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El Chapo (TV series)
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El Chapo
Genre
Crime thriller
Biographical
Written by
Silvana Aguirre
Carlos Contreras
Directed by
Ernesto Contreras
José Manuel Cravioto
Starring
Marco de la O
Humberto Busto
Alejandro Aguilar
Rodrigo Abed
Luis Fernando Peña
Juan Carlos Oliva
Rolf Petersen
Carlos Hernán Romo
Marcela Mar
Theme music composer
Andrés Botero
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
Spanish
No. of seasons
3
No. of episodes
35 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Isaac Lee
Camila Jimenez Villa
Christian Gabela
Andrés Calderón
Producer(s)
Daniel Posada
Production location(s)
Colombia
Cinematography
Iván Hernández
Juan Pablo Ramírez
César Gutiérrez
Tonatiuh Martinez Valdez
Editor(s)
Jonás García Fregoso
Jorge Macaya
Mario Monroy Nieblas
Luis Zerón
Camera setup
Multi-camera
Production company(s)
Story House Entertainment
Distributor
Netflix
Release
Original network
Univision
Picture format
HDTV 1080i
Audio format
Stereophonic sound
Original release
April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23) – July 25, 2018 (2018-07-25)
External links
Website
El Chapo is an American crime television series, co-produced by Netflix and Univision, about the life of Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán.[1] The series premiered on April 23, 2017 on Univision before airing on Netflix worldwide.[2] It stars Marco de la O as the titular character.[3]
The series recounts the beginnings of Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán in 1985, when he was a low-level member of the Guadalajara Cartel, his rise to power as head of the Sinaloa Cartel, and his downfall.
On May 12, 2017, Univision confirmed that the series would be renewed for a second season. Season 2 premiered on September 17, 2017.[4]
Netflix released the first season, comprising nine episodes, on June 16, 2017.[5] The second season was released on December 15, 2017.[6]
The third season premiered on July 9, 2018 on Univision, and on July 27, 2018 on Netflix.[7]
Contents
1 Cast
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Recurring cast
2 Episodes
2.1 Series overview
2.2 Season 1 (2017)
2.3 Season 2 (2017)
2.4 Season 3 (2018)
3 References
4 External links
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Marco de la O as Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán
Humberto Busto as Conrado Higuera Sol "Don Sol" (a fictionalized portrayal of Genaro García Luna)
Alejandro Aguilar as Toño
Rodrigo Abed as Amado Carrillo Fuentes (alias "El Señor de los Cielos")
Luis Fernando Peña as Armando "Rayo" López
Juan Carlos Oliva as Héctor Luis Palma Salazar (alias "El Güero Palma")
Antonio de la Vega as Arturno Bernal Leyda (a fictionalized portrayal of Arturo Beltrán Leyva)
Rolf Petersen as Ramón Avendaño (a fictionalized portrayal of Ramón Arellano Félix)
Carlos Hernán Romo as Benjamín Avendaño (a fictionalized portrayal of Benjamín Arellano Félix)
Héctor Holten as President Carlos Salinas de Gortari
Diego Vásquez as Ismael Zambada García (alias "El Mayo" and/or "Don Ismael")
Teté Espinoza as Chío
Luis Rábago as General Blanco
Dolores Heredia as Gabriela Saavedra
Recurring cast[edit]
Ricardo Lorenzana as Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo (alias "El Padrino")
Mauricio Mejía as Pablo Escobar
Biassini Segura as "El Lobito" Avendaño
Valentina Acosta as Alejandra (Alejandrina María Salazar Hernández)
Juliette Pardau as Graciela (Griselda López Pérez)
Abril Schreiber as Guadalupe
Hugo Gómez as Attorney Federico Livas
Joseph Fusezzy as Charles Pilliod (U.S. Ambassador)
David Ojalvo as DEA Administrator John C. Lawn
Camilo Amores as Arturo Guzmán Loera (alias "El Pollo")
Irán Castillo as Vanessa Espinoza
Marcela Mar as Berta
Moisés Arizmendi as Presidente 66
Episodes[edit]
Series overview[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 10 April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23) May 21, 2017 (2017-05-21)
2 12 September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17) December 3, 2017 (2017-12-03)
3 13 July 9, 2018 (2018-07-09)[8] July 25, 2018 (2018-07-25)
Season 1 (2017)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Prod.
