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Senate
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"Senator" and "Sen." redirect here. For other uses, see Senator (disambiguation).
"The Senate" redirects here. For the Northern Soul band, see The Senate (band).
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The Curia Julia in the Roman Forum
The debating chamber of the Senate of the Czech Republic in the Wallenstein Palace
A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature or parliament. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: senex meaning "the elder" or "old man") and therefore allegedly wiser and more experienced members of the society or ruling class. Thus, the literal meaning of the word "senate" is Assembly of Elders.
Many countries have an assembly named a senate, composed of senators who may be elected, appointed, have inherited the title, or gained membership by other methods, depending on the country. Modern senates typically serve to provide a chamber of "sober second thought" to consider legislation passed by a lower house, whose members are usually elected.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Alternative meanings
3 National senates in the world
4 Defunct and unestablished senates
5 References
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Overview[edit]
The modern word Senate is derived from the [Latin] word senātus (senate), which comes from senex, “old man”.[1] The members or legislators of a senate are called senators. The Latin word senator was adopted into English with no change in spelling. Its meaning is derived from a very ancient form of social organization, in which advisory or decision-making powers are reserved for the eldest men. For the same reason, the word senate is correctly used when referring to any powerful authority characteristically composed by the eldest members of a community, as a deliberative body of a faculty in an institution of higher learning is often called a senate. This form adaptation was used to show the power of those in body and for the decision-making process to be thorough, which could take a long period of time. The original senate was the Roman Senate, which lasted until at least AD 603,[2] although various efforts to revive it were made in Medieval Rome). In the Eastern Roman Empire, the Byzantine Senate continued until the Fourth Crusade, circa 1202–1204.
Modern democratic states with bicameral parliamentary systems are sometimes equipped with a senate, often distinguished from an ordinary parallel lower house, known variously as the “House of Representatives”, “House of Commons”, “Chamber of Deputies”, “National Assembly”, “Legislative Assembly”, or "House of Assembly", by electoral rules. This may include minimum age required for voters and candidates, proportional or majoritarian or plurality system, and an electoral basis or collegium. Typically, the senate is referred to as the upper house and has a smaller membership than the lower house. In some federal states senates also exist at the subnational level. In the United States all states with the exception of Nebraska (whose legislature is a unicameral body called the “Legislature” but whose members refer to themselves as “senators”) have a state senate. There is also the US Senate at the federal level. Similarly in Argentina, in addition to the Senate at federal level, eight of the country's provinces, Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Mendoza, Salta, San Luis (since 1987) and Santa Fe, have bicameral legislatures with a Senate. Córdoba and Tucumán changed to unicameral systems in 2001 and 2003 respectively.
In Australia and Canada, only the upper house of the federal parliament is known as the Senate. All Australian states other than Queensland have an upper house known as a Legislative council. Several Canadian provinces also once had a Legislative Council, but these have all been abolished, the last being Quebec's Legislative council in 1968.
In Germany, the last Senate of a State parliament, the Senate of Bavaria, was abolished in 1999.
Senate membership can be determined either through elections or appointments. For example, elections are held every three years for half the membership of the Senate of the Philippines, the term of a senator being six years. In contrast, members of the Canadian Senate are appointed by the Governor General upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada, holding the office until they resign, are removed, or retire at the mandatory age of 75.
Alternative meanings[edit]
The terms Senate and Senator, however, do not necessarily refer to a second chamber of a legislature:
The Senate of Finland was, until 1919, the executive branch and the supreme court.
The Senate of Latvia (lv) fulfilled a similar judicial function during the interbellum (1918-1940).
In German politics:
In the Bundesländer (Federated States) of Germany which form a City State (in German: Stadtstaat), i.e. Berlin (Senate of Berlin), Bremen (Senate of Bremen) and Hamburg (Senate of Hamburg), the Senates (Senat in German) are the executive branch, with Senator (Senator) being the holders of ministerial portfolios.[3]
In a number of cities which were former members of the Hanse (a medieval confederacy of port cities mainly at the shores of the Baltic Sea and the North Sea), such as Greifswald, Lübeck, Rostock, Stralsund, or Wismar, the city government is also called a Senate.
However, in Bavaria, the Senate was a second legislative chamber until its abolition in 1999.
In German jurisdiction:
The term Senat (senate) in higher courts of appeal refers to the "bench" in its broader metonymy meaning, describing members of the judiciary collectively (usually five judges), often occupied with a particular subject-matter jurisdiction. However, the judges are not called "senators". The German term Strafsenat (literally "Penal Senate") in a German court translates to Bench of penal-law jurisdiction and Zivilsenat (literally "Civil Senate") to Bench of private-law jurisdiction. The Federal Constitutional Court of Germany consists of two senates of eight judges each. In its case the division is mostly of an organizational nature, as a matter of dividing the work load; both senates handle the same kind of constitutional cases. At some points in the past, one senate was considered more conservative and the other more liberal, but that is not the case as of 2011.
In Scotland, judges of the High Court of Justiciary are called Senators of the College of Justice.
In some, mostly federal countries with a unicameral legislature, some of the legislators are elected differently from the others and are called Senators. In federal countries, such Senators represent the territories, while the other members represent the people at large (this device is used to allow a federal representation without having to establish a bicameral legislature); this is the case with St. Kitts and Nevis, Comoros and Micronesia. In other, non-federal countries, the use of the term Senator marks some other difference between such members and the rest of the legislators (such as the method of selection); this is the case with the States of Jersey, Dominica's House of Assembly and the Saint Vincent House of Assembly.
In Wales, the National Assembly for Wales debating chamber is called the Senedd, pronounced 'Seneth'.
An academic senate is the governing body of some universities.
In Greece during the early stages of the Greek War of Independence, various local legislative and executive bodies were established by the Greek rebels. Two of them were styled "senate": the Peloponnesian Senate and the Senate of Western Continental Greece.
