text:
Prime Minister of New Zealand
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Prime Minister of New Zealand
Coat of arms of New Zealand
Incumbent
Bill English
since 12 December 2016
Style
The Right Honourable[1]
Residence
Premier House
Appointer
Governor-General of New Zealand
Term length
At Her Majesty's pleasure
(dependent on parliamentary support)
Inaugural holder
Henry Sewell
As Colonial Secretary
Formation
7 May 1856
Deputy
Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand
Salary
$459,739 (NZD)[2]
Website
primeminister.govt.nz
New Zealand
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
New Zealand
Constitution
The Crown[show]
Monarch
Elizabeth II
Governor-General
Patsy Reddy
Realm of New Zealand
Executive[show]
Executive Council
Cabinet (current)
Prime Minister: Bill English
Public sector organisations
Legislature[show]
Parliament (current)
Queen-in-Parliament
House of Representatives
Speaker: David Carter
Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947
Elections[show]
Political parties
Electorates
Electoral system
Electoral reform
Electoral Commission
Electoral Enrolment Centre
Recent elections
General: 2011
2014
2017
Local: 2010
2013
2016
Referendums
Judiciary[show]
Supreme Court
Chief Justice: Dame Sian Elias
Court of Appeal
President: Stephen Kós
High Court
District Court
Other Courts
Employment
Environment
Courts Martial Appeal
Māori Land
Waitangi Tribunal
Local government[show]
Regions
Territorial authorities
Chatham Islands
Related topics[show]
Foreign relations
Māori politics
Nuclear-free zone
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
The Prime Minister of New Zealand (Māori: Te Pirimia o Aotearoa) is the head of government of New Zealand. The current Prime Minister is Bill English of the National Party, who took office on 12 December 2016.
The Prime Minister is the most senior government minister, and chairs cabinet meetings. The office exists by a long-established convention, which originated in New Zealand's former colonial power, the United Kingdom. The convention stipulates that the Governor-General of New Zealand (the monarch's representative) must select as Prime Minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the House of Representatives. This individual is typically the leader of the political party that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber.
The title "Prime Minister" had made its first formal appearance in the 1873 Schedule of the Civil List Act, but originally the head of government was titled colonial secretary or first minister. This was changed in 1869 to "premier". That title remained in use for more than 30 years, being informally changed by Richard Seddon to "Prime Minister" in 1901 during his tenure in office.[3] Following the declaration of New Zealand as a dominion in 1907, the term "Prime Minister" has been used exclusively.
Contents
[hide]
1 Responsibilities and powers
1.1 Principal adviser to the sovereign
1.2 Principal adviser to the governor-general
1.3 Head of government
2 Salary and perquisites
3 History
3.1 Colony
3.2 Dominion and Realm
4 Living former Prime Ministers
5 Deputy Prime Minister
6 Lists
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Responsibilities and powers[edit]
The office of Prime Minister is not defined by codified laws, but by unwritten customs known as constitutional conventions which developed in Britain and were replicated in New Zealand. These conventions are for the most part founded on the underlying principle that the Prime Minister and fellow ministers must not lose the support (confidence) of the democratically elected component of Parliament: the House of Representatives. The Prime Minister is leader of the Cabinet (itself a body existing by convention), and takes a coordinating role.[4] The Cabinet Manual 2008 provides an outline of the Prime Minister's powers and responsibilities.[5]
The post of Prime Minister is, like other ministerial positions, an appointment by the governor-general "during the Queen's pleasure". However, the convention has long since been established that the Prime Minister must have and retain the support of a majority of members of parliament. Historically, this has usually meant that the Prime Minister is the parliamentary leader of the largest political party in the House of Representatives.
Principal adviser to the sovereign[edit]
By constitutional convention, the Prime Minister holds formal power to advise the sovereign. This means that as long as the Prime Minister has the confidence of parliament, he or she alone may advise the Queen on:[6]
Appointment or dismissal (recall) of the governor-general[7]
Amendments to the Letters Patent 1983, which most recently occurred in 2006; and
The conferment of New Zealand honours (except for honours in the personal gift of the monarch).
Principal adviser to the governor-general[edit]
As head of government, the Prime Minister alone has the right to advise the governor-general to:
