead', and handing them a mallet. The information is neither sought because the journalist is curious to know, nor given to bestow knowledge on 'the people'. It's used as a weapon."[14] Labour peer Lord Falconer has criticised the use of the act by journalists for "fishing expeditions" into salacious stories, arguing that "FoI is not for press[,] it is for the people. It needs to be properly used in order to promote good Government. Information needs to be handled responsibly, and I strongly believe that there is a duty of responsibility on behalf of the media as well."[15]
In the article Freedom of Information: A sheep in wolf's clothing? Rodney Austin offers the following criticisms of the substance of the Act:
The range of exemptions is wider than for any other freedom of information act existing in a democratic state.
The obligations to establish publication schemes were diluted meaning that there is no duty to publish information of any specified type.
There is a ministerial veto which undermines the Act. This has been used five times: the first time to stop publication of minutes of cabinet meetings relating to the invasion of Iraq,[16] the second and third time by successive governments to stop publication of cabinet meetings relating to discussions regarding devolution,[17][18] the fourth to stop publication of a risk register on NHS overhaul in England,[19] and the fifth to stop publication of private letters Charles, Prince of Wales sent to a number of government departments.[20]
The legislation has also been criticised for "loopholes" that allow authorities to avoid disclosing information in certain situations. Companies owned by one public authority are generally subject to the Act but companies owned by two or more public authorities are not covered.[21][22]
Facts revealed by the act[edit]
Facts that have been brought to light by this Act include:
The Government agreed to a £1.5 million bailout of one of the most troubled schools in its flagship academies programme ten days before the 2005 general election.[23]
Ministers and MPs claimed thousands of pounds on taxis as part of £5.9 million in expenses for travel.[23]
Foreign diplomats – who have diplomatic immunity – were accused of rapes, sexual assaults, child abuse and murders while working in Britain.[23]
Seventy-four police officers serving with the Metropolitan Police have criminal records.[23]
A clandestine British torture programme existed in post-war Germany, “reminiscent of the concentration camps”.[23]
The UK supported the Israeli nuclear weapons program, by selling Israel 20 tonnes of heavy water in 1958.[24]
The NHS has made available Implanon implants to girls from the age of 13 in an attempt to cut teenage pregnancies.[23]
Amendment bill[edit]
Main article: Freedom of Information (Amendment) Bill
The Freedom of Information (Amendment) Bill was a private member's bill introduced to the British House of Commons in 2007 which failed to become law. Conservative MP David Maclean introduced the bill to ensure that MPs' correspondence was exempt from freedom of information laws. The then leader of the Liberal Democrats, Sir Menzies Campbell, said there should not "be one law for MPs and a different law for everyone else" and that the Bill might make it appear as though "Parliament has something to hide".[25] However, this failed to pass the first reading in the House of Lords.
Further to this, Lord Falconer made comments suggesting that time spent deciding whether or not information fell under an exemption clause should be included in the £600 cost limit. Consultation was carried out, with the government saying the change would cut costs and discourage requests for trivial information,[26] although critics said that it was to keep embarrassing information secret.[5][27][28]
See also[edit]
Campaign for Freedom of Information
Thirty year rule
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Freedom of Information Act 2000, Section 87
Jump up ^ "The Freedom of Information Act 2000 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2001". Statutory Instrument. Ministry of Justice. 30 April 2001. pp. SI 2004 No. 1909 (C.81). Retrieved 7 September 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Freedom of Information Act 2000 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2004". Statutory Instrument. Ministry of Justice. 26 November 2004. pp. SI 2004 No. 3122 (C. 131). Archived from the original on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Independent Review of the impact of the Freedom of Information Act: A REPORT PREPARED FOR THE DEPARTMENT FOR CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS", Frontier Economics Ltd, October 2006. Retrieved on 28 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Every expense spared", The Economist, 19 December 2006, Number 8532, page 46. Retrieved on 20 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Freedom of Information Act 2000". The Guardian. London. 18 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Hazel, Robert. "Commentary on: the Freedom of Information White Paper Your Right to Know (Cm 3818)" (PDF). Retrieved 14 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Section 4". Freedom of Information Act 2000.
Jump up ^ A4ID's legal guide on FOI (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013, retrieved 19 August 2013
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Information Commissioner's guidance" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Freedom of Information Act 2000 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2004". Statutory Instrument. Ministry of Justice. 20 July 2004. pp. SI 2004 No. 1909 (C.81). Retrieved 7 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "A-Z of legislation: Freedom of Information Act 2000". The Guardian. London. 18 May 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Kettle, Martin (1 September 2010). "World exclusive Tony Blair interview". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Lord Williams of Mostyn Memorial Lecture". Archived from the original on 17 January 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Freedom of Information Act 2000: 24 Feb 2009: House of Commons debates - TheyWorkForYou".
Jump up ^ "Cabinet minutes 'to stay secret'". BBC News. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Attorney General blocks release of devolution papers". The Scotsman. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ministers block release of NHS risk register". BBC News. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Attorney general vetoes Prince Charles letters publication". BBC News. 16 October 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Help Close Freedom of Information Act Loophole / mySociety".
Jump up ^ "Freedom Of Information And Companies Owned By Two Or More Public Authorities (EDM589)".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "59 things that would have stayed secret", The Times, 5 March 2007. Archived from the original on 17 May 2009 (accessed 1 May 2016).
Jump up ^ "UK helped Israel get nuclear bomb". BBC. 4 August 2005. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Blair 'no comment' on info bill", BBC, 25 April 2007. Retrieved on 22 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "Bid to put off info time-wasters", BBC, 24 May 2007. Retrieved on 22 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "Change 'will weaken' openness law", BBC, 17 October 2006. Retrieved on 22 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "Ministers to limit openness law", BBC, 14 December 2006. Retrieved on 22 June 2007.
Further reading[edit]
The Law of Freedom of Information (MacDonald, Jones et al.: OUP 2003)
Information Rights (Coppel at al.: Sweet and Maxwell 2004)
Your Right To Know (Brooke, H.: Pluto Press 2006)
External links[edit]
Text of the Freedom of Information Act 2000 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk .
Information Commissioner's Office
Freedom of Information Act Blog (maintained by Steve Wood, Lecturer at Liverpool John Moores University)
Freedom of Information Journal
House of Commons Library Article (An analysis of the implementation of the Freedom of Information Act)
Open Government: a Journal on Freedom of Information. Open access e-journal with peer-reviewed research and commentary on FOI worldwide
WhatDoTheyKnow.com - a web-based system for making and publishing Freedom of Information requests, maintained by mySociety
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