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Theme from A Summer Place
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"Theme from A Summer Place" is a song with lyrics by Mack Discant and music by Max Steiner, written for the 1959 film A Summer Place, which starred Sandra Dee and Troy Donahue. It was recorded for the film as an instrumental by Hugo Winterhalter. Originally known as the "Molly and Johnny Theme", the piece is not the main title theme of the film, but a secondary love theme for the characters played by Dee and Donahue.
Following its initial film appearance, the theme has been recorded by many artists in both instrumental and vocal versions, and has also appeared in a number of subsequent films and television programs. The best-known cover version of the theme is an instrumental version by Percy Faith and his orchestra that was a Number One hit for nine weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1960.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Percy Faith version
2 Other cover versions
2.1 Instrumental versions
2.2 Vocal versions
2.3 Adaptations
3 In popular culture
3.1 In film
3.2 In television
3.3 In other media
4 See also
5 References
Percy Faith version[edit]
"Theme from A Summer Place"
Single by Percy Faith
from the album A Summer Place
B-side
Love theme from "Romeo and Juliet
Released
1959
Genre
Easy Listening
Length
2:25
Songwriter(s)
lyrics by Mack Discant and music by Max Steiner
Percy Faith recorded the most popular version of the theme, an instrumental orchestral arrangement, at the Columbia 30th Street Studio in New York City.[2] It was released in September 1959 as a single on Columbia Records, credited to "Percy Faith and his Orchestra," prior to the November 1959 release of the film A Summer Place.[1]
The single was not an immediate hit and did not enter the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart until mid-January 1960, finally reaching #1 six weeks later on February 22, 1960.[1] It went on to set an at-the-time record of nine consecutive weeks at #1,[1] a record which would not be broken until 1977, when "You Light Up My Life" spent ten weeks at #1. (Elvis Presley's double-sided hit "Don't Be Cruel/ Hound Dog" remained at #1 for 11 weeks in 1956 prior to the 1958 creation of the Hot 100 chart; The Beatles' "Hey Jude" tied, but did not break, the nine-week record in 1968.)[3] It remains the longest-running #1 instrumental in the history of the chart. Billboard ranked Faith's version as the Number One song for 1960.[4]
The Faith version reached #2 in the UK. It was also a #1 hit in Italy under the title "Scandalo Al Sole."
Faith won a Grammy Award for Record of the Year in 1961 for his recording. This was the first movie theme and the first instrumental to win a Record of the Year Grammy.
Faith re-recorded the song twice: first, in 1969, as a female choral version, then, in 1976, as a disco version[3] titled "Summer Place '76."
In 2008, Faith's original version was ranked at #18 on Billboard's top 100 songs during the first 50 years of the Hot 100 chart.[5] The Billboard Book of Number One Hits called it "the most successful instrumental single of the rock era."
Other cover versions[edit]
"Theme from A Summer Place" has been covered by a number of artists in addition to Percy Faith, in both non-vocal instrumental versions, and with one or more vocalists either singing the Discant lyrics or a wordless melody line. The theme has also been referenced, sampled, or otherwise adapted into several other songs.
Instrumental versions[edit]
In 1960, Billy Vaughn included an instrumental orchestral arrangement of the theme as the title cut to his album Theme From A Summer Place released on Dot Records, which peaked at #1 on the Billboard LP chart.
In 1961, Mantovani recorded an orchestral rendition of the theme for his album Mantovani Plays Music From 'Exodus' and Other Great Themes; the album reached the Top Ten on the UK charts.
In 1961, Mexican rock band Los Nómadas recorded an instrumental version of the theme with a "teen pop" arrangement by Bill Aken (credited as Zane Ashton). The record made the top 40 charts in Mexico.[citation needed]
In 1962, American rock and roll duo Santo & Johnny recorded a guitar-based arrangement of the theme for their album Come On In.
In 1962, the British instrumental band The Tornados included a guitar-based version on their British EP release More Sounds of the Tornados and on their U.S. LP The Original Telstar: The Sounds of the Tornadoes.
In 1966, The Mystic Moods Orchestra recorded an instrumental version on their U.S.LP record album "Nighttide".
In 1968, the Jamaican group The Crystalites recorded a rocksteady instrumental version featuring organist Ike Bennett. The song was released as a single under the artist name of "Ike B and the Crystalites", with the song entitled "Illya Kuryakin", although it has no connection whatsoever with the spy character Illya Kuryakin from the 1960s TV series The Man from U.N.C.L.E..
In 1969, the American instrumental rock band The Ventures included a cover of the theme on their album Hawaii Five-O, which reached #11 on the Billboard LP chart and was later certified gold.
Brad Swanson's album The Whispering Organ Sounds of Brad Swanson (Thunderbird Records) included the song.
Vocal versions[edit]
Most vocal versions of the theme have featured the Discant lyrics. However, some featured wordless vocals by singers who voiced the melody line.
In 1960, British producer, bandleader and arranger Norrie Paramor released his arrangement of the theme as a single on Columbia Records, featuring wordless vocals by soprano Patricia Clarke and credited to "Norrie Paramor & His Orchestra". The single reached #36 on the UK charts.
In 1962, singer Dick Roman released his version of the theme as a single on Harmon Records, which reached #64 on the Billboard Hot 100. Roman also featured the song as the title track to his 1962 Harmon album Theme from A Summer Place.
In 1962, Andy Williams covered the theme for his gold-certified album Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes.
In 1962, the female vocal group The Chordettes included a vocal arrangement of the theme on their album of movie music entitled Never on Sunday.
In 1962, Joanie Sommers released a version of the theme as the B-side to her hit single, "Johnny Get Angry".
In 1965, the male vocal group The Lettermen had a hit with their harmony arrangement of the theme, released as a single on Capitol Records; it reached #16 on the Billboard Hot 100, and was included on their album The Hit Sounds of the Lettermen.
In 1965, Julie London included her jazz vocal version of the theme on her album Our Fair Lady.
In 1965, Cliff Richard covered the theme on his album Love is Forever.
In 1965, Bobby Vinton included his version of the theme on his album of movie themes entitled Drive-In Movie Time.
In 1988, American bandleader Ray Conniff recorded an orchestral arrangement (subtitled "A Tribute to Percy Faith"), with a vocal chorale wordlessly singing the melody line, for his 1988 album Always In My Heart.
Adaptations[edit]
In 1966, vocal surf singer and producer Dean Torrence referenced a portion of the melody line of "Theme from A Summer Place" near the end of his song "Like a Summer Rain", which was self-released as a single credited to Jan and Dean.