National senates in the world[edit]
Afghanistan
Argentina
Austria
Australia
Bahamas
Barbados
Belgium
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of Congo
Czech Republic
Dominican Republic
France
Gabon
Grenada
Haiti
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Italy
Ivory Coast
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malaysia
Mexico
Netherlands
Nigeria
Palau
Pakistan
Paraguay
Philippines
Poland
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Saint Lucia
South Africa
Spain
Swaziland
Switzerland
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uzbekistan
Uruguay
Zimbabwe
Defunct and unestablished senates[edit]
See also: List of abolished upper houses
Abolished in favor of
unicameral system
1863 Greece[Note 1]
1958 Sudan
1966 Kenya (restored in 2013)[Note 2]
1971 Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)
1990 Tucumán Province, Argentina
1981 South Africa[Note 3]
2000 Bavaria, Germany
2001 Córdoba Province, Argentina
2005 Chad
2017 Mauritania
Legislature disbanded
603 Roman Republic/Empire
1204 Byzantine Empire
1865 Confederate States of America
1831-1879 Montenegro
1931-1941 Yugoslavia
1939 Czechoslovakia
1947 British Burma
1952 Egypt
1958 Cuba
1959 Iraq
1961 South Korea
1969 Libya
1972 Northern Ireland
1972 Philippines (restored in 1987)[Note 4]
1974 Ethiopia
1975 South Vietnam
New constitution adopted
1847 Costa Rica[Note 5]
1871 Costa Rica[Note 5]
1886 El Salvador[Note 6]
1890 Japan
1901–1903 Serbia
1917 Russia
1919 Costa Rica[Note 5]
1919 Finland
1926 Portugal
1928 Albania
1930 Bahia, Brazil
1930 Ceará, Brazil
1930 Pernambuco, Brazil
1930 São Paulo, Brazil
1935 Philippines (restored in 1945)[Note 4]
1949 Malta
1950 Indonesia (restored in 2001 as DPD)
1964 British Guiana (now Guyana)
1970 Ceylon
1978 Ecuador
1978 Philippines (restored in 1987)[Note 4]
1979 Iran
1979 Nicaragua
1982 Turkey
1993 Peru
2000 Venezuela
2012 Senegal
2013 Fiji
2014 Thailand
Senate unestablished, though foreseen by the Constitution
1989 Lebanon
1994 Malawi
1995 Georgia
2004 Iraq
2017 Thailand
References[edit]
Jump up ^ A Greek Senate was reestablished in 1927, and abolished again in 1935.
Jump up ^ The Kenyan Senate and House of Representatives were combined into a single National Assembly, under the 2010 Constitution, the Senate is the upper house, with the National Assembly becoming the lower house.
Jump up ^ A South African Senate was reconvened between 1994 and 1997, before being replaced by the National Council of Provinces.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Philippine Senate was abolished and restored twice. A new constitution in 1935 abolished the Senate but an amendment in 1941 restored it in 1945. In 1972, the legislature was closed, and a passage of a new constitution in 1978 confirmed the abolition of the Senate; an approval of a new constitution in 1987 restored it.
^ Jump up to: a b c The 1844 Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica Archived 2011-01-24 at the Wayback Machine. provided for a Senate; the Constitution of 1847 Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine., which replaced it, established a unicameral legislature. The Senate was reestablished by the Constitution of 1859 Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine.; the country reverted to unicameralism with the adoption of the 1871 Constitution Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine.. Costa Rica briefly restored the Senate and bicameralism with the adoption of the 1917 Constitution Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine., but that constitution was abrogated in 1919, whereupon the 1871 Constitution was restored; it remained in effect until 1949, when Costa Rica adopted its present Constitution, which provides for a unicameral legislature.
Jump up ^ The 1841 Constitution of the Republic of El Salvador established a bicameral legislature with a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate. The 1886 constitution replaced the bicameral legislature with a unicameral one.[4]
See also[edit]
Senator for life
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary: senate
Jump up ^ Levillain, Philippe (2002). The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies. Psychology Press. p. 1047. ISBN 978-0-415-92230-2.
Jump up ^ See Senate of Berlin, Senate of Bremen and Senate of Hamburg.
Jump up ^ Haggerty, Richard A. (ed.), El Salvador: A Country Study (1990), p. 144
External links[edit]
Livius.org: Roman Senate
Encyclopedia Britannica on Senate
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senate&oldid=835967820"
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A sagebrush steppe in northeastern Nevada.
The Sagebrush Rebellion was a movement during the 1970s and 1980s that sought major changes to federal land control, use and disposal policy in the American West where, in 13 western states, federal land holdings include between 20% and 85% of a state's area.[1][2] Notably, supporters of this movement wanted more state and local control over these lands, if not outright transfer of them to state and local authorities and/or privatization. As much of the land in question is sagebrush steppe, supporters adopted the name "Sagebrush Rebellion". The sentiment survives into the 21st century with pressure from some individual citizens, politicians, and organized groups especially with respect to livestock grazing, mineral extraction, and other economic development policy for these lands.
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology
2 Public lands history
3 Sagebrush Rebellion
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Terminology[edit]
An extension of the older controversy of state vs. federal powers, Sagebrush Rebels wanted the federal government to give more control of federally owned Western lands to state and local authorities. This was meant to increase the growth of Western economies. Republican Ronald Reagan declared himself a sagebrush rebel in an August 1980 campaign speech in Salt Lake City, telling the crowd, "I happen to be one who cheers and supports the Sagebrush Rebellion. Count me in as a rebel."[3] Reagan faced opposition from conservation organizations.[citation needed] This struggle persists today after changing form with the "wise use movement" in 1988.
The term "Sagebrush Rebellion" was coined during fights over designation of National Wilderness lands, especially in Western states, and especially after the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) conducted required surveys of plots of public lands of at least 5,000 acres (20 km²) that were unroaded after 1972 for potential designation as part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. This process was known as the "Roadless Area Review and Evaluation" (RARE, or later, RARE I). The RARE process developed significant opposition from both environmental groups and public lands users, and was challenged in federal court.[4] Results of RARE I were nullified by the courts for lack of uniform criteria for evaluation of lands and other procedural problems. A second review started in 1977, known as RARE II, involving more than 60 million acres (240,000 km²) of wildland under federal jurisdiction. RARE II was completed in 1979. Controversy and lack of support from the Reagan administration, starting in 1981, largely sidelined a formal national wilderness assessment. Congress has designated several wilderness areas since 1981, sometimes using data acquired through the RARE processes.
