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Aloe vera
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Aloe vera
Aloe vera plant with flower detail inset
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asphodelaceae
Subfamily: Asphodeloideae
Genus: Aloe
Species: A. vera
Binomial name
Aloe vera
(L.) Burm.f.
Synonyms[1][2]
Aloe barbadensis Mill.
Aloe barbadensis var. chinensis Haw.
Aloe chinensis (Haw.) Baker
Aloe elongata Murray
Aloe flava Pers.
Aloe indica Royle
Aloe lanzae Tod.
Aloe maculata Forssk. (illegitimate)
Aloe perfoliata var. vera L.
Aloe rubescens DC.
Aloe variegata Forssk. (illegitimate)
Aloe vera Mill. (illegitimate)
Aloe vera var. chinensis (Haw.) A. Berger
Aloe vera var. lanzae Baker
Aloe vera var. littoralis J.Koenig ex Baker
Aloe vulgaris Lam.
Aloe vera - Muséum de Toulouse (MHNT)
Aloe vera (/ˈæloʊiː/ or /ˈæloʊ/) is a succulent plant species of the genus Aloe. An evergreen perennial, it originates from the Arabian Peninsula but grows wild in tropical climates around the world and is cultivated for agricultural and medicinal uses. The species is also used for decorative purposes and grows successfully indoors as a potted plant.[3]
It is found in many consumer products including beverages, skin lotion, cosmetics, or ointments for minor burns and sunburns. There is little scientific evidence of the effectiveness or safety of Aloe vera extracts for either cosmetic or medicinal purposes. Studies finding positive evidence are frequently contradicted by other studies.[4][5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Taxonomy and etymology
3 Distribution
4 Cultivation
5 Uses
5.1 Research
5.2 Dietary supplement
5.3 Traditional medicine
5.4 Commodities
6 Toxicity
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Description[edit]
Aloe vera is a stemless or very short-stemmed plant growing to 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tall, spreading by offsets. The leaves are thick and fleshy, green to grey-green, with some varieties showing white flecks on their upper and lower stem surfaces.[7] The margin of the leaf is serrated and has small white teeth. The flowers are produced in summer on a spike up to 90 cm (35 in) tall, each flower being pendulous, with a yellow tubular corolla 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) long.[7][8] Like other Aloe species, Aloe vera forms arbuscular mycorrhiza, a symbiosis that allows the plant better access to mineral nutrients in soil.[9]
Aloe vera leaves contain phytochemicals under study for possible bioactivity, such as acetylated mannans, polymannans, anthraquinone C-glycosides, anthrones, other anthraquinones, such as emodin and various lectins.[4][10][11]
Taxonomy and etymology[edit]
Spotted forms of Aloe vera, also named Aloe vera var. chinensis
Historical image of aloe from Acta Eruditorum, 1688
The species has a number of synonyms: A. barbadensis Mill., Aloe indica Royle, Aloe perfoliata L. var. vera and A. vulgaris Lam.[12][13] Common names include Chinese Aloe, Indian Aloe, True Aloe, Barbados Aloe, Burn Aloe, First Aid Plant.[8][14][15][16][17] The species epithet vera means "true" or "genuine".[14] Some literature identifies the white-spotted form of Aloe vera as Aloe vera var. chinensis;[18][19] however, the species varies widely with regard to leaf spots[20] and it has been suggested that the spotted form of Aloe vera may be conspecific with A. massawana.[21] The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 as Aloe perfoliata var. vera,[22] and was described again in 1768 by Nicolaas Laurens Burman as Aloe vera in Flora Indica on 6 April and by Philip Miller as Aloe barbadensis some ten days after Burman in the Gardener's Dictionary.[23]
Techniques based on DNA comparison suggest Aloe vera is relatively closely related to Aloe perryi, a species endemic to Yemen.[24] Similar techniques, using chloroplast DNA sequence comparison and ISSR profiling have also suggested it is closely related to Aloe forbesii, Aloe inermis, Aloe scobinifolia, Aloe sinkatana, and Aloe striata.[25] With the exception of the South African species A. striata, these Aloe species are native to Socotra (Yemen), Somalia, and Sudan.[25] The lack of obvious natural populations of the species has led some authors to suggest Aloe vera may be of hybrid origin.[26]
Distribution[edit]
A. vera is considered to be native only to the south-west Arabian Peninsula.[27] However, it has been widely cultivated around the world, and has become naturalized in North Africa, as well as Sudan and neighboring countries, along with the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, and Madeira Islands.[12] It is also naturalized in wild areas across southern Spain, specially in the region of Murcia, being the only place in Europe where it has been found naturalized.[28]
