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Gran Colombia
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Republic of Colombia
República de Colombia
1821–1831
Flag (1821–1822)
Coat of arms
(1821–31)
Anthem
Marcha Libertadora
(Liberation March)
Gran Colombia
Capital Bogotá
Languages Spanish
Religion Roman Catholic
Government Republic
Presidents
• 1819–30 Simón Bolívar
• 1830, 1831 Domingo Caycedo
• 1830, 1831 Joaquín Mosquera
• 1830–31 Rafael Urdaneta
Vice Presidents
• 1819–20 Francisco Antonio Zea
• 1820–21 Juan Germán Roscio
• 1821 Antonio Nariño y Álvarez
• 1821 José María del Castillo
• 1821–27 Francisco de Paula Santander
• 1830–31 Domingo Caycedo
Legislature Congress
• Upper Chamber Senate
• Lower Chamber Chamber of Representatives
History
• Established December 17[1] 1821
• Constitution of Cúcuta August 30, 1821
• Colombia – Peru War 1828–1829
• Disestablished November 19, 1831
Currency Piastra
Preceded by Succeeded by
Viceroyalty of New Granada
Captaincy General of Venezuela
Third Republic of Venezuela
Republic of New Granada
Venezuela
Ecuador
British Guiana
Today part of Brazil
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Panama
Peru
Venezuela
Part of a series on the
History of Colombia
Timeline
Pre-Columbian period pre-1499
Spanish colonization 1499–1550
New Kingdom of Granada 1550–1717
Viceroyalty of New Granada 1717–1819
United Provinces of
New Granada
1810–1816
Gran Colombia 1819–1831
Republic of New Granada 1831–1858
Granadine Confederation 1858–1863
United States of Colombia 1863–1886
Republic of Colombia 1886–present
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Gran Colombia (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈɡɾaŋ koˈlombja], "Great Colombia") is a name used today for the state that encompassed much of northern South America and part of southern Central America from 1819 to 1831. It included the territories of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, northern Peru, western Guyana and northwest Brazil.
The first three were the successor states to Gran Colombia at its dissolution. Panama was separated from Colombia in 1903. Since Gran Colombia's territory corresponded more or less to the original jurisdiction of the former Viceroyalty of New Granada, it also claimed the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua, the Mosquito Coast.
Its existence was marked by a struggle between those who supported a centralized government with a strong presidency and those who supported a decentralized, federal form of government.
At the same time, another political division emerged between those who supported the Constitution of Cúcuta and two groups who sought to do away with the Constitution, either in favor of breaking up the nation into smaller republics or maintaining the union but creating an even stronger presidency. The faction that favored constitutional rule coalesced around Vice-President Francisco de Paula Santander, while those who supported the creation of a stronger presidency were led by President Simón Bolívar. The two of them had been allies in the war against Spanish rule, but by 1825, their differences had become public and were an important part of the political instability from that year onward.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Geography
3 Government
4 History
4.1 Federalists and separatists
4.2 War with Peru
4.3 Aftermath
4.4 Reunification
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Etymology[edit]
The official name of the country at the time was the Republic of Colombia.[2] Historians have adopted the term "Gran Colombia" to distinguish this republic from the present-day Republic of Colombia, which began using the name in 1863, although many use Colombia where confusion would not arise.[3]
The name "Colombia" comes from the Spanish version of the eighteenth-century New Latin word "Columbia", itself based on the name of Christopher Columbus. It was the term preferred by the Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to the New World, especially to all American territories and colonies under Spanish rule. He used an improvised, quasi-Greek adjectival version of the name, "Colombeia", to mean papers and things "relating to Colombia", as the title of his archive of his revolutionary activities.[4]
Simon Bolívar and other Spanish American revolutionaries also used the word "Colombia" in the continental sense. The establishment in 1819 of a nation with the name "Colombia" by the Congress of Angostura gave the term a specific geographic and political reference.
Geography[edit]
The Republic of Colombia comprised more or less the former territories of the Viceroyalty of New Granada (1739-1777), which it claimed under the legal principle of uti possidetis. It united the territories of the former Third Republic of Venezuela, the United Provinces of New Granada, the former Royal Audiencia of Panama and the Presidency of Quito (which was still under Spanish rule in 1821).
Government[edit]
Before a new constitution could be written by the Congress of Cúcuta, the Congress of Angostura appointed Bolívar and Santander president and vice president, respectively. Under the Constitution of Cúcuta, the country was divided into twelve departments each governed by an intendant. Departments were further divided into thirty-six provinces, each headed by a governor, who had overlapping powers with the intendant. Military affairs at the department level were overseen by a commandant general, who could also be the intendant. All three offices were appointed by the central government. The central government, which temporarily was to reside in Bogotá, consisted of a presidency, a bicameral congress and a high court (the Alta Corte).
The president was the head of the executive branch of both the central and local governments. The president could be granted extraordinary powers in military fronts, such as the area that became Ecuador. The vice-president assumed the presidency in case of the absence, death, demotion, or illness of the president. Since President Bolívar was absent from Gran Colombia for the early years of its existence, executive power was wielded by the vice president, Santander. The vote was given to persons who owned 100 pesos in landed property or had an equivalent income from a profession. Elections were indirect.[5][6]
History[edit]
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A mural of Santiago Martinez Delgado at the Colombian Congress representing the Congress of Cúcuta
Since the new nation was quickly proclaimed after Bolívar's unexpected victory in New Granada, its government was temporarily set up as a federal republic, made up of three departments headed by a vice-president and with capitals in the cities of Bogotá (Cundinamarca Department), Caracas (Venezuela Department), and Quito (Quito Department).[7] In that year, none of the provinces of Quito, nor many in Venezuela and New Granada, were free yet.
