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Roo Stewart
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Roo Stewart
Georgie Parker as Roo Stewart (2013)
Home and Away character
Portrayed by
Justine Clarke (1988–1989)
Georgie Parker (2010–)
Duration
1988–1989, 2010–
First appearance
20 January 1988 (1988-01-20)
Introduced by
Alan Bateman (1988)
Cameron Welsh (2010)
Book appearances
Family Matters
Home and Away Volume 1: Summer Bay Blues
Home and Away Volume 2: Scandal at Summer Bay
Classification
Present; regular
Profile
Occupation
Student
Macklin employee
Businesswoman
Foster parent
Waitress
University lecturer
Teacher's aide
Home
Summer Bay House

Justine Clarke as Roo Stewart (1988)
[show]Family
Father
Alf Stewart
Mother
Martha Stewart
Stepmother
Ailsa Stewart
Half-brothers
Owen Dalby
Duncan Stewart
Half-sisters
Quinn Jackson
Husband
Frank Morgan (1990–1991)
Harvey Ryan (2012–2014)
Daughters
Martha MacKenzie
Stepdaughters
Lottie Ryan
Grandfathers
Gordon Stewart
Grandmothers
Sarah Stewart
Aunts
Morag Bellingham
Celia Stewart
Barbara Stewart
Debra Stewart
Colleen Smart
Nephews
Ric Dalby
Bryce Stewart
First cousins
Alan Fisher
Rebecca Nash
Bobby Simpson
Lance Smart
Other relatives
Seb Miller
Ruth Martha "Roo" Stewart (also Morgan) is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Justine Clarke from 1988 to 1989. The character made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 20 January 1988. Clarke quit the role in 1989 and the character was written out. In August 2010, it was announced that Roo would return to Home and Away with Georgie Parker in the role. The character returned on 29 October 2010.
Contents
[hide]
1 Casting
2 Character development
2.1 Characterisation
2.2 Teenage pregnancy
2.3 Departure and return
2.4 Meningitis
3 Storylines
3.1 1988–89
3.2 2010–
4 Reception
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External links
Casting[edit]
In 1987, Clarke auditioned for the roles of Carly Morris, Lynn Davenport and Bobby Simpson; but was unsuccessful each time. After the series had finished filming their pilot episode, producers changed their minds and invited Clarke to audition for the role of Roo, which she won. Clarke told a reporter from TV Life that she was "really pleased" because she thought Roo was a "great character".[1]
Character development[edit]
Characterisation[edit]
“ Roo is the much-hated character who attempts to sabotage her father's marriage to Ailsa and who nearly fools Frank into marrying her by claiming that she is carrying his baby. There are two sides to her personality; to the adults she is charming and personable. To people her own age she is boy-crazy and scheming. ”
— Kesta Desmond on Roo (1990).[2]
Roo's personality gained an unwelcome reception amongst viewers. Clarke said that "everyone" hated Roo and revealed that people would "boo" at her while attending promotional appearances.[3] On one occasion Clarke had to leave a shopping centre because females were shouting "slut" at her.[4] Clarke said that Roo is "a cow" but defended her because Roo ultimately ends up suffering.[5]
Teenage pregnancy[edit]
In the serial's first season, Alan Bateman wanted Home and Away to tackle serious social issues and a few months later Roo became the first character to have a teenage pregnancy.[6] The production team felt that Roo's pregnancy was "risque" because Home and Away was aired in an early evening time-slot. Clarke said she did not know what it was like to be pregnant and had to carry out research. While filming the storyline, Clarke was required to wear a bag filled with lentils beneath her clothing. This was to give the impression that Roo was pregnant, and as her pregnancy progressed more lentils were added to the bag to maintain continuity.[7] Clarke remained unaware of how to portray a convincing birth scene. The wife of the episode's director had previously given birth during a complicated labour. She helped Clarke with her research, which also included watching child birth videos. Clarke said that while she had learned most aspects of labour, not experiencing the actual pain of birth resulted in her feeling unprepared for the scenes. The birth scenes were filmed over the period of one day, consisting of more than fifteen shoots. Clarke said the dramatic breathing left her "dizzy" and even caused her to hyperventilate.[7]
Departure and return[edit]
Clarke played the role of Roo from 1988, until the character was written out a year later after Clarke quit the show.[8][9] Clarke has been asked to return to the show and reprise her role as Roo many times, but she has never agreed.[10]
In August 2010, it was announced that Roo would be returning to Home and Away.[8] Producers decided to recast the role after Clarke became busy with other television shows and her career as a children's singer.[10] Former All Saints actress, Georgie Parker was given the role and she began filming her first scenes in the same month.[8][11] Of her casting, Parker said "I'm thrilled to be back at Channel Seven and to be part of Home and Away. Working with Ray is a joy. We are having a fantastic time together. The whole cast and crew have been wonderful".[8] Of the decision to bring the character back, series producer Cameron Welsh said "We had such a positive reaction to Emily Symons's return as Marilyn; we trust the fans will love having an original character such as Roo back in the Bay. Securing Georgie Parker to bring her back to our screens is a real coup for the show".[8]
Parker called her "a colourful character who has a strong history with the origin of the show".[10] Parker has said the grown up Roo is very different from the teenager. She said "She was a colourful character when she left. She lost her mother when she was very young, and I think that when girls lose their mothers, they can go off the rails - and that's exactly what Roo did".[10] Parker added that she gets to play the adult who may have learned from past mistakes.[10] During an interview, Meagher said the adult Roo is "still full of energy, bluff and bravado. She's had a few financial problems and is possibly running away from a bloke."[12] He added that Alf has trouble getting her to tell him the truth, but he is "pleased to see her back in the Bay."[12]
Meningitis[edit]
In July 2014, the character was diagnosed with meningitis.[13] After returning from an extended trip to Las Vegas to look after her injured aunt Colleen Smart (Lyn Collingwood), Roo was very secretive about her times away. Within a day, Roo started showing symptoms of an illness.[13] Parker explained "This illness hits her fast and hard. She's lethargic, but thinks it's just jetlag. She also has a splitting headache that affects her eyes, and she's low on energy. It's all very out of character."[13] Roo's decision to keep quiet about her trip meant that nobody had any idea what was wrong with her. Roo fell unconscious at home and the situation became very serious.[13] Roo was eventually diagnosed with meningitis. Her condition later took a turn for the worse and she suffered a seizure.[14] In order to treat her, the doctors needed to know about her trip and her foster-daughter Maddy Osborne (Kassandra Clementi) found her passport, which revealed that she had been to Peru. With the information, the doctors were able to treat Roo and save her life.[14]
Storylines[edit]
1988–89[edit]
Roo begins to resent her father's relationship with Ailsa Hogan (Judy Nunn) out of loyalty to her late mother, Martha (Alison Mulvaney). Roo begins dating Frank Morgan (Alex Papps) and they start a band with Lance Smart (Peter Vroom) and Martin Dibble (Craig Thompson). Roo's continued obsession with Ailsa drives a rift between her and Frank, despite nearly sleeping with him as an act of rebellion over Ailsa staying over. Roo contacts her aunt, Morag Bellingham (Cornelia Frances), who is a judge and asks her to do a background check on Ailsa. At Alf and Ailsa's engagement party, Roo reveals Ailsa went to prison for killing her abusive father. However, Ailsa's friends and Frank, side with her. Roo begins a feud with Bobby Simpson (Nicolle Dickson), Ailsa's friend. Tired of her behaviour, Alf sends Roo to boarding school in Sydney.