The National Wilderness Preservation System grew out of recommendations of a Kennedy-administration Presidential Commission, the Outdoor Recreational Resources Review Commission (ORRRC)[5] chaired by Laurence S. Rockefeller, whose 1962 report suggested legislation to protect recreational resources in a "national system of wild and scenic rivers", a national wilderness system, a national trails system, the federal Land and Water Conservation Fund, and recreation areas administered by then-existing public lands agencies beyond National Parks and National Monuments (both of which are administered in the Department of the Interior by the National Park Service).
Much of the wildland was sagebrush, which some wanted to use for grazing, off-road vehicle use, and other development instead of wilderness conservation. These "rebels" urged that, instead of designating more federal wilderness protection, some or much of the land be granted to states or private parties. They took on the phrase "Sagebrush Rebellion" to describe their opposition to federal management of these lands.
Public lands history[edit]
Map of US federal lands.
Complaints about federal management of public lands constantly roil relations between public lands users — ranchers, miners, researchers, off-road vehicle (ORV) enthusiasts, hikers, campers and conservation advocates — and the agencies and environmental regulation on the other. Ranchers complain that grazing fees are too high.[6] They also complain that grazing regulations are too onerous despite environmentalist complaints that the opposite is true,[7] and that promised improvements to grazing on federal lands do not occur. Miners complain of restricted access to claims, or to lands to prospect. Researchers complain of the difficulty of getting research permits, only to encounter other obstacles in research, including uncooperative permit holders and, especially in archaeology, vandalized sites with key information destroyed. ORV users want free access while hikers and campers and conservationists complain grazing is not regulated enough and that some mineral lease holders abuse other lands, or that ORV use destroys the resource. Each of these complaints has a long history.
Among the first pieces of legislation passed following independence was the Land Ordinance of 1785, which provided for the surveying and sale of lands in the area created by State cessions of western land to the national government. Later, the Northwest Ordinance provided for political organization of the Northwest Territories (the present-day states of Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana and part of northeastern Minnesota).
In order to encourage settlement of western lands, Congress passed the first of several Homestead Acts in 1862, granting parcels in 40-acre (160,000 m2) increments to homesteaders who could maintain a living on land for a period of time. Congress also made huge land grants to various railroads working to complete a transcontinental rail system. Much of these latter grants intentionally included mineral and timber-rich lands so that the railroads could get financing to build. Again, the hypothesis was that the railroads would sell off the land to get money.
Ultimately, however, it turned out that much land west of the Missouri River was not ecologically suited for homesteading because of mountainous terrain, poor soils, lack of available water and other ecological barriers to significant settlement. By the early 20th century, the federal government held significant portions of most western states that had simply not been claimed for any use. Conservationists prevailed upon President Theodore Roosevelt to set aside lands for forest conservation and for special scientific or natural history interest. Much land still remained unclaimed even after such reserves were initially set up. The Department of the Interior held millions of acres in the western states (with Arizona and New Mexico joining the union by 1913). President Hoover proposed to deed the surface rights to the unappropriated lands to the states in 1932, but the states complained that the lands had been overgrazed and would, in other ways, impose a burden on Great Depression-era cash-strapped state budgets.[8] The Bureau of Land Management was created to manage much of that land.
Sagebrush Rebellion[edit]
Various bills intended to transfer federal public lands to western states had been proposed after 1932, all failing to garner much attention, let alone action. Among key objections to such transfers were the increasing value to the federal treasury of mineral lease receipts and complaints that the "crown jewels" of the national lands holdings, the National Parks, could not be managed adequately or fairly by individual states. Yellowstone and Yosemite National Parks were considered to be national treasures, and few legislators would concur with turning them over to the states.
The spark that turned these complaints into a "rebellion" was the enactment in 1976 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) that ended homesteading, which meant that the federal government would retain control of western public lands. The act sought to establish a system of land management by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). While FLPMA required the BLM to plan land use accommodating all users, specifically naming ranching, grazing, and mining, it also introduced formal processes to consider preservation of the land from those uses.
Newly elected Senator Orrin Hatch (R-Utah) joined in land transfer legislation efforts in 1977, after loud complaints from ranchers and oilmen from Utah, coupled with strong support from several Utah county governments. By late 1979, Hatch was the one legislator most interested in land transfers. He sought to introduce a transfer bill that would get hearings and potential action. Upon advice of members of the Utah Wilderness Commission, appointed by Utah Governor Scott Matheson, Hatch agreed to leave National Parks and National Monuments in federal hands, and he drafted a bill that would allow states to apply for control over selected parcels. With 16 cosponsors, he introduced the bill in 1979,[9][10] and again in 1981. Partly because Hatch's bill dealt with major objections to previous bills, news outlets for the first time covered the bill as if it had a serious chance of passing. This started a two-year newspaper, radio, and television fight for the legislation.
Ultimately, Hatch's bill got little more than press attention. The election of Ronald Reagan as president put a friend to the Sagebrush Rebels in the White House, James G. Watt, and his appointees slowed or closed down wilderness designation legislation. By Reagan's second term, the Sagebrush Rebellion was back to simmering on the back burner of federal land management agencies.
See also[edit]
Bundy standoff, 1993-present (2016)
Bureau of Land Management
Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, 2016
Utah Transfer of Public Lands Act, passed into law in 2012, effective after 2014.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ross W. Gorte; Carol Hardy Vincent; Laura A. Hanson; Marc R. Rosenblum (8 February 2012). "Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data" (PDF). Table 1. Federal Land by State, 2010. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Open West, Owned by the Federal Government". New York Times. 23 Mar 2012.
Jump up ^ Coates, James (16 Mar 1996). "Sagebrush Rebellion On Hold, Group Lights Other Legal Fires". Chicago Tribune.
Jump up ^ Dearen, Jason (2 Sep 2012). "'Sagebrush Rebellion' Suffers Legal Setback". The Virginian Pilot. Associated Press. p. 10.
Jump up ^ President's Commission on Americans Outdoors (U.S.) (1987). Americans Outdoors: The Legacy, the Challenge, with Case Studies : the Report of the President's Commission. Island Press. p. ix. ISBN 978-0933280366.
