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Trident (gum)
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Trident
Product type
chewing gum
Owner
Mondelez International
Country
United States
Introduced
1960?
Previous owners
American Chicle Company
Warner-Lambert
Pfizer
Cadbury
Website
tridentgum.com
Trident is a brand of sugar-free chewing gum. It was introduced by Cadbury in the United Kingdom. In many other European countries, Trident is branded as Stimorol gum; it is generally the same as Trident. The trident is also a symbol of the Greek sea god, Poseidon.[1]
Contents
1 Background
2 Products and flavors
2.1 Original Trident flavors
2.2 Trident White
2.3 Trident Splash
2.4 Trident Layers
2.5 Trident Xtra Care (discontinued)
3 United Kingdom
3.1 Trident Soft
3.2 Trident Fresh
3.3 Trident Sweet Kicks
3.4 Trident Splash
4 References
5 External links
Background[edit]
When artificial sweeteners became widespread in the early 1960s, the formula was changed to use saccharin instead of sugar, and Sugar-Free Trident was introduced in 1964 with the slogan "The Great Taste that Is Good for Your Teeth."[2] American Chicle's marketing was one of the first national campaigns to promote dental health through chewing gum.
For years, Trident was promoted with the slogan, “Four out of five dentists surveyed recommend sugarless gum for their patients who chew gum.” This slogan is believed to have been based on the results of a survey of practicing dentists with either D.D.S. or D.M.D. degrees, apparently conducted in the early 1960s, whose patients included frequent users of chewing gums; the percentage of respondents to the survey whose responses indicated they would make such references to their patients is believed to have been approximately 80%, rounded off to the nearest full percentage point, of the total number of respondents. It became strongly associated with the Trident brand. As of the middle of June 2014, however, Kraft Foods's Cadbury Adams group, whose parent company, Mondelēz International, had become owners of the Trident copyright and patents, was not known to have made any public disclosures of any details about the survey, presumably citing the proprietary nature of the survey data and conclusions as its rationale.
In the early 2000s, "See what Unfolds" became the new slogan for the brand.[2]
Trident gum contains the sugar alcohol xylitol, which is known as a "tooth-friendly" sugar.[3] Use of the chemical has been subject to controversy, as it is highly toxic to dogs.[4][5]
Products and flavors[edit]
Original Trident flavors[edit]
Original Trident, a soft gum packaged in a unique rectangular shape, is sweetened with xylitol (originally advertised as "Dentec" by the company), a sugar alcohol that reduces plaque and protects teeth against decay associated with dental caries by helping to maintain a neutral pH balance in the mouth. It is also sweetened with sorbitol, Mannitol, Aspartame, Sucralose and Acesulfame potassium.
Former President Jimmy Carter on November 14, 1980 declared Trident Original as the official gum of the White House for its unique blend of spearmint, peppermint, cassis and cinnamon.[citation needed]
Trident White[edit]
Trident White (formerly Trident Advantage until 2001), a pellet gum, does not contain xylitol. It does, however, contain a non-abrasive, peroxide-free whitener (patented by Cadbury Adams) that breaks up extrinsic stains on teeth. It also contains aspartame. Trident White no longer contains Recaldent (casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate), a milk-derived ingredient that aids in the remineralization of teeth.
Cinnamon Tingle
Cool Bubble
Cool Colada
Cool Mangoberry
Cool Rush
Peppermint
Spearmint
Wintergreen
Cool Clove
Trident Splash[edit]
Trident Splash is also a pellet gum, except each piece is filled with a gel-like liquid that is flavored differently from its outer shell. Trident splash contains the ingredient gelatine and thus is not suitable for vegans or people who eat only kosher meat or foods, except for the products produced for the Israeli market which are made with kosher beef gelatin under rabbinical supervision and approval of the Israeli Chief Rabbinate. Introduced in 1990.
Apple Raspberry
Citrus Blackberry
Orange Swirl
Pucker Me Berry
Strawberry Lime
Peppermint Swirl
Sweet Mint
Peppermint with Vanilla (discontinued)
Trident Layers[edit]
Trident Layers is a soft gum with a flavored layer between two normal sized pieces of different flavors of Trident gum. It is sugar free and is sweetened with artificial sugars. It arrived in Canada by 2010, then in the United States in 2011 to compete against Excel Mist (Orbit Mist in the United States).
