text:
Coelom
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Coelom
Cross-section of an oligochaete worm. The worm's body cavity surrounds the central typhlosole.
Details
Pronunciation
(/ˈsiːləm/ SEE-ləm, plural coeloms or coelomata /siːˈloʊmətə/ see-LOH-mə-tə)
Identifiers
Greek
koilōma
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The coelom is the main body cavity in most animals[1] and is positioned inside the body to surround and contain the digestive tract and other organs. In developed animals, it is lined with a mesodermal epithelium. In other animals, such as molluscs, it remains undifferentiated.[clarification needed]
The term coelom derives from the ancient greek word κοίλια (koília), meaning "cavity".[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Development
1.2 Origins
2 Functions
3 Coelomic fluid
4 Classification in zoology
4.1 Coelomates
4.1.1 Coelomate phyla
4.2 Pseudocoelomates
4.2.1 Pseudocoelomate phyla
4.3 Acoelomates
5 Etymology
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
Structure[edit]
Development[edit]
Coelom formation begins in the gastrula stage. The developing digestive tube of an embryo forms as a blind pouch called the archenteron.
In Protostomes, the coelom forms by a process known as schizocoely. The archenteron initially forms, and the mesoderm splits into two layers: the first attaches to the body wall or ectoderm, forming the parietal layer and the second surrounds the endoderm or alimentary canal forming the visceral layer. The space between the parietal layer and the visceral layer is known as the coelom or body cavity. Examples of protostome coelomates include earthworms, snails, clams, slugs and octopuses. [4]
In Deuterostomes, the coelom forms by enterocoely: mesoderm buds from the walls of the archenteron and hollows to become the coelomic cavities. Some examples of deuterostome coelomates are sea urchins, fish, sea stars and humans.
Origins[edit]
The evolutionary origin of the coelom is uncertain. The oldest known animal to have had a body cavity was the Vernanimalcula. Current hypothesis include:[citation needed]
The acoelomate theory, which states that coelom evolved from an acoelomate ancestor.
The enterocoel theory, which states that coelom evolved from gastric pouches of cnidarian ancestors. This is supported by research on flatworms and small worms recently discovered in marine fauna ("coelom")
Functions[edit]
A coelom can absorb shock or provide a hydrostatic skeleton. It can also support an immune system in the form of coelomocytes that may either be attached to the wall of the coelom or may float about in it freely. The coelom allows muscles to grow independently of the body wall — this feature can be seen in the digestive tract of tardigrades (also known as water bears) which is suspended within the body in the mesentery derived from a mesoderm-lined coelom.
Coelomic fluid[edit]
The fluid inside the coelom is known as coelomic fluid. This is circulated by mesothelial cilia or by contraction of muscles in the body wall which are themselves of mesin.[5] The coelomic fluid serves several functions; it acts as a hydroskeleton, it allows free movement and growth of internal organs, it serves for transport of gases, nutrients and waste products between different parts of the body, it allows storage of sperm and eggs during maturation and it acts as a reservoir for waste.[6]
Classification in zoology[edit]
Further information: Body cavity
In the past, some zoologists grouped bilaterian animal phyla based on characteristics related to the coelom for practical purposes, knowing, and explicitly stating, that these groups were not phylogenetically related. Animals were classified in three informal groups according to the type of body cavity they possess, in a non-taxonomic, utilitarian way, as the Acoelomata, Pseudocoelomata, and Coelomata. These groups were never intended to represent related animals, or a sequence of evolutionary traits.
However, this scheme was followed by a number of college textbooks and some general classifications , but is now almost totally abandoned as a formal classification. Indeed, as late as 2010, one author of a molecular phylogeny study mistakenly called this classification scheme the "traditional, morphology-based phylogeny".[7]
Coelomate animals or Coelomata (also known as eucoelomates — "true coelom") have a body cavity called a coelom with a complete lining called peritoneum derived from mesoderm (one of the three primary tissue layers). The complete mesoderm lining allows organs to be attached to each other so that they can be suspended in a particular order while still being able to move freely within the cavity. Most bilateral animals, including all the vertebrates, are coelomates.
Pseudocoelomate animals have a pseudocoelom (literally “false cavity”), which is a fluid filled body cavity. Tissue derived from mesoderm partly lines the fluid filled body cavity of these animals. Thus, although organs are held in place loosely, they are not as well organized as in a coelomate. All pseudocoelomates are protostomes; however, not all protostomes are pseudocoelomates. An example of a Pseudocoelomate is the roundworm. Pseudocoelomate animals are also referred to as Hemocoel and Blastocoelomate.
Acoelomate animals, like flatworms, have no body cavity at all. Semi-solid mesodermal tissues between the gut and body wall hold their organs in place.
Coelomates[edit]
Coeloms developed in triploblasts but were subsequently lost in several lineages. The lack of a coelom is correlated with a reduction in body size. Coelom is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to any developed digestive tract. Some organisms may not possess a coelom or may have a false coelom (pseudocoelom). Animals having coeloms are called coelomates, and those without are called acoelomates. There are also subtypes of coelom:[citation needed]
schizocoelom: develops from split in mesoderm found in annelids, arthropods and molluscs
haemocoelom: true coelom reduced & cavity filled with blood found from arthropoda and mollusca
enterocoelom: develops from wall of embryonic gut found from echinodermata to chordata
Coelomate phyla[edit]
According to Brusca and Brusca,[8] the following bilaterian phyla possess a coelom:
Nemertea, traditionally viewed as acoelomates
Priapulida
Annelida
Sipuncula
Echiura
Onychophora
Tardigrada
Arthropoda
Mollusca
Phoronida
Ectoprocta
Brachiopoda
Echinodermata
Chaetognatha
Hemichordata
Chordata
For others, the coelomate phyla excludes Nemertea but also comprises Entoprocta, Pentastoma, Pogonophora (i.e., from tiny sessile aquatic animals to great whales and everything in between).[9][unreliable source?]
Pseudocoelomates[edit]
In some protostomes, the embryonic blastocoele persists as a body cavity. These protostomes have a fluid filled main body cavity unlined or partially lined with tissue derived from mesoderm.
This fluid-filled space surrounding the internal organs serves several functions like distribution of nutrients and removal of waste or supporting the body as a hydrostatic skeleton.