code [9]
US viewers
(millions)
1
2
1
2 "Chapter 1
Chapter 2" 23 April 2017 (2017-04-23) 101
102 1.73[10]
Joaquín Guzmán is a man who seeks to make his way in the illegal world of drug trafficking, for this he makes himself known to his other colleagues as El Chapo and seeks to change the rules of the business at all costs. To start with everything he knows he needs to risk dying and he looks for the Colombian capo named Pablo Escobar and offers to pass him a ton of merchandise in only 48 hours but if he does not make it he will be a dead man. Joaquín is a lover of the tunnels and knows how to cross the drug through the border with Mexico without any danger of being discovered and this will be his key to escalate the drug trafficking business. When everything seems to go perfectly El Chapo receives the news of the death of his father for an illness and even though their relationship was not the best he wanted to say goodbye but time did not work in his favor.
3
4
3
4 "Chapter 3
Chapter 4" 30 April 2017 (2017-04-30) 103
104 1.60[11]
5
6
5
6 "Chapter 5
Chapter 6" 7 May 2017 (2017-05-07) 105
106 1.58[12]
7
8
7
8 "Chapter 7
Chapter 8" 14 May 2017 (2017-05-14) 107
108 1.37[13]
9
10
9
10 "Chapter 9
Chapter 10" 21 May 2017 (2017-05-21) 109
110 1.54[14]
Season 2 (2017)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Prod.
code [9]
US viewers
(millions)
11
1 "Chapter 1" 17 September 2017 (2017-09-17) 201 1.45[15]
12
2 "Chapter 2" 24 September 2017 (2017-09-24) 202 1.18[16]
13
3 "Chapter 3" 1 October 2017 (2017-10-01) 203 1.19[17]
14
4 "Chapter 4" 8 October 2017 (2017-10-08) 204 N/A
15
5 "Chapter 5" 15 October 2017 (2017-10-15) 205 N/A
16
6 "Chapter 6" 22 October 2017 (2017-10-22) 206 N/A
17
7 "Chapter 7" 29 October 2017 (2017-10-29) 207 N/A
18
8 "Chapter 8" 5 November 2017 (2017-11-05) 208 1.35[18]
19
9 "Chapter 9" 12 November 2017 (2017-11-12) 209 1.13[19]
20
10 "Chapter 10" 19 November 2017 (2017-11-19) 210 1.15[20]
21
22
11
12 "Chapter 11
Chapter 12" 3 December 2017 (2017-12-03) 211
212 1.30[21]
Season 3 (2018)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Prod.
code [9]
US viewers
(millions)
23
1 "Chapter 1" 9 July 2018 (2018-07-09) 301 1.09[22]
El Chapo and his men find the perfect place to build the world's largest drug lab. Don Sol gives Franco money and demands that he stay away from him, but he rejects it.
24
2 "Chapter 2" 10 July 2018 (2018-07-10) 302 0.99[23]
Don Sol agrees to marry Berta to fulfill his political goals. Men of El Chapo confess to the US police that he was about to put a bomb in the embassy.
25
3 "Chapter 3" 11 July 2018 (2018-07-11) 303 1.00[24]
El Chapo sends Elba to live in another house so no one will hurt her. Don Sol and El Chapo make an agreement to make the police believe that he is trying to catch him and that both can fulfill their plans.
26
4 "Chapter 4" 12 July 2018 (2018-07-12) 304 1.03[25]
Isidoro leaves a message for El Chapo demanding him to defend his place, since he is determined to be his worst enemy. Elba tells El Chapo that she is expecting twins.
27
5 "Chapter 5" 13 July 2018 (2018-07-13) 305 0.90[26]
El Chapo asks his men to do social work on behalf of Esteban Prieto so that people vote for him. Esteban wins the elections and Don Sol is appointed Secretary of Governance.
28
6 "Chapter 6" 16 July 2018 (2018-07-16) 306 0.89[27]
El Chapo and his men steal Isidoro's merchandise and destroy his laboratory. The army tries to catch El Chapo, but he manages to escape and Don Sol gets upset because he knows that it will be more complicated now to arrest him.
29
7 "Chapter 7" 17 July 2018 (2018-07-17) 307 0.98[28]
El Chapo is arrested by the army and Don Sol informs Esteban that the world will find out that they caught the most important drug trafficker in the world. Don Sol meets Franco and his wife discovers him.