Orchard Peach & Ripe Mango
Fresh Peppermint & Smooth Spearmint
Cool Mint & Melon Fresco
Green Apple & Golden Pineapple
Wild Strawberry & Tangy Citrus
Sweet Cherry & Island Lime
Juicy Berry & Tangy Tangerine
Grape Lemonade
Jelly Bean
Candy Cane
Pumpkin Spice
Swedish Fish
Watermelon & Tropical Fruit
This gum contains soy lecithin, aspartame, phenylalanine, and other sweeteners. It also contains Gelatin and hence is not suitable for vegans or those who consume kosher or halal food. The Tangy Citrus flavor is mostly composed of grapefruit[6]
Trident Xtra Care (discontinued)[edit]
Trident Xtra Care was a soft gum that was very much like the original Trident, except for that it contained Recaldent. Recaldent is a type of calcium that is claimed to be absorbed into the tooth, strengthening teeth against plaque acids. It is said to protect the teeth from future damage and make them stronger.
Cool Citrus
Cool Mint
Peppermint
Spearmint
Strawberry
Bubble Gum
Blueberry
United Kingdom[edit]
Trident gum was introduced to the British market in 2007.[7] Seven flavours of Trident currently exist in the UK, after a period of new flavours and discontinuations.
Trident Soft[edit]
Trident Soft are long, thin strips of gum. They are sold in packs of 14 pieces and in four different flavors:
Peppermint
Strawberry
Spearmint
Tropical Twist
Trident Fresh[edit]
Cool Lemon (Discontinued)
Oooh Peppermint (Renamed 'Trident Peppermint Splash')
Aahh Spearmint (Renamed 'Trident Spearment Splash')
Trident Sweet Kicks[edit]
Sweet Kicks are only available in one flavor so far and were released in 14th of July 2007. They do not have a liquid center (They have since been discontinued).
Chocolate Mint
Trident Splash[edit]
'Trident Splash' is a pellet gum with a liquid center. It is currently sold in single blister packs containing 9 pieces:
Strawberry and Lime
Vanilla and Mint (Discontinued in UK, available in Canada)
Raspberry and Peach (Discontinued in UK)
Apple and Apricot (Discontinued in UK)
Citrus and Blackberry (Discontinued in UK)
Orange Swirl (Canada only)
Spearmint and Watermelon (Canada only)
Winter Wave (Canada only)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ K, S. "Of gods and myths". Retrieved 2018-10-15.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Health Positioning Trident Is Leaving Behind". brandchannel:. 2012-04-11. Retrieved 2018-10-15.
Jump up ^ American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. (2006) Policy on the Use of Xylitol in Caries Prevention.
Jump up ^ http://www.snopes.com/critters/crusader/xylitol.asp
Jump up ^ http://www.ohmidog.com/tag/trident/
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-02-22. Retrieved 2013-03-06. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/feb/12/advertising.uknews
External links[edit]
Mondelēz International official site
Trident Official U.S. site
Trident fact sheet
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Ride-or-die chick
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A "ride-or-die chick", in the hip hop culture, is a woman willing to support her partner and his illicit lifestyle despite how this might endanger or harm her. Sometimes this is portrayed as a more passive "support and love regardless of their transgressions" role,[1] but oftentimes it requires women to take an active role in these transgressions and manifests in a "willingness to help men in dangerous situations," and "a sense of shared risk."[2] It is often referred to as a hip hop manifestation of the Bonnie and Clyde dynamic.[2][3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology
2 Classification as a stereotype
3 Use in hip-hop music
4 Use in hip hop discourse
4.1 Within celebrity culture
4.2 Outside of celebrity culture
5 Academic response
5.1 Defense of term
5.2 Critique of term
6 See also
7 References
Terminology[edit]
"Ride-or-die chick", in the hip hop culture, is a woman willing to support her partner and his illicit lifestyle despite how this might endanger or harm her. Sometimes this is portrayed as a more passive "support and love regardless of their transgressions" role,[1] but oftentimes it requires women to take an active role in these transgressions and manifests in a "willingness to help men in dangerous situations," and "a sense of shared risk."[2] It is often referred to as a hip hop manifestation of the Bonnie and Clyde dynamic.[2][3][4]
The Crunk Feminist Collection is a collection of essays about the intersectionality between African-American culture and feminism. It defines a "Ride-or-Die Chick" as a down ass chick. She’s loyal, sexual, willing to lie, die, fight or steal for man. She keeps her mouth shut and leg slightly open, but only for her dude. She supported and submissive, and essentially self-sacrificing. She is glamorized in music and films and always has a dude whether he was worthy of being had or not.”[5]
Classification as a stereotype[edit]
Historically there, have been four stereotypes of Black female sexuality, the Jezebel, mammy, matriarch, and welfare mother. Researchers Dionne P. Stephens and Layli D. Phillips reinterpreted these categories and claimed the modern day hip-hop equivalent of these gender-role scripts are the diva, gold digger, freak, dyke, gangster bitch, sister savior, earth mother, and baby mama. Of these stereotypes, the most similar to the ride-or-die chick is Philips's description of the gangster bitch. Like the gangster bitch, the ride-or-die chick comes from a violent, impoverished, crime-filled environment and is considered an important ally in surviving this environment because of her lack of fear, street smarts, and devotion. However, the two terms do have their differences. For example, according to Philips, the gangster bitch and her partner recognize they are in a short-term relationship whereas the ride-or-die chick and her partner are often portrayed as being in lifelong relationships.[2][5]