Appoint, dismiss, or accept the resignation of ministers.[6]
Call elections by advising the governor-general to dissolve parliament.[6] The governor-general may reject the advice to dissolve parliament if the Prime Minister has recently lost a vote of confidence (that is, the governor-general would be using his or her reserve powers), but so far none have done so.
Head of government[edit]
The Prime Minister is regarded by convention as "first among equals".[4] They do hold the most senior post in government, but are also required to adhere to any decisions taken by Cabinet, as per the convention of Cabinet collective responsibility. The actual ability of the New Zealand Prime Minister to give direct orders is largely limited; most of the position's power comes about through other means, such as:
The ability to set the Cabinet agenda, thereby controlling what issues will be discussed.
The ability to appoint and dismiss ministers. The extent to which this power can be exercised varies between different parties; the Labour Party, for example, places most of this responsibility in the hands of the caucus, leaving the Prime Minister only with the power to choose which portfolios a minister is given. Furthermore, the MMP electoral system has complicated this, as the Prime Minister may have to consult with another party leader.
The influence a Prime Minister is likely to have as leader of the dominant party. These powers may give more direct control over subordinates than is attached to the Prime Minister's role.
The power gained simply from being central to most significant decision-making, and from being able to comment on and criticise any decisions taken by other ministers.
Salary and perquisites[edit]
Under the Remuneration Authority Act 1977, and the Members of Parliament (Remuneration and Services) Act 2013, the Prime Minister's salary is determined annually by the Remuneration Authority, an independent body established by Parliament to set salaries for members of parliament and other government officials.[8]
For the fiscal year from 1 July 2016 to 30 June 2017, the Prime Minister's salary is NZ$459,739, plus a tax-free allowance of NZ$22,229 to cover out-of-pocket official expenses such as meals, gifts, and entertainment.[9] In addition, like all other ministers and members of parliament, the Prime Minister receives annual allowances for travel and lodging, as do the Prime Minister's spouse and children.[10]
The Prime Minister's official residence is Premier House, Tinakori Road, Wellington.[11] On appointment to office, the Prime Minister receives the title The Right Honourable for life.[1]
The Prime Minister's governmental work is supported by the politically neutral Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The separate Private Office of the Prime Minister provides advice and support on political party matters.[11]
History[edit]
Henry Sewell, regarded as New Zealand's first premier.
Assuming that Sewell is counted as the first Prime Minister, 38 people have held the office since it was established. Some of these people have held it on several different occasions, with the record for maximum number of times being shared between William Fox and Harry Atkinson (both of whom served four times). The longest that anyone has served in the office is 13 years, a record set by Richard Seddon. The first holder of the office, Henry Sewell, led the country for the shortest total time; his only term lasted only 13 days (the shortest term actually belonged to Harry Atkinson, whose third term lasted only seven days, but Atkinson served longer than Sewell in total). The youngest to hold office was Edward Stafford, who was 37 years old when he became Premier in 1856. The oldest was Walter Nash, who was 78 years old when he left office in 1960 (and 75 upon taking office in 1957).
New Zealand is one of a few countries in the world to have had two female heads of government, and one of only three countries to have had a female head of government directly succeed another (the other countries being Sri Lanka & Poland). The first female New Zealand Prime Minister was Jenny Shipley, who replaced Prime Minister Jim Bolger in mid-1997. She was succeeded by the next prime minister, Helen Clark, in 1999.
Colony[edit]
William Hall-Jones, the first New Zealand premier to be titled "Prime Minister".
On becoming the Colony of New Zealand in 1841, New Zealand was directly governed by a governor, appointed by the Colonial Office. Self-government was established in 1853, following the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, and the 1st Parliament met on 24 May 1854.
The origins of the office of Prime Minister are disputed. Use of the words "Prime Minister" as a descriptive term date back to the first parliament, where they are applied to James FitzGerald and Thomas Forsaith. FitzGerald and Forsaith had no official titles, however, and New Zealand had not yet obtained self-rule. As such, they are not usually considered Prime Ministers in any substantive sense.