In 2006, American R&B and hip hop singer Eamon sampled "Theme from A Summer Place" for his song "Elevator". The melody illustrates the song's description of "elevator music" as an aphrodisiac.
In 2006, Danish musician and producer Kenneth Bager created an electronic remake of the theme called "Fragment Four (Love Won't Leave Me Alone)" that was included on Bager's debut album Fragments from a Space Cadet. The remake combined a rhythmic dance version of the original "Theme from A Summer Place" melody with new lyrics consisting of repetitions of the words "Love won't leave me alone when you're gone", sung by vocalist Nikolaj Grandjean. The track also included electric violin solos by Jean-Luc Ponty.
In popular culture[edit]
"Theme from A Summer Place" is frequently used as period background or soundtrack music in films and television programs set between 1959 and the mid-1960s. The theme has also become a ubiquitous representation of "peaceful music" and has been employed frequently in films, television shows and other popular culture to suggest peacefulness or in situations where inoffensive music is common (e.g. as stereotypical "elevator music"). It is also used for intentionally stereotypical comic effect when a show cuts away from a scene deemed to be too violent to display and shows peaceful images instead.[6]
More recently, the song's peaceful and relaxed theme has taken on a darker significance as it has been used to convey an eerie sense of false security in horror productions, such as the TV miniseries Rose Red (2002), and the films Final Destination 3 (2006), Dark Shadows (2012) and Beautiful Creatures (2013).
In film[edit]
The Crowded Sky (1960) uses the theme (and also employs actor Troy Donahue from the film A Summer Place).
Claudelle Inglish (1961) uses the theme (and also employs actors Arthur Kennedy and Constance Ford from the film A Summer Place).
Susan Slade (1961) (which, like A Summer Place, was directed by Delmer Daves, scored by Max Steiner, features actor Troy Donahue, and deals with teenage pregnancy) re-used the theme in its score.
The Omega Man (1971) uses the theme (uncredited) as its opening theme, just before the character "Neville" shoots up a building with a mutant in it.
National Lampoon's Animal House (1978) uses the Percy Faith version during the toga party, and bedroom scene between Pinto and Clorette, although the song does not appear on the soundtrack album.
My American Cousin (1985), which is set in the late 1950s, uses the theme.
Back to the Beach (1987), a parody of 1960s beach party movies starring Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello, uses the theme.
Batman (1989) uses the original version in the scene where The Joker attempts to seduce Vicki Vale in the museum.
Cobb (1994), a biopic of baseball player Ty Cobb set in 1960, uses the theme.
Con Air (1997) uses the theme in a scene where the character "Pinball's" body falls out of the sky and onto a couple's Volvo.
Mickey Blue Eyes (1999) contains the theme.
Ocean's Eleven (2001) uses the theme during a restaurant scene.
Rose Red (2002) common background music
Final Destination 3 (2006) contains the theme.
Surf's Up (2007) uses the theme in a brief cutaway scene depicting the domestic situation of two penguin boys and their mother.
Bandslam (2009) uses the theme during a shopping mall scene.
An Education (2009), which is set in 1962, contains the theme being played during the character "Jenny's" 17th birthday party.
Dark Shadows (2012) uses the Percy Faith version in the scene where the character "Angelique" is first seen driving a car.
Beautiful Creatures (2013) uses the theme during a dining room scene.
In television[edit]
The 1970 episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus entitled "Intermission" (Series 1, Episode 13) often used this music when announcing that there will be varying sizes of intermission.
The 1993 episode of The Simpsons entitled "Homer's Barbershop Quartet" (Season 5, Episode 1) contains an ironic cover of the theme sung by elderly Springfield citizen "Jasper".
The 1995 episode of Freakazoid! entitled "Relax-O-Vision" (Season 1, Episode 9) features a titular gag in which potentially frightening action sequences are replaced by peaceful stock footage accompanied by the theme. The theme is also used in a running gag in an earlier episode when a network censor announces that no harm occurred in the previous scene.
The 1997 episode of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer entitled "Inca Mummy Girl (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) (Season 2, Episode 4), Oz references his fantasy girl would involve "A feather boa and the Theme from a Summer Place"
The 2002 episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer entitled "Him" (Season 7, Episode 6) uses the theme.
The 2002 horror miniseries Rose Red uses the theme.
The 2008 episode of Mad Men entitled "The New Girl" (Season 2, Episode 5) uses the theme while Don Draper and Bobbie Barrett drive out to the beach.
The 2009 episode of 30 Rock entitled "The Bubble" (Season 3, Episode 15) uses the theme.
In the 2010 Disney Chanel Series Fish Hooks can be heard the theme every time a camera close up is made to Steve Jackson. It goes with cheers and sounds of stars shining.
In other media[edit]
The tune can be heard in the 2016 HBO "The Night Of" episode 5.
In the BBC VT 1985 Christmas tape, the song is used during the establishing shots of London in the "Revenge from Outer Space" short film. [7]
See also[edit]
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1960 (U.S.)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bronson, Fred (1 October 2003). The Billboard Book of Number One Hits (5th ed.). New York: Billboard Books. p. 75. ISBN 978-0823076772.
Jump up ^ Simons, David (2004). Studio Stories - How the Great New York Records Were Made. San Francisco: Backbeat Books. Cf. especially, p.23-24 with an article on "The Church"
^ Jump up to: a b Bronson, p. 939.