Jump up ^ Carol Hardy Vincent (19 Jun 2012). "Grazing Fees: Overview and Issues" (PDF). Congressional Research Service.
Jump up ^ "Public Lands Ranching: The Ecological Costs of Public Lands Ranching".
Jump up ^ E. Louise Peffer (1951). "Chapter 11: The Hoover Proposal". The Closing of the Public Domain: Disposal and Reservation Policies, 1901-50, Issue 10. Stanford University Press.
Jump up ^ S.1680 Western Lands Distribution and Regional Equalization Act of 1979, introduced 8/3/1979 by Senator Orrin Hatch
Jump up ^ Forrester, Steve (9 Dec 1979). "Sagebrush rebellion losing on Capitol Hill". Eugene Register-Guard. Eugene, Oregon. Retrieved 14 Apr 2014.
Further reading[edit]
R. McGreggor Cawley, Federal Land, Western Anger: The Sagebrush Rebellion and Environmental Politics, University Press of Kansas, 1993. ISBN 978-0700608041.
Wayne Hage, Storm Over Rangelands: Private Rights in Federal Lands, 1989. ISBN 978-0939571154
Daniel Kemmis, This Sovereign Land: A New Vision for Governing the West, Island Press, 2001. ISBN 1-55963-842-7
Robert Henry Nelson, Public Lands and Private Rights: The failure of scientific management, Rowman & Littlefield, 1995.
External links[edit]
A brief history of the Sagebrush Rebellion from High Country News, hcn.org.
A Guide to the Records of Sagebrush Rebellion, 85-04. Special Collections, University Libraries, University of Nevada, Reno.
"SageBrush Rebellion Collection No. 32" at the University of Colorado Denver Library[dead link]
The Oregon standoff is far bigger than a group of armed men in a refuge, Washington Post, 4 January 2016, on the roots of the western land ownership disputes with the Federal government in multiple states.
States' Rights Timeline, including the 1980 Sagebrush Rebellion, from the Forestry History Society
Text of a 1980 article in U.S. News and World Report from the University of Virginia Digital History Center
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagebrush_Rebellion&oldid=824798504"
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Wendy's
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the current parent company previously called DWG and Triarc, see The Wendy's Company. For the Australian franchise chain, see Wendy's Supa Sundaes.
Wendy's
The current logo
Wendy's headquarters in Dublin, Ohio
Type
Subsidiary of The Wendy's Company
Industry
Restaurant
Founded
November 15, 1969; 47 years ago (1969-11-15)
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
Founder
Dave Thomas
Headquarters
1 Dave Thomas Boulevard, Dublin, Ohio, United States
Number of locations
6,500+[1] (January 2, 2016)
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Dave Thomas (founder)
Wendy Thomas (namesake)
Emil Brolick (CEO, Director)[2]
John T. Schuessler (Former CEO, Chairman, and President; [2000-2006])
Products
Hamburgers
Chicken sandwich
Salads
French fries
Breakfast sandwich
Frozen dessert
Owner
The Wendy's Company
Website
www.wendys.com
Wendy's is an American international fast food restaurant chain founded by Dave Thomas on November 15, 1969, in Columbus, Ohio. The company moved its headquarters to Dublin, Ohio, on January 29, 2006. As of 2016, Wendy's was the world's third largest hamburger fast food chain with 6,500+ locations, following Burger King and McDonald's. On April 24, 2008, the company announced a merger with Triarc Companies Inc., a publicly traded company and the parent company of Arby's. Despite the new ownership, Wendy's headquarters remained in Dublin. Previously, Wendy's had rejected more than two buyout offers from Triarc. Following the merger, Triarc became known as Wendy's/Arby's Group, and later as The Wendy's Company.
As of January 2, 2017, there were a total of 6,537 locations, including 330 that are company-owned. 6,207 restaurants are franchised, and 77% of them are located in North America. While Wendy's sets standards for exterior store appearance, food quality, and menu, individual owners have control over hours of operations, interior decor, pricing and staff uniforms and wages.
Wendy's menu consists primarily of hamburgers, chicken sandwiches, French fries and beverages, including the signature Frosty, which is a soft-serve frozen dairy dessert. Since phasing out their famous "Big Classic", the company does not have a signature sandwich, such as the Burger King Whopper or the McDonald's Big Mac - although, by default, the "signature sandwich" spot seems to have been filled by Dave's 1/4 lb. Single (introduced in 2011 as Dave's Hot 'N Juicy as a reworking of the longstanding Wendy's Single, shortened to simply Dave's in 2016), a square-pattied burger made with fresh ground beef rather than round frozen patties. Wendy's uses square hamburger patties – which hang over the edge of a circular bun – as its signature item.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Wendy's by country and continent
1.1.1 Asia
1.1.2 North America
1.1.3 Oceania
1.1.4 South America
1.2 Failed expansions
2 Menu
2.1 Breakfast
2.2 Notable menu items
3 Advertising
3.1 Slogans
3.1.1 United States – Canada
3.1.2 Other countries
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History
Wendy's flagship restaurant in Dublin, Ohio.[3]
The chain is known for its square hamburgers, sea salt fries and the Frosty, a form of soft serve ice cream mixed with frozen starches. The idea for Wendy's "old fashioned" hamburgers was inspired by Dave Thomas's trips to Kewpee Hamburgers in his home town of Kalamazoo, Michigan. The Kewpee sold square hamburgers and thick malt shakes, much like the well-known restaurant that Thomas eventually founded in Columbus, Ohio, in 1969. Square patties had corners that stuck out so that customers could easily see the quality of the meat.[4] The Columbus location later added a Tim Hortons and was closed on March 2, 2007, after 38 years of business due to declining sales.[5][6] Thomas named the restaurant after his fourth child Melinda Lou "Wendy" Thomas.[7] Photographs of her were on display at the original Wendy's restaurant until it closed. In August 1972, the first Wendy's franchisee, L.S. Hartzog, signed an agreement for Indianapolis, Indiana.[8] Also, in 1972, Wendy's aired its first TV commercials that were only broadcast locally in Ohio. This series of commercials was titled "C'mon to Wendy's" because they stressed Wendy's superiority through the "Quality Is Our Recipe" slogan and featured an animated Wendy similar to the one from the corporate logo along with dancing hamburgers.
