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Nice for What
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Drake song
"Nice for What"
Single by Drake
from the album Scorpion
Released
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
Format
Digital download
Genre
Bounce
Length
3:24
Label
Young Money
Cash Money
Songwriter(s)
Aubrey Graham
Shane Lindstrom
Alan Bergman
Marilyn Bergman
Dennis Coles
Robert Diggs
Gary E. Grice
Marvin Hamlisch
Lamont Hawkins
Lauryn Hill
Jason Hunter
Russell Jones
Clifford Smith
Corey Woods
Orville Hall
Phillip Price
Producer(s)
Murda Beatz
Blaqnmild (co.)
Noah "40" Shebib (add.)
Corey Litwin (add.)
Drake singles chronology
"Walk It Talk It"
(2018) "Nice for What"
(2018) "Yes Indeed"
(2018)
Music video
"Nice for What" on YouTube
"Nice for What" is a song recorded by Canadian rapper Drake from his fifth studio album Scorpion (2018). It was released by Young Money Entertainment and Cash Money Records as the second single from the album on April 6, 2018, along with its music video. The song was produced by Murda Beatz with co-production handled by Blaqnmild, and features additional vocals by Big Freedia and 5th Ward Weebie. It debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, replacing Drake's own "God's Plan" and becoming his fifth US number one.[1] It also topped the UK Singles Chart and ARIA Singles Chart, becoming his second number-one song of 2018 in the two countries after "God's Plan".[2]
Contents
1 Background
2 Composition
3 Music video
4 Critical reception
5 Commercial performance
6 Personnel
7 Charts
8 Certifications
9 Release history
10 References
Background[edit]
On March 14, 2018, Lauryn Hill's son Joshua Omaru Marley posted a snippet of the song on Snapchat.[3] Drake later confirmed an upcoming Murda Beatz-produced single during an Instagram Live session.[4] On April 5, Drake made a surprise appearance during a Majid Jordan concert in Toronto.[5][6][7] "The reason I'm here tonight is because I'm back in the city finishing my album," he told the audience. "I've got a new single dropping tomorrow night, too, just in case you got some free time."[8][9][10][11]
Composition[edit]
"Nice for What" is an upbeat bounce song which contains elements of early 2000s R&B,[12][13][14] with a length of three minutes thirty seconds.[15] It samples Lauryn Hill's song "Ex-Factor" (1998), "Drag Rap" by the Showboys (1986), "Get Your Roll On" by Big Tymers (2000), and also features clips from performances by Big Freedia.[16][17][18] Lyrically, the hook of Drake's song samples Lauryn Hill singing about "cutting loose in the midst of a relationship".[19]
Music video[edit]
Directed by Karena Evans, the accompanying music video focuses on women carrying out various activities, including swimming, dancing, modeling and riding horses.[20] It features guest appearances from, in order of appearance,[21] Olivia Wilde, Misty Copeland, Issa Rae, Rashida Jones, Jourdan Dunn, Tracee Ellis Ross, Tiffany Haddish, Yara Shahidi, Zoe Saldana, Elizabeth and Victoria Lejonhjärta, Letitia Wright, Bria Vinaite, Emma Roberts, Syd, Michelle Rodriguez and Drake himself.[22][23][24][25] Evans called it an honour to work on the video, writing on Instagram that it was "a privilege and a blessing to have told this story with every single one of you revolutionary women, both in front and behind the camera".[26]
Critical reception[edit]
"Nice for What" received positive reviews from music critics, with many praising its promotion of female empowerment.[27][28] Hugh McIntyre of Forbes regarded the "perfectly-pitched" song as "another perfect delivery from the biggest artist in hip-hop", writing that the "vocal sample helps the track stand out from much of the rest of his discography".[20] Kevin Lozano of Pitchfork awarded the song "Best New Track", praising Drake for "smoothly handling the impeccable production from Murda Beatz", and lauding the song as "a fantastic piece of hip-hop machinery" and "one of Drake's most complete releases in some time".[29]
Chris DeVille of Stereogum deemed the song "a big, brash, almost obnoxiously loud New Orleans bounce-inspired production", describing it as "extremely poppy and sounds like a bid for continued commercial dominance".[30]
Commercial performance[edit]
In the United States, Drake became the first artist to have a new number-one debut replace his former number-one debut ("God's Plan") at the top of the Hot 100. It debuted with 88,000 downloads sold and 60.4 million streams. "Nice for What" became the 30th song in Billboard history to enter at number one. It also became Drake's fifth US number-one song overall and third as a lead artist.[1] The song also became the first song to debut on the Mainstream R&B/Hip-Hop chart in the top 10. [31] "Nice for What" topped the Hot 100 for four consecutive weeks before it was dethroned on May 14, 2018 by Childish Gambino's "This Is America".[32][33][34] It then returned for a fifth non-consecutive week at the number one spot on the issue date June 2, 2018.[35] On the issue dated July 14, 2018, "Nice for What" became the first song to reach number one in four nonconsecutive runs. It has topped the Hot 100 for eight nonconsecutive weeks.[36]
Personnel[edit]
Credits adapted from Tidal and Qobuz.[15][37]
Murda Beatz – production
Blaqnmild – co-production
Noah "40" Shebib – additional production, mixing
Corey Litwin – additional production
Harley Arsenault – mixing assistance
Greg Moffet – mixing assistance
Ronald Moonoo – mixing assistance
Chris Quock – recording engineering assistance
