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Six degrees of separation
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"Six degrees" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Six degrees of freedom. For other uses, see Six degrees (disambiguation).
Six degrees of separation.
Six degrees of separation is the idea that all living things and everything else in the world are six or fewer steps away from each other so that a chain of "a friend of a friend" statements can be made to connect any two people in a maximum of six steps. It was originally set out by Frigyes Karinthy in 1929 and popularized in an eponymous 1990 play written by John Guare.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early conceptions
1.1 Shrinking world
1.2 Small World
1.3 Continued research: Small World Project
2 Research
2.1 Computer networks
2.2 Find Satoshi
2.3 An optimal algorithm to calculate degrees of separation in social networks
3 Popularization
3.1 Popularization of offline practice
3.1.1 John Guare's Six Degrees of Separation
3.1.2 Kevin Bacon game
3.1.3 Six Degrees of Der Kommissar
3.1.4 John L. Sullivan
3.2 In popular culture
3.3 Website and application
3.3.1 Facebook
3.3.2 LinkedIn
3.3.3 SixDegrees.com
3.3.4 Twitter
4 Mathematics
5 Psychology
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Early conceptions[edit]
Shrinking world[edit]
Theories on optimal design of cities, city traffic flows, neighborhoods, and demographics were in vogue after World War I. These[citation needed] conjectures were expanded in 1929 by Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy, who published a volume of short stories titled Everything is Different. One of these pieces was titled "Chains," or "Chain-Links." The story investigated – in abstract, conceptual, and fictional terms – many of the problems that would captivate future generations of mathematicians, sociologists, and physicists within the field of network theory.[1][2] Due to technological advances in communications and travel, friendship networks could grow larger and span greater distances. In particular, Karinthy believed that the modern world was 'shrinking' due to this ever-increasing connectedness of human beings. He posited that despite great physical distances between the globe's individuals, the growing density of human networks made the actual social distance far smaller.[citation needed]
As a result of this hypothesis, Karinthy's characters believed that any two individuals could be connected through at most five acquaintances. In his story, the characters create a game out of this notion. He wrote:
A fascinating game grew out of this discussion. One of us suggested performing the following experiment to prove that the population of the Earth is closer together now than they have ever been before. We should select any person from the 1.5 billion inhabitants of the Earth – anyone, anywhere at all. He bet us that, using no more than five individuals, one of whom is a personal acquaintance, he could contact the selected individual using nothing except the network of personal acquaintances.[3]
This idea both directly and indirectly influenced a great deal of early thought on social networks. Karinthy has been regarded as the originator of the notion of six degrees of separation.[2] A related theory deals with the quality of connections, rather than their existence. The theory of three degrees of influence was created by Nicholas A. Christakis and James H. Fowler.[citation needed]
Small World[edit]
Main article: Small-world experiment
Michael Gurevich conducted seminal work in his empirical study of the structure of social networks in his 1961 Massachusetts Institute of Technology PhD dissertation under Ithiel de Sola Pool.[4] Mathematician Manfred Kochen, an Austrian who had been involved in urban design, extrapolated these empirical results in a mathematical manuscript, Contacts and Influences,[5] concluding that in a U.S.-sized population without social structure, "it is practically certain that any two individuals can contact one another by means of at most two intermediaries. In a [socially] structured population it is less likely but still seems probable. And perhaps for the whole world's population, probably only one more bridging individual should be needed." They subsequently constructed Monte Carlo simulations based on Gurevich's data, which recognized that both weak and strong acquaintance links are needed to model social structure. The simulations, carried out on the relatively limited computers of 1973, were nonetheless able to predict that a more realistic three degrees of separation existed across the U.S. population, foreshadowing the findings of American psychologist Stanley Milgram.[citation needed]
Milgram continued Gurevich's experiments in acquaintanceship networks at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. Kochen and de Sola Pool's manuscript, Contacts and Influences,[6] was conceived while both were working at the University of Paris in the early 1950s, during a time when Milgram visited and collaborated in their research. Their unpublished manuscript circulated among academics for over 20 years before publication in 1978. It formally articulated the mechanics of social networks, and explored the mathematical consequences of these (including the degree of connectedness). The manuscript left many significant questions about networks unresolved, and one of these was the number of degrees of separation in actual social networks. Milgram took up the challenge on his return from Paris, leading to the experiments reported in The Small World Problem [7] in popular science journal Psychology Today, with a more rigorous version of the paper appearing in Sociometry two years later.[8] The Psychology Today article generated enormous publicity for the experiments, which are well known today, long after much of the formative work has been forgotten.
Milgram's article made famous[7] his 1967 set of experiments to investigate de Sola Pool and Kochen's "small world problem." Mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot, born in Warsaw, growing up in Poland then France, was aware of the Statist rule of thumb, and was also a colleague of de Sola Pool, Kochen and Milgram at the University of Paris during the early 1950s (Kochen brought Mandelbrot to work at the Institute for Advanced Study and later IBM in the U.S.). This circle of researchers was fascinated by the interconnectedness and "social capital" of human networks. Milgram's study results showed that people in the United States seemed to be connected by approximately three friendship links, on average, without speculating on global linkages; he never actually used the term "six degrees of separation." Since the Psychology Today article gave the experiments wide publicity, Milgram, Kochen, and Karinthy all had been incorrectly attributed as the origin of the notion of six degrees; the most likely popularizer of the term "six degrees of separation" would be John Guare, who attributed the value '6' to Marconi.[9]
Continued research: Small World Project[edit]
In 2003, Columbia University conducted an analogous experiment on social connectedness amongst Internet email users. Their effort was named the Columbia Small World Project, and included 24,163 e-mail chains, aimed at 18 targets from 13 different countries around the world.[10] Almost 100,000 people registered, but only 384 (0.4%) reached the final target. Amongst the successful chains, while shorter lengths were more common some reached their target after only 7, 8, 9 or 10 steps. Dodds et al. noted that participants (all of whom volunteers) were strongly biased towards existing models of Internet users[Note 1] and that connectedness based on professional ties was much stronger than those within families or friendships. The authors cite "lack of interest" as the predominating factor in the high attrition rate,[Note 2] a finding consistent with earlier studies.[11]
Research[edit]
Several studies, such as Milgram's small world experiment, have been conducted to measure this connectedness empirically . The phrase "six degrees of separation" is often used as a synonym for the idea of the "small world" phenomenon.[12]
However, detractors argue that Milgram's experiment did not demonstrate such a link,[13] and the "six degrees" claim has been decried as an "academic urban myth".[11][14] Also, the existence of isolated groups of humans, for example the Korubo and other native Brazilian populations,[15] would tend to invalidate the strictest interpretation of the hypothesis.