The Constitution of Cúcuta was drafted in 1821 at the Congress of Cúcuta, establishing the republic's capital in Bogotá. Bolívar and Santander were elected as the nation's president and vice-president. A great degree of centralization was established by the assembly at Cúcuta, since several New Granadan and Venezuelan deputies of the Congress who formerly had been ardent federalists now came to believe that centralism was necessary in order to successfully manage the war against the royalists. To break up regionalist tendencies and to set up efficient central control of local administration, a new territorial division was implemented in 1824. The departments of Venezuela, Cundinamarca and Quito were split into smaller departments, each governed by an intendant appointed by the central government, with the same powers that Bourbon intendants had.[8] Realizing that not all of the provinces were represented at Cúcuta because many areas of the nation remained in royalist hands, the congress called for a new constitutional convention to meet in ten years.
In its first years, Gran Colombia helped other provinces still at war with Spain to become independent: all of Venezuela except Puerto Cabello was liberated at the Battle of Carabobo, Panama joined the federation in November 1821, and the provinces of Pasto, Guayaquil and Quito in 1822. The Gran Colombian army later consolidated the independence of Peru in 1824. Bolívar and Santander were re-elected in 1826.
Federalists and separatists[edit]
The departments of Gran Colombia in 1820
A map of Gran Colombia showing the 12 departments created in 1824 and territories disputed with neighboring countries
As the war against Spain came to an end in the mid-1820s, federalist and regionalist sentiments that had been suppressed for the sake of the war arose once again. There were calls for a modification of the political division, and related economic and commercial disputes between regions reappeared. Ecuador had important economic and political grievances. Since the end of the eighteenth century, its textile industry had suffered because cheaper textiles were being imported. After independence, Gran Colombia adopted a low-tariff policy, which benefited agricultural regions such as Venezuela. Moreover, from 1820 to 1825, the area was ruled directly by Bolívar because of the extraordinary powers granted to him. His top priority was the war in Peru against the royalists, not solving Ecuador's economic problems.
Having been incorporated later into Gran Colombia, Ecuador was also underrepresented in all branches of the central government, and Ecuadorians had little opportunity to rise to command positions in the Gran Colombian army. Even local political offices were often staffed by Venezuelans and New Granadans. No outright separatist movement emerged in Ecuador, but these problems were never resolved in the ten-year existence of the nation.[9] The strongest calls for a federal arrangement instead came from Venezuela, where there was strong federalist sentiment among the region's liberals, many of whom had not fought in the war of independence but had supported Spanish liberalism in the previous decade and who now allied themselves with the conservative Commandant General of the Department of Venezuela, José Antonio Páez, against the central government.[10]
In 1826, Venezuela came close to seceding from Gran Colombia. That year, Congress began impeachment proceedings against Páez, who resigned his post on April 28 but reassumed it two days later in defiance of the central government. Support for Páez and his revolt—which came to be known as the Cosiata (the "insignificant thing" in colloquial regional Spanish) in Venezuelan history—spread throughout Venezuela, aided by the fact that it did not explicitly stand for anything, except defiance to the central government. Nevertheless, the support Páez received from across the Venezuelan political spectrum posed a serious threat to the unity of the country. In July and August, the municipal government of Guayaquil and a junta in Quito issued declarations of support for Páez's actions. Bolívar, for his part, used the developments to promote the conservative constitution he had just written for Bolivia, which found support among conservative Ecuadorians and the Venezuelan military officialdom, but was generally met with indifference or outright hostility among other sectors of society and, most importantly for future political developments, by Vice-President Santander himself.
In November two assemblies met in Venezuela to discuss the future of the region, but no formal independence was declared at either. That same month, skirmishes broke out between the supporters of Páez and Bolívar in the east and south of Venezuela. By the end of the year, Bolívar was in Maracaibo preparing to march into Venezuela with an army, if necessary. Ultimately, political compromises prevented this. In January, Bolívar offered the rebellious Venezuelans a general amnesty and the promise to convene a new constitutional assembly before the ten-year period established by the Constitution of Cúcuta, and Páez backed down and recognized Bolívar's authority. The reforms, however, never fully satisfied the different political factions in Gran Colombia, and no permanent consolidation was achieved. The instability of the state's structure was now apparent to all.[11]
In 1828, the new constitutional assembly, the Convention of Ocaña, began its sessions. At its opening, Bolívar again proposed a new constitution based on the Bolivian one, but this suggestion continued to be unpopular. The convention fell apart when pro-Bolívar delegates walked out rather than sign a federalist constitution. After this failure, Bolívar believed that by centralizing his constitutional powers he could prevent the separatists (the New Granadians represented mainly by Francisco de Paula Santander and José María Obando, and the Venezuelans by José Antonio Páez) from bringing down the union. He ultimately failed to do so. As the collapse of the nation became evident in 1830, Bolívar resigned from the presidency. Internal political strife between the different regions intensified even as General Rafael Urdaneta temporarily took power in Bogotá, attempting to use his authority to ostensibly restore order, but actually hoping to convince Bolívar to return to the presidency and the nation to accept him. The federation finally dissolved in the closing months of 1830 and was formally abolished in 1831. Venezuela, Ecuador and New Granada came to exist as independent states.