The first person to be formally appointed to a position of leadership was Henry Sewell, who formed a government at the beginning of the Second Parliament. Despite his formal leadership role, however, his only actual title was colonial secretary, a position comparable to a minister of internal affairs. His successor, William Fox, was also given a formal leadership role, but was not colonial secretary. When Frederick Weld became the sixth person appointed to formal leadership, a substantive leadership title – premier–appeared. Weld's successor, Edward Stafford, briefly changed the title to first minister but it was soon restored to premier by William Fox. From that point, premier became the usual designation. Towards the end of the 1800s the term Prime Minister arose as a common alternative to premier and Richard Seddon used the title almost exclusively. Seddon's successor, William Hall-Jones, was officially appointed Prime Minister rather than premier. The title "Prime Minister" has been used ever since.
Initially, premiers acted as advisers to the governor. This began to change during the first tenure of Edward Stafford. Stafford met with his ministers and made decisions outside of the official executive council, forming the New Zealand Cabinet.[12] Stafford also clashed with the governor over control of Maori affairs, which was eventually to fall within the premier's powers.[13] A further extension of the premier's power came during John Ballance's tenure, 1891–1893. The premier gained the ability to restrict the term of appointments to the Legislative Council of New Zealand.
Dominion and Realm[edit]
Helen Clark and John Key, the 37th and 38th Prime Ministers of New Zealand.
In 1907 Parliament passed a declaration declaring New Zealand the "Dominion of New Zealand". This led to the reconstituting of the office of governor as governor-general, and a subsequent narrowing of that office's power. As a result, the Prime Minister's powers were again expanded.[13]
In 1967, Prime Minister Keith Holyoake advised the Queen to appoint Sir Arthur Porritt, the first New Zealand–born governor-general.[13]
Until the premiership of Labour's Helen Clark, it was customary for senior members of the legislature, executive and judiciary – including the Prime Minister – to be appointed to the British Privy Council, granting them the style "Right Honourable". This practice was discontinued at the same time as the abolition of knighthoods and damehoods in 2000 from the New Zealand honours system. National's John Key became Prime Minister in 2008 and restored the titles, but did not resume appointments to the Privy Council, meaning Key was styled "The Honourable".[14] However, on 3 August 2010 the Queen granted the Prime Minister, governor-general, speaker of the House of Representatives and chief justice the style "Right Honourable" upon appointment. This decision will not affect past officeholders.[15]
Two Prime Ministers who died in office were buried in mausoleums; William Massey (died 1925) in the Massey Memorial in Wellington, and Michael Joseph Savage (died 1940) in the Savage Memorial at Bastion Point in Auckland.
Living former Prime Ministers[edit]
As of September 2017, there are six living former New Zealand Prime Ministers, as seen below.
Living former Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Sir Geoffrey Palmer
served 1989–90
born 1942 (age 75)
Mike Moore
served 1990
born 1949 (age 68)
Jim Bolger
served 1990–97
born 1935 (age 82)
Dame Jenny Shipley
served 1997–99
born 1952 (age 65)
Helen Clark
served 1999–2008
born 1950 (age 67)
Sir John Key
served 2008–2016
born 1961 (age 56)
The most recent Prime Minister to die was David Lange (served 1984–1989), on 13 August 2005, aged 63.[16]
Deputy Prime Minister[edit]
Main article: Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand
Within the last fifty years, a convention has also developed of appointing a deputy Prime Minister. The deputy typically holds important ministerial portfolios and, by convention, becomes interim (acting) Prime Minister in the absence or incapacity of the Prime Minister. The deputy is commonly a member of the same party as the Prime Minister, but not necessarily so; in coalition governments, the parliamentary leader of a support party may be offered the post.
Lists[edit]
Below are selected lists of the thirty-eight individuals have so far held the premiership.
List of Prime Ministers of New Zealand
List of Prime Ministers of New Zealand by age
List of Prime Ministers of New Zealand by date of birth
List of Prime Ministers of New Zealand by place of birth
List of Prime Ministers of New Zealand by time in office
See also[edit]
Politics portal
New Zealand portal
Book: New Zealand Prime Ministers
Spouse of the Prime Minister of New Zealand
List of New Zealand ministries (governments)
List of governors-general of New Zealand
List of current heads of state and government
