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List of countries by literacy rate
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World map of countries shaded according to the literacy rate for all people aged 15 and over
This is a list of countries by literacy rate. The figures represented are almost entirely collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) on behalf of UNESCO with 2015 estimates based on people aged 15 or over who can read and write. Where data is taken from a different source, notes are provided. The data is collated by mostly using surveys within the last ten years which are self-declared by the persons in question.[1] UIS provide estimates based on these for the year 2015 with a Global Age-specific Literacy Projections Model (GALP).[2]
The global literacy rate for all people aged 15 and above is 86.3%. The global literacy rate for all males is 90.0% and the rate for all females is 82.7%. The rate varies throughout the world with developed nations having a rate of 99.2% (2013); Oceania having 71.3%; South and West Asia having 70.2% (2015) and sub-Saharan Africa at 64.0% (2015).[3] Over 75% of the world's 781 million illiterate adults are found in South Asia, West Asia and sub-Saharan Africa and women represent almost two-thirds of all illiterate adults globally.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 List of UN member states
2 List of other states and territories
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
List of UN member states[edit]
Country
UNESCO[3]
Non-UNESCO
literacy rate
Literacy rate (all)
Male literacy
Female literacy
Gender difference
World 86.3 86.3% 90.0% 82.7% 7.3%
Afghanistan 38.1561238.2% 52.0% 24.2% 27.8%
Albania 97.553997.6% 98.4% 96.8% 1.6%
Algeria 80.1989180.2% 87.2% 73.1% 14.0% 87.7%[5]
Andorra not reported by UNESCO 2015
Angola 71.1409971.1% 82.0% 60.7% 21.3%
Antigua and Barbuda 98.95not reported by UNESCO 2015 99.0%(2013)[3][note 1]
Argentina 98.0851698.1% 98.0% 98.1% -0.1%
Armenia 99.767399.8% 99.8% 99.7% 0.1%
Australia not reported by UNESCO 2015
Austria not reported by UNESCO 2015
Azerbaijan 99.8107899.8% 99.9% 99.7% 0.2%
Bahamas not reported by UNESCO 2015
Bahrain 95.7029595.7% 96.9% 93.5% 3.5%
Bangladesh 72.7672.8%[note 2] 75.6% 69.9% 5.7% 71% (2014)[6]
Barbados not reported by UNESCO 2015
Belarus 99.728999.7% 99.8% 99.7% 0.1%
Belgium not reported by UNESCO 2015
Belize 82.6888682.7% 82.3% 83.0% -0.7%
Benin 38.4471438.4% 49.9% 27.3% 22.6%
Bhutan 64.8874564.9% 73.1% 55.0% 18.1%
Bolivia 95.6509795.7% 97.8% 93.6% 4.2%
Bosnia and Herzegovina 98.4768198.5% 99.5% 97.5% 2.1% 97.2% (2013)[7][note 3]
Botswana 88.4649388.5% 88.0% 88.9% -0.9%
Brazil 91.7294391.7% 91.4% 92.1% -0.7%
Brunei 96.408396.4% 97.7% 95.1% 2.6%
Bulgaria 98.3889898.4% 98.7% 98.1% 0.7%
Burkina Faso 36.0226336% 43.0% 29.3% 13.7%
Burundi 85.6248185.6% 88.2% 83.1% 5.1%
Cabo Verde 87.5765687.6% 92.1% 83.1% 9.0%
Cambodia 77.1859877.2% 84.5% 70.5% 13.9%
Cameroon 74.9855775% 81.2% 68.9% 12.3%
Canada not reported by UNESCO 2015
Central African Republic 36.7526136.8% 50.7% 24.4% 26.4%
Chad 40.1713740.2% 48.5% 31.9% 16.6%
Chile 97.2966497.3% 97.4% 97.2% 0.2%
China 96.3754896.4% 98.2% 94.5% 3.7%
Colombia 94.6755494.7% 94.6% 94.8% -0.2%
Comoros 77.7635577.8% 81.8% 73.7% 8.1%
Congo 79.3111779.3% 86.4% 72.9% 13.6%
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 77.2896477.3% 88.9% 66.0% 22.8%
Costa Rica 97.7552797.8% 97.7% 97.8% -0.1%
Ivory Coast 43.1130643.1% 53.1% 32.5% 20.6%
Croatia 99.2741299.3% 99.7% 98.9% 0.7%
Cuba 99.7115799.7% 99.7% 99.8% -0.1%
Cyprus 99.0656999.1% 99.5% 98.7% 0.8%
Czech Republic not reported by UNESCO 2015
Denmark not reported by UNESCO 2015
Djibouti not reported by UNESCO 2015
Dominica not reported by UNESCO 2015
Dominican Republic 91.7907791.8% 91.2% 92.3% -1.1%
Ecuador 94.4550494.5% 95.4% 93.5% 1.8%
Egypt 75.2364775.2% 83.2% 67.3% 16.0%
El Salvador 88.3868388.4% 90.7% 86.4% 4.3%