The first Canadian restaurant also opened in Hamilton, ON in 1976.[9] In December 1976, Wendy's opened its 500th restaurant, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
In March, 1978 Wendy's opened its 1000th restaurant in Springfield, Tennessee
Wendy's founded the fried chicken chain Sisters Chicken in 1978 and sold it to its largest franchiser in 1987.[10]
In 1979, the first European Wendy's opened in Munich.[11] The same year Wendy's became the first fast-food chain to introduce the salad bar.[12]
Wendy's entered the Asian market by opening its first restaurants in Japan in 1980, in Hong Kong in 1982 and in the Philippines and Singapore in 1983.[13][14][15][16] In 1984, Wendy's opened its first restaurant in South Korea.[17]
In response to a 1986 slowdown in the chain's performance, Wendy's restructured its cleanliness standards, menu, and other operational details to ensure that stores met the goals and standards of the parent company so that its franchises were competitive in the market.[18] Wendy's closed all its outlets in Hong Kong in 1986 and in Singapore in the following year.[14][16]
A Wendy's restaurant in Kingston, Ontario, built just before the introduction of the new logo in 2012.
From 1988 to 1990, Wendy's expanded operations globally to Mexico, New Zealand, Indonesia, Greece, Turkey, Guatemala, as well as the U.S. Naval Base in Naples, Italy.[19][20] In 1988, Wendy's expanded its bar to a full-blown buffet called the Superbar for $2.99. The Superbar had various stations: "Mexican Fiesta", the Italian "Pasta Pasta," and the "Garden Spot", salad and fruit. The Superbar was popular but difficult to maintain thus was discontinued in 1998.[21]
In 1989, Wendy's opened its first restaurant in Greece at Syntagma Square being the first foreign fast-food chain in the country. After opened 12 restaurants in 3 cities the company finally abandoned the Greek market in 2002.[22]
In 1996, the chain expanded in Argentina by opening 18 local restaurants. However, all of them closed only four years later due to the economic crisis in the country.[23]
In 1998, Wendy's pulled out of South Korea by closing all its 15 restaurants and in 2000 exited from the UK, Argentina, and Hong Kong.[11][17][24]
Garden Sensations salads were added in 2002.[12]
Wendy's signed a franchise agreement to re-enter the Singapore market in 2009[16] though that agreement was short-lived; in April 2015, Wendy's ceased operation in the country and closed all the restaurants.[25]
In 2011, Wendy's returned to Japan and Argentina announcing a development agreement for 50 restaurants in the country.[26][27] It also entered the Russian market for first time with plans to open 180 restaurants over a 10-year period.[28]
In 2013, Wendy's opened the first restaurant in Georgia and made a deal to open 25 restaurants in Georgia and the Republic of Azerbaijan.[29]
In 2014, Wendy's closed all its restaurants in Russia.[28] In September 2014, several pork based products were introduced to be on sale until early November. These included a standard pulled pork sandwich with slaw and three sauce options, a BBQ Pulled Pork Cheeseburger and cheese fries with pulled pork, cheddar cheese sauce, onions, and barbecue sauce.[30]
In May 2015, Wendy's announced they would be expanding into India, with its first outlet located in Gurgaon.[31]
Wendy's is planning to sell 540 of its restaurants. The divesture is the second step in a three-step action plan to improve the brand. Other steps include new openings and remodeling of existing stores. In 2015, the brand expects to open 80 new restaurants. It will remodel 450 of its existing locations. The brand's goal is to remodel at least 60% of its North American locations by 2020 year-end.[32] In September 2016, it was announced that JAE Restaurant Group had acquired 97 Wendy's restaurants throughout the South Florida region.[33] JAE Restaurant Group is one of the country’s largest franchisee owners. The Group owns 177 Wendy’s Restaurants. Wendy’s Co. has been looking to remodel existing stores and upgrade the curb appeal of its locations. They have been doing this by adding fireplaces, more seating options, adding WiFi and flat screen TVs, and digital menus.[33] Wendy’s Co expects to sell 258 more restaurants during the rest of 2016. In total, they will be looking to sell $435 million of its restaurants.[needs update]
Wendy's by country and continent
Asia
United Arab Emirates
India
Indonesia
Japan
Kuwait
Malaysia
Philippines
North America
United States
Canada
Aruba
The Bahamas
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Cayman Islands
Guatemala
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Panama
Puerto Rico
Trinidad and Tobago
United States Virgin Islands
Oceania
Guam
New Zealand
South America
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Ecuador
Venezuela
Failed expansions
Israel
England
The Netherlands
Germany
Russia
Italy
Greece
Singapore
Hong Kong
South Korea
Turkey
Menu
Wendy's offers two different hamburger patties, a "Junior" 1.78 ounce (50.4 gram) patty and its "Single" 4 ounce (113.4 gram) patty. 4-ounce patties are sold in single, double and triple sizes whereas the junior patties sell in single and double patties. The previous size of 2 ounces per junior patty was altered to its current size in 2007 to save on expenses from rising food costs. Originally Wendy's had only two kinds of chicken sandwiches, fried and grilled. The spicy chicken sandwich started out as a promotional sandwich. It was later put on the menu full-time in 1996 due to its popularity and the fact that, compared to most promotional sandwiches, it was much simpler to make (it used the same condiments as the standard breaded chicken sandwich).
The Frescata line of sandwiches also went from being promotional items to main menu items. After going through several revisions, the Turkey and Swiss and the Ham and Swiss were put on the menu full-time. However, the Frescata sandwiches were discontinued in mid-December 2007.
Occasionally, some Wendy's restaurants would offer a fried fish sandwich for some of its customers who desire fish instead of beef or chicken.
In 1988, Wendy's was the first fast-food chain to create a single price-point value menu where all items listed on that menu were priced exclusively at 99¢. The menu was restructured in 2007 due to rising costs as the Super Value Menu with prices ranging from 99¢ to $2.00 USD.