30
8 "Chapter 8" 18 July 2018 (2018-07-18) 308 0.88[29]
El Chapo begins to get contacts in jail to avoid being extradited and escape. Esteban asks his wife to publicly clarify the problem he has with one of his properties and Don Sol is enraged when he realizes it.
31
9 "Chapter 9" 19 July 2018 (2018-07-19) 309 0.99[30]
Damaso and Quino fight to take over the organization of El Chapo. El Chapo learns about the problems between Damaso and Quino and demands that they respect each other, but he knows that he must rush to escape from prison or they could ruin the organization.
32
10 "Chapter 10" 20 July 2018 (2018-07-20) 310 1.00[31]
The men of El Chapo begin to dig the tunnel so he can escape. El Chapo manages to escape with the help of his men and the contacts of Don Sol.
33
11 "Chapter 11" 23 July 2018 (2018-07-23) 311 1.07[32]
El Chapo makes clear the distribution of his power if he could not take over the organization. Franco tells Don Sol that he will go to work in another state because he is tired of having to hide so nobody knows about their relationship.
34
12 "Chapter 12" 24 July 2018 (2018-07-24) 312 0.97[33]
Don Sol tells El Chapo that they must get a man to pose as him so that he can remain free. El Chapo asks an actress to make a film about him so that people always remember him.
35
13 "Chapter 13" 25 July 2018 (2018-07-25) 313 1.07[34]
Esteban demands from Don Sol that he resign, he refuses and threatens to confess that Chapo paid for his campaign and that he helped him escape from prison. Don Sol suspects that El Chapo will hide with Marcelo and sends the army to look for him.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia (May 17, 2016). "Netflix and Univision Partner for 'El Chapo' Series, 'Narcos' and 'Club de Cuervos' Pact". Variety.
Jump up ^ Blistein, Jon (January 26, 2017). "Univision, Netflix 'El Chapo' Series Sets April Premiere". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ Fridman, Mandy. "Marco de la O, protagonista de 'El Chapo', confiesa su miedo y felicidad de interpretar al narco". laraza.com (in Spanish). Retrieved April 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Todas las nuevas telenovelas y series de Univision: 'El Chapo' y Sebastián Rulli regresan". laopinion.com (in Spanish). Retrieved May 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Netflix in June: What's new and expiring". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2017-05-25.
Jump up ^ "The Hunt Continues...El Chapo Season 2 Launches on Netflix December 15". media.netflix.com. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Villafañe, Veronica. "Univision Releases New Trailer for 'El Chapo' Season 3, Announces Marathon Of Previous Episodes". forbes.com. Forbes. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Witness the Downfall of the Biggest Drug Lord of All Time as "El Chapo" Returns to Univision for Final Season". corporate.univision.com. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c All production code: "Public Catalog - Copyright Catalog (2017 to present) - Basic Search [search: "El Chapo"]". United States Copyright Office.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Sunday Final Nationals: TNT Wins Second Straight Sunday in All Key Demos with NBA Playoff Doubleheader". programminginsider.com. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Sunday Final Nationals: Utah-L.A. Clippers Game 7 on ABC Sees Decline but NBA Playoff First Round Ratings Good Overall". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Sunday Final Nationals: 'The Last 100 Days of Diana' Rises to ABC's Ten-Week Highs in Their Sunday Slot". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Sunday Final Nationals: Spurs-Warriors Game 1 Scores Best ABC NBA Non-Finals Playoff Audience in Six Years". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Sunday Final Nationals: Scarce Sampling for 'Twin Peaks' Return on Showtime". programminginsider.com. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Sunday Final Nationals: Primetime Emmy Awards on CBS Sink to All-Time Low". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Berman, Marc. "Sunday Final Nationals: 'Star Trek: Discovery' Sampled by 9.5 Million Viewers on CBS". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Sunday Final Nationals: 'Curb Your Enthusiasm' Nearly Doubles its 'Deuce' Lead-In Among Adults 18-49 on HBO". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Sunday Final Nationals: 'Real Housewives of Atlanta' at Seven-Year Season Premiere Viewer Low but Still Potent for Bravo". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Sunday Final Nationals: NBC Dominates with 'Sunday Night Football'". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Weekly Final Nationals: American Music Awards on ABC Rises Double-Digits in Total Viewers Year-to-Year". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Final de El Chapo 2 posiciona a Univisión como la #1 en español entre las 8 a 10pm". produ.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Monday Final Ratings: 'American Ninja Warrior' on NBC Rises Double-Digits in Viewers and Demos from Most Recent Telecast with Time Slot Move". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Tuesday Final Ratings: 'The Challenge: Final Reckoning' Season Premiere on MTV is Second-Highest Rated Cable Original in Prime Time Among Adults 18-49". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Wednesday Final Ratings: Modest Premiere for 'TKO: Total Knockout' on CBS but '24 Hours to Hell & Back' on Fox Wins the Hour Among Adults 18-49". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Southern Charm' Season Finale on Bravo Leads All Cable Telecasts Among Adults 18-49". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Friday Final Ratings: A&E Tops in Adults 18-49 from 9-11 p.m. with 'Live PD'". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Monday Final Ratings: ESPN Tops All Key Adult and Male Demos with MLB Home Run Derby and Celebrity Softball". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Tuesday Final Ratings: MLB All-Star Game on Fox Falls to Record Lows". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Code Black' Finale on CBS Leads Prime Time in Total Viewers, Wins the Hour in Adults 25-54". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Snowfall' Season Premiere on FX Scores Best Viewership Since its Series Debut Telecast". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Friday Final Ratings: 'Kids' Choice Sports Awards' on Nickelodeon Loses Nearly Half its Total Viewers from Last Year". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Monday Final Ratings: ABC Wins Prime Time in Total Viewers and Key Adult and Female Demos Thanks to 'Bachelorette'". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Tuesday Final Ratings: Decent Start to USA Network Reality Series 'Miz & Mrs.'". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. "Wednesday Final Ratings: Two-Hour 'World of Dance' on NBC Edges Past Fox's Two Gordon Ramsay Shows from 8-10 p.m. Among Adults 18-49". programminginsider.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
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New England Colonies
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The New England Colonies of British America included Connecticut Colony, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Massachusetts Bay Colony, and the Province of New Hampshire, as well as a few smaller short-lived colonies. The New England colonies were part of the Thirteen Colonies and eventually became five of the six states in New England.[1] Captain John Smith's 1616 work A Description of New England first applied the term "New England"[2] to the coastal lands from Long Island Sound to Newfoundland.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Arriving in America
2 Establishing the New England Colonies
2.1 Spreading out
3 Commerce
4 Wartime Enslavement of Enemy Combatants in New England
5 Education
6 See also
7 Notes
8 Sources
Arriving in America[edit]
The English royal charters granted land to the north to Queen Elizabeth, land to the south to the London Company.
France, England, and other countries made several attempts to colonize New England early in the 17th century, and those nations were often in contention for lands in the New World. French nobleman Pierre Dugua Sieur de Monts established a settlement on Saint Croix Island, Maine in June 1604 under the authority of the King of France. Nearly half the settlers perished due to the harsh winter and scurvy, and the survivors moved north out of New England to Port-Royal of Nova Scotia (see symbol "R" on map to the right) in the spring of 1605.[4]
King James I of England recognized the need for a permanent settlement in New England, and he granted competing royal charters to the Plymouth Company and the London Company. The Plymouth Company ships arrived at the mouth of the Kennebec River (then called the Sagadahoc River) in August 1607 where they established a settlement named Sagadahoc Colony, better known as Popham Colony (see symbol "Po" on map to right) to honor financial backer Sir John Popham. The colonists faced a harsh winter, the loss of supplies following a storehouse fire, and mixed relations with the local Indian tribes.
