text:
Papunya Tula
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Papunya Tula, or Papunya Tula Artists Pty Ltd, is an artist cooperative formed in 1972 that is owned and operated by Aboriginal people from the Western Desert of Australia. The group is known for its innovative work with the Western Desert Art Movement, popularly referred to as "dot painting". Credited with bringing Aboriginal art to world attention, its artists inspired many other Australian Aboriginal artists and styles. The company operates today out of Alice Springs and is widely regarded as the premier purveyor of Aboriginal art in Central Australia.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Exhibitions
2.1 Art Gallery of NSW 2000 Exhibition
2.2 National Museum of Australia 2007–2008 Exhibition
2.3 Musée du Quai Branly
3 Papunya Tula artists
3.1 First generation men (the Bardon years 1971–73)
3.2 Second generation men (present)
3.3 Women
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Background[edit]
In the late 1960s, the Australian government moved several different groups living in the Western Desert region to Papunya, 240 km northwest of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory, to remove them from cattle lands and assimilate them into western culture. These displaced groups were primarily Pintupi, Luritja, Walpiri, Arrernte, and Anmatyerre peoples.
In 1971, Geoffrey Bardon, the school teacher at the community, encouraged the children to paint a mural using the traditional style of body and sand ceremonial art.[1] This painting style was used for spiritual purposes, and so had strict protocols for its use. Many symbols depicted personal totems and Dreamings, and others more general Dreamtime creation stories. When some of the elder men saw what the children were doing, they felt the subject matter was more suited to adults. They began creating a mural depicting the Honey Ant Dreaming. Traditionally, Papunya is the epicenter of the Honey Ant Dreaming, where songlines converge. The European-Australian administrators of Papunya later painted over the murals, which the curator Judith Ryan called "an act of cultural vandalism", noting that "[t]he school was de-Aboriginalized and the art no longer allowed to stand tall and defiant as the symbol of a resilient and indomitable people".[2] While visible, the mural proved highly influential, leading other men to create smaller paintings of their Jukurrpa (Ancestral stories), on any available surface, including bits of old masonite, car bonnets, tin cans, and matchboxes. This explosion of artistic activity is generally regarded as the origin of contemporary Indigenous Australian art.[3][4]
The collective, originally entirely Aboriginal Australian men, formed in 1972. They derived the name tula from a small hill near Papunya, a Honey Ant Dreaming site. A few women, notably Pansy Napangardi, began to paint for the company in the late 1980s. It was not until 1994 that women generally began to participate.
While the collective artists used a style of painting traditional in the sand and for body adornment in ceremonies, most of them had never painted before in Western style – that is, using acrylic paint and a hard surface. As their work gained in popularity, the artists omitted or changed many of the spiritual symbols for public viewing, as the Aboriginal community criticized the artists for revealing "too much of their sacred heritage".[5] According to Ryan:[5]
“ Secret designs restricted to a ritual context were now in the market place, made visible to kardiya outsiders and Aboriginal women. In response to these objections, all detailed depictions of human figures, fully decorated tjurungas (bullroarers) and ceremonial paraphernalia were removed or modified. Such designs and their 'inside' meanings were not to be written down and 'traded'. Any contravention broke the immutable plan of descent, the link of the initiated men with his totemic ancestor through his father and his father's father. From 1973 to 1975, Papunya Tula artists sought to camouflage overt references to ceremony and became reticent. They revealed less of the sacred heart of their culture. The openness of the Bardon era was at an end. Dotting and over-dotting, as an ideal means of concealing or painting over dangerous, secret designs, became a fashion at this stage. The art was made public, watered down for general exhibition, pointing to the uniqueness of the Geoffrey Bardon years - which like innocence, cannot be rediscovered. ”
In the late 1970s and early '80s, after the establishment of the Aboriginal Land Rights Act, many of the people left Papunya for their traditional lands, but the art cooperative persisted and continued to grow. For many years the market and museums virtually ignored their work. A major exception was the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory (MAGNT) that has the largest collection of just over 220 early works acquired between 1972-76, thanks to the visionary efforts of the MAGNT Director Dr Colin Jack Hinton and Alice Springs gallery owner Pat Hogan. This is still the nation's largest collection of early boards. The National Gallery of Victoria did not acquire any works produced by the collective until 1987, when Judith Ryan convinced the current director to purchase 10 of the works.[6] At the time, the asking price was $100,000, which Ryan described in 2008 as "a steal", given the escalation in value.[6] In 2007, a single painting by Papunya Tula artist Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri set a record at auction for price commanded for Aboriginal art, bringing £1.03 million (or $2.4 million), more than twice as much as the previous record-holder.[7]
Exhibitions[edit]
Art Gallery of NSW 2000 Exhibition[edit]
In 2000, the Art Gallery of NSW held an exhibition, curated by Hetti Perkins, for the Sydney Olympic Games Arts Festival. The exhibition, entitled Papunya Tula, Genesis and Genius, was the first major retrospective exhibition of the cooperative.[8]
National Museum of Australia 2007–2008 Exhibition[edit]
For a period of several months (27 November 2007 to 3 February 2008), the National Museum of Australia exhibited a collection of Papunya paintings from the first few years of the movement. Most of the works displayed in the collection had not been seen before by the general public as most of these paintings were bought by the Aboriginal Arts Board (now defunct) of the 1970s-1980s. The exhibition contains some of the most priceless and earliest works by the first generation, senior Papunya painters. These paintings were previously displayed in government offices and embassies. Curated by Professor Vivien Johnson, the exhibition was significant in introducing the movement's importance to the general audience.
Musée du Quai Branly[edit]
Two Papunya artists, Tommy Watson and Ningura Napurrula, are also represented in Paris at the Musée du Quai Branly, dedicated to indigenous art of the world. Napurrula's signature black-and-white motifs appear superimposed on the ceiling of the administration part of the museum's building.
Papunya Tula artists[edit]
First generation men (the Bardon years 1971–73)[edit]
Anatjari Tjakamarra
Charlie Tjakamarra
Freddy West Tjakamarra
Long Jack Phillipus Tjakamarra
Old Mick Tjakamarra
Anatjari No. 1 Tjampitjinpa
Kaapa Tjampitjinpa
Dinny Nolan Tjampitjinpa
Old Walter Tjampitjinpa
Uta Uta Tjangala
David Corby Tjapaltjarri
Mick Namarari Tjapaltjarri
Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri
Tim Leura Tjapaltjarri
Billy Stockman Tjapaltjarri
Johnny Scobie Tjapanangka
Timmy Payungka Tjapangati
Old Tutuma Tjapangati
Yala Yala Gibbs Tjungurayyi
Shorty Lungkata Tjungurayyi
Charlie Tarawa (Tjaruru) Tjungurrayi
Turkey Tolson Tjupurrula
Johnny Warrangkula Tjupurrula
Second generation men (present)[edit]
Long Jack Phillippus Tjakamarra
Andrew Tolson Tjakamarra
Tony Tjakamarra
Jeremiah West Tjakamarra
Richard Yukenbarri Tjakamarra
Raymond Maxwell Tjampitjinpa
Kenny Williams Tjampitjinpa
Ronnie Tjampitjinpa
Ray James Tjangala
Lindsay Corby Tjapaltjarri
John Corby Tjapaltjarri
Adam Gibbs Tjapaltjarri
James Gibson Tjapaltjarri
Morris Gibson Tjapaltjarri
Joseph Jurra Tjapaltjarri
George Tjampu Tjapaltjarri
Raymond Tjapaltjarri
Warlimpirrnga Tjapaltjarri
Donald Matthews Tjapanangka
Charlie Tjapangati
Kanya Tjapangati
Charlie Wallabi Tjungurrayi
George Tjungurayi
George Ward Tjungurayi
Patrick Tjungurayi
Bobby West Tjupurrula
Matthew West Tjupurrula
Johnny Yungut Tjupurrula
Women[edit]
Elizabeth Marks Nakamarra
Narrabri Nakamarra
Kawayi Nampitjinpa
Nyurapayia Nampitjinpa
Yuyuya Nampitjinpa
Eileen Napaltjarri
Monica Napaltjarri
Payu Napaltjarri
Tjunkiya Napaltjarri
Pansy Napangardi
Bombatu Napangati
Mary Brown Napangati
Yalti Napangati
Lorna Brown Napanangka
Makinti Napanangka
Miriam Napanangka
Patricia Napanangka
Walangkura Napanangka
Walangkura Napanangka
Yukultji Napangati
Maisie Gibson Napurrula
Josephine Napurrula
Kim Napurrula
Ningura Napurrula
Tatali Napurrula
Naata Nungurrayi
Nancy Nungurrayi
Pantjiya Nungurrayi
Doreen Reid Nakamarra
See also[edit]
Australian Aboriginal art
Geoffrey Bardon
Honey ant dreaming
Kluge-Ruhe Museum
Papunya
Toas
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Papunya Tula art movement of the Western Desert
Jump up ^ Ryan in Bardon 1991: x
Jump up ^ McLean, Ian (2011). "The Gift that Time Gave: Myth and History in the Western Desert Painting Movement". In Jaynie Anderson. The Cambridge Companion to Australian Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 180–192. ISBN 978-1-107-60158-1.
Jump up ^ McCulloch, Alan; Susan McCulloch and Emily McCulloch Childs (2006). The new McCulloch's Encyclopedia of Australian Art. Fitzroy, VIC: Aus Art Editions in association with The Miegunyah Press. ISBN 0-522-85317-X.
^ Jump up to: a b Judith Ryan in Bardon 1991: ix-x
^ Jump up to: a b Staff. (2008-01-05) "Bold vision of artistic rebirth", The Age. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
Jump up ^ Marks, Kathy. (2007-07-26) "Painting by aboriginal artist sells for record £1m", The Independent. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
Jump up ^ Allan, Susan (2001-08-24) "Papunya Tula--the birthplace of contemporary Australian Aboriginal art", World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
References[edit]
Dreamings of the Desert: Aboriginal dot paintings of the Western Desert, Art Gallery of South Australia, 1996, ISBN 0-7308-3073-X
Geoffrey Bardon, Aboriginal Art of the Western Desert,1979, Adelaide: Rigby
Geoffrey Bardon, Papunya Tula: Art of the Western Desert, 1991, ISBN 0-86914-160-0 Sydney: McPhee Gribble/Penguin
Geoffrey Bardon and James Bardon, Papunya: A Place Made After the Story: The Beginnings of the Western Desert Painting Movement, 2006, Miegunyah Press, University of Melbourne
Benjamin, Roger (29 January 2005). "The beginnings of the Western Desert painting movement". The Age.
Vivien Johnson (ed), Papunya Painting: Out of the desert 2007, Canberra: National Museum of Australia
Further reading[edit]
Focus on Makinti Napanangka, "one of the most keenly studied and collected of the Papunya Tula art stars" The Australian
External links[edit]
Papunya Tula Gallery
Papunya Tula Exhibition, Art Gallery of NSW, 2000.
Papunya Painting, National Museum of Australia Exhibition, 28 November 2007 – 3 February 2008
Icons of the Desert: Early Aboriginal Paintings from Papunya, touring exhibition, United States, 2009.
Tjukurrtjanu - Origins of Western Desert Art
[show]
v
t
e
Indigenous Australians
Peoples
Aboriginal Australians
Australoids
Blackfellas
Communities
Groups
Half-castes
Tasmanians
Torres Strait Islanders
Victorians
Western Australians
Individuals
Activists
Musicians
People from politics and public service
Performing artists
Sportspeople
Visual artists
Writers
Culture
Astronomy
Avoidance
Bora
Corroboree
Deadly Awards
Deities
Dreamtime
Enumeration
Flag
Kinship
Kurdaitcha
Marn Grook
Message stick
Mythology
NAIDOC Week
National Indigenous Human Rights Awards
Outstation movement
Riji
Seasons
Sacred sites
Smoking ceremony
Songlines
Tjurunga
Torres Strait Islands
Woggabaliri
Languages
Avoidance speech
Australian Aboriginal English
Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
Australian Creole
Language groups
Loanwords into English
Palawa
Pama–Nyungan languages
Placenames
Sign languages
Torres Strait Island languages
Organisations
ATSIC
Aboriginal Medical Service
Aborigines Advancement League
Aborigines Progressive Association
AIATSIS
Australian Aboriginal Progress Association
Australian Aborigines' League
Central Land Council
Media
National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
National Indigenous Council
Northern Land Council
Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations
Politics
TSRA
Reconciliation Australia
Sorry Day
Bushcraft
Boomerang
Buka
Bush bread
Bush tucker
Bush medicine
Coolamon
Dugout canoe
Fibrecraft
Fire-stick farming
Food groups
Humpy
Possum-skin cloak
Scarred tree
Soaks
Spinifex resin
Sweet foods
Waddy
Woomera
Arts
Artifacts
Bark painting
Contemporary visual art
Dance
Didgeridoo
Dreaming
Music
Music groups
Rock
NATSIA Award
Papunya Tula
Sandpainting
Vibe
Visual art
Yininmadyemi
History
Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
Caledon Bay crisis
Cummeragunja walk-off
Day of Mourning
Gurindji Strike
Historical figures
History
Prehistory
History wars
King plates
Massacres
Black War
Missions
Native police
Pilbara strike
Pintupi Nine
Tent embassy
Western Australia
Issues
Crime
Health
Land rights
Native title
Protected Area
Media portrayal
Northern Territory National Emergency Response
Self-determination
Stolen Generations
Half-Caste Act
Voting rights
1967 Referendum
[show]
v
t
e
Central and Western Desert art
Institutions
ANKAAA
Araluen Centre for Arts and Entertainment
Contemporary Indigenous Australian art
Desart
Hermannsburg School
List of Australian Indigenous art movements and cooperatives
National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award
Papunya Tula
Significant places
Alice Springs, Northern Territory
Balgo, Western Australia
Haasts Bluff, Northern Territory
Kintore, Northern Territory
Papunya, Northern Territory
Pukatja (Ernabella), South Australia
Utopia, Northern Territory
Yuendumu, Northern Territory
Artists: women
Josepha Petrick Kemarre
Lucy Napaljarri Kennedy
Emily Kngwarreye
Doreen Reid Nakamarra
Ada Andy Napaltjarri
Biddy Rockman Napaljarri
Daisy Jugadai Napaltjarri
Eileen Napaltjarri
Helen Nelson Napaljarri
Kitty Pultara Napaljarri
Linda Syddick Napaltjarri
Louisa Napaljarri
Molly Jugadai Napaltjarri
Mona Rockman Napaljarri
Ngoia Pollard Napaltjarri
Nora Andy Napaltjarri
Norah Nelson Napaljarri
Parara Napaltjarri
Peggy Rockman Napaljarri
Sheila Brown Napaljarri
Susie Bootja Bootja Napaltjarri
Takariya Napaltjarri
Tjunkiya Napaltjarri
Topsy Gibson Napaltjarri
Valerie Lynch Napaltjarri
Wintjiya Napaltjarri
Makinti Napanangka
Dorothy Napangardi
Pansy Napangardi
Naata Nungurrayi
Gloria Petyarre
Kathleen Petyarre
Nancy Petyarre
Minnie Pwerle
Maggie Napaljarri Ross
Barbara Weir
Artists: men
Albert Namatjira
Wenten Rubuntja
Paddy Japaljarri Stewart
Anatjari Tjakamarra
Kaapa Tjampitjinpa
Turkey Tolson Tjupurrula
Billy Stockman Tjapaltjarri
Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri
Mick Namarari Tjapaltjarri
Timmy Payungka Tjapangati
Yannima Tommy Watson
Major works
Earth's Creation
Gulgardi
Warlugulong
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papunya_Tula&oldid=807336391"
Categories:
Australian art movements
Australian Aboriginal art
Australian artist groups and collectives
Artist cooperatives
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from February 2012
Use Australian English from February 2012
All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
Simple English
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 October 2017, at 09:42.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Aboriginal_art
mw-redirect
Aboriginal art