Breakfast
In mid-2007, Wendy's began a national debut of its new breakfast menu in its U.S. and Canadian stores. Wendy's experimented with serving breakfast for a short time in 1985, but the endeavor was unsuccessful due to many issues.[34][35] While approximately 12 Wendy's restaurants in the U.S. and its territories have been serving breakfast since then, Wendy's has not had a company-wide breakfast offering.[35][36]
The newer breakfast menu differs slightly from the ones featured in 1985, and it is structured similarly to its lunch/dinner menu, with value meals and various sides like blended fruit.[36] Menu items include several breakfast sandwiches served on biscuits, frescuit and Kaiser rolls, breakfast burritos and side orders of hash browns, muffins, and cinnamon sticks.[37] In order to avoid the same issues the original 1985 breakfast offerings faced, the new menu was designed for ease of operation, lower costs, and reduced preparation time.[35]
In January 2016, Wendy's announced a transition plan to source only cage-free eggs by the year 2020 in all U.S. and Canadian locations that serve breakfast.[38][39]
Notable menu items
A busy front counter at a Wendy's restaurant in Niagara Falls, Ontario
A Wendy's outlet in Manila, Philippines.
Frosty dessert – a frozen dairy dessert sold in chocolate and vanilla flavors. The Frosty flavors are also sold as a float. Recently, Frosty Shakes – a Frosty blended with either caramel, strawberry or chocolate fudge syrup – have been served at Wendy's.
Dave's - In late 2011, Wendy's altered the recipe for their Single, Double, and Triple burgers, which had been staples of the menu for decades, in order to rerelease each as part of the new Dave's Hot 'N Juicy line. As before, they were constructed from the same basic patty (and the words "Single," "Double," and "Triple" were retained at the end of the new names), but the patty was now thicker, and its square edges had been rounded off slightly. The cheese began to be stored at a warmer temperature, allowing it to melt more completely over the patty, alterations were made to the bun and the selection of produce (white onions were replaced by red onions), and the condiments now consisted of ketchup and mayonnaise rather than ketchup, mayonnaise, and mustard.[40] They were updated in 2016 and renamed as simply Dave's, now using bakery-style buns.
Big Classic – A sandwich that directly competed with the Burger King Whopper (no longer available in US stores). Mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, pickles, ketchup, and onions served on a Kaiser-style roll. A second version with bacon was available, called the Big Bacon Classic, which was replaced with the Bacon Deluxe in 2009 when the Applewood Smoked Bacon was introduced.
Baconator - Single Baconator is one quarter-pound patty topped with mayonnaise, ketchup, three strips of bacon and two slices of cheese; Double Baconator has mayonnaise, ketchup, six strips of bacon, two quarter-pound (113.4 gram) patties and three slices of American cheese; and the Triple Baconator (1360 calories) is three quarter-pound patties with nine strips of bacon, four slices of cheese, ketchup, and mayonnaise.
Ciabatta Bacon Cheeseburger - Introduced in January 2014, the Ciabatta Bacon Cheeseburger is made with a quarter-pound beef patty, aged Asiago cheese, thick-cut applewood smoked bacon, rosemary garlic aïoli, and oven-roasted tomatoes.[41][42] At launch, the sandwich was priced at $4.79 in the United States and was part of a strategy to market higher-priced menu items to help position Wendy's as a premium fast food chain.[43] Wendy's advertised the sandwich as a limited-time product that would be withdrawn in March 2014.[44][45] According to the company, the sandwich has 670 calories.[46] The debut of the burger received positive reviews. Syndicated fast food columnist Ken Hoffman called the burger "another winner" and "worth the carbs," [47] while the Phoenix New Times declared it was "one of the better burgers in the entire fast food industry."[48] Reviewers at the Sioux City Journal offered more mixed evaluations, with only two of four taste testers saying they would be likely to try the burger a second time.[49]
Black bean burger - Wendy's and a number of major fast food chains have been targeted for decades for meatless entrees, typically, meatless 'veggieburgers' - and Wendy's response is the black bean burger (still in 'beta' testing in Salt Lake City, Utah; Columbus, Ohio; and Columbia, South Carolina).[50] Its major ingredients are black beans, wild rice, farro, onions, brown rice, carrots, quinoa, corn, green bell peppers, and red bell peppers; and the sauce and seasonings include red wine vinegar, chili peppers, cumin, cilantro, and oregano and sea salt.
Advertising
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
Last update: Advertising (July 2013)
After successful early growth of the chain, sales flattened as the company struggled to achieve brand differentiation in the highly competitive fast-food market. This situation would turn around in the mid-1980s. Starting on January 9, 1984, elderly actress Clara Peller was featured in the successful "Where's the Beef?" North American commercial campaign written by Cliff Freeman. Her famous line quickly entered the American pop culture (it was even used by Walter Mondale in a debate with Gary Hart in the Democratic primary election) and served to promote Wendy's hamburgers. Peller, age 83, was dropped from the campaign in 1985 because she performed in a commercial for Prego spaghetti sauce, saying she "finally found" the beef.[51]
Peller was soon after replaced by Wendy's founder Dave Thomas himself. Soft-spoken and bashful, the "Dave" ads generally focused on Thomas praising his products and offering a commitment to quality service, although there would occasionally be "wackier" ads as well. Thomas ultimately appeared in more than 800 commercials, more than any other company founder in television history.[52]
After Dave Thomas' death in 2002, Wendy's struggled to find a new advertising campaign. After a round of conventional ads describing the food they serve, in 2004 they tried using a character they made called "Mr. Wendy" who claimed to be the unofficial spokesperson for the chain. These proved to be extremely unsuccessful. After seven months, Wendy's returned to an animated campaign focusing on the difference between Wendy's square hamburgers and the round hamburgers of competitors.
Wendy's marketing arm engages in product placement in films and television and is sometimes seen on ABC's reality show Extreme Makeover: Home Edition, serving food to the more than 100 construction workers.