A pseudocoelomate or blastocoelomate is any invertebrate animal with a three-layered body and a pseudocoel. The coelom was apparently lost or reduced as a result of mutations in certain types of genes that affected early development. Thus, pseudocoelomates evolved from coelomates.[10] "Pseudocoelomate" is no longer considered a valid taxonomic group, since it is not monophyletic. However, it is still used as a descriptive term.
Important characteristics:
lack a vascular blood system
diffusion and osmosis circulate nutrients and waste products throughout the body.
lack a skeleton
hydrostatic pressure gives the body a supportive framework that acts as a skeleton.
no segmentation
body wall
epidermis and muscle
often syncytial
usually covered by a secreted cuticle
most are microscopic
parasites of almost every form of life (although some are free living)
eutely in some
loss of larval stage in some
possibly pedomorphism
Pseudocoelomate phyla[edit]
According to Brusca and Brusca,[8] bilaterian pseudocoelomate phyla include:
Rotifera
Kinorhyncha
Nematoda
Nematomorpha
Acanthocephala
Loricifera
Some authors list the following phyla as pseudocoelomates:[citation needed]
Nematoda (roundworms)
Rotifera (rotifers)
Kinorhyncha
Nematomorpha (nematomorphs or horsehair worms)
Gastrotricha
Loricifera
Priapulida
Acanthocephala (spiny-headed worms)
Aschelminthes
Entoprocta
Acoelomates[edit]
Acoelomates lack a fluid-filled body cavity between the body wall and digestive tract. This can present some serious disadvantages. Fluid compression is negligible, while the tissue surrounding the organs of these animals will compress. Therefore, acoelomate organs are not protected from crushing forces applied to the animal’s outer surface. The coelom can be used for diffusion of gases and metabolites etc. These creatures do not have this need, as the surface area to volume ratio is large enough to allow absorption of nutrients and gas exchange by diffusion alone, due to dorso-ventral flattening.

Platyhelminthes
Gastrotricha, traditionally viewed as blastocoelomates
Entoprocta, traditionally viewed as blastocoelomates
Gnathostomulida, traditionally viewed as blastocoelomates
Cycliophora[11]
According to others, acoelomates include the cnidarians (jellyfish and allies), and the ctenophores (comb jellies), platyhelminthes (flatworms including tapeworms, etc.), Nemertea, and Gastrotricha.[citation needed]
[2]*
Etymology[edit]
The word Coelom comes from Greek: κοῖλος[12] koîlos (hollow, cavity)
See also[edit]
Abdominal cavity
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Coelom
Jump up ^ Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01). Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. ISBN 2010035283. OCLC 461974285.
Jump up ^ Bailly, Anatole. "Greek-french dictionary online". www.tabularium.be. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
Jump up ^ "Coelom". biologydictionary.net. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition. Cengage Learning. p. 205. ISBN 978-81-315-0104-7.
Jump up ^ Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991). Zoology. Saunders College Publishing. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-03-030504-7.
Jump up ^ Nielsen, C. (2010). The “new phylogeny”. What is new about it?. Palaeodiversity, 3, 149–150, [1].
^ Jump up to: a b R.C.Brusca, G.J.Brusca. Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland Mass 2003 (2nd ed.), p. 47, ISBN 0-87893-097-3.
Jump up ^ "Coeloms and Pseudocoeloms". earthlife.net. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ Evers, Christine A., Lisa Starr. Biology:Concepts and Applications. 6th ed. United States:Thomson, 2006. ISBN 0-534-46224-3.
Jump up ^ R.C.Brusca, G.J.Brusca 2003, p. 379.
Jump up ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Coelom and Serous Membranes". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 642.
Further reading[edit]
Dudek, Ronald W.; Fix, James D. (2004). "Body Cavities". Embryology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-5726-3.
Hall, B.K.; et al. (2008). "Animals Based on Three Germ Layers and a Coelem". Strickberger's evolution: the integration of genes, organisms and populations. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-0-7637-0066-9.
Overhill, Raith, ed. (2006). "What are the advantages of the coelem and metamarism?". An introduction to the invertebrates (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85736-9.
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Lorelei
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Lorelei (disambiguation).
View from the left bank of the Rhine at St. Goar
The Lorelei (German: Loreley) is a 132 m (433 ft) high, steep slate rock on the right bank of the river Rhine in the Rhine Gorge (or Middle Rhine) at Sankt Goarshausen in Germany.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Original folklore and modern myth
3 In popular culture
4 Accident
5 Gallery
6 See also
7 Notes
8 External links
Etymology[edit]
The Lorelei in 1900
Heine + Turner
View of the Rhine as seen from the Lorelei
The name comes from the old German words lureln, Rhine dialect for "murmuring", and the Celtic term ley "rock". The translation of the name would therefore be: "murmur rock" or "murmuring rock". The heavy currents, and a small waterfall in the area (still visible in the early 19th century) created a murmuring sound, and this combined with the special echo the rock produces to act as a sort of amplifier, giving the rock its name.[1] The murmuring is hard to hear today owing to the urbanization of the area. Other theories attribute the name to the many accidents, by combining the German verb "lauern" (to lurk, lie in wait) with the same "ley" ending, with the translation "lurking rock".
In the German language orthographic reform of 1903, in almost all German terms the letter "y" was changed to the letter "i", but in some German names the letter "y" was kept, such as Bayern, Speyer, Spay, (Rheinberg-)Orsoy, and including Loreley, which is thus the correct spelling in German.
Original folklore and modern myth[edit]
Lorelei Monument by Ernst Herter, a Heinrich Heine memorial in the Bronx, New York City
The rock and the murmur it creates have inspired various tales. An old legend envisioned dwarfs living in caves in the rock.
In 1801, German author Clemens Brentano composed his ballad Zu Bacharach am Rheine as part of a fragmentary continuation of his novel Godwi oder Das steinerne Bild der Mutter. It first told the story of an enchanting female associated with the rock. In the poem, the beautiful Lore Lay, betrayed by her sweetheart, is accused of bewitching men and causing their death. Rather than sentence her to death, the bishop consigns her to a nunnery. On the way thereto, accompanied by three knights, she comes to the Lorelei rock. She asks permission to climb it and view the Rhine once again. She does so and thinking that she sees her love in the Rhine, falls to her death; the rock still retained an echo of her name afterwards. Brentano had taken inspiration from Ovid and the Echo myth.