Use in hip-hop music[edit]
The "ride or die chick" trope is invoked by both men and women in hip hop with men stating their desire or love of ride or die chicks and women identifying themselves as willing to ride or die. Many of these songs are duets between male and female artists and contain both of these perspectives within the same song. Examples of this include:
"'03 Bonnie and Clyde" by Jay-Z ft. Beyonce
"The Bonnie and Clyde Theme" by Yo Yo ft. Ice Cube
"Dog Match" by Eve ft. DMX
"Down Ass Bitch" by Ja Rule ft. Charli Baltimore
"You're All I Need" by Method Man ft. Mary J Blige
"Boss Bitch" by Mac ft. Mia X
"Ryda" by The Game ft. Dej Loaf
"Ryde or Die Bitch" by The Lox (feat. Eve)
"Bottom Bitch" by Rafael Casal
"Rider" by Future (feat. Tasha Catour)
"#HoodLove" by Jazmine Sullivan
"R.O.D." G-Dragon (feat. Lydia Paek)
"Him & I" by G-Eazy and Halsey
"Rider Chick" by Lil Durk ft Dej Loaf [6]
"Ride or Die" by Nova (feat.Nia Kay)[7]
"We Ride" by Gucci Mane (feat.Monica)[8]
"Ride or Die by Fetty Wap (feat.Jhonni Blaze)[9]
I Do (Young Jeezy song) by Young Jeezy feat. Jay-Z and André 3000
Use in hip hop discourse[edit]
Within celebrity culture[edit]
This term is sometimes used to describe the lives and decisions of women in the hip hop community. In their interview with Tashera Simmon's following the announcement she was divorcing DMX (rapper), Essence magazine referred to her as "having a reputation for being the ultimate ride or die chick," citing her support of DMX despite his jail time, drug use, and infidelity.[10] Lil' Kim was also called a ride or die chick after she went to jail for perjury for lying to a jury about her manager regarding a shootout involving several rappers.[11][12] While the term usually implies drama and danger, this is not always the case. For example, Gabrielle Union was described as a ride or die chick for her public and vehement defense of her husband Dwyane Wade after his talent was criticized by basketball player/analyst Charles Barkley.[13] The term is even sometimes used a shorthand for any heterosexual commitment in the hip hop community, as was the case in the Philadelphia Tribune's statement that Beyonce and Jay-Z were ride and die after they renewed their wedding vows.[14]
Outside of celebrity culture[edit]
The term is frequently used negatively outside of celebrity culture. Blogs targeting young Black members of the "hip hop generation" as their demographic, such as Hello Beautiful, Hall of the Black Dragon, and Urbanbellemag.com, have all published articles that advise women to be wary of attempting to be a ride or die chick at the expense of their own happiness and health. These articles argue women need specific boundaries in their romantic relationships and dismiss the idea of limitless loyalty as either unrealistic myth or facilitating abuse and disrespect.[15][16][17] However, this negative perspective is not universal. The website singleblackmale.com, which claims to represent the "urban male perspective", tells women specific ways they can achieve ride or die status that vary from "being down for the cause" to "either watch sports...or get out and leave (your man) alone."[18]
Academic response[edit]
Defense of term[edit]
Black feminist scholar Treva Lindsey claims the ride or die chick is a challenge to a dominant narrative in hip hop that privileges homosocial male relationships and undermines heterosexual romantic bonds between men and women.[1] Drawing on scholars Patricia Hill Collins and bell hooks she argues this love is not only personal, it is also an act of political rebellion because "In a culture that claims black women are unlovable and undesirable, and black men are violent and irredeemable, it is considered "rebellious" when black men and women love each other."[3] Others have also argued that the "ride or die" narrative is a recognition of the disenfranchisement these couples face because of race and class and it is because of this systematic oppression that they feel it is them against the world.[2] In this understanding by claiming to be a ride or die chick, a woman is not diminishing her own self-worth or inviting mistreatment, but symbolically invoking a politically-aware alliance. Her recognition that committing to this relationship will require her to ride or die is a statement about the difficulty her partner will likely face as a Black men living in a racist society.[19]
Another favorable understanding of the trope argues its meaning is flexible and can positively evolve. For example, one definition of this term claimed "for a 30+ year old man, who has his ish together, a down ass chick is someone who is down for you in other ways...Both versions are loyal and have your back but... the 30+ DAC is not willing (nor required) to sacrifice herself or her goals for her man. They are building together."[3]
Critique of term[edit]