Computer networks[edit]
In 2001, Duncan Watts, a professor at Columbia University, attempted to recreate Milgram's experiment on the Internet, using an e-mail message as the "package" that needed to be delivered, with 48,000 senders and 19 targets (in 157 countries). Watts found that the average (though not maximum) number of intermediaries was around six.[16] A 2007 study by Jure Leskovec and Eric Horvitz examined a data set of instant messages composed of 30 billion conversations among 240 million people. They found the average path length among Microsoft Messenger users to be 6.[17]
It has been suggested by some commentators[18] that interlocking networks of computer mediated lateral communication could diffuse single messages to all interested users worldwide as per the 6 degrees of separation principle via Information Routing Groups, which are networks specifically designed to exploit this principle and lateral diffusion.
Find Satoshi[edit]
The UK-based game company Mind Candy is currently testing the theory by distributing a picture of a Japanese man named Satoshi. The puzzle was originally a part of Mind Candy's Perplex City, but it has since grown into its own project.[19]
An optimal algorithm to calculate degrees of separation in social networks[edit]
Bakhshandeh et al.[20] have addressed the search problem of identifying the degree of separation between two users in social networks such as Twitter. They have introduced new search techniques to provide optimal or near optimal solutions. The experiments are performed using Twitter, and they show an improvement of several orders of magnitude over greedy approaches. Their optimal algorithm finds an average degree of separation of 3.43 between two random Twitter users, requiring an average of only 67 requests for information over the Internet to Twitter. A near-optimal solution of length 3.88 can be found by making an average of 13.3 requests.
Popularization[edit]
No longer limited strictly to academic or philosophical thinking, the notion of six degrees recently has become influential throughout popular culture. Further advances in communication technology – and particularly the Internet – have drawn great attention to social networks and human interconnectedness. As a result, many popular media sources have addressed the term. The following provide a brief outline of the ways such ideas have shaped popular culture.
Popularization of offline practice[edit]
John Guare's Six Degrees of Separation[edit]
Main articles: Six Degrees of Separation (play) and Six Degrees of Separation (film)
American playwright John Guare wrote a play in 1990 and later released a film in 1993 that popularized it. It is Guare's most widely known work.[citation needed]
The play ruminates upon the idea that any two individuals are connected by at most five others. As one of the characters states:
I read somewhere that everybody on this planet is separated by only six other people. Six degrees of separation between us and everyone else on this planet. The President of the United States, a gondolier in Venice, just fill in the names. I find it A) extremely comforting that we're so close, and B) like Chinese water torture that we're so close because you have to find the right six people to make the right connection... I am bound to everyone on this planet by a trail of six people.[21]
Guare, in interviews, attributed his awareness of the "six degrees" to Marconi.[citation needed] Although this idea had been circulating in various forms for decades, it is Guare's piece that is most responsible for popularizing the phrase "six degrees of separation."[citation needed] Following Guare's lead, many future television and film sources would later incorporate the notion into their stories.[citation needed]
J. J. Abrams, the executive producer of television series Six Degrees and Lost, played the role of Doug in the film adaptation of this play.[citation needed] Many of the play's themes are apparent in his television shows (see below).[citation needed]
Kevin Bacon game[edit]
The game "Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon"[22] was invented as a play on the concept: the goal is to link any actor to Kevin Bacon through no more than six connections, where two actors are connected if they have appeared in a movie or commercial together. It was created by three students at Albright College in Pennsylvania,[23] who came up with the concept while watching Footloose. On September 13, 2012, Google made it possible to search for any given actor's 'Bacon Number' through their search engine.
Upon the arrival of the 4G mobile network in the United Kingdom, Kevin Bacon appears in several commercials for the EE Network in which he links himself to several well known celebrities and TV shows in the UK.
Six Degrees of Der Kommissar[edit]
Music critics have fun tracing the history and dissecting the popular song "Der Kommissar" which was first written and recorded by Austrian musician Falco with German vocals in 1981, then passed on and reworked in English by British band After The Fire in 1982, then lyrically rewritten and renamed "Deep In The Dark" by Laura Branigan in 1983 in the U.S., then rerecorded in its traditional style in 2007 by Dale Bozzio, who is the former lead singer of new wave band Missing Persons. In this situation, connections among six such diverse musical expressionists were generated through a song. In the beginning, the composer might never have thought that the song could spread so far. However, the six degree has demonstrated that "the small world" does exist.
John L. Sullivan[edit]
An early version involved former world Heavyweight boxing champion, John L. Sullivan, in which people would ask others to "shake the hand that shook the hand that shook the hand that shook the hand of 'the great John L.'"[24]
In popular culture[edit]
Six Degrees of Separation is a 1993 drama film featuring Will Smith, Donald Sutherland, and Stockard Channing.
Six Degrees is a 2006 television series on ABC in the US. The show details the experiences of six New Yorkers who go about their lives without realizing they are affecting each other, and gradually meet one another.[25]
The television program Lost also explores the idea of six degrees of separation, as almost all the characters have randomly met each other before the crash or someone the other characters know.