Equatorial Guinea 95.2569295.3% 97.4% 93.0% 4.4%
Eritrea 73.7699773.8% 82.4% 65.5% 16.9%
Estonia 99.8251799.8% 99.8% 99.8% 0.0%
Ethiopia 49.090749.1% 57.2% 41.1% 16.1%
Fiji not reported by UNESCO 2015
Finland not reported by UNESCO 2015
France not reported by UNESCO 2015
Gabon 83.1798183.2% 85.3% 81.0% 4.3%
Gambia 55.5471955.5% 63.9% 47.6% 16.3%
Georgia 99.760999.8% 99.8% 99.7% 0.1%
Germany not reported by UNESCO 2015
Ghana 76.5728176.6% 82.0% 71.4% 10.7%
Greece 97.6868697.7% 98.5% 96.9% 1.6%
Grenada not reported by UNESCO 2015
Guatemala 79.305379.3% 84.7% 74.4% 10.4%
Guinea 30.4082630.4% 38.1% 22.8% 15.3%
Guinea-Bissau 59.9105759.9% 71.8% 48.3% 23.5%
Guyana 88.4996888.5% 87.2% 89.8% -2.6%
Haiti 60.7322860.7% 64.3% 57.3% 7.0%
Honduras 88.4838188.5% 88.4% 88.6% -0.1%
Hungary 99.0504399.1% 99.1% 99.0% 0.2%
Iceland not reported by UNESCO 2015
India 72.1309572.1% 80.9% 62.8% 18.1% 74.0% (2011)[8][note 4]
Indonesia 93.8826293.9% 96.3% 91.5% 4.7%
Iran 86.8468386.8% 91.2% 82.5% 8.7%
Iraq 79.687579.7% 85.7% 73.7% 11.9%
Ireland not reported by UNESCO 2015
Israel 97.8 not reported by UNESCO 2015 97.8% (2011)[4][note 5]
Italy 99.1549899.2% 99.4% 99.0% 0.4%
Jamaica 88.6900288.7% 84.0% 93.1% -9.1%
Japan not reported by UNESCO 2015
Jordan 97.8903297.9% (in 2012) 98.4% 97.4% 1.0%
Kazakhstan 99.7901799.8% 99.8% 99.8% 0.0%
Kenya 77.9650378% 81.1% 74.9% 6.2%
Kiribati not reported by UNESCO 2015
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of 99.99924100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 0.0%
Korea, Republic of not reported by UNESCO 2015
Kuwait 96.1590596.2% 96.9% 95.0% 1.9%
Kyrgyzstan 99.5209799.5% 99.6% 99.4% 0.2%
Laos 79.860479.9% 87.1% 72.8% 14.3%
Latvia 99.8913899.9% 99.9% 99.9% 0.0%
Lebanon 93.9422593.9% 96.0% 91.8% 4.1%
Lesotho 79.3609479.4% 70.1% 88.3% -18.2%
Liberia 47.6001347.6% 62.4% 32.8% 29.6%
Libya 91.0232891% 96.7% 85.6% 11.1%
Liechtenstein not reported by UNESCO 2015
Lithuania 99.8198899.8% 99.8% 99.8% 0.0%
Luxembourg not reported by UNESCO 2015
Macedonia 97.8263297.8% 98.8% 96.8% 2.0%
Madagascar 64.656364.7% 66.7% 62.6% 4.1%
Malawi 65.7942765.8% 73.0% 58.6% 14.4%
Malaysia 94.644694.6% 96.2% 93.2% 3.0%
Maldives 99.3068299.3% 99.8% 98.8% 0.9%
Mali 38.7019438.7% 48.2% 29.2% 19.0%
Malta 94.138894.1% 92.5% 95.7% -3.2%
Marshall Islands not reported by UNESCO 2015
Mauritania 52.10252.1% 62.6% 41.6% 21.0%
Mauritius 90.6225390.6% 92.9% 88.5% 4.4%
Mexico 94.3896894.4% 95.6% 93.3% 2.2%
Micronesia not reported by UNESCO 2015
Moldova 99.362699.4% 99.7% 99.1% 0.7%
Monaco not reported by UNESCO 2015
Mongolia 98.3840298.4% 98.2% 98.6% -0.4%
Montenegro 98.7322998.7% 99.5% 98.0% 1.4%
Morocco 72.3773272.4% 82.7% 62.5% 20.2%
Mozambique 58.7728958.8% 73.3% 45.4% 27.9%
Myanmar 75.5575.6%[note 6] 80.0% 71.9% 8.1%
Namibia 81.9412981.9% 79.2% 84.5% -5.3%
Nauru not reported by UNESCO 2015
Nepal 64.6637964.7% 75.6% 55.1% 20.5%
Netherlands not reported by UNESCO 2015
New Zealand not reported by UNESCO 2015
Nicaragua 82.8173482.8% 82.4% 83.2% -0.9%
Niger 19.1297919.1% 27.3% 11.0% 16.3%
Nigeria 59.5679759.6% 69.2% 49.7% 19.5% 71.6% (2010)[10][note 7]
Norway not reported by UNESCO 2015
Oman 94.7560194.8% 96.9% 90.0% 6.9%
Pakistan 56.4403156.4% 69.6% 42.7% 26.9%
Palau 99.5239799.5% 99.5% 99.6% -0.1%
Panama 95.0483395% 95.7% 94.4% 1.2%
Papua New Guinea 64.2346964.2% 65.6% 62.8% 2.8%
Paraguay 95.5624495.6% 96.1% 95.0% 1.1%
Peru 94.4795394.5% 97.3% 91.7% 5.6%
Philippines 96.289296.3% 95.8% 96.8% -1.0%
Poland 99.7914199.8% 99.9% 99.7% 0.2%
Portugal 95.4281195.4% 96.9% 94.1% 2.8%
Qatar 97.7573597.8% 97.9% 97.3% 0.6%
Romania 98.7687198.8% 99.1% 98.5% 0.6%
Russia 99.7207899.7% 99.7% 99.7% 0.0%
Rwanda 70.5159270.5% 73.2% 68.0% 5.2%
Saint Kitts and Nevis not reported by UNESCO 2015
Saint Lucia not reported by UNESCO 2015
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines not reported by UNESCO 2015
Samoa 99.0150299% 98.9% 99.1% -0.2%
San Marino not reported by UNESCO 2015
Sao Tome and Principe 74.9160274.9% 81.8% 68.4% 13.4%