The species was introduced to China and various parts of southern Europe in the 17th century.[29] It is widely naturalized elsewhere, occurring in temperate and tropical regions of Australia, South America, Mexico, the Caribbean and southeastern US states.[27][30] The current distribution may be the result of human cultivation.[21][31]
Cultivation[edit]
Aloe vera as an ornamental plant
Aloe vera has been widely grown as an ornamental plant. The species is popular with modern gardeners as a putatively medicinal plant and for its interesting flowers, form, and succulence. This succulence enables the species to survive in areas of low natural rainfall, making it ideal for rockeries and other low water-use gardens.[7] The species is hardy in zones 8–11, and is intolerant of heavy frost and snow.[8][32] The species is relatively resistant to most insect pests, though spider mites, mealy bugs, scale insects, and aphid species may cause a decline in plant health.[33][34] This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[35]
In pots, the species requires well-drained, sandy potting soil and bright, sunny conditions. Aloe plants can burn under too much sun or shrivel when the pot does not drain water. The use of a good-quality commercial propagation mix or packaged "cacti and succulent mix" is recommended, as they allow good drainage.[36] Terra cotta pots are preferable as they are porous.[36] Potted plants should be allowed to completely dry before rewatering. When potted, aloes can become crowded with "pups" growing from the sides of the "mother plant". Plants that have become crowded should be divided and repotted to allow room for further growth and help prevent pest infestations. During winter, Aloe vera may become dormant, during which little moisture is required. In areas that receive frost or snow, the species is best kept indoors or in heated glasshouses.[8]
There is large-scale agricultural production of Aloe vera in Australia,[37] Bangladesh, Cuba,[38] the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico,[39] India,[40] Jamaica,[41] Spain, where grows even well inland,[42] Kenya, Tanzania and South Africa,[43] along with the USA[44] to supply the cosmetics industry.
Uses[edit]
Research[edit]
There is little scientific evidence of the effectiveness or safety of Aloe vera extracts for either cosmetic or medicinal purposes. A research study finding positive evidence is frequently contradicted by other studies.[4][5][6][45]
Despite this, the cosmetic and alternative medicine industries regularly make claims regarding the soothing, moisturizing, and healing properties of aloe vera.[4][46]
Two 2009 reviews of clinical studies determined that all were too small and faulty to allow strong conclusions to be drawn.[45][47] One of the reviews found that Aloe has not been proven to offer protection for humans from sunburn.[47]
There is no good evidence aloe vera is of use in treating wounds or burns.[48][49] There is no good evidence that topical application of aloe vera is effective for treating genital herpes or psoriasis.[50] A 2014 Cochrane review found no strong evidence for the value of topical application of aloe vera to treat or prevent phlebitis caused by intravenous infusion.[51]
Aloe vera gel is used commercially as an ingredient in yogurts, beverages, and some desserts,[52][53][54] although at certain doses, its toxic properties could be severe whether ingested or topically applied.[55] The same is true for aloe latex, which was taken orally for conditions ranging from glaucoma to multiple sclerosis until the FDA required manufacturers to discontinue its use.[56]
Dietary supplement[edit]
Aloin, a compound found in the exudate of some Aloe species, was the common ingredient in over-the-counter (OTC) laxative products in the United States until 2002 when the Food and Drug Administration banned it because the companies manufacturing it failed to provide the necessary safety data.[57][58] Aloe vera has potential toxicity, with side effects occurring at some dose levels both when ingested or applied topically.[55] Although toxicity may be less when aloin is removed by processing, Aloe vera that contains aloin in excess amounts may induce side effects.[4][45][59]
Aloe vera juice is marketed to support the health of the digestive system, but there is neither scientific evidence nor regulatory approval to support this claim.[60] The extracts and quantities typically used for such purposes appear to be dose-dependent for toxic effects.[55]
Traditional medicine[edit]
Aloe vera is used in traditional medicine as a skin treatment. In Ayurvedic medicine it is called kathalai, as are extracts from agave.[61]:196 for aloe:117 for agave Early records of Aloe vera use appear in the Ebers Papyrus from the 16th century BC,[17]:18 and in Dioscorides' De Materia Medica and Pliny the Elder's Natural History – both written in the mid-first century AD.[17]:20 It is also written of in the Juliana Anicia Codex of 512 AD.[52]:9 The plant is used widely in the traditional herbal medicine of many countries.