Noel "Gadget" Campbell – mixing
Mike Gaydusek – record engineering
Big Freedia – additional vocals
5thward Weebie – additional vocals
Glenishe "Bobby Jean" Rowe – additional vocals
Charts[edit]
Chart (2018)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[38]
1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[39]
6
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[40]
20
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[41]
6
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[42]
1
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[43]
3
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[44]
23
Denmark (Tracklisten)[45]
3
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[46]
13
France (SNEP)[47]
28
Germany (Official German Charts)[48]
9
Greece (IFPI)[49]
3
Hungary (Single Top 40)[50]
29
Hungary (Stream Top 40)[51]
11
Ireland (IRMA)[52]
2
Italy (FIMI)[53]
53
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[54]
6
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[55]
1
Norway (VG-lista)[56]
5
Portugal (AFP)[57]
7
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[58]
10
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[59]
13
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[60]
62
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[61]
4
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[62]
7
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[2]
1
UK R&B (Official Charts Company)[63]
1
US Billboard Hot 100[64]
1
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[65]
30
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[66]
1
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[67]
11
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[68]
1
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[69]
2× Platinum 140,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[70]
4× Platinum 320,000^
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[71]
Gold 45,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[72]
Platinum 30,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[73]
Platinum 600,000
United States (RIAA)[74]
3× Platinum 378,000[75]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
Various
April 6, 2018 Digital download
Young Money
Cash Money
[15]
United States
April 10, 2018 Rhythmic contemporary radio
Young Money
Cash Money
Republic
[76]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Trust, Gary (April 16, 2018). "Drake Dethrones Himself Atop Hot 100, as 'Nice for What' Debuts at No. 1, Replacing 'God's Plan'". Billboard. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
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^ Jump up to: a b McIntyre, Hugh (April 6, 2018). "Drake Drops Energetic New Single 'Nice For What'". Forbes. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
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Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (April 7, 2018). "Watch Drake's Star-Studded Video for New Song 'Nice for What'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
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Jump up ^ Hall, Gerrad (April 7, 2018). "Olivia Wilde, Tiffany Haddish, Issa Rae, more powerful women star in Drake's 'Nice for What' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Blais-Billie, Braudie; Wicks, Amanda (April 7, 2018). "Drake's New "Nice for What" Video Stars Issa Rae, Olivia Wilde, Rashida Jones: Watch". Pitchfork. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
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Jump up ^ Chaplain, Chloe (April 7, 2018). "Drake 'Nice For What' track praised for promoting female empowerment". London Evening Standard. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
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Jump up ^ Lozano, Kevin (April 7, 2018). ""Nice for What" by Drake Review". Pitchfork. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ DeVille, Chris (April 7, 2018). "Drake – "Nice For What" Video". Stereogum. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Trevor. "Drake's 'Nice for What' Marks First-Ever Top 10 Debut on Mainstream R&B/Hip-Hop Chart". Billboard. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary. "Drake's 'Nice for What' No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Post Malone's 'Psycho' No. 2 & Camila Cabello's 'Never Be the Same' Hits Top 10". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
Jump up ^ McIntyre, Hugh. "Camila Cabello and Post Malone Chart New Top 10 Hits While Drake Rules Again". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Childish Gambino's 'This Is America' Blasts in at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Drake's 'Nice for What' Returns to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Lil Baby, Ella Mai & BTS Earn First Top 10s". Billboard. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (July 9, 2018). "Drake Claims 7 of Hot 100's Top 10, Breaking the Beatles' Record, As 'Nice For What' Returns to No. 1 For Eighth Week". Billboard. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Nice for What - Drake". Qobuz. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
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show
v
t
e
Drake songs
Discography
Comeback Season
"Replacement Girl"
So Far Gone
"Successful"
"Best I Ever Had"
"I'm Goin' In"
We Are Young Money
"Every Girl"
"BedRock"
Thank Me Later
"Fireworks"
"Over"
"Up All Night"
"Fancy"
"Miss Me"
"Find Your Love"
"9AM in Dallas"
Take Care
"Over My Dead Body"
"Headlines"