Jump up ^ Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1960
Jump up ^ Billboard Hot 100 Chart 50th Anniversary – The Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs (20-11)
Jump up ^ Relax-O-Vision, TV Tropes
Jump up ^ "BBC VT christmas 1". YouTube. 2008-03-28. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
[show]
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I Have Dreamed (1969)
Spin Away (1972)
Singles
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Billboard Year-End number one singles (1960–1979)
1960: "Theme from A Summer Place" – Percy Faith
1961: "Tossin' and Turnin'" – Bobby Lewis
1962: "Stranger on the Shore" – Mr. Acker Bilk
1963: "Sugar Shack" – Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs
1964: "I Want to Hold Your Hand" – The Beatles
1965: "Wooly Bully" – Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs
1966: "Ballad of the Green Berets" – S/Sgt. Barry Sadler
1967: "To Sir, with Love" – Lulu
1968: "Hey Jude" – The Beatles
1969: "Sugar, Sugar" – The Archies
1970: "Bridge over Troubled Water" – Simon & Garfunkel
1971: "Joy to the World" – Three Dog Night
1972: "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" – Roberta Flack
1973: "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" – Tony Orlando and Dawn
1974: "The Way We Were" – Barbra Streisand
1975: "Love Will Keep Us Together" – Captain & Tennille
1976: "Silly Love Songs" – Wings
1977: "Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)" – Rod Stewart
1978: "Shadow Dancing" – Andy Gibb
1979: "My Sharona" – The Knack
Complete list
(1946–1959)
(1960–1979)
(1980–1999)
(2000–2019)
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Grammy Award for Record of the Year (1959 and 1960s)
"Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu (Volare)"* by Domenico Modugno (1959)
"Mack the Knife" by Bobby Darin (1960) "Theme from A Summer Place" by Percy Faith (1961)
"Moon River"* by Henry Mancini (1962) "I Left My Heart in San Francisco" by Tony Bennett (1963)
"Days of Wine and Roses"* by Henry Mancini (1964) "The Girl from Ipanema" by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz (1965)
"A Taste of Honey" by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass
produced by Herb Alpert & Jerry Moss (1966) "Strangers in the Night" by Frank Sinatra
produced by Jimmy Bowen (1967)
"Up, Up and Away"* by The 5th Dimension (Billy Davis, Jr., Florence LaRue, Marilyn McCoo, Lamont McLemore, Ron Townson)
produced by Johnny Rivers & Marc Gordon (1968) "Mrs. Robinson" by Simon & Garfunkel (Art Garfunkel*, Paul Simon*)
produced by Art Garfunkel, Paul Simon & Roy Halee (1969)
Complete list
(1960s)
(1970s)
(1980s)
(1990s)
(2000s)
(2010s)
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Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?"
The Simpsons episode
Episode no.
59
Directed by
Rich Moore
Written by
John Swartzwelder
Showrunner(s)
Al Jean & Mike Reiss
Production code
8F23
Original air date
August 27, 1992
Chalkboard gag
"I will not fake seizures"[1]
Couch gag
The family cartwheels to the couch.[2]
Commentary
Matt Groening
James L. Brooks
Al Jean
Nancy Cartwright
Rich Moore
Guest appearance(s)
Danny DeVito as Herb Powell
Joe Frazier as himself
Season 3 episodes[show]
September 19, 1991 – August 27, 1992
"Stark Raving Dad"
"Mr. Lisa Goes to Washington"
"When Flanders Failed"
"Bart the Murderer"
"Homer Defined"
"Like Father, Like Clown"
"Treehouse of Horror II"
"Lisa's Pony"
"Saturdays of Thunder"
"Flaming Moe's"
"Burns Verkaufen der Kraftwerk"
"I Married Marge"
"Radio Bart"
"Lisa the Greek"
"Homer Alone"
"Bart the Lover"
"Homer at the Bat"
"Separate Vocations"
"Dog of Death"
"Colonel Homer"
"Black Widower"
"The Otto Show"
"Bart's Friend Falls in Love"
"Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?"
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
"Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?" is the twenty-fourth and final episode of The Simpsons' third season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on August 27, 1992. It was originally supposed to be the season première for the next season, but Fox decided to air it earlier, to promote the series première of Martin. Consequently, it became the unofficial finale of season three.
In the episode, Homer is awarded a US$2,000 compensation after the radiation from the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant causes him to become infertile. Meanwhile, Homer's half-brother, Herb, now living on the streets, comes to the Simpsons' house with a plan on how to regain his wealth. He reluctantly turns to Homer for help, and asks for the $2,000 so that he can develop a new product that will translate baby babbling into speech. The product becomes hugely successful and Herb regains his fortune.
The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Rich Moore. Danny DeVito guest starred in it as Herb, while Joe Frazier guest starred as himself. "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?" was the second time Herb appeared on the show; he had previously appeared in the season two episode "Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?", in which Homer causes him to become bankrupt. The producers decided to create this episode in part because many fans were unhappy about the sad ending to "Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?". "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?" received positive reviews from critics and DeVito was praised for his guest performance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Cultural references
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
A routine physical exam at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant reveals that safety inspector Homer has become sterile after being exposed to radiation. Fearing a lawsuit, plant owner Mr. Burns awards Homer with the "First Annual Montgomery Burns Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Field of Excellence" and a US$2,000 prize in exchange for a legal waiver freeing the nuclear plant of all liability. Joe Frazier is the host of the award ceremony, which features extraordinary extravagance in order to trick Homer into believing that it is a real ceremony.
Homer first plans to spend the money on the Spinemelter 2000 vibrating chair. However, when his half-brother Herb unexpectedly shows, Homer agrees to loan the money to him. Herb, now living on the streets, used to be the owner of a successful car manufacturer before he was ruined by Homer. After hearing a baby cry while in the park, Herb comes up with a plan on how to regain his wealth; he has decided to develop a machine that will translate baby babbling into actual English. He uses Homer's money to create his invention, which is an instant money-making success. Herb becomes rich once again.
Along with returning the $2,000 to Homer, Herb buys several gifts for the Simpson family, including a new washer and dryer for Marge, a membership to the NRA for Bart, and a subscription to the Greater Books of the Western Civilization for Lisa. Herb then tells Homer that his gift to him is forgiveness for ruining him in the first place, and he and Homer re-establish a brotherly relationship. Finally, Homer is rewarded for his generosity and faith when Herb has a truck pull in with the Spinemelter, which Homer is ecstatic to receive.
Production[edit]
The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Rich Moore.[3] The reason for the late broadcast on August 27, 1992 (the season usually ends in May) was because the Fox network decided to add an additional episode to the season and show it during the summer to become "the biggest network" on television. As a result, the writers, animators, and producers had to work longer hours than normal to be able to finish the extra episode, which became "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?"[4] The idea for the scenes involving the Spinemelter 2000 originated when one of the writers bought a vibrating chair to relax after working 20 hours a day on the episode.[5]
Danny DeVito guest starred in the episode as Homer's brother Herb. The producers liked his performance in "Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?" and decided to bring him back for this episode.