Colony leader Captain George Popham died, and Raleigh Gilbert decided to return to England to take up an inheritance left by the death of an older brother—at which point, all of the colonists decided to return to England. It was around August 1608 when they left on the ship Mary and John and on a new ship built by the colony named Virginia of Sagadahoc. The 30-ton Virginia was the first sea-going ship ever built in North America.[5]
Conflict over land rights continued through the early 17th century, with the French constructing Fort Pentagouet near Castine, Maine in 1613. The fort protected a trading post and a fishing station and was the first longer-term settlement in New England. It changed hands multiple times throughout the 17th century among the English, French, and Dutch colonists.[6]
In 1614, Dutch explorer Adriaen Block traveled along the coast of Long Island Sound and then up the Connecticut River to Hartford, Connecticut. By 1623, the Dutch West India Company regularly traded for furs there, and they eventually fortified it for protection from the Pequot Indians and named the site "House of Hope" (also identified as "Fort Hoop," "Good Hope," and "Hope").[7]
Establishing the New England Colonies[edit]
A group of Puritans known as the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower from England and the Netherlands to establish Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, the second successful English colony in North America following Jamestown, Virginia. About half of the one hundred-plus passengers on the Mayflower died that first winter, mostly because of diseases contracted on the voyage followed by a harsh winter.[8] In 1621, an American Indian named Squanto taught the colonists how to grow corn and where to catch eels and fish. His assistance was invaluable and helped them to survive the early years of the colonization. The Pilgrims lived on the same site where Squanto's Patuxet tribe had established a village before they were wiped out from diseases.[9]
The Plymouth settlement faced great hardships and earned few profits, but it enjoyed a positive reputation in England and may have sown the seeds for further immigration. Edward Winslow and William Bradford published an account of their experiences called Mourt's Relation (1622).[10] This book was only a small glimpse of the hardships and dangers encountered by the Pilgrims, but it encouraged other Puritans to immigrate during the Great Migration.
Major boundaries of Massachusetts Bay and neighboring colonial claims in the 17th century and 18th century. Modern state boundaries are partially overlaid for context.
The Puritans in England first sent smaller groups in the mid-1620s to establish colonies, buildings, and food supplies, learning from the Pilgrims' harsh experiences of winter in the Plymouth Colony. In 1623, the Plymouth Council for New England (successor to the Plymouth Company) established a small fishing village at Cape Ann under the supervision of the Dorchester Company. The first group of Puritans moved to a new town at nearby Naumkeag after the Dorchester Company dropped support, and fresh financial support was found by Rev. John White. Other settlements were started in nearby areas; however, the overall Puritan population remained small through the 1620s.[11]
A larger group of Puritans arrived in 1630, leaving England because they desired to worship in a manner that differed from the Church of England. Their views were in accord with those of the Pilgrims who arrived on the Mayflower, except that the Pilgrims were "separatists" who felt that they needed to separate themselves from the Church of England, whereas the later Puritans were content to remain under the umbrella of the Church of England. The separate colonies were governed independently of one other until 1691, when Plymouth Colony was absorbed into the Massachusetts Bay Colony to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay.
Spreading out[edit]
Early dissenters of the Puritan laws were often banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Connecticut Colony was started after Puritan minister Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts Bay with about 100 followers in search of greater religious and political freedom. John Wheelwright left with his followers to a colony in New Hampshire and then on to Maine. The Puritans also established the American public school system for the express purpose of ensuring that future generations would be able to read the Bible for themselves, which was a central tenet of Puritan worship.[12]
It was the dead of winter in January 1636 when minister Roger Williams was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of theological differences. One source of contention was his view that government and religion should be separate; he also believed that the colonies should purchase land at fair prices from the Wampanoag and Narragansett tribes. He escaped being deported to England by the Massachusetts officials and walked from Salem, Massachusetts to Raynham, Massachusetts, a distance of 55 miles through the deep snow. The Indian tribes helped him to survive and sold him land for a new colony which he named Providence Plantations in recognition of the intervention of Divine Providence in establishing the new colony. It was unique in its day in expressly providing for religious freedom and a separation of church from state. Other dissenters established two settlements on Rhode Island (now called Aquidneck Island) and another settlement in Warwick; these four settlements eventually united to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.[13]
A map of the Connecticut, New Haven, and Saybrook colonies
Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts in 1636 with 100 followers and founded a settlement just north of the Dutch Fort Hoop which grew into Connecticut Colony. The community was first named Newtown then renamed Hartford to honor the English town of Hertford. One of the reasons why Hooker left was that only members of the church could vote and participate in the government in Massachusetts Bay, which he believed should include any adult male owning property. The Connecticut Colony was not the first settlement in Connecticut (the Dutch were first) or even the first English settlement (Windsor was first in 1633). Thomas Hooker obtained a royal charter and established Fundamental Orders, considered to be one of the first constitutions in North America. Other colonies later merged into the royal charter for the Connecticut Colony, including New Haven and Saybrook.
