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Rainout (sports)
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Rainout, washout, rain delay, and rain stopped play are terms regarding an outdoor event, generally a sporting event, delayed or canceled due to rain, or the threat of rain. It is not to be confused with a type of out in baseball, though a baseball game can be rained out. Delays due to other forms of weather are named "snow delay", "lightning delay", "thunderstorm delay", or "fog delay" (or generically "weather delay"), while there are many other effects of weather on sport. Also, a night game can be delayed if the floodlight system fails. Often spectators will be issued a ticket for a make up event, known as a "rain check".
Sports typically stopped due to the onset of rain include baseball, golf, tennis, and cricket, where even slightly damp conditions in the latter three sports seriously affect playing quality and the players' safety. In the case of tennis, several venues (such as those of Wimbledon and the Australian Open) have built retractable roofs atop their existing courts and stadiums in the last decade to avert rain delays that could push a tournament further than the final date.
Association football generally plays on through rain, although matches can be abandoned if the pitch becomes severely waterlogged or there is lightning in the area, with the latter case being more for the protection of spectators within the metal stands surrounding stadiums. In NCAA play, should lightning be detected by any pitch official, a minimum 30-minute delay and a potential "rainout" can be declared if the lightning continues for a considerable amount of time under the NCAA's all-sports policy regarding lightning.
In North America, the only one of the four major team sports to stop play due to rain is baseball. Individual sports such as golf, tennis and auto racing are also subject to rainouts, in the last case because a wet racetrack poses a risk of hydroplaning for vehicles traveling at high speeds, the combination of which can be fatal. Gridiron-style football almost always plays through even the heaviest of rain or snow, only canceling, relocating or delaying a game in the event that conditions are so severe as to be unsafe for spectators to attend (most commonly in the event of a lightning storm). Ice hockey, when played outdoors, may also be subject to rainouts or rain delays, as the conditions to maintain a playable ice surface depend on a narrow set of favorable weather conditions. Almost all meaningful basketball games are played indoors and are thus not subject to rainouts.
If there is severe rain during a match, it can become a point of controversy whether a match should be abandoned. A notable example of this was on the final day of the Serie A 1999-00 season, when Juventus had to play out a match against Perugia despite the pitch appearing to be unplayable. Juventus lost the match 1-0 and consequently lost the Scudetto to Lazio.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Baseball
1.1 Domed stadiums
1.2 Snow delay
2 Motorsport
2.1 Famous events delayed by rain in motorsport
3 Cricket
4 Consequences in live broadcasting
5 See also
6 References
Baseball[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
When the weather threatens to rain out a baseball game, the groundskeepers cover the infield with a tarp to protect it from damage.
Generally, Major League Baseball (MLB) teams will continue play in light to moderate rain but will suspend play if it is raining heavily or if there is standing water on the field. Games can also be delayed or canceled for other forms of inclement weather, or if the field is found to be unfit for play, and for other unusual causes such as bee swarms. Bee delays and cancellations have occurred in games such as the spring training game in 2005 that was canceled,[2] as well as the 2009 Houston Astros-San Diego Padres game that was delayed in the ninth inning.[3] However, rain is by far the most common cause for cancellations or stoppages of play. In case of rain out after the game has begun but before it is official, a rain check is issued; this dates to the 1870s, but did not become widespread until the 20th century.
Before a baseball game commences, unless it is the second game of a doubleheader, the manager of the home team is in charge of deciding whether or not the game should be delayed or canceled due to rain or other inclement weather (see Rule 3.10 of baseball's Official Rules). Once the home team manager hands his lineup card to the umpire shortly before the game is to begin, the umpiring crew chief has sole discretion to decide if a game should be delayed or canceled (see Rule 3.10 and Rule 4.01 of the Official Rules). This also applies to the second game of a doubleheader. Umpires are required by rule to wait at least 30 minutes to see if conditions improve; this is referred to as a rain delay and is not counted as part of the length of the game listed in the box score. In practice, umpires are encouraged to see that games are played if at all possible, and will most of the times wait as long as three hours before declaring a rainout.
If a game is rained out before play begins, it is rescheduled for a later date. If it has already begun and rain falls, several scenarios are used to determine the need to resume play:
If a game has completed the top half of the 5th inning and the home team is ahead, the game can be deemed an official game. The home team is declared the winner, and the game officially counts in standings.