In 1824, Heinrich Heine seized on and adapted Brentano's theme in one of his most famous poems, "Die Lorelei". It describes the eponymous female as a sort of siren who, sitting on the cliff above the Rhine and combing her golden hair, unwittingly distracted shipmen with her beauty and song, causing them to crash on the rocks. In 1837 Heine's lyrics were set to music by Friedrich Silcher in the art song "Lorelei"[2] that became well known in German-speaking lands. A setting by Franz Liszt was also favored and dozens of other musicians have set the poem to music.[3]
The Lorelei character, although originally imagined by Brentano, passed into German popular culture in the form described in the Heine–Silcher song and is commonly but mistakenly believed to have originated in an old folk tale. The French writer Guillaume Apollinaire took up the theme again in his poem "La Loreley", from the collection Alcools which is later cited in Symphony No. 14 (3rd movement) of Dmitri Shostakovich.
In popular culture[edit]
This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances; add references to reliable sources if possible. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017)
Works about, or referencing, the Lorelei:
German composer Clara Schumann composed another version of Heine's poem in 1843.
German composer Felix Mendelssohn began an opera in 1846 after a libretto by Emmanuel Geibel based on the legend of the Lorelei Rhine maiden for Swedish soprano Jenny Lind.[4] However, he died before he had the chance to finish it.[5]
Austrian composer Johann Strauss I composed the waltz Lorelei Rhein Klänge (Echoes of the Rhine Lorelei), op. 154, in 1843.[6]
Lorelei is the main character in the English opera Lurline, by William Vincent Wallace, (first performed in 1860).
Stephen Foster's song "Beautiful Dreamer" refers to mermaids chanting the wild Lorelei.
Alfredo Catalani composed the opera Loreley in 1892 with Loreley as the main character.
Soviet composer Dmitri Shostakovich composed a setting of the poem in a 1913 translation by Guillaume Apollinaire as part of his Symphony No. 14.
In Eichendorff's 1812 poem "Waldesgespräch", a rider meets a beautiful young woman in the forest who turns out to be "the witch Loreley"; she tells him that he will never leave the forest. Robert Schumann set the poem to music in his 1840 song cycle Liederkreis, Op. 39.
Sylvia Plath wrote a poem entitled "Lorelei" (part of the collection The Colossus and Other Poems, first published in 1960).
The Surrealist painter Edgar Ende produced an oil painting titled Loreley toward the end of his career, in 1
“Lorelei”, a 14-line poem made up of seven discreetly-spaced, unrhymed couplets, is the opening “emblem” poem in James Merrill’s ‘’The Fire Screen’’ (1969), his fifth collection of poetry.[7]
The 1973 animated Star Trek episode "The Lorelei Signal" is about a planet of beautiful women who periodically lure ships to their world and draw the ships' men to their deaths.
The Loreley's Grasp (1974), horror film from Spain directed by Amando de Ossorio.
The Heine Memorial in the Bronx, New York City, better known as the "Lorelei Fountain", takes the form of the mythical siren from Heine's poem.[8]
Stephen Foster's song "Beautiful Dreamer" refers to mermaids chanting the wild Lorelei.
Roxy Music's song "Editions of You" references sirens wailing on the Lorelei.
Scottish dream pop band Cocteau Twins released a song named "Lorelei" on their 1984 album Treasure.
Polish musician Kapitan Nemo released a synthpop song, "Twoja Lorelei" ("Your Lorelei"), in 1984.[9]
German heavy metal band Scorpions released their song "Lorelei", which is about the love of a sailor, in their 2010 album Sting in the Tail.[10]
UK/US Renaissance band Blackmore's Night wrote a song, "Lorelei", telling about the nymph legend and the death toll she took.
UK prog rock band Wishbone Ash produced a song about the mystery and dangers of Lorelei on their 1976 album New England.
The Marvel Comics character Lorelei was inspired by this legend.
Norwegian goth metal band Theatre of Tragedy released a song entitled "Lorelei", with lyrics by band member Raymond Rohonyi, on their 1998 album Aégis.[11]
The Elite Four class of Pokémon trainers in the Pokémon games set in the Kanto region have a member named Lorelei. She is a master Ice-type trainer and some of her Pokémon are part Water-type, possibly alluding to the water spirit myth.
In episode 20 of Pokémon, "The Ghost of Maiden's Peak," the pokémon Gastly appears in the form of a maiden whose story mirrors the myth of LoreLay.[12]
The Pogues recorded "Lorelei" in 1989 on their album Peace and Love. "But if my ship, which sails tomorrow / Should crash against these rocks, / My sorrows I will drown before I die / It's you I'll see, not Lorelei".[13] A cover version of this song was recorded by Marc Seymour (formerly of the Australian band Hunters and Collectors) on his 2013 album 'The Seventh Heaven Club'.
Israeli Poet Nathan Alterman wrote two poems in "The Seventh Column" titled "Lorelei" and "Lorelei's Liberation", citing Heine's poem and using the image of Lorelei as a symbol for Germany and its people in WW2. The first written in 1942 at the height of Germany's attack on the Soviet Union near Stalingrad (battle), the second written in 1944 during the Allies campaign in Germany.
Swedish musician Eagle-Eye Cherry likens his story with that of Lorelei and her lover in his song "When Mermaids Cry" on the album 'Desireless'.
The After War Gundam X references the folklore in episode "The Sea of Lorelei", a location named for the legend, and has a character recite part of Heine's poem.
The folk rock duo Blackmore's Night released the song "Loreley" on their 2003 album Ghost of a Rose; the song describes the legend of Lorelei as a siren and "river queen," intentionally charming men to their deaths.
The K-pop group Ladies' Code released a song named "Lorelei" on their 2016 album STRANG3R. The lyrics describe a one last moment between the main character and her forbidden lover. The song has a haunting feeling, ending with calls for the name "Lorelei".