The decision to make another episode with Herb was reached due to many viewers being unhappy about the sad ending to the previous episode "Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?" (season two, 1991), in which Homer causes Herb to become bankrupt.[4] It was decided that an episode would be created in which he regains his fortune.[6] Originally the producers were going to end the original Herb episode with Herb saying "I have an idea!" at the end of it, but they decided to flesh this out into a full story, which resulted in "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?"[7] In addition, the producers decided that they enjoyed Danny DeVito's guest starring as Herb in "Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?", so they brought him back.[6][8] Cast member Hank Azaria noted that DeVito was less enthusiastic in his second performance as Herb: "Some people come in and you can tell they kind of regretted doing it. The second time, Danny DeVito was like 'Yeah, yeah, yeah, let's get it over with.' He did a great job, but he didn't enjoy the process."[9]
In part because the writers had so many ideas for what Herb would invent, the original script of "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?" ended up being too long at fifty-three pages. During the same time as the voices were being recorded, the writers cut some of the material.[4] One of the cut scenes featured Herb running after a train in order to ask which Springfield it was going to; the writers, however, decided to include a similar scene in a later episode, "Burns, Baby Burns" (season eight, 1996).[7] There was originally a joke in the script that predicted the breakup of the Soviet Union; however, as the Soviet Union already broke up between the writing of the script and the air time, the joke was scrapped.[5]
Boxer Joe Frazier guest starred in the episode as himself.[10] Show runner Al Jean has stated that Frazier was hard to record, especially him saying the word "excellence" in the title of Mr. Burns' award.[7] George Meyer, who directed Frazier, commented that he got the pronunciation right after almost 20 takes.[4] The original script for "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?" included a scene in which town drunk Barney Gumble knocked out Frazier, who is a Heavyweight Boxing Champion. Frazier's son, however, objected to this scene: "Yes, I suggested that they change that. [Frazier] was a world champion, and a world champion does not get knocked out. My dad has only been knocked down twice, and that was by George Foreman."[11] Originally, the producers wanted Foreman to appear instead of Frazier, but he was unavailable.[5] In addition, the award that Homer received was based on the Emmy Award, but with a statue of Burns instead.[8] At some point during the season, Todd Flanders's role as the brother was switched; before, he had been the smaller of the two, but since this episode, he has been the elder.[8] The scene in which Homer flips on the switch that turns on the Christmas sign was, in contrast to the rest of the episode, created via Animatics.[3] For several years, The Simpsons used several flashbacks to reflect on the scene in which the character is presently talking about. For instance, in this episode, when Marge talks about getting a new washing machine, the camera cuts to the washing machines vibrating wildly. However, Family Guy began imitating the same style, and the producers stopped the idea soon after.[4][6] The scene where Homer bemoans Herb's treatment of him to Marge in bed was taken from another episode because they decided to explain the plot a bit more.[5]
Cultural references[edit]
The title of the episode and the plot, to a certain extent, is a reference to the common expression "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?", a song of the Great Depression that has been recorded multiple times by artists since.[4] The Walt Disney Company is referenced at the beginning of the episode when a homeless bum mutters to Herb: "Yeah, I used to be rich. I owned Mickey Mouse Massage Parlors, then those Disney sleazeballs shut me down."[12] While Homer relaxes in the Spinemelter chair at the store he sees images in his head that are a reference to the penultimate scenes of the film 2001: A Space Odyssey.[1][13] In one scene, Homer reminisces about sitting on his old couch while watching Dallas, the Hands Across America charity event, the Berlin Wall coming down, and Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C..[2] The last scene where Herb presents the Simpsons family with gifts for their trust in him is a reference to the film The Wizard of Oz, in which the Wizard presents Dorothy, the Lion, the Scarecrow, and the Tin Man with gifts.[7]
Reception[edit]
In its original American broadcast, "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?" finished 31st in the ratings for the week of August 24–30, 1992, with a Nielsen rating of 10.7, equivalent to approximately 9.76 million viewing households. It was the second highest-rated show on the Fox network that week following the 44th Primetime Emmy Awards.[14] Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. The authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide were positive of the episode, particularly praising the scenes involving Homer's fixation for vibrating chairs and Maggie speaking to the family through the baby translator.[2] The Guardian's David Eklid said episodes such as "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?", "Lisa's Pony" and "Stark Raving Dad" make season three "pretty much the best season of any television show, ever."[15] The episode's reference to 2001: A Space Odyssey was named the 27th greatest film reference in the history of the show by Total Film's Nathan Ditum.[16]
John Swartzwelder wrote the episode.
Herb's reappearance was praised by reviewers of the episode. Nate Meyers of Digitally Obsessed stated that Herb is "a perfect sibling for [...] Homer, with the two characters having a harmonious give-and-take comedic style. Indeed there isn't a great deal of substance in John Swartzwelder's script, but it is a great deal of fun with plenty of laughs to more than make up for this flaw. There is also a humorous cameo by Joe Frazier that puts a nice accent on the show."[17] Bill Gibron of DVD Verdict gave "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?" a near-perfect score of 99/100, praising it for "the jokes about what the money could be spent on (including one of the best bits ever in a Simpsons episode—Homer sitting on a high-tech vibrating chair) and a good impetus to reintroduce Herb."[18]
Several critics have praised DeVito's appearance. DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson said he enjoyed seeing what happened to Herb, "and DeVito's performance helps make the show more successful; they really need to bring him back one of these days."[19] Tom Adair of The Scotsman considers "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?" to be a classic episode of the show, in part because of DeVito's performance.[20] Gibron also liked the choice of DeVito as the voice of Herb as he is "almost the antithesis of everything Dan Castellaneta does with Homer vocally."[18] Ditum ranked DeVito's performance as the tenth best guest appearance in the show's history.[21]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Groening, Matt (1997). Richmond, Ray; Coffman, Antonia, eds. The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family (1st ed.). New York: HarperPerennial. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-06-095252-5. LCCN 98141857. OCLC 37796735. OL 433519M. .
^ Jump up to: a b c Martyn, Warren; Wood, Adrian (2000). "Brother Can You Spare Two Dimes?". BBC. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Jean, Al (2003). The Simpsons season 3 DVD commentary for the episode "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Groening, Matt (2003). The Simpsons season 3 DVD commentary for the episode "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Brooks, James (2003). The Simpsons season 3 DVD commentary for the episode "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
^ Jump up to: a b c Moore, Rich (2003). The Simpsons season 3 DVD commentary for the episode "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Reiss, Mike (2003). The Simpsons season 3 DVD commentary for the episode "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cartwright, Nancy (2003). The Simpsons season 3 DVD commentary for the episode "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
Jump up ^ Marder, Keith (April 28, 1994). "Real People Are Models For 'Simpsons' Voices". Times Union. p. C4.
Jump up ^ "Two New Fox Shows Nothing To Brag About". The Plain Dealer. August 27, 1992. p. 12F.
Jump up ^ Brown, Daniel (July 22, 2007). "Eat My Sports: A Retrospective - Some Of The Sports World's Stars Knew They Hit It Big When They Guest Starred On The Iconic Series". San Jose Mercury News. p. 1C.