If a game has completed the bottom half of the 5th inning and either team is ahead, and in Minor League Baseball and college games if it is the final game of the series, the game can be deemed an official game. The leading team is declared the winner, and the game officially counts in standings. However, if the game is rained out prior to the completion of an inning in which the visiting team scored one or more runs to take the lead, and the home team has not retaken the lead, the game is suspended, to be resumed at a later date.
If a game has completed the 5th inning, and the teams are tied, or in college and some Minor League Baseball games regardless of inning, and it is not the final game in the series (the first or second game in a three-game series, also regardless of inning), the game is considered suspended, and the resumption of the game is scheduled for a future date (usually the following day). The game picks up from where it left off. All games stopped for power outages after the 5th inning are considered suspended if it is not the final game in the series, regardless of the game's score.
In the Major League Baseball postseason, regardless of inning, all games stopped at any time for weather are considered suspended and continued from the point of stoppage when play resumes, no matter if the game has not reached the requirements above.[4] This rule was put into place as a result of Game 5 of the 2008 World Series, which was the first postseason game in history to be suspended and resumed from the point of suspension. Prior to the 2009 postseason, a playoff game had to have at least five innings completed in order to be suspendable; a playoff game stopped prior to that point had to be started over. An example was Game 1 of the 1982 National League Championship Series, which reached the top of the fifth inning, but had to be restarted from scratch the next day.
If none of the previous scenarios apply, the game cannot be deemed official.[which?] declares "No Game," and a make-up of the game is scheduled for a future date unless it is not feasible. The latter occurs mainly among the minor leagues and college due to travel schedules, and only in the major leagues among teams that have been declared mathematically eliminated from postseason play where no benefit in the standings would be derived. The statistics compiled during the rained out game are not counted.
The scheduling of make up dates generally follow these guidelines:
If the game is postponed or suspended and both teams play each other the following day, then the game will be completed the next day as part of a doubleheader. Venue remains the same.
If the game is postponed or suspended and neither team has a game the following day, then the game will be made up the following day. Venue remains the same.
If the game is postponed or suspended, one or both teams play a different team the following day, and the teams meet again at the same venue later in the season, then the game will be rescheduled to a future series between the two teams at that venue, usually as part of a doubleheader. This mainly applies to division rivals.
If the game is postponed or suspended, one or both teams play a different team the following day, and the teams do not meet again at the same venue later in the season, then two options apply. Usually, the teams find a convenient shared open date to play the makeup game at the venue where the rainout occurred. In rare cases, if the teams play again later in the season, the game gets rescheduled to that series, usually as part of a doubleheader. For the makeup game, the team that would have hosted the game will wear their home jerseys even though the game is played at a different venue. This happened in 2013, when the Giants and the Reds met in a doubleheader at AT&T Park because a game between the two at Great American Ball Park got rained out and both teams had to play the following day.
If more than one game is postponed or suspended in a series, then the previous rules apply to each game separately.
If a makeup game must be postponed or suspended again, then the same doubleheader rules apply. This scenario is very uncommon.
In the Major League Baseball postseason, doubleheaders are prohibited under the current collective bargaining agreement. The game gets scheduled to a future date at the same venue. In some independent baseball leagues, postseason doubleheaders can happen, but are very uncommon.
If the teams are playing an international series and the game gets rained out, then the game will usually be made up at the neutral site as part of a doubleheader, but if that is not possible then the game gets rescheduled as part of a future series between the two at the designated home team's venue, usually as part of a doubleheader.