Accident[edit]
A barge carrying 2,400 tons of sulphuric acid capsized on January 13, 2011, near the Lorelei rock, blocking traffic on one of Europe's busiest waterways.[14]
Gallery[edit]
The Lorelei rock in the Rhine Gorge
Sign on the bank of the Rhine
Ice at the Lorelei in the winter of 1928/29
The Lorelei in fog
Ship accident near the Lorelei, January 2011
See also[edit]
Siren - Ancient Greek
Sirin - Russian
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Loreley - Ein Beitrag zur Namendeutung. Accessed June 16, 2006.
Jump up ^ Note: A scan of the sheet music and lyrics (printed in 1859; note the spelling "Lorelei") are available on the commons in three images: File:Lorelei1.gif, File:Lorelei2.gif, File:Lorelei3.gif
Jump up ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lorelei". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ Holland, Henry Scott; Rockstro, William Smith (October 2011). "La Tempesta". Memoir of Madame Jenny Lind-Goldschmidt: Her Early Art-Life and Dramatic Career, 1820–1851. vol.2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-1-108-03869-0.
Jump up ^ Schwarz, Steve. "Felix Mendelssohn". Classical Net. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Johann Strauss Society of Great Britain — The Strauss Family — Johann Strauss I". www.johann-strauss.org.uk. Retrieved 2016-01-09.
Jump up ^ Random House: Poetry from James Merrill
Jump up ^ Joyce Kilmer Park Highlights - Heinrich Heine Fountain : NYC Parks "The Heinrich Heine Fountain (also known as the Lorelei Fountain) honors the German poet, writer, and social dissident Heinrich Heine (1797–1856), whose poem 'Die Lorelei' immortalized the mysterious creature of romantic legend."
Jump up ^ Kapitan Nemo - Twoja Lorelei
Jump up ^ Scorpions - Sting in the Tail
Jump up ^ "Aegis Disocraphy".
Jump up ^ "The Ghost of Maiden's Peak".
Jump up ^ "Lorelei".
Jump up ^ Mara, Darren; Illmer, Andreas (January 13, 2011). "Tanker carrying acid capsizes in Germany's Rhine River". Deutsche Welle.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Loreley.
Loreley Information about the Lorelei rock and surrounding area
Die Lorelei – Heinrich Heine's poem with English translation
The Lorelei – Translation of the tale, from Ludwig Bechstein's German Saga Book
Recordings from the Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project; search results for Loreley and Lorelei
Coordinates: 50°08′22″N 7°43′44″E / 50.13944°N 7.72889°E / 50.13944; 7.72889
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 139047674
GND: 4099802-2
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorelei&oldid=813078254"
Categories:
Rock formations of Rhineland-Palatinate
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text:
Constitution of North Carolina
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Constitution of the State of North Carolina governs the structure and function of the state government of North Carolina, one of the United States; it is the highest legal document for the state and subjugates North Carolina law. All US state constitutions are subject to federal judicial review; any provision can be nullified if it, in the view of a majority of the Justices of the United States Supreme Court, as constituted from time to time, conflicts with the US Constitution or any federal law pursuant to the Constitution, even if the identical language was previously upheld as valid by the court.[1]
The first North Carolina Constitution was created in 1776 after the American Declaration of Independence. Since the first state constitution, there have been two major revisions and many amendments. The current form was ratified in 1971 and has 14 articles.
The three constitutions North Carolina has had are:
1776: as the first constitution of the independent state. The Declaration of Rights was ratified the preceding day.
1868: Framed in accordance with the Reconstruction Acts after North Carolina was readmitted into the Union. It was a major reorganization and modification of the original into fourteen articles. It also introduced townships which each county was required to create, the only southern state to do so.
1971: Minor consolidation of the 1868 constitution and subsequent amendments.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Constitution of 1776
1.2 Constitution of 1868
1.3 Constitution of 1971
2 Document Overview
2.1 Preamble
2.2 Article I – Declaration of Rights
2.3 Article II – Legislative
2.4 Article III – Executive
2.5 Article IV – Judicial
2.6 Article V – Finance
2.7 Article VI – Suffrage and Eligibility to Office
2.8 Article VII – Local Government
2.9 Article VIII – Corporations
2.10 Article IX – Education
2.11 Article X – Homesteads and Exemptions
2.12 Article XI – Punishments, Corrections, and Charities
2.13 Article XII – Military Forces
2.14 Article XIII – Conventions; Constitutional Amendment and Revision
2.15 Article XIV – Miscellaneous
3 Infeasible provisions
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Through its history, North Carolina has had three Constitutions: the Constitution of 1776, the Constitution of 1868, and the Constitution of 1971.
Constitution of 1776[edit]
The Fifth Provincial Congress ratified the first constitution in December 1776. This draft was not submitted to a vote of the people, but was accompanied by a Declaration of Rights. Although the constitution affirmed the separation of power between the three branches of government, the General Assembly held the true power. Until 1836, the General Assembly members were the only state officials who were elected by the people. The General Assembly picked Judges, the Governor and the members in the Council of State. Judges had life terms and governors had a one-year term. The Governor had little power and in many cases needed the consent of the Council of State to exercise the power that the office did hold. The Governor was also held to strict term limits; a person could only hold the office three terms in every six years. The constitution established a judicial branch, but did not well define this branch's structure. The constitution also lacked a system of local government. Universal suffrage was not an element of this constitution. Only landowners could vote for Senators until 1857. To hold state office required land ownership until 1868.
Dissatisfied with the central role of the General Assembly, a state constitutional convention was called in 1835. Out of the convention came many amendments. Among those changes was fixing the membership of the Senate and House at their present levels, 50 and 120. Also, the office of Governor became popularly elected. The convention’s proposed changes were adopted by vote of the people on November 9, 1835.
The Convention of 1861–62 was called to revise the constitution to remove North Carolina from the United States. The procedure used to amend the constitution did not need a vote of the people, a procedure that was active until removed in 1971.