"Crew Love"
"Take Care"
"Marvins Room"
"We'll Be Fine"
"Make Me Proud"
"Lord Knows"
"HYFR (Hell Ya Fucking Right)"
"The Motto"
Nothing Was the Same
"Tuscan Leather"
"Furthest Thing"
"Started from the Bottom"
"Wu-Tang Forever"
"Worst Behavior"
"From Time"
"Hold On, We're Going Home"
"The Language"
"Too Much"
"Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2"
"All Me"
If You're Reading This It's Too Late
"Energy"
"Preach"
What a Time to Be Alive
"Jumpman"
Views
"Controlla"
"One Dance"
"Pop Style"
"Too Good"
"Hotline Bling"
More Life
"Free Smoke"
"No Long Talk"
"Passionfruit"
"Get It Together"
"Madiba Riddim"
"Blem"
"Gyalchester"
"Portland"
"Sacrifices"
"Teenage Fever"
"KMT"
"Glow"
"Since Way Back"
"Fake Love"
"Ice Melts"
Scary Hours / Scorpion
"God's Plan / Diplomatic Immunity"
"Nonstop"
"Emotionless"
"I'm Upset"
"Nice for What"
"In My Feelings"
"Don't Matter to Me"
Other singles
"Forever"
"0 to 100 / The Catch Up"
"Charged Up"
"Back to Back"
"Right Hand"
"Summer Sixteen"
"Sneakin' "
"Two Birds, One Stone"
"No Frauds"
"Signs"
"Yes Indeed"
As featured artist
"100"
"4 My Town (Play Ball)"
"Amen"
"Aston Martin Music"
"Back on Road"
"Believe Me"
"Big Amount"
"Blessings"
"Both"
"Cabaret"
"Champion"
"Come and See Me"
"Come Closer"
"Deuces (Remix)"
"Diced Pineapples"
"Digital Girl (Remix)"
"Enough Said"
"Fall for Your Type"
"Fed Up"
"Feel Love"
"For Free"
"Fuckin' Problems"
"Gonorrhea"
"I Do It"
"I Invented Sex"
"I'm on One"
"In the Morning"
"It's Good"
"Know Bout Me"
"Lemon (Remix)"
"Live For"
"Look Alive"
"Love Me"
"Loving You No More"
"Mine"
"Moment 4 Life"
"Money to Blow"
"Mr. Wrong"
"No Complaints"
"No Guns Allowed"
"No Lie"
"No New Friends"
"No Shopping"
"Odio"
"Only"
"Poetic Justice"
"Pop That"
"R.I.C.O."
"Recognize"
"Right Above It"
"Right Here"
"Round of Applause"
"Say Something"
"She Will"
"Stay Schemin'"
"Still Got It"
"The One"
"The Zone"
"Throw It in the Bag (Remix)"
"To the Max"
"Trophies"
"Truffle Butter"
"Tuesday"
"Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready) (Remix)"
"Unusual"
"Used to This"
"Walk It Talk It"
"Wavin' Flag (Haiti Mix)"
"We in This Bitch 1.5"
"What's My Name?"
"What Up"
"Where Ya At"
"Who Do You Love?"
"Why You Always Hatin?"
"Work"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nice_for_What&oldid=854623835"
Categories:
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German dialects
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (November 2012) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the German article.
Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary (using German): Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Exact name of German article]]; see its history for attribution.
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Distribution of the native speakers of major continental West Germanic dialects today (dialects of the following languages: Dutch, German, and Frisian). The colours in this map do not reflect the actual relationship between the varieties.
Distribution of Continental West Germanic varieties circa 1910
German dialect is dominated by the geographical spread of the High German consonant shift, and the dialect continua that connect German to the neighbouring varieties of Low Franconian (Dutch) and Frisian.
The varieties of German are conventionally grouped into Upper German, Central German and Low German; Upper and Central German form the High German subgroup. Standard German is a standardized form of High German, developed in the early modern period based on a combination of Central German and Upper German varieties.
Contents
[hide]
1 Dialects
1.1 In relation to varieties of standard German
1.2 Dialects in Germany
1.3 Low German
1.4 High German
2 Overseas dialects
2.1 Amana German
2.2 Brazilian German
2.3 Chilean German
2.4 Texas German
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Dialects[edit]
In relation to varieties of standard German[edit]
In German linguistics, German dialects are distinguished from varieties of Standard German.
The German dialects are the traditional local varieties. They are traditionally traced back to the different Germanic tribes. Many of them are hardly understandable to someone who knows only Standard German, since they often differ from Standard German in lexicon, phonology and syntax. If a narrow definition of language based on mutual intelligibility is used, many German dialects are considered to be separate languages (for example, in the view of Ethnologue).[citation needed] However, such a point of view is unusual in German linguistics.[citation needed]
The varieties of standard German refer to the different local varieties of the pluricentric language standard German. They only differ slightly in lexicon and phonology. In certain regions they have replaced the traditional German dialects, especially in Northern Germany.
Dialects in Germany[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The variation among the German dialects is considerable with only the neighbouring dialects being mutually intelligible. Low German, most Upper German, High Franconian dialects, and even some Central German dialects when spoken in their purest form, are not intelligible to people who know only Standard German. However, all German dialects belong to the dialect continuum of High German and Low German. In the past (roughly until the end of the Second World War), there was a dialect continuum of all the continental West Germanic languages because nearly any pair of neighbouring dialects were perfectly mutually intelligible.