Triple headers are now prohibited under the current collective bargaining agreement, except when the first game is the conclusion of a game suspended from a prior date. This would only happen in the extremely rare case of the only remaining dates between teams being doubleheaders and no single games are left for the suspended game to precede. The last triple header occurred on October 1, 1920.[citation needed]
Domed stadiums[edit]
In areas that receive high amounts of rain or otherwise could be impacted by the weather, those teams have built stadiums with a roof to protect the field, first as a domed stadium, and more recently with a retractable roof. Despite this, the Houston Astros—who played at the Houston Astrodome for 35 years and currently play at the retractable roof-equipped Minute Maid Park, primarily to protect fans from the intense summer Texas heat—ironically had a rainout at the Astrodome on June 15, 1976 due to intense flooding in the Houston area. The game, against the Pittsburgh Pirates, was later made up at Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh despite the Astros still having a home series against the Pirates later that season. Also, Miller Park that opened in Milwaukee on April 6, 2001 has a fan-style roof that opens and closes.[5]
Snow delay[edit]
Although rare, a delay caused by snow has been known to happen in baseball. This is usually the case in the early parts of the season that, although always starts after the spring equinox, is still within the traditional snow season in the Northern half of North America. In fact, the first ever game of the Toronto Blue Jays in 1977, although not delayed, was affected by a minor snowstorm. Although some areas of North America begin to receive snow in October, it is still too warm for snow to start accumulating, and with most teams done playing for the season by that point due to the MLB playoffs, is largely a non-issue anyway, and very rarely does the World Series extend into November—something that has only happened six times (2001 World Series, 2009 World Series, 2010 World Series, 2015 World Series, 2016 World Series and 2017 World Series).
In April 2007, snow storms in northern Ohio caused the Cleveland Indians to postpone their home opening series against the Seattle Mariners and forced the Indians to find a different location for their home series against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. MLB took advantage of the roof at Miller Park (home of the Milwaukee Brewers) and moved the Indians-Angels series to Milwaukee. All seats were sold for $10 apiece, and attendance was 52,496 for the three games.[6] The Indians-Mariners games were eventually made up at various points in the season, including one game at Safeco Field during their regularly-scheduled series in Seattle as part of a doubleheader in which the Indians were the designated home team for the first game.
Motorsport[edit]
Some auto racing series do not compete in rain, especially series that race on paved oval tracks. The rain severely diminishes the traction between the slick tires and the surface. Other series, especially those that race on road courses such as Formula One and public roads as in rallying, use special treaded rain tires while the surface is wet but not in excessively heavy rain, standing water, or lightning (which is an automatic cessation of racing because of pit crew, race marshals, and safety). Dirt track racing can be run in a light rain as the vehicles have treaded tires. Rallying can be held in rain or snow.
NASCAR and the INDYCAR Verizon IndyCar Series do not compete on a wet or moist surface at most oval tracks. They will not start an event unless the surface is dry. If the surface become wet during a race, the event is typically halted, and the cars are pulled off the track. Very light moisture may warrant only a temporary yellow caution period, while heavier rains usually require a red flag, stopped condition.
After the rain ceases, the sanctioning body will determine if the track surface can be dried within a reasonable time frame. The track is considered "lost" if rain thoroughly wets the surface, usually characterized by a dark look to the asphalt or concrete pavement. Track crews use jet dryers, which consist of modified jet engines, mounted upside down to allow the hot exhaust to pummel the surface. The hot exhaust acts to quickly evaporate the rainwater, and allow the surface to dry considerably quicker than normal conditions. Large scale wet-vacs are also sometimes used to supplement.
The safety car driver will work with race stewards on the proper decision on a red flag when rain falls. In NASCAR, if the race start is delayed, officials may ask a more experienced driver to evaluate if a track is sufficiently dry by having the driver run medium-speed laps around the circuit to evaluate the dryness of the circuit. He then reports the results to his crew chief, who sends a report to a NASCAR official.
In rain conditions, officials may start the race under the Safety Car, and wave the green after a few laps have been run under such conditions. In that situation, all Safety Car laps count towards the race distance, but in NASCAR and INDYCAR, only after both green and yellow are waved together (some laps may be run beforehand that do not count). However, officials may only allow the laps to count if the green flag is the next flag to wave and not the red flag, and officials may discard all laps run if cars do not complete a lap under green flag conditions. This procedure may be used by officials in an attempt to reach the race to official race status (halfway or three-fourths).
If rain does not subside, the sanctioning body has several options. Typically, the race is considered "official" if has completed at least one lap beyond the halfway point of the advertised distance (similar to baseball). If such is the case, the race is deemed complete, and a winner can be declared. In some cases, if the race has already gone beyond the halfway point (especially if it is very near the scheduled finish) when rain falls, and the weather forecast is for day-long rain, no attempt to complete the remainder of the race will be attempted. If a downpour occurs very near the end of the race, the officials, in fact, may use their authority to wave the checkered flag at that instant, and end the race immediately. (This occurred during the 1975 Indianapolis 500.) However, if the event is stopped any lap before the halfway point, the remainder of the event can be postponed to the following day. (This happened in the 1997 Indianapolis 500.)
