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Density
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This article is about mass density. For other uses, see Density (disambiguation).
Density
Common symbols
ρ
D
SI unit
kg/m3
SI dimension
L^{-3}M
A graduated cylinder containing various coloured liquids with different densities.
The density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a substance is its mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is ρ (the lower case Greek letter rho), although the Latin letter D can also be used. Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume:[1]
ρ = m V , {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}},}
where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. In some cases (for instance, in the United States oil and gas industry), density is loosely defined as its weight per unit volume,[2] although this is scientifically inaccurate – this quantity is more specifically called specific weight.
For a pure substance the density has the same numerical value as its mass concentration. Different materials usually have different densities, and density may be relevant to buoyancy, purity and packaging. Osmium and iridium are the densest known elements at standard conditions for temperature and pressure but certain chemical compounds may be denser.
To simplify comparisons of density across different systems of units, it is sometimes replaced by the dimensionless quantity "relative density" or "specific gravity", i.e. the ratio of the density of the material to that of a standard material, usually water. Thus a relative density less than one means that the substance floats in water.
The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure. This variation is typically small for solids and liquids but much greater for gases. Increasing the pressure on an object decreases the volume of the object and thus increases its density. Increasing the temperature of a substance (with a few exceptions) decreases its density by increasing its volume. In most materials, heating the bottom of a fluid results in convection of the heat from the bottom to the top, due to the decrease in the density of the heated fluid. This causes it to rise relative to more dense unheated material.
The reciprocal of the density of a substance is occasionally called its specific volume, a term sometimes used in thermodynamics. Density is an intensive property in that increasing the amount of a substance does not increase its density; rather it increases its mass.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Measurement of density
2.1 Homogeneous materials
2.2 Heterogeneous materials
2.3 Non-compact materials
3 Changes of density
4 Density of solutions
5 Densities
5.1 Molar volumes of liquid and solid phase of elements
5.2 Water
5.3 Air
5.4 Various materials
5.5 Others
6 Common units
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History
In a well-known but probably apocryphal tale, Archimedes was given the task of determining whether King Hiero's goldsmith was embezzling gold during the manufacture of a golden wreath dedicated to the gods and replacing it with another, cheaper alloy.[3] Archimedes knew that the irregularly shaped wreath could be crushed into a cube whose volume could be calculated easily and compared with the mass; but the king did not approve of this. Baffled, Archimedes is said to have taken an immersion bath and observed from the rise of the water upon entering that he could calculate the volume of the gold wreath through the displacement of the water. Upon this discovery, he leapt from his bath and ran naked through the streets shouting, "Eureka! Eureka!" (Εύρηκα! Greek "I have found it"). As a result, the term "eureka" entered common parlance and is used today to indicate a moment of enlightenment.
The story first appeared in written form in Vitruvius' books of architecture, two centuries after it supposedly took place.[4] Some scholars have doubted the accuracy of this tale, saying among other things that the method would have required precise measurements that would have been difficult to make at the time.[5][6]
From the equation for density (ρ = m / V), mass density has units of mass divided by volume. As there are many units of mass and volume covering many different magnitudes there are a large number of units for mass density in use. The SI unit of kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m3) and the cgs unit of gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) are probably the most commonly used units for density.1,000 kg/m3 equals 1 g/cm3. (The cubic centimeter can be alternately called a millilitre or a cc.) In industry, other larger or smaller units of mass and or volume are often more practical and US customary units may be used. See below for a list of some of the most common units of density.
Measurement of density
Homogeneous materials
The density at all points of a homogeneous object equals its total mass divided by its total volume. The mass is normally measured with a scale or balance; the volume may be measured directly (from the geometry of the object) or by the displacement of a fluid. To determine the density of a liquid or a gas, a hydrometer, a dasymeter or a Coriolis flow meter may be used, respectively. Similarly, hydrostatic weighing uses the displacement of water due to a submerged object to determine the density of the object.
Heterogeneous materials
If the body is not homogeneous, then its density varies between different regions of the object. In that case the density around any given location is determined by calculating the density of a small volume around that location. In the limit of an infinitesimal volume the density of an inhomogeneous object at a point becomes: ρ( r → {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}} ) = dm/dV, where dV is an elementary volume at position r. The mass of the body then can be expressed as
m = ∫ V ρ ( r → ) d V . {\displaystyle m=\int _{V}\rho ({\vec {r}})\,dV.}
Non-compact materials
In practice, bulk materials such as sugar, sand, or snow contain voids. Many materials exist in nature as flakes, pellets, or granules.
Voids are regions which contain something other than the considered material. Commonly the void is air, but it could also be vacuum, liquid, solid, or a different gas or gaseous mixture.
The bulk volume of a material—inclusive of the void fraction—is often obtained by a simple measurement (e.g. with a calibrated measuring cup) or geometrically from known dimensions.
Mass divided by bulk volume determines bulk density. This is not the same thing as volumetric mass density.
To determine volumetric mass density, one must first discount the volume of the void fraction. Sometimes this can be determined by geometrical reasoning. For the close-packing of equal spheres the non-void fraction can be at most about 74%. It can also be determined empirically. Some bulk materials, however, such as sand, have a variable void fraction which depends on how the material is agitated or poured. It might be loose or compact, with more or less air space depending on handling.
In practice, the void fraction is not necessarily air, or even gaseous. In the case of sand, it could be water, which can be advantageous for measurement as the void fraction for sand saturated in water—once any air bubbles are thoroughly driven out—is potentially more consistent than dry sand measured with an air void.