Lonely Planet Six Degrees is a TV travel show that uses the "six degrees of separation" concept: the hosts, Asha Gill and Toby Amies, explore various cities through its people, by following certain personalities of the city around and being introduced by them to other personalities.
The Oscar-winning film Babel is based on the concept of Six Degrees of Separation. The lives of all of the characters were intimately intertwined, although they did not know each other and lived thousands of miles from each other.
Six Degrees of Martina McBride was a television pilot where six aspiring country singers from America's smallest towns try to connect themselves to Martina McBride in under six points of human connection. Those that make it from "Nowhere to Nashville to New York," get a shot at a studio session with Martina McBride and a record deal with SONY BMG.
The Woestijnvis production Man Bijt Hond, broadcast on Flemish TV, features a weekly section Dossier Costers, in which a worldwide event from the past week is linked to Gustaaf Costers, an ordinary Flemish citizen, in six steps.[26]
One of the achievements in the video game Brütal Legend is called "Six Degrees of Schafer," after the concept and Tim Schafer, who was presumably in the handful of players to have the achievement as of the game's release. A player can only obtain this achievement by playing online with someone who already has it, further paralleling it to the concept.
Connected: The Power of Six Degrees is a 2008 television episode on the Science Channel in the US and abroad.[27]
The No Doubt song "Full Circle" has a central theme dealing with six degrees of separation.
"Six Degrees of Separation" is an episode of the reimagined Battlestar Galactica series.
"Six Degrees of Separation" is the 10th track on the second disc The Heart of the 2016 double album The Weight of These Wings by American country artist Miranda Lambert. It is the 22nd track overall.
"Six Degrees of Separation" is the 2nd track on The Script's third album, #3.
"Six Degrees" is the sixth track on Scouting for Girls' album, The Light Between Us.
The Israeli TV program Cultural Attache, presented by Dov Alfon, is based on the concept of Six Degrees of Separation. The first guest is asked to name a cultural figure with which he has an unexpected connection, and this person is interviewed and gives yet another name as connection, till the 6th person on the show, who is then asked about a possible connection to the first guest. Such connection is found in about 50% of the interviews.[28]
Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence is a 2002 album by progressive rock band Dream Theater.
Six Degrees of Everything is a comedy series starring Benny Fine and Rafi Fine where they illustrate that everything in the world is connected by a six-degree separation.[29]
Jorden runt på 6 steg is a three-episode infotainment series produced by Nexiko Media which aired in Swedish Kanal 5 in 2015. For each episode, hosts Filip Hammar and Fredrik Wikingsson selected one random person (in Bolivia, Nepal and Senegal) and traced their relationships to three respective celebrities: Leif G. W. Persson, Gordon Ramsay and Buzz Aldrin within a week of travelling. They reached Persson within seven steps, and Ramsay and Aldrin within six steps. The second season features Michael Bolton, Jeremy Clarkson, Pamela Anderson, and Charlie Sheen.
Website and application[edit]
Facebook[edit]
A Facebook platform application named "Six Degrees" was developed by Karl Bunyan, which calculates the degrees of separation between different people. It had over 5.8 million users, as seen from the group's page. The average separation for all users of the application is 5.73 degrees, whereas the maximum degree of separation is 12. The application has a "Search for Connections" window to input any name of a Facebook user, to which it then shows the chain of connections. In June 2009, Bunyan shut down the application, presumably due to issues with Facebook's caching policy; specifically, the policy prohibited the storing of friend lists for more than 24 hours, which would have made the application inaccurate.[30] A new version of the application became available at Six Degrees after Karl Bunyan gave permission to a group of developers led by Todd Chaffee to re-develop the application based on Facebook's revised policy on caching data.[31][32]
The initial version of the application was built at a Facebook Developers Garage London hackathon with Mark Zuckerberg in attendance.[33]
Yahoo! Research Small World Experiment has been conducting an experiment and everyone with a Facebook account can take part in it. According to the research page, this research has the potential of resolving the still unresolved theory of six degrees of separation.[22][34]
Facebook's data team released two papers in November 2011 which document that amongst all Facebook users at the time of research (721 million users with 69 billion friendship links) there is an average distance of 4.74.[35][36] Probabilistic algorithms were applied on statistical metadata to verify the accuracy of the measurements.[37] It was also found that 99.91% of Facebook users were interconnected, forming a large connected component.[38]
Year
Distance
2008 5.28 5.28
2011 4.74 4.74
2016 4.57 4.57
Distances as reported in Feb 2016 [36][39]
Facebook reported that the distance had decreased to 4.57 in February 2016, when it had 1.6 billion users (about 22% of world population).[36]
LinkedIn[edit]
The LinkedIn professional networking site operates the degree of separation one is away from a person with which he or she wishes to communicate. On LinkedIn, one's network is made up of 1st-degree, 2nd-degree, and 3rd-degree connections and fellow members of LinkedIn Groups. In addition, LinkedIn notifies the user how many connections they and any other user have in common.
SixDegrees.com[edit]
SixDegrees.com was an early social-networking website that existed from 1997 to 2001. It allowed users to list friends, family members and acquaintances, send messages and post bulletin board items to people in their first, second, and third degrees, and see their connection to any other user on the site. At its height, it had 3,500,000 fully registered members.[40] However, it was closed in 2000. [41]
Twitter[edit]
Users on Twitter can follow other users creating a network. According to a study of 5.2 billion such relationships by social media monitoring firm Sysomos, the average distance on Twitter is 4.67. On average, about 50% of people on Twitter are only four steps away from each other, while nearly everyone is five steps or less away.[42]
In another work, researchers have shown that the average distance of 1,500 random users in Twitter is 3.435. They calculated the distance between each pair of users using all the active users in Twitter.[43]
Mathematics[edit]
Mathematicians use an analogous notion of collaboration distance:[44] two persons are linked if they are coauthors of an article. The collaboration distance with mathematician Paul Erdős is called the Erdős number. Erdős-Bacon numbers and Erdős-Bacon-Sabbath (EBS) numbers[45] are further extensions of the same thinking.