NASCAR and INDYCAR both will use rain tires if they are at a road course. However, if the rain is severe enough where standing water, visibility becomes an issue, or if lightning is detected within a 12 km radius of the circuit, the race will be stopped. At the 2014 Honda Indy Toronto Race 1, INDYCAR attempted to wave green and yellow together to start the race under the Safety Car. After numerous incidents, INDYCAR decided to abandon the race and wiped the slate clean for Sunday with two races. INDYCAR also has cancelled qualifying at a circuit because of lightning, primarily as a safety issue with electronics, radio communications, teams on pit lane, race marshals, and spectators.
The code in USAC, NASCAR, and INDYCAR states if fewer than half the laps are completed or if the race is unable to start, the event is resumed on a later date, usually the next day. With the introduction of lights at numerous oval tracks, the time frame for resuming a rain delayed race on the same day has been largely expanded. Some races stopped during the day for rain have seen the track dried, and the race completed later in the evening on the same day.
Most road racing (except in the United States) does not use the 50 percent rule. In the FIA Code, if severe rain forces the race to be interrupted, the regulations state if less than three laps were completed, the race is canceled and will not be made up. Once a race is on its fourth green flag lap, the race is official, and only half points will be awarded until 75% of the race has been completed.
Famous events delayed by rain in motorsport[edit]
The 1976 Indianapolis 500 was the shortest Indianapolis 500 in history, one lap past official status, with 102 laps completed.
The 1976 Japanese Grand Prix was delayed because of rain. When the race eventually started, championship leader Niki Lauda pulled out because of the dangerous circuit allowing James Hunt to score enough points to win the F1 Drivers championship.
The 1992 Tooheys 1000 was drastically affected by rain, with the Dick Johnson Racing team leading the race on Lap 145 after a series of crashes at Forrest's Elbow. However, as the Winfield Racing Nissan team was part of a crash on Lap 144 at the section, the rules ordered a countback to the 143rd lap when the race was called to rain. The Nissan team was declared winner.
The MotoGP 2008 Red Bull Indianapolis Grand Prix was drastically affected by Hurricane Ike. The 250cc (now 600cc Moto2) class race was cancelled because of heavy rains, while earlier in the days the races in the 125cc (now 250cc Moto3) and MotoGP classes were curtailed because of weather.
The 2009 Petit Le Mans in Braselton, Georgia, was an example of a rainout under the FIA Code, where only three completed laps are needed for an official race and less than half the race (184 of 394 laps). The red flag waved after 184 laps at the 4:52 point of the race. In endurance racing, the clock does not stop for red flags. IMSA waited until 8 PM to declare the race official. While the race was 13 laps from official (500 miles), the clock had passed the five-hour mark when the race was called at 8 PM.[7]
At the Formula One's 2009 Malaysian Grand Prix, a rainstorm was predicted to hit the half of the race, of 56 laps, however, at the start of the race the weather was sunny with large black clouds in the distance. By lap 19 it began to rain as some drivers entered pit road for wet tyres as the rain was falling hard. By lap 28, the rain was torrential to the point officials called a caution, deploying the Safety Car, but still several cars were out due to spins or crash. The rain became worse and the race was red-flagged on lap 33. Once the rain had ceased, it was deemed too late and dark to continue and the race was stopped. Some drivers and spectators protested the race organizer's decision but no action was taken. The 2009 season was the first year that the FIA started the Asia and Australia races as late-afternoon starts where the sun would be setting during the race finish in order to maximise European television broadcasts.
In the 2011 Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, rain before the race wet the circuit. 30 minutes into the race, a heavy rainstorm hit the circuit and the race was red-flagged, the rain didn't stop and the event was delayed for more than 2 hours, the race was finished for its 70 laps and was the longest race in Formula One history. To prevent a repeat, FIA rules were changed so that a four-hour race clock starts when the cars start their warm-up lap. The clock will not be stopped for any situation, effectively ending a race four hours after cars roll off—regardless of how far the race has finished.