In the case of non-compact materials, one must also take care in determining the mass of the material sample. If the material is under pressure (commonly ambient air pressure at the earth's surface) the determination of mass from a measured sample weight might need to account for buoyancy effects due to the density of the void constituent, depending on how the measurement was conducted. In the case of dry sand, sand is so much denser than air that the buoyancy effect is commonly neglected (less than one part in one thousand).
Mass change upon displacing one void material with another while maintaining constant volume can be used to estimate the void fraction, if the difference in density of the two voids materials is reliably known.
Changes of density
Main articles: Compressibility and Thermal expansivity
In general, density can be changed by changing either the pressure or the temperature. Increasing the pressure always increases the density of a material. Increasing the temperature generally decreases the density, but there are notable exceptions to this generalization. For example, the density of water increases between its melting point at 0 °C and 4 °C; similar behavior is observed in silicon at low temperatures.
The effect of pressure and temperature on the densities of liquids and solids is small. The compressibility for a typical liquid or solid is 10−6 bar−1 (1 bar = 0.1 MPa) and a typical thermal expansivity is 10−5 K−1. This roughly translates into needing around ten thousand times atmospheric pressure to reduce the volume of a substance by one percent. (Although the pressures needed may be around a thousand times smaller for sandy soil and some clays.) A one percent expansion of volume typically requires a temperature increase on the order of thousands of degrees Celsius.
In contrast, the density of gases is strongly affected by pressure. The density of an ideal gas is
ρ = M P R T , {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {MP}{RT}},}
where M is the molar mass, P is the pressure, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. This means that the density of an ideal gas can be doubled by doubling the pressure, or by halving the absolute temperature.
In the case of volumic thermal expansion at constant pressure and small intervals of temperature the temperature dependence of density is :
ρ = ρ T 0 1 + α ⋅ Δ T {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {\rho _{T_{0}}}{1+\alpha \cdot \Delta T}}}
where ρ T 0 {\displaystyle \rho _{T_{0}}} is the density at a reference temperature, α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the thermal expansion coefficient of the material at temperatures close to T 0 {\displaystyle T_{0}} .
Density of solutions
The density of a solution is the sum of mass (massic) concentrations of the components of that solution.
Mass (massic) concentration of each given component ρi in a solution sums to density of the solution.
ρ = ∑ i ϱ i {\displaystyle \rho =\sum _{i}\varrho _{i}\,}
Expressed as a function of the densities of pure components of the mixture and their volume participation, it allows the determination of excess molar volumes:
ρ = ∑ i ρ i V i V = ∑ i ρ i φ i = ∑ i ρ i V i ∑ i V i + ∑ i V E i {\displaystyle \rho =\sum _{i}\rho _{i}{\frac {V_{i}}{V}}\,=\sum _{i}\rho _{i}\varphi _{i}=\sum _{i}\rho _{i}{\frac {V_{i}}{\sum _{i}V_{i}+\sum _{i}{V^{E}}_{i}}}}
provided that there is no interaction between the components.
Knowing the relation between excess volumes and activity coefficients of the components, one can determine the activity coefficients.
V E ¯ i = R T ∂ ( l n ( γ i ) ) ∂ P {\displaystyle {\overline {V^{E}}}_{i}=RT{\frac {\partial \left(ln(\gamma _{i})\right)}{\partial P}}}
Densities
Molar volumes of liquid and solid phase of elements
Molar volumes of liquid and solid phase of elements
Water
See also: Water density
Density of liquid water at 1 atm pressure
Temp. (°C)[note 1]
Density (kg/m3)
−30 983.854
−20 993.547
−10 998.117
0 999.8395
4 999.9720
10 999.7026
15 999.1026
20 998.2071
22 997.7735
25 997.0479
30 995.6502
40 992.2
60 983.2
80 971.8
100 958.4
Notes:
Jump up ^ Values below 0 °C refer to supercooled water.
Air
Main article: Density of air
Air density vs. temperature
Density of air at 1 atm pressure
T (°C)
ρ (kg/m3)
−25 1.423
−20 1.395
−15 1.368
−10 1.342
−5 1.316
0 1.293
5 1.269
10 1.247
15 1.225
20 1.204
25 1.184
30 1.164
35 1.146
Various materials
Further information: Orders of magnitude (density)
Densities of various materials covering a range of values
Material
ρ (kg/m3)[note 1]
Notes
Helium 0.179
Aerographite 0.2 [note 2][7][8]
Metallic microlattice 0.9 [note 2]
Aerogel 1.0 [note 2]
Air 1.2 At sea level
Tungsten hexafluoride 12.4 One of the heaviest known gases at standard conditions
Liquid hydrogen 70 At approx. −255 °C
Styrofoam 75 Approx.[9]
Cork 240 Approx.[9]
Pine 373 [10]
Lithium 535
Wood 700 Seasoned, typical[11][12]
Oak 710 [10]
Potassium 860 [13]
Ice 916.7 At temperature < 0 °C
Sodium 970
Water (fresh) 1,000 At 4 °C, the temperature of its maximum density
Water (salt) 1,030
Liquid oxygen 1,141 At approx. −219 °C
Nylon 1,150
Plastics 1,175 Approx.; for polypropylene and PETE/PVC
Tetrachloroethene 1,622
Magnesium 1,740
Beryllium 1,850
Glycerol 1,261 [14]
Concrete 2,000 [15]
Silicon 2,330
Aluminium 2,700
Diiodomethane 3,325 Liquid at room temperature
Diamond 3,500
Titanium 4,540
Selenium 4,800
Vanadium 6,100
Antimony 6,690
Zinc 7,000
Chromium 7,200
Tin 7,310
Manganese 7,325 Approx.