Jump up ^ Marx, Jack (August 18, 2004). "My World". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 2.
Jump up ^ "Readers point out more evidence of 'Simpsons'-Kubrick connection". The Star-Ledger. March 13, 1999. p. 43.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (September 2, 1992). "Nielsen Ratings /Aug. 24-30". Press-Telegram. p. C5.
Jump up ^ Eklid, David (April 29, 2008). "Notes & queries: Homer's oddities". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Ditum, Nathan (June 6, 2009). "The 50 Greatest Simpsons Movie References". Total Film. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
Jump up ^ Meyers, Nate (June 23, 2004). "The Simpsons: The Complete Third Season". Digitally Obsessed. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
^ Jump up to: a b Gibron, Bill (2005-02-23). "The Simpsons: The Complete Third Season". DVD Verdict. Archived from the original on 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
Jump up ^ Jacobson, Colin (August 21, 2003). "The Simpsons: The Complete Third Season (1991)". DVD Movie Guide. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
Jump up ^ Adair, Tom (November 13, 2004). "Points worth getting". The Scotsman. p. 23.
Jump up ^ Ditum, Nathan (March 29, 2009). "The 20 Best Simpsons Movie-Star Guest Spots". Total Film. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?"
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"Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes? episode capsule". The Simpsons Archive.
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"Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?" at TV.com
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V sign
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the V sign of dermatomyositis, see Shawl sign.
Not to be confused with V (symbol).
A Malaysian woman showing the V sign at the 2009 Moscow Spring Fest
The V sign is a hand gesture in which the index and middle fingers are raised and parted, while the other fingers are clenched. It has various meanings, depending on the cultural context and how it is presented.
When displayed with the palm inward towards the signer, it has long been an offensive gesture in some Commonwealth nations. In the 1940s, during the Second World War, a campaign by the Western Allies to use the sign with the back of the hand towards the signer (U+270C ✌ Victory hand[1] in Unicode) as a "V for Victory" sign proved quite effective. During the Vietnam War, in the 1960s, the "V sign" was widely adopted by the counterculture as a symbol of peace. Shortly thereafter, it also became adopted as a gesture used in photographs, especially in Japan.
Contents
[hide]
1 Usage
2 As an insult
2.1 Origins
3 Victory sign
3.1 Second World War: V for Victory campaign
3.2 Vietnam War, victory and peace
4 As a photography pose
4.1 Japan
4.2 Other East Asian countries
4.3 Elsewhere
5 Specific uses
6 Footnotes
7 References
8 External links
Usage[edit]
The meaning of the V sign is partially dependent on the manner in which the hand is positioned:
Singer Robbie Williams using a V sign with palm facing himself as an insult to the observer.
If the palm of the hand faces the signer (i.e., the back of the hand faces the observer), the sign can mean:
An insulting gesture in Australia, the Republic of Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa and the United Kingdom.[2][3]
The number '2' in American Sign Language.
With the back of the hand facing the signer (palm of the hand facing the observer), it can mean:
The number '2'.
Victory – in a setting of wartime or competition. It was first popularised in January 1941 by Victor de Laveleye, a Belgian politician in exile, who suggested it as a symbol of unity in a radio speech and the subsequent "V for Victory" campaign by the BBC.[4] It is sometimes made using both hands with upraised arms as United States President Dwight Eisenhower, and in imitation of him, Richard Nixon, used to do.
American actor Steve McQueen flashing the V sign for a mugshot, after being arrested for drunk driving.
Peace, or friend – used around the world by peace and counter-culture groups; popularized in the American peace movement of the 1960s. The commonality with the symbol's use from the 1940s was its meaning the "end of war".[5]
V (the letter) – used when spelling in American Sign Language.[6]
When used with movement, it can mean:
Air quotes – flexing fingers, palm out, both hands.[7]
This hand shape is also used in a number of signs in many sign languages, including (in American Sign Language) "to look" (with the palm down) or "to see" (palm up). When the pointer and middle fingers are pointed at the signer's eyes then turned and the pointer finger is pointed at someone it means "I am watching you." [8]
The ordinal "second" in American Sign Language has the V-sign palm forward, then the hand turns (yaws) until the palm faces backward.[9]
As an insult[edit]
The use of the V sign ("the forks") as an insulting gesture, including the use of the upwards swing at the elbow.
The insulting version of the gesture (with the palm inwards U+1F594 🖔 Reversed victory hand)[10] is often compared to the offensive gesture known as "the finger". The "two-fingered salute" (also "the forks" in Australia[11]) is commonly performed by flicking the V upwards from wrist or elbow. The V sign, when the palm is facing toward the person giving the sign, has long been an insulting gesture in England,[12] and later in the rest of the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, India, Pakistan and New Zealand.[2] It is frequently used to signify defiance (especially to authority), contempt, or derision.[13]
As an example of the V sign (palm inward) as an insult, on November 1, 1990, The Sun, a British tabloid, ran an article on its front page with the headline "Up Yours, Delors" next to a large hand making a V sign protruding from a Union Jack cuff. The Sun urged its readers to stick two fingers up at then President of the European Commission, Jacques Delors, who had advocated an EU central government. The article attracted a number of complaints about its alleged racism, but the now defunct Press Council rejected the complaints after the editor of The Sun stated that the paper reserved the right to use vulgar abuse in the interests of Britain.[14][15]
On April 3, 2009, Scottish football players Barry Ferguson and Allan McGregor were permanently banned from the Scottish national squad for showing the V sign while sitting on the bench during the game against Iceland. Both players were in their hotel bar drinking alcohol after the Scottish defeat to The Netherlands until around 11 am the next morning, meaning that both of the players breached the SFA discipline code before the incident as well, but the attitude shown by the V sign was considered to be so rude that the SFA decided never to include these players in the national line-up again.[16][17] Ferguson also lost the captaincy of Rangers as a result of the controversy.[18] McGregor's ban was lifted by then SFA manager Craig Levein and he returned to Scotland national squad in 2010.[19][20]
Steve McQueen gives the sign in the closing scene of the 1971 motorsport movie, Le Mans. A still picture of the gesture[21] was recorded by photographer Nigel Snowdon and has become an icon of both McQueen and the film itself. The gesture was also flashed by Spike (played by James Marsters) in "Hush", a Season 4 episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The scene was also featured in the series' opening credits for all of Season 5. It was censored by BBC Two only in its early-evening showings of the program.[22][23]
For a time in the UK, "a Harvey (Smith)" became a way of describing the insulting version of the V sign, much as "the word of Cambronne" is used in France, or "the Trudeau salute" is used to describe the one-fingered salute in Canada. This happened because, in 1971, show-jumper Harvey Smith was disqualified for making a televised V sign to the judges after winning the British Show Jumping Derby at Hickstead. His win was reinstated two days later.[24]
Harvey Smith pleaded that he was using a Victory sign, a defence also used by other figures in the public eye.[25] Sometimes foreigners visiting the countries mentioned above use the "two-fingered salute" without knowing it is offensive to the natives, for example when ordering two beers in a noisy pub, or in the case of the United States president George H. W. Bush, who, while touring Australia in 1992, attempted to give a "peace sign" to a group of farmers in Canberra—who were protesting about U.S. farm subsidies—and instead gave the insulting V sign.[26]
Origins[edit]
A commonly repeated legend claims that the two-fingered salute or V sign derives from a gesture made by longbowmen fighting in the English and Welsh[27] archers at the Battle of Agincourt (1415) during the Hundred Years' War, but no historical primary sources support this contention.[28] This origin legend states that archers who were captured by the French had their index and middle fingers cut off so that they could no longer operate their longbows, and that the V sign was used by uncaptured and victorious archers in a display of defiance against the enemy. However, it was common practice in warfare of that period to summarily execute common soldiers, since they held no ransom value.