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "THE RIGHT HONOURABLE". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
Jump up ^ https://www.parliament.nz/media/3151/parliamentary-salaries-and-allowances-determination-2016.pdf
Jump up ^ "Prime Minister: The Title "Premier"". Te Ara – An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, 1966. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Premiers and Prime Ministers". The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cabinet Manual 2008". cabinetmanual.cabinetoffice.govt.nz. Cabinet Office of New Zealand. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cainet Manual 2008". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 2008. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
Jump up ^ The power of recall has never been exercised by a Prime Minister in New Zealand. Three governors were recalled during the colonial period, but on the advice of British ministers.
Jump up ^ "Clients’ remuneration: Members of Parliament, including the Prime Minister and Ministers". The Remuneration Authority. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Parliamentary Salaries and Allowances Determination 2016" (PDF). The Remuneration Authority. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Members of Parliament (Accommodation Services for Members and Travel Services for Family Members and Former Prime Ministers) Determination 2014". New Zealand Legislation. Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Premiers and Prime Ministers: Support Services and Statues". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Bohan, Edward (1994). Edward Stafford, New Zealand's first statesman. Christchurch, New Zealand: Hazard Press. ISBN 0-908790-67-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gavin McLean (October 2006), The Governors, New Zealand Governors and Governors-General, Otago University Press, ISBN 978-1-877372-25-4
Jump up ^ "Titles of Dames, Knights to be restored – Key". 8 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "New rules for use of the Right Honourable". Buckingham Palace. 3 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand ex-leader dies at 63". BBC News. 13 August 2005. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
External links[edit]
New Zealand Prime Minister's official website
List of New Zealand Prime Ministers
[show]
v
t
e
Premiers and Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Sewell
Fox
Stafford
Domett
Whitaker
Weld
Waterhouse
Vogel
Pollen
Atkinson
Grey
Hall
Stout
Ballance
Seddon
Hall-Jones
Ward
Mackenzie
Massey
Bell
Coates
Forbes
Savage
Fraser
Holland
Holyoake
Nash
Marshall
Kirk
Watt (acting)
Rowling
Muldoon
Lange
Palmer
Moore
Bolger
Shipley
Clark
Key
English
[show]
v
t
e
Lists of prime ministers of New Zealand
By order
Age
Date of birth
Order of service
Place of birth
Time in office
Spouses
Prime Minister's spouse
[show]
v
t
e
Electoral histories of New Zealand prime ministers
Henry Sewell
William Fox
Edward Stafford
Alfred Domett
Frederick Whitaker
Frederick Weld
George Waterhouse
Julius Vogel
Daniel Pollen
Harry Atkinson
George Grey
John Hall
Robert Stout
John Ballance
Richard Seddon
William Hall-Jones
Joseph Ward
Thomas Mackenzie
William Massey
Francis Bell
Gordon Coates
George Forbes
Michael Joseph Savage
Peter Fraser
Sidney Holland
Keith Holyoake
Walter Nash
Jack Marshall
Norman Kirk
Bill Rowling
Robert Muldoon
David Lange
Geoffrey Palmer
Mike Moore
Jim Bolger
Jenny Shipley
Helen Clark
John Key
Bill English
[show]
v
t
e
New Zealand articles
History
Timeline
Military history
Treaty of Waitangi
New Zealand Wars
Women's suffrage
New Zealand and Antarctica
Colony
Dominion
Independence
Geography
Biodiversity
Caves
Climate
Earthquakes
Environment
Geology
Islands
North Island
South Island
Lakes
Marine reserves
National parks
Rivers
Time zones
Cities
Auckland
Christchurch
Dunedin
Hamilton
Invercargill
New Plymouth
Napier–Hastings
Nelson
Palmerston North
Rotorua
Tauranga
Wellington
capital
Subdivisions
Regions
Territorial authorities
Politics
Constitution
Elections
Electoral system
Political parties
Foreign relations
Human rights
Disability
Intersex
LGBT
Transgender
Judiciary
Supreme Court
Chief Justice
Law
enforcement
Military
Monarchy
Parliament (House of Representatives)
Government
Cabinet
Governor-General
list
Ministers
Ministries
Prime Minister
list
Economy
Agriculture
Companies
Energy
Rogernomics
Taxation
Telecommunications
Tourism
Transportation
Society
Citizenship
Crime
Demographics
Education
Immigration
Languages
Māori
New Zealand English
New Zealand Sign Language
People
"Kiwi"
Māori
Culture
Architecture
Art
Cinema
Cuisine
Literature
Māori culture
Media
Music
National symbols
Coat of arms
Flag
Public holidays
Radio
Religion
Sport
Television
Outline
Book
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Parliament of New Zealand
Components
Queen (represented by the Governor-General)
Legislative Council (defunct)
House of Representatives