values: button 0 togglelink

values:
/wiki/Dreamtime_(mythology)
mw-redirect
Dreamtime (mythology)

values:
/wiki/Creation_stories
mw-redirect
Creation stories

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;

values: vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;

values: margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;

values:
/wiki/Aboriginal_Land_Rights_Act
mw-redirect
Aboriginal Land Rights Act

values: Edit section: Art Gallery of NSW 2000 Exhibition

values:
/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_NSW
mw-redirect
Art Gallery of NSW

values: Edit section: National Museum of Australia 2007–2008 Exhibition

values:
/wiki/Quai_Branly
mw-redirect
Quai Branly

values: Edit section: First generation men (the Bardon years 1971–73)

values: Tim Leura Tjapaltjarri (page does not exist)

values: -moz-column-width: 22em; -webkit-column-width: 22em; column-width: 22em;

values: Edit section: Second generation men (present)

values:
/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_art
mw-redirect
Australian Aboriginal art

values:
/wiki/Kluge-Ruhe_Museum
mw-redirect
Kluge-Ruhe Museum

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.papunyatula.com.au/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.iconsofthedesert.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/tjukurrtjanu

values: List of Indigenous Australian group names

values: Category:Indigenous Australians from Western Australia

values: Category:Australian indigenous rights activists

values: List of Indigenous Australians in politics and public service

values: List of Indigenous Australian performing artists

values: List of Indigenous Australian sportspeople

values: List of Indigenous Australian visual artists

values: Australian Aboriginal avoidance practices

values: List of English words of Australian Aboriginal origin

values: List of Australian place names of Aboriginal origin

values: Category:Organisations serving Indigenous Australians

values: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission

values: Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

values: Australian Aboriginal Progress Association

values: National Congress of Australia's First Peoples

values:
/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_dance
mw-redirect
Indigenous Australian dance

values: Category:Indigenous Australian musical groups

values: Category:History of Indigenous Australians

values: List of Indigenous Australian historical figures

values: List of massacres of Indigenous Australians

values: Media portrayals of Indigenous Australians

values: Northern Territory National Emergency Response

values: Self-determination of Australian Aborigines

values: Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Central and Western Desert artists

values: Template talk:Central and Western Desert artists

values: Araluen Centre for Arts and Entertainment

values:
/wiki/Alice_Springs,_Northern_Territory
mw-redirect
Alice Springs, Northern Territory

values:
/wiki/Papunya,_Northern_Territory
mw-redirect
Papunya, Northern Territory

values:
/wiki/Yuendumu,_Northern_Territory
mw-redirect
Yuendumu, Northern Territory