The 2012 Daytona 500 was postponed by rain for the first time in history, as it was postponed 30 hours from 1 PM Sunday to 7 PM Monday.[8]
The 2013 6 Hours of Fuji in the FIA World Endurance Championship was effectively cancelled because of rain; officials started the clock and ran laps under caution, hoping for conditions to improve; after 17 laps, all under caution, the race was effectively cancelled, but under FIA rules, was an official race. To prevent a repeat, FIA rules were changed to state the three completed laps rule to make a race official applied only to green flag laps.
The 2015 Petit Le Mans was shortened to 7 hours, 51 minutes after being under one weather delay earlier in the race; after a safety car with slightly over two hours remaining, the race was abandoned after 179 laps because of weather conditions related to Hurricane Joaquin and related heavy rains in the Southeastern United States.
Cricket[edit]
In cricket, when part of a game is rained out causing a reduction in the number of overs batted by one or both teams then the number of runs accredited to either one or both teams may be revised. A common method to recalculate the number of runs accredited to either team is the Duckworth–Lewis method.
Consequences in live broadcasting[edit]
In event of a rain delay, most television broadcasters run alternate programming (also known as "rain delay filler"), in place of the scheduled game or event. Depending on event, the alternate programming takes many forms, such as a movie, a rerun of a television program, interviews and analysis, highlights of the last event, or even another game or for networks such as ESPN and Fox Sports 1, "whiparound" coverage of other games from other regional sports networks (Fox Sports 1 also maintains a regularly scheduled program, MLB Whiparound). The delay continues until the weather is cleared up enough to resume the game, or if it comes to a point where it is not practical to resume it; in this case, it would become a "rain out".
In some cases, if the rain delay is in danger of interfering with the network's schedule that would follow after the game, they would often transfer coverage of the game to another station or channel, or show it later on via tape delay, depending on the organizational policy. For instance, with Sunday afternoon NASCAR events, a race on a broadcast network such as Fox or NBC would be moved to an alternate cable network such as Fox Sports 1 or NBCSN if the delay runs several hours, to allow those networks to present their primetime entertainment schedules, or later in NASCAR's season with NBC, allows contingency as NBC Sunday Night Football takes full contractual precedence over NASCAR events.
The Million Second Quiz was an example of a live broadcast of a game show that was filmed outdoors (it was filmed in an hourglass-shaped outdoor structure on top of a building with a flat roof). There was also an alternate indoor set where the non-primetime broadcasts took place. However, if inclement weather activity happened in the area where the show was filmed during primetime, the game show temporarily moved to its alternate set located inside the building. During the event, the clock did not stop for weather-related delays or other circumstances. The show was broadcast on NBC for only one season, after which it was canceled.
The 2011 NHL Winter Classic, which was scheduled to take place at 1 PM EST New Year's Day, ended up being delayed to 8 PM EST due to unusually warm weather in the Pittsburgh area, with rain impacting the game. Because the game was then moved to prime time, the game ended up having the unintended result of bringing in higher ratings for NBC in the United States, giving the NHL the highest ratings for a regular-season game since 1975.[9] Despite this, subsequent Winter Classics remain played in the early afternoon hours, as the game is purposefully scheduled at that time to avoid the College Football Playoff bowl games, mainly the Rose Bowl Game and Sugar Bowl most years.
See also[edit]
Weather-related cancellation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hughes, Rob. Juventus Loses Crown in Perugia After Sudden Storm and Long Delay : Lazio Wins League In a Bizarre Finale, International Herald Tribune, May 15, 2000.
Jump up ^ http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/news/article.jsp?ymd=20050324&content_id=975977&vkey=spt2005gamer&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb
Jump up ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/recap?gameId=290702125
Jump up ^ "Official Rules: 4.00 Starting and Ending a Game". Major League Baseball. pp. Rule 4.12. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hoffman: Astros made history with a rainout - Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. June 17, 2009. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Castrovince, Anthony (April 9, 2007). "Angels-Indians Series Moved". Cleveland: MLB.com. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Petit Le Mans: An Explanation". Motorsport.com. Retrieved 2012-08-11.
Jump up ^ "Rained out: Daytona 500 postponed until Monday". Usatoday.com. 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2012-08-11.