Watts and Strogatz showed that the average path length between two nodes in a random network is equal to ln N / ln K, where N = total nodes and K = acquaintances per node. Thus if N = 300,000,000 (90% of the US population) and K = 30 then Degrees of Separation = 19.5 / 3.4 = 5.7 and if N = 6,000,000,000 (90% of the World population) and K = 30 then Degrees of Separation = 22.5 / 3.4 = 6.6. (Assume 10% of population is too young to participate.)
Psychology[edit]
A 2007 article published in The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist,[46] by Jesse S. Michel from Michigan State University, applied Stanley Milgram’s small world phenomenon (i.e., “small world problem”) to the field of I-O psychology through co-author publication linkages. Following six criteria, Scott Highhouse (Bowling Green State University professor and fellow of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology) was chosen as the target. Co-author publication linkages were determined for (1) top authors within the I-O community, (2) quasi-random faculty members of highly productive I-O programs in North America, and (3) publication trends of the target. Results suggest that the small world phenomenon is alive and well with mean linkages of 3.00 to top authors, mean linkages of 2.50 to quasi-random faculty members, and a relatively broad and non-repetitive set of co-author linkages for the target. The author then provided a series of implications and suggestions for future research.
See also[edit]
Connections, a TV documentary that follows a similar concept but involving history and science.
Erdős number
Erdős–Bacon number
Hyperlink Cinema
Jewish geography
Professional network service
Shusaku number
Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon
SixDegrees.org
Small world phenomenon
Social network
The Game (mind game)
The Tipping Point by Malcolm Gladwell
Six Degrees of Kanye West
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "More than half of all participants resided in North America and were middle class, professional, college educated, and Christian, reflecting commonly held notions of the Internet-using population"[10]
Jump up ^ "suggesting lack of interest ... was the main reason" for the "extremely low completion rate"[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Newman, Mark, Albert-László Barabási, and Duncan J. Watts. 2006. The Structure and Dynamics of Networks. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Barabási, Albert-László. 2003. Linked: How Everything is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means for Business, Science, and Everyday Life. New York: Plume.
Jump up ^ Karinthy, Frigyes. Chain-Links. Translated from Hungarian and annotated by Adam Makkai and Enikö Jankó.
Jump up ^ Gurevich, M (1961) The Social Structure of Acquaintanceship Networks, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Jump up ^ de Sola Pool, Ithiel, Kochen, Manfred (1978–1979)."Contacts and influence." Social Networks 1(1): 42
Jump up ^ de Sola Pool, Ithiel, Kochen, Manfred (1978–1979)."Contacts and Influence." Social Networks 1(1): 5–51
^ Jump up to: a b Milgram, Stanley (1967). "The Small World Problem". Psychology Today. 2: 60–67.
Jump up ^ Travers, Jeffrey, and Stanley Milgram, "An Experimental Study of the Small World Problem", Sociometry 32(4, Dec. 1969):425–443
Jump up ^ "The concept of Six degrees of separation stretches back to Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi". Retrieved 16 July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dodds, Muhamad, Watts (2003)."Small World Project," Science Magazine. pp.827-829, 8 August 2003 https://www.sciencemag.org/content/301/5634/827
^ Jump up to: a b Judith S. Kleinfeld, University of Alaska Fairbanks (January–February 2002). "The Small World Problem" (PDF). Society (Springer), Social Science and Public Policy.
Jump up ^ Steven Strogatz, Duncan J. Watts and Albert-Laszlo Barabasi "explaining synchronicity, network theory, adaption of complex systems, Six Degrees, Small world phenomenon in the BBC Documentary". BBC. Retrieved 11 June 2012. "Unfolding the science behind the idea of six degrees of separation"
Jump up ^ BBC News: More Or Less: Connecting With People In Six Steps 13 July 2006, "Judith Kleinfeld ... told us, that 95% of the letters sent out had failed to reach the target."
Jump up ^ "Six Degrees: Urban Myth? Replicating the small world of Stanley Milgram. Can you reach anyone through a chain of six people.". Psychology Today. March 1, 2002.
Jump up ^ The Uncontacted Indians of Brazil Survivalinternational
Jump up ^ Duncan J Watts, Steven H Strogatz (1998). "Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks". Nature. 393 (6684): 440–442. PMID 9623998. doi:10.1038/30918.
Jump up ^ Jure Leskovec and Eric Horvitz (June 2007). "Planetary-Scale Views on an Instant-Messaging Network". arXiv:0803.0939  .
Jump up ^ Robin Good. "The Power Of Open Participatory Media And Why Mass Media Must Be Abandoned". Robin Good's Master New Media.
Jump up ^ Find Satoshi
Jump up ^ Reza Bakhshandeh, Mehdi Samadi, Zohreh Azimifar, Jonathan Schaeffer, "Degrees of Separation in Social Networks", Fourth Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Search, 2011
Jump up ^ Memorable quotes from Six Degrees of Separation. Accessed Nov. 11, 2006 from IMDB.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Six degrees of separation' theory tested on Facebook". Telegraph. 17 August 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Actor's Hollywood career spawned 'Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon'". Telegraph. 6 June 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.thesweetscience.com/component/content/article/41-articles-of-2005/1514-the-great-john-l-sullivan
Jump up ^ "ABC TV Shows, Specials & Movies - ABC.com". ABC.
Jump up ^ Het Nieuwsblad, 25 September 2009 [1][2] (Dutch)
Jump up ^ "Connected: The Power of Six Degrees". The Science Channel – Discovery Channel.