The German dialect continuum is typically divided into High German and Low German. The terms derive from the geographic characteristics of the terrain where they are spoken rather than from social status accorded to them.
Low German[edit]
Main article: Low German
Low German varieties (in Germany usually referred to as "Platt" or "Plattdeutsch") are considered dialects of the German language by some but a separate language by others (then often termed "Low Saxon"). Linguistically Low German (that is, Ingvaeonic) and Low Franconian (that is, Istvaeonic) dialects are grouped together because both did not participate in the High German consonant shift. Low German is further divided into Dutch Low Saxon, West Low German and East Low German.
Middle Low German was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League.[citation needed] It was the predominant language in Northern Germany, and several translations of the Bible were printed in Low German. This predominance changed in the 16th century. In 1534, the Luther Bible was printed by Martin Luther; this translation is considered to be an important step towards the evolution of the Early New High German. It aimed to be understandable to an ample audience and was based mainly on High German varieties. The Early New High German language gained more prestige than Low Saxon[citation needed] and became the language of science and literature. Other factors included the Hanseatic League losing its importance around the same time (as new trade routes to Asia and the Americas were established) and that the most powerful German states of that period were located in Middle and Southern Germany.
The 18th and 19th centuries were marked by mass education with the language of the schools being standard German.[citation needed] Slowly Low Saxon was pushed back and back until it was nothing but a language spoken by the uneducated and at home.[citation needed] Today, Low Saxon could be divided in two groups: Low Saxon varieties with a sizable standard German influx,[citation needed] and varieties of standard German with a Low Saxon influence (Missingsch).[citation needed]
Today Low Saxon dialects are still widespread, especially among the elderly in the Northern parts of Germany,[citation needed] many of these being able to understand and speak the language, but younger people in Northern Germany are at least able to understand these dialects, though not to speak them.[citation needed] The local media take care not to let the Low Saxon language die out, so there are several newspapers published entirely in this language; other newspapers at least have recurring articles in Low Saxon. The North German Broadcasting (Norddeutscher Rundfunk) also offers TV programs (e.g. "Talk op Platt") and radio programs in Low Saxon.
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
On the other hand, Northern Germany is considered to be the region where the purest Standard German is spoken, and in everyday life little influence of dialect is heard. Still, there are notable differences in pronunciation even among North German speakers, e.g. lengthening of vowels, differences in accentuation etc. There are also some North German expressions in use even in Standard High German, which are seldom heard in Southern parts (e.g. the word "plietsch" for "intelligent").
High German[edit]
Main article: High German
High German, that is, Irminonic, is divided into Central German, High Franconian, and Upper German.
Central German dialects include Ripuarian, Moselle Franconian, Central Hessian, East Hessian, North Hessian, Thuringian, North Upper Saxon, Rhine Franconian, Lorraine Franconian, Silesian German, High Prussian, Lausitzisch-neumärkisch and Upper Saxon. It is spoken in the southeastern Netherlands, eastern Belgium, Luxembourg, parts of France, and in Germany approximately between the River Main and the southern edge of the Lowlands. Modern Standard German is based on Central and Upper German, but the usual German term for modern Standard German is Hochdeutsch, that is, High German.
The Moselle Franconian varieties spoken in Luxembourg have been officially standardized and institutionalized and are therefore usually considered a separate language known as Luxembourgish.
High Franconian dialects are transitional dialects in between the two greater High German groups. High Franconian dialects include East Franconian and South Franconian.
Upper German dialects include Alsatian, Swabian, Low Alemannic, Central Alemannic, High Alemannic, Highest Alemannic, Southern Austro-Bavarian, Central Austro-Bavarian and Northern Austro-Bavarian. They are spoken in parts of the Alsace, southern Germany, Liechtenstein, Austria, and in the German-speaking parts of Switzerland and Italy.
Wymysorys, Sathmarisch and Siebenbürgisch are High German dialects of Poland and Romania.
The High German varieties spoken by Ashkenazi Jews (mostly in Czarist Russia, then the former Soviet Union and Poland) have several unique features, and are usually considered as a separate language, Yiddish. It is the only Germanic language that does not use the Latin script as its standard script. Since it developed in the Danube area, there are some similarities with Central und Upper German dialects in this region.
Map showing the Uerdingen line, which divides Low German from High German.
The Speyer line, dividing the Central German dialects from the High Franconian dialects.
The Uerdingen and the Karlsruhe line. The Karlsruhe line divides the High Franconian dialects from the Upper German dialects.
Overseas dialects[edit]
The dialects of German that are or were primarily spoken in colonies or communities founded by German speaking people resemble the dialects of the regions the founders came from. For example, Pennsylvania German resembles dialects of the Palatinate, and Hutterite German resembles dialects of Carinthia, whereas Venezuelan Alemán Coloniero is a Low Alemannic variant.