Despite these positive readings and the fact that ride or die chicks are often the subject of male praise or female self-identification in hip hop, they have also been critiqued as a negative and damaging ideal imposed on Black women. Critics have argued that ride or die chicks are a heterosexual male fantasy that privileges male pleasure and ignores the costs women must pay to fulfill this fantasy.[1] Hip hop feminist author Gwendolyn D. Pough claims the rising number of Black women in prison, currently the fastest-growing prison population, is evidence of the high cost ride or die chicks must pay.[20]
The ride or die chick can also be understood as a hip hop reiteration of the Madonna–whore paradigm. In this understanding the ride or die chick is the Madonna and her opposite is the trick/hoe. Unlike the "Madonna", the ride or die chick is sexualized, but unlike the trick/ho, her sexuality is praised and valued. The ride or die chick is not seen as sexually deviant because her partner is the only man with access to her body. Like the Madonna/Whore, in this schema women's sexuality is only for male pleasure and is limited to fulfilling one of two restrictive opposing roles.[21] Also like the Madonna/Whore, in this understanding the ride or die chick is a sexual script although, unlike Madonna/Whore it is specific to Black women.[2] In an interview, hip hop activist Toni Blackman noted that it is not the sexuality of these scripts she is troubled by, but that "woman's choices are only limited to A, B and C. When a guy gets to choose between ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP."[22] In this critique the problem with the ride or die chick is not its specific meaning but its place as one of several stereotypes, or scripts, that supposedly represent the entirety of Black female behavior.
See also[edit]
Stereotypes of African Americans
Mami (hip hop)
Video vixen
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Lindsey,, Treva B (Spring 2013). "If You Look in My Life: Love, Hip-Hop Soul, and Contemporary African American Womanhood". African American Review. 46 (1): 87–99. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Philips, Layli (Summer 2005). "OPPOSITIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS WITHIN AN OPPOSITIONAL REALM: THE CASE OF FEMINISM AND WOMANISM IN RAP AND HIP HOP, 1976-2004". Journal of African American History. 90 (3): 253–277. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Evolution of a Down Ass Chick". Crunk Feminist Collective. 31 May 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Amanda. "The Problem With the Ride or Die Chick". urbanbellamag. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Stephens, Dionne P.; Philips, Layli D. (Winter 2003). "Freaks, Gold Diggers, Divas, and Dykes: The Sociohistorical Development of Adolescent African American Women's Sexual Scripts". Sexuality & Culture. 7 (1): 3. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Lil Durk (Ft. DeJ Loaf) – Rider Chick, retrieved 2018-03-07
Jump up ^ WinterTimeShawty (2017-06-02), Nova - Ride or Die (Feat. Nia Kay) | Lyrics, retrieved 2018-03-08
Jump up ^ OfficialGucciMane (2017-10-12), Gucci Mane - We Ride feat. Monica [Official Audio], retrieved 2018-03-08
Jump up ^ Hype Lyrics (2015-06-16), Fetty Wap - Ride Or Die Ft. Jhonni Blaze (Onscreen, retrieved 2018-03-08
Jump up ^ Penn, Charll. "Tashera Simmons: Why I'm Really Divorcing DMX". Essence. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Preston, Julia. "Lil' Kim Gets One Year in Prison". New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Morgan, Joan (November 9–15, 2005). "Lil' Kim" (45). Village Voice. The Village Voice. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Ride or Die Chick: Gabrielle Union CHECKS Charles Barkley". Theybf. Young, Black and Fabulous LLC. January 20, 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Patty (October 24, 2014). "What's the 411". Philadelphia, PA. S10. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "5 Limits To Being a "Ride or Die Chick"". Hello Beautiful. Interactive One. August 3, 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Dragon, Greg (November 8, 2010). "A Ride-Or-Die Chick: The Myth That Is Every Mans Dream". Hall of the Black Dragon. hall of the Black Drago. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Problem with the Ride or Die Chick". Urbanbellemag. September 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Signs That She's a Ride Or Die Chick". Single Black Male. SBM Media Group. August 29, 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Layli; Reddick-Morgan, Kerri; Stephens, Dionne Patricia (July 1, 2005). "Oppositional Consciousness within an Oppositional Realm: The Case of Feminism and Womanism in Rap and Hip Hop, 1976-2004". The Journal of African American History. 90 (3): 253–277. JSTOR 20064000.
Jump up ^ Pough, Gwendolyn D (Fall 2007). "What It Do, Shorty?: Women, Hip Hop, and a Feminist Agenda". Black Women, Gender, and Families. 1 (2): 78–99. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Jeffries, Michael P. (Fall 2009). "Can a Thug (get some) Love? Sex, Romance, and the Definition of a Hip Hop Thug". Women and Language. 32 (2): 35–41. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Richardson, Elaine (2007). "It's On the Women: An Interview with Toni Blackman". In Pough, Gwendolyn D. Home Girls Make Some Noise (1st ed.). Parker Publishing. p. 72. ISBN 9781600430107.