Commerce[edit]
The earliest colonies in New England were usually fishing villages or farming communities on the more fertile land along the rivers. The rocky soil in the New England Colonies was not as fertile as the Middle or Southern Colonies, but the land provided rich resources, including lumber that was valued for building homes and ships. Lumber was also a resource that could be exported back to England, where there was a shortage of wood. In addition, the hunting of wildlife provided furs to be traded and food for the table.
The New England Colonies were located along the Atlantic coast where there was an abundance of marketable sea life. Excellent harbors and some inland waterways offered protection for ships and were also valuable for fresh water fishing. By the end of the 17th century, New England colonists had created an Atlantic trade network that connected them to the English homeland as well as to the West African slave coast, the Caribbean's plantation islands, and the Iberian Peninsula. Colonists relied upon British and European imports for glass, linens, hardware, machinery, and other items for the household.
The Southern Colonies could produce tobacco, rice, and indigo in exchange for imports, whereas New England's colonies could not offer much to England beyond fish, furs, and lumber. Inflation was a major issue in the economy. During the 18th century, shipbuilding drew upon the abundant lumber and revived the economy, often under the direction of the British Crown.[14]
Wartime Enslavement of Enemy Combatants in New England[edit]
Enslavement of enemies defeated in war was a common practice in European nations at this time. This was a policy that had been going on for decades in Ireland, particularly since the time of Elizabeth I and during the mid-17th century Cromwell wars in Britain and Ireland, where large numbers of Irish, Welsh, and Scots prisoners of war were sent as slaves to plantations in the West Indies, especially to Barbados and Jamaica.[15] The practice found its way to the American colonies during the Pequot War and King Philip's War.
Military leader Benjamin Church spoke out against enslaving Indians in the summer of 1675, describing the practice as "an action so hateful… that (I) opposed it to the loss of the good will and respect of some that before were (my) good friends." This said, Church was an owner of African slaves himself, like many Englishmen in the colony.[16] Ships carrying captured war combatants began to leave New England ports during King Philip's War (1675-78) and continued for the three years of the war. The policy concerning war enemies was that "no male captive above the age of fourteen years should reside in the colony."[17] It is estimated that at least a thousand New England Indian warriors were sold as slaves during King Philip's War, with over half of those coming from Plymouth.[18]
Education[edit]
In the New England Colonies, the first settlements of Pilgrims and the other Puritans who came later taught their children how to read and write in order that they might read and study the Bible for themselves. Depending upon social and financial status, education was taught by the parents home-schooling their children, public grammar schools, and private governesses, which included subjects from reading and writing to Latin and Greek and more.
See also[edit]
Middle Colonies
Southern Colonies
Chesapeake Colonies
Thirteen Colonies
History of Massachusetts
Historical outline of Massachusetts
British Colonial America
New England
History of New England
Dominion of New England
New England Confederation
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Gipson
Jump up ^ Bisceglia
Jump up ^ Smith
Jump up ^ St. Croix Celebration. "St. Croix Island History". Archived from the original on 2001-08-03. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
Jump up ^ "Maine's First Ship: Historic Overview". Maine's First Ship. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "New France Forts". New France New Horizons. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
Jump up ^ New York Historical Society, p. 260
Jump up ^ Deetz, Patricia Scot; James F. Deetz. "Passengers on the Mayflower: Ages & Occupations, Origins & Connections". The Plymouth Colony Archive Project. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
Jump up ^ NativeAmericans.com. "Squanto (The History of Tisquantum)". Archived from the original on June 5, 2007. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bradford, William (1865). Mourt’s Relation, or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth. Boston: J. K. Wiggin. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
Jump up ^ Young, Alexander (1846). Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 1623-1636. Boston: C. C. Little and J. Brown. p. 26. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
Jump up ^ The Library of Congress Web Site. "America as a Religious Refuge: The Seventeenth Century". Retrieved 2008-11-11.
Jump up ^ Roger Williams, Family Association. "Biography of Roger Williams". Retrieved 2009-02-07.
Jump up ^ . N.p.. Web. 20 Aug 2013. <https://www.boundless.com/u-s-history/britain-and-the-settling-of-the-colonies-1600-1750/settling-new-england/commerce-in-the-new-england-colonies/>.