Approximate distribution of native speakers of German or a German variety outside Europe
(according to Ethnologue 2016[1] unless referenced otherwise)
Numbers of speakers should not be summed up per country, as they most likely overlap considerably.
Table includes varieties with disputed statuses as separate language.
Standard German
Hunsrik/Hunsrückisch
Low German & Plautdietsch
Pennsylvania Dutch
Hutterite
Argentina 400,000 N/A 4,000 N/A N/A
Australia 79,000 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Belize N/A N/A 9,360 N/A N/A
Bolivia 160,000 N/A 60,000 N/A N/A
Brazil 1,500,000 3,000,000 8,000 N/A N/A
Canada 430,000 N/A 80,000 15,000 23,200
Chile 35,000 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Costa Rica N/A N/A 2,000 N/A N/A
Israel 200,000 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Kazakhstan 30,400 N/A 100,000 N/A N/A
Mexico N/A N/A 40,000 N/A N/A
Namibia 22,500 N/A N/A N/A N/A
New Zealand 36,000 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Paraguay 166,000 N/A 40,000 N/A N/A
Russia N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
South Africa 12,000 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Uruguay 28,000 N/A 2,000 N/A N/A
United States 1,104,354[2] N/A 12,000 118,000 10,800
Sum 4,597,392 3,000,000 357,360 133,000 34,000
Amana German[edit]
Main article: Amana German
Amana German is a dialect of West Central German. It is spoken in the Amana Colonies in Iowa, which were founded by Inspirationalists of German origin. Amana is derived from Hessian, another West Central German dialect. Amana German is called Kolonie-Deutsch in Standard German.
Brazilian German[edit]
Main article: Brazilian German
In Brazil, the largest concentrations of German speakers (German Brazilians) are in Rio Grande do Sul, where Riograndenser Hunsrückisch was developed, especially in the areas of Santa Catarina, Paraná, and Espírito Santo, as well as in Petrópolis (Rio de Janeiro).
Chilean German[edit]
Lagunen-Deutsch is a variety of High German spoken in Chile.
Most speakers of Lagunen-Deutsch live around Lake Llanquihue. Lagunen-Deutsch has integrated elements of the Spanish language. This includes the integration of false cognates with the Spanish language, transferring the Spanish meanings into Lagunen-Deutsch.
The geographical origin of most or all speakers of Lagunen-Deutsch is Chile, to where the ancestors of the speakers immigrated from Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Texas German[edit]
Main article: Texas German
German was at one time the main language used in schools, churches and businesses in certain parts of Texas surrounding Austin and San Antonio.[3] As of October 2013, the Texas German Dialect Project at the University of Texas is recording residual German dialect in central Texas. The dialect is characterised by a loss of lip-rounding on the /yː/ phoneme.[3]
See also[edit]
History of the German language
German as a minority language
Ethnic Germans
Petuh, German vocabulary on a Danish base
Wisconsin German
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ethnologue 19th Edition (2016)
Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration - Language Use in the United States: 2007
^ Jump up to: a b German dialect in Texas is one of a kind, and dying out, 15 May 2013
Further reading[edit]
Friedrich Maurer (1942), Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde, Bern: Francke Verlag.
"German Dialects, Teenagers' Argot: Purists May Disapprove, but Multi-ethnic Dialects Are Spreading", The Economist, no. 8771 (11 Feb. 2012), p. 56. N.B.: Unsigned article, concerning the German urban dialect called "Kiezdeutsh".
External links[edit]
Datenbank fuer Gesprochenes Deutsch (DGD2) - a database with several dialect corpora covering German and overseas (North American, Australian) varieties of German
An example sentence spoken in different German dialects (German)
German Dialects - Links, Paul Joyce, University of Portsmouth (extensive collection of links on each dialect)
Atlas zur deutschen Alltagssprache (University of Augsburg, German) with recent research and maps on everyday language in the German-speaking countries
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Mughal architecture
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Mughal architecture
The Taj Mahal, Agra, is the most recognised structure of Mughal architecture.
Badshahi Masjid, Lahore, Pakistan was the largest mosque in the world for 313 years, and presently is the second largest mosque in Southern Asia.
Jama Masjid, Delhi, the largest masjid in India.
Buland Darwaza, Agra was built by Akbar the Great to commemorate his victory.
Red Fort, Delhi. It was the residence of the Mughal dynasty.
Humayun's Tomb, Delhi.
Alamgiri Gate in Lahore Fort, Lahore, Pakistan.
Tomb of Jahangir Lahore.
Gardens of Babur in Kabul, Afghanistan.