Roo begins dating Brett Macklin (Gerry Sont) and she gets pregnant. Brett's reaction to this to book an abortion for her. Roo returns to Summer Bay and tries convincing Frank that he is the baby's father. She pretends to accept Alf and Ailsa's relationship so she will be allowed to stay. Roo sleeps with Frank and arranges for Alf to catch them together. She tells her aunt, Celia Stewart (Fiona Spence), that she is pregnant with Frank's baby. Frank agrees to marry her and Roo tries to accept Alf and Ailsa's marriage. Brett turns up and tells Roo the mumps has left him infertile and that he now wants the baby. She refuses to let him back into her life, so Brett goes to Morag, who tries to talk Roo into changing her mind. In the middle of her wedding, she reveals that Frank is not the father of her baby. Frank drives off in anger and swerves off the road to avoid Bobby and the car falls into a ditch, almost killing him.
The incident leaves Roo an outcast within the town. Morag tries to persuade her to move to the city with her, but Celia talks her out of it. Brett applies for custody, but Roo suggests they sort it out between themselves. She begins helping Brett's family as they set up a business in the Bay. She is pleased when Alf and Ailsa's differences over the development causes them to split up. With Ailsa returning to town to be Christopher Fletcher's (Ashleigh Bell-Weir) godmother, Roo fakes stomach pains to stop Alf attending the christening. However, by hyperventilating she sends herself into premature labour and gives birth to a baby girl, who she names, Martha (Burcin Kapkin). She is pleased when Frank seems to take an interest, until she learns that he is dating Bobby. Brett tries to force Roo into giving him custody of Martha. He kidnaps the baby and Roo considered suicide, before she is informed that Brett had returned Martha. Roo refuses to press charges and the couple realise that they cannot raise Martha, so they give her up for adoption. Roo then begins to accept Ailsa, when she and Alf reconcile.
Roo decides to take a break from the Bay and when she returns, she reveals that she has a new boyfriend, David Lee (Anthony Wong). Alf and Celia are slightly shocked as David is Chinese and they are uncomfortable with Roo being in a mixed race relationship. Alf eventually gives the pair his blessing, but David later leaves town. Frank and Bobby marry and Roo is stunned to learn Bobby is Morag's daughter and thus her cousin. Roo takes a job at the Macklin Corporation. Her manager, Nicholas Walsh (Robert Taylor), sends nasty letters to Ailsa and frames Roo, with help from Morag. With Alf and Ailsa believing the letters are from her, Roo moves in with Celia and then with Morag. When Alf discovers the truth, he apologises and Roo moves back in. She then starts dating Simon Yates (Christopher Saunders).
Ailsa becomes pregnant, which pleases Roo. Alf and Tom Fletcher (Roger Oakley) go missing on a fishing trip and Ailsa goes into premature labour. Roo stays as her half-brother Duncan (Allana Ellis) is born, shortly before Alf is found. Roo finds herself working closely with Frank and when he is offered a promotion in the city, he celebrates by kissing Roo. She feels guilty about the kiss and when Frank goes to the city without Bobby, everyone assumes he and Roo had an affair. Roo is upset when Sally Fletcher (Katie Ritchie) blames her for the break-up. Bobby tells her that she and Frank would have broken up anyway and gives them her blessing. Roo then goes to the city to meet Frank and tells him she wants to give their relationship another go. Frank and Roo marry, but they split by the time Frank returns to town. Roo later moves to New York, where she is joined for a time by both Martha and Duncan. In 2005, Roo has a near fatal car-accident and Alf and Morag fly to New York to be with her while she recovers.
2010–[edit]
Five years later, Roo returns to Summer Bay. Alf is shocked to see her and Roo tells him that she has come for a visit as a job fell through and she had some frequent-flyer miles to use up. Roo starts receiving texts and calls from her boyfriend, Tim, and her bank manager. Colleen Smart is also shocked to see Roo and starts mentioning all the bad things she did in the past, until Alf tells her to stop. Robert Robertson (Socratis Otto) questions Roo about Martha and Hugo Austin (Bernard Curry) for the Federal Police and she states that she has not been in contact with them. Roo later tries to persuade Hugo's mother, Gina (Sonia Todd), to give them the money Hugo left behind, but Gina is reluctant. Gina runs a credit check on Roo and discovers that she is broke. Roo denies wanting the money for herself. Roo advises Alf to get a lawyer when rumours begin to circulate that he killed Penn Graham (Christian Clark). Gina gets Roo to take a job with John Palmer (Shane Withington), who pays her with Hugo's money. Roo attends Bianca Scott's (Lisa Gormley) bridal shower and wedding, before leaving for the States.