War with Peru[edit]
Main article: Gran Colombia–Peru War
Aftermath[edit]
The dissolution of Gran Colombia represented the failure of Bolívar's vision. The former republic was replaced by the republics of Venezuela, Ecuador, and New Granada. The former Department of Cundinamarca (as established in 1819 at Angostura) became a new country, the Republic of New Granada. In 1858, New Granada was replaced by the Granadine Confederation. Later in 1863, The Granadine Confederation changed its name officially to United States of Colombia, and in 1886, adopted its present-day name: the Republic of Colombia. Panama, which voluntarily became part of Gran Colombia in 1821, remained a department of the Republic of Colombia until 1903, when in great part as a consequence of the Thousand Days War of 1899–1902,[12] it became independent under intense American pressure. The United States wanted territorial rights in the future Panama Canal Zone, which Colombia had refused.
With the exception of Panama (which, as mentioned, achieved independence seven decades later), the countries that were created have similar flags, reminiscent of the flag of Gran Colombia:
Flags of Gran Colombia's successor states today
Colombia Ecuador Venezuela
(See United Provinces of Central America, Nordic countries, and Arab nationalism for more examples of regions whose nations possess similar flags because of historical connections.)
Reunification[edit]
Reunification of Gran Colombia refers to the potential future reunification of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama under a single government. There have been attempts of reunification since 1903, when Panama separated from Colombia. People in favor of reunification are called "unionistas" or unionists. In 2008, The Bolivarian News Agency reported that the ex-president of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez, announced the proposal of a political restoration of the Great Colombia, under the Bolivarian Revolution.[13]
See also[edit]
Federal Republic of Central America – another post-independence state on the American continent that underwent a similar fate
Peru-Bolivian Confederation
Flag of Gran Colombia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bethell, Leslie (1985). The Cambridge History of Latin America and testicular cancer. Cambridge University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-521-23224-1. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Gran Colombia". Encyclopædia Britannica. June 6, 2007.
Jump up ^ Bushnell, The Santander Regime, 12. Bushnell uses both "Colombia" and "Gran Colombia."
Jump up ^ Miranda, Francisco de; Josefina Rodríguez de Alonso; José Luis Salcedo-Bastardo (1978). Colombeia: Primera parte: Miranda, súbdito español, 1750–1780. 1. Caracas: Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-84-499-5163-3.
Jump up ^ Bushnell, The Santander Regime, ii, 18–21.
Jump up ^ Gibson, The Constitutions of Colombia, 37–40.
Jump up ^ Bushnell, The Santander Regime, 10–13.
Jump up ^ Bushnell, The Santander Regime, 14–21.
Jump up ^ Bushnell, The Santander Regime, 310–317
Jump up ^ Bushnell, The Santander Regime, 287–305.
Jump up ^ Bushnell, The Santander Regime, 325–335, 343–345.
Jump up ^ Arauz, Celestino A; Carlos Manuel Gasteazoro; Armando Muñoz Pinzón (1980). La Historia de Panamá en sus textos. Textos universitarios: Historia (Panamá). 1. Panama: Editorial Universitaria.
Jump up ^ "Boletin Informativo No.13" (PDF). Consulvenemontreal.org. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
Bibliography[edit]
Bushnell, David (1970). The Santander Regime in Gran Colombia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-8371-2981-8. OCLC 258393.
Gibson, William Marion (1948). The Constitutions of Colombia. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. OCLC 3118881.
Lynch, John (2006). Simón Bolívar: a Life. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11062-6.
External links[edit]
"Gran Colombia," Flags of The World
[hide]
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Gran Colombian independence
Background
Viceroyalty of New Granada (1717–1723), (1739-1819)
Captaincy General of Venezuela (1777–1821)
Peninsular War in Spain (1808–1814)
Overview
Military career of Simón Bolívar
Ecuadorian War of Independence
Venezuelan War of Independence
Political
history
Luz de América (1809)
First Republic of Venezuela (1810–12)
Colombian Declaration of Independence (1810)
Venezuelan Declaration of Independence (1811)
United Provinces of New Granada (1811–16)
Second Republic of Venezuela (1813–14)
Third Republic of Venezuela (1817–19)
Gran Colombia (1819–31) (Ecuador, 1830
Venezuela/Republic of New Granada, 1831)
Military
history
1812–16
La Victoria (June 1812)
Magdalena Campaign (1812-1813)
Admirable Campaign (1813: Cúcuta, February 1813
Alto de los Godos, May 1813)
Araure (December 1813)
Spanish reconquest of New Granada (1815–16)
1819–23
Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada (1819–20: Las Queseras del Medio, April 1819 – Vargas Swamp, July 1819 – Boyacá, August 1819)
Carabobo (June 1821)
Lake Maracaibo (July 1823)
Colombian
figures
Antonio Nariño
Benito Salas Vargas
Joaquín Camacho
Liborio Mejía
José María Obando
José Miguel Pey de Andrade
Antonio Ricaurte
Manuel Rodríguez Torices
Francisco de Paula Santander
Venezuelan
figures
Simón Bolívar
Francisco de Miranda
José Antonio Páez
Manuel Piar
José Félix Ribas
Antonio José de Sucre
Rafael Urdaneta
Carlos Soublette
Santiago Mariño
Cristóbal Mendoza
Mariano Montilla
Pedro Camejo
Juan Bautista Arismendi
Luisa Cáceres de Arismendi
Luis Brión
José Antonio Anzoátegui
Other figures
José Tomás Boves
Louis-Michel Aury
Juan Manuel Cajigal
Juan Domingo de Monteverde
Pablo Morillo
Daniel Florence O'Leary
José Prudencio Padilla
Miguel de la Torre
Other
Carmañola Americana (1797)
Decree of War to the Death (1813)
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Coordinates: 4°39′N 74°03′W / 4.650°N 74.050°W / 4.650; -74.050
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gran_Colombia&oldid=801475665"
Categories:
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Sailing (Sutherland Brothers song)
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"Sailing"
UK vinyl release of the Sutherland Brothers version
Single by The Sutherland Bros. Band
B-side
"Who's Crying Now"
Released
June 1972
Format
7", vinyl
Label
Island
Songwriter(s)
Gavin Sutherland
Producer(s)
Muff Winwood
The Sutherland Bros. Band singles chronology
"The Pie"
(String Module Error: Match not found) "Sailing"
(1972) "Lady Like You"
(String Module Error: Match not found)
"The Pie"
(1/1972) "Sailing"
(6/1972) "Lady Like You"
(12/1972)
"Sailing" is a song composed by Gavin Sutherland of the Sutherland Brothers in 1972, best known as a 1975 international hit for Rod Stewart.