Commodities[edit]
Aloe vera is used on facial tissues where it is promoted as a moisturizer and anti-irritant to reduce chafing of the nose. Cosmetic companies commonly add sap or other derivatives from Aloe vera to products such as makeup, tissues, moisturizers, soaps, sunscreens, incense, shaving cream, or shampoos.[52] A review of academic literature notes that its inclusion in many hygiene products is due to its "moisturizing emollient effect".[11]
Other potential uses for extracts of Aloe vera include the dilution of semen for the artificial fertilization of sheep,[62] as a fresh food preservative,[63] or for water conservation in small farms.[64] It has also been suggested that biofuels could be obtained from Aloe vera seeds.[65]
Toxicity[edit]
Under the guidelines of California Proposition 65, orally ingested non-decolorized aloe vera leaf extract has been listed by the OEHHA, along with goldenseal, among "chemicals known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity".[66]
Use of topical aloe vera is not associated with significant side effects.[57] Oral ingestion of aloe vera, however, may cause abdominal cramps and diarrhea which in turn can decrease the absorption of drugs.[57] IARC studies have found ingested non-decolorized liquid aloe vera[67] to be carcinogenic in animals, and state that it is a possible carcinogen in humans as well.[68]
Gallery[edit]
Aloe vera buds
Aloe vera flower
Aloe vera gel used for desserts
Es lidah buaya, an Indonesian Aloe vera iced drink
Gelaloevera, a type of Aloe vera juice
See also[edit]
Herbal medicine
Medicinal plants
Succulent plants
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
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Taxon identifiers
Aloe vera
Wd: Q80079
APDB: 155971
ARKive: aloe-vera
BioLib: 62378
EoL: 1085598
EPPO: ALFVE
FloraBase: 36276
FNA: 200027555
FoC: 200027555
GBIF: 2777724
GRIN: 311403
iNaturalist: 126882
IPNI: 530017-1
ITIS: 182653
NCBI: 34199
NZOR: 88686aff-53ca-4663-9ea7-4855da0430a0
Plant List: kew-298116
PLANTS: ALVE2
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:530017-1
Tropicos: 18403421
uBio: 5788823
WCSP: 298116
Aloe perfoliata var. vera
Wd: Q9606827
GBIF: 2777739
GRIN: 318686
ITIS: 185466
Tropicos: 18404145
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Big Mouth (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Big Mouth
Genre
Animated sitcom
Adult animation
Black comedy
Surreal humour
Coming-of-age story
Created by
Nick Kroll
Andrew Goldberg
Mark Levin
Jennifer Flackett
Starring
Nick Kroll
John Mulaney
Jessi Klein
Jason Mantzoukas
Jenny Slate
Fred Armisen
Maya Rudolph
Jordan Peele
Music by
Mark Rivers
Opening theme
"Changes" by Charles Bradley
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
10 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Nick Kroll
Andrew Goldberg
Mark Levin
Jennifer Flackett
Blair Fetter
Jane Wiseman
Kristen Zolner
Producer(s)
Nate Funaro
Joe Wengert
Running time
25–27 minutes
Production company(s)
Danger Goldberg Productions
Good at Bizness, Inc.
Fathouse Industries
Titmouse, Inc.