On her return, Roo finds Alf has gone travelling and her aunt Morag has been placed in charge of the caravan park. Roo goes to the relaunch of Angelo Rosetta's (Luke Jacobz) restaurant where she gets drunk and wakes up in bed with Miles Copeland (Josh Quong Tart). Angelo offers Roo a room at his place and tries to make a pass at her. John hires Roo to organise sponsorship for the upcoming surf carnival. Roo becomes close friends with Nicole Franklin (Tessa James) and Marilyn Chambers (Emily Symons). She also gets on well with Marilyn's partner, Sid Walker (Robert Mammone). Roo supports Nicole during her pregnancy and she asks her to be present at the birth. Roo also supports Romeo Smith's (Luke Mitchell) attempts to start a charter business. Laura Carmody (Roxanne Wilson) arrives in the Bay and reveals she and Roo are old friends. Roo invites Laura to stay with her and they work together on a hospital fundraiser. Roo invites Romeo to accompany her on a business trip to Hawaii and he brings Indigo Walker (Samara Weaving) with them. When they announce that they are getting married, Roo calls Sid and he flies over. Sid kisses Roo, but she rejects him because he is with Marilyn. However, she runs after his taxi, but fails to stop him leaving.
When she returns home, Roo is shocked to learn Marilyn and Sid have broken up. She and Sid kiss again and agree to be a couple. Roo and Laura organise a ball at Sid's farm and Roo tries to make peace with Marilyn. Bianca is raped at the ball and Roo criticises Laura for selling tickets to the River Boys. Alf disapproves of Roo's relationship with Sid, as he is worried about how he will treat her. Roo and Marilyn eventually become friends again and Roo breaks up with Sid when she realises his family will always be a priority over her. Roo takes over the running of the Diner due to staff shortages and she starts dating Harvey Ryan (Marcus Graham), despite being warned not to by Romeo, Indi and Sid. Roo and Harvey break up when she learns he sabotaged Alf's boat. Roo is disgusted when Harvey tries to blackmail John and she persuades Alf to stand against him during the council elections. Roo later takes a job alongside Harvey and becomes jealous of him and his girlfriend, Fleur Simpson (Alys Daroy). Roo and Harvey later get back together and she is surprised when his ex-wife, Mel (Allison Cratchley), and daughter, Lottie (Morgan Weaving), arrive in Summer Bay.
Sid tells Roo that Harvey had a young son who drowned and she becomes upset that Harvey did not tell her. Harvey admits to Roo that he and the Mayor rigged the election, so he would win. Harvey is arrested and Roo stands by him. She later tells Harvey that she loves him. Roo bonds with Lottie and agrees that she can move in with her and Harvey, when Mel goes to the city. Lottie and Mel eventually leave the Bay and Harvey asks Roo to marry him. Roo's ex-boyfriend, Tim (Jonny Pasvolsky), comes to the Bay and tries to win Roo back. Harvey and Roo marry and they take in teen runaways Maddy Osborne and Spencer Harrington (Andrew Morley). Harvey sails around the world with his best friend, Winston Markman (John Batchelor). Winston returns a few months later to tell Roo that he lost Harvey. Roo holds a memorial service for Harvey and says goodbye. Roo is delighted when Harvey eventually returns. However, he cannot cope being back in the Bay, causing problems with his marriage. Roo decides the best thing for them to do is get divorced. Harvey agrees and leaves the Bay.
When Colleen has an accident, Roo flies to Las Vegas to care for her. On her return, she becomes ill and collapses. She is diagnosed with meningitis and has to have fluid removed from her brain, but she shows no improvement. Nate Cooper (Kyle Pryor) discovers growths on her brain and her family learn that Roo went to Peru, where she had suffered a reaction to her inoculations. Roo is given antiviral drugs and recovers. Roo plans Marilyn and John's wedding. At the reception, she is informed that Maddy has stolen her credit card to buy clothes. Maddy is later fired from the gym for stealing and Roo pays off her debt, preferring that Maddy owes her instead. When Maddy learns that she has ovarian cancer, Roo supports her through her treatment. Alf collapses during a school field trip to a war memorial and he is diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder. He experiences mood swings and Roo encourages him to speak to a therapist. James Edmunds (Myles Pollard) returns to the Bay and offers Roo a job as a lecturer at the university. She and James get on well and begin dating. Roo and Maddy then move in with James. He later proposes to her and she accepts. James and Roo try to get married quickly, but their wedding is stopped by Alf who thinks James lied about where he used to work. James and Roo then decide to put the wedding on hold. Roo later discovers James is already married with children, and has been lying to her all along. She calls off their engagement, but continues her relationship with him. After James confesses to Roo that he also lied to her about his parents being alive, she finally breaks up with him.
When Roo visits her brother Duncan in Hawaii, she meets James Mayvers (Tim Ross) and they begin a relationship. Roo initially tries to keep the relationship a secret due to the age gap between them, but Morag soon catches them together. Roo faints and is convinced by Morag that she is going through the menopause. However, she soon learns she is pregnant. James tells Roo that he does not want children and asks her to have an abortion, but she refuses and decides to the raise the child as a single parent. James's father David Mayvers (Noel Hodda) offers Roo $250,000 with the condition that she or her child does not contact James. Roo turns the offer down. While driving back from the pharmacy, she collapses in pain. Nate and Tori Morgan (Penny McNamee) find her and diagnose a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. She undergoes surgery, but loses the baby. Roo leaves town to try and find Martha, but she is unsuccessful and returns home.