Jump up ^ "Winter Classic On NBC Is Top NHL Regular-Season Audience In 36 Years". SportsBusiness Daily. Street & Smith. January 3, 2011. Archived from the original on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
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Alcohol laws of Texas
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A person must be at least be 18 years of age to publicly drink an alcoholic beverage in Texas, with some exceptions[1]
Texas is one of ten states (California, Colorado, Maryland, Montana, New York, Texas, West Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) that allow consumption by minors in the presence of consenting and supervising family members. In the state of Texas, parents accept responsibility for the safety of minors under 18 when the minor is on their property or on property leased by them and under their care, custody, and control; an adult may provide alcohol to a minor if he/she is the minor’s adult parent, guardian, or spouse, and is visibly present when the minor possesses or consumes the alcoholic beverage.[2] It is against the law to make alcohol available to a non-family person younger than 21 even in your own residence, even with the parent’s permission.[2]
Texas holds parents/adults civilly liable for damages caused by the intoxication of a minor younger than 18 if they knowingly provided alcohol or allowed alcohol to be served on property owned or leased by them and the minor:
is injured or dies as a result of drinking on the property,
gets into a fight, falls and hurts him/herself, or is sexually assaulted,
damages someone else’s property, or
leaves and is involved in a motor vehicle accident and causes injury to themselves or others.
An operator of a motor vehicle is considered automatically under the influence of alcohol if a chemical screening shows a blood-alcohol content (BAC) of 0.08 percent or greater. If under the age of 21, a driver in Texas is not able to test positive for any blood-alcohol content (BAC) under penalty of DUI charges.
Contents
[hide]
1 Wet and dry counties
1.1 Sales of alcohol
2 Legitimate age
3 Open container laws
4 Blood alcohol content limits
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Wet and dry counties[edit]
Several counties are completely "dry" counties, where no sales of alcoholic beverages are legal anywhere in the county:[3]
Borden
Hemphill
Kent
Martin
Roberts
Throckmorton
Many counties are completely "wet" counties, where all alcoholic beverage sales are legal everywhere in the county:[3]
Aransas
Austin
Bexar
Brazos
Brewster
Brooks
Cameron
Childress
Collingsworth
Colorado
Comal
Cottle
Culberson
Dimmit
Donley
Duval
Ector
El Paso
Fayette
Fisher
Fort Bend
Goliad
Gonzales
Guadalupe
Hidalgo
Hudspeth
Jim Hogg
Kendall
Kenedy
Kinney
Kleberg
La Salle
Midland
Mitchell
Nolan
Nueces
Presidio
San Saba
Scurry
Sherman
Starr
Sutton
Val Verde
Victoria
Washington
Webb
Wharton
Wilbarger
Zapata
Zavala
All others are "moist" counties, which are a combination of wet and dry areas.[3]
Sales of alcohol[edit]
Beer sales are permitted between 7 AM and midnight on all days except Sunday; Sunday sales are permitted between midnight and 1AM and between noon and midnight (excepting certain sales of beer with food).[4] Wine sales are generally permitted at the same time as beer sales.[5] Any retailer with a proper permit may sell beer and wine.
Liquor sales are more stringently regulated. Liquor sales are prohibited 1) on Sundays, 2) on Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and New Year's Day (and when Christmas and New Year's fall on a Sunday, the prohibition is carried over to the following Monday), and 3) before 10AM and after 9PM on any other day.[6] Furthermore, liquor can only be sold in "package stores", which must be closed whenever liquor sales are prohibited (even for sales of otherwise allowable products)[7], and which further must be physically separated from any other business.[8] Moreover, no owner can own more than five package stores[9], and no publicly-traded company can own such a store.[10]
Legitimate age[edit]
People must be at least 21 years of age to legally consume alcoholic beverages in Texas with certain exceptions, as in any other state in the United States. However, employment at a company serving alcoholic beverages can be entered into at age 18 but the person cannot actually serve the alcohol.[11]
No specific training is required to serve alcohol; however, the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code states that the actions of an employee (such as serving alcohol to a clearly intoxicated patron) will not be imputed to the employer if 1) the employer requires the employee to complete training approved by the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission, 2) the employee actually completes the training, and 3) the employer has not directly encouraged the employee to violate the law.[12]
Open container laws[edit]
All previously opened containers of alcoholic beverages must be stored and transported in a vehicle’s trunk or other storage to which the driver and or any passengers do not have access.