Constitution of 1868[edit]
In 1865, Governor William W. Holden called for a Conference to write a new Constitution; it was rejected by a popular vote. Two years later, they reconvened. The new Constitution gave more power to the people and to the governor.[2]
From 1869 through 1968, there were submitted to the voters of North Carolina a total of 97 propositions for amending the Constitution of the State. All but one of these proposals originated in the General Assembly. Of those 97 amendment proposals, 69 were ratified by the voters and 28 were rejected by them. Due to the many amendments, many provisions in the constitution became antiquated, obsolete and ambiguous. Simply, the document had become difficult to read and interpret. By 1971, there were 200 state agencies.[3]
Constitution of 1971[edit]
The draft that later became the Constitution of 1971 began with a study into needed changes by the North Carolina State Bar in 1967. The study outlined a vastly improved and easily ratifiable document. The draft constitution logically organized topics and omitted obviously unconstitutional sections. The language and syntax was also updated and standardized. The study separated from the main document several amendments that it felt were necessary, but were potentially controversial. The main document passed the General Assembly in 1969 with only one negative vote in seven roll-call votes. On November 3, 1970, the proposed Constitution of 1971 was approved by a vote of 393,759 to 251,132.
Since the Constitution of 1971, there have been over twenty amendments. The majority of these amendments extend the rights of citizens, or extend the government the ability to issue bond. One notable exception was in 2012, when an amendment was added to limit the rights of citizens by constitutionally preventing recognition of same-sex marriage. The following are significant amendments made since the 1971 constitution:
Prohibiting all capitation and poll tax.
Omitting the limitation of $0.20 of property tax on the $100 valuation.
Creating a state income tax to be computed on the same basis as the federal income tax
Allowing the Governor and Lieutenant Governor to serve two consecutive terms (previously, office holders were limited to one term).
Requiring the state run a balanced budget.
Requiring judges to be lawyers.
Adding Victims Rights to the Declaration of Rights.
Giving the Governor the veto power.
Prohibiting a person convicted of a felony from holding the office of county sheriff.
Defining a marriage between one man and one woman to be the only legal domestic union to be recognized by the state. (See Amendment One.)
Document Overview[edit]
Ratified in 1789, the current North Carolina Constitution contains a Preamble and 14 articles. Each of the articles covers a different area, with the last article including all miscellaneous topics. Each article is further divided into sections. This constitution incorporates amendments into the document, unlike the United States Constitution which only appends amendments.
Preamble[edit]
We, the people of the State of North Carolina, grateful to Almighty God, the Sovereign Ruler of Nations, for the preservation of the American Union and the existence of our civil, political and religious liberties, and acknowledging our dependence upon Him for the continuance of those blessings to us and our posterity, do, for the more certain security thereof and for the better government of this State, ordain and establish this Constitution.[4]
Article I – Declaration of Rights[edit]
Each of the 37 sections of Article I outline a separate recognized right. Many of the sections give more depth to the rights covered by the Bill of Rights. The state constitution also secures additional rights, for example the right to a public education and to open courts. Also of note, this section specifically denies the state the ability to secede from the United States and declares that each citizen of this State owes paramount allegiance to the Constitution and government of the United States. Section 37, added in 1995, is the newest addition to this article. This section declares the rights of victims of crime.[4]
Article II – Legislative[edit]
Article II declares that all legislative powers in North Carolina are given to the General Assembly. The General Assembly consists of a Senate and a House of Representatives, with 50 and 120 members, respectively. Guidelines for the formation of voting districts and qualification for office are also covered. Each house has a term of three years. This article also gives the governor the power to veto legislation in some circumstances. Veto power was denied the governor until 1996 when the constitution was amended. North Carolina was the last state to extend this power to its governor.[4]
Article III – Executive[edit]
The governor is vested with all executive authority in Article III. The duties of the governor are defined as is the process of succession, should the governor die or become incapacitated. Holders of the governor office are limited to two consecutive terms. The Council of State, a cabinet-like body, is filled with eight popularly elected officials, in addition to the governor and lieutenant governor. This article also defines and mandates a balanced budget.[4]
Article IV – Judicial[edit]
Article IV defines the make-up the judicial branch of the state and prohibits the legislature from inhibiting its function. Similar to the federal government, the power to impeach state officials and judges, in the cross-hairs, are given to the state House of Representatives. The Senate can remove a person from office with a 2/3 majority vote after an impeachment. This article also deals with the necessary qualifications of a judge and confers the power of judicial review with the state’s Supreme Court.[4]
Article V – Finance[edit]
Article V gives the state government the right to tax its citizens unlimitedly under certain guidelines. It authorizes a 10% income tax and also limits the ability to issue public bonds.[4]
Article VI – Suffrage and Eligibility to Office[edit]
Article VI provides every person who is at least 18 years, an American Citizen, and living within North Carolina the right to vote.[4] This right is denied to felons and people illiterate in English. This article also sets the eligibility to hold office. To hold an elected state office a person cannot fall in any of the following categories:
Younger than 21 years of age
Denies the existence of God in the Government of North Carolina (see Infeasible Provisions)
A person who is not qualified to vote in an election for that office
Felon (See felony disenfranchisement)
Already holds a state or federal office.
Article VII – Local Government[edit]
Article VII gives the general assembly the power to define the boundaries of governmental subdivisions (counties, towns, cities). It limits the distance of newly incorporated town or cities from established cities based on the established city's population. The office of sheriff is provided for each county.[4]
Article VIII – Corporations[edit]
Article VIII defines corporations. It also gives the General Assembly the right to create and regulate corporations.[4]
Article IX – Education[edit]
Article IX makes public education compulsory for all able-bodied children, unless educated by other means. The North Carolina State Board of Education is defined here and given the power to regulate all free public education in the state. This article demands that the General Assembly establish a system of higher education and states that higher education should be free, as far as practicable.[4]
Article X – Homesteads and Exemptions[edit]
Article X prevents the forced sale of a person's primary residence to pay for a debt, unless the house was specifically used as collateral for a loan. Females are also able to maintain full ownership of all property they own when they marry, under this article. Also, life insurance policies that are paid to a spouse or child are exempt from claims of debt from the estate of the deceased.[4]
Article XI – Punishments, Corrections, and Charities[edit]
Article XI describes the only punishment methods to be used by the state. It specifically only allows the death penalty in cases of murder, arson, burglary, and rape. This article gives the responsibility of the public welfare to the General Assembly.[4]
Article XII – Military Forces[edit]
This short article states: The Governor shall be Commander in Chief of the military forces of the State and may call out those forces to execute the law, suppress riots and insurrections, and repel invasion.[4]
Article XIII – Conventions; Constitutional Amendment and Revision[edit]
Article XIII describes the two ways the constitution may be amended: by popular convention or through legislation. Legislation is the most common way to amend the constitution. The last time the constitution was amended by convention was in 1875. In a legislative action, an amendment must pass by three-fifths in both houses of the General Assembly and also obtain a majority of a popular vote.[4]
Article XIV – Miscellaneous[edit]
The final article of the constitution covers topics not under other articles.[4] Topics of sections in this article include:
Setting Raleigh as the capital.