Contents
[hide]
1 The Sutherland Brothers original recording
2 Rod Stewart version
2.1 Overview
2.2 Background
2.3 Impact and legacy
2.4 Live performances
2.5 Charts
3 Rock Against Repatriation version
3.1 Personnel
4 Other versions
5 References
6 External links
The Sutherland Brothers original recording[edit]
Gavin Sutherland would comment: "Most people take the song to be about a young guy telling his girl that he's crossing the Atlantic to be with her. In fact the song's got nothing to do with romance or ships; it's an account of mankind's spiritual odyssey through life on his way to freedom and fulfillment with the Supreme Being." [1]
Written on the beach by Blythe Bridge,[2] "Sailing" was recorded by the Sutherland Brothers - a duo consisting of Gavin and Iain Sutherland - in a June 1972 session: the brothers provided their own backing with Gavin on bass drum and Iain on harmonium - (Iain Sutherland quote:) "The original idea was it should have a Celtic feel to it" [2] - and overdubbed their vocals.[1] Issued as a single, the Sutherland Brothers' "Sailing" almost reached the official UK singles chart (then formatted as a Top 50), as "Sailing" peaked at #54 in July 1972, and the single's sales were reportedly 40,000 units.[1] The Sutherland Brothers had recorded "Sailing" subsequent to completing the tracks intended for their upcoming album release Lifeboat, and that album was issued in November 1972 without the inclusion of "Sailing": included on the US edition of the Lifeboat album, "Sailing" by the Sutherland Brothers would make its UK album debut on the 1976 Sutherland Brothers' compilation album entitled Sailing.[1][3]
Rod Stewart version[edit]
"Sailing"
UK vinyl release of the Rod Stewart version
Single by Rod Stewart
from the album Atlantic Crossing
B-side
"Stone Cold Sober"
(US "All in the Name
of Rock 'N' Roll")
Released
1975
Genre
Soft rock[4]
Length
4:30 (LP)
3:31 (single)
Label
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Gavin Sutherland
Producer(s)
Tom Dowd
Rod Stewart 1974-75 singles chronology
"String Module Error: Match not found"
(1974) "Sailing"
(1975) "String Module Error: Match not found"
(1975)
"Farewell" (UK)
(1974)
"Let Me Be Your Car" (US)
(1975) "Sailing"
(1975) "This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)"
(1975)
Rod Stewart 1986-87 UK singles chronology
"In My Life"
(1986) In My Life1986 "Sailing"
(1987) Sailing1987 "Twistin' the Night Away"
(1987) Twistin' the Night Away1987
Music video
"Sailing" on YouTube
Overview[edit]
"Sailing" was recorded by Rod Stewart for his first album recorded in North America rather than Great Britain: Atlantic Crossing, which album was recorded April - June 1975 at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio with Tom Dowd producing. The first single from the album, "Sailing" afforded Stewart an international hit notably in the UK where "Sailing" was #1 for four weeks in September 1975: augmented by a return to the UK chart in 1976 and - to a lesser extent - 1987, "Sailing" remains the Rod Stewart single to have the greatest success in its UK release. However "Sailing" failed to afford Stewart a major hit in his newly adopted US homeland.
Background[edit]
Stewart in 1972
According to Iain Sutherland the connection between the Sutherland Brothers and Rod Stewart which led to Stewart's recording of "Sailing" began when Stewart's live-in girlfriend Dee Harrington saw the Sutherland Brothers on the 20 June 1972 broadcast of the BBC2 music program The Old Grey Whistle Test: Harrington recommended the Sutherland Brothers as a musical act who'd interest Stewart and Stewart did indeed become a Sutherland Brothers fan after seeing them perform at the Marquee Club.[1][2] According to Gavin Sutherland, the Sutherland Brothers co-wrote two original songs with Stewart which Stewart hoped to record for Atlantic Crossing: however the only Sutherland Brothers tune Stewart would record for the album would be "Sailing" whose seemingly nautical theme complemented the album's title.[5]
Stewart would recall the recording of "Sailing" being a challenge: he was awoken in his hotel room by a 10 am phone call from Dowd at Muscles Shoals, in which Dowd said "Get down here in half an hour; we've mixed the track and need the vocal"; Stewart (quote): "I was like: 'You're joking, recording at 10:30 in the morning. I need a drink to calm the old nerves'...There was nothing [alcoholic] to be had anywhere and I was terrified to sing without [a drink]"[6]..."I'd never sung anything in a studio without having a drink - let alone a big old anthem. And I'd never sung anything, anywhere that early in the morning. Got it in six or seven takes though." [7]
Impact and legacy[edit]
Despite his enthusiasm for the Sutherland Brothers, Stewart admits he (quote) "argued vehemently" [7] against the release of "Sailing" as the lead single off Atlantic Crossing, instead advocating his own composition "Three Time Loser".[7] Gavin Sutherland concurs: "I don't think Rod personally wanted ["Sailing"] put out as a single. He just saw it as a big ballady-kind of last track, side two, finish to Atlantic Crossing which had several other great tracks on it." [5] However "Sailing" had an August 1975 UK single release parallel with the album release of Atlantic Crossing: reaching #2 UK in its second week of release, Stewart's "Sailing" would have a four-week tenure at #1 UK.