Jump up ^ Israel's Channel 2 website [3] (Hebrew)
Jump up ^ staff (July 13, 2015). "SIX DEGREES OF EVERYTHING (TRUTV) Premieres Tuesday, August 18". Futon Critic. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Six Degrees: come in, your time is up". K! - the blog of Karl Bunyan.
Jump up ^ "Six Degrees on Facebook - Facebook". facebook.com.
Jump up ^ "Facebook Removing 24 Hour Caching Policy on User Data for Developers". insidefacebook.com.
Jump up ^ [4]
Jump up ^ [5]
Jump up ^ Barnett, Emma (22 November 2011). "Facebook cuts six degrees of separation to four". Telegraph. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Three and a half degrees of separation – Facebook Research". Retrieved 9 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Backstrom, Lars; Boldi, Paolo; Rosa, Marco; Ugander, Johan; Vigna, Sebastiano (2011-11-19). "Four Degrees of Separation". arXiv:1111.4570  .
Jump up ^ Ugander, Johan; Karrer, Brian; Backstrom, Lars; Marlow, Cameron. "The Anatomy of the Facebook Social Graph". arXiv:1111.4503  .
Jump up ^ "Facebook says there are only 3.57 degrees of separation". Retrieved 4 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick, David (2010). The Facebook Effect: The Inside Story of the Company That Is Connecting the World. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1439102120.
Jump up ^ boyd, d. m; Ellison, N. B. "Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship.". Computer-Mediated. 13 (1): 210–230. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x.
Jump up ^ Apr 30, 2010, Six Degrees of Separation, Twitter Style, from Sysomos.
Jump up ^ Reza Bakhshandeh, Mehdi Samadi, Zohreh Azimifar, Jonathan Schaeffer Degrees of Separation in Social Networks. Fourth Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Search, 2011
Jump up ^ "MR: Collaboration Distance". ams.org.
Jump up ^ "EBS Project". erdosbaconsabbath.com.
Jump up ^ (Michel, 2007)
External links[edit]
Six Degrees – The new version of the Facebook application originally built by Karl Bunyan.
Facebook revised policy on caching data – Facebook's revised policy removing the 24-hour limit on caching of user data.
Facebook Developers Garage London hackathon – The June 2010 Facebook Developers Garage London hackathon at which the new version of the Six Degrees Facebook application was built.
Find The Bacon – is a site built for finding the connections between actors and the movies they have played in.
whocanfindme – the quest – Off- and online contest based on the six degrees of separation principle
Six Degrees Campaign, a climate justice campaign initiated by Friends of the Earth Brisbane based on the principles of small world theory.
"E-mail Study Corroborates Six Degrees of Separation", a 2003 Scientific American article about a study conducted at Columbia University.
Could it be a big world? – 2001, Judith Kleinfeld, University of Alaska Fairbanks
Pumpthemusic Oracle – The 6 degrees theory applied to the musical universe
The Oracle of Bacon – The 6 degrees theory applied to movies and TV
"Knock, Knock, Knocking on Newton's Door" (PDF). (223 KiB), by Dan Ward – Journal article published by Defense Acquisition University, applies principles from Duncan Watts' book Six Degrees to technology innovation and scientific research.
http://www.steve-jackson.net/six_degrees/index.html
Measuring Degrees of Separation – Demonstrates how a small sample size can be used to accurately measure the degrees of separation
Using The Six Degrees Of Separation concept along with Social Networking to find my birthparents – An adoptee conducts an experiment based on the 6 degrees of separation and the power of social networking, his goal: to get the word out about his birth to as many people as possible until he finds people with answers to his questions.
"Chains," or "Chain-Links."
Cinemadoku - A web game that combines the six degrees of movies and actors concept with the grid logic of Sudoku.
6 Degrees of Music With Vince Gill – The 6 degrees theory applied to music with Vince Gill at the Center
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Desmond Doss
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Desmond Doss
Doss about to receive the Medal of Honor in October 1945
Birth name
Desmond Thomas Doss
Nickname(s)
Preacher
Born
(1919-02-07)February 7, 1919
Lynchburg, Virginia, U.S.
Died
March 23, 2006(2006-03-23) (aged 87)
Piedmont, Alabama, U.S.
Allegiance
United States
Service/branch
United States Army
Army Medical Service
Years of service
1942–1946
Rank
Corporal
Service number
33158036
Unit
B Company, 1st Battalion, 307th Infantry, 77th Infantry Division
Battles/wars
World War II
Battle of Guam
Battle of Leyte
Battle of Okinawa
Awards
Medal of Honor
Bronze Star Medal (1 OLC & "V")
Purple Heart (2 OLC)
Spouse(s)
Dorothy Schutte (m. 1942; d. 1991)
Frances Duman (m. 1993)
Children
1
Desmond Thomas Doss (February 7, 1919 – March 23, 2006) was a United States Army corporal who served as a combat medic with an infantry company in World War II. He was twice awarded the Bronze Star Medal for actions in Guam and the Philippines. Doss further distinguished himself for service above and beyond the call of duty in the Battle of Okinawa by saving 75 men at considerable personal risk, becoming the only conscientious objector to receive the Medal of Honor during World War II.[a] His life has been the subject of books, the documentary The Conscientious Objector, and the critically acclaimed 2016 film Hacksaw Ridge.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 World War II service
2.1 Subsequent life
3 Awards and decorations
3.1 Medal of Honor citation
4 Other honors and recognition
5 In popular culture
5.1 Television and cinema
5.2 Print
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Early life[edit]
Desmond Doss was born in Lynchburg, Virginia, to William Thomas Doss (1893–1989),[1] a carpenter, and Bertha Edward Doss (née Oliver) (1899–1983),[2] a homemaker and shoe factory worker.[3][4][5] His mother raised him as a devout Seventh-day Adventist and instilled Sabbath-keeping, nonviolence, and a vegetarian lifestyle in his upbringing.[6] He grew up in the Fairview Heights area of Lynchburg, Virginia, alongside his older sister Audrey and younger brother Harold.[5]
Doss attended the Park Avenue Seventh-day Adventist Church school until the eighth grade, and subsequently found a job at the Lynchburg Lumber Company to support his family during the Great Depression.[5]
World War II service[edit]
Before the outbreak of World War II, Doss was employed as a joiner at a shipyard in Newport News, Virginia.[5] Doss entered military service, despite being offered a deferment for his shipyard work,[7] on April 1, 1942, at Camp Lee, Virginia.[8] He was sent to Fort Jackson in South Carolina for training with the reactivated 77th Infantry Division. Meanwhile, his brother Harold served aboard the USS Lindsey.[9]
Doss refused to kill an enemy soldier or carry a weapon into combat because of his personal beliefs as a Seventh-day Adventist.[10] He consequently became a medic assigned to 2nd Platoon, B Company, 1st Battalion, 307th Infantry, 77th Infantry Division.