Saudi Arabia 94.6511494.7% 97.0% 91.1% 5.9%
Senegal 55.6682555.7% 68.5% 43.8% 24.6%
Serbia 98.1080598.1% 99.1% 97.2% 1.9%
Seychelles 95.213695.2% 94.7% 95.7% -1.0%
Sierra Leone 48.0904748.1% 58.7% 37.7% 21.1%
Singapore 96.8377296.8% 98.7% 95.1% 3.6%
Slovakia 99.619299.6% 99.6% 99.6% 0.0%
Slovenia 99.7159699.7% 99.7% 99.7% 0.0%
Solomon Islands not reported by UNESCO 2015 84.1% (2015)[4][note 8]
Somalia not reported by UNESCO 2015
South Africa 94.2666494.3% 95.5% 93.1% 2.4%
South Sudan 26.8326.8% 34.8% 19.2% 15.6%
Spain 98.0979798.1% 98.7% 97.5% 1.3%
Sri Lanka 92.6344892.6% 93.6% 91.7% 1.9%
Sudan 53.5253.5% 59.80% 46.7% 13.1%
Suriname 95.5719195.6% 96.1% 95.0% 1.1%
Swaziland 87.4701987.5% 87.4% 87.5% -0.1%
Sweden not reported by UNESCO 2015
Switzerland not reported by UNESCO 2015
Syria 86.4332786.4% 91.7% 81.0% 10.7%
Tajikistan 99.7733499.8% 99.8% 99.7% 0.1%
Tanzania, United Republic of 80.3205480.3% 84.8% 75.9% 9.0%
Thailand 96.6650796.7% 96.6% 96.7% -0.1%
Timor-Leste 67.5208567.5% 71.5% 63.4% 8.1%
Togo 66.547366.5% 78.3% 55.3% 23.0%
Tonga 99.3978899.4% 99.3% 99.4% -0.1%
Trinidad and Tobago 98.9630599% 99.2% 98.7% 0.5%
Tunisia 81.7794981.8% 89.6% 74.2% 15.4%
Turkey 95.0106295% 98.4% 91.8% 6.6%
Turkmenistan 99.6929199.7% 99.8% 99.6% 0.1%
Tuvalu not reported by UNESCO 2015
Uganda 73.863373.9% 80.8% 66.9% 14.0%
Ukraine 99.7647699.8% 99.8% 99.7% 0.1%
United Arab Emirates 93.8358593.8% 93.1% 95.8% -2.6%
United Kingdom not reported by UNESCO 2015
United States of America not reported by UNESCO 2015
Uruguay 98.4251298.4% 98.1% 98.7% -0.6%
Uzbekistan 99.5936699.6% 99.7% 99.5% 0.3%
Vanuatu 85.2251885.2% 86.6% 83.8% 2.8%
Venezuela 95.3624595.4% 95.0% 95.7% -0.7%
Vietnam 94.5068394.5% 96.3% 92.8% 3.4%
Yemen 70.0740170.1% 85.1% 55.0% 30.1%
Zambia 63.3766163.4% 70.9% 56.0% 14.9%
Zimbabwe 86.5025686.5% 88.5% 84.6% 4.0%
List of other states and territories[edit]
Territory
Literacy rate (all)
Male literacy
Female literacy
Gender difference
Year
Notes
Aruba 97.5% 97.5% 97.5% 0.0% 2015[3] A constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Cayman Islands 98.9% 98.7% 99.0% -0.3% 2007[3] An overseas territory of the United Kingdom.
Guadeloupe 96.5% 96.4% 96.6% -0.2% 2015[3] Overseas region/department of France.
Guam 99.8% 99.8% 99.8% 0.0% 2015[3] The United States has sovereignty.
Kosovo 91.9% 96.6% 87.5% 9.1% 2003[4] Member of two UN specialized agencies (World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund). It is claimed by Serbia.
Macau 96.2% 98.0% 94.6% 3.4% 2015[3] A special administrative region of which China has sovereignty.
Martinique 97.0% 97.6% 96.4% 1.2% 2015[3] Overseas region/department of France.
New Caledonia 96.9% 97.3% 96.5% 0.8% 2015[3] Overseas region/department of France.
Palestine 96.7% 98.5% 94.8% 3.7% 2015[3] UN Observer State[11]
Puerto Rico 93.3% 92.8% 93.8% -1.0% 2015[3] The United States has sovereignty.
Réunion 93.9% 93.2% 94.5% -1.3% 2015[3] Overseas region/department of France.
Taiwan 98.70% 99.73% 97.69% 2.05% 2017[12] Member of one UN specialized agency (World Health Organization) as Chinese Taipei; Claimed by the People's Republic of China.
See also[edit]
International Literacy Day
Compulsory education
Indian states ranking by literacy rate
List of Brazilian states by literacy rate
Programme for International Student Assessment, which focuses on developed countries
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The breakdown by gender is 98.4% male, 99.4% female (difference of -1.0%)
Jump up ^ Adult rate: 72.76%. By gender: M=75.62%,F=69.90%. All figures 2016.[6]
Jump up ^ Gender breakdown is 99.2% male and 95.2 for females. "Data on literacy were collected for persons aged 10 or more years who did not receive any kind of formal education or with incomplete primary education. A person capable of reading with understanding and writing a statement on his/her daily routine shall be considered to be a literate person."