values:
/wiki/Emily_Kngwarreye
mw-redirect
Emily Kngwarreye

values: Category:Australian artist groups and collectives

values: Category:Use dmy dates from February 2012

values: Category:Use Australian English from February 2012

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Papunya_Tula
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Papunya_Tula rootpage-Papunya_Tula vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Book of Genesis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"The Book of Genesis" redirects here. For the comics, see The Book of Genesis (comics).
The Creation of Man by Ephraim Moses Lilien, 1903
Jacob flees Laban by Charles Foster, 1897
Tanakh (Judaism)
Torah (Instruction)[hide]
Genesis
Brʾeišyt
Exodus
Šemot
Leviticus
Wayiqra
Numbers
Bəmidbar
Deuteronomy
Devarim
Nevi'im (Prophets)[show]
Former
Joshua
Yehoshua
Judges
Shofetim
Samuel
Shemuel
Kings
Melakhim
Latter
Isaiah
Yeshayahu
Jeremiah
Yirmeyahu
Ezekiel
Yekhezqel
Minor
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
Ketuvim (Writings)[show]
Poetic
Psalms
Təhillîm
Proverbs
Mishlei
Job
Iyov
Five Megillot (Scrolls)
Song of Songs
Shir Hashirim
Ruth
Rut
Lamentations
Eikhah
Ecclesiastes
Qoheleth
Esther
Ester
Historical
Daniel
Daniyyel
Ezra–Nehemiah
Ezra
Chronicles
Dibh're Hayyamim
Old Testament (Christianity)
Pentateuch[hide]
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Historical[show]
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
1 and 2 Samuel
1 and 2 Kings
1 and 2 Chronicles
Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther
Wisdom
Poetry
[show]
Job
Psalms
Proverbs
Ecclesiastes
Song of Songs
Prophetic[show]
Major prophets
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Lamentations
Ezekiel
Daniel
Minor prophets
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
Deuterocanonical[show]
Tobit
Judith
Additions to Esther
1 Maccabees
2 Maccabees
Wisdom of Solomon
Sirach
Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah
Additions to Daniel
Orthodox only
1 Esdras
2 Esdras
Prayer of Manasseh
Psalm 151
3 Maccabees
4 Maccabees
Odes
Orthodox Tewahedo
1 Enoch
Jubilees
1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
Paralipomena of Baruch
Broader canon
Bible portal
v
t
e
The Book of Genesis (from the Latin Vulgate, in turn borrowed or transliterated from Greek γένεσις, meaning "Coming into Being"; Hebrew: בְּרֵאשִׁית, Bərēšīṯ, "In [the] beginning") is the first book of the Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh) and the Christian Old Testament.[1]
The basic narrative of the Book of Genesis is centered around a few themes: God, the creation of the world, the creation of Adam and Eve and how man was appointed as the regent of God. Later on the book describes man's disobedience of God, and the exile of Adam and Eve from the garden of Eden.
The book continues to describe how God destroyed the world through the Flood. The new post-Flood world is also corrupt. God does not destroy it, instead calling one man, Abraham, to be the seed of its salvation. At God's command Abraham descends from his home into the land of Canaan, given to him by God, where he dwells as a sojourner, as does his son Isaac and his grandson Jacob. Jacob's name is changed to Israel, and through the agency of his son Joseph, the children of Israel descend into Egypt, 70 people in all with their households, and God promises them a future of greatness. Genesis ends with Israel in Egypt, ready for the coming of Moses and the Exodus. The narrative is punctuated by a series of covenants with God, successively narrowing in scope from all mankind (the covenant with Noah) to a special relationship with one people alone (Abraham and his descendants through Isaac and Jacob).[2]
The book's author or authors appear to have structured it around ten "toledot" sections (the "these are the generations of..." phrases), but modern commentators see it in terms of a "primeval history" (chapters 1–11) followed by the cycle of Patriarchal stories (chapters 12–50).[3] In Judaism, the theological importance of Genesis centers on the covenants linking God to his chosen people and the people to the Promised Land. Christianity has interpreted Genesis as the prefiguration of certain cardinal Christian beliefs, primarily the need for salvation (the hope or assurance of all Christians) and the redemptive act of Christ on the Cross as the fulfillment of covenant promises as the Son of God.
Tradition credits Moses as the author of Genesis, as well as Exodus, Book of Leviticus, Numbers and most of Book of Deuteronomy, but modern scholars increasingly see them as a product of the 6th and 5th centuries BC.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Summary
3 Composition
3.1 Title and textual witnesses
3.2 Origins
3.3 Genre
4 Themes
4.1 Promises to the ancestors
4.2 God's chosen people
5 Judaism's weekly Torah portions
6 First phrase
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Bibliography
10.1 Commentaries on Genesis
10.2 General
11 External links
Structure[edit]
Genesis appears to be structured around the recurring phrase elleh toledot, meaning "these are the generations," with the first use of the phrase referring to the "generations of heaven and earth" and the remainder marking individuals—Noah, the "sons of Noah", Shem, etc., down to Jacob.[6] It is not clear, however, what this meant to the original authors, and most modern commentators divide it into two parts based on subject matter, a "primeval history" (chapters 1–11) and a "patriarchal history" (chapters 12–50).[7][note 1][note 2] While the first is far shorter than the second, it sets out the basic themes and provides an interpretive key for understanding the entire book.[9] The "primeval history" has a symmetrical structure hinging on chapters 6–9, the flood story, with the events before the flood mirrored by the events after.[10]
Summary[edit]
See also: Primeval history and Patriarchal age
The Angel Hinders the Offering of Isaac (Rembrandt, 1635)
God creates the world in six days and consecrates the seventh as a day of rest. God creates the first humans Adam and Eve and all the animals in the Garden of Eden but instructs them not to eat the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil. A talking serpent portrayed as a deceptive creature or trickster, entices Eve into eating it anyway, and she entices Adam, whereupon God curses them and throws them out in the fall of man. Eve bears two sons, Cain and Abel. Cain kills Abel after God accepts Abel's offering but not Cain's. God then curses Cain. Eve bears another son, Seth, to take Abel's place.
After many generations of Adam have passed from the lines of Cain and Seth, the world becomes corrupted by the sin of man and Nephilim, and God determines to wipe out mankind. First, he instructs the righteous Noah and his family to build a huge boat and put examples of all the animals on it. Then God sends a great flood to wipe out the rest of the world. When the waters recede, God promises that he will not destroy the world a second time with water with the rainbow as the symbol of his promise. But upon seeing mankind cooperating to build a great tower city, the Tower of Babel, God divides humanity with many languages and sets them apart with confusion.
God instructs Abram to travel from his home in Mesopotamia to the land of Canaan. There, God makes a covenant with Abram, promising that his descendants shall be as numerous as the stars, but that people will suffer oppression in a foreign land for four hundred years, after which they will inherit the land "from the river of Egypt to the great river, the river Euphrates". Abram's name is changed to Abraham and that of his wife Sarai to Sarah, and circumcision of all males is instituted as the sign of the covenant. Because Sarah is old, she tells Abraham to take her Egyptian handmaiden, Hagar, as a second wife. Through Hagar, Abraham fathers Ishmael.
God resolves to destroy the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah for the sins of their people. Abraham protests and gets God to agree not to destroy the cities if 10 righteous men can be found. Angels save Abraham's nephew Lot and his family, but his wife looks back on the destruction against their command and is turned into a pillar of salt. Lot's daughters, concerned that they are fugitives who will never find husbands, get him drunk to become pregnant by him, and give birth to the ancestors of the Moabites and Ammonites.
Abraham and Sarah go to the Philistine town of Gerar, pretending to be brother and sister (they are half-siblings). The King of Gerar takes Sarah for his wife, but God warns him to return her, and he obeys. God sends Sarah a son to be named Isaac, through whom the covenant will be established. At Sarah's insistence, Ishmael and his mother Hagar are driven out into the wilderness, but God saves them and promises to make Ishmael a great nation.
God tests Abraham by demanding that he sacrifice Isaac. As Abraham is about to lay the knife upon his son, God restrains him, promising him numberless descendants. On the death of Sarah, Abraham purchases Machpelah (believed to be modern Hebron) for a family tomb and sends his servant to Mesopotamia to find among his relations a wife for Isaac, and Rebekah is chosen. Other children are born to Abraham by another wife, Keturah, among whose descendants are the Midianites, and he dies in a prosperous old age and is buried in his tomb at Hebron.
Isaac's wife Rebecca gives birth to the twins Esau, father of the Edomites, and Jacob. Through deception, Jacob becomes the heir instead of Esau and gains his father's blessing. He flees to his uncle where he prospers and earns his two wives, Rachel and Leah. Jacob's name is changed to Israel, and by his wives and their handmaidens he has twelve sons, the ancestors of the twelve tribes of the Children of Israel, and a daughter, Dinah.