Reception[edit]
A writer for Ausculture named Roo fifth on their Top Ten Aussie Soap Villains list.[15] They called Roo "evil" for trying to break up Alf's relationship with Ailsa, lying to and trying to marry Frank, leaving him at the altar and later having an affair with him.[15] They added "If she hadn't already left town, I wouldn't have been surprised to hear that she was driving the speedboat that struck down Summer Bay's beloved butch Bobby and killed her. On the plus side, she does have the rather hilarious name of 'Roo'."[15] Andrew Mercado described Roo as Alf Stewart's (Ray Meagher) "Minxy teenage daughter" in his book, Super Aussie soaps: behind the scenes of Australia's best loved TV shows.[16] A TV Week columnist describe Roo as "Summer Bay's original spoilt brat" who was never very far from drama.[10]
A Holy Soap writer stated that Roo's most memorable moment was "Bowling over her dad Alf by unexpectedly arriving back in Summer Bay after more than two decades away."[17] The Herald Sun said Roo is "Manipulative, mysterious and returned from living what she claims was the high life in New York", they predicted that her motives for returning to the Bay would puzzle viewers.[18] When she slept with Miles, The Sun's television magazine Buzz said: "Will she ever give up her wild-child way?"[19] Jaci Stephen writing for the Daily Mail highlighted the fact that Roo and Sid were fighting an attraction for one another. She said she could guess they would give into their desires in a number of "days rather than weeks."[20] Laura Morgan writing for All About Soap hoped Roo would not steal Sid from Marilyn and said: "Keep your hands off that Sid, Roo!"[21] When Roo finds happiness with Harvey, Stephen predicted that it would take one week before Roo became unhappy again.[22]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Justine Clarke - Roo Stewart". TV Life. Star Magazine Group (1): 18. 1990. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Kesta 1990, p.10.
Jump up ^ Kesta 1990, p.47.
Jump up ^ Oram 1990, p.64.
Jump up ^ Kesta 1990, p.55.
Jump up ^ Mercado 2004, p.253.
^ Jump up to: a b Kesta 1990, p.25.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Millar, Paul (11 August 2010). "'Home and Away' recasts Alf's daughter". Digital Spy. Hachette Filipacchi (UK) Ltd. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Swift, Lynn (10 August 2010). "Roo Stewart to return to Home and Away". ATV News Network. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Roo's back, but what's she hiding?". TV Week. ACP Magazines: 8–9. 21–27 August 2010. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Georgie Parker joins Home and Away as Alf Stewart's daughter Roo". Courier Mail. Queensland Newspapers. 9 August 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ray Meagher: From Summer Bay to the West End!". What's on TV. IPC Media. 4 November 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Roo's shock collapse!". Inside Soap (32): 27. 16–22 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Will Roo pull through?". Inside Soap (34): 26. 30 August – 5 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "ausculture.com's Top Ten Aussie Soap Villains". Ausculture. 3 August 2004. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Mercado 2004, p.254.
Jump up ^ "Roo Stewart". Holy Soap. Channel Five. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Byrnes, Holly (20 October 2010). "Georgie Parker no soapie snob with role in Home and Away". Herald Sun. The Herald and Weekly Times. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Home and Away". Buzz. News Group Newspapers (28): 32. 2 April 2011. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Stephen, Jaci (7 May 2011). "Soap Watch: The ultimate insight into the week's soaps". Daily Mail. Associated Newspapers. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Morgan, Laura (16–27 May 2011). "Mailbox". All About Soap. Hachette Filipacchi UK (244): 62. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Stephen, Jaci (25 November 2011). "SOAP WATCH: The ultimate insight into the week's soaps". Daily Mail. (Associated Newspapers). Retrieved 28 December 2011.
Bibliography[edit]
Desmond, Kesta (1990). Home and Away Annual. Grandreams Ltd. ISBN 0-86227-787-6.
Mercado, Andrew (2004). Super Aussie soaps: behind the scenes of Australia's best loved TV shows. Pluto Press Australia. ISBN 1-86403-191-3.
Oram, James (1989). Home and away: behind the scenes. Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0-207-16315-4.
External links[edit]
Roo Stewart at the Official Home and Away website
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Home and Away characters
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Ben Astoni
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John Palmer
Leah Patterson-Baker
Olivia Fraser Richards
Irene Roberts
Alf Stewart
Roo Stewart
[show]
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Tug O'Neale
Phoebe Nicholson
Maddy Osborne
Matt Page
Angel Parrish
Nick Parrish
Shane Parrish
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Kane Phillips
Alex Poulos
Joey Rainbow
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Harry Reynolds
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Finlay Roberts
Angelo Rosetta
Haydn Ross
Pippa Ross
Angie Russell
Josie Russell
Flynn Saunders
Pippa Saunders
April Scott
Bianca Scott
Ricky Sharpe
Bobby Simpson
Sophie Simpson
Colleen Smart
Lance Smart
Narelle Smart
Hayley Smith
Ken Smith
Nick Smith
Romeo Smith
Will Smith
Ailsa Stewart
Celia Stewart
Duncan Stewart
Rob Storey
Hugh Sullivan
Dani Sutherland
Jade Sutherland
Kirsty Sutherland
Rhys Sutherland
Shelley Sutherland
Belle Taylor
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Kelly Watson
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Josh West
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Red Bull
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the energy drink. For the company, see Red Bull GmbH. For other uses, see Red Bull (disambiguation).
Red Bull
Type
Energy drink
Distributor
Red Bull GmbH
Country of origin
Thailand
Introduced
1976 (as Krating Daeng)
Color
Amber
Ingredients
Caffeine, taurine, sucrose and glucose, B-group vitamins, and alpine spring water
Variants
Original
Sugarfree
Total Zero
Red Edition (cranberry)
Blue Edition (blueberry)
Yellow/Tropical Edition (tropical)
Orange/Mandarine Edition (orange)
Lime/Silver/Green Edition (lime)
Spring Edition (sakura cherry)
Green/Kiwi Edition (kiwi-apple)
Winter Edition (plum-cinnamon)
Summer Edition
The "BULL" Edition
Red Bull G-Drive Edition
F1 Edition
Orange Total Zero Edition (orange)
Cherry Total Zero Edition (wild cherry)
Lime Sugarfree Edition (lime)
Purple Sugarfree Edition (acai berry)
Purple Edition (acai berry)
Related products
Krating Daeng, Red Bull Cola, Red Bull Energy Shot, Red Bull Sugar-Free, Red Bull Total Zero
Website
www.redbull.com
Red Bull is an energy drink sold by Red Bull GmbH, an Austrian company created in 1987. Red Bull has the highest market share of any energy drink in the world, with 6.06 billion cans sold in a year (as of 2016[update]).[1][2][3][4]
Austrian entrepreneur Dietrich Mateschitz was inspired by an existing energy drink named Krating Daeng, which was first introduced and sold in Thailand by Chaleo Yoovidhya. He took this idea, modified the ingredients to suit the tastes of Westerners,[5] and, in partnership with Chaleo, founded Red Bull GmbH in 1987 in Chakkapong, Thailand. In Thai, daeng means red, and krating is the word used for a large bovine animal called a gaur in formal English. In colloquial English, a gaur is more commonly called a bull.