Parliamentary
officers
Legislative Council
Speaker of the Legislative Council (defunct)
Chairman of Committees (defunct)
House of
Representatives
Speaker of the House of Representatives
Chairman of Committees (defunct)
Clerk
Prime Minister
Leader of the House
Ministers of Government
Leader of the Opposition
Shadow Ministry
Whips
Members
Legislative Council
Abolishment
Previous members of the Legislative Council
House of
Representatives
Current (previous)
30+ years
Father or Mother of the House
Procedure
Speech from the throne
Question time
Matter of public importance
Readings of bills
Queen's Consent
Royal assent
Select committees
Elections
Next
List
Legislative Council: None (Previously appointed by Governor General)
House of Representatives: Mixed-member proportional (current)
First-past-the-post (previously)
Electorates
By-elections
Supplementary elections (defunct)
Caretaker government
Locations
Parliament House, Russell (Destroyed)
Parliament House, Auckland (Destroyed)
Parliament House, Wellington (current)
The Beehive (current executive wing)
Parliamentary Library (current)
Bowen House (current)
[show]
v
t
e
Heads of state and government of Oceania
Heads of state
Sovereign states
Australia
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Federated States of Micronesia
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Associated states of New Zealand
Cook Islands
Niue
Heads of government
Sovereign states
Australia
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Federated States of Micronesia
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Associated states of New Zealand
Cook Islands
Niue
[show]
v
t
e
Prime minister
Prime Ministers
by country
Abkhazia
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Armenia
Artsakh
Aruba
Australia
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo (Kinshasa)
Cook Islands
Croatia
Cuba
Curaçao
Northern Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
East Timor
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Estonia
Faroe Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
Ghana
Georgia
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
North Korea
South Korea
Kosovo
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malaysia
Malta
Mauritius
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Myanmar (Burma)
Nagorno-Karabakh
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Niue
Norway
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
São Tomé and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Singapore
Sint Maarten
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
South Ossetia
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Swaziland
Sweden
Syria
Taiwan (Republic of China)
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkmenistan
Turkey
Turks and Caicos Islands
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Vietnam
Yemen
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand&oldid=800576671"
Categories:
Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Constitution of New Zealand
Hidden categories:
Use British English from September 2013
Use dmy dates from September 2013
Articles needing additional references from August 2017
All articles needing additional references
Articles containing Māori-language text
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Bahasa Melayu
日本語
Polski
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Türkçe
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 September 2017, at 11:46.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;