Iron 7,870
Niobium 8,570
Brass 8,600 [15]
Cadmium 8,650
Cobalt 8,900
Nickel 8,900
Copper 8,940
Bismuth 9,750
Molybdenum 10,220
Silver 10,500
Lead 11,340
Thorium 11,700
Rhodium 12,410
Mercury 13,546
Tantalum 16,600
Uranium 18,800
Tungsten 19,300
Gold 19,320
Plutonium 19,840
Rhenium 21,020
Platinum 21,450
Iridium 22,420
Osmium 22,570
Notes:
Jump up ^ Unless otherwise noted, all densities given are at standard conditions for temperature and pressure, that is, 273.15 K (0.00 °C) and 100 kPa (0.987 atm).
^ Jump up to: a b c Air contained in material excluded when calculating density
Others
Entity
ρ (kg/m3)
Notes
Interstellar medium 6981099999999999999♠1×10−19 Assuming 90% H, 10% He; variable T
The Earth 5,515 Mean density.[16]
The inner core of the Earth 13,000 Approx., as listed in Earth.[17]
The core of the Sun 33,000–160,000 Approx.[18]
Super-massive black hole 7005900000000000000♠9×105 Density of a 4.5-million-solar-mass black hole
Event horizon radius is 13.5 million km.
White dwarf star 7009210000000000000♠2.1×109 Approx.[19]
Atomic nuclei 7017229999999999999♠2.3×1017 Does not depend strongly on size of nucleus[20]
Neutron star 7018100000000000000♠1×1018
Stellar-mass black hole 7018100000000000000♠1×1018 Density of a 4-solar-mass black hole
Event horizon radius is 12 km.
Common units
The SI unit for density is:
kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3)
Litres and metric tons are not part of the SI, but are acceptable for use with it, leading to the following units:
kilograms per liter (kg/L)
grams per milliliter (g/mL)
metric tons per cubic meter (t/m3)
Densities using the following metric units all have exactly the same numerical value, one thousandth of the value in (kg/m3). Liquid water has a density of about 1 kg/dm3, making any of these SI units numerically convenient to use as most solids and liquids have densities between 0.1 and 20 kg/dm3.
kilograms per cubic decimetre (kg/dm3)
grams per cubic centimetre (g/cm3)
1 gram/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3
megagrams (metric tons) per cubic metre (Mg/m3)
In US customary units density can be stated in:
Avoirdupois ounces per cubic inch (1 g/cc ≈ 0.578036672 oz/cu in)
Avoirdupois ounces per fluid ounce (1 g/cc ≈ 1.04317556 oz/fl. oz = 1.04317556 lbs/pint)
Avoirdupois pounds per cubic inch (1 g/cc ≈ 0.036127292 lb/cu in)
pounds per cubic foot (1 g/cc ≈ 62.427961 lb/cu ft)
pounds per cubic yard (1 g/cc ≈ 1685.5549 lb/cu yd)
pounds per US liquid gallon (1 g/cc ≈ 8.34540445 lb/gal)
pounds per US bushel (1 g/cc ≈ 77.6888513 lb/bu)
slugs per cubic foot
Imperial units differing from the above (as the Imperial gallon and bushel differ from the US units) in practice are rarely used, though found in older documents. The Imperial gallon was based on the concept that an Imperial fluid ounce of water would have a mass of one Avoirdupois ounce, and indeed 1 g/cc ≈ 1.00224129 ounces per Imperial fluid ounce = 10.0224129 lbs per Imperial gallon. The density of precious metals could conceivably be based on Troy ounces and pounds, a possible cause of confusion.
See also
List of elements by density
Air density
Area density
Bulk density
Buoyancy
Charge density
Density prediction by the Girolami method
Dord
Energy density
Lighter than air
Linear density
Number density
Orders of magnitude (density)
Orthobaric density
Paper density
Specific weight
Spice (oceanography)
Standard temperature and pressure
References
Jump up ^ The National Aeronautic and Atmospheric Administration's Glenn Research Center. "Gas Density Glenn research Center". grc.nasa.gov.
Jump up ^ "Density definition in Oil Gas Glossary". Oilgasglossary.com. Archived from the original on August 5, 2010. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Archimedes, A Gold Thief and Buoyancy – by Larry "Harris" Taylor, Ph.D.
Jump up ^ Vitruvius on Architecture, Book IX, paragraphs 9–12, translated into English and in the original Latin.
Jump up ^ "EXHIBIT: The First Eureka Moment". Science. 305 (5688): 1219e. 2004. doi:10.1126/science.305.5688.1219e.
Jump up ^ Fact or Fiction?: Archimedes Coined the Term "Eureka!" in the Bath, Scientific American, December 2006.
Jump up ^ New carbon nanotube struructure aerographite is lightest material champ. Phys.org (July 13, 2012). Retrieved on July 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Aerographit: Leichtestes Material der Welt entwickelt – SPIEGEL ONLINE. Spiegel.de (July 11, 2012). Retrieved on July 14, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Re: which is more bouyant [sic] styrofoam or cork". Madsci.org. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Raymond Serway; John Jewett (2005), Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text, Cengage Learning, p. 467, ISBN 0-534-49143-X
Jump up ^ "Wood Densities". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Density of Wood". www.simetric.co.uk. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ CRC Press Handbook of tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd Edition, 1976, Table 1-59
Jump up ^ glycerol composition at. Physics.nist.gov. Retrieved on July 14, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Hugh D. Young; Roger A. Freedman. University Physics with Modern Physics. Addison-Wesley; 2012. ISBN 978-0-321-69686-1. p. 374.