Red Bull is sold in a tall and slim blue-silver can, while Krating Daeng is in a shorter gold can.[6] The two are different products, produced separately. The Red Bull company slogan is "Red Bull gives you wings".[7] Rather than following a traditional approach to mass marketing, Red Bull has generated awareness and created a seductive 'brand myth'[8][9] through proprietary extreme sport event series such as Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series, Red Bull Air Race, Red Bull Crashed Ice and stand-out stunts such as the Stratos space diving project.[10]
Red Bull's marketing arsenal also includes multiple sports team ownerships (Flying Bulls [actually owned by Dietrich Mateschitz], RB Leipzig, FC Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Brasil, New York Red Bulls, Red Bull Racing, Scuderia Toro Rosso), celebrity endorsements, and music, through its record label Red Bull Records.[11]
Energy drinks have been associated with health risks, such as masking the effects of intoxication when consumed with alcohol,[12] and excessive or repeated consumption can lead to cardiac and psychiatric conditions.[13][14] However, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that an adequate consumption of Red Bull and other popular energy drinks is safe and that the amount of caffeine in standard Red Bull cans is unlikely to interact adversely with other typical constituents of energy drinks or with alcohol.[15] Energy drinks have the effects that caffeine and sugar provide, but there is no distinct evidence that the wide variety of other ingredients has any effect.[16]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Ingredients
3 Health effects
3.1 Caffeine content
4 Market approval and legal status
5 Litigation
6 Advertising
6.1 Red Bull House of Art
6.2 Sports sponsorships and acquisitions
6.3 Sponsorships
6.4 Endorsements
6.5 Events
6.6 Locations
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Red Bull
In front of the Potala Palace, Tibet: a model of Red Bull in Chinese version is displayed.
Red Bull car
In 1976, Chaleo Yoovidhya introduced a drink called Krating Daeng in Thailand, which means "red gaur" in English. It was popular among Thai truck drivers and labourers. While working for German manufacturer Blendax (later acquired by Procter & Gamble) in 1982, Dietrich Mateschitz travelled to Thailand and met Chaleo, owner of T.C. Pharmaceutical. During his visit, Mateschitz discovered that Krating Daeng helped cure his jet lag.[17] In 1984, Mateschitz co-founded Red Bull GmbH with Yoovidhya and turned it into an international brand. Each partner invested US$500,000 of savings to found the company. Yoovidhya and Mateschitz each held a 49 percent share of the new company. They gave the remaining two percent to Yoovidhya's son, Chalerm, but it was agreed that Mateschitz would run the company.[18] The product was launched in Austria in 1987.
In Thailand, energy drinks are most popular with blue-collar workers. Red Bull re-positioned the drink as a trendy, upscale drink, first introducing it at Austrian ski resorts. Pricing was a key differentiator, with Red Bull positioned as a premium drink and Krating Daeng as a lower cost item. In many countries both drinks are available, dominating both ends of the price spectrum.[19]
In 1992, the product expanded to international markets: Hungary and Slovenia.[20] It entered the United States via California in 1997[20] and the Middle East in 2000.[21] In 2008, Forbes magazine listed both Chaleo and Mateschitz as the 250th richest people in the world with an estimated net worth of US$4 billion.[22][23]
Red Bull GmbH is headquartered in Fuschl am See, an Austrian village of about 1,500 inhabitants near Salzburg. The company is 51 percent controlled by the Yoovidhya family who, for technical reasons, own the trademark in Europe and the US.[19]
In 1995, Krating Daeng authorized its drink. labelled as Red Bull, to be sold in China. Since 2014, the Austrian Red Bull (carbonated) has also been exported to China. This has created confusion since both drinks use the same brand name, in both English and Chinese.
Similarly, in Southeast Asia, Red Bull and Krating Daeng are often confused as both use the Red Bull name in their packaging, although they are two separate products aimed at different markets. The main difference is that Red Bull comes in a tall blue and silver can while the Thailand Red Bull, or Krating Daeng, is in a smaller gold can. The two drinks also differ in terms of taste —- Red Bull has less sugar and is carbonated. The flavouring used for Red Bull is still produced in Bangkok and exported worldwide.[19]
Ingredients[edit]
Red Bull contains caffeine, taurine, B vitamins (B3, B5, B6, B12), sucrose, and glucose.[24][25] To produce Red Bull Sugarfree, sugars sucrose and glucose have been replaced by the sweeteners acesulfame K and aspartame/sucralose.[26]
Health effects[edit]
Further information: Energy drinks § Effects
Claims about the drink's effects and performance have been challenged on various occasions, with the UK's Advertising Standards Authority imposing advertising restrictions in 2001 in response to complaints recorded as early as 1997.[27]
The latest dietary guidelines from the U.S. suggest that moderate caffeine intake may not only be safe, but also healthy. Studies from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services show that daily consumption of the amount of caffeine contained in three to five cups of coffee is not only safe, but also appears to reduce the risk of Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adults. Caffeine may even protect against Parkinson's disease, the evidence suggests.[28][29]
Energy drinks have the effects that caffeine and sugar provide, but experts still argue about the possible effects of the other ingredients.[16] Most of the effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance, such as increased attention and reaction speed, are primarily due to the presence of caffeine.[30] Still there is evidence that energy drinks can increase mental [31][32][33] and athletic [34][35] performance. Performance of prolonged driving, for example is increased significantly after consumption of Red Bull.[33] Other tests for physical performance showed results such as increased endurance and power. Red Bull energy drink significantly increased upper body muscle endurance during repeated Wingate tests in young healthy adults.[36] Excessive or repeated consumption of energy drinks can lead to cardiac and psychiatric conditions.[13][14]
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that exposure to taurine and glucuronolactone at the levels presently used in energy drinks is no safety concern.[37] In a separate analysis, they also concluded that there is insufficient evidence to support a number of commercial health claims about taurine.[38] A review published in 2008 found no documented reports of negative or positive health effects associated with the amount of taurine used in energy drinks, including Red Bull. The review also states that though the caffeine and sugar levels in the energy drink are comparable to those present in coffee and fruit juice respectively, these levels have been shown to cause adverse health effects.[39]
In its scientific opinion on the safety of caffeine of 2015 the EFSA concludes, that "Consumption of other constituents of energy drinks at concentrations commonly present in such beverages would not affect the safety of single doses of caffeine up to 200 mg." Also the consumption of alcohol, leading to a blood alcohol content of about 0.08%, would, according to the EFSA, not affect the safety of single doses of caffeine up to 200 mg. Up to these levels of intake, caffeine is unlikely to mask the subjective perception of alcohol intoxication. Habitual use of caffeine up to 400 mg per day does not.[15]