values: padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;

values:
/wiki/Colonial_Secretary_(New_Zealand)
mw-redirect
Colonial Secretary (New Zealand)

values:
nofollow
http://www.primeminister.govt.nz/
external text

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

values: Fifth National Government of New Zealand

values: Public sector organisations in New Zealand

values: Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives

values: Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947

values: List of political parties in New Zealand

values: Electoral Enrolment Centre (New Zealand)

values:
/wiki/Next_New_Zealand_general_election
mw-redirect
Next New Zealand general election

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: Constitutional convention (political custom)

values: Edit section: Responsibilities and powers

values:
/wiki/New_Zealand_Cabinet
mw-redirect
New Zealand Cabinet

values: Edit section: Principal adviser to the sovereign

values: Orders, decorations, and medals of New Zealand

values: Edit section: Principal adviser to the governor-general

values:
/wiki/First_among_equals
mw-redirect
First among equals

values: Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (New Zealand)

values: James FitzGerald (New Zealand politician)

values: Minister of Internal Affairs (New Zealand)

values:
/wiki/Privy_Council
mw-redirect
Privy Council

values: Edit section: Living former Prime Ministers

values: List of Prime Ministers of New Zealand by age

values: List of Prime Ministers of New Zealand by date of birth

values: List of Prime Ministers of New Zealand by place of birth

values: List of Prime Ministers of New Zealand by time in office

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Book:New_Zealand_Prime_Ministers
mw-redirect
Book:New Zealand Prime Ministers

values: Spouse of the Prime Minister of New Zealand

values: List of governors-general of New Zealand

values: List of current heads of state and government

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template talk:New Zealand prime ministers

values:
navbox-image
1
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:Lists of prime ministers of New Zealand

values: Template talk:Lists of prime ministers of New Zealand

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:New Zealand prime minister electoral histories

values: Template talk:New Zealand prime minister electoral histories

values: Electoral history of Henry Sewell (page does not exist)

values: Electoral history of William Fox (page does not exist)

values: Electoral history of Edward Stafford (page does not exist)

values: Electoral history of Alfred Domett (page does not exist)

values: Electoral history of Frederick Whitaker (page does not exist)

values: Electoral history of Frederick Weld (page does not exist)

values: Electoral history of George Waterhouse (page does not exist)

values: Electoral history of Julius Vogel (page does not exist)

values: Electoral history of Daniel Pollen (page does not exist)

values: Electoral history of Harry Atkinson (page does not exist)

values: Electoral history of John Hall (page does not exist)

values: Electoral history of William Hall-Jones (page does not exist)

values: Electoral history of Thomas Mackenzie (page does not exist)

values: Electoral history of William Massey (page does not exist)

values: Electoral history of Michael Joseph Savage

values: Electoral history of Sidney Holland (page does not exist)

values: Electoral history of Keith Holyoake (page does not exist)

values: Electoral history of Jack Marshall (page does not exist)

values: Electoral history of Jenny Shipley (page does not exist)

values: Electoral history of Bill English (page does not exist)

values: Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica

values:
/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_New_Zealand
mw-redirect
Law enforcement in New Zealand

values: List of Governors-General of New Zealand

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Speaker of the New Zealand Legislative Council

values: Chairman of Committees (New Zealand Legislative Council)

values: Chairman of Committees (New Zealand House of Representatives)

values: Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

values: List of members of the New Zealand Legislative Council

values: Members of the New Zealand Parliament who have served for at least 30 years

values:
/wiki/The_Beehive
mw-redirect
The Beehive

values: Template:Heads of state and government of Oceania

values: Template talk:Heads of state and government of Oceania

values: President of the Federated States of Micronesia

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Belarus

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belize
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Belize

values:
/wiki/Premiers_of_Bermuda
mw-redirect
Premiers of Bermuda

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bhutan
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Bhutan

values: Prime Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Burkina_Faso
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Burkina Faso

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cape_Verde
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Cape Verde

values: Prime Minister of the Central African Republic

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Chad
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Chad

values: Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

values:
/wiki/Prime_ministers_of_Croatia
mw-redirect
Prime ministers of Croatia

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Djibouti
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Djibouti