Jump up ^ Density of the Earth, wolframalpha.com
Jump up ^ Density of Earth's core, wolframalpha.com
Jump up ^ Density of the Sun's core, wolframalpha.com
Jump up ^ Extreme Stars: White Dwarfs & Neutron Stars, Jennifer Johnson, lecture notes, Astronomy 162, Ohio State University. Accessed: May 3, 2007.
Jump up ^ Nuclear Size and Density, HyperPhysics, Georgia State University. Accessed: June 26, 2009.
External links
"Density". Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 (11th ed.). 1911.
"Density". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.
Video: Density Experiment with Oil and Alcohol
Video: Density Experiment with Whiskey and Water
Glass Density Calculation – Calculation of the density of glass at room temperature and of glass melts at 1000 – 1400°C
List of Elements of the Periodic Table – Sorted by Density
Calculation of saturated liquid densities for some components
Field density test
On-line calculator for densities and partial molar volumes of aqueous solutions of some common electrolytes and their mixtures, at temperatures up to 323.15 K.
Water – Density and specific weight
Temperature dependence of the density of water – Conversions of density units
A delicious density experiment
Water density calculator Water density for a given salinity and temperature.
Liquid density calculator Select a liquid from the list and calculate density as a function of temperature.
Gas density calculator Calculate density of a gas for as a function of temperature and pressure.
Densities of various materials.
Determination of Density of Solid, instructions for performing classroom experiment.
density prediction
density prediction
Authority control
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text:
You Make Me Feel Like Dancing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"You Make Me Feel Like Dancing"
Single by Leo Sayer
from the album Endless Flight
B-side
"Magdalena"
Released
October 1976
Format
7" (45 rpm), 12" (45 rpm) maxi single
Genre
Disco
pop
R&B
Length
3:41
2:50 (7" version)
Label
Chrysalis Records (UK)
Warner Bros. Records (US)
Songwriter(s)
Vini Poncia, Leo Sayer[1][2]
Producer(s)
Richard Perry
Leo Sayer singles chronology
"Moonlighting"
(1975) "You Make Me Feel Like Dancing"
(1976) "When I Need You"
(1977)
"Moonlighting"
(1975) "You Make Me Feel Like Dancing"
(1976) "When I Need You"
(1977)
"You Make Me Feel Like Dancing" is a song by the British singer Leo Sayer, taken from his 1976 album Endless Flight. The song reached number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart,[3] making it his first number-one single in the United States, and reached number 2 on the UK Singles Chart.[4] Billboard ranked it as the No. 13 song of 1977. Songwriters Sayer and Vini Poncia won a Grammy Award for the song in 1978 in the category Best R&B Song.
Contents
[hide]
1 Music video
2 Controversy
3 Personnel
4 Chart performance
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
5 Cover versions
6 Appearances in other media
7 References
8 External links
Music video[edit]
In Australia, a live performance from the TV show Countdown is frequently used in place of a music video.
Controversy[edit]
On February 13, 2012, the TV One original series Unsung aired an episode on Ray Parker Jr., in which he claimed that he was the song's original writer. Allegedly, he was playing the song on the piano, and an executive from Capitol Records heard it and later convinced him to make a demo tape. After the song came out by Sayer, Parker, Jr. could not claim copyright infringement seeing as he failed to make the tape.
Personnel[edit]
Leo Sayer - vocals
John Barnes - clavinet
Larry Carlton, Ray Parker, Jr. - guitar
Steve Gadd - drums
Clydie King, Becky Louis, Sherlie Matthews - background vocals
Chuck Rainey - bass
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1976–77)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[5] 2
Canada (RPM) 1
Germany (Official German Charts)[6] 9
Ireland (Irish Singles Chart)[7] 5
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[8] 11
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[9] 1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[10] 19
United Kingdom (The Official Charts Company) 2
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[11] 19
US Billboard Hot 100[12] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1976)
Rank
Canada [13] 99
Chart (1977)
Rank
Australia [5] 49
Canada [14] 30
New Zealand [15] 27
UK [16] 25
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [17] 13
Cover versions[edit]
Sylvia wrote Swedish lyrics for "You Make Me Feel Like Dancing" and recorded this rendering: "Det Känns Som Jag Vill Dansa", for her 1977 album Leenden I Regn
A remixed version of "You Make Me Feel Like Dancing" credited to Groove Generation featuring Leo Sayer charted on the UK Singles Chart in 1998, peaking at #32.[4]
A cover by Carmen Carter & Donnie McClurkin featured in the 2000 Walt Disney Pictures direct-to-video animated film An Extremely Goofy Movie.
A cover version sung by actress Anne Hathaway was included on the soundtrack for the 2004 film Ella Enchanted, adapted from the fantasy novel of the same name.
A cover was performed by Hot Buttered Rum String Band on their live release "Live in The Northeast."
In 2008, The Wiggles sang the song as the title work of their DVD "You Make Me Feel Like Dancing," with Leo Sayer guest starring.
Appearances in other media[edit]
In 1977, the cast performed the song during a medley on an episode of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour.
The 1977 comedy film Slap Shot features the song in an early scene.