While serving with his platoon in 1944 on Guam and the Philippines, he was awarded two Bronze Star Medals with a "V" device,[11] for exceptional valor in aiding wounded soldiers under fire. During the Battle of Okinawa, he saved the lives of 75 wounded infantrymen[b] atop the area known by the 96th Division as the Maeda Escarpment or Hacksaw Ridge.[13] Doss was wounded four times in Okinawa,[14] and was evacuated on May 21, 1945, aboard the USS Mercy.[15] Doss suffered a left arm fracture from a sniper's bullet and at one point had seventeen pieces of shrapnel embedded in his body.[15] He was subsequently awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in Okinawa.
Subsequent life[edit]
Doss post-war
After the war, Doss initially planned to continue his career in carpentry, but extensive damage to his arm left him unable to do so.[5] In 1946, Doss was diagnosed with tuberculosis, which he had contracted on Leyte.[15] He subsequently underwent treatment for five and a half years – which cost him a lung and five ribs – before being discharged from the hospital in August 1951 with 90% disability.[16][17]
Doss continued to receive treatment from the military, but after an overdose of antibiotics rendered him completely deaf in 1976, he was given 100% disability; he was able to regain his hearing after receiving a cochlear implant in 1988.[3][15] Despite the severity of his injuries, Doss managed to raise a family on a small farm in Rising Fawn, Georgia.[15]
Doss married Dorothy Pauline Schutte on August 17, 1942, and they had one child, Desmond "Tommy" Doss Jr., born in 1946.[15] Dorothy died on November 17, 1991, from a car accident.[15] Doss remarried on July 1, 1993, to Frances May Duman.[3][18]
After being hospitalized for difficulty breathing, Doss died on March 23, 2006, at his home in Piedmont, Alabama.[19] He was buried on April 3, 2006, in the National Cemetery in Chattanooga, Tennessee.[20]
Awards and decorations[edit]
Doss' awards include:[21]
Combat Medical Badge
Medal of Honor
Bronze Star Medal
with one Oak leaf cluster and "V" Device Purple Heart
with two Oak leaf Clusters Army Good Conduct Medal
American Campaign Medal Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal
with arrowhead device and three 3⁄16" bronze stars World War II Victory Medal
Philippine Liberation Medal
with one 3⁄16" bronze service star Army Presidential Unit Citation Meritorious Unit Commendation
77th Infantry Division SSI-FWTS
Medal of Honor citation[edit]
Rank and organization: Private First Class, United States Army, Medical Detachment, 307th Infantry, 77th Infantry Division.
Place and date: Near Urasoe Mura, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, April 29, 1945 – May 21, 1945.
Entered service at: Lynchburg, Virginia
Birth: Lynchburg, Virginia
G.O. No.: 97, November 1, 1945.
Corporal Doss receiving the Medal of Honor from President Harry S. Truman on October 12, 1945
Corporal Doss posing for the White House press corps, October 12, 1945
Doss on top of the Maeda Escarpment, May 4, 1945
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, March 3, 1863, has awarded in the name of The Congress the MEDAL OF HONOR to

PRIVATE FIRST CLASS DESMOND T. DOSS
UNITED STATES ARMY

for service as set forth in the following

Citation: Private First Class Desmond T. Doss, United States Army, Medical Detachment, 307th Infantry, 77th Infantry Division. Near Urasoe-Mura, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, 29 April – 21 May 1945. He was a company aid man when the 1st Battalion assaulted a jagged escarpment 400 feet high. As our troops gained the summit, a heavy concentration of artillery, mortar and machinegun fire crashed into them, inflicting approximately 75 casualties and driving the others back. Private First Class Doss refused to seek cover and remained in the fire-swept area with the many stricken, carrying them one by one to the edge of the escarpment and there lowering them on a rope-supported litter down the face of a cliff to friendly hands. On 2 May, he exposed himself to heavy rifle and mortar fire in rescuing a wounded man 200 yards forward of the lines on the same escarpment; and two days later he treated four men who had been cut down while assaulting a strongly defended cave, advancing through a shower of grenades to within eight yards of enemy forces in a cave's mouth, where he dressed his comrades' wounds before making four separate trips under fire to evacuate them to safety. On 5 May, he unhesitatingly braved enemy shelling and small arms fire to assist an artillery officer. He applied bandages, moved his patient to a spot that offered protection from small-arms fire and, while artillery and mortar shells fell close by, painstakingly administered plasma. Later that day, when an American was severely wounded by fire from a cave, Private First Class Doss crawled to him where he had fallen 25 feet from the enemy position, rendered aid, and carried him 100 yards to safety while continually exposed to enemy fire. On 21 May, in a night attack on high ground near Shuri, he remained in exposed territory while the rest of his company took cover, fearlessly risking the chance that he would be mistaken for an infiltrating Japanese and giving aid to the injured until he was himself seriously wounded in the legs by the explosion of a grenade. Rather than call another aid man from cover, he cared for his own injuries and waited five hours before litter bearers reached him and started carrying him to cover. The trio was caught in an enemy tank attack and Private First Class Doss, seeing a more critically wounded man nearby, crawled off the litter and directed the bearers to give their first attention to the other man. Awaiting the litter bearers' return, he was again struck, this time suffering a compound fracture of one arm. With magnificent fortitude he bound a rifle stock to his shattered arm as a splint and then crawled 300 yards over rough terrain to the aid station. Through his outstanding bravery and unflinching determination in the face of desperately dangerous conditions Private First Class Doss saved the lives of many soldiers. His name became a symbol throughout the 77th Infantry Division for outstanding gallantry far above and beyond the call of duty.