According to SAMHSA, the number of people hospitalized due to energy drinks doubled between 2007 and 2014 in the US.[40]
Caffeine content[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The caffeine content of a single can of Red Bull is 80 mg/250 ml (32 mg/100 ml).[41][42] This is about the same as one cup of coffee, or slightly less depending on the brewing method.[43] The actual caffeine level in Red Bull can vary depending on country, as some countries have legal restrictions on how much caffeine is allowed in drinks. As is the case with other caffeinated beverages, Red Bull drinkers may experience adverse effects as a result of overuse. Excessive consumption may induce mild to moderate euphoria primarily caused by stimulant properties of caffeine and may also induce agitation, anxiety, irritability and insomnia.[44][medical citation needed] [30]
The general population of healthy adults is not at risk for potential adverse effects from caffeine if they limit their consumption to 400 mg per day, which is the equivalent of 5 standard cans, with one can being 250ml in volume.[45] Consumption of a single energy drink will not lead to excessive caffeine intake.[15][46] Adverse effects associated with caffeine consumption in amounts greater than 400 mg include nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness, increased urination, abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia), and dyspepsia. Consumption also has been known to cause pupil dilation when taken with certain antidepressants or SSRIs.[46][medical citation needed] Caffeine dosage is not required to be on the product label for food in the United States, unlike drugs, but some advocates are urging the FDA to change this practice.[47]
Market approval and legal status[edit]
Authorities in France, Denmark, and Norway initially kept Red Bull from being sold domestically.[48] However, as of 2014[update], it is on sale in all 28 member states of the European Union and in more than 167 countries around the world.
The French food safety agency was concerned about taurine. A Red Bull drink that did not contain taurine was introduced. The French refusal of market approval was challenged by the European Commission, and partially upheld by the European Court of Justice in 2004.[48] The French food safety agency relented in 2008, because it was unable to prove a definite health risk, taurine-related or not.[49]
In 2012, the Kuwaiti Ministry of Commerce banned Red Bull for people under 16 after it had allegedly caused heart attacks for a 16-year-old and a 21-year-old national squash team player.[50][51][52][53][54][55][56]
Litigation[edit]
In 2013, Red Bull told the Redwell Brewery, a Norfolk micro brewery, to change its name or face legal action, because it sounded too similar to Red Bull. The eight-man brewery in Norwich was told its name could "confuse" customers and "tarnish" its trademark.[57] The two companies reached a settlement permitting Redwell to continue using its name.[58]
In 2014, Red Bull faced a US$13 million settlement addressing two consumer class action lawsuits in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.[59] The listed plaintiffs were Benjamin Careathers, David Wolf, and Miguel Almarez[60] who sued the company for Red Bull's marketing and labeling, claiming that the company violated "express warranty and unjust enrichment" since their products were first launched. The court hearing took place the morning of 1 May 2015 in an attempt to determine approval for the settlement. Customers that submitted claims then have the opportunity to receive a US$10 cash reimbursement or product option of US$15 in Red Bull products[61] within 150 days of the approved appeals.[62]
Advertising[edit]
It has been suggested that this article be split into a new article titled Red Bull GmbH. (Discuss) (March 2016)
Red Bull's TAH-1F Cobra helicopter assembled by Chuck Aaron, owned by the Flying Bulls
A Red Bull North American B-25 Mitchell
Max Verstappen in the 2017 Formula 1 car of the Red Bull Racing Team
Red Bull's slogan was "Gives you wings" until they were hit with a $13 million class-action lawsuit in late 2014.[63] This was Red Bull's slogan for over 20 years until one consumer, Benjamin Careathers, decided to sue the company for 'false advertising', arguing that after 10 years drinking Red Bull he neither had wings nor any enhanced athletic or intellectual performance.[64]
Red Bull's international marketing campaign targets young men mostly with extreme sports. These range from mountain biking,[65] BMX,[66] motocross,[67] windsurfing,[68] snowboarding,[69] skateboarding,[70] kayaking,[71] rowing,[72] wakeboarding,[73] cliff-diving,[74] parkour,[75] surfing,[76] skating,[77] freestyle motocross,[78] rallycross,[79] Formula 1 racing,[80] NASCAR racing,[81] to breakdancing.[82] Red Bull uses music and videogames, and has enlisted celebrities, such as Eminem (sponsoring the Red Bull "EmSee Battle Rap championships").[83] It hosts events like art shows and the "Red Bull Flugtag" (German for "flight day" or "flying day").[84]
Red Bull owns football teams, with clubs in Austria,[85] Germany,[86] the United States[86] and Brazil[87] featuring the Red Bull trademark in their names. By associating the drink's image with these activities, the company seeks to promote a "cool" public image and raise brand power. The energy drink has created a market for over 150 related types of products.[88]
In the PlayStation 3's social gaming platform, PlayStation Home, Red Bull developed its own in-game island, specifically advertising its energy drink and the Red Bull Air Race event (for which the space is named) released in January 2009.[89] In late November 2009, Red Bull produced two new spaces, the Red Bull Illume space, and the Red Bull Beach space featuring the Red Bull Flugtag, both released on the same day.[90] In January 2012, Red Bull released its first personal space called the "Red Bull House of Skate" featuring an indoor skate park.[91]
On the Apple App store Red Bull also has a few apps which include: RedBull.com, Red Bull TV, The Red Bulletin, RBMA Radio, Red Bull iFunk, Wings For Life- Selfie Run. As well as some games on the app store which are: Bike Unchained, Red Bull Kart Fighter 3, Red Bull Air Race The Game, Red Bull Racers.[92]
In 2010, the company enlisted Adrian Newey to design a prototype racing car, the Red Bull X2010, for the videogame Gran Turismo 5.[93]
Red Bull House of Art[edit]
The Red Bull House of Art is an art fellowship program that was launched by Red Bull.[94][95] The program is held in multiple cities, most notably the Red Bull House of Art programs in Detroit, Michigan and São Paulo, Brazil, and the program typically consists of a three-month period during which time six to eight participants will create new artwork with the intent to display it in a final exhibition.[96][97] During the fellowship the artists receive unlimited access to the galleries and a stipend for art supplies.[98]
The program has received criticism as being an "elaborate advertising scheme",[99] as some of the artwork has been used in Red Bull advertising campaigns.[100]
Sports sponsorships and acquisitions[edit]
RB Leipzig: a football club currently playing in the German 1. Bundesliga
New York Red Bulls (officially Red Bull New York):[101] a football franchise competing in Major League Soccer of the United States
Red Bull Racing—a Formula One team based in Milton Keynes, England, World Constructor's Championship winner of 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, and produced the car for the 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 F1 World Champion Sebastian Vettel.