Joseph, Jacob's favorite son, is sold into slavery in Egypt by his jealous brothers. But Joseph prospers, after hardship, with God's guidance of interpreting Pharaoh's dream of upcoming famine. He is then reunited with his father and brothers, who don't recognize him but who plead for food. After much manipulation, he reveals himself and lets them and their households into Egypt, where Pharaoh assigns to them the land of Goshen. Jacob calls his sons to his bedside and reveals their future before he dies. Joseph lives to an old age and exhorts his brethren, if God should lead them out of the country, to take his bones with them.
Composition[edit]
Abram's Journey from Ur to Canaan (József Molnár, 1850)
Title and textual witnesses[edit]
Genesis takes its Hebrew title from the first word of the first sentence, Bereshit, meaning "In the beginning"; in the Greek Septuagint it was called Genesis, from the phrase "the generations of heaven and earth".[11] There are four major textual witnesses to the book: the Masoretic Text, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Septuagint, and fragments of Genesis found at Qumran. The Qumran group provides the oldest manuscripts but covers only a small proportion of the book; in general, the Masoretic Text is well preserved and reliable, but there are many individual instances where the other versions preserve a superior reading.[12]
Origins[edit]
Main article: Documentary hypothesis
For much of the 20th century most scholars agreed that the five books of the Pentateuch—Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy—came from four sources, the Yahwist, the Elohist, the Deuteronomist and the Priestly source, each telling the same basic story, and joined together by various editors.[13] Since the 1970s there has been a revolution in scholarship: the Elohist source is now widely regarded as no more than a variation on the Yahwist, while the Priestly source is increasingly seen not as a document but as a body of revisions and expansions to the Yahwist (or "non-Priestly") material. (The Deuteronomistic source does not appear in Genesis).[14]
Examples of repeated and duplicate stories are used to identify the separate sources. In Genesis these include three different accounts of a Patriarch claiming that his wife was his sister, the two creation stories, and the two versions of Abraham sending Hagar and Ishmael into the desert.[15]
This leaves the question of when these works were created. Scholars in the first half of the 20th century came to the conclusion that the Yahwist was produced in the monarchic period, specifically at the court of Solomon, 10th century BC, and the Priestly work in the middle of the 5th century BC (the author was even identified as Ezra), but more recent thinking is that the Yahwist was written either just before or during the Babylonian exile of the 6th century BC, and the Priestly final edition was made late in the Exilic period or soon after.[5]
As for why the book was created, a theory which has gained considerable interest, although still controversial is "Persian imperial authorisation". This proposes that the Persians of the Achaemenid Empire, after their conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, agreed to grant Jerusalem a large measure of local autonomy within the empire, but required the local authorities to produce a single law code accepted by the entire community. The two powerful groups making up the community—the priestly families who controlled the Temple and who traced their origin to Moses and the wilderness wanderings, and the major landowning families who made up the "elders" and who traced their own origins to Abraham, who had "given" them the land—were in conflict over many issues, and each had its own "history of origins", but the Persian promise of greatly increased local autonomy for all provided a powerful incentive to cooperate in producing a single text.[16]
Genre[edit]
Genesis is perhaps best seen as an example of "antiquarian history", a type of literature telling of the first appearance of humans, the stories of ancestors and heroes, and the origins of culture, cities and so forth.[17] The most notable examples are found in the work of Greek historians of the 6th century BC: their intention was to connect notable families of their own day to a distant and heroic past, and in doing so they did not distinguish between myth, legend, and facts.[18] Professor Jean-Louis Ska of the Pontifical Biblical Institute calls the basic rule of the antiquarian historian the "law of conservation": everything old is valuable, nothing is eliminated.[19] Ska also points out the purpose behind such antiquarian histories: antiquity is needed to prove the worth of Israel's traditions to the nations (the neighbours of the Jews in early Persian Palestine), and to reconcile and unite the various factions within Israel itself.[19]
Themes[edit]
Joseph recognized by his brothers (Léon Pierre Urban Bourgeois, 1863)
Promises to the ancestors[edit]
In 1978 David Clines published his influential The Theme of the Pentateuch – influential because he was one of the first to take up the question of the theme of the entire five books. Clines' conclusion was that the overall theme is "the partial fulfillment – which implies also the partial nonfulfillment – of the promise to or blessing of the Patriarchs". (By calling the fulfillment "partial" Clines was drawing attention to the fact that at the end of Deuteronomy the people are still outside Canaan).[20]
The patriarchs, or ancestors, are Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, with their wives (Joseph is normally excluded).[21] Since the name YHWH had not been revealed to them, they worshipped El in his various manifestations.[22] (It is, however, worth noting that in the Jahwist source the patriarchs refer to deity by the name YHWH, for example in Genesis 15.) Through the patriarchs God announces the election of Israel, meaning that he has chosen Israel to be his special people and committed himself to their future.[23] God tells the patriarchs that he will be faithful to their descendants (i.e. to Israel), and Israel is expected to have faith in God and his promise. ("Faith" in the context of Genesis and the Hebrew bible means agreement to the promissory relationship, not a body of belief).[24]
The promise itself has three parts: offspring, blessings, and land.[25] The fulfilment of the promise to each patriarch depends on having a male heir, and the story is constantly complicated by the fact that each prospective mother – Sarah, Rebekah and Rachel – is barren. The ancestors, however, retain their faith in God and God in each case gives a son – in Jacob's case, twelve sons, the foundation of the chosen Israelites. All three promises are more richly fulfilled in each succeeding generation, until through Joseph "all the world" is saved from famine,[26] and by bringing the children of Israel down to Egypt he becomes the means through which the promise can be fulfilled.[21]
God's chosen people[edit]
Scholars generally agree that the theme of divine promise unites the patriarchal cycles, but many would dispute the efficacy of trying to examine Genesis' theology by pursuing a single overarching theme, instead citing as more productive the analysis of the Abraham cycle, the Jacob cycle, and the Joseph cycle, and the Yahwist and Priestly sources.[27] The problem lies in finding a way to unite the patriarchal theme of divine promise to the stories of Genesis 1–11 (the primeval history) with their theme of God's forgiveness in the face of man's evil nature.[28][29] One solution is to see the patriarchal stories as resulting from God's decision not to remain alienated from mankind:[29] God creates the world and mankind, mankind rebels, and God "elects" (chooses) Abraham.[2]
To this basic plot (which comes from the Yahwist) the Priestly source has added a series of covenants dividing history into stages, each with its own distinctive "sign". The first covenant is between God and all living creatures, and is marked by the sign of the rainbow; the second is with the descendants of Abraham (Ishmaelites and others as well as Israelites), and its sign is circumcision; and the last, which doesn't appear until the book of Exodus, is with Israel alone, and its sign is Sabbath. Each covenant is mediated by a great leader (Noah, Abraham, Moses), and at each stage God progressively reveals himself by his name (Elohim with Noah, El Shaddai with Abraham, Yahweh with Moses).[2]
Judaism's weekly Torah portions[edit]
Main article: Weekly Torah portion
First Day of Creation (from the 1493 Nuremberg Chronicle)
Bereshit, on Genesis 1–6: Creation, Eden, Adam and Eve, Cain and Abel, Lamech, wickedness
Noach, on Genesis 6–11: Noah's Ark, the Flood, Noah's drunkenness, the Tower of Babel
Lech-Lecha, on Genesis 12–17: Abraham, Sarah, Lot, covenant, Hagar and Ishmael, circumcision
Vayeira, on Genesis 18–22: Abraham's visitors, Sodomites, Lot's visitors and flight, Hagar expelled, binding of Isaac
Chayei Sarah, on Genesis 23–25: Sarah buried, Rebekah for Isaac
Toledot, on Genesis 25–28: Esau and Jacob, Esau's birthright, Isaac's blessing
Vayetze, on Genesis 28–32: Jacob flees, Rachel, Leah, Laban, Jacob's children and departure
Vayishlach, on Genesis 32–36: Jacob's reunion with Esau, the rape of Dinah
Vayeshev, on Genesis 37–40: Joseph's dreams, coat, and slavery, Judah with Tamar, Joseph and Potiphar
Miketz, on Genesis 41–44: Pharaoh's dream, Joseph's in government, Joseph's brothers visit Egypt