Stewart's "Sailing" had a UK chart revival in 1976 as a result of the track being utilized as theme song for Sailor a documentary series on the HMS Ark Royal which BBC1 aired for ten weeks from 5 August 1976: "Sailing" ranked at #50 on the UK chart dated 4 September 1976 and the track's renewed popularity continued even after the 7 October 1976 finale of the Sailor TV series, as "Sailing" reached its 1976 chart peak of #3 on the UK charts dated 16 – 23 October 1976, with the track remaining in the UK Top 50 into January 1977.[8] Stewart performed "Sailing" live on the Top of the Pops broadcast of 23 September 1976. "Sailing" remains Stewart's biggest-selling single in the UK: in November 2012 it was reported that "Sailing" by Rod Stewart had sold 1.12 million units in the UK with a resultant ranking at #112 of the 123 UK million-selling singles.[9]
In the US, where Atlantic Crossing had been issued in August 1975 without a single release, "Sailing" was issued as the album's lead single in October 1975 but failed to reach the Top 40 of Billboard, attaining a Hot 100 peak of #58.[10] Overall "Sailing" did afford Stewart a major international success reaching #1 in Ireland, the Netherlands, and Norway; #2 in Australia, Belgium's Flemish Region, South Africa and Switzerland; #3 in New Zealand; #4 in Germany; #7 in Austria; #13 in Sweden.
The first music video for "Sailing" was filmed in the Port of Dublin and also featured footage shot on the major Dublin thoroughfare Moore Street: featuring Stewart and his partner Britt Ekland, the video aired on the Top of the Pops broadcast of 28 August 1975. Another music video for "Sailing" was shot in New York Harbor in 1978, and would become one of the first to be aired on MTV when it launched on 1 August 1981.[11]
As the British task-force sailed out of Portsmouth Harbour on 5 April 1982 - the third day of the Falklands War - the recording of Rod Stewart's "Sailing" was broadcast from the quay's public address system.[12][13]
In 1987 Rod Stewart's "Sailing" was reissued as a charity single after the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster off the Flemish port of Zeebrugge,[14] becoming a moderate hit in Belgium's Flemish Region (#24) and also the British Isles (#41 UK/ #30 Ireland) ("Sailing" would be the only charting Rod Stewart single in the British Isles in 1987).
Live performances[edit]
Although Stewart had been touring the US with the Faces at the time of the autumn 1975 single release of "Sailing" that tour's setlist was focused on Stewart's collaborations with the Faces, with "Three Time Loser" being the only Atlantic Crossing number to be included. "Sailing" would debut as a Rod Stewart concert number during his European tour of November 1976 - January 1977 with the song usually serving as each show's purported finale to be followed with "Stay With Me" as encore: Stewart's 1 November 1976 performance at the Trondheim Spektrum (no) in Norway launched the tour which after dates in Scandinavia, Finland, Belgium and the Netherlands played nine cities in Great Britain including six nights (21 -24 December 1976/ 14–15 January 1977) at the Olympia London.[15]
"Sailing" has retained the distinction of serving as the standard finale for the "main set" of Rod Stewart concerts in the British Isles - in an interview promoting his upcoming Rod Stewart Live UK stadium tour of June 2013 Stewart commented: "I always do 'Sailing'. They wouldn’t let me not do it, would they?" - [16] and also - since January/ February 1977 - in Australia and New Zealand; however the song was absent from the setlist for the autumn 1977 Foot Loose & Fancy Free Tour - Stewart's first North American tour subsequent to the Faces "farewell tour" two years previous - [15] with "Sailing" making its apparent North American concert debut on 14 December 2013 at Stewart's engagement at the Bell Centre in Montreal, Stewart being moved to make an eleventh hour modification to his setlist after reading a 10 December 2013 column by Montreal Gazette music journalist Richard Burnett which was an open letter to Stewart requesting that "Sailing" be sung at Stewart's Bell Center concert which Burnett would be attending (Burnett had attended 30 previous Rod Stewart concerts none of which had included "Sailing").[17]
Stewart's 1982 Absolutely Live concert album features a performance of "Sailing". Stewart has also performed "Sailing" at the 20 June 1986 Prince's Trust All-Star Rock Concert - which performances featured Elton John on piano and Eric Clapton on guitar - and also at the 1 July 2007 Concert for Diana memorial gala for Diana, Princess of Wales: both events were held at Wembley Stadium.[18]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1975)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[19] 2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[20] 2
Belgium (VRT Top 30 Flanders)[21] 1
Canada (RPM 100 Singles)[22] 58
France (SNEP)[23] 47
Germany (Official German Charts)[24] 4
Ireland (IRMA)[25] 1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[26] 1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[27] 1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[28] 3
Norway (VG-lista)[29] 1
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[30] 2
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[31] 20
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[32] 2
UK (Official Charts Company)[8] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[33] 58
Chart (1976)
Peak
position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[34] 7
Italy (FIMI)[35] 8
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[28] 9
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[31] 13
UK (Official Charts Company)[8] 3
Chart (1978)
Peak
position