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) p. 253
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) pp 253, 345
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) p. 345
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) p. 332
Sources[edit]
Bisceglia, Michael (12 February 2008). "John Smith: The man who named New England". Sea Coast Online. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
Gipson, Lawrence. The British Empire Before the American Revolution (15 volumes) (1936-1970). Knopf.
Collections of the New York Historical Society. New York: H. Ludwig. 1841.
Smith, John, Captain & Admiral (1616). Royster, Paul, ed. A Description of New England (1616): An Online Electronic Text Edition. Electronic Texts in American Studies.
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text:
Why Don't We
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Why Don't We
Origin
Los Angeles, California, United States
Genres
Pop
Occupation(s)
Singers
Years active
2016–present
Labels
Atlantic
Website
whydontwemusic.com
Members
Jonah Marais
Corbyn Besson
Daniel Seavey
Jack Avery
Zach Herron
Why Don't We (commonly abbreviated as WDW) is an American pop boy band. Assembled on September 27, 2016, the band has five members: Daniel Seavey, Jack Avery, Corbyn Besson, Zach Herron, and Jonah Marais. Each of the members had previously recorded as solo artists. Daniel Seavey was notable before the creation of the band for his top-12 ranking in American Idol Season 14, which he accomplished at the age of 15 years old, making him the youngest finalist of that season.[1]
Contents
1 Career
1.1 2016–present
2 Members
3 Discography
3.1 Albums
3.2 Extended plays
3.3 Singles
3.3.1 As lead artist
3.4 As a featured artist
3.5 Promotional singles
3.6 Music videos
4 Awards and nominations
5 References
Career[edit]
2016–present[edit]
The band originally formed on September 27, 2016, and announced it the next day via their YouTube account.[2] Since then, the band has released five EPs and five singles and they released their 1st album on August 31 2018 " 8 Letters".
On October 7, 2016, the group released their debut single "Taking You", a track from their debut EP, Only the Beginning, which was released on November 25 of the same year. Their second EP, Something Different, was released on April 21, 2017. Its title track was released as the lead single the same day. They released their third EP, Why Don't We Just, on June 2, 2017.[citation needed] They finished their "Something Different" tour around the United States. Another single, "These Girls" was released on August 29, 2017.
They have appeared in vlogs from YouTuber and friend, Logan Paul.[citation needed] Logan Paul has directed three music videos for the band, one involving their collaboration "Help Me Help You". The band has made various appearances on Logan Paul's daily vlogs. They have also helped Logan Paul on a diss track directed at Paul's brother, Jake Paul, titled "The Fall of Jake Paul". On November 23, 2017, they released a holiday EP, A Why Don't We Christmas.
Members[edit]
Jack Avery (full name: Jack Robert Avery), from Susquehanna, Pennsylvania[3]
Corbyn Besson (full name: Corbyn Matthew Besson), from Fairfax, Virginia[3]
Zach Herron (full name: Zachary Dean Herron), from Dallas, Texas[3]
Jonah Marais (full name: Jonah Marais Roth Frantzich), from Stillwater, Minnesota[3]
Daniel Seavey (full name: Daniel James Seavey), from Portland, Oregon[3]
Discography[edit]
Albums[edit]
List of albums, with selected details and chart positions
Title
Details
Peaks
Sales
US
[4]
AUS
[5]
BEL
(FL)
[6]
CAN
[7]
NLD
[8]
NOR
[9]
UK
[10]
8 Letters
Released: August 31, 2018[11]
Label: Signature
Format: Digital download, CD
9 10 21 15 17 38 25
US: 37,000[12]
Extended plays[edit]
List of extended plays, with selected details, chart positions
Title
Details
Peaks
US
[4]
US
Heat.
[13]
NZ
Heat.
[14]
Only the Beginning
Released: November 25, 2016
Label: Signature
Format: Digital download
— 5 —
Something Different
Released: April 21, 2017
Label: Signature
Format: Digital download
— 6 —
Why Don't We Just
Released: June 2, 2017
Label: Signature
Format: Digital download
— 2 —
Invitation[15]
Released: September 26, 2017
Label: Signature
Format: Digital download
113 2 7
A Why Don't We Christmas[16]
Released: November 23, 2017
Label: Signature
Format: Digital download
— 1 —
"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory.
Singles[edit]
As lead artist[edit]
List of singles as lead artist, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Album
US
Bub.