Vayigash, on Genesis 44–47: Joseph reveals himself, Jacob moves to Egypt
Vaychi, on Genesis 47–50: Jacob's blessings, death of Jacob and of Joseph
First phrase[edit]
Main article: Genesis 1:1
"In principio creavit deus..." First page of Genesis in a Latin bible dated 1481 (Bodleian Library)
Perhaps the most well-known passage of the Hebrew Bible, the first phrase of Genesis has long been translated as "In the beginning God created..." However, the idea that God created the world out of nothing (creatio ex nihilo) is central today to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, but it is not directly stated anywhere in the entire Hebrew Bible.[30]
See also[edit]
Bible portal
Dating the Bible
Enûma Eliš
Genesis creation narrative
Historicity of the Bible
Mosaic authorship
Paradise Lost
Protevangelium
Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Other scholars prefer a four-part division: 1:1 to 11:25 is the primeval story, 11:26 to 25:18 the story of Abraham, 25:19 to 36:43 the Jacob cycle, and 37:1 to 50:26 the Joseph story.[8]
Jump up ^ The Weekly Torah portions, Parashot, divide the book into 12 readings.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hamilton (1990), page. 1
^ Jump up to: a b c Bandstra (2004), pp. 28–29
Jump up ^ Kessler, Deurloo (2004), pp. 3–7
Jump up ^ Van Seters (1998), p. 5
^ Jump up to: a b Davies (1998), p. 37
Jump up ^ Hamilton (1990), p. 2
Jump up ^ Whybray (1997), p. 41
Jump up ^ Jon D. Levenson (2014) "Genesis" in Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler (eds.) The Jewish Study Bible (second edition). New York: Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ McKeown (2008), p. 2
Jump up ^ Walsh (2001), p. 112
Jump up ^ Carr 2000, p. 491.
Jump up ^ Hendel, R. S. (1992). Genesis, Book of. In D. N. Freedman (Ed.), The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (Vol. 2, p. 933). New York: Doubleday
Jump up ^ Gooder (2000), pp. 12–14
Jump up ^ Van Seters (2004), pp. 30–86
Jump up ^ Lawrence Boadt; Richard J. Clifford; Daniel J. Harrington (2012). Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction. Paulist Press.
Jump up ^ Ska (2006), pp. 169, 217–18
Jump up ^ Van Seters (2004) pp. 113–14
Jump up ^ Whybray (2001), p. 39
^ Jump up to: a b Ska (2006), p. 169
Jump up ^ Clines (1997), p. 30
^ Jump up to: a b Hamilton (1990), p. 50
Jump up ^ John J Collins (2007), A Short Introduction to the Hebrew Bible, Fortress Press, p. 47
Jump up ^ Brueggemann (2002), p. 61
Jump up ^ Brueggemann (2002), p. 78
Jump up ^ McKeown (2008), p. 4
Jump up ^ Wenham (2003), p. 34
Jump up ^ Hamilton (1990), pp. 38–39
Jump up ^ Hendel, R. S. (1992). Genesis, Book of. In D. N. Freedman (Ed.), The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (Vol. 2, p. 935). New York: Doubleday
^ Jump up to: a b Kugler, Hartin (2009), p.9
Jump up ^ Nebe, Gottfried (2002), Creation in Paul's Theology. In Hoffman, Yair; Reventlow, Henning Graf. "Creation in Jewish and Christian tradition", A&C Black, p. 119
Bibliography[edit]
Commentaries on Genesis[edit]
Armstrong, Karen. In the Beginning: A New Interpretation of Genesis. New York: Knopf, 1996. ISBN 0-679-45089-0.
Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2011). Creation, Un-creation, Re-creation: A discursive commentary on Genesis 1–11. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9780567372871.
Brueggemann, Walter (1986). Genesis. Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching. Atlanta: John Knox Press. ISBN 0-8042-3101-X.
Carr, David M. (2000). "Genesis, Book of". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9780567372871.
Cotter, David W (2003). Genesis. Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814650400.
De La Torre, Miguel (2011). Genesis. Belief: A Theological Commentary on the Bible. Westminster John Knox Press.
Fretheim, Terence E. “The Book of Genesis.” In The New Interpreter's Bible. Edited by Leander E. Keck, vol. 1, pp. 319–674. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994. ISBN 0-687-27814-7.
Hamilton, Victor P (1990). The book of Genesis: chapters 1–17. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802825216.
Hamilton, Victor P (1995). The book of Genesis: chapters 18–50. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802823090.
Hirsch, Samson Raphael. The Pentateuch: Genesis. Translated by Isaac Levy. Judaica Press, 2nd edition 1999. ISBN 0-910818-12-6. Originally published as Der Pentateuch uebersetzt und erklaert Frankfurt, 1867–1878.
Kass, Leon R. The Beginning of Wisdom: Reading Genesis. New York: Free Press, 2003. ISBN 0-7432-4299-8.
Kessler, Martin; Deurloo, Karel Adriaan (2004). A Commentary on Genesis: The Book of Beginnings. Paulist Press. ISBN 9780809142057.
McKeown, James (2008). Genesis. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802827050.
Plaut, Gunther. The Torah: A Modern Commentary (1981), ISBN 0-8074-0055-6
Rogerson, John William (1991). Genesis 1–11. T&T Clark. ISBN 9780567083388.
Sacks, Robert D (1990). A Commentary on the Book of Genesis. Edwin Mellen.
Sarna, Nahum M. The JPS Torah Commentary: Genesis: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1989. ISBN 0-8276-0326-6.
Speiser, E.A. Genesis: Introduction, Translation, and Notes. New York: Anchor Bible, 1964. ISBN 0-385-00854-6.
Towner, Wayne Sibley (2001). Genesis. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664252564.
Turner, Laurence (2009). Genesis, Second Edition. Sheffield Phoenix Press. ISBN 9781906055653.
Von Rad, Gerhard (1972). Genesis: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664227456.
Wenham, Gordon (2003). "Genesis". In James D. G. Dunn, John William Rogerson. Eerdmans Bible Commentary. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Whybray, R.N (2001). "Genesis". In John Barton. Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198755005.
General[edit]
Bandstra, Barry L (2004). Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible. Wadsworth. ISBN 9780495391050.
Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2004). Treasures old and new: Essays in the Theology of the Pentateuch. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802826794.
Brueggemann, Walter (2002). Reverberations of faith: A Theological Handbook of Old Testament themes. Westminster John Knox. ISBN 9780664222314.
Campbell, Antony F; O'Brien, Mark A (1993). Sources of the Pentateuch: Texts, Introductions, Annotations. Fortress Press. ISBN 9781451413670.
Carr, David M (1996). Reading the Fractures of Genesis. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664220716.
Clines, David A (1997). The Theme of the Pentateuch. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 9780567431967.
Davies, G.I (1998). "Introduction to the Pentateuch". In John Barton. Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198755005.
Gooder, Paula (2000). The Pentateuch: A Story of Beginnings. T&T Clark. ISBN 9780567084187.
Hendel, Ronald (2012). The Book of "Genesis": A Biography (Lives of Great Religious Books). Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691140124.
Kugler, Robert; Hartin, Patrick (2009). The Old Testament between Theology and History: A Critical Survey. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802846365.
Levin, Christoph L (2005). The Old Testament: A Brief Introduction. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691113944.
Longman, Tremper (2005). How to read Genesis. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830875603.
McEntire, Mark (2008). Struggling with God: An Introduction to the Pentateuch. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780881461015.
Newman, Murray L. (1999). Genesis (PDF). Forward Movement Publications, Cincinnati, OH.
Ska, Jean-Louis (2006). Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575061221.
Van Seters, John (1992). Prologue to History: The Yahwist As Historian in Genesis. Westminster John Knox Press.
Van Seters, John (1998). "The Pentateuch". In Steven L. McKenzie, Matt Patrick Graham. The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664256524.
Van Seters, John (2004). The Pentateuch: A Social-science Commentary. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9780567080882.
Walsh, Jerome T (2001). Style and Structure in Biblical Hebrew Narrative. Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814658970.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Genesis.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Genesis
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Genesis
Bereshit (book of Genesis) – Mikraot Gedolot Haketer – online edition, Menachem Cohen, Bar Ilan University (Hebrew)
Book of Genesis illustrated
Genesis Reading Room (Tyndale Seminary): online commentaries and monographs on Genesis.
Bereshit with commentary in Hebrew
בראשית Bereishit – Genesis (Hebrew – English at Mechon-Mamre.org)
Genesis at Mechon-Mamre (Jewish Publication Society translation)
01 Genesis public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions
Genesis (The Living Torah) Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan's translation and commentary at Ort.org
Genesis (Judaica Press) at Chabad.org
Young's Literal Translation (YLT)
New International Version (NIV)
Revised Standard Version (RSV)
Westminster-Leningrad codex
Aleppo Codex
Book of Gonesis in Bible Book
Genesis in Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac, Greek, Latin, and English – The critical text of the Book of Genesis in Hebrew with ancient versions (Masoretic, Samaritan Pentateuch, Samaritan Targum, Targum Onkelos, Peshitta, Septuagint, Vetus Latina, Vulgate, Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion) and English translation for each version in parallel.
Book of Genesis
Pentateuch
Preceded by
None Hebrew Bible Succeeded by
Exodus
Christian