Lalbagh Fort in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Mughal architecture is the type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed by the Mughals in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the Indian subcontinent. It developed the styles of earlier Muslim dynasties in India as an amalgam of Islamic, Persian, Turkic and Indian architecture. Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of structure and character, including large bulbous domes, slender minarets at the corners, massive halls, large vaulted gateways and delicate ornamentation.[1] Examples of the style can be found in India, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
The Mughal dynasty was established after the victory of Babur at Panipat in 1526. During his five-year reign, Babur took considerable interest in erecting buildings, though few have survived. His grandson Akbar built widely, and the style developed vigorously during his reign. Among his accomplishments were Humayun's Tomb (for his father), Agra Fort, the fort-city of Fatehpur Sikri, and the Buland Darwaza. Akbar's son Jahangir commissioned the Shalimar Gardens in Kashmir.
Mughal architecture reached its zenith during the reign of Shah Jahan, who constructed the Jama Masjid, the Red Fort, the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore, his reign corresponded with the decline of Mughal architecture and the Empire itself.
Contents
[hide]
1 Monuments
1.1 Agra Fort
1.2 Humayun's Tomb
1.3 Fatehpur Sikri
1.3.1 Jodha Bai's Palace
1.3.2 Inscription
2 Shah Jahan
2.1 Taj Mahal
2.2 Wazir Khan Masjid
2.3 Shalimar Gardens
2.4 Shah Jehan Mosque
3 Aurangzeb and later Mughal architecture
3.1 Badshahi Masjid
3.2 Additional monuments
4 Mughal gardens
5 Mughal bridges
6 See also
7 References
8 Sources
Monuments[edit]
Agra Fort[edit]
Main article: Agra fort
Agra fort is a UNESCO world heritage site in Agra, Uttar Pradesh . The major part of Agra fort was built by Akbar The Great during 1565 AD to 1574 AD. The architecture of the fort clearly indicates the free adoption of the Rajput planning and construction. Some of the important buildings in the fort are Jahangiri Mahal built for Jahangir and his family, the Moti Masjid, and Mena Bazaars. The Jahangir Mahal is an impressive structure and has a courtyard surrounded by double-storeyed halls and rooms.
Humayun's Tomb[edit]
Humayun's Tomb Delhi
Main article: Humayun's Tomb
The Emperor Humayun's widow, Hamida Bano Begum, built his tomb in Delhi, in the center of a large walled Mughal garden. It often regarded as the first mature example of Mughal architecture.[2][unreliable source?]
Fatehpur Sikri[edit]
Main article: Fatehpur Sikri
Akbar’s greatest architectural achievement was the construction of Fatehpur Sikri, his capital city near Agra at a trade and Jain pilgrimage center.[3][4][5] The construction of the walled city was started in 1569 A.D. and completed in 1574 A.D.
It contained some of the most beautiful buildings – both religious and secular which testify to the Emperor’s aim of achieving social, political and religious integration. The main religious buildings were the huge Jama Masjid and small tomb of Salim Chisti. The tomb, built in 1571 A.D. in the corner of the mosque compound, is a square marble chamber with a verandah. The cenotaph has an exquisitely designed lattice screen around it. Buland Darwaza, also known as the Gate of Magnificence, was built by Akbar in 1576 to commemorate his victory over Gujarat and the Deccan. It is 40 metres high and 50 metres from the ground. The total height of the structure is about 54 metres from ground level...
The Haramsara, the royal seraglio in Fatehpur Sikri was an area where the royal women lived. The opening to the Haramsara is from the Khwabgah side separated by a row of cloiters. According to Abul Fazl, in Ain-i-Akbari, the inside of Harem was guarded by senior and active women, outside the enclosure the eunuchs were placed, and at a proper distance there were faithful Rajput guards.[6]
Jodha Bai's Palace[edit]
This is the largest palace in the Fatehpur Sikri seraglio, connected to the minor haramsara (where the less important harem ladies and maids would have resided) quarters. The main entrance is double storied, projecting out of the facade to create a kind of porch leading into a recessed entrance with a balcony. Inside there is a quadrangle surrounded by rooms. The columns of rooms are ornamented with a variety of Hindu sculptural motifs. The glazed tiles on the roofs from Multan have an eye catching shade of turquoise.[7] The mosque was built in honour of Jodha Bai, mother of Jahangir and wife of Akbar. Her Mughal name was Mariyam Zamani Begum and this being the reason that the mosque was built in her honor in Lahore’s walled city. Jahangir built his mother Mariyam Zamani Begum’s mosque and is just 1 km away from the tomb of Akbar near Agra at a place called Sikandra.
Buland Darwaza dominates the landscape. Historian `Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni writes that it was the highest gateway in Hindustan at that time until today.