The song is featured in the 1978 film An Unmarried Woman.
In episode 3F21 of The Simpsons ("Homerpalooza"), a teenaged Homer and his friend Barney alternate singing the chorus of this song into hairbrushes in Homer's room.
Fringe - Season Three, Episode 11: Recipsrocity, Dr. Walter Bishop (John Noble) and Agent Astrid Farnsworth (Jasika Nicole) are in Dr. Bishop's lab examining the body of a 'shapeshifter', with the song playing in the background.
The song is featured in several scenes in the 1996 film To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday.
It was featured in the 2000 film Charlie's Angels (film).
Song is featured in film Hardcore Henry.
It was also used in film Bride and Prejudice in the trailer.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Leo Sayer - You Make Me Feel Like Dancing / Magdalena (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2014-07-14.
Jump up ^ "You Make Me Feel Like Dancing by Leo Sayer Songfacts". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2014-07-14.
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard Book of #1 Hits, 5th Edition (Billboard Publications)
^ Jump up to: a b "Leo Sayer - Full Official Chart History". Official Charts Company. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Steffen Hung. "Forum - 1970 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Leo Sayer Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Irish Singles Chart – Search for song". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Leo Sayer – You Make Me Feel Like Dancing" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Leo Sayer – You Make Me Feel Like Dancing". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Leo Sayer – You Make Me Feel Like Dancing". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Leo Sayer – Chart history" Billboard Adult Contemporary for Leo Sayer.
Jump up ^ "Leo Sayer – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Leo Sayer.
Jump up ^ "Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada". Bac-lac.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
Jump up ^ "Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada". Bac-lac.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles of 1977 | The Official New Zealand Music Chart". Nztop40.co.nz. 1977-12-31. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 1977 - UK Music Charts". Uk-charts.top-source.info. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1977/Top 100 Songs of 1977". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"You Don't Have to Be a Star (To Be in My Show)" by Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis, Jr. Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
January 15, 1977 (one week) Succeeded by
"I Wish" by Stevie Wonder
[hide]
v
t
e
Leo Sayer
Studio albums
Silverbird
Just a Boy
Another Year
Endless Flight
Thunder in My Heart
Leo Sayer
Here
Living in a Fantasy
World Radio
Have You Ever Been in Love
Cool Touch
Compilation albums
The Very Best of Leo Sayer
All the Best
Soundtrack albums
All This and World War II
Lake Freeze – The Raccoons Songtrack
Singles
"The Show Must Go On"
"One Man Band"
"Moonlighting"
"You Make Me Feel Like Dancing"
"When I Need You"
"How Much Love"
"Thunder in My Heart"
"I Can't Stop Loving You (Though I Try)"
"Raining in My Heart"
"More Than I Can Say"
"Orchard Road"
"Till You Come Back to Me"
"Unchained Melody"
Related topics
Le Chaînon manquant
The Raccoons on Ice
Book
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Make_Me_Feel_Like_Dancing&oldid=780225636"
Categories:
1976 singles
1976 songs
Leo Sayer songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Songs written by Vini Poncia
Songs written by Leo Sayer
Song recordings produced by Richard Perry
Chrysalis Records singles
Warner Bros. Records singles
Songs about dancing
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text:
List of Education Ministers of Bihar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a list of Education Ministers of Bihar, India.
No.
Name
Took office
Left office
Chief Minister
Party
1 Acharya Badrinath Verma Krishna Singh Congress
2 Satyendra Narayan Sinha 18 February 1961 1 October 1963 Binodanand Jha Congress
3 Satyendra Narayan Sinha 1 October 1963 5 March 1967 K. B. Sahay Congress
4 Karpoori Thakur 5 March 1967 31 January 1968 Mahamaya Prasad Sinha Jana Kranti Dal
5 Satish Prasad Singh 1968 1968 Satish Prasad Singh Congress
6 Bindeshwari Dubey 28 May 1973 2 July 1973 Kedar Pandey Congress
7 Vidyakaar Kavi 1973 1974 Abdul Gafoor Congress
8 Raghunath Jha June 1980 1980 Jagannath Mishra Congress
9 Nasiruddin Haider Khan 1980 30 September 1981 Jagannath Mishra Congress
10 Karamchand Bhagat 30 September 1981 1983 Jagannath Mishra Congress
11 Nagendra Jha 14 August 1983 12 March 1985 Chandrashekhar Singh Congress
12 Uma Pandey Bindeshwari Dubey Congress
13 Lokesh Nath Jha Bindeshwari Dubey Congress
14 Nagendra Jha 14 February 1988 10 March 1989 Bhagwat Jha Azad Congress
15 Dr. Diwakar Prasad Singh[1][2] 1996 1996 Laloo Prasad Yadav Rashtriya Janata Dal
16 Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav 9 March 1999 2 March 2000 Rabri Devi Rashtriya Janata Dal
17 Brishen Patel 24 November 2005 2008 Nitish Kumar Janata Dal (United)
18 Hari Narayan Singh 2008 2010 Nitish Kumar Janata Dal (United)
19 Prashant Kumar Shahi 26 November 2010 20 May 2014 Nitish Kumar Janata Dal (United)
20 Prashant Kumar Sahi 20 May 2014 22 February 2015 Jitan Ram Manjhi Janata Dal (United)
21 Ashok Chaudhary[3] 20 November 2015 August 2017 Nitish Kumar Congress
22 Krishna Nandan Prasad Verma[4] August 2017 Incumbent Nitish Kumar
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "LIST OF PARTICIPANTS WHO ATTENDED THE MEETING (ANNEXEURE-I)". TEIndia.nic.in. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
Jump up ^ https://m.timesofindia.com/city/patna/Ex-MLC-being-bullied-for-house/articleshow/12807498.cms/
Jump up ^ "bihar education minister : latest news, information, pictures, articles". post.Jagran.com. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Nitish Kumar inducts 27 new ministers into Bihar cabinet, including 12 from BJP". InToday.in. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Education_Ministers_of_Bihar&oldid=845588966"
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text:
The Beatles' rooftop concert
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The Beatles' rooftop concert
Aerial view
Date
30 January 1969
Venue
Apple Corps
3 Savile Row, London, UK
Coordinates
51°30′37.48″N 0°8′23.13″W / 51.5104111°N 0.1397583°W / 51.5104111; -0.1397583
Participants
John Lennon
Paul McCartney
George Harrison
Ringo Starr
Billy Preston
Length
42 minutes[1]
Producer
George Martin
Engineers
Glyn Johns
Alan Parsons
The Beatles' rooftop concert was the final public performance of the English rock band the Beatles. On 30 January 1969, the band, with keyboardist Billy Preston, surprised a central London office and fashion district with an impromptu concert from the roof of the headquarters of the band's multimedia corporation Apple Corps at 3 Savile Row. In a 42-minute set, the Beatles played nine takes of five songs before the Metropolitan Police asked them to reduce the volume. Footage from the performance was used in the 1970 documentary film Let It Be.