Old Testament
[show]
v
t
e
Books of the Bible
Principal
divisions
Hebrew Bible/
Old Testament Protocanon
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
1–2 Samuel
1–2 Kings
1–2 Chronicles
Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther
Job
Psalms
Proverbs
Ecclesiastes
Song
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Lamentations
Ezekiel
Daniel
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
Deuterocanon
and Apocrypha
Catholic
Orthodox
Tobit
Judith
Additions to Esther
1 Maccabees
2 Maccabees
Wisdom
Sirach
Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah
Additions to Daniel (Susanna
Song of the Three Children
Bel and the Dragon)
Orthodox only
1 Esdras
2 Esdras
Prayer of Manasseh
Psalm 151
3 Maccabees
4 Maccabees
Odes
Tewahedo Orthodox
Enoch
Jubilees
1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
Paralipomena of Baruch
Broader canon
Syriac
Letter of Baruch
2 Baruch
Psalms 152–155
New Testament
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
Acts
Romans
1 Corinthians
2 Corinthians
Galatians
Ephesians
Philippians
Colossians
1 Thessalonians
2 Thessalonians
1 Timothy
2 Timothy
Titus
Philemon
Hebrews
James
1 Peter
2 Peter
1 John
2 John
3 John
Jude
Revelation
Subdivisions
Chapters and verses
Pentateuch
Wisdom
Major / Minor prophets
Gospels (Synoptic)
Epistles (Pauline
Johannine
Pastoral
Catholic)
Apocalyptic literature
Development
Old Testament canon
New Testament canon
Antilegomena
Jewish canon
Christian canon
Manuscripts
Dead Sea Scrolls
Samaritan Pentateuch
Septuagint
Targum
Diatessaron
Muratorian fragment
Peshitta
Vetus Latina
Masoretic Text
New Testament manuscript categories
New Testament papyri
New Testament uncials
See also
Biblical canon
Authorship
English Bible translations
Other books referenced in the Bible
Pseudepigrapha (list)
New Testament apocrypha
Studies
Synod of Hippo
Textual criticism
Category
Portal
WikiProject
Book
[show]
v
t
e
Noah's Ark media
Source
Genesis flood narrative in the Book of Genesis
Characters
Noah
Shem
Ham
Japheth
Wives aboard Noah's Ark
Television
Captain Noah and His Magical Ark (1967)
Noah's Island (1997)
Noah's Ark (1999)
The Ark (2015)
Film
Noah's Ark (1928)
Father Noah's Ark (1933)
The Bible: In the Beginning... (1966)
O Trapalhão na Arca de Noé (1983)
La Biblia en pasta (1984)
Genesis: The Creation and the Flood (1994)
Noah (1998)
Raining Cats and Frogs (2003)
Noah's Ark (2007)
Evan Almighty (2007)
40 Days and Nights (2012)
Noah (2014)
Ooops! Noah Is Gone... (2015)
Stage
The Flowering Peach (1954 play)
Two by Two (1970 musical)
Opera
Il diluvio universale (1830)
Le Déluge (1875)
Noé (1885)
Noye's Fludde (1958)
Songs
Captain Noah and His Floating Zoo (1970)
"The Prophet's Song" (1975)
"Animals" (1980)
"Forever Not Yours" (2002)
Games
Noah's Ark
Noah's Ark (1992)
Super 3D Noah's Ark (1994)
Literature
The Moon in the Cloud (1969)
Noah's Ark (1977)
Not Wanted on the Voyage (1984)
Many Waters (1986)
Not the End of the World (2004)
Other cultures
Flood myth
Sumerian creation myth
Gilgamesh flood myth
Ancient Greek flood myths
Finnish flood myth
Great Flood of China
Mesoamerican flood myths
Cessair
Bergelmir
Noah in Islam
Noah in rabbinic literature
Science
Black Sea deluge hypothesis
Flood geology
Searches for Noah's Ark
Geography
In Search of Noah's Ark
Mountains of Ararat
Mount Judi
Mosque of Ibn Tulun
Theories
Ararat anomaly
Durupınar site
Story within a story
Angel's Egg
Doctor Dolittle and the Secret Lake
Fantasia 2000
"Homer and Ned's Hail Mary Pass"
"This Is the Way the World Ends"
Exclusions
"The Unicorn"
Peluda
Related theology
Book of Noah
Generations of Noah
Gopher wood
Noah's wine
Seven Laws of Noah
Other
Noah's Brother
Noah's Ark replicas and derivatives
Boner's Ark
Noah's Ark silver coins
[show]
v
t
e
Adam and Eve
Source
Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis
Adam
Eve
Lucifer
Offspring
Cain and Abel
Aclima
Seth
Awan
Azura
Television
"Probe 7, Over and Out" (1963)
Film
Mama's Affair (1921)
Good Morning, Eve! (1934)
The Broken Jug (1937)
The Original Sin (1948)
The Private Lives of Adam and Eve (1960)
El pecado de Adán y Eva (1969)
La Biblia en pasta (1984)
The Annunciation (1984)
Adipapam (1988)
Adam (1992)
Man's Best Friend (1998)
Babs (2000)
The Last Eve (2005)
Year One (2009)
The Tragedy of Man (2011)
Adam and Dog (2011)
Tropico (2013)
Plays
Le Jeu d'Adam (12th century)
The Broken Jug (1808)
The Tragedy of Man (1861)
The Creation of the World and Other Business (1972)
Musicals
The Apple Tree (1966)
Dude (1972)
Up from Paradise (1973)
Children of Eden (1991)
Compositions
The Creation (1798)
structure
La mort d'Adam (1809)
Ève (1875)
Genesis Suite (1945)
Lilith (2001)
Literature
Apocalypse of Adam
Book of Moses
Book of Abraham
Books of Adam
Book of the Penitence of Adam
Cave of Treasures
"El y Ella"
Genesis A and Genesis B
Harrowing of Hell
Life of Adam and Eve
Testament of Adam
Testimony of Truth (3rd century)
Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan (6th century)
"Old Saxon Genesis" (9th century)
"Adam lay ybounden" (15th century)
Paradise Lost (1667)
Le Dernier Homme (1805)
Extracts from Adam's Diary (1904)
Eve's Diary (1905)
The Book of Genesis (2009)
Art
Bernward Doors (1015)
Tapestry of Creation (11th century)
Expulsion from the Garden of Eden (1425)
Vienna Diptych (15th century)
The Last Judgment (1482)
The Garden of Earthly Delights (1504)
Adam and Eve (1507)
Paradise and Hell (1510)
The Creation of Adam (1512)
The Haywain Triptych (1516)
Eve, the Serpent and Death (1510s or 1520s)
Adam and Eve (1528)
The Fall of Man (1550)
Maps of Ancient Israel
The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man (1617)
The Fall of Man (1628)
The Four Seasons (1660s)
The Koren Picture-Bible (1692–1696)
The First Mourning (1888)
Eve (1931)
Adam and Eve (1932)
The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve (1958)
Adam and Eve (1992)
Songs
"Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again"
"Adam-ondi-Ahman" (1835)
"Forbidden Fruit" (1915)
"The Garden of Eden" (1956)
"Let's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance" (1970)
"Man Gave Names to All the Animals" (1979)
Albums
The Cainian Chronicle (1996)
Visions of Eden (2006)
Other cultures
Adam–God doctrine
Adam and Eve (LDS Church)
Adam in Islam
Adam in rabbinic literature
Al-A'raf
Book of Moses
Endowment
Manu (Hinduism)
Mashya and Mashyana
Serpent seed
Tree of Jiva and Atman
Tree of life (Quran)
Our Lady of Endor Coven
Geography
Adam-ondi-Ahman
Tomb of Eve
Biology
Mitochondrial Eve
Y-chromosomal Adam
The Real Eve
Story within a story
Doraemon: Nobita's Diary of the Creation of the World
Island of Love
The Visitors
Games
Demon: The Fallen (2002)
Related theology
Fall of man
Original sin
Garden of Eden
Tree of the knowledge of good and evil
Serpents in the Bible
Forbidden fruit
Apple
Fig leaf
Figs in the Bible
Adam's ale
Adamic language
Rosh Hashanah
Camael
Shamsiel
Tree of life
Allegorical interpretations of Genesis
Other
Pre-Adamite
Generations of Adam
Cave of the Patriarchs
"In-A-Gadda-Da-Leela"
"Simpsons Bible Stories"
Second Time Lucky
Adam and Eve cylinder seal
Timeline of Genesis patriarchs
Genealogies of Genesis
Carnal knowledge
Legend of the Rood
Ystorya Adaf
Snakes for the Divine
Ransom theory of atonement
[show]
v
t
e
Cain and Abel
Book of Genesis
Biblical characters
Adam
Eve
Cain and Abel
Lucifer
Enoch
Awan
Portrayals in media
Film
East of Eden (film, 1952)
Caín (1984)
La Biblia en pasta (1984)
The Last Eve (2005)
Year One (2009)
Abel Cain
Plays
Le Jeu d'Adam (12th century)
Cain (1821)
Musicals
Children of Eden (1991)
Here's Where I Belong (1968)
Literature
Book of the Penitence of Adam
East of Eden (novel, 1952)
Abel Sánchez: The History of a Passion (1917)
The Book of Lies (2008)
Songs
"Should the Bible Be Banned" (1988)
"Cain's Blood" (1995)
Other
La mort d'Abel (composition, 1810)
The First Mourning (painting, 1888)
Cain and Abel (TV series, 2009)
Cain and Abel (DC Comics)
Kane (Command & Conquer video game character)
Related theology
Adam and Eve
Curse and mark of Cain
Serpent seed
Christian Identity
Cain and Abel in Islam
Balbira and Kalmana
Cainites
Other
Generations of Adam
Timeline of Genesis patriarchs
Land of Nod
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Genesis&oldid=801330388"
Categories:
6th-century BC books
5th-century BC books
Book of Genesis
Torah books
Protocanonical books
Hidden categories:
Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text
Articles containing Hebrew-language text
Articles with LibriVox links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Wikisource
Languages
Afrikaans
አማርኛ
العربية
Aragonés
ܐܪܡܝܐ
Asturianu
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Boarisch
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
ChiShona
Choctaw
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deitsch
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Furlan
Gaeilge
Gàidhlig
Galego
Gĩkũyũ
ગુજરાતી
गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hornjoserbsce
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
IsiXhosa
IsiZulu
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Kaszëbsczi
Kernowek
Kiswahili
Ladino
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Magyar
Malagasy
മലയാളം
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Монгол
Dorerin Naoero
Na Vosa Vakaviti
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oshiwambo
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Papiamentu
Polski
Português
Română
Rumantsch
Runa Simi
Русский
Gagana Samoa
Scots
Sesotho
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
Walon
Winaray
ייִדיש
Yorùbá
粵語
Zazaki
Zeêuws
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 September 2017, at 01:34.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: i