Jump up ^ The breakdown by gender is 82.1% male, 65.5% female (difference of 16.6%)
Jump up ^ The breakdown by gender is 98.7% male, 95.8% female (difference of 2.9%)
Jump up ^ Adult rate: 75.55%. By gender: M=80.01%,F=71.85%. All figures 2016.[9]
Jump up ^ The breakdown by gender is 79.3% male, 63.7% female (difference is 15.6%)
Jump up ^ The breakdown by gender is 88.9% male, 79.2% female (difference is 9.7%)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Literacy Statistics Metadata Information Table". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. September 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Lutz, Wolfgang & Scherbov, Sergei (July 2006). Global Age-specific Literacy Projections Model (GALP): Rationale, Methodology and Software (PDF). Adult Education and Literacy Statistics Programme. UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Adult literacy rate, population 15+ years (both sexes, female, male)". UIS Data Centre. UNESCO. August 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Country Comparison to the World of Literacy Rate". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "«Le taux d'analphabétisme a baissé à 12% en Algérie»". La Tribune. 24 January 2017. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Bangladesh - Literacy rate (2017). Bangladesh rises the literacy rate. Expansion Publication.
Jump up ^ "BiH Census 2013" (PDF). BHAS. 2016. p. 138.
Jump up ^ "State of Literacy" (PDF). Census India. 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference myanma-2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ "National Literacy Survey". National Bureau of Statistics. June 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Non-member States". United Nations. Archived from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Republic of China's population over the age of 15 education statistics" (in Chinese). Ministry of the Interior. 25 February 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
External links[edit]
World Bank – Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above), for historical use.
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Good things come to those who wait
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Look up good things come to those who wait in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Good things come to those who wait may refer to:
Good things come to those who wait (Guinness), a UK advertising campaign for Guinness stout in the 1990s and 2000s
Good things come to those who wait (Heinz), a US advertising campaign for Heinz ketchup in the 1980s
"Good things come to those who wait", a 1984 song by Nayobe
See also[edit]
Violet Fane, who said "all things come to those who wait"
Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Good things come to those who wait.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_things_come_to_those_who_wait&oldid=847302298"
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Billionaire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Billionaire, centibillionaire, and centi-billionaire redirect here. For other uses, see Billionaire (disambiguation).
A billionaire, in countries that use the short scale number naming system, is a person with a net worth of at least one billion (1,000,000,000, i.e. a thousand million) units of a given currency, usually major currencies such as the United States dollar, the euro or the pound sterling. Additionally a centibillionaire (or centi-billionaire) is commonly used to reference a billionaire worth one hundred billion dollars (100,000,000,000).[1][2] The American business magazine Forbes produces a complete global list of known U.S. dollar billionaires every year and updates an Internet version of this list in real time.[3] The American oil magnate John D. Rockefeller became the world's first confirmed U.S. dollar billionaire in 1916.[4] As of 2017, there are over 2,000 U.S. dollar billionaires worldwide, with a combined wealth of over US$7.7 trillion.[5] According to a 2017 Oxfam report, the top eight richest billionaires own as much combined wealth as "half the human race".[6][7] Many current billionaires are extremely successful businesspeople, including Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos, Larry Ellison, Michael Dell, and Meg Whitman. They created their wealth through the ownership and control of major corporations. Some billionaires have inherited their wealth through family owned corporations such as Mars, Walton, Rockefeller, and Koch.
Contents
[hide]
1 Current U.S. dollar billionaires
2 Billionaires who own the same wealth as half the world
3 Statistics
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Current U.S. dollar billionaires[edit]
See also: The World's Billionaires
According to the Forbes report released in March 2017, there are currently 2,043 U.S. dollar billionaires worldwide, from 66 countries, with a combined net worth of $7.67 trillion, which is more than the combined GDP of 152 countries.[5] The majority of billionaires are male, as fewer than 11% (197 of 1,826) on the 2015 list were female billionaires.[8] In 2015, there were ten LGBT billionaires. The United States has the largest number of billionaires of any country, with 536 as of 2015,[8] while China, India and Russia are home to 213, 90 and 88 billionaires respectively.[9][10] As of 2015, only 46 billionaires were under the age of 40,[8] while the list of American-only billionaires, as of 2010, had an average age of 66.[11]
Billionaires who own the same wealth as half the world[edit]
Number of billionaires who together own the same wealth as half the world population and what transport they would fit on between years 2010 to 2016[12]
According to a 2016 Oxfam report, the wealth of the poorest 50% dropped by 41% between 2010 and 2015, despite an increase in the global population of 400 million.[12] In the same period, the wealth of the richest 62 people between the World's Billionaires increased by $500bn (£350bn) to $1.76tn. This number has fallen dramatically from 388 as recently as 2010. More recently, in 2017 an Oxfam report noted that just eight billionaires own as much combined wealth as "half the human race".[6][7]
Statistics[edit]
The table below lists numerous statistics relating to billionaires, including the total number of known billionaires and the net worth of the world's wealthiest individual for each year since 2008. Data for each year is from the annual Forbes list of billionaires, with currency figures given in U.S. dollars.