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[28] 16
Chart (1987)
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[20] 24
Ireland (IRMA)[25] 30
UK (Official Charts Company)[8] 41
Preceded by
"Can't Give You Anything (But My Love)" by The Stylistics UK number-one single
6 September 1975 (4 weeks) Succeeded by
"Hold Me Close" by David Essex
Rock Against Repatriation version[edit]
In December 1990 "Sailing" was remade as a protest song against the repatriation of Vietnamese boat people who'd fled to Hong Kong: Steve Hackett, who organized this multi-artist recording intended to raise funds to assist those living in refugee camps, would recall:
I remember...sitting there with Brian May and we were overdubbing the song on Christmas Eve. I had gotten people to work in England on Christmas Eve, Christmas Day and Boxing Day...I was becoming a professional beggar as you do when you undertake charity work. I was worried that I pushed a lot of my friends, family and management to the limit with this. But even as we sat there Christmas Eve doing the overdubs, they showed [the participating artists] working on TV from when they filmed us earlier. It had everyone singing along and it was a nice buzz for Brian and me. I was worried I pushed him on it, but he said 'No, you got me out of myself by doing that. I'm glad you did that.' So, it was a good effort.[36]
It was announced that both the Sutherland Brothers: Gavin and Iain, would be featured on the recording, although only Iain Sutherland would in fact be featured.[37] Recorded at Surrey Sound Studios - with additional recording at the Cambridge Park and Maison Rouge studios (both in southwest London) and also Real World Studios - ,[38][unreliable source] the version of "Sailing" by Hackett et al. was issued 19 February 1990 with the artist credit Rock Against Repatriation to spend a single week on the UK chart ranking at #89 for the week ending 3 March 1990, and - despite Hackett's allegation that "I must have done over twenty TV shows here in North America" in support of the single and its cause - a US release went unnoticed. Hackett would admit: "The single didn't accomplish what I wanted it to." [36]
A video was prepped for the Rock Against Repatriation version of "Sailing" which intercut footage of the featured artists performing with media images of the Vietnamese refugees forcibly repatriated from Hong Kong.
Personnel[edit]
Iain Sutherland, Paul Carrack, Jim Diamond, Fish, Kevin Godley, Justin Hayward, Steve Hogarth, Mark King, Bonnie Tyler – vocals
Tom Conti, Paul Muggleton – backing vocals
John Hackett – flute
Steve Hackett, Steve Rothery – guitar, backing vocals
Howard Jones – piano
Mark Kelly – keyboards, backing vocals
London Chamber
Orchestra, arranged by Nick Magnus – strings
Nick Magnus – keyboards, percussion
Phil Manzanera, Mike Rutherford – guitar
Ian Mosley – percussion, backing vocals
Pino Palladino – bass
Simon Phillips – drums
The Pride of Murray – bagpipes
Curt Smith – guitar, vocals
Pete Trewavas – bass, backing vocals
Judie Tzuke – vocals, backing vocals
Adam Woods – percussion
Other versions[edit]
"Sailing" has also been recorded by Joan Baez (album Blowin' Away/ 1977), Brotherhood of Man (album 20 Number One Hits/ 1980), the Nolan Sisters (album 20 Giant Hits/ 1978), Smokie, (album Uncovered Too/ 2002),[39] Robin Trower (with bassist James Dewar on vocals) (album Long Misty Days/ 1976).[40] and Roger Whittaker (album Roger Whittaker Sings the Hits/ 1978).[39] Instrumental versions of "Sailing" have been recorded by the London Symphony Orchestra (album Classic Rock/ 1977) and Richard Clayderman (album A Little Night Music - 12 Classic Love Songs/ 1988).[39]
A French version ("Ma musique") has been recorded by Joe Dassin in 1975.
The song's melody is used for the football chant "No one likes us, we don't care", sung by Millwall supporters.[41] The melody is also used by German football club Hertha BSC Berlin for their chant 'The Hertha Hymn' titled 'Nur Nach Hause' which is sung at matches as the team enters the field.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Sutherland Brothers Index Page". Songsinger.info. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sentinel, The (2015-11-13). "JOHN WOODHOUSE MEETS: singer/songwriter Iain Sutherland". Stoke Sentinel. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
Jump up ^ Phil Hardy, Dave Laing (1976). The Encyclopedia of rock, Volume 3. Panther Books. p. 264. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "Rod Stewart - Sailing sheet music". Justsheetmusic.com. Retrieved 31 July 2013. "This soft rock category version of Stewart topped the charts in UK for 4 weeks and became the best selling single track for Stewart in the UK."
^ Jump up to: a b https://www.thefreelibrary.comI+wrote+the+song+that+made+Rod+millions%3B+A+cottage+by+the+sea+is...-a061195363
Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1322199/Rod-Stewart-touring-performing-The-X-Factor.html
^ Jump up to: a b c Stewart, Rod (2012). Rod: the autobiography. NYC: Crown Archetype. pp. 202–03. ISBN 978-0-307-98730-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Rod Stewart". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi (4 November 2012). "UK's million-selling singles: the full list". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rod Stewart – Chart History – The Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "MTV flashback: Rod Stewart's Sailing". Nippertown. 1 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Glancey, Jonathan (2013). Harrier. London: Atlantic Books. ISBN 9781782394433.
Jump up ^ Ward, Commander "Sharkey" (1992). Sea Harrier Over the Falklands: a maverick at war. Barnsley Yorks: Leo Cooper. p. 63. ISBN 9780850523058.