attrs: class style

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex

values: width:22em;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:11.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;

values: width:22em;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: width:22em;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); display: none;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;

values:
/wiki/Sapiential_Books
mw-redirect
Sapiential Books

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top:1px solid #aaa;font-size:105%;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;line-height:1.4em;

values: font-size: 115%; font-family: Alef, 'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Hebrew', 'David CLM', 'Frenk Ruehl CLM', 'Hadasim CLM', Cardo, Shofar, David, 'Ezra SIL', 'Ezra SIL SR', 'Noto Sans Hebrew', FreeSerif, 'Times New Roman', FreeSans, Arial;

values:
/wiki/Joseph_(son_of_Jacob)
mw-redirect
Joseph (son of Jacob)

values:
/wiki/Children_of_Israel
mw-redirect
Children of Israel

values:
/wiki/Noahic_Covenant
mw-redirect
Noahic Covenant

values:
/wiki/Serpent_(Bible)
mw-redirect
Serpent (Bible)

values:
/wiki/Ur_Ka%C5%9Bdim
mw-redirect
Ur Kaśdim

values: Edit section: Title and textual witnesses

values:
/wiki/Babylonian_exile
mw-redirect
Babylonian exile

values:
/wiki/Myth_of_origins
mw-redirect
Myth of origins

values:
/wiki/David_Clines
mw-redirect
David Clines

values: Edit section: Judaism's weekly Torah portions

values:
/wiki/Vayeira_(parsha)
mw-redirect
Vayeira (parsha)

values:
/wiki/Chayei_Sarah_(parsha)
mw-redirect
Chayei Sarah (parsha)

values:
/wiki/Toledot_(parsha)
mw-redirect
Toledot (parsha)

values:
/wiki/Vayetze_(parsha)
mw-redirect
Vayetze (parsha)

values:
/wiki/Vayishlach_(parsha)
mw-redirect
Vayishlach (parsha)

values:
/wiki/Vayeshev_(parsha)
mw-redirect
Vayeshev (parsha)

values:
/wiki/Miketz_(parsha)
mw-redirect
Miketz (parsha)

values:
/wiki/Vayigash_(parsha)
mw-redirect
Vayigash (parsha)

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: International Standard Book Number (identifier)

values:
/wiki/Liturgical_Press
mw-redirect
Liturgical Press

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mgketer.org/mikra/1/1/1

values:
nofollow
external text
http://saintscriptures.com/genesis.asp

values:
nofollow
external text
http://tanakh.info/gn1-1

values: border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;

values: The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children

values:
/wiki/Minor_prophet
mw-redirect
Minor prophet

values: Development of the Christian biblical canon

values: Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Not the End of the World (McCaughrean novel)

values: The Private Lives of Adam and Eve (film)

values: The Creation of the World and Other Business

values: Doraemon: Nobita's Diary of the Creation of the World

values: Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Book_of_Genesis
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis
Genesis – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values: ኦሪት ዘፍጥረት – Amharic

values: سفر التكوين – Arabic

values:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenesi
Chenesi – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

values: ܣܦܪܐ ܕܒܪܝܬܐ – Aramaic

values: Кніга Быццё – Belarusian

values: Кніга Роду – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Битие (Библия) – Bulgarian

values:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis
Genesis – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis
Genesis – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesisi
Genesisi – Shona
sn
sn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cho.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenesis
Chenesis – Choctaw
cho
cho
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: Es erschde Buch Mosi – Pennsylvania German

values: Γένεσις (βιβλίο) – Greek

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genezo
Genezo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: سفر پیدایش – Persian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geineasas
Geineasas – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis
Genesis – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

values: ઉત્પત્તિ (બાઇબલ) – Gujarati

values: उत्पती चें पुस्तक – Goan Konkani

values: उत्पत्ति पुस्तक – Hindi

values:
https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genezis
Genezis – Upper Sorbian
hsb
hsb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genezo
Genezo – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis
Genesis – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis
Genesis – Xhosa
xh
xh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugenesis
Ugenesis – Zulu
zu
zu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesi
Genesi – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: בראשית – Hebrew

values: ಆದಿಕಾಂಡ – Kannada

values: წიგნი დაბადებისა – Georgian

values:
https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenesis
Jenesis – Cornish
kw
kw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereshit
Bereshit – Ladino
lad
lad
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis
Genesis – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values: ഉൽപ്പത്തിപ്പുസ്തകം – Malayalam

values:
https://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis
Genesis – Nauru
interlanguage-link-target

values: Ai matai ni vloa i Mosese sa vakatokai nai Vakatekivu – Fijian

values:
https://ng.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis
Genesis – Ndonga
ng
ng
interlanguage-link-target

values: ਜਣਨ ਦੀ ਕਿਤਾਬ – Punjabi

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneza
Geneza – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qallariy
Qallariy – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values: Книга Бытия – Russian

values: O le Kenese o le tusi muamua a Mose – Samoan

values:
https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genese
Genese – Southern Sotho
st
st
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genezis
Genezis – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values: Књига постања – Serbian

values: தொடக்க நூல் – Tamil

values: หนังสือปฐมกาล – Thai

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekvin
Tekvin – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Книга Буття – Ukrainian

values: کتاب پیدائش – Urdu

values:
https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djineze
Djineze – Walloon
wa
wa
interlanguage-link-target

values: ספר בראשית – Yiddish

values:
https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekwin
Tekwin – Zazaki
diq
diq
interlanguage-link-target

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Book_of_Genesis rootpage-Book_of_Genesis skin-vector action-view


text:
Incumbent
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Open seat" redirects here. For the tennis tournament, see Barcelona Open (tennis).
"Re-election" redirects here. For the system used in the English Football League until 1986, see Re-election (Football League).
For the ecclesiastical office, see Incumbent (ecclesiastical).
[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The incumbent is the current holder of a political office. This term is usually used in reference to elections, in which races can often be defined as being between an incumbent and non-incumbent(s). For example, in the Hungarian presidential election, 2017, János Áder was the incumbent, because he had been the president in the term before the term for which the election sought to determine the president. A race without an incumbent is referred to as an open seat.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Incumbency advantage
2.1 Sophomore surge
3 Anti-incumbency
4 See also
5 References
6 Sources
7 Further reading
Etymology
The word "incumbent" is derived from the Latin verb incumbere, literally meaning "to lean or lay upon" with the present participle stem incumbent-, "leaning a variant of encumber,[1] while encumber is derived from the root cumber,[2] most appropriately defined: "To occupy obstructively or inconveniently; to block fill up with what hinders freedom of motion or action; to burden, load."[3]
Incumbency advantage
In general, incumbents have structural advantages over challengers during elections. The timing of elections may be determined by the incumbent instead of a set schedule. For most political offices, the incumbent often has more name recognition due to their previous work in the office. Incumbents also have easier access to campaign finance, as well as government resources (such as the franking privilege) that can be indirectly used to boost a campaign. An election (especially for a single-member constituency in a legislature) in which no incumbent is running is often called an open seat; because of the lack of incumbency advantage, these are often amongst the most hotly contested races in any election.
When newcomers look to fill an open office, voters tend to compare and contrast the candidates' qualifications, positions on political issues, and personal characteristics in a relatively straightforward way. Elections featuring an incumbent, on the other hand, are, as Guy Molyneux puts it, "fundamentally a referendum on the incumbent."[4] Voters will first grapple with the record of the incumbent. Only if they decide to "fire" the incumbent do they begin to evaluate whether each of the challengers is an acceptable alternative.
A 2017 study in the British Journal of Political Science argues that the incumbency advantage stems from the fact that voters evaluate the incumbent's ideology individually whereas they assume that any challenger shares his party's ideology.[5] This means that the incumbency advantage gets more significant as political polarization increases.[5] A 2017 study in the Journal of Politics found that incumbents have "a far larger advantage" in on-cycle elections than in off-cycle elections.[6]
Sophomore surge
Main article: Sophomore surge
Political analysts in the United States and United Kingdom have noted the existence of a sophomore surge in which first term representatives see an increase in votes in their first election. This phenomenon is said to bring an advantage of up to 10% for first term representatives, which increases the incumbency advantage.
Anti-incumbency
Main article: anti-incumbency
However, there exist scenarios in which the incumbency factor itself leads to the downfall of the incumbent. Popularly known as the anti-incumbency factor, situations of this kind occur when the incumbent has proven himself not worthy of office during his tenure and the challengers demonstrate this to the voters. An anti-incumbency factor can also be responsible for bringing down incumbents who have been in office for many successive terms despite performance indicators, simply because the voters are convinced by the challengers of a need for change. It is also argued that the holders of extensively powerful offices are subject to immense pressure which leaves them politically impotent and unable to command enough public confidence for re-election; such is the case, for example, with the Presidency of France.[7]