Red Bull Sailing Team: an Extreme Sailing Series racing team.
Scuderia Toro Rosso (Italian translation of Team Red Bull): Another Formula One team based in Faenza, Italy.
Team Red Bull: a Toyota racing team competing in the U.S.-based stock car racing competition NASCAR Red Bull Racing Team competed in NASCAR beginning in 2007. The team ceased operations after the Sprint Cup Series' 2011 season.
FC Red Bull Salzburg: an Austrian football club based in Salzburg and competing in the Austrian Bundesliga
EC Red Bull Salzburg: a member of the Austrian Hockey League based in Salzburg, Austria
EHC Red Bull München: a member of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga based in Munich, Germany
Red Bull Brasil: a football club currently playing in the Brazilian Campeonato Paulista based in Campinas, Brazil
Red Bull Holden Racing Team - Run by Triple Eight Race Engineering – since 2013, Red Bull has sponsored the V8 Supercars team.[102]
Red Bull Racing Brasil, a Stock Car Brasil team, since 2007.
Red Bull KTM Factory Racing, a team competing in MotoGP.
Red Bull Ghana: was a Ghanaian professional football club located in Sogakope that played in the Poly Tank Division One League.
Škoda Motorsport rally team
Red Bulls, a League of Legends team currently playing in the European League of Legends Challenger Series
Esports team OG Dota 2.[103]
Sponsorships[edit]
Audi A4 DTM, which won the Manufacturers' championship in 2004
The Citroën rally car, which won the manufacturers' title in 2008, 2009 and 2010.
A Red Bull sponsored track racing bike
A Sauber C15 from 1995 in display at Red Bull Hangar-7
A VW Touareg during the Dakar Rally, which won the event in 2009, 2010 and 2011
A KTM, which won the motocross world championship in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013
Abt Sportsline
Arrows F1 team from 2001 to 2002
Audi Sport for the A4 DTM
Batalla de los Gallos
Cacá Bueno's speed record Vectra
Carlin Motorsport Dallara-Renault
Citroën World Rally Team (2008-2012)
EKS RX
Enrique Cedeño Martinez (xPeke), professional League of Legends player[104][105]
Ford Fiesta WRC
Hansen Motorsport rallycross team
Hyundai Genesis Coupe Pikes Peak edition
Hyundai Veloster rallycross car
Iveco Dakar rally trucks
JMB Racing Maserati MC12 GT
KTM road, MXGP and Dakar rally bikes
Red Bull Ajo Motorsport
Red Bull Youth America's Cup
Repsol Honda Team
OG Dota 2 eSports team
Oracle Team USA
Olsbergs MSE Ford rallycross team
Peugeot 208 T16
Peugeot 2008 DKR (2015)
Sauber F1 team (1995–2004)
SEAT Sport WTCC team
Škoda Fabia S2000
Red Bull Honda World Superbike Team
Volkswagen Passat DARPA Grand Challenge edition
Andrew Dickson, pro BMX rider
Volkswagen Polo R WRC
Volkswagen Race Touareg Dakar edition
Volkswagen V10 TDI Touaregs Pikes Peak edition
Endorsements[edit]
In 2009, Red Bull added mainstream sport athletes to its roster of endorsements, which also includes persons involved in non-sporting activities.
Reggie Bush, US NFL athlete announced at the 2009 Super Bowl.[106]
Ryan Dungey American Supercross, Motocross rider for Red Bull KTM Factory Racing.
Marvin Musquin French Supercross, Motocross rider for Red Bull KTM Factory Racing.
Dani Pedrosa, Marc Márquez, John Reynolds, Andrea Dovizioso, Casey Stoner, and Nicky Hayden
Red Bull Junior Team, a program which sponsors young drivers competing in single seater racing. Since 2001 many young drivers developed careers in professional motorsport, with 13 participants having competed in Formula One, including quadruple F1 world champion Sebastian Vettel, Daniel Ricciardo, and Max Verstappen
Skijumpers Gregor Schlierenzauer, Thomas Morgenstern, Adam Małysz, and Andreas Goldberger, snowboarders Mark McMorris, Torah Bright and Nathan Johnstone, and skiers Kaya Turski, Lindsey Vonn, Axel Lund Svindal and Alexis Pinturault.
Dion Phaneuf NHL defenseman, currently with the Ottawa Senators.