Release
Original network
Netflix
Original release
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29) – present
External links
Website
Big Mouth is an American adult animated sitcom created by Nick Kroll, Andrew Goldberg, Mark Levin, and Jennifer Flackett based on Kroll and Goldberg's tweenage years growing up in Westchester County, New York, with Kroll voicing his fictional self.[1] The first season consisting of ten episodes premiered on Netflix on September 29, 2017.[2][3] On October 24, 2017, it was confirmed that a second season has been ordered to air in 2018.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Cast
2.1 Also starring
3 Episodes
4 Reception
4.1 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links
Summary[edit]
The series follows 7th grade best friends Nick Birch and Andrew Glouberman as they navigate their way through puberty, masturbation, and sexual arousal. Acting as sex-based shoulder angels are the hormone monsters Maurice, who pesters Andrew and occasionally Nick and Jay, and Connie, who pesters Jessi and occasionally Missy. Throughout the series, the kids interact with people and objects who are personified in one way or another and offer helpful, albeit confusing, advice in their puberty-filled lives including the ghost of Duke Ellington, a French accented Statue of Liberty, a pillow capable of getting pregnant, and even Jessi's own vagina.
Cast[edit]
Nick Kroll[2] as:
Nick Birch, an adolescent boy, with a mother named Diane who babies him and father named Elliot who overshares. He also has an older brother Judd and a sister named Leah.
Maurice the Hormone Monster, a wild thing-type monster who follows Andrew around and is responsible for his brooding sexual desires, which frequently occur at inappropriate moments.
Coach Steve, the middle school gym class teacher, who is incompetent and overly talkative, often trying to get his colleagues—or even the students—to hang out (often to no avail). It is heavily implied that the coach may be mentally disabled.
Kroll also voices Lola, Lady Liberty, a ladybug, Joe Walsh, the ghosts of Picasso and Richard Burton, and Sylvester Stallone.
John Mulaney[2] as Andrew Glouberman, a young Jewish boy, who spends much of his time furtively masturbating.
Mulaney also voices Mint, Grandpa Andrew, Babe the Blue Ox, and a detective.
Jessi Klein[2] as Jessi Glaser, a sarcastic and smart girl. Her father, named Greg, is an unemployed stoner and her mother, named Shannon, is secretly dating another woman. She gets her period for the first time on a school trip to the Statue of Liberty.
Jason Mantzoukas[2] as Jay Bilzerian, a boy who is obsessed with magic and sex. He has sex with a pillow that he made into a sex toy. His mom is mentally ill, his dad is a divorce lawyer, and his two older brothers are named Kurt and Val. He is obsessed with Nick's mother and father and wishes for a loving family.
Mantzoukas also voices the ghost of Socrates and Guy Bilzerian.
Jenny Slate[2] as Missy, a girl who is nerdy and kind. Her father is black and her mother is Mexican.
Fred Armisen[2] as Elliot Birch/Ghost of Antonin Scalia/Bus Driver/Stavros
Maya Rudolph[2] as Diane Birch/Connie the Hormone Monstress/Bath Mat/Ghost of Elizabeth Taylor/Ghost of Whitney Houston
Jordan Peele[2] as the Ghost of Duke Ellington/Ghost of Freddie Mercury/Atlanta Claus/DJ/Cyrus/Patrick Ewing
Also starring[edit]
Paula Pell as Barbara Glouberman, Andrew's mother and a Jewish wife stereotype.