Nick Panagakis, a pollster, coined what he dubbed the incumbent rule in 1989—that any voter who claims to be undecided towards the end of the election will probably end up voting for a challenger.[8]
See also
Politics portal
Sophomore surge
Lists of office-holders
List of current heads of state and government
Outgoing politician
Virtual incumbent
References
Jump up ^ OED (1989), p. 834
Jump up ^ OED (1989), p. 218
Jump up ^ OED (1989), p. 124
Jump up ^ Guy Molyneux, The Big Five-Oh, The American Prospect, 1 October 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b Peskowitz, Zachary (2017-05-01). "Ideological Signaling and Incumbency Advantage". British Journal of Political Science: 1–24. doi:10.1017/S0007123416000557. ISSN 0007-1234.
Jump up ^ de Benedictis-Kessner, Justin (2017-12-07). "Off-Cycle and Out of Office: Election Timing and the Incumbency Advantage". The Journal of Politics: 000–000. doi:10.1086/694396. ISSN 0022-3816.
Jump up ^ Robert Tombs (May 2, 2017). "France's Presidency Is Too Powerful to Work". Polling Report. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nick Panagakis (February 27, 1989). "Incumbent Rule". Polling Report. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
Sources
Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. Print.
Further reading
Look up incumbent in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
De Magalhaes, L. (2015). Incumbency effects in a comparative perspective: Evidence from Brazilian mayoral elections. Political Analysis, 23(1), 113-126.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incumbent&oldid=814382810"
Categories:
Political terminology
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Articles with limited geographic scope from August 2015
Articles needing additional references from August 2015
All articles needing additional references
Articles with multiple maintenance issues
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
भोजपुरी
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
فارسی
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Igbo
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Basa Jawa
Kurdî
मैथिली
मराठी
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
नेपाली
Norsk
Português
Scots
Simple English
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 December 2017, at 13:42.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: td

value: span

attrs: class role tabindex

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
mw-collapsible
width:95%; margin: 0.2em 0;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox

values:
/wiki/Franking_privilege
mw-redirect
Franking privilege

values:
/wiki/Single-member_constituency
mw-redirect
Single-member constituency

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1234

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F694396

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3816

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

values: Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from August 2015

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2015

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Incumbent
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: شاغل المنصب – Arabic

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent
Incumbent – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values: އަދިވެސް މަޤާމުގައި – Divehi

values: पदस्थ – Hindi

values:
https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent
Incumbent – Igbo
ig
ig
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petahana
Petahana – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent
Incumbent – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petahana
Petahana – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values: विद्यमान – Marathi

values: बहालवाला – Nepali

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent
Incumbent – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkumbent
Inkumbent – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkumbent
Inkumbent – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: برسر منصب – Urdu

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Incumbent rootpage-Incumbent skin-vector action-view


text:
I'm Leaving It Up to You
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"I'm Leaving It Up to You"
Single by Dale & Grace
from the album I'm Leaving It Up to You
B-side
"Stop and Think It Over"
Released
September 1963
Format
45 rpm
Recorded
1963
Genre
Pop, doo-wop
Length
2:13
Label
Montel
Songwriter(s)
Don F. Harris, Dewey Terry
Producer(s)
Sam Montel
Dale & Grace singles chronology
"I'm Leaving It Up to You"
(1963) "Stop and Think It Over"
(1964)
"I'm Leaving It Up to You"
(1963) "Stop and Think It Over"
(1964)
"I'm Leaving It Up to You" is a song written by and originally performed by Don Harris and Dewey Terry in 1957.[1] It was later popularized in 1963 by the American duo Dale and Grace, who took the song to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In 1974, Donny and Marie Osmond reached the top five on the US Hot 100 chart and peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary chart with their cover version.
Contents
[hide]
1 Dale and Grace version
1.1 Chart performance
1.2 Weekly charts
1.3 Year-end charts
2 Donny and Marie Osmond version
2.1 Chart performance
2.2 Weekly charts
2.3 Year-end charts
3 Other versions
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Dale and Grace version[edit]
"I'm Leaving It Up to You" first became popular when recorded by the duo Dale and Grace in 1963. Their version became a No. 1 hit in the United States on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks in late 1963. It was the first time a duet succeeded another duet at the top spot.[2]
The single also spent two weeks atop the easy listening chart. It was the number one song on the Billboard Hot 100 chart when President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Dale and Grace were in Dallas on the day of the assassination and scheduled to perform that night as part of Dick Clark's Caravan of Stars (with Bobby Rydell, Jimmy Clanton, and Brian Hyland), and moments before the assassination had waved to the president's motorcade from a vantage point near their hotel.[2]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1963–64)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100 1
US Billboard Easy Listening 1
US Cash Box Top 100[3] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1963)
Rank
US Billboard Hot 100[4] 20
Chart (1964)
Rank
US Cash Box[5] 27
Donny and Marie Osmond version[edit]
"I'm Leaving It Up to You"
Single by Donny and Marie Osmond
from the album I'm Leaving It All Up to You
B-side
"The Umbrella Song"
Released
July 1974
Format
45 rpm
Recorded
Pop
Label
MGM
Songwriter(s)
Don F. Harris, Dewey Terry
Donny and Marie Osmond singles chronology
"I'm Leaving It Up to You"
(1974) "Morning Side of the Mountain"
(1974)
"I'm Leaving It Up to You"
(1974) "Morning Side of the Mountain"
(1974)
In 1974, "I'm Leaving It Up to You" again became a chart-topping hit in the US when brother and sister duo Donny and Marie Osmond covered it in September, it reached number 4 on the Hot 100 and number 1 on the easy listening chart.[6] It also reached number 2 in the UK. Their version became a gold record, as did the album from which the title track was taken.[7]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report) 14
Canada RPM Top Singles 4
Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 3
Canada RPM Country 7
Ireland (IRMA)[8] 3
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[9] 4
UK 2
US Billboard Hot 100 4
US Billboard Easy Listening[6] 1
US Billboard Country 17
US Cash Box Top 100[10] 7
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Rank
Australia[11] 98
Canada RPM Top Singles[12] 62
Netherlands[13] 21
UK[14] 23
US Billboard Hot 100[15] 81
US Billboard Easy Listening[16] 34
US Cash Box[17] 74
Other versions[edit]
The song was covered in 1970 by Linda Ronstadt on her Nashville-recorded Silk Purse album.
Jim Ed Brown and Helen Cornelius recorded their version in 1976, it was included on their album I Don't Want to Have to Marry You.
See also[edit]
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1963 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1963 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1974 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Don & Dewey: Jungle Hop, Legends of Speciality Records, Speciality Records (1991), liner notes
^ Jump up to: a b Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard Book of Number One Hits – revised & enlarged. New York: Billboard Books. p. 140. ISBN 0-8230-8298-9.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-02-16. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1963/Top 100 Songs of 1963". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 187.
Jump up ^ http://www.worldation.com/stories/osmond-family-little-known-stories-revealed/18/
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – I'm Leaving It Up to You". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1974" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Hung Medien. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-02-16. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (doc)|format= requires |url= (help). Australian Chart Book, St Ives, N.S.W. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ Bac-lac.gc.ca
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1974" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Hung Medien. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles for 1974". Music Week. London, England: Spotlight Publications: 20. 4 January 1975.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1974/Top 100 Songs of 1974". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
Jump up ^ Top 50 Adult Contemporary Hits of 1974
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2015-07-16.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Deep Purple" by Nino Tempo and April Stevens Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
November 23, 1963 (two weeks) Succeeded by
"Dominique" by The Singing Nun
[hide]
v
t
e
Marie Osmond
Studio albums
Paper Roses
In My Little Corner of the World
Who's Sorry Now
This Is the Way That I Feel
There's No Stopping Your Heart
I Only Wanted You
All in Love
Steppin' Stone
I Can Do This
Music Is Medicine
Compilation albums
The Best of Marie Osmond
Magic of Christmas
Notable singles
"Paper Roses"
"In My Little Corner of the World"
"Who's Sorry Now?"
"Meet Me in Montana" (with Dan Seals)
"There's No Stopping Your Heart"
"Read My Lips"
"You're Still New to Me" (with Paul Davis)
"I Only Wanted You"
"Everybody's Crazy 'Bout My Baby"
"Sweet Life"
"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy"
Donny & Marie albums
I'm Leaving It All Up to You
Featuring Songs from Their Television Show
New Season
Donny & Marie singles
"I'm Leaving It Up to You"
"Morning Side of the Mountain"
"Make the World Go Away"
"Deep Purple"
"Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing"
"(You're My) Soul and Inspiration"
Related
Discography
The Osmonds
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Leaving_It_Up_to_You&oldid=843556556"
Categories:
1957 songs
1963 singles
1974 singles
Donny Osmond songs
Marie Osmond songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from September 2016
CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)
Pages using citations with format and no URL
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Ireland2
Singlechart called without artist
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Nederlands
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 May 2018, at 22:34.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

values: I'm Leaving It Up to You - Dale & Grace.jpg

attrs: colspan style

values:
/wiki/Dale_%26_Grace
mw-redirect
Dale & Grace

values:
/wiki/Gramophone_record
mw-redirect
Gramophone record

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values:
/wiki/Don_%26_Dewey
mw-redirect
Don & Dewey

values:
/wiki/Dale_and_Grace
mw-redirect
Dale and Grace

values:
/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination
mw-redirect
John F. Kennedy assassination

values:
/wiki/Dallas,_Texas
mw-redirect
Dallas, Texas

values:
/wiki/Hot_Adult_Contemporary_Tracks
mw-redirect
Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:60%;

values: Edit section: Donny and Marie Osmond version

values: I'm Leaving It Up to You - Donny and Marie Osmond.jpg

values:
/wiki/Easy_Listening
mw-redirect
Easy Listening

values:
left
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
text-align:center;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Billboard_Books
mw-redirect
Billboard Books

values:
/wiki/Nino_Tempo_and_April_Stevens
mw-redirect
Nino Tempo and April Stevens

values: List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles from 1958 to 1969

values:
Marie_Osmond
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: New Season (Donny and Marie Osmond album)

values: nowraplinks vcard collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles

values: Category:Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2016

values: Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)

values: Category:Pages using citations with format and no URL

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Ireland2

values: Category:Singlechart called without artist

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/I%27m_Leaving_It_Up_to_You
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-I_m_Leaving_It_Up_to_You rootpage-I_m_Leaving_It_Up_to_You skin-vector action-view