A 2007 Wendy's commercial featured the tune from the Violent Femmes song "Blister in the Sun." The inclusion of the song in the commercial provoked an internal conflict between members of the Violent Femmes, which resulted in a lawsuit between bassist Brian Ritchie and lead singer Gordon Gano that ultimately led to the band disbanding in 2009.[53][54]
With their "That's right" ad campaign not a success, Wendy's unveiled a new ad campaign, featuring the animated version of their mascot voiced by Luci Christian highlighting certain menu items. The new ad campaign made its debut in late January 2008, with slogans: in the USA: "It's waaaay better than fast food. It's Wendy's." and in Canada,"It's waaaay delicious. It's Wendy's." [55] The company's slogan, "you know when it's real," was introduced in 2010.
In November 2010, a series of commercials aired featuring the company's namesake, Wendy Thomas, which marked the first time she had appeared in a Wendy's advertisement.[56][57]
In April 2012, Morgan Smith Goodwin began appearing as the redhead in ads with the slogan "Now that's better."[58][59] In 2013, social media advertising featuring Nick Lachey directed at millennials promoted the Pretzel Bacon Cheeseburger.[60]
A 2014 campaign to promote the Tuscan Chicken on Ciabatta sandwich entitled "L'Estrella de la Toscana," or "Star of Tuscany" in English was launched on television and social media.[61] A 2014 campaign to promote the Pretzel Bacon Cheeseburger was run until November 2014 was shown to many people watching TV starting on March 18, 2014
Slogans
United States – Canada
1969–present: Quality Is Our Recipe
1977–1980, 1987: Hot-N-Juicy
1977: We fix 'em 256 ways (alternate slogan)[62]
1978–1979: Juicy hamburgers
1980–1981: Wendy's Has the Taste
1981–1982: Ain't No Reason to Go Anyplace Else
1982–1985: You're Wendy's Kind of People
1983-1985: That's fresh, that's class, that's Wendy's (Canada)
1983–1984: Parts is parts[18]
1984–1986: Where's the beef?[18]
1985–1988: Choose Fresh, choose Wendy's[63] (Originally used alongside "Where's the Beef?")
1987–1993: Give a little nibble was to be a catchy phrase that would capture the attention of consumers and help make Wendy's a major player on the fast-food scene once again. This television commercial was a flop and sent Wendy's hunting for a new advertising agency.[64] After a poorly received seven-week run, Wendy's pulled the television commercials[65] created by Dick Rich Inc.[66][67] The "nibble" spots were meant to emphasize Wendy's better-tasting hamburger. They showed customers ripping off chunks of meat from an absurdly large hamburger.
1988–1992: The best burgers in the business.
1989–1998: The best burgers and a whole lot more (also was printed inside the hamburger wrappers during the 1990s)
1996 - 1998: The Best Burgers Yet!!
1997 – present: You can eat great, even late
2001–2005: It's hamburger bliss.
2002–2004: It's better here[68]
2003–2007: It's Always Great, Even Late. (Canada)
2004–2007: Do what tastes right. (primary slogan)
2005 – present: It's good to be square.
August 2006 – March 2008: That's right.
August 2006 – March 2008: Uh-Huh.
2007–2008: Hot Juicy Burgers
August 2007 – October 2009: It's way better than fast food... It's Wendy's. (United States)
August 2007 – October 2009: It's way delicious. It's Wendy's. (Canada)
August 2007 – October 2009: Carrément bon. C'est Wendy's. (EN: "Squarely good. It's Wendy's.") (Quebec, Canada)
January 2010 – April 2012: You know when it's real.
March 2012 –2016: Now that's better.
Other countries
1983 – present: It's the best time for... Wendy's (Philippines)
1994 (approx) – 2002: Wendy's η τετράγωνη επιλογή (Wendy's the square option) (Greece)
2000 (approx) – present: Quality is our recipe (Indonesia, New Zealand, Chile & United States)
2000 (approx) – present: Wendy's cuadra contigo (Wendy's fits with you). The word cuadra (fit) is a reference to the Spanish word cuadrado that means square. (Venezuela)
2001 (approx) – present: El Sabor de lo Recién Hecho (The Flavor of the Freshly Made) (Honduras)
2007 (approx) – 2009: Wendy's es Sensacional (Wendy's is Sensational) (El Salvador)
2008 – present: It's not just fast food; it's fresh food, made fast (Malaysia)
2008 – present: Old Fashion Hamburgers (Dominican Republic)
2009 – present: "Wendy's, sabor al cuadrado" (Wendy's, taste to the square) (Mexico)
2009 – present: Es muuuuucho más que comida rápida, es Wendy's (It's waaaaay more than fast food, it's Wendy's.) (El Salvador)
See also
Ohio portal
Food portal
Companies portal
List of hamburger restaurants
Wendy's High School Heisman (student-athletes in various sports)
References
Jump up ^ >http://services.corporate-ir.net/SEC/Document.Service?id=P3VybD1hSFIwY0RvdkwyRndhUzUwWlc1cmQybDZZWEprTG1OdmJTOWtiM2R1Ykc5aFpDNXdhSEEvWVdOMGFXOXVQVkJFUmlacGNHRm5aVDB4TVRRek9UTTJNU1p6ZFdKemFXUTlOVGM9JnR5cGU9MiZmbj1UaGVXZW5keXNDb21wYW55XzEwS18yMDE3MDMwMi5wZGY=
Jump up ^ "Leadership Team". Wendy's. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's opens 'flagship' restaurant".
Jump up ^ Taylor, Kate. "Here's why Wendy's Burgers are Square". Business Insider. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Eaton, Dan (December 19, 2008). "Fast food dies slow death downtown". Retrieved March 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Catholic Foundation opens new HQ at old Wendy's". Business First. April 30, 2010. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's Founder, Dave Thomas, and the Kalamazoo Kewpee". WWMT. Freedom Broadcasting of Michigan, Inc. January 8, 2002. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Fastfood Restaurants of the GTA - Wendy's Timeline". Retrieved November 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "First Wendy's in Canada re-opens". CHCH.com. July 8, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "History of Wendy's International, Inc. – FundingUniverse". Retrieved May 30, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wendy's International, Inc. History". fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wendy's launches new salad line, tests breakfast". News & Record. Associated Press. July 9, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Kachi, Hiroyuki. "Wendy's Exits Japan Amid Stiff Competition". wsj.com. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b M. Hawes, Jon (2015). Proceedings of the 1989 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference. Akron, OH, USA: Springer International Publishing. p. 164. ISBN 978-3-319-17055-8.