Alternatively, there is evidence against this interpretation as the chronicler Jean de Wavrin, contemporary of the battle of Agincourt, reports that the captured archers would have three fingers cut, and not two.[29][30] Wielding an English longbow requires three fingers, as is the case for modern bows.[31]
The first unambiguous evidence of the use of the insulting V sign in the United Kingdom dates to 1901, when a worker outside Parkgate ironworks in Rotherham used the gesture (captured on the film) to indicate that he did not like being filmed.[32][33] Peter Opie interviewed children in the 1950s and observed in The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren that the much-older thumbing of the nose (cocking a snook) had been replaced by the V sign as the most common insulting gesture used in the playground.[32]
Between 1975 and 1977 a group of anthropologists including Desmond Morris studied the history and spread of European gestures and found the rude version of the V-sign to be basically unknown outside the British Isles. In his Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution, published in 1979, Morris discussed various possible origins of this sign but came to no definite conclusion:
because of the strong taboo associated with the gesture (its public use has often been heavily penalised). As a result, there is a tendency to shy away from discussing it in detail. It is "known to be dirty" and is passed on from generation to generation by people who simply accept it as a recognised obscenity without bothering to analyse it... Several of the rival claims are equally appealing. The truth is that we will probably never know...[32]
Victory sign[edit]
Second World War: V for Victory campaign[edit]
Winston Churchill, British prime minister, giving a V sign in 1943.
On 14 January 1941, Victor de Laveleye, former Belgian Minister of Justice and director of the Belgian French-language broadcasts on the BBC (1940–44), suggested in a broadcast that Belgians use a V for victoire (French: “victory”) and vrijheid (Dutch: "freedom") as a rallying emblem during the Second World War.
In the BBC broadcast, de Laveleye said that "the occupier, by seeing this sign, always the same, infinitely repeated, [would] understand that he is surrounded, encircled by an immense crowd of citizens eagerly awaiting his first moment of weakness, watching for his first failure." Within weeks chalked up Vs began appearing on walls throughout Belgium, the Netherlands and Northern France.[34]
Buoyed by this success, the BBC started the "V for Victory" campaign, for which they put in charge the assistant news editor Douglas Ritchie posing as “Colonel Britton”. Ritchie suggested an audible V using its Morse code rhythm (three dots and a dash). As the rousing opening bars of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony had the same rhythm, the BBC used this as its call-sign in its foreign language programmes to occupied Europe for the rest of the war. The more musically educated also understood that it was the Fate motif "knocking on the door" of the Third Reich. ( Listen to this call-sign. (help·info)).[34][35] The BBC also encouraged the use of the V gesture introduced by de Laveleye.[36]
By July 1941, the emblematic use of the letter V had spread through occupied Europe. On 19 July, Prime Minister Winston Churchill referred approvingly to the V for Victory campaign in a speech,[37] from which point he started using the V hand sign. Early on he sometimes gestured palm in (sometimes with a cigar between the fingers).[38] Later in the war, he used palm out.[39] After aides explained to the aristocratic Churchill what the palm in gesture meant to other classes, he made sure to use the appropriate sign.[25][40] Yet the double-entendre of the gesture might have contributed to its popularity, "for a simple twist of hand would have presented the dorsal side in a mocking snub to the common enemy".[41] Other allied leaders used the sign as well.
The Germans could not remove all the signs, so adopted the V Sign as a German symbol, sometimes adding laurel leaves under it, painting their own V's on walls, vehicles and adding a massive V on the Eiffel Tower.
In 1942, Aleister Crowley, a British occultist, claimed to have invented the usage of a V-sign in February 1941 as a magical foil to the Nazis' use of the Swastika. He maintained that he passed this to friends at the BBC, and to the British Naval Intelligence Division through his connections in MI5, eventually gaining the approval of Winston Churchill. Crowley noted that his 1913 publication Magick featured a V-sign and a swastika on the same plate.[42]
Resistance graffiti on a Norwegian road, depicting the V-sign together with the initials of King Haakon VII.
A German V-sign and slogan on the Palais Bourbon in occupied Paris. The banner beneath the "V" reads "Germany is Victorious on All Fronts".
The V-sign (and its morse code equivalent) incorporated on an American propaganda poster for the War Production Board, 1942 or 1943.
Vietnam War, victory and peace[edit]
Nixon departing the White House on 9 August 1974
U.S. President Richard Nixon used the gesture to signal victory in the Vietnam War, an act which became one of his best-known trademarks. He also used it on his departure from public office following his resignation in 1974.
Protesters against the Vietnam War (and subsequent anti-war protests) and counterculture activists adopted the gesture as a sign of peace. Because the hippies of the day often flashed this sign (palm out) while saying "Peace", it became popularly known (through association) as the peace sign.[43]
As a photography pose[edit]
Japan[edit]
Young Japanese women giving V gesture in Tokyo (2006)
The V sign, primarily palm-outwards, is very commonly made by Japanese people, especially younger people, when posing for informal photographs, and is known as pīsu sain (ピースサイン, peace sign), or more commonly simply pīsu (ピース, peace). As the name reflects, this dates to the Vietnam War era and anti-war activists, though the precise origin is disputed. The V sign was known in Japan from the post-World War II Allied occupation of Japan, but did not acquire the use in photographs until later.