October 12, 1945
THE WHITE HOUSE[22]
Other honors and recognition[edit]
Desmond Doss (left) at the Georgia State Capitol on March 20, 2000 after being presented a special resolution sponsored by state representative Randy Sauder (right)
Doss Hall renaming ceremony
A portion of US Route 501 near Peaks View Park is named "Pfc. Desmond T. Doss Memorial Expressway." Local veterans of the area honor him by decorating the signs marking this portion of road several times during the year, particularly around patriotic holidays.[23]
In 1951, Camp Desmond T. Doss was created in Grand Ledge, Michigan to help train young Seventh-day Adventist men for service in the military. The camp was active throughout the Korean and Vietnam wars before the property was sold in 1988.[24]
In the early 1980s, a school in Lynchburg was renamed Desmond T. Doss Christian Academy. The school was founded by the Lynchburg Seventh-Day Adventist Church, the home church of Desmond Doss during his years in Lynchburg. The church wanted to honor Doss for standing strong in his faith despite facing great adversity.[25] Doss visited the school that bears his name three times before his death.[26]
On July 10, 1990, a section of Georgia Highway 2 between US Highway 27 and Georgia Highway 193 in Walker County was named the "Desmond T. Doss Medal of Honor Highway."[27]
On March 20, 2000, Doss appeared before the Georgia House of Representatives and was presented a special resolution honoring his heroic accomplishments on behalf of the country.[28]
On July 4, 2004, a statue of Doss was dedicated at the National Museum of Patriotism in Atlanta, Georgia, which remained until the museum's closure in July 2010.[3]
In May 2007, a statue of Doss was dedicated at Veterans Memorial Park in Collegedale, Tennessee.[29]
In July 2008, the guest house at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C., was renamed Doss Memorial Hall.[30]
On August 30, 2008, a two-mile stretch of Alabama Highway 9 in Piedmont was named the "Desmond T. Doss Sr. Memorial Highway."[31]
On October 25, 2016, the City of Lynchburg, Virginia, awarded a plaque in his honor to Desmond T. Doss Christian Academy.[32]
On February 7, 2017, PETA posthumously honored Doss with a Hero to Animals award in recognition of his lifelong commitment to vegetarianism.[33]
In popular culture[edit]
Television and cinema[edit]
On February 18, 1959, Doss appeared on the Ralph Edwards NBC TV show This Is Your Life.[34]
Doss is the subject of The Conscientious Objector, an award-winning documentary by Terry Benedict in 2004.[35]
The feature film Hacksaw Ridge, based on his life, was produced by Terry Benedict and directed by Mel Gibson. The film was released nationwide in the U.S. on November 4, 2016 to positive reviews. Doss is portrayed by Andrew Garfield, who was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance. Desmond's wife, Dorothy, is played by Teresa Palmer.
Doss was profiled in a three part TV series by It Is Written in November 2016.[36]
Print[edit]
Doss was featured in the Medal of Honor Special comic written by Doug Murray and published by Dark Horse Comics. The comic was a special edition of the series Medal of Honor, published April 1, 1994. The title was sanctioned by the United States Congressional Medal of Honor Society.[37] The issue features Corporal Desmond Doss along with another Medal of Honor recipient, Lieutenant Charles Q. Williams.[38]
Doss is the subject of four biographical books:
The Unlikeliest Hero; The Story of Desmond T. Doss, Conscientious Objector Who Won His Nation's Highest Military Honor, 2004 by Booton Herndon[20]
Desmond Doss Conscientious Objector: The Story of an Unlikely Hero, 2015 by Francess M Doss[39]
Redemption At Hacksaw Ridge: The Gripping True Story That Inspired The Movie, 2016 by Booton Herndon[40]
The Birth of Hacksaw Ridge: How It All Began, 2017 by Gregory Crosby and Gene Church[41]
Doss has been featured in major publications and media including:
Time Magazine[42]
NPR[43]
People Magazine[4]
Library of Congress[44]
Pritzker Military Museum & Library[45]
See also[edit]
Biography portal
United States Army portal
World War II portal
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
Medical Cadet Corps
Thomas W. Bennett
Joseph G. LaPointe Jr.
Gary M. Rose
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Conscientious objectors Thomas W. Bennett and Joseph G. LaPointe Jr. were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor during the Vietnam War.
Jump up ^ Although the exact number is unknown, estimates range from 50 to 100 since 55 of the 155 soldiers involved in the action were able to retreat without assistance.[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "William Thomas Doss". Geni.com. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bertha Edward Doss". Geni.com. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Desmond T. Doss". collegedale-americanlegion.org. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "The True Story of Hacksaw Ridge and Desmond Doss: the Medal of Honor Winner Who Never Fired a Shot". People. November 5, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Desmond Doss, an American hero". November 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Military.com, "Seventh-Day Adventist Saved Fellow Soldiers on Sabbath". Archived from the original on August 11, 2001. Retrieved 2017-05-19. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) Retrieved January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Conscientious Objector". March 2004.
Jump up ^ "WWII Army Enlistment Records". National Archives. Retrieved June 30, 2005.