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Oxbow lake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This picture of the Nowitna River, Alaska shows two oxbow lakes – a short one at the bottom of the picture and a longer, more curved one at the middle-right. Furthermore, it can be clearly seen how a third oxbow lake is in the making. The isthmus or bank in the centre of the most prominent meander is very narrow- much narrower than the width of the river. Eventually, the two sections of river on either side of the isthmus break through, and create a new, straighter course. A new river bank then starts to accumulate, sealing off the meander and leaving another oxbow lake.
An oxbow lake is a U-shaped lake that forms when a wide meander from the main stem of a river is cut off, creating a free-standing body of water. This landform is so named for its distinctive curved shape, which resembles the bow pin of an oxbow. In Australia, an oxbow lake is called a billabong, from the indigenous Wiradjuri language. In south Texas, oxbows left by the Rio Grande are called resacas.
The word "oxbow" can also refer to a U-shaped bend in a river or stream, whether or not it is cut off from the main stream.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Geology
2 Artificial oxbow lakes
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Geology[edit]
An oxbow lake forms when a river creates a meander, due to the river's eroding the bank. After a long period of time, the meander becomes very curved, and eventually the neck of the meander becomes narrower and the river cuts through the neck during a flood, cutting off the meander and forming an oxbow lake.
The swirls and curves of the previous courses of the Songhua River in northeast China can easily be seen in this satellite photo
When a river reaches a low-lying plain, often in its final course to the sea or a lake, it meanders widely. In the vicinity of a river bend, deposition occurs on the convex bank (the bank with the smaller radius). In contrast, both lateral erosion and undercutting occur on the cut bank or concave bank (the bank with the greater radius.) Continuous deposition on the convex bank and erosion of the concave bank of a meandering river cause the formation of a very pronounced meander with two concave banks getting closer. The narrow neck of land between the two neighboring concave banks is finally cut through, either by lateral erosion of the two concave banks or by the strong currents of a flood. When this happens a new, straighter river channel develops—and an abandoned meander loop, called a cutoff, forms. When deposition finally seals off the cutoff from the river channel, an oxbow lake forms. This process can occur over a time from a few years to several decades, and may sometimes become essentially static.
Gathering of erosion products near the concave bank and transporting them to the convex bank is the work of the secondary flow across the floor of the river in the vicinity of a river bend. The process of deposition of silt, sand and gravel on the convex bank is clearly illustrated in point bars.[3]
River flood plains that contain rivers with a highly sinuous platform are populated by longer oxbow lakes than those with low sinuosity. This is because rivers with high sinuosity have larger meanders, and greater opportunity for longer lakes to form. Rivers with lower sinuosity are characterized by fewer cutoffs and shorter oxbow lakes due to the shorter distance of their meanders.[4]
The effect of the secondary flow can be demonstrated using a circular bowl. Partly fill the bowl with water and sprinkle dense particles such as sand or rice into the bowl. Set the water into circular motion with one hand or a spoon. The dense particles quickly sweep into a neat pile in the center of the bowl. This is the mechanism that leads to the formation of point bars and contributes to the formation of oxbow lakes. The primary flow of water in the bowl is circular and the streamlines are concentric with the side of the bowl. However, the secondary flow of the boundary layer across the floor of the bowl is inward toward the center. The primary flow might be expected to fling the dense particles to the perimeter of the bowl, but instead the secondary flow sweeps the particles toward the center.[5]
The curved path of a river around a bend makes the water's surface slightly higher on the outside of the bend than on the inside. As a result, at any elevation within the river, water pressure is slightly greater near the outside of the bend than on the inside. A pressure gradient toward the convex bank provides the centripetal force necessary for each parcel of water to follow its curved path.
The boundary layer that flows along the river floor does not move fast enough to balance the pressure gradient laterally across the river. It responds to this pressure gradient, and its velocity is partly downstream and partly across the river toward the convex bank.[3][6] As it flows along the floor of the river, it sweeps loose material toward the convex bank. This flow of the boundary layer is significantly different from the speed and direction of the primary flow of the river, and is part of the river's secondary flow.
Early stages of formation of coastal plain oxbow lake in the Gower Peninsula of southwest Wales
A Horseshoe or oxbow lake near Hughes, Arkansas. The bulges in the border reflect changes in the course of the river; when the river shifted its course and cut off the former channel, the border remained unchanged.
When a fluid follows a curved path, such as around a circular bowl, around a bend in a river or in a tropical cyclone, the flow is described as vortex flow: the fastest speed occurs where the radius is smallest, and the slowest speed occurs where the radius is greatest. The higher fluid pressure and slower speed where the radius is greater, and the lower pressure and faster speed where the radius is smaller, are all consistent with Bernoulli's principle.