Makes permanent the current state border.
Demanding the General Assembly uniformly apply laws to the state.
Gives any law that was legally enacted before this constitution the ability to remain in effect unless the law conflicts with the constitution.
Provides the General Assembly the ability to conserve natural resources by the creation of parks and the enactment of laws.
Section 6 provides that marriage is to be defined as between one man and one woman (see also: North Carolina Amendment 1).[5] This section was declared unconstitutional by federal courts in 2014.[6]
Infeasible provisions[edit]
As per the Federal Supremacy Clause, all Federal law and the Constitution of the United States overrule the North Carolina Constitution. There are several provisions in the current North Carolina Constitution that may conflict with federal law and/or the US Constitution.
At least two provisions are not enforced either because they are known to be void or would almost certainly be struck down in court, even though they were carried over verbatim from the 1868 Constitution.
Article 6, section 8 disqualifies from office any person who shall deny the being of Almighty God. However, in 1961, the federal Supreme Court, in Torcaso v. Watkins threw out a similar provision in the Maryland Constitution on the grounds that it violated the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the federal Constitution. The First Amendment bars Congress from passing any law "respecting an establishment of religion," and this provision has long been considered binding on the states under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The North Carolina Attorney General opined that the provision likely does not comply with the First Amendment.[7] On December 7, 2009, Cecil Bothwell was sworn in as Asheville City Councilman, and was revealed to be an atheist. Former NAACP president H. K. Edgerton threatened to file a lawsuit against the city.[8]
Article 6, section 4 requires that a person be literate in the English language before registering to vote. This provision was widely used to effectively disenfranchise African-American voters in the Jim Crow era. As such, it is widely held that this section violates the Voting Rights Act. However, several attempts to remove this provision have failed. On April 25, 2017, the N.C. House voted unanimously to pass House Bill 148, a bipartisan bill to start the process of repealing the literacy requirement for voting in the state.[9]
In addition, federal and state court decisions have narrowed the scope of at least two sections of the constitution. Article 2, sections 3 & 5, sub-section 2 state that counties must not be divided when drawing state legislative districts. This provision is known as the "Whole County Provision." However, in 1981, the federal Justice Department ruled that this provision was inconsistent with the Voting Rights Act. The state thus ignored the Whole County Provision until 2002. That year, the North Carolina Supreme Court ruled that the state constitution's equal protection clause presumed single-member districts and was thus a limitation on the Whole County Provision. It can also be argued that the "one person, one vote" rule from Reynolds v. Sims also limits this provision.[10]
Section 2 of Article 11 ("Death Punishment") limits executions to "...murder, arson, burglary, and rape[.]". Per Kennedy v. Louisiana the last three are inapplicable.
North Carolina Amendment 1's declaration to not recognize same-sex marriages is contrary to the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution as interpreted by the United States Supreme Court in Obergefell v. Hodges.
See also[edit]
Law of North Carolina
References[edit]
Jump up ^ For example, in Plessy v. Ferguson, Berea College v. Kentucky, Gong Lum v. Rice, and subsequent cases, spanning a time period of approximately 60 years, the United States Supreme Court upheld the validity of constitutional and statutory provisions requiring separate schools and other public accommodations for white and black persons. In 1954, however, without any change in the text of the relevant part of the United States Constitution, the Court held, in Brown v. Board of Education, that such provisions were unlawful.
Jump up ^ "The 1868 constitution". Learn NC. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "1868 State Constitution". ThePage. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "North Carolina State Constitution". NCGA. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://ncleg.net/Sessions/2011/Bills/Senate/PDF/S514v3.pdf
Jump up ^ Memorandum of Decision and Order from U.S. District Court for the Western District of North Carolina
Jump up ^ Opinion of Attorney General to Mr. Clyde Smith, Deputy Secretary of State, 41 N.C.A.G. 727 (1972)
Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/2009/dec/20/nation/la-na-hometown-asheville20-2009dec20
Jump up ^ "Should NC drop its literacy requirement for voting? House wants to update constitution". newsobserver. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
Jump up ^ [1]
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Constitution of North Carolina
Full text of the North Carolina State Constitution
North Carolina Constitutions and Amendments, NC Legislative Library
Official history of the North Carolina Constitution
Amendments to the constitution of North Carolina, 1776-1996, by John L. Sanders & John F. Lomax, Jr, UNC Institute of Government (1977)
Book on the Convention of 1835 by Henry G. Connor
Text of the 1776 Constitution
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Hell or High Water (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Hell or High Water
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
David Mackenzie
Produced by
Sidney Kimmel
Peter Berg
Carla Hacken
Julie Yorn
Written by
Taylor Sheridan
Starring
Jeff Bridges
Chris Pine
Ben Foster
Gil Birmingham
Music by
Nick Cave
Warren Ellis
Cinematography
Giles Nuttgens
Edited by
Jake Roberts
Production
company
Sidney Kimmel Entertainment
OddLot Entertainment
Film 44
LBI Entertainment
Distributed by
Lionsgate
CBS Films
Release date
May 16, 2016 (2016-05-16) (Cannes)
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12) (United States)
Running time
102 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$12 million[1]
Box office
$37.9 million[1]
Hell or High Water is a 2016 American neo-Western crime thriller film directed by David Mackenzie and written by Taylor Sheridan, whose script was on the 2012 Black List. The film follows two brothers (Chris Pine and Ben Foster) who carry out a series of bank robberies to save their family ranch, while being pursued by two Texas Rangers (Jeff Bridges and Gil Birmingham).