In Japan, it is generally believed to have been influenced by Beheiren's anti-Vietnam War activists in the late 1960s and Konica's advertisement in 1971.[44][45] A more colorful account of this practice claims it was influenced by the American figure skater Janet Lynn during the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, Hokkaidō. She fell during a free-skate period, but continued to smile even as she sat on the ice. Though she placed third in the competition, her cheerful diligence and persistence resonated with many Japanese viewers. Lynn became an overnight foreign celebrity in Japan. A peace activist, Lynn frequently flashed the V sign when she was covered in Japanese media, and she is credited by some Japanese for having popularized its use since the 1970s in amateur photographs.[43]
Because of its popularity in Japan, it exists as an Emoji and is in Unicode, as the sequence U+270C, or ✌.
Other East Asian countries[edit]
In Mainland China, Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan, the V sign is a popular pose in photographs. It is used in both casual and formal settings. For the most part in these countries, the gesture is divorced from its previous meanings as a peace sign or as an insult; for most the meaning of the sign is "victory" or "yeah", implying a feeling of happiness. It is used in both directions (palm facing the signer and palm facing forward). In certain contexts the sign simply means "two", such as when ordering or boarding a bus.
The pose is gaining significant popularity in South Korea due to the common usage amongst Kpop idols and young people – especially in selfies. V signing is commonly linked with aegyo, a popular trend in Korea meaning 'acting cutely'.
Elsewhere[edit]
An investigator flashes V-for-victory signs upon the 2006 arrival of material gathered by the Stardust spacecraft at the Johnson Space Center in Texas.
In the United States, the usage of the V sign as a photography gesture is known but not widely used. The original poster for the 2003 film What a Girl Wants showed star Amanda Bynes giving a V sign as an American girl visiting London. In the US, the poster was altered to instead show Bynes with both arms down, to avoid giving the perception that the film was criticizing the then-recently commenced Iraq War.[46]
Specific uses[edit]
In Argentina, the V sign, besides "victory", is linked to a political movement, Peronism.
In South Africa after the Nationalist Party won the 1948 election with less voters than the opposition, V's appeared as graffiti representing the word "Volkswil" (will of the people) and questioning thus the results.
University of Southern California, University of Virginia, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, and Villanova University students, alumni, and fans "throw their Vs up" in tradition and as a sign of pride of their university and athletic teams. The V sign in this form frequently accompanies the motto "Fight on!" at USC.
V sign, especially when printed in green, is a sign of the Iranian Green Movement.
After the first elections in Iraq after the U.S. Invasion, a well known photo was circulated of a woman showing the V sign with one of her fingers dipped in purple ink. The ink is used to identify individuals who have already voted.
In Poland during the Solidarity movement, protesters showed the V sign meaning they would defeat Communism.[47] After partially free elections, when Tadeusz Mazowiecki was chosen as prime minister (August 24, 1989), he went to the MPs with the V sign, which was transmitted on TV.[48] It is sometimes shown during debates about the fall of Communism.
In Romania the sign represents victory and has been used as an extension of the Roman salute to announce that victory has been achieved. It was used heavily during the Romanian revolution after the ousting of Nicolae Ceaușescu. Mircea Dinescu is appearing in the first transmission of the Romanian Television after the revolutionaries occupied it shouting "We won!" and flashing the victory sign.
During the Yugoslav Wars, Croatian and Bosnian troops and paramilitary militia used the sign as a greeting or an informal salute. U.S. and NATO peacekeepers stationed in Bosnia were forbidden to use the V-sign (peace symbol) to avoid upsetting or offending Serbs they might encounter.[49]
In Vietnam, the V sign means "hello" since the Vietnamese word for the number "2" sounds like the English pronunciation of the greeting "hi".
Ringo Starr of the Beatles uses the V sign extensively while quoting the phrase "Peace and Love" as a sort of catchphrase.
A variation is to put the V sign with the fingers on either side of the mouth (usually with the knuckles facing the observer) and to stick the tongue out. Most of the time the tongue is wriggled around. This is used to signify cunnilingus and the gesture is often off-colour.
A partially obscured V sign can be added to someone else's head to produce devil's horns or "bunny ears" for an amusing photo. In September 2013, Manu Tuilagi apologised to Prime Minister David Cameron after making a "bunny ears" sign behind his head in a photo taken during a visit by the British and Irish Lions squad to Downing Street.[50]
In Indonesia, candidate of presidential election Joko Widodo use that sign for political campaign. The sign called "Salam Dua Jari".[citation needed]
In Belgium, the New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) political party uses it as a rallying gesture. During the taking the oath of the actual Belgian federal government, three N-VA ministers used the V sign instead of the formal three-fingers sign.[51]
Lech Wałęsa and George H. W. Bush, July 1989
Singer Rihanna using the V sign, 2011.
2009 Iranian election protests
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Victory Hand". emojipedia.org Emojipedia.org.
^ Jump up to: a b V sign as an insult:
UK: Staff. No ban for speeding V-sign biker BBC 14 March 2008
UK: Staff. Two fingers Prescott BBC, 22 May 2001
IE: Staff. Shambolic Irish give two fingers to the past Irish Independent
AU: Keim, Tony (18 November 2008). "Long tradition of flipping the bird". Courier Mail. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
AU: Karl S. Kruszelnicki. Arrow Up Yours & Plague 1 www.abc.net.au. Accessed 23 April 2008
NZ: Glyn Harper Just the Answer Alumni Magazine [Massey University] November 2002.
Jump up ^ Eric Patridge, Tom Dalzell, Terry Victor. (2008.) The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, Routledge, p. 683. ISBN 0-203-96211-7
Jump up ^ "20th July 1941: 'V for Victory' widespread across Europe". ww2today.com.
Jump up ^ Zelinsky, Nathaniel (18 March 2011). "From Churchill to Libya: How the V symbol went viral". Washington Post. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Staff. American Manual Alphabet Chart Center for Disability Information & Referral (CeDIR), Indiana Institute on Disability and Community at Indiana University
Jump up ^ Gary Martin. "Air quotes". phrases.org.uk.
Jump up ^ ""see" American Sign Language (ASL)". lifeprint.com.
Jump up ^ ""numbers" ASL American Sign Language". lifeprint.com.
Jump up ^ "The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0, range 2700–27BF" (PDF). unicode.org.