Notable examples
Bole and Burton Round in West Burton, Nottinghamshire, England are a good example of previous lakes in a close proximity to one another.
Carter Lake, Iowa was created after severe flooding in 1877 led to the river shifting approximately 1.25 mi to the southeast.
Cuckmere Haven in Sussex, England contains a widely meandering river with many oxbow lakes, often referred to in physical geography textbooks.
Half Moon Lake in downtown Eau Claire, Wisconsin was formed due to a shift in the course of the Chippewa River, which now flows immediately to the south.
Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary, India contains rare and endangered migratory birds and is one of Asia's largest oxbow lakes.
The Oxbow, on the Connecticut River, Thomas Cole
The Oxbow, a 2.5-mile (4.0 km) bend in the Connecticut River, is disconnected at one end.
There are many oxbow lakes alongside the Mississippi River and its tributaries. The largest oxbow lake in North America, Lake Chicot (located near Lake Village, Arkansas), was originally part of the Mississippi River, as was Horseshoe Lake, the namesake for the town of Horseshoe Lake, Arkansas. Reelfoot Lake in west Tennessee is another notable oxbow lake; it was formed when the Mississippi River took a new channel following the 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes.
Artificial oxbow lakes[edit]
Oxbow lakes may be formed when a river channel is straightened artificially to improve navigation or for flood alleviation. This occurred notably on the upper Rhine in Germany in the nineteenth century.[7]
An example of an entirely artificial waterway with oxbows is the Oxford Canal in England. When originally constructed, it had a very meandering course, following the contours of the land, but the northern part of the canal was straightened out between 1829 and 1834, reducing its length from approximately 91 to 77.5 miles (146 to 125 km) and creating a number of oxbow-shaped sections isolated from the new course.[8]
See also[edit]
Wetlands portal
Billabong, Australian term for an oxbow lake
Anabranch
Bayou
Fallacy regarding formation of point bars
Resaca (channel)
Secondary flow around river bends
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Oxbow". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
Jump up ^ "Oxbow". Merriam–Webster. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Hickin, Edward J (2002). "Meandering Channels". In Middleton, Gerard V. Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. New York: Springer. p. 432. ISBN 1-4020-0872-4.
Jump up ^ Constantine, J. A.; Dunne, T. (2008). "Meander cutoff and the controls on the production of oxbow lakes". Geology. 36 (1): 23–26. doi:10.1130/G24130A.1.
Jump up ^ Bowker, Kent A. (1988). "Albert Einstein and Meandering Rivers". Earth Science History. 1 (1). Retrieved 2016-07-01.
Jump up ^ Chant, R. J. (2002). "Secondary circulation in a region of flow curvature: Relationship with tidal forcing and river discharge". Journal of Geophysical Research. 107 (C9): 14–1–14–11. doi:10.1029/2001JC001082.
Jump up ^ Zinke, Alexander (December 17, 2000). "The New Management of Rivers and Wetlands in Central Europe". Zinke Environmental Consulting. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
Jump up ^ Boughey, Joseph (1994). Hadfield's British Canals. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-1840-3.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oxbow lakes.
NASA Remote Sensing Tutorial: Fluvial/Deltaic/Coastal Landforms
Ox Bow Lake Formation, As Seen By the Google Earth Time Machine
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Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the book. For the film, see Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film).
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
First edition cover
Author
J. K. Rowling
(credited as Newt Scamander)
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Series
Harry Potter
Genre
Fantasy
Publisher
Bloomsbury (UK) (Canada 2010–present)
Arthur A. Levine/
Scholastic (US)
Raincoast (Canada 1998–2010)
Publication date
2001
Pages
128
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them is a 2001 book written by British author J. K. Rowling (under the pen name of the fictitious author Newt Scamander) about the magical creatures in the Harry Potter universe. The original version purports to be Harry Potter's copy of the textbook of the same name mentioned in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (or Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in the US), the first novel of the Harry Potter series. It includes several notes inside it supposedly handwritten by Harry, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger, detailing their own experiences with some of the beasts described, and including in-jokes relating to the original series.
In a 2001 interview with publisher Scholastic, Rowling stated that she chose the subject of magical creatures because it was a fun topic for which she had already developed a lot of information in earlier books. Rowling's name did not appear on the cover of the first edition, the work being credited under the pen name "Newt Scamander", who, in the books, wrote this textbook as seen on Harry's supply list for his first year.