Blood alcohol content limits[edit]
An operator of a motor vehicle is considered under the influence of alcohol if a chemical screening test shows a blood-alcohol content of 0.08 percent or higher. No other evidence (such as Field Sobriety tests) need be presented to the court to obtain a DUI (driving under the influence) conviction. A driver testing 0.15 percent or more over the legal limit of 0.08 percent faces more severe penalties for enhanced BAC. When under the age of 21, a driver in Texas must not test positive for any blood-alcohol content (BAC) and may be charged with DUI even if the amount tested is under 0.08 percent.
See also[edit]
Law of Texas
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "When Minor Drinking is Legal in Texas". KFOR TV. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b https://www.tabc.state.tx.us/education/pdfs/Alcohol-And-Your-Child.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b c "Wet and Dry Counties". Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code Section 105.05.
Jump up ^ Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code Section 105.04.
Jump up ^ Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code Section 105.01.
Jump up ^ Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code Section 22.14(e)..
Jump up ^ Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code Section 22.14(a)..
Jump up ^ Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code Section 22.04
Jump up ^ Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code Section 22.16.
Jump up ^ Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code Section 106.09.
Jump up ^ Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code Section 106.14(a).
External links[edit]
alcohollaws.org
tabc.state.tx.us
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text:
List of earthquakes in Canada
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of earthquakes in Canada:
Contents
[hide]
1 List
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
List[edit]
Date
Place
Lat
Lon
Deaths
Injuries
Mag.
MMI
Comments
2012-10-27 Haida Gwaii 52.77 -131.93 7.8 VIII Non-destructive tsunami
2011-09-09 Vancouver Island 49.49 -126.97 6.4 Mw 20–30 second strike-slip intraplate shock [1]
2010-06-23 Central Canada 45.9 -75.5 5.0 Mw VI
2009-11-17 Queen Charlotte Islands, BC 51.82 -131.78 6.5 Mw [2]
2008-01-05 Queen Charlotte Islands, BC 51.07 -131.06 6.5 Mw Doublet (6.4 Mw shock 40 minutes later) [2]
2007-10-09 The Nazko region 52.88 -124.8 ≤4.0 I Swarm ended June 2008
2004-11-02 Vancouver Island, BC 49.15 -129.00 6.6 Mw [2]
2001-02-28 Puget Sound 47.19 -122.66 0–1 400 6.8 Mw VIII One possible related heart attack in Washington.
2000-01-01 Timiskaming 46.84 -78.92 5.2 Mn VI
1997-11-05 Quebec City, QC
46.75 -71.35 1 5.2 Mn
1989-12-25 Ungava Region 60.12 -73.6 6.0 Mw IV First shock in eastern North America with surface faulting
1988-11-25 Saguenay 48.12 -71.18 5.9 Mw VII
1985-12-23 The Nahanni region 62.51 -125.29 6.9 Mw The strongest of a sequence of major earthquakes
1982-01-09 Miramichi, NB 47.00 -66.60 5.7 Doublet (two days apart) [3]
1979-02-28 Southern Yukon–Alaska Border 60.59 -141.47 7.2 Mw [3]
1970-06-24 Queen Charlotte Islands, BC 51.77 -130.76 7.4 Mw [3]
1958-07-09 Lituya Bay, Alaska 58.6 -137.10 5 7.8 Mw XI Rockfall caused a megatsunami (524 m (1,719 ft) runup)
1949-08-22 Queen Charlotte Islands, BC 53.62 -133.27 8.1 Mw VIII Non-destructive tsunami
1946-06-23 Vancouver Island, BC 49.75 -124.5 2 7.5 Mw VIII
1944-09-05 Cornwall, ON/Massena, NY 44.96 -74.83 5.8 Mw VII
1935-11-01 Timiskaming 46.78 79.07 6.1 Mw VII
1933-11-20 Baffin Bay 73.12 -70.01 7.7 Mw Largest known earthquake north of the Arctic Circle
1929-11-18 Grand Banks of Newfoundland 44.54 -56.01 27–28 7.2 Mw VIII Underwater slump caused destructive tsunami
1929-05-26 Queen Charlotte Islands, BC 51.51 -130.74 7.0 Mw [3]
1925-03-01 Charlevoix–Kamouraska, QC 47.8 -69.8 6.2 Mw VIII
1918-12-06 Vancouver Island, BC 49.44 -126.22 7.2 Mw VII
1899-09-04 Yukon–Alaska border 60.00 -140.00 8.2 Ms [3]
1872-12-15 Washington State 47.9 -120.3 6.5–7.0 Mw VIII
1870-10-20 Charlevoix, QC 47.4 -70.5 6.5 [3]
1860-10-17 Charlevoix, QC 47.5 -70.1 6.0 [3]
1791-12-06 Charlevoix 47.4 -70.5 6.0 [3]
1732-09-16 Montreal, QC 45.5 -73.6 5.8 Mw VIII–IX
1700-01-26 Pacific Northwest 45.0 -125.0 8.7–9.2 Mw Linked to the destructive "orphan tsunami" in Japan
1663-02-05 Charlevoix–Kamouraska, QC 47.6 -70.1 7.3–7.9 Mw X
Abbreviations used:
Mw Moment magnitude scale