Inscription[edit]
A chronogram is inscribed on the central archway composed by Ashraf Khan, one of Akbar's principal secretaries that reads,
In the reign of King of the world Akbar,
To whom is due the order in the country. The Sheikh -ul-Islam adorned the mosque. Which for its elegance deserves as much reverence as the Ka'ba. The year of the completion of this magnificent edifice. Is found in the words: duplicate of the Masjidi'l-Haram.[8]
The Tomb of Sheikh Salim Chishti is famed as one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture in India, built during the years 1580 and 1581, along with the imperial complex at Situated near Zenana Rauza and facing south towards Buland Darwaza, within the quadrangle of the Jama Masjid which measures 350 ft. by 440 ft. It enshrines the burial place of the Sufi saint, Salim Chisti (1478 – 1572), a descendant of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti of Ajmer, and lived in a cavern on the ridge at Sikri. The mausoleum, constructed by Akbar as a mark of his respect for the Sufi saint, who foretold the birth of his son, who was named Prince Salim after him and later succeeded Akbar to the throne of the Mughal Empire.
Shah Jahan[edit]
The Wazir Khan Mosque in Lahore was commissioned during the reign of Shah Jahan, and is famous for its rich embellishment which covers almost every interior surface. Rather than building a huge monuments like his predecessors to demonstrate their power, Shah Jahan built elegant monuments. The force and originality of this previous building style gave way under Shah Jahan to a delicate elegance and refinement of detail, illustrated in the palaces erected during his reign at Agra, Delhi and Lahore. Some examples include the Taj Mahal at Agra, the tomb of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. The Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) in the Lahore Fort and the Jama Masjid at Delhi are imposing buildings of his era, and their position and architecture have been carefully considered so as to produce a pleasing effect and feeling of spacious elegance and well-balanced proportion of parts. Shah Jahan also built sections of the Sheesh Mahal, and Naulakha pavilion, which are all enclosed in the fort. He also built a mosque named after himself in Thatta called Shahjahan Mosque. Shah Jahan also built the Red Fort in his new capital at Shah Jahanabad, now Delhi. The red sandstone Red Fort is noted for its special buildings-Diwan-i-Aam and Diwan-i-Khas. Another mosque was built during his tenure in Lahore called Wazir Khan Mosque, by Shaikh Ilm-ud-din Ansari who was the court physician to the emperor.
Taj Mahal[edit]
Main article: Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal a World Heritage Site described as the "teardrop on the cheek of time" by Rabindranath Tagore, was built between 1630–49 by the emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal.(Mumtaz died after her 14th delivery). Its construction took 22 years and required 22,000 laborers and 1,000 elephants. Built entirely of white marble at a cost of approximately 32 million rupees[citation needed], it is one of the New7Wonders of the World. The building's longest plane of symmetry runs through the entire complex except for the sarcophagus of Shah Jahan, which is placed off centre in the crypt room below the main floor. This symmetry is extended to the building of an entire mirror mosque in red sandstone, to complement the Mecca-facing mosque placed to the west of the main structure. Shah Jahan used "pietra dura", a method of decoration on a large scale-inlaid work of jewels.
Wazir Khan Masjid[edit]
The Wazir Khan Masjid was commissioned during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jehan in 1634 C.E., and completed in 1642.[9] Considered to be the most ornately decorated Mughal-era mosque,.[10] Wazir Khan Masjid is renowned for its intricate faience tile work known as kashi-kari, as well as its interior surfaces that are almost entirely embellished with elaborate Mughal-era frescoes. The mosque has been under extensive restoration since 2009 under the direction of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture and the Government of Punjab.[11]
Shalimar Gardens[edit]
Main article: Shalimar Gardens, Lahore
The Shalimar Gardens (1641–1642) built on the orders of Bahadur Shah Zafar in Lahore, Pakistan, is also on the UNESCO world heritage list.
Shah Jehan Mosque[edit]
The Shah Jehan Mosque is the central mosque for the city of Thatta, in the Pakistani province of Sindh. The mosque commissioned by Shah Jahan, who bestowed it to the city as a token of gratitude.[12] Its style is heavily influenced by Central Asian Timurid architecture, which was introduced after Shah Jahan's campaigns near Balkh and Samarkand.[12] The mosque is considered to have the most elaborate display of tile work in South Asia,[12][13] and is also notable for its geometric brick work - a decorative element that is unusual for Mughal-period mosques.[14]
Aurangzeb and later Mughal architecture[edit]
An 1858 illustration of Old Delhi in India, the capital city of the Mughal Empire
Further information: Bibi Ka Maqbara
The Badshahi Mosque in Lahore is the largest of all Mughal imperial mosques.
In Aurangzeb's reign (1658–1707) squared stone and marble was replaced by brick or rubble with stucco ornament. Srirangapatna and Lucknow have examples of later Indo-Mughal architecture. He made additions to the Lahore Fort and also built one of the thirteen gates which was later named after him (Alamgir).