The film premiered at the Un Certain Regard section of the 2016 Cannes Film Festival on May 16, 2016, and was theatrically released in the United States on August 12, 2016. It received critical acclaim and grossed $37 million.[2] The American Film Institute selected it as one of its ten Movies of the Year,[3] and it was nominated for numerous awards, including four Oscar nominations at the 89th Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor (Bridges), Best Original Screenplay and Best Film Editing.[4] It also received Golden Globe nominations for Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor for Bridges and Best Screenplay.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
4 Release
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Accolades
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In West Texas, divorced father Toby Howard (Chris Pine) and his ex-con brother Tanner (Ben Foster) carry out early morning robberies of two branches of the Texas Midlands Bank. Though the robberies are well-planned, Tanner's wild nature leads to him to take unnecessary risks, frustrating Toby.
Two Texas Rangers, Marcus Hamilton (Jeff Bridges) and Alberto Parker (Gil Birmingham), are on the case. Hamilton, who is close to retirement, quickly determines the brothers' methods and personalities. Meanwhile, Tanner robs another bank while Toby unknowingly waits at a nearby diner. They take the stolen money to an Indian casino in Oklahoma to be laundered. They exchange the stolen bills for chips, some of which Tanner uses to gamble. Toby then has the casino convert them into a check made out to the Texas Midlands Bank – the same bank they robbed. With untraceable funds and gambling as a cover for how they were acquired, the brothers head back to Texas.
It is revealed that the brothers' mother died recently, leaving their ranch in debt due to a reverse mortgage provided by the Texas Midlands Bank. If the debt is not paid off in a few days, the ranch will be foreclosed. Toby is determined to pay off the mortgage to ensure a comfortable life for his estranged sons because oil has recently been discovered on their land. They rob Texas Midlands as a form of frontier justice. It is also revealed that Tanner shot and killed their abusive father.
Hamilton stakes out another branch of the Texas Midlands Bank, but the brothers don't show. Hamilton figures a pattern to the robberies and determines their next target. Hamilton and Parker are en route when the final robbery indeed occurs there. Pressed for time, the brothers proceed with the heist even though the bank is full of customers. A shoot-out ensues when a security guard and an armed civilian fire at the brothers and Tanner kills the guard and the civilian. Toby is shot in the abdomen as they are ambushed by a waiting posse of armed townspeople outside the bank.
The brothers race out of town with a larger posse in pursuit. After gaining some distance, Tanner stops and fires an automatic rifle at the posse, forcing them to retreat. The brothers then split, with Toby taking the money using another vehicle, while Tanner creates a diversion. He draws the lawmen off the trail to a desert mountain ridge where he takes potshots with a sniper rifle, killing Parker. Hamilton uses a local resident's knowledge of the area to circle behind Tanner, and kills Tanner with a single head shot using the local's rifle.
During the standoff, Toby (concealing his bleeding, but minor, abdomen bullet wound) passes through a police checkpoint without incident, then successfully launders the stolen cash at the casino, where he sees the news report of his brother's death on TV. He takes the casino's check to the bank just in time to avoid the ranch's foreclosure and deeds the ranch into a family trust.
After retirement, Hamilton visits his former office to learn that the Rangers have cleared Toby as a suspect, as his record is clean and he has no motive to steal since the new oil wells earn more in a month than the total stolen in all of the robberies. The money from the ranch's oil wells is deposited at the Texas Midlands Bank, which refuses to co-operate with the investigation for fear of losing management of the family's trust fund.
Hamilton visits Toby's ranch, and while they stay civil, Hamilton states that he knows Toby masterminded and took part in the robberies, but wishes to know the reason. Toby does not explain, only implies that he did what he did for his sons. Hamilton tells Toby he holds him responsible for the death of his partner, and Toby says he knows Hamilton killed his brother. Toby armed with a rifle, tells Hamilton to see if he can draw his pistol before he shoots him. Their conversation is suddenly interrupted when Toby's ex-wife and sons arrive. The ranch belongs to the trust and thus to them; Toby is only there to visit and fix up the house. As Hamilton departs, Toby suggests they meet again soon to "finish the conversation," to which Hamilton agrees.
Cast[edit]
Jeff Bridges as Marcus Hamilton
Chris Pine as Toby Howard
Ben Foster as Tanner Howard
Gil Birmingham as Alberto Parker
Marin Ireland as Debbie Howard
Katy Mixon as Jenny Ann
Dale Dickey as Elsie
Kevin Rankin as Billy Rayburn
Melanie Papalia as Hooker
Amber Midthunder as Vernon Teller
Alma Sisneros as Casino Hotel Clerk
Melissa-Lou Ellis as Bar Girl
John Paul Howard as Justin Howard
Christopher W. Garcia as Randy Howard
Margaret Bowman as Waitress
Jackamoe Buzzell as Archer City Deputy
Taylor Sheridan as Cowboy
Production[edit]
On April 18, 2012, Deadline reported that Sidney Kimmel Entertainment had acquired the heist film Comancheria, scripted by Taylor Sheridan, which SKE would finance and produce with Peter Berg of Film 44.[6] At Cinemacon 2016 in Las Vegas, a standee was presented for the film, revealing that the title had been changed to Hell or High Water.[7][citation needed]) Berg was potentially attached to direct the film. Endgame Entertainment and Focus Features were also among the studios bidding for the project against SKE.[6] The script won the best Black List script in 2012.[8] On April 2, 2015, it was announced that Jeff Bridges was set to star, while Chris Pine and Ben Foster were also in talks to join, and David Mackenzie was set to direct the film.[9] On May 4, 2015, Pine and Foster were confirmed to play brothers in the film, who commit bank robberies to save their family's farm in West Texas, while Bridges would play a Texas Ranger set to catch the brothers.[10] CBS Films acquired the US rights to the film, which was produced by Sidney Kimmel of Sidney Kimmel Entertainment, Peter Berg of Film 44, Carla Hacken of SKE, and Julie Yorn of LBI, with Gigi Pritzker, Bill Lischak, Michael Nathanson, Rachel Shane, John Penotti, Bruce Toll and Braden Aftergood as executive producers. Sidney Kimmel Entertainment developed the project with Film 44, and OddLot Entertainment co-produced and co-finance the film along with SKE.[11]
Filming[edit]
Scenes were shot in Alamogordo Valley, Eastern New Mexico.