Contents
1 History
2 Set list
3 Legacy
4 Personnel
5 Citations
6 Sources
7 External links
History[edit]
Although the concert was unannounced, the Beatles had planned on performing live during their Get Back sessions earlier in January.[2] According to author Mark Lewisohn, it is uncertain who had the idea for a rooftop concert, but the suggestion was conceived just days before the actual event.[3] George Harrison brought in keyboardist Billy Preston as an additional musician, in the hope that a talented outside observer would encourage the band to be tight and focused.[3] In Preston's recollection, the idea to perform on the Apple rooftop was John Lennon's.[4] Ringo Starr remembered:
There was a plan to play live somewhere. We were wondering where we could go – "Oh, the Palladium or the Sahara". But we would have had to take all the stuff, so we decided, "Let's get up on the roof."[5]
In his autobiography Sound Man, recording engineer Glyn Johns claims the idea for the concert was his.[6]
The audio was recorded onto two eight-track recorders in the basement studio at Apple[7] by engineer Alan Parsons.[8] Film director Michael Lindsay-Hogg[9] brought in a camera crew to capture several angles of the performance, including reactions from people on the street.[8]
When the Beatles first started playing, there was some confusion from spectators watching five storeys below, many of whom were on their lunch break. As the news of the event spread, crowds of onlookers began to congregate in the streets and on the roofs of local buildings. While most responded positively to the concert, the Metropolitan Police grew concerned about noise and traffic issues.[10] Apple employees initially refused to let police inside, but reconsidered when threatened with arrest.[10]
As police ascended to the roof, the Beatles realised that the concert would eventually be shut down, but continued to play for several more minutes.[11] Paul McCartney improvised the lyrics of his song "Get Back" to reflect the situation: "You've been playing on the roofs again, and you know your Momma doesn't like it, she's gonna have you arrested!"[12] The concert came to an end with the conclusion of "Get Back", with Lennon saying, "I'd like to say thank you on behalf of the group and ourselves and I hope we've passed the audition."[13]
Set list[edit]
The rooftop concert consisted of nine takes of five Beatles songs:
"Get Back" (three takes)
"Don't Let Me Down" (two takes)
"I've Got a Feeling" (two takes)
"One After 909" (one take)
"Dig a Pony" (one take)
The first performance of "I've Got a Feeling" and the recordings of "One After 909" and "Dig a Pony" were later used for the album Let It Be.[14] In 1996, a "rooftop" version of "Get Back", which was the last song of the Beatles' final live performance, was included in Anthology 3.[15] An edit of the two takes of "Don't Let Me Down" was included on Let It Be... Naked.[16][better source needed] There was also a brief jam of "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" while the cameramen changed film.
Legacy[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
3 Savile Row, London, the location of the concert
The Beatles' rooftop concert marked the end of an era for many fans. The group did record one more album, Abbey Road, but by September 1969 the Beatles had unofficially disbanded.[17] Several of the rooftop performances, particularly that of "Dig a Pony", showed the Beatles once again in top form, if only temporarily.[18] Fans believed the rooftop concert might have been a try-out for a return to live performances and touring.[19]
The Rutles' "Get Up and Go" sequence in the film All You Need Is Cash mimics the footage of the rooftop concert, and uses similar camera angles.[20] In January 2009, tribute band the Bootleg Beatles attempted to stage a 40th anniversary concert in the same location, but were refused permission by Westminster City Council due to licensing problems.[21]
In The Simpsons fifth season episode "Homer's Barbershop Quartet", the Be Sharps (Homer, Apu, Barney and Principal Skinner) perform a rendition of one of their previous hits on a rooftop. George Harrison, who guest-starred in the episode, is shown saying dismissively "It's been done!" As the song ends and the credits begin, Homer repeats John Lennon's phrase about passing the audition and everyone laughs, including Barney until he says, "I don't get it."[22]
In the 2007 film Across The Universe, a musical made up entirely of Beatles' music, Sadie's band performs a rooftop concert in New York City which mimics the original. It is interrupted and closed down by the New York Police Department.[23]
U2 also referenced the concert in their video for "Where the Streets Have No Name", which featured a similar rooftop concert in Los Angeles.