The book benefits the charity Comic Relief. Over 80% of the cover price of each book sold goes directly to poor children in various places around the world. According to Comic Relief, sales from this book and its companion Quidditch Through the Ages have raised over £17 million.[1]
On 12 September 2013, Warner Bros. and Rowling announced they would be producing a film inspired by the book, being the first in a series of five such films.[2] Rowling herself was the screenwriter. She came up with a plan for a movie after Warner Bros. suggested the idea. The story features Newt Scamander as a main character and is set in New York City, 70 years before Harry's story started.[3] The film was released on 18 November 2016.
On 14 March 2017 a new edition of the book was published with six new creatures and the foreword by Newt Scamander. It is assumed to be a new copy as it does not feature any handwritten notes. Proceeds from this edition are donated to Lumos as well as Comic Relief.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
1.1 Original version
1.2 2017 edition
2 About Newt Scamander
2.1 Fictional biography
2.2 Role in the Harry Potter series
3 Featured beasts
4 Editions
5 Reception
6 Film adaptation
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Original version[edit]
Fantastic Beasts purports to be a reproduction of a textbook owned by Harry Potter and written by magizoologist Newt Scamander, a character in the fictional Harry Potter series. In the series, Magizoology is the study of magical creatures.
Albus Dumbledore, headmaster of Hogwarts, provides the Foreword and explains the purpose of the special edition of this book (the Comic Relief charity). At the end, he tells the reader, "...The amusing creatures described hereafter are fictional and cannot hurt you." He repeats the Hogwarts motto: "Draco dormiens nunquam titillandus", Latin for "Never tickle a sleeping dragon".
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them contains the history of Magizoology and describes 85 magical species found around the world. Scamander says that he collected most of the information found in the book through observations made over years of travel across five continents. He notes that the first edition was commissioned in 1918 by Augustus Worme of Obscurus Books. However, it was not published until 1927. It is now in its fifty-second edition.
In the Harry Potter universe, the book is a required textbook for first-year Hogwarts students, having been an approved textbook since its first publication. In his foreword to the book, Albus Dumbledore notes that it serves as an excellent reference for Wizarding households in addition to its use at Hogwarts.
The book features doodles and comments added by Ron Weasley. The comments would appear to have been written around the time of the fourth book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. These doodles add some extra information for fans of the series (for example the "Acromantula" entry has a comment confirming that Hogwarts is located in Scotland) along with comic relief (such as Ron saying "you're not kidding" when talking about the Hungarian Horntail being the most fearsome dragon of all, a reference to Harry's encounter with one in the fourth book).
The cover design of the first edition of the book features apparent claw marks from an unidentified animal.
2017 edition[edit]
This edition features six new creatures: the hidebehind, the hodag, the horned serpent, the snallygaster, the thunderbird and the wampus cat, in addition to the original 85, and the illustrations are replaced. Newt Scamander in the foreword says the reason the six new creatures were not previously included is that MACUSA president Seraphina Picquery requested the more important American creatures not be mentioned to deter wizarding sightseers at a time when the US wizarding community were subject to greater persecution than their European counterparts, and after Scamander had contributed to a breach of the International Statute of Secrecy in New York.
About Newt Scamander[edit]
Fictional biography[edit]
This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Newton Artemis Fido "Newt" Scamander is the fictional author of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, born in 1897.[4] According to the "About the Author" section of the book, Scamander became a magizoologist because of his own interest in fabulous beasts and the encouragement of his mother, an enthusiastic Hippogriff breeder. In Hogwarts, he was sorted to Hufflepuff house.
After being expelled from Hogwarts, Scamander joined the Ministry of Magic in the Department for the Regulation and Control of Magical Creatures. His career included a brief stint in the Office of House-elf Relocation, a transfer to the Beast Division, the creation of the Werewolf Register in 1947, the 1965 passage of the Ban on Experimental Breeding, and many research trips for the Dragon Research and Restraint Bureau. His contributions to Magizoology earned him an Order of Merlin, Second Class in 1979.
When retired, he lived in Dorset with his wife Porpentina and their pet Kneazles: Hoppy, Milly and Mauler. He had a grandson named Rolf, who married Luna Lovegood (a character who appeared in the last three Harry Potter novels) some time after the events of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.
In the film version of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Newt Scamander's name appeared on the Marauder's Map.
In the film adaptation of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, it is mentioned that Scamander was expelled from Hogwarts following an unspecified incident involving one of his creatures, but Albus Dumbledore argued in his defence.
Role in the Harry Potter series[edit]
Scamander himself does not appear in the seven Harry Potter books. He is mentioned in passing in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone as the author of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. He is the central character of the film adaptation of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, in which he is portrayed by Eddie Redmayne.