Young professional golfer Rickie Fowler.
Racing driver Andrew Jordan.
Drift racing driver "Mad" Mike Whiddett.
Professional chess player Hikaru Nakamura.[107][108]
Super Smash Bros. Melee player William "Leffen" Hjelte[109]
Street Fighter players Daigo Umehara,[110] Masato "Bonchan" Takahashi,[111] Darryl "Snake Eyez" Lewis[112] and Olivier "Luffy" Hay.[113]
Events[edit]
Red Bull Flugtag Stockholm 2010
Red Bull Flugtag Stockholm 2010
Red Bull sports events
Red Bull 400
Red Bull Battle Grounds: An eSports competition in popular video games Dota 2 and StarCraft 2
Red Bull Stratos
Red Bull Straight Rhythm
Red Bull Double Pipe
Red Bull Global Rallycross Championship
Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series
Red Bull Drifting World Championship
Red Bull Rampage
Red Bull Road Rage
Red Bull King of the Rock Tournament
Red Bull Romaniacs Hard Enduro Rallye
Red Bull Crashed Ice
Red Bull X-Fighters
Red Bull X-Alps
Red Bull Air Race World Championship
Red Bull Flugtag
Red Bull Frozen Rush
Red Bull Foxhunt
Red Bull Cape Fear
Red Bull Paperwings
Red Bull Training Grounds[114]
Red Bull Art of Motion
Red Bull BC One
Red Bull Cold Rush[115]
Red Bull Dolomitenmann - A 4-man relay competition including trail running, paragliding, kayaking, mountainbiking[116]
Red Bull Elements - A 4-man relay competition including rowing, trail running, paragliding, mountainbiking[117]
Red Bull MotoGP Rookies Cup
Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix
Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas
Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix (2014-2015)
Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix
Red Bull Storm Chase - A worldwide windsurfing competition in storm conditions with wind speeds of at least force ten[118]
Red Bull Supernatural - A "backcountry boarding competition designed to challenge, then crown the best all-around snowboarder on the planet."[119]
Red Bull Soapbox Race[120]
Red Bull Unleashed - A surfing event at Surf Snowdonia, north Wales[121]
Red Bull World Bridge Series[122]
Red Bull Drift Shifters - Drifting event held on a pinball inspired street course in Auckland, New Zealand
Red Bull Music Academy
Red Bull Can You Make It
Red Bull Timelaps
Locations[edit]
Red Bull Ring, a motorsport circuit in Spielberg, Styria, Austria.
Red Bull Arena (Leipzig), home stadium of German football club RB Leipzig.
Red Bull Arena (New Jersey), home stadium of the American soccer club New York Red Bulls.
Red Bull Arena (Salzburg), home stadium of Austrian football club FC Red Bull Salzburg.
Hangar-7 (Salzburg), a multifunctional building with a collection of historical airplanes.
Red Bull bridge, a recurring distinctly branded footbridge at race events such as the World Enduro Championship and Rally Deutschland.
See also[edit]
Drink portal
Felix Baumgartner—stratospheric parachute jump 2012
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Boome, Adam (31 May 2011). "Who makes Red Bull".
Jump up ^ Burt Helm (4 January 2005). "Energy Drinks Build Their Buzz". BloombergBusinessweek. BLOOMBERG L.P. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
Jump up ^ Red Bull (2012). "Company Figures". Red Bull. Red Bull. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
Jump up ^ "Red Bull the company - Who makes Red Bull? Red Bull Origin :: Energy Drink :: Red Bull". Energydrink.redbull.com. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
Jump up ^ Roll, Martin (2005-10-17). Asian Brand Strategy: How Asia Builds Strong Brands. Springer. p. 199. ISBN 9780230513068. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
Jump up ^ Cheryl Tay (8 April 2011). "Former F1 Driver David Coulthard Thrilled Shoppers Along Bukit Bintang In Red Bull Racings Show Car Run". Va Va Vroom. Cheryl Tay Pte Ltd. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Company". Red Bull. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
Jump up ^ Kuehlwein, JP; Chaefer, Wolf (Spring 2017). "How modern prestige brands create meaning through mission and myth". Journal of Brand Strategy. Henry Stewart Publications. 5 (4). ISSN 2045-855X
Jump up ^ Kuehlwein, JP. Ueber-Brands and The Art of Myth-Making. www.ueberbrands.com 12/2015
Jump up ^ Schaefer, Wolf and Kuehlwein, JP. 2015. Rethinking Prestige Branding - Secrets of the Ueber-Brands. Kogan Page. pp.77ff. ISBN 9780749470036
Jump up ^ Lauria, Peter (2008-04-01). "Pump the Music: Red Bull Eyes Starting Branded Music Label — NYPost.com". New York Post. 101013 NYPost.com
Jump up ^ Pennay A, Lubman DI, Miller P (2011). "Combining energy drinks and alcohol" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-08-12.
^ Jump up to: a b Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, Cervellin G, Lippi G, Earnest CP (2015). "Energy drink overconsumption in adolescents: implications for arrhythmias and other cardiovascular events". Can J Cardiol. 31 (5): 572–5. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2014.12.019. PMID 25818530.
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Red Bull Crashed Ice

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Red Bull – Asturian
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Red Bull – Azerbaijani
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Red Bull – Breton
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Red Bull – Catalan
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Red Bull – Czech
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Red Bull – Danish
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Red Bull – German
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Red Bull – Estonian
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Red Bull – Greek
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Red Bull – Spanish
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Red Bull – Basque
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Red Bull – Galician
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Red Bull – Croatian
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Red Bull – Indonesian
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Red Bull – Italian
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Red Bull – Georgian
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Red Bull – Latvian
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Red Bull – Lithuanian
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Red Bull – Hungarian
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Red Bull – Norwegian Nynorsk
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Red Bull – Uzbek
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Red Bull – Polish
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Red Bull – Portuguese
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Red Bull – Romanian
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Red Bull – Slovenian
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Red Bull – Finnish
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Red Bull – Swedish
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Red Bull – Turkish
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Red Bull – Ukrainian
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Red Bull – Vietnamese
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