Jump up ^ Tony Keim "Long tradition of flipping the bird", Courier Mail, November 18, 2008, accessed April 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ Staff Henry V, British Shakespeare Company.Accessed 23 April 2008
Jump up ^ Defiance, contempt or derision:
Staff, V-sign, encyclopedia.com cites The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English 2008 "Brit. a similar sign made with the first two fingers pointing up and the back of the hand facing outward, used as a gesture of abuse or contempt." Accessed 9 May 2008.
Staff. Hooligan grandson of legend, Daily Mirror, 20 December 2007
Staff. V-sign led to assault on school bus teens The Press (York), 1 March 2008
Jump up ^ "Up Yours Delors". The Sun. Archived from the original on 2011-10-26. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
Jump up ^ Wheeler, Brian (2005-06-24). "BBC NEWS | Politics | From two jags to two fingers". Newswww.bbc.net.uk. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
Jump up ^ "Finished: Furious Walter tells disgraced pair their Rangers days are over". Daily Mail. London. 3 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Barry Ferguson and Allan McGregor banned for life by Scotland, The Guardian, Friday 3 April 2009
Jump up ^ "Gers strip Ferguson of captaincy". BBC News. 1 January 2007. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Allen McGregor recalled to Scotland squad to face Sweden". The Daily Mail. August 2, 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sweden 3-0 Scotland". BBC. August 11, 2010. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
Jump up ^ http://stvmcqueen.tripod.com/salute.jpg
Jump up ^ Radar: Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Season 4 – TV Tropes
Jump up ^ Still photograph of the gesture in the Season 5 opening credits of Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Jump up ^ Staff On this Day 15 August 1971: 'V-sign' costs rider victory "BBC The infamous gesture won him an entry in the Chambers dictionary which defined 'a Harvey Smith' as 'a V-sign with the palm inwards, signifying derision and contempt'". Accessed 23 April 2008
^ Jump up to: a b Staff. The V sign, www.icons.org.uk. Accessed 23 April 2008
Jump up ^ Webster Griffin Tarpley and Anton Chaitkin (2004). George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography, Progressive Press paperback edition (2004), p. 651(web link to Chapter -XXV- Thyroid Storm). Tarpley & Chaitkin cite the Washington Post, 3 January 1992.
Jump up ^ "The Hundred Years War: Battle of Agincourt". britishbattles.com.
Jump up ^ David Wilton, Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends, Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-19-537557-2.
Jump up ^ "Two fingers up to English history…". The BS Historian. 2007-07-02. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
Jump up ^ Wavrin, Jean de (1400?-1474?). A collection of the chronicles and ancient histories of Great Britain, now called England. 2. From A. D. 1399 to A. D. 1422 / by John de Wavrin, lord of Forestel ; transl. by William Hardy,... and Edward L. C. P. Hardy,... London: Longman. p. 203.
Jump up ^ "Traditional English Draw". www.primitivearcher.com. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c Staff. The V sign, www.icons.org.uk web.archive.org
Jump up ^ "Parkgate Iron and Steel Co., Rotherham (1901)". YouTube. British Film Institute. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b The V-campaign, Virtual Radiomuseum
Jump up ^ C. Sterling, 2003, Encyclopedia of Radio London: Taylor and Francis, page 359. at Google Books
Jump up ^ "The V sign at BBC's H2G2 website". Bbc.co.uk. 1990-11-01. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
Jump up ^ "Newswatch 1940s". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Churchill outside Downing Street". Number-10.gov.uk. Archived from the original on December 2, 2007. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
Jump up ^ "Churchill's famous victory sign". Number-10.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
Jump up ^ Staff. "The V Sign". The British Postal Museum & Archive (BPMA).
Jump up ^ James Jerman, Anthony Weir, Images of Lust: Sexual Carvings on Medieval Churches London: Routledge, 2013, page 145.
Jump up ^ Kaczynski, Richard. Perdurabo: The Life of Aleister Crowley. North Atlantic Books, 2010, p. 511.
^ Jump up to: a b Staff. The Japanese Version (the Sign of Peace) ICONS. A portrait of England. Accessed 1 June 2008
Jump up ^ "雑誌に載ったわたし。". 日刊「きのこ」　skipのブログ.
Jump up ^ 1971's buzzwords[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Ascher-Walsh, Rebecca (Apr 11, 2003). "Sign of the Times". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Francisco, Ronald (2010). Collective Action Theory and Empirical Evidence (1 ed.). Springer. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4419-1475-0. Subtle gestures, noise, and artwork are additional symbolic signs that dissidents use in coercive countries. Poland's Solidarity's signal was two fingers held up in the form of the letter V. This gesture diffused widely in Eastern Europe and now it is used in Palestine as a symbol of unity and nationalism.
Jump up ^ "End to 45 years of Red rule". New Straits Times. 1989-09-13. Retrieved 2012-01-29. Tadeusz Mazowlecki, who nearly fainted during his opening speech, flashed a V-for-victory sign as deputies voted his Cabinet into office by 402–0 with 13 abstentions.
Jump up ^ "A Soldier's Guide: Bosnia-Herzegovina". Dtic.mil. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
Jump up ^ "Manu Tuilagi forced to apologise for playing prank on Prime Minister David Cameron in No 10 visit". Daily Telegraph. 17 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Prestation de serment: trois N-VA font le 'V', signe de la victoire et de ralliement de leur parti (vidéo)". RTL Newmedia.
References[edit]
Desmond Morris with Peter Collett, Peter Marsh and Marie O'Shaughnessy. Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution. London: Jonathan Cape, 1979. ISBN 0-224-01570-2; NY: Stein and Day, ISBN 0-8128-2607-8
Armstrong, Nancy; Wagner, Melissa (2003). "The 'V'". Field Guide to Gestures: How to Identify and Interpret Virtually Every Gesture Known to Man. Philadelphia: Quirk Books. pp. 227–30. ISBN 978-1-931686-20-4.
Lefevre, Romana (2011). "V". Rude Hand Gestures of the World: A Guide to Offending Without Words. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. pp. 122–3. ISBN 978-0-8118-7807-4.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to V-sign.
Photos of the V sign:
Churchill Outside no. 10
Churchill Victory Sign
Nixon departing office
Paavo Väyrynen after Finnish Centre party named him foreign trade and development minister
Need4Peace
The V sign in the news:
Guardian 6 June 2002: In pictures the V sign
Sky News 18 June 2004: OAP fined £100 for V sign
BBC 3 April 2009: Scottish footballers dropped for V sign
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