McCartney played a surprise mini-concert in midtown Manhattan on 15 July 2009 from the top of the marquee of the Ed Sullivan Theater, where he was recording a performance for Late Show with David Letterman. News of the event spread via Twitter and word of mouth, and nearby street corners were closed off to accommodate fans for the set, which duplicated the original Beatles gig.
Personnel[edit]
John Lennon – vocals, guitar
Paul McCartney – vocals, bass guitar
George Harrison – vocals, guitar
Ringo Starr – drums
Billy Preston – electric piano
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "20 Things You Need To Know About The Beatles' Rooftop Concert". mojo4music.com. 30 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992, pp. 306–307.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewisohn 1992, p. 307.
Jump up ^ Babiuk 2002, p. 240.
Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000, p. 321.
Jump up ^ Johns, Glyn (2015). Sound Man. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-14-751657-2.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Kevin; Kehew, Brian (2006). Recording the Beatles: The studio equipment and techniques used to create their classic albums. Curvebender. p. 518. ISBN 978-0-9785200-0-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Perone 2005, p. 5.
Jump up ^ Everett 1999, p. 216.
^ Jump up to: a b "Beatles rooftop birthday:It's 40 years since the fab four's last ever concert". BBC. 30 January 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Perone 2005, pp. 5–6.
Jump up ^ Lifton, Dave. "44 YEARS AGO: THE BEATLES PERFORM LIVE FOR THE LAST TIME, ON A LONDON ROOFTOP". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Everett 1999, p. 222.
Jump up ^ Everett 1999, p. 219.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 334.
Jump up ^ Beatles Bible
Jump up ^ "Paul McCartney: 'I Want to Live in Peace'". Life Magazine. 7 November 1969.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 331.
Jump up ^ Perone 2005, p. 6.
Jump up ^ "Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rutles!". CD Review. 12 (1–9): 80.
Jump up ^ Banerjee, Subhajit (30 January 2009). "The Beatles rooftop concert: It was 40 years ago today". The Telegraph. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Suebsaeng, Asawin (30 January 2012). "8 Videos to Commemorate the Beatles' Final Concert, 43 Years Later". Mother Jones. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (2009). Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2010. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7407-9218-2.
Sources[edit]
Babiuk, Andy (2002). Beatles Gear: All the Fab Four's Instruments, from Stage to Studio. San Francisco, CA: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-731-8.
The Beatles (2000). The Beatles Anthology. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-3636-4.
Everett, Walter (1999). The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver through the Anthology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512941-0.
MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (3rd (2007) ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-55652-733-3.
Lewisohn, Mark (1992). The Complete Beatles Chronicle:The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide To the Beatles' Entire Career (2010 ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-56976-534-0.
Perone, James E (2005). Woodstock: An Encyclopedia of the Music and Art Fair – American history through music. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33057-5.
External links[edit]
Don't Let Me Down from the rooftop
show
v
t
e
Let It Be
Let It Be (film)
Let It Be... Naked
Songs
Side one
"Two of Us"
"Dig a Pony"
"Across the Universe"
"I Me Mine"
"Dig It"
"Let It Be"
"Maggie Mae"
Side two
"I've Got a Feeling"
"One After 909"
"The Long and Winding Road"
"For You Blue"
"Get Back"
Non-album B-side
"Don't Let Me Down"
"You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)"
Outtakes
"All Things Must Pass"
"Another Day"
"The Back Seat of My Car"
"Gimme Some Truth"
"Hear Me Lord"
"Let It Down"
"Teddy Boy"
"Watching Rainbows"
Related articles
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Phil Spector
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text:
Water scarcity in India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Water scarcity involves water stress, water shortage or deficits, and water crisis. This may be due to both nature and humans. Main factors that contribute to this issue include poor management of resources, lack of government regulation, and man made waste. [1]18 percent of the world's population which resides in India only has access to 4 percent of usable water sources. Official data in the past decade depicts how annual per capita availability of water in the country has plummeted significantly with 163 million Indians lacking access to safe drinking water.[2] [3]
Contents
1 Causes
2 Freshwater deficit
3 Impact on cities
4 Effects on animals
5 Counter measures
5.1 Community led initiatives
5.2 Government led initiatives
5.3 Raising awareness
5.4 Utilization of ground water
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Causes[edit]
The water sources are contaminated with both bio and chemical pollutants. 21% of the country's diseases are water-related with only 33% of the country having access to traditional sanitation.[4] Excessive use of groundwater for agriculture has also caused a strain in the resource. As India is one of the top agriculture producers in the world, the consumption of water for land and crops is also one the highest. The results of the widespread use of ineffective techniques used for irrigation aligned with mismanagement are few of the reasons for the water deficit. [5]
A significant portion of water used for industrial and domestic purposes is waste when returned to the streams. The demand for freshwater is increasing with the growing population, but the decreasing amount of supply fails to meet the needs of the people.[6]
The increased amount of solid wastes in water systems such as lakes and rivers also heavily pollute the water. To combat this problem, the government issued the Ganga Action Plan issued in 1984 to clean up the Ganges River. However, much of the river remains polluted with a high coli form count at many places. This is largely due to lack of maintenance of the facilities as well inadequate fees for service. [7] Due to this issue, urgent need for safe drinking water is 70.1% of the households in urban areas. 18.7 % in rural received organized pipe water supply and others have to depend on surface and ground water which is untreated.[6]
Freshwater deficit[edit]