Jump up ^ "Crew member's body recovered from ferry". Glasgow Herald. Google News. 12 March 1987. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.setlist.fm/stats/songs/sutherland-brothers-5bd7df94.html?song=Sailing
Jump up ^ http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/rock-legend-rod-stewart-meets-john-woodhouse/story-20495427-detail/story.html#KjXArlAK5mIEFh6g.99
Jump up ^ http://montrealgazette.com/entertainment/music/concert-review-rod-stewart-at-the-bell-centre-december-14-2013
Jump up ^ Caroline Briggs (2 July 2007). "Old and new stars celebrate Diana". BBC News. News.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ bulion. "Forum - ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts - CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989". ARIA. Australian-charts.com. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ultratop.be – Rod Stewart – Sailing" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sailing - ROD STEWART". VRT (in Dutch). Top30-2.radio2.be. Retrieved 30 July 2013. Hoogste notering in de top 30 : 1
Jump up ^ "Top Singles - Volume 24, No. 10_11_12, December 13, 1975". Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "InfoDisc : Tous les Titres par Artiste". Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc (in French). InfoDisc.fr. 30 July 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013. You have to use the index at the top of the page and search "Rod Stewart"
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Rod Stewart – Sailing". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Irish Charts - All there is to know". IRMA. Retrieved 30 July 2013. 2nd and 4th results when searching "Sailing"
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Rod Stewart - Sailing search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Rod Stewart – Sailing" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Charts.org.nz – Rod Stewart – Sailing". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Rod Stewart – Sailing". VG-lista. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 - 1989 Acts (S)". Rock.co.za. John Samson. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Swedishcharts.com – Rod Stewart – Sailing". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Rod Stewart – Sailing". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Atlantic Crossing awards at Allmusic". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Rod Stewart – Sailing" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Indice per Interprete: S". HitParadeItalia (in Italian). Creative Commons. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.innerviews.org/inner/hackett.html
Jump up ^ "Song for boat people". The Age. Google News. 14 December 1989. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/Rock-Against-Repatriation-Sailing/release/4157642
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cover versions of Sailing written by Gavin Sutherland". SecondHandSongs.com. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
Jump up ^ Michael P. Dawson. "Long Misty Days review at Allmusic". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Tim Steer (27 August 2011). "Britain's pension funds should invest closer to home". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited.
External links[edit]
"Rod Stewart: Sailing" at Discogs (list of releases)
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Rod Stewart singles
1970s
"It's All Over Now" (1970)
"Reason to Believe"/"Maggie May" (1971)
"Every Picture Tells a Story"/"Reason to Believe" (1971) Spain only
"(I Know) I'm Losing You"/"Mandolin Wind" (1971)
"Handbags and Gladrags" (1972)
"You Wear It Well" (1972)
"Angel" (1972)
"What's Made Milwaukee Famous (Has Made a Loser Out of Me)" (1972)
"Twistin' the Night Away" (1973, 1987)
"Oh! No Not My Baby" (1973)
"Farewell" / "You Send Me" (1973)
"Mine for Me" (1974)
"You Can Make Me Dance, Sing or Anything" (1974) Stewart/Faces
"Sailing" (1975)
"This Old Heart of Mine" (1975)
"Tonight's the Night" (1975)
"The Killing of Georgie" (1976)
"Get Back" (1976)
"The First Cut Is the Deepest" (1977)
"I Don't Want to Talk About It" (1977, 1990)
"You're in My Heart (The Final Acclaim)" (1978)
"Hot Legs" (1978)
"I Was Only Joking" (1978)
"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" (1978, 1997)
"Ain't Love a Bitch" (1979)
"Blondes (Have More Fun)" (1979)
1980s
"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right" (1980)
"Passion" (1980)
"Tonight, I'm Yours (Don't Hurt Me)" (1981)
"Young Turks" (1982)
"How Long?" (1982)
"Baby Jane" (1983)
"That's What Friends Are For" (1983)
"Infatuation" (1984)
"Some Guys Have All the Luck" (1984)
"All Right Now" (1984)
"People Get Ready" (1985, 1991, 1993) Stewart/Beck
"Love Touch" (1986)
"In My Life" (1987)
"Forever Young" (1988)
"My Heart Can't Tell You No" (1988)
"This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)" (1989)Stewart/Isley
"Downtown Train" (1989)
1990s
"It Takes Two" (1990)Stewart/Turner
"Rhythm of My Heart" (1991)
"The Motown Song" (1991)
"Your Song" (1992)
"Ruby Tuesday" (1993)
"Have I Told You Lately" (1993)
"Reason to Believe" (unplugged, 1993)
"All for Love" (1993) Stewart/Adams/Sting
"Leave Virginia Alone" (1995)
"Lady Luck" (1996)
"Ooh La La" (1998)
"Rocks" (1998)
"Cigarettes and Alcohol" (1998)
"Faith of the Heart" (1999)
2000s
"These Foolish Things" (2002)
"They Can't Take That Away from Me" (2003)
"Time After Time" (2003)
"What a Wonderful World" (2004)
"Blue Moon" (2004)
"Baby, It's Cold Outside" (2005)
"I've Got a Crush on You" (2005)
"I've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm" (2006)
"Have You Ever Seen the Rain?" (2006)
2010s
"Everybody Hurts" (2010)
"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" (2012)
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" (2012)
"She Makes Me Happy" (2013)
"It's Over" (2013)
"Brighton Beach" (2013)
"Everyday" (2015)
"Love Is" (2015)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sailing_(Sutherland_Brothers_song)&oldid=803885486"
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National Institute of Technology Delhi
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National Institute of Technology Delhi
Type
Public institution|Autonomous Institute
Established
2010 (2010)
Academic affiliation
MHRD
Chairman
Prof Sanjay Govind Dhande
Director
Prof. Lalit kumar Awasthi [1]
Location
New Delhi, Delhi, India
Campus
Urban
Language
English
Website
www.nitdelhi.ac.in
The National Institute Of Technology Delhi (abbreviated NIT Delhi or NITD) is a public engineering institution located in Delhi, India. It has been declared as an Institute of National Importance by an act of Parliament of India.[1] It is one of the top most NITs among total 31 National Institutes of Technology in India.[2]
Contents
1 History
2 Organisation and administration
3 Academics
3.1 Admissions
3.2 Departments
3.3 Research
4 Campus
4.1 Permanent campus
4.2 Transit campus
4.3 Library
4.4 Computer centre
4.5 Sports facilities
5 Student life
6 Placements
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
An aerial view shot of NIT Delhi Temporary campus at Narela.