Jump up ^ "Wendy`s/Arby`s Group Announces Development Agreement with Wenphil Corporation". reuters.com. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "(WEN) Wendy's/Arby's Group Opens Store in Singapore". stockbloghub.com. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b SCHUMAN, MICHAEL; GIBSON, RICHARD (November 27, 1998). "Following Wendy's Exit, Koreans Munch on Winner's". Wall Street Journal. SEOUL, South Korea: reuters.com. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hoovers.com. "Hoover's profile of Wendy's". Answers.com. Retrieved June 29, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's timeline". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
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Jump up ^ "Το καρέ των ταχυφαγάδικων" (in Greek). tovima. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's se fue de la Argentina". clarin.com. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's UK pull-out nets £1.5m". the caterer. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
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Jump up ^ Nakamoto, Michiyo. "Wendy’s re-enters Japanese market". FT.com. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's/Arby's International Announces Argentina Development Agreement". Wendy's/Arby's Group, Inc. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wendy’s leaves Russian market over beef with local manager". rt.com. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's makes moves in Eastern Europe". globalmeatnews.com. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
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Jump up ^ "Wendys, Worlds Third Largest Burger Chain to Open Outlet in India - NDTV Food". food.ndtv.com. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "More Restaurant Chains Cooking Up Plans to Cash In on Real Estate - CoStar Group". www.costar.com. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wendy’s Continues Restaurant Sell Off - CoStar Group". www.costar.com. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ David Zuckerman (July 1, 1985). "Wendy's enters breakfast arena; chain faces fierce competition". Nation's Restaurant News. Retrieved July 1, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gazette news services (March 8, 2005). "Wendy's considers new breakfast menu". the Billings Gazette. Retrieved July 1, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Stock (April 7, 2006). "Wendy's to try breakfast at three local stores". The News & Observer. Archived from the original on January 25, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ Cheryl V. Jackson (June 26, 2007). "Wendy's joins scramble to lure morning diners". the Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ Quirk, Mary Beth. "Wendy's Pledges To Use Only Eggs From Cage-Free Hens By 2020 In North American Locations". consumerist.com. Consumerist.com. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Settembre, Jeanette. "Wendy's is the latest fast-food chain to join the cage-free egg movement". nydailynews.com. New York Daily News. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Reality Check: Wendy's New Hot 'N Juicy". Retrieved May 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Thorn, Brett (January 23, 2014). "Wendy's introduces Ciabatta Bacon Cheeseburger". Nation's Restaurant News.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's Unveils Mediterranean-Inspired Cheeseburger". QSR Magazine. January 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wong, Venessa (January 23, 2014). "Wendy's Next Expedition in Bread: Ciabatta". Businessweek.
Jump up ^ Mary, Vanac (January 27, 2014). "Meet Wendy's Ciabatta Bacon Cheeseburger". Columbus Dispatch. Columbus, Ohio.
Jump up ^ Hugh, Robert (January 27, 2014). "Wendy's rolls out its Ciabatta Bacon Cheeseburger". The Republican. Springfield, Mass.
Jump up ^ "CIABATTA BACON CHEESEBURGER". wendys.com. Wendy's. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Ken (February 10, 2014). "Drive-thru review: Wendy's Ciabatta Bacon Cheeseburger brings new, exciting tastes to burgers". The Gazette. Colorado Springs, CO.
Jump up ^ Grence, JK (February 26, 2014). "Wendy's Ciabatta Bacon Cheeseburger Makes Drive-Thru (Almost) Upscale". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Horlyk, Earl (February 6, 2014). "Fast food taste test: Ciabatta Bacon Cheeseburger". Sioux City Journal. Sioux City, IA.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's - Quality Is Our Recipe". Retrieved March 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Clara Peller, the Actress In 'Where's the Beef?' TV Ad". August 12, 1987.
Jump up ^ "Dave Thomas Biography" (PDF). Wendy's International. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Violent Femmes Embroiled In Inter-Band Lawsuit". Billboard. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grinderman reform for Coachella". theMUSIC.au. January 25, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ CNN Money article on news feed Archived January 31, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Finnegan, Amanda (November 5, 2010). "Las Vegas to serve as test market for Wendy's burger line; Ad campaign next week will feature daughter of founder Dave Thomas". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Morrison, Maureen (November 12, 2010). "Real Wendy Takes Star Turn in Wendy's Advertising". Advertising Age. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Morrison, Maureen (April 5, 2012). "Wendy's Unveils New Ad Tagline". Advertising Age. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Scott, Walter (September 6, 2014). "Is the Actress in the Wendy's Commercials a Real Redhead?". Parade.
Jump up ^ Kyle Russell (July 8, 2013). "Wendy's Believes This Pretzel Bacon Cheeseburger Will Bring In The Millennials". Business Insider. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Maureen Morrison. (April 18, 2014). "Wendy's Sells Italian Chicken Sandwich With 'Short Film' - News - Advertising Age". Retrieved May 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's 1977". Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Philip H. Dougherty (June 26, 1986). "Wendy's Spot Created By Lockhardt & Pettus". The New York Times. Retrieved December 29, 2007. The group has a song Fresh that fits in well with the Wendy's theme, Choose fresh. Choose Wendy's.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's has a beef with "Where's the beef?" effect". Chicago Sun-Times. June 18, 1987.
Jump up ^ "Stakes are rising in the battle for JWT Group". Chicago Sun-Times. June 16, 1987.
Jump up ^ "It's Now America's Not-so-Fast Food Industry". Philadelphia Inquirer. June 6, 1987.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's taps agency contenders". Chicago Sun-Times. May 29, 1987.
Jump up ^ Davide Dukcevich (April 9, 2002). "Wendy's Salad Days". Forbes. Retrieved December 29, 2007. Earlier this month, Wendy's released a new advertising tagline, "It's Better Here," as part of a campaign that purports to showcase Dublin, Ohio, where it has its headquarters.
External links
Wikinews has news related to:
Chili Finger Incident
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Wendy's
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wendy's.
Official website

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