Richard Kind as Marty Glouberman
Andrew Rannells as Matthew
June Diane Raphael as Devin
Jak Knight as DeVon
Neil Casey as Detective
John Gemberling as Security Guard
Joe Wengert as Caleb
Seth Morris as Greg Glaser
Emily Altman
Jessica Chaffin as Shannon Glaser
Rob Huebel as Mr. Lizer
Kat Dennings as Leah Birch
Jon Gabrus
Kristen Bell as Pam the pillow/Uninterested Girl
Jess Harnell as Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson
Mark Rivers
Heather Lawless as Jenna Bilzerian
Chelsea Peretti as Monica
Mark Duplass as Val Bilzerian/Clerk
Paul Scheer as Kurt Bilzerian
Nathan Fillion as himself
Anna Graves
Kristen Wiig as Jessi's genitalia
Nasim Pedrad as Fatima
Carlos Alazraqui as Gustavo
Alia Shawkat as Roland
Mae Whitman as Tallulah Levine
Zach Woods as Daniel
Jon Hamm as Scallops
Jack McBrayer as Nick's pubic hair #1
Craig Robinson as Nick's pubic hair #2
Jon Daly as Judd Birch
Rosa Salazar as Ms. Benitez
Michaela Watkins as Cantor Dina Reznick
Gil Ozeri
Ashley London
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
1
"Ejaculation" Joel Moser Nick Kroll & Andrew Goldberg & Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
As Andrew falls under the spell of the Hormone Monster, Maury, his buddy Nick becomes obsessed with the lack of changes in his own body. The gang go to the school dance.
2
"Everybody Bleeds" Bryan Francis Kelly Galuska September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
A field trip goes from awkward to mortifying as Jessi is pressured into being Nick's girlfriend, then gets her first period—inside the Statue of Liberty.
3
"Am I Gay?" Mike L. Mayfield Joe Wengert September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
A trailer for a new movie starring The Rock leaves Andrew questioning his sexuality. Jessi and Nick's budding romance turns ugly fast.
4
"Sleepover: A Harrowing Ordeal of Emotional Brutality" Joel Moser Jess Dweck & Victor Quinaz September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
While the boys head to Jay's for a testosterone-fueled sleepover, Jessi throws a party of her own and gets caught up in mean-girl drama.
5
"Girls Are Horny Too" Bryan Francis Emily Altman September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
A steamy novel making the rounds at school inspires Jessi to explore her own sexuality—and leaves the boys totally confused about what girls want.
6
"Pillow Talk" Mike L. Mayfield Peter A. Knight September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
Nick drags Andrew into the city to visit an old camp crush, but the day doesn't go as planned. Jay embarks on an emotional journey with his pillow.
7
"Requiem for a Wet Dream" Joel Moser Duffy Boudreau September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
Andrew struggles to keep the Hormone Monster in check as he works with Missy on a science fair project. Jessi and Matthew have fun at Jay's expense.
8
"The Head Push" Bryan Francis Emily Altman & Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
When Leah hosts a party for the high school drama crowd, Nick wrestles with a romantic dilemma, and Andrew and Missy witness a disturbing scene.
9
"I Survived Jessi's Bat Mitzvah" Mike L. Mayfield Kelly Galuska September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
Family blowups, secret liaisons and an unflattering dress make Jessi's bat mitzvah a night to remember.
10
"The Pornscape" Joel Moser Gil Ozeri September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
Andrew tries to drown his sorrows in a sea of porn, only to become hopelessly addicted. Coach Steve becomes a suspect in a murder spree. Also, Jessi and Jay run away together.
Reception[edit]
Big Mouth has received critical acclaim since its official release. On Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 100% based on 17 reviews, with the critical consensus reading, "Big Mouth's simplistic animation and scatalogical humor belie its finely sketched characters and smart, empathetic approach to the messiness of adolescence."[5] At Metacritic, the show currently holds a rating of 80 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[6]
Vox described the show as sharp, and as jarringly depicting the awkwardness of pubescence, postpubescence and prepubescence.[7]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
2018 Annie Award Best General Audience Television/Broadcast Production Big Mouth Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (June 13, 2016). "Netflix Greenlights Animated Series from Nick Kroll". Variety. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Andreeva, Nellie (June 13, 2016). "Netflix Orders 'Big Mouth' Animated Series From Nick Kroll & Andrew Goldberg". Deadline. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Farley, Rebecca (August 23, 2017). "Exclusive: Meet The Hormone Monster, The Personification Of Puberty In Big Mouth". Refinery29. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (October 24, 2017). "'Big Mouth' Renewed For Season 2 At Netflix". Deadline. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Big Mouth: Season 1". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Big Mouth", Metacritic, retrieved October 14, 2017
Jump up ^ "Netflix's Big Mouth takes a sharp, surprisingly joyful look at the gross time that is puberty". Vox. Retrieved 2017-10-15.
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