Jump up ^ "In Memory of Harold Edward Doss". Brown Funeral Home. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Who was Desmond Doss of Hacksaw Ridge". Bibleinfo.com. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "bronze star Archives - Faith Of Doss". Faith Of Doss. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Desmond T. Doss". HomeOfHeroes.com. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Appleman; Burns; Giegler; Stevens. "Chapter XI Assaulting The Second Shuri Defense Ring". HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Okinawa: The Last Battle. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Private First Class Desmond T. Doss Interview". March 20, 1987.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Hacksaw Ridge (2016)". HistoryvsHollywood.com. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Herndon, Booton (1967). The Unlikeliest Hero. Boise, Idaho: Pacific Press Publishing Association. p. 182. ISBN 0-8163-2048-9.
Jump up ^ "This is Your Life – Desmond Doss". February 18, 1959.
Jump up ^ "Lauded Conscientious Objector Desmond T. Doss Sr". March 26, 2006.
Jump up ^ Richard Goldstein (March 25, 2006). "Desmond T. Doss, 87, Heroic War Objector, Dies". New York Times. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Unlikeliest Hero' buried with 21-gun salute". Associated Press. NBC News. April 4, 2006.
Jump up ^ Herndon, Booton (2016). Redemption at Hacksaw Ridge. Remnant Publications. p. Foreword. ISBN 978-1-629131-55-9.
Jump up ^ "The Medal of Honor". desmonddoss.com. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Memorial ride honors Lynchburg military hero Desmond Doss". November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Judy Putnam (February 28, 2017). "Camp Doss in Grand Ledge named for war hero in 'Hacksaw Ridge'". Lansing State Journal. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "History of Desmond Doss". Desmond T. Doss Christian Academy. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Remembering visits from Mr. Desmond T. Doss, the man for whom our school is named – Desmond T. Doss Christian Academy". May 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Walker County". Calhoun Times. September 1, 2004. p. 108. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "HR 206 – Doss, Desmond T.; invite to House – Fulltext". March 14, 2000.
Jump up ^ "Desmond Doss Sculpture Unveiled at Veterans Memorial Park". Adventist Review. uccsda.org. May 14, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Guest House named after Medal of Honor recipient". WRAMC News Releases. July 17, 2008. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ Debra Flax (May 26, 2013). "Warrior without a weapon: Remembering Desmond Doss Sr". The Anniston Star. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Desmond Doss' Hacksaw Ridge Heroics and School Honored". October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "PETA awards Lynchburg hero Desmond Doss the Hero to Animals award". February 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "This Is Your Life Episode List". Jim Davidson's Classic TV Info. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Conscientious Objector". imdb.com. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Series on the Hero of Hacksaw Ridge". Hope Channel. October 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Medal of Honor Special". Dark Horse Comics. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Medal of Honor Special". Pritzker Military Museum & Library. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Doss, Francess M. (22 September 2015). "Desmond Doss Conscientious Objector: The Story of an Unlikely Hero". Pacific Press Publishing Association – via Amazon.
Jump up ^ Herndon, Booton (1 November 2016). "Redemption At Hacksaw Ridge: The Gripping True Story That Inspired The Movie". Remnant Publications – via Amazon.
Jump up ^ Crosby, Gregory (13 November 2017). "The Birth of Hacksaw Ridge: How It All Began". Make-Believe Entertainment – via Blurb.
Jump up ^ Berman, Eliza (November 3, 2016). "The True Story Behind 'Hacksaw Ridge'". Time.
Jump up ^ "The Real 'Hacksaw Ridge' Soldier Saved 75 Souls Without Ever Carrying A Gun". NPR. November 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Desmond Thomas Doss collection: Veterans History Project (Library of Congress". memory.loc.gov. October 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Beyond glory: Medal of Honor heroes in their own words: extraordinary stories of courage from World War II to Vietnam". pritzkermilitary.org. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Herndon, Booton (2016). Hero of Hacksaw Ridge: The Gripping True Story That Inspired the Movie. Cold Water, Michigan: Remnant Publications. ISBN 978-1-629131-54-2.
Leepson, Marc (2008), "Wonder Man of Okinawa," Military History magazine, September/October 2008, Vol. 25, No. 4.
Herndon, Booton (2004). The Unlikeliest Hero: The Story of Desmond T. Doss, Conscientious Objector Who Won His Nation's Highest Military Honor. Mountain View, California: Pacific Press Publishing Association. ISBN 978-0-8163-2048-6.
Doss, Frances M. (2005). Desmond Doss: Conscientious Objector. Pacific Press Publishing Association. ISBN 978-0-8163-2124-7.
Doss, Frances M. (1998). Desmond Doss: In God's care: The unlikeliest hero and Congressional Medal of Honor recipient. The College Press.
Smith, Larry (2003). Beyond Glory: Medal of Honor Heroes in Their Own Words. Norton. ISBN 039305134X.
External links[edit]
"Official Desmond Doss Website". Retrieved July 28, 2016.
Desmond Doss at Find a Grave
"The Conscientious Objector (2004 film)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
"North America: Filmmaker Documents Story of Desmond Doss". Adventist News Network. November 18, 2003.
"Desmond T. Doss Christian Academy, a Seventh-Day Adventist school in Lynchburg, Virginia". Retrieved September 29, 2010.
"Obituaries:Desmond Thomas Doss, Sr., MOH". Retrieved May 8, 2016.
^ "Medal of Honor recipients World War II (A–F)". United States Army Center of Military History
"Burial Set April 3 At National Cemetery For Medal of Honor Winner Desmond Doss". The Chattanoogan.
Leepson, Marc (2015). "Desmond Thomas Doss (1919–2006)", Dictionary of Virginia Biography, Library of Virginia (1998–)
Soper, Matthew (April 2002). "Desmond Doss: A War Hero Without a Gun". Incredible People Magazine.
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 9259404
LCCN: n2005067973
IATH: w69321j0
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desmond_Doss&oldid=816070168"
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