Featured beasts[edit]
Further information: Magical creatures in Harry Potter
The following mythological beasts are listed in the book:
Acromantula
Ashwinder
Augurey
Basilisk
Billywig
Bowtruckle
Bundimun
Centaur
Chimaera
Chizpurfle
Clabbert
Crup
Demiguise
Diricawl
Doxy
Dragon
Antipodean Opaleye
Chinese Fireball
Common Welsh Green
Hebridean Black
Hungarian Horntail
Norwegian Ridgeback
Peruvian Vipertooth
Romanian Longhorn
Swedish Short-Snout
Ukrainian Ironbelly
Dugbog
Erkling
Erumpent
Fairy
Fire Crab
Flobberworm
Fwooper
Ghoul
Glumbumble
Gnome
Graphorn
Griffin
Grindylow
Hidebehind
Hippocampus
Hippogriff
Hodag
Horklump
Horned serpent
Imp
Jarvey
Jobberknoll
Kappa
Kelpie
Knarl
Kneazle
Leprechaun
Lethifold
Lobalug
Mackled Malaclaw
Manticore
Merpeople
Moke
Mooncalf
Murtlap
Niffler
Nogtail
Nundu
Occamy
Phoenix
Pixie
Plimpy
Pogrebin
Porlock
Puffskein
Quintaped
Ramora
Red Cap
Re'em
Runespoor
Salamander
Sea Serpent
Shrake
Snallygaster
Snidget
Sphinx
Streeler
Tebo
Thunderbird
Troll
Unicorn
Wampus cat
Werewolf
Winged horse
Yeti
Editions[edit]
Scholastic editions
Paperback: ISBN 0-439-29501-7
Hardcover Box Set: ISBN 0-439-32162-X (Includes Fantastic Beasts... and Quidditch Through the Ages)
Paperback Box Set: ISBN 0-439-28403-1
Bloomsbury edition
2001 paperback: ISBN 0-7475-5466-8
2009 paperback: ISBN 978-1-408-80301-1
2017 hardcover: ISBN 978-1-408-88071-5
Sagebrush Rebound edition
School & Library Edition: ISBN 0-613-32541-9
Pottermore E-book edition
Original version: ISBN 978-1-78110-014-1
2017 edition: ISBN 978-1-78110-556-6
Reception[edit]
Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly graded the book with an "A" and wrote "With its richly detailed history lessons and witty debate parsing the differences between being and beast, plus a compendium of 85 magical creatures that's chockablock with Rowling's trademark wordplay (Glumbumble is a standout), Beasts adds a vital new dimension to the Potter mythology."[5]
Film adaptation[edit]
Main article: Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film)
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them is a British-American fantasy film inspired by the book of the same name by J. K. Rowling. An extension of the wizarding world[6] from the Harry Potter film series and directed by David Yates, the film stars Eddie Redmayne, Katherine Waterston, Alison Sudol, Dan Fogler, Samantha Morton, Ezra Miller, Colin Farrell, Carmen Ejogo, Faith Wood-Blagrove, Jenn Murray, Jon Voight and Ron Perlman. The first movie is set to be followed by four more.
Principal photography commenced on 17 August 2015, at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden.
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on 18 November 2016.
A sequel was confirmed in 2016 and is due to be released on 16 November 2018.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "News". Comic Relief. 16 July 2009. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
Jump up ^ ""Five films exactly". JK Rowling Twitter feed". 13 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (12 September 2013). "Warner Bros, J.K. Rowling Team For New 'Harry Potter'-Inspired Film Series". Deadline. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
Jump up ^ https://www.pottermore.com/explore-the-story/newt-scamander
Jump up ^ Jensen, Jeff (23 March 2001). "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them; Quidditch Through the Ages". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
Jump up ^ https://m.facebook.com/JKRowling/posts/441828229259132
Further reading[edit]
Newt Scamander. Fantastic Beasts & Where to Find Them. New York, NY: Arthur A. Levine Books, 2001. Print. ISBN 0-439-32160-3
External links[edit]
Children's literature portal
Harry Potter portal
Book: Harry Potter
Interview with J. K. Rowling about her book Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
[show]
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v
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Harry Potter series
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Philosopher's Stone (1997)
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Prisoner of Azkaban (1999)
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Order of the Phoenix (2003)
Half-Blood Prince (2005)
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Related works
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The Cursed Child (2016)
Hogwarts: An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide (2016)
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VIAF: 1256145424641786830384
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fantastic_Beasts_and_Where_to_Find_Them&oldid=827886724"
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values: الوحوش المذهلة وأين تجدها (كتاب) – Arabic

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values: สัตว์มหัศจรรย์และถิ่นที่อยู่ – Thai

values: Fantastik Canavarlar Nelerdir, Nerede Bulunurlar? – Turkish

values:
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values: Фантастичні звірі і де їх шукати – Ukrainian

values: Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them – Vietnamese

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values: 怪獸與牠們的產地 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Fantastic_Beasts_and_Where_to_Find_Them rootpage-Fantastic_Beasts_and_Where_to_Find_Them skin-vector action-view