[17]
US
Pop
[18]
CAN
[19]
NZ
Heat.
[20]
"Taking You"
2016 — — — — Only the Beginning
"Nobody Gotta Know"
— — — —
"Just to See You Smile"
— — — —
"Free"
— — — —
"You and Me at Christmas"
— — — — Non-album single
"Something Different"
2017 22 33 — — Something Different
"Why Don't We Just"
— — — — Why Don't We Just
"These Girls"
4 — 82 — Non-album single
"Trust Fund Baby"[21]
2018 20 30 — — Non-album single
"Hooked"
22 — — 8 8 Letters
"Talk"[22]
18 — — —
"8 Letters"[23]
15 — — —
As a featured artist[edit]
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Album
US
Bub.
[17]
AUS
[24]
"Help Me Help You"
(Logan Paul featuring Why Don't We)
2017 5 90 Non-album single
Promotional singles[edit]
Title
Year
Album
"The Fall of Jake Paul"
(Logan Paul featuring
Why Don't We)
2017 Non-album single
Music videos[edit]
Song
Year
Other artist(s)
Director
Ref
"Taking You"
2016 None Steven Taylor [25]
"Nobody Gotta Know"
2017 Logan Paul [26]
"Something Different"
[27]
"Help Me Help You"
Logan Paul [28]
"The Fall of Jake Paul"
Sebastian A. Guerra [29]
"These Girls"
None Eli Sokhn & Logan Paul [30]
"Trust Fund Baby"
2018 Jason Koenig [31]
"Hooked"
Eli Sokhn [32]
"Talk"
[33]
"8 Letters"
[34]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominated work
Result
Ref.
2018 MTV Europe Music Awards Best Push Why Don't We Nominated [35]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Daniel Seavey takes 'Idol' ouster in stride". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Why Don't We • Our First Day As A Band". YouTube. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "PEOPLE Explains: All About Hot New Boy Band Why Don't We". People. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "Why Don't We Chart History: Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Discography Why Don't We". australian-charts.com. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "australian-charts.com – Discografie Why Don't We". Ultratop. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Eminem Is This Week's 'Kamikaze' King". FYIMusicNews. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Discografie Why Don't We". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "VG-lista – Topp 40 Album uke 38, 2018". VG-lista. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "WHY DON'T WE | full Official Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rincón, Alessandra (August 9, 2018). "Why Don't We Announce Debut Album '8 Letters'". Billboard. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (September 9, 2018). "Eminem Earns Ninth No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With 'Kamikaze'". Billboard. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Why Don't We Chart History: Heatseekers". Billboard. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NZ Heatseeker Albums Chart". Recorded Music NZ. October 2, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Invitation – EP by Why Don't We on iTunes". iTunes Store (US). Retrieved September 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Why Don't We Christmas – EP by Why Don't We on iTunes". iTunes Store (US). Retrieved November 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Why Don't We – Chart search on Billboard.biz". Billboard. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Why Don't We – Chart History: Pop Songs". Billboard. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Why Don't We – Chart History: Canadian Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Trust Fund Baby – Single by Why Don't We on Apple Music". iTunes. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Talk – Single by Why Don't We on iTunes". iTunes Store (AU). Retrieved July 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 40/M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates". All Access. October 13, 2018. Archived from the original on September 30, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Chart Watch #424". auspOp. June 10, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Taking You' Official Music Video • Why Don't We". YouTube. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nobody Gotta Know – Why Don't We [Official Music Video]". YouTube. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Something Different – Why Don't We [Official Music Video]". YouTube. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Logan Paul – Help Me Help You ft. Why Don't We [Official Video]". YouTube. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Fall Of Jake Paul Feat. Why Don't We (Official Video) #TheSecondVerse". YouTube. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "These Girls – Why Don't We [Official Music Video]". YouTube. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Trust Fund Baby - Why Don't We [Official Music Video]". YouTube. Atlantic Records. Archived from the original on March 2, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hooked – Why Don't We [Official Music Video]". YouTube. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Talk - Why Don't We [Official Music Video]". YouTube. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "8 Letters - Why Don't We [Official Music Video]". YouTube. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Camila Cabello, Ariana Grande, Post Malone Lead 2018 MTV EMA Nominees". Billboard. October 4, 2018.
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