Year
Total number of billionaires
Combined wealth of known billionaires
Number of U.S. billionaires
Number of Chinese billionaires
Number of Russian billionaires
Number of Indian billionaires
World's wealthiest individual
Wealthiest individual's net worth
2017[5] 2,043 $7.71 trillion 565 319 101 Jeff Bezos $99.6 billion
2016 1,810 $6.48 trillion 540 251 75 Bill Gates $75 billion
2015[9] 1,826 $7.05 trillion 536 213 88 90[10] Bill Gates $79.2 billion
2014[13] 1,645 $6.4 trillion 492 152 111 56[14] Bill Gates $78 billion
2013[15] 1,426 $5.4 trillion 442 122 110 – Carlos Slim $73 billion
2012[16] 1,226 $4.6 trillion 425 95 96 – Carlos Slim $73 billion
2011[17] 1,210 $4.5 trillion 413 115 101 – Carlos Slim $74 billion
2010[18] 1,011 $3.6 trillion 404 (est.) 89 62 – Carlos Slim $53.5 billion
2009[19] 793 $2.4 trillion 359 28 32 – Bill Gates $40 billion
2008[20] 1,125 $4.4 trillion 470 (est.) – 87 – Warren Buffett $62 billion
See also[edit]
Foundation
Forbes 400 (Americans only)
Bloomberg Billionaires Index world-encompassing
List of countries by the number of billionaires
List of universities by number of billionaire alumni
List of wealthiest families
Black Billionaires
List of wealthiest historical figures
Millionaire
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Communications, Forbes Corporate. "Forbes' 32nd Annual World's Billionaires Issue". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
Jump up ^ "Jeff Bezos Is Worth $112 Billion, Overtaking Bill Gates as the Richest Man in the World". Maxim. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
Jump up ^ Miller, Matthew; Kroll, Luisa (10 March 2010). "Bill Gates No Longer World's Richest Man". Forbes. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
Jump up ^ O'Donnell, Carl (11 July 2014). "The Rockefellers: The Legacy Of History's Richest Man". Forbes. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kroll, Luisa; Dolan, Kerry A. "Forbes 2017 billionaires list: Meet the richest people on the planet". Forbes. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Ratcliff, Anna (16 January 2017). "Just 8 men own same wealth as half the world". Oxfam. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mullany, Gerry (16 January 2017). "World's 8 Richest Have as Much Wealth as Bottom Half of Global Population". New York Times. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Behind the Numbers in Forbes' Billionaires List". U.S. News & World Report. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Inside The 2015 Forbes Billionaires List: Facts And Figures". Forbes. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Record 90 Indians On Forbes Billionaires List 2015". Forbes. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Rappeport, Alan (9 March 2011). "Brics becoming billionaire factory". Financial Times. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "62 people own same as half world – Oxfam". Oxfam.
Jump up ^ "Billionaires". Forbes. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Indian Billionaires 2014: Big Winners, Big Losers". Forbes. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Inside The 2013 Billionaires List". Forbes. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Forbes World's Billionaires 2012". Forbes. 7 March 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "World's Billionaires 2011: A Record Year In Numbers, Money And Impact". Forbes. 9 March 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Bill Gates No Longer World's Richest Man". Forbes. 10 March 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "The World's Billionaires". Forbes. 11 March 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "World's Billionaires". Forbes. 5 March 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Ritholtz, Barry (26 December 2016). "Map of World Billionaires by Country and by Origin of Wealth". The Big Picture.
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text:
Burning bush
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Burning bush (disambiguation).
Burning bush. Painting from Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg
The burning bush is an object described by the Book of Exodus[3:1–4:17] as being located on Mount Horeb. According to the narrative, the bush was on fire, but was not consumed by the flames, hence the name.[1] In the biblical narrative, the burning bush is the location at which Moses was appointed by Adonai (God) to lead the Israelites out of Egypt and into Canaan.
The Hebrew word used in the narrative, that is translated into English as bush, is seneh (סנה), which refers in particular to brambles;[2][3][4] seneh is a biblical dis legomenon, only appearing in two places, both of which describe the burning bush.[3] It is possible that the reference to a burning bush is based on a mistaken interpretation of Sinai (סיני), a mountain described by the Bible as being on fire.[3][5] Another possibility is that the use of seneh (סנה) may be a deliberate pun on Sinai (סיני), a feature common in Hebrew texts.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biblical narrative
2 Alternative theories
3 Location
4 Interpretations from Eastern Orthodoxy
5 Symbolism
5.1 Reformed tradition
5.2 Judaism
5.3 Baha'i Faith
6 See also
7 Notes
8 External links
Biblical narrative[edit]
Moses and the Burning Bush, attributed to Dieric Bouts.
In the narrative, an angel of the Lord is described as appearing in the bush,[7] and God is subsequently described as calling out from it to Moses, who had been grazing Jethro's flocks there.[1] When Moses starts to approach, God tells Moses to take off his sandals first, due to the place being holy ground,[8] and Moses hides his face.[9] Some Old Testament scholars regard the account of the burning bush as being spliced together from the Yahwist and Elohist texts, with the Angel of Adonai and the removal of sandals being part of the Yahwist version, and the Elohist's parallels to these being God and the turning away of Moses' face, respectively.[6][10][11]
When challenged on his identity, Adonai replies that he is the God of the Patriarchs – Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob –[12] and that he is Adonai.[13] The text derives Yahweh (יהוה) from the Hebrew word hayah (היה) in the phrase ehyeh ašer ehyeh, meaning he who is he, or I am that I am;.[11]
The text portrays Adonai as telling Moses that he is sending him to the Pharaoh in order to bring the Israelites out of Egypt, an action that Adonai is described as having decided upon as a result of noticing that the Israelites were being oppressed by the Egyptians.[14] Yahweh tells Moses to tell the elders of the Israelites that Adonai would lead them into the land of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Hivites, and Jebusites,[15] a region generally referred to as a whole by the term Canaan; this is described as being a land of milk and honey.[15]
According to the narrative Adonai instructs Moses to confront the Egyptians and Israelites and briefs the prophet on what is to take place. Adonai then performs various demonstrative miracles in order to bolster Moses' credibility. Among other things, his staff was transmuted into a snake,[16] Moses' hand was temporarily made leprous,[17] and water was transmuted into blood,[18] In the text, Yahweh instructs Moses to take this staff in his hands, in order to perform miracles with it,[18] as if it is a staff given to him, rather than his own;[11] some textual scholars propose that this latter instruction is the Elohist's version of the more detailed earlier description, where Moses uses his own staff, which they attribute to the Yahwist.[10][11]
A granite stone from the area of mount Sinai showing what seems to be a depiction of a bush, created naturally by a concentration of manganese oxide which forms into this shape in the rock.