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Grenada
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Grenada

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Guinea
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Guinea

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Guyana
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Guyana

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ha%C3%AFti
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Haïti

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_North_Korea
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of North Korea

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kuwait
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Kuwait

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Lebanon

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Luxembourg
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Luxembourg

values: Prime Minister of the Republic of Macedonia

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Morocco
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Morocco

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Burma
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Burma

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Nepal

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Qatar
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Qatar

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saint_Lucia
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Saint Lucia

values: Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Solomon_Islands
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Solomon Islands

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Somalia

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sudan
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Sudan

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Swaziland
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Swaziland

values: Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

values: Category:Use British English from September 2013

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2013

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles containing Māori-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: رئيس وزراء نيوزيلندا – Arabic

values: Primer ministru de Nueva Zelanda – Asturian

values: Anexo:Primer ministro de Nueva Zelanda – Spanish

values: نخست‌وزیر نیوزیلند – Persian

values: Premier ministre de Nouvelle-Zélande – French

values: 뉴질랜드의 총리 – Korean

values: Perdana Menteri Selandia Baru – Indonesian

values: Primi ministri della Nuova Zelanda – Italian

values: ראש ממשלת ניו זילנד – Hebrew

values: ახალი ზელანდიის პრემიერ-მინისტრი – Georgian

values: ニュージーランドの首相 – Japanese

values: Премьер-министр Новой Зеландии – Russian

values: Prime Minister of New Zealand – Simple English

values: Премијер Новог Зеланда – Serbian

values: Прем'єр-міністр Нової Зеландії – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand rootpage-Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand skin-vector action-view


text:
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin
Born
(1900-05-10)May 10, 1900
Wendover, Buckinghamshire, England
Died
December 7, 1979(1979-12-07) (aged 79)
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Residence
Lexington, Massachusetts
Citizenship
British, American (from 1931)
Education
St Paul's Girls' School
Alma mater
Newnham College, Cambridge, Radcliffe College (Harvard College Observatory)
Known for
Explanation of spectra of Sun, more than 3,000,000 observations of variable stars
Awards
Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy (1934), Rittenhouse Medal (1961), Award of Merit from Radcliffe College (1952), Henry Norris Russell Prize (1976)
Scientific career
Fields
Astronomy, Astrophysics
Institutions
Harvard College Observatory, Harvard University
Doctoral advisor
Harlow Shapley, Arthur Eddington
Doctoral students
Helen Sawyer Hogg, Joseph Ashbrook, Frank Kameny, Frank Drake, Paul W. Hodge
Signature
Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin (May 10, 1900 – December 7, 1979) was a British–American astronomer and astrophysicist who, in 1925, proposed in her Ph.D. thesis an explanation for the composition of stars in terms of the relative abundances of hydrogen and helium.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Doctorate
3 Career
4 Influence on women scientists
5 Personal life
6 Bibliography
7 Honors
8 Quotations
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Early life[edit]
Cecilia Helena Payne was one of three children born in Wendover, England, to Emma Leonora Helena (née Pertz) and Edward John Payne, a London barrister, historian and accomplished musician. Her mother came from a Prussian family and had two distinguished uncles, historian Georg Heinrich Pertz and the Swedenborgian writer James John Garth Wilkinson.[2] Cecilia Payne's father died when she was four years old, forcing her mother to raise the family on her own.
She attended St Paul's Girls' School. In 1919, she won a scholarship to Newnham College, Cambridge University, where she read botany, physics, and chemistry. Here, she attended a lecture by Arthur Eddington on his 1919 expedition to the island of Principe in the Gulf of Guinea off the west coast of Africa to observe and photograph the stars near a solar eclipse as a test of Einstein's general theory of relativity. This sparked her interest in astronomy.[3] She said of the lecture, 'The result was a complete transformation of my world picture. My world had been so shaken that I experienced something very like a nervous