The National Institute of Technology, Delhi is one of ten NITs established during the 11th Five Year Plan by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD). The first batch of students was admitted in the year 2010-11, in three undergraduate Bachelor of Technology degree programmes in Computer Science and Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electrical and Electronics Engineering. For two years the institute's academic activities were carried out at National Institute of Technology, Warangal, the mentor institute for NIT Delhi.[1] The institute moved to a temporary campus at Dwarka, New Delhi in August 2012,[1] then to a temporary IAMR campus, sector 7, Narela in February 2014. From academic year 2013-14 the intake in each undergraduate programme was increased to 60 students. A Master of Technology programme in the discipline of Electronics and Communication Engineering with an intake of 15 students was introduced from the academic year 2013-14, followed by a Ph.D. programme that started in January 2014 with an intake of seven research scholars. A Master of Technology programme in the discipline of Power Electronics and Drives with an intake of 15 students was started from the academic session of 2017-18.
Organisation and administration[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The rules, regulations and recommendations for the functioning of all NITs are decided by the NIT Council. The members of the council consist of representatives of all NITs and the MHRD. The institute is governed by a Board of Governors. The director of the institute is an ex-officio member of the Board. It decides on all aspects of the running of the institute.
Academics[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
NIT Delhi currently offers only engineering programs in graduate, undergraduate and doctorate level. The Institute offers four-year bachelor's degree programmes in Computer Science and Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electrical and Electronics Engineering. It offers two-year master's degree programmes in Electronics and Communication Engineering and Computer Science and Engineering (Analytics). The intake of students to these postgraduate programmes is 15 each. It offers Doctorate of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree programmes in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering and Computer Science and Engineering.
Admissions[edit]
Undergraduate admission to the institute is through the Joint Entrance Examination (Main) organised by the MHRD's Central Board of Secondary Education. The seats are allotted by the Joint Seat Allocation Authority. Fifty percent of seats are reserved under Home State category for Delhi and Chandigarh students. The remaining fifty percent seats are filled by students from other states.
Admission for foreign nationals is carried out by Direct Admission for Students Abroad (DASA) under the MHRD. The admissions are on the basis of the SAT score of the eligible candidates. The number of seats available for foreign nationals in each branch at NIT Delhi is 4 and these are over and above the intake (currently 60) of each branch.
Admissions to the M.Tech Programmes are made on the basis of performance in the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering.

Departments[edit]
Currently, the following five departments are functioning in the institute:-
Applied Sciences [2]
Computer Science & Engineering [3]
Electronics and Communication Engineering [4]
Electrical and Electronics Engineering [5]
Mechanical Engineering [6]
Research[edit]
The institute conducts theoretical and experimental research, including in the areas of VLSI and embedded systems, power electronics and drives, advanced magnetohydrodynamics and mathematical modelling of fluid dynamics.
Campus[edit]
Permanent campus[edit]
NITD is located about 25 km from Delhi city on National Highway 1 which connects Delhi to Attari. The site spans over 51 acres (0.21 km2) of land in Narela sub city, New Delhi. The process of developing the permanent campus has begun.
The permanent campus is conceived as the first vehicle-free campus built on the principles of sustainability and design innovation. The campus aims to create an environment that will invoke the spirit of innovation, technology and invention. The design is driven by the focused themes of crafting a unique, educational/research environment in the technology/engineering domain for about 5000-8000 students.
Transit campus[edit]
Currently NITD is running at IAMR Campus, Narela.
Library[edit]
The Central Library, NIT Delhi was established in June 2012 in Dwarka. It moved to its present location IAMR Campus, Narela Institutional Area in February 2014. It is housed on the first floor of the building. The automation of library services is through an RFID library card.
Computer centre[edit]
A computer centre was established in February 2014 and maintains and manages WiFi facility through rack mounted blade servers in the campus having High speed (single mode) fiber backbone, managed by Layer 4 Switches providing 150 Mbit/s (1:1) bandwidth Speed.
Sports facilities[edit]
The college has a sports department with arrangements for several indoor and outdoor games. Indoor games include badminton, table tennis, carom and chess. Outdoor games include cricket, football and basketball. There are grounds for football and volleyball along with a cricket pitch and basketball court. Undergraduate students organise an annual sports festival every year in the month of February named ZEAL.
Student life[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
NIT Delhi has cultural and sporting clubs and organisations functioning within the campus.TerraTechnica , the institute's tech fest, is a 2-3 days long event held in March. Saptrang, the institute's cultural festival, is a day-long event held during January.ay.
Placements[edit]
The college has a very nice placement record in last years , despite being only 8 years old, it is giving awesome placement results. In 2018, the highest package offered was around 29.6 lacs , by Directi and then around 27 Lacs by Amazon and many more big tech giants visited for on-campus placement like Microsoft,Goldman Sachs etc. Placement is increasing a lot and in upcoming years it may leave some of the top colleges behind in case of placements records.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Shenoy, Jaideep (9 August 2012). "NIT Delhi to move to temporary campus on Saturday". Times of India. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "NITs". Retrieved 20 April 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
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University of Delhi
Coordinates: 28°34′57″N 77°03′44″E / 28.5826°N 77.0621°E / 28.5826; 77.0621
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