Despite the signs, Moses is described as being very reluctant to take on the role, arguing that he lacked eloquence, and that someone else should be sent instead;[19] in the text, Yahweh reacts by angrily rebuking Moses for presuming to lecture the One who made the mouth on who was qualified to speak and not to speak. Yet Yahweh concedes and allows Aaron to be sent to assist Moses, since Aaron is eloquent and was already on his way to meet Moses.[20] This is the first time in the Torah that Aaron is mentioned, and here he is described as being Moses' mouth piece.[21]
Alternative theories[edit]
Icon of Moses receiving the Ten Commandments. The bush is depicted at his feet, lower left (Saint Catherine's Monastery, c. 1050).
Alexander and Zhenia Fleisher relate the Biblical story of the burning bush to the plant Dictamnus.[22] They write:
Intermittently, under yet unclear conditions, the plant excretes such a vast amount of volatiles that lighting a match near the flowers and seedpods causes the plant to be enveloped by flame. This flame quickly extinguishes without injury to the plant.
Colin Humphreys replies that "the book of Exodus suggests a long-lasting fire that Moses went to investigate, not a fire that flares up and then rapidly goes out."[23]
Location[edit]
The bush at Saint Catherine's Monastery in the Sinai Peninsula, which monastic tradition identifies as being the burning bush.
Christian hermits originally gathered at Mount Serbal, believing it to be the biblical Mount Sinai. However, in the 4th century, under the Byzantine Empire, the monastery built there was abandoned in favour of the newer belief that Mount Saint Catherine was the Biblical Mount Sinai; a new monastery - Saint Catherine's Monastery was built at its foot, and the alleged site of the biblical burning bush was identified. The bush growing at the spot (a bramble, scientific name Rubus sanctus[24]), was later transplanted several yards away to a courtyard of the monastery, and its original spot was covered by a chapel dedicated to the Annunciation, with a silver star marking where the roots of the bush had come out of the ground. The Monks at Saint Catherine's Monastery, following church tradition, believe that this bush is, in fact, the original bush seen by Moses, rather than a later replacement[citation needed], and anyone entering the chapel is required to remove their shoes, just as Moses was said to have done so in the biblical account.
However, in modern times, it is not Mount Saint Catherine, but the adjacent Jebel Musa (Mount Moses), which is currently identified as Mount Sinai by popular tradition and guide books; this identification arose from Bedouin tradition.
Mount Serbal, Mount Sinai, and Mount Saint Catherine, all lie at the southern tip of the Sinai peninsula, but the peninsula's name is a comparatively modern invention, and it was not known by that name at the time of Josephus or earlier. Some modern scholars and theologians, favor locations in the Hijaz (at the north west of Saudi Arabia), northern Arabah (in the vicinity of Petra, or the surrounding area), or occasionally in the central or northern Sinai Peninsula. Hence, the majority of academics and theologians agree that if the burning bush ever existed, then it is highly unlikely to be the bush preserved at St Catherine's Monastery.
Interpretations from Eastern Orthodoxy[edit]
Traditional icon of Our Lady of the Burning Bush (Neopalimaya Kupina).
The Icon of the Theotokos "Burning Bush" of the Old Testament. 19th century, Polissya, Ukraine. The Museum of Ukrainian home icons, Radomysl Castle, Ukraine[25]
In Eastern Orthodoxy a tradition exists, originating in the Orthodox Fathers of the Church and its Ecumenical Synods (or Councils), that the flame Moses saw was in fact God's Uncreated Energies/Glory, manifested as light, thus explaining why the bush was not consumed. Hence, it is not interpreted as a miracle in the sense of an event, which only temporarily exists, but is instead viewed as Moses being permitted to see these Uncreated Energies/Glory, which are considered to be eternal things; the Orthodox definition of salvation is this vision of the Uncreated Energies/Glory, and it is a recurring theme in the works of Greek Orthodox theologians such as John S. Romanides.
In Eastern Orthodox parlance, the preferred name for the event is The Unburnt Bush, and the theology and hymnography of the church view it as prefiguring the virgin birth of Jesus; Eastern Orthodox theology refers to Mary, the mother of Jesus as the Theotokos ("God bearer"), viewing her as having given birth to Incarnate God without suffering any harm, or loss of virginity, in parallel to the bush being burnt without being consumed.[26] There is an Icon by the name of the Unburnt Bush, which portrays Mary in the guise of God bearer; the icon's feast day is held on 4 September (Russian: Неопалимая Купина, translit. Neopalimaya Kupina).
While God speaks to Moses, in the narrative, Eastern Orthodoxy believes that the angel was also heard by Moses; Eastern orthodoxy interprets the angel as being the Logos of God, regarding it as the Angel of Great Counsel mentioned by the Septuagint version of Isaiah[27] (it is Counsellor, Almighty God in the masoretic text).