Badshahi Masjid[edit]
The Badshahi Masjid in Lahore, Pakistan was commissioned by the sixth Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Constructed between 1671 and 1673, it was the largest mosque in the world upon construction. It is the third largest mosque in Pakistan and the seventh largest mosque in the world. The mosque is adjacent to the Lahore Fort and is the last in the series of congregational mosques in red sandstone. The red sandstone of the walls contrasts with the white marble of the domes and the subtle intarsia decoration. Aurangzeb's mosque's architectural plan is similar to that of his father, Shah Jahan, the Jama Masjid in Delhi; though it is much larger. It also functions as an idgah. The courtyard which spreads over 276,000 square feet, can accommodate one hundred thousand worshippers; ten thousand can be accommodated inside the mosque. The minarets are 196 feet (60 m) tall. The Mosque is one of the most famous Mughal structures, but suffered greatly under the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. In 1993, the Government of Pakistan included the Badshahi Mosque in the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Site.[15]
Additional monuments[edit]
Additional monuments from this period are associated with women from Aurangzeb's imperial family. The construction of the elegant Zinat al-Masjid in Daryaganj was overseen by Aurangzeb's second daughter Zinat-al-Nissa. Aurangzeb's sister Roshan-Ara who died in 1671. The tomb of Roshanara Begum and the garden surrounding it were neglected for a long time and are now in an advanced state of decay. Bibi Ka Maqbara was a mausoleum built by Prince Azam Shah, son of Emperor Aurangzeb, in the late 17th century as a loving tribute to his mother, Dilras Bano Begam in Aurangabad, Maharashtra. The Alamgiri Gate, built in 1673 A.D., is the main entrance to the Lahore Fort in present-day Lahore. It was constructed to face west towards the Badshahi Mosque in the days of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
Another construction of the Mughal era is Lalbagh Fort (also known as "Fort Aurangabad"), a Mughal palace fortress at the Buriganga River in the southwestern part of Dhaka, Bangladesh, whose construction started in 1678 during the reign of Aurangzeb.
Mughal gardens[edit]
Main article: Mughal gardens
The Shalimar Gardens, Lahore are among the most famous Mughal gardens.
Mughal gardens are gardens built by the Mughals in the Islamic style of architecture. This style was influenced by Persian gardens and Timurid gardens. Significant use of rectilinear layouts are made within the walled enclosures. Some of the typical features include pools, fountains and canals inside the gardens. The famous gardens are the Char Bagh gardens at Taj Mahal, gardens at Humayun's Tomb Shalimar Gardens of Lahore, Delhi and Kashmir as well as Pinjore Garden in Haryana.
Mughal bridges[edit]
Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur was constructed during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Akbar.
See also[edit]
Indo-Islamic architecture
Indo-Persian culture
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sastri, B. Annapurna. "Mughal Architecture". Indian Architecture. indiapicks.com. Retrieved 2014-10-11.
Jump up ^ World Heritage Monuments, India - Humayun's Tomb
Jump up ^ "Fatehpur Sikri was once a Jain pilgrimage centre: Book". Zee News. 2013-02-27. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
Jump up ^ "Excavation at Akbars fort at Fatehpur Sikri reveals flourishing Jain and Hindu habitation". Retrieved 2017-12-15.
Jump up ^ "Fatehpur Sikri was once a Jain pilgrimage centre: Book". hindustantimes.com/. 2013-02-27. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
Jump up ^ Subhadra Sen Gupta(2013), page 146, " Fatehpur Sikri: Akbars magnificent city on a hil", Niyogi books. ISBN 9789381523728.
Jump up ^ Subhadra Sen Gupta(2013), page151, " Fatehpur Sikri: Akbars magnificent city on a hil", Niyogi books. ISBN 9789381523728.
Jump up ^ Subhadra Sen Gupta (2013), page 172-176, " Fatehpur Sikri: Akbars magnificent city on a hill", Niyogi books. ISBN 9789381523728.
Jump up ^ "Conservation of the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore: Preliminary Report on Condition and Risk Assessment" (PDF). Aga Khan Development Network. 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2016. The Wazir Khan Mosque was built in 1634-35 AD (1044-45 AH), by Hakim ’Ali ud din* a governor of the Punjab in the early part of the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.
Jump up ^ Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich (2003). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. UNESCO. ISBN 9789231038761.
Jump up ^ "Walled city of Lahore conservation". Retrieved 25 August 2016. The Walled city of Lahore is famous for several historic monuments including the Lahore Fort – a World Heritage site, the Badshahi and Wazir Khan mosques. Close to 2,000 buildings within the Walled city display a range of architectural features that mark Lahore’s centuries old cultural landscape. A majority of these buildings and the mohallas (local neighbourhoods) in which they are situated form a unique heritage footprint. The work consequently carried out by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) and the Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme (AKHCP) was initiated under a 2007 public-private partnership framework agreement with the Government of Punjab.
^ Jump up to: a b c Khazeni, Arash (2014). Sky Blue Stone: The Turquoise Trade in World History. Univ of California Press. ISBN 9780520279070. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta". UNESCO. UNESCO. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Asher, Catherine (1992). Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume 4. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521267281. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
Jump up ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Badshahi Mosque, Lahore – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
Sources[edit]
Catherine Blanshard Asher. Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume 4. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521267281.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&oldid=843316089"
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