Along with the strain on surface water, the country is also facing great stress with freshwater. Lack of strict state regulation on ground water development has caused a strain on the amount of freshwater available. Indifference from bureaucratic powers and constant neglect has caused the problem to intensify. In hand with the lack of government interference and continued industrial waste deposited into major rivers, most freshwater entering the bodies of water is defiled. The approximation of the untreated water entering the water sources such as rivers and lakes is 90 percent and only furthers the problem. [8]
Impact on cities[edit]
In 2016, the city of Latur experienced a great water shortage. Much of the farming industry came to a halt and created both food insecurity and massive unemployment. Much of the local economy and farming regions nearly collapsed with the citizens having no choice but to use the polluted water. [9]
Effects on animals[edit]
The acute water shortage prevailing in the forest areas of Tamil Nadu's districts of Madurai and Dindigul has led to the deaths of Indian gaurs found in the forest of the region, as they come in search of water are killed falling into the wells.[10]
Counter measures[edit]
Community led initiatives[edit]
With support from government and UNICEF, villagers in Palve Budruk, located in the drought-prone Parner Block in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra, developed a catchment plan covering 1,435 hectors – over 80% of the land available. The system has three check dams, 20 canal bunds, two small percolation tanks linked to the main tank and 19 village ponds. Water stored in the percolation tank, is strictly meant for domestic use only. Piped water is supplied for an hour a day in the morning, during which time families fill up water for drinking and cooking.[11]
Government led initiatives[edit]
SIS Seoul International School is Fundraising to bring water to India, and can be found in South Korea, or siskorea.They have also started building a strong community for the water crisis in india
Raising awareness[edit]
The Canadian start-up Decode Global has developed the mobile game Get Water!, a game for social change focusing on the water scarcity in India and the effect it has on girls' education. The game's primary goal is to raise awareness of the water crisis, by educating children as well as adult gamers. To put more focus on children'd learning, the company has published a 6-part lesson plan for 4-6 grade teachers, available for download as a pdf from the game's website.
Utilization of ground water[edit]
The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) has notified 82 areas (Districts, Blocks, Mandals, Talukas, Municipalities) for regulation of ground water development.[12] In these areas, installation of new ground water abstraction structures is not permitted without prior specific approval of the Authority / Authorized officer. Moreover, proposals for setting up/expansion of ground water based industries including bottled water manufacturing units are forwarded by State Pollution Control Boards and Bureau of Indian Standards to CGWA for seeking No Objection Certificate (NOC) for ground water withdrawal. NOC is not accorded to such industries including bottled water manufacturing units p eas notified by the Authority. In non-notified areas, NOC is issued with mandatory pre-conditions of adoption of rain water harvesting system, monitoring of ground water abstraction as well as monitoring of ground water level and quality etc. by the industry. For enforcement of the regulatory directions issued under Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, concerned Deputy Commissioners/District Collectors have been authorized to take necessary action in case of violations of directives of CGWA in the notified areas.
According to Indian government report, warns that 21 cities will run out a groundwater by years of 2020.[13]
Rainwater harvesting – Rain water is accumulated and used for ground water recharge. This increases the ground water availability.[14]
Farm pond – Farm ponds are constructed near the farming field. The rain water which runs off the ground are collected by these ponds. These ponds helps agriculture in dry lands.[15][16]
See also[edit]
Climate of India
Water scarcity
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mehta, Prashant (2012). "Impending water crisis in India and comparing clean water standards among developing and developed nations" (PDF).
Jump up ^ scrmb.cpcb (2013-10-09). "Water quality of Ground Water - 2008". Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
Jump up ^ shashi.bhushan (2016-03-23). "Sharing of Water with Neighbouring States (From: Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation)". Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
Jump up ^ "Water In Crisis - Spotlight India". The Water Project. Retrieved 2018-05-02.
Jump up ^ "Water crisis in India – problem and its solution". My India. 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2018-05-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Nagdeve. "POPULATION GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN INDIA" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "India's Water Crisis: Causes and Cures". www.nbr.org. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
Jump up ^ "Water Scarcity: India's Silent Crisis | Inter Press Service". www.ipsnews.net. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
Jump up ^ Rajawat, Somya (21 June 2016). "Drought and Water Security in India" (PDF). Future Directions International.
Jump up ^ J Arockiaraj (2013-07-09). "Water scarcity leading Indian gaurs to death traps". Times of India.
Jump up ^ "Overcoming Water Scarcity - UNICEF".
Jump up ^ "List of Notified Areas for Control and Regulation of Ground Water". Central Ground Water Authority. Archived from the original on 2011-07-12.
Jump up ^ https://scroll.in/video/883445/video-21-indian-cities-will-run-out-of-groundwater-in-2-years-says-a-government-report
Jump up ^ "Rainwater harvesting". Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board, India. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Farm ponds play big role in tiding over drought". The Hindu. India. 17 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Vidya Kulkarni. "Overcoming Water Scarcity". UNICEF - India. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
External links[edit]
Terrifying water crisis faces India; most cities to run dry - Rediff India
Water scarcity killing animals in Rajasthan - Deccan Herald
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_scarcity_in_India&oldid=854480387"
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Water pollution in India
Water supply and sanitation in India
Water scarcity
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This page was last edited on 11 August 2018, at 17:33 (UTC).
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