Symbolism[edit]
The symbolic meaning of burning bush has been emphasized in Christianity, especially among participants in the Reformed tradition of Protestantism. Judaism also attaches symbolism to it.
Reformed tradition[edit]
The emblem of the Church of Scotland, above the entrance to the Church Offices in Edinburgh
The burning bush has been a popular symbol among Reformed churches since it was first adopted by the Huguenots (French Calvinists) in 1583 during its 12th National Synod. The French motto Flagror non consumor - I am burned but not consumed - suggests the symbol was understood of the suffering church that nevertheless lives. However, given the fire is a sign of God's presence, he who is a consuming fire (Hebrews 12:29) the miracle appears to point to a greater miracle: God in grace is with his covenant people and so they are not consumed.
The current symbol of the Reformed Church of France is a burning bush with the Huguenot cross.
The motto of the Church of Scotland is Nec tamen consumebatur - Latin for Yet it was not consumed, an allusion to the biblical description of the burning bush, and a stylised depiction of the burning bush is used as the Church's symbol. Usage dates from the 1690s.
The Burning Bush is also used as the basis of the symbol of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, which uses the Latin motto Ardens sed virens, meaning Burning but flourishing, and is based on the biblical description of the burning bush. The same logo is used from the separated Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster.
The burning bush is also the symbol of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, Presbyterian Church in Australia crest, Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia with the motto in English since its foundation in 1846: 'And the Bush was not consumed', Presbyterian Church in New Zealand, Presbyterian Church in Taiwan, Presbyterian Church in Singapore, Presbyterian Church of Brazil, the Presbyterian Church in Malaysia, the Free Reformed Churches of North America, and the Christian Reformed Churches in the Netherlands.
Judaism[edit]
The logo of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America is also an image of the Burning Bush with the phrase "and the bush was not consumed" in both English and in Hebrew.[28]
Baha'i Faith[edit]
The Baha'i Faith believes that the Burning Bush was the voice of Baha'u'llah.
See also[edit]
Theophany
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Exodus 3:4
Jump up ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
^ Jump up to: a b c Jewish Encyclopedia
Jump up ^ Peake's commentary on the Bible
Jump up ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
^ Jump up to: a b Friedman, Richard Elliott. The Bible with Sources Revealed. HarperOne. ISBN 978-0-06-073065-9.
Jump up ^ Exodus 3:2
Jump up ^ Exodus 3:5
Jump up ^ Exodus 3:6
^ Jump up to: a b Jewish Encyclopedia, Book of Exodus
^ Jump up to: a b c d Peake's commentary on the Bible
Jump up ^ Exodus 3:16
Jump up ^ Exodus 3:14
Jump up ^ Exodus 3:7
^ Jump up to: a b Exodus 3:17
Jump up ^ Exodus 4:2-4
Jump up ^ Exodus 4:6-7
^ Jump up to: a b Exodus 4:9
Jump up ^ Exodus 4:10-13
Jump up ^ Exodus 4:14
Jump up ^ Exodus 4:15-16
Jump up ^ Fleisher, Alexander; Fleisher, Zhenia (January–February 2004). "Study of Dictamnus gymnostylis Volatiles and Plausible Explanation of the "Burning Bush" Phenomenon". Journal of Essential Oil Research. 16 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1080/10412905.2004.9698634.
Jump up ^ Humphreys, Colin (2006). Miracles of Exodus. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 73.
Jump up ^ Popa's Tales: The Burning Bush Archived 9 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Bogomolets O. Radomysl Castle-Museum on the Royal Road Via Regia". — Kyiv, 2013 ISBN 978-617-7031-15-3
Jump up ^ The Octoechos, Volume II (St. John of Kronstadt Press, Liberty, TN, 1999), Dogmaticon, Tone II
Jump up ^ Isaiah 9:6 (LXX)
Jump up ^ The Jewish Theological Seminary - Home Page
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Burning bush.
Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush" Icon and Synaxarion of the feast
The Burning Bush History of the use of the burning bush symbol among Reformed churches
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burning_bush&oldid=818330356"
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text:
Renal artery
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Renal artery
Renal arteries branching left and right from the aorta (in red)
1. Renal pyramid
2. Interlobular artery
3. Renal artery
4. Renal vein
5. Renal hilum
6. Renal pelvis
7. Ureter
8. Minor calyx
9. Renal capsule
10. Inferior renal capsule
11. Superior renal capsule
12. Interlobar vein
13. Nephron
14. Renal sinus
15. Major calyx
16. Renal papilla
17. Renal column
Details
Source
Abdominal aorta
Branches
Inferior suprarenal artery, segmental arteries
Vein
Renal vein
Supplies
Kidneys
Identifiers
Latin
Arteria renalis
MeSH
A07.231.114.745
Dorlands
/Elsevier
a_61/12155727
TA
A12.2.12.075
FMA
14751
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle with the aorta.
The renal arteries carry a large portion of total blood flow to the kidneys. Up to a third of total cardiac output can pass through the renal arteries to be filtered by the kidneys.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Branches
1.2 Variation
2 Clinical significance
3 Additional images
4 References
5 External links
Structure[edit]
It has a radius of approximately 0.25 cm,[1] 0.26 cm at the root.[2] The measured mean diameter can differ depending on the imaging method used. For example, the diameter was found to be 5.04 ± 0.74 mm using ultrasound, but 5.68 ± 1.19 mm using angiography.[3][4]
Due to the position of the aorta, the inferior vena cava, and the kidneys in the body, the right renal artery is normally longer than the left renal artery.[5][6]
The right passes behind the inferior vena cava, the right renal vein, the head of the pancreas, and the descending part of the duodenum.