ML Richter magnitude scale
Ms Surface wave magnitude scale
Mn Nuttli magnitude scale—a version of the Richter scale specifically for use in eastern North America[4]
See also[edit]
Hydraulic fracturing in Canada
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mann, Ted (10 September 2011). "Vancouver Looks to New Zealand to Prepare for Quakes". The Atlantic Wire. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Natural Resources Canada. "Search results for earthquakes M>3.4, 1990-2011". Search the Earthquake Database. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Natural Resources Canada. "Important Canadian Earthquakes". Earthquakes Canada. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Natural Resources Canada (12 August 2011). "Frequently Asked Questions about Earthquakes (FAQ)". Retrieved 3 December 2011.
Jump up ^ http://www.earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/recent/index-eng.php/
Jump up ^ http://www.earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/index-eng.php
External links[edit]
Natural Resources Canada Earthquakes Canada
Earthquakes Canada Recent earthquakes
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada&oldid=807581364"
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Canada geography-related lists
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text:
Caput succedaneum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Caput succedaneum
Newborn Scalp bleeds
Classification and external resources
Specialty
pediatrics
ICD-10
P12
ICD-9-CM
767.1
MedlinePlus
001587
[edit on Wikidata]
Caput succedaneum is a neonatal condition involving a serosanguinous, subcutaneous, extraperiosteal fluid collection with poorly defined margins caused by the pressure of the presenting part of the scalp against the dilating cervix (tourniquet effect of the cervix) during delivery.
It involves bleeding below the scalp and above the periosteum.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Symptoms
2 Diagnosis
3 Management
4 See also
5 References
Symptoms[edit]
Caput succedaneum presents as a scalp swelling that extends across the midline and over suture lines and is associated with head molding. Caput succedaneum does not usually cause complications and usually resolves over the first few days.
Diagnosis[edit]
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (September 2017)
Management[edit]
Management consists of observation only. A complete and fast recovery will normally occur with caput succedaneum. If the baby's scalp contour has changed, a normal contour should be regained.
The baby will often be irritable so may require analgesia for its headache and handling should be kept to a minimum for the first few days.
See also[edit]
Cephalhematoma
Cephal
Chignon
Hematoma
Subgaleal hemorrhage
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Diane Fraser (9 April 2009). Myles' Textbook for Midwives. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 860. ISBN 978-0-443-06939-0. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
[hide]
v
t
e
Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period / fetal disease (P, 760–779)
Maternal factors and
complications of pregnancy,
labour and delivery
placenta:
Placenta praevia
Placental insufficiency
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
chorion/amnion:
Chorioamnionitis
umbilical cord:
Umbilical cord prolapse
Nuchal cord
Single umbilical artery
Length of gestation
and fetal growth
Small for gestational age/Large for gestational age
Preterm birth/Postmature birth
Intrauterine growth restriction
Birth trauma
scalp
Cephalhematoma
Chignon
Caput succedaneum
Subgaleal hemorrhage
Brachial plexus lesion
Erb's palsy
Klumpke paralysis
By system
Respiratory
Intrauterine hypoxia
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Transient tachypnea of the newborn
Meconium aspiration syndrome
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hematologic disease
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Kernicterus
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Nervous system
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Musculoskeletal
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muscle tone
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Infectious
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Other
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caput_succedaneum&oldid=803139105"
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