Although the film's plot takes place in West Texas, filming took place in Eastern New Mexico. Principal photography on the film began on May 26, 2015, in Clovis, New Mexico.[12][13] Filming also took place in other New Mexico communities such as Portales and Tucumcari.[14][15][16] Some rural scenes were filmed in the vast and sparsely populated ranch country of Quay and Guadalupe counties of New Mexico, including scenic shots of Alamogordo Valley south of Luciano Mesa.
Release[edit]
The film premiered at the 69th annual Cannes Film Festival on May 16, 2016. It began a limited release on August 12, 2016, in the United States, followed by an expansion on August 19, and a wide release on August 26. The film opened in the UK and Ireland on September 9, 2016, and opened in New Zealand on October 21, 2016.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Hell or High Water grossed $27 million in the United States and Canada and $10.9 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $37.9 million, against a production budget of $12 million.[1]
In North America, the film grossed $621,329 from 32 theaters in its opening weekend, for a $19,417 per theater average.[17] The following weekend, the film expanded to 472 theaters, grossing $2.7 million (a per theater average of $5,709).[18] The film began its wide release at 909 theaters on August 26, and grossed $3.7 million over the weekend, finishing 12th at the box office.[19]
Critical response[edit]
Hell or High Water received critical acclaim, with many praising the film as revitalizing the western genre.[20] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 98% based on 240 reviews, with an average rating of 8.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Hell or High Water offers a solidly crafted, well-acted Western heist thriller that eschews mindless gunplay in favor of confident pacing and full-bodied characters."[21] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 88 out of 100, based on reviews from 47 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[22] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[17]
Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun Times gave the film four out of four stars, saying, "In ways large and small, Hell or High Water is a movie so beautiful and harsh and elegiac and knowing, the moment it was over was the moment I wanted to see it again."[23] IGN reviewer Samantha Ladwig gave the film a 9/10, saying "Hell or High Water surprises with its complex narrative, stuns with its cinematography, and makes up for this summer's shortcomings."[24] Tom Stempel of Creative Screenwriting praised Hell or High Water as "a fresh, smart, bank robbery-character study and one of the best screenplays so far this year."[25]
Accolades[edit]
Main article: List of accolades received by Hell or High Water
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Hell or High Water (2016)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Keslassy, Elsa; Hopewell, John (April 22, 2016). "Asghar Farhadi's 'The Salesman' Joins Cannes Film Festival Competition". Variety. Variety Media, LLC. Penske Business Media, LLC.
Jump up ^ "AFI Awards 2016". American Film Institute. 2016. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nordyke, Kimberly; Lewis, Hilary (January 24, 2017). "Oscars: 'La La Land' Ties Record With 14 Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ THR Staff (December 12, 2016). "Golden Globes 2017: The Complete List of Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Fleming Jr, Mike (April 18, 2012). "Ex-'Sons Of Anarchy' Actor Taylor Sheridan Sells Script To Sidney Kimmel Entertainment". Deadline.com. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ JoBlo https://web.archive.org/web/20160421025309/http://www.joblo.com/newsimages1/cinemacon-2016-hell-or-high.jpg. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Finke, Nikki (December 17, 2012). "The Black List 2012: Screenplay Roster". Deadline.com. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jaafar, Ali (April 2, 2015). "Jeff Bridges To Star In David Mackenzie's 'Comancheria'; Chris Pine, Ben Foster Circling". Deadline.com. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ford, Rebecca (May 4, 2015). "Cannes: CBS Films Picks Up Chris Pine Action Movie 'Comancheria' for U.S." Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (May 16, 2016). "Cannes Film Review: 'Hell or High Water'". Variety. Variety Media, LLC. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Panosian, Diane (June 1, 2015). "On the Set for 6/1/15: James Gunn Starts Shooting 'The Belko Experiment', Michael Keaton Begins Mcdonald's Biopic 'The Founder' & More". SSN Insider. TSS News, LLC. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Jr., Mike (May 4, 2015). "'Comancheria' With Chris Pine, Ben Foster & Jeff Bridges Acquired By CBS Films". Deadline.com. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Garcia, Thomas (June 10, 2015). "Hollywood comes to Tucumcari". Albuquerque Journal. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Garcia, Thomas (June 3, 2015). "Hollywood comes to Tucumcari". News OK. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Buzek, Aubry (May 23, 2015). "Lights, camera, 'Comancheria'". The Eastern New Mexico News. ROAR Online Publication Software. Lions Light Corporation. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Brooks, Brian (August 14, 2016). "'Hell Or High Water' Hits The Mark In Debut; 'Don't Think Twice' Solid In Expansion: Specialty Box Office". Deadline.com. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandor, Antonio (August 22, 2016). "The Perils Of Remakes Like 'Ben-Hur' As Moviegoers Continue To Worship 'Suicide Squad' – Monday Final B.O." Deadline.com. Penske Business Media, LLC.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony. "'Don't Breathe' Screams $26M+, Gives Sony 3rd Summer Cash Cow After 'Sausage Party', 'Shallows': Sunday Update". Deadline.com. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (May 19, 2016). "'Hell Or High Water' Breaks Out On Croisette; Director David Mackenzie On Capturing "The Loss Of The Old West" – Cannes". Deadline.com. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hell or High Water". Rotten Tomatoes. 2016. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hell or High Water reviews". Metacritic. 2016. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Roeper, Richard (August 11, 2016). "Hell or High Water: Modern western the year's best film so far". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ladwig, Samantha (August 14, 2016). "Hell or High Water Review". IGN. Ziff Davis, LLC. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Stempel, Tom (September 1, 2016). "Understanding Screenwriting #148". Creative Screenwriting. Creative Screenwriting Limited. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Hell or High Water (film)
Official website
Official trailer on YouTube
Hell or High Water on IMDb
Hell or High Water at Rotten Tomatoes
Hell or High Water at Box Office Mojo
Hell or High Water at Metacritic
[hide]
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Films directed by David Mackenzie
The Last Great Wilderness (2002)
Young Adam (2003)
Asylum (2005)
Hallam Foe (2007)
Spread (2009)
Perfect Sense (2011)
You Instead (2011)
Starred Up (2013)
Hell or High Water (2016)
Outlaw King (2018)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hell_or_High_Water_(film)&oldid=831951334"
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