The right is somewhat lower than the left; left artery lies behind the left renal vein, the body of the pancreas and the splenic vein, and is crossed by the inferior mesenteric vein.
Branches[edit]
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Before reaching the hilus of the kidney, each artery divides into four or five branches; the greater number of these (anterior branches) lie between the renal vein and ureter, the vein being in front, the ureter behind, but one or more branches (posterior branches) are usually situated behind the ureter.
Each vessel gives off some small inferior suprarenal branches to the suprarenal gland, the ureter, and the surrounding cellular tissue and muscles.
One or two accessory renal arteries are frequently found, especially on the left side since they usually arise from the aorta, and may come off above (more common) or below the main artery. Instead of entering the kidney at the hilus, they usually pierce the upper or lower part of the organ.
Variation[edit]
The arterial supply of the kidneys is variable and there may be one or more renal arteries supplying each kidney. It is located above the renal vein. Supernumerary renal arteries (two or more arteries to a single kidney) are the most common renovascular anomaly, occurrence ranging from 25% to 40% of kidneys.[citation needed]
Clinical significance[edit]
Renal artery stenosis, or narrowing of one or both renal arteries will lead to hypertension as the affected kidneys release renin to increase blood pressure to preserve perfusion to the kidneys. RAS is typically diagnosed with duplex ultrasonography of the renal arteries. It is treated with the use of balloon angioplasty and stents, if necessary.
Atherosclerosis can also affect the renal arteries and can lead to poor perfusion of the kidneys leading to reduced kidney function and, possibly, renal failure.
Additional images[edit]
The posterior surfaces of the kidneys, showing areas of relation to the parietes.
Renal artery
Renal artery
Renal artery
Renal artery
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kem, D. C.; Lyons, D. F.; Wenzl, J.; Halverstadt, D.; Yu, X. (2005). "Renin-Dependent Hypertension Caused by Nonfocal Stenotic Aberrant Renal Arteries: Proof of a New Syndrome". Hypertension. 46 (2): 380–5. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000171185.25749.5b. PMID 15967872.
Jump up ^ Ottesen, Johnny T.; Danielsen, Michael, eds. (2000). Mathematical Modelling in Medicine. IOS Press. ISBN 978-4-274-90318-2. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Renal Artery Aneurysm at eMedicine
Jump up ^ Aytac, Suat K.; Yigit, Hasan; Sancak, Tanzer; Ozcan, Hasan (2003). "Correlation between the diameter of the main renal artery and the presence of an accessory renal artery: sonographic and angiographic evaluation". Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 22 (5): 433–9; quiz 440–2. PMID 12751854.
Jump up ^ Saldarriaga, Bladimir; Pinto, Sergio A; Ballesteros, Luis E (2008). "Morphological Expression of the Renal Artery: A Direct Anatomical Study in a Colombian Half-caste Population". International Journal of Morphology. 26 (1): 31–8. doi:10.4067/S0717-95022008000100005.
Jump up ^ http://www.anatomyatlases.org/AnatomicVariants/Cardiovascular/Text/Arteries/Renal.shtml[full citation needed]
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MedlinePlus Image 9818
Anatomy photo:40:11-0105 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Posterior Abdominal Wall: Branches of the Abdominal Aorta"
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Grand Alliance (World War II)
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The "Big Three" leaders at the Tehran Conference
The Grand Alliance, also known as The Big Three, was a military alliance consisting of the three major Allied powers of World War II: the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom. It is often called the "Strange Alliance" because it united the world's greatest capitalist state, the greatest communist state and the greatest colonial power.[1]
Origins[edit]
The Grand Alliance was one of convenience in the fight against the Axis powers. The British had reason to ask for one as Germany, Italy, and Imperial Japan threatened not only the colonies of the British Empire in North Africa and Asia, but also the Home Islands. The United States felt that the Japanese and German expansion should be contained, but ruled out force until the attack by the Imperial Japanese Navy on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. The Soviet Union, after the breaking of the Nazi–Soviet Pact by the instigation of Operation Barbarossa in 1941, greatly despised the unchallenged Japanese expansion in the East, particularly considering their defeat in several previous wars with Japan. They also recognized, as the US and Britain had suggested, the advantages of a two-front war. In 1942 the three powers discussed becoming, with China, the Four Policemen of world peace.
Tensions[edit]
There were many tensions in the Grand Alliance among the "Big Three" leaders Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin, although they were not enough to break the alliance during wartime. Division emerged over the length of time taken by the Western Allies to establish a second front in Europe.[2]
The essential ideological differences between the United States and the Soviet Union strained their relationship. Tensions between the two countries had existed for decades, with the Soviets remembering America's participation in the armed intervention against the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War as well as its long refusal to recognize the Soviet Union's existence as a state. During the meetings from 1943-45 there were disputes over the growing list of demands from the USSR. Tensions increased further when Roosevelt died and his successor Harry Truman rejected demands put forth by Stalin.[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ambrose, Stephen (1993). Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy Since 1938. New York: Penguin Books. p. 15.
^ Jump up to: a b Jones, Maldwyn (1983). The Limits of Liberty: American History 1607-1980. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 505.
Winston Churchill. The Grand Alliance. Re-issued by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1986. ISBN 978-0-395-41057-8.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Alliance_(World_War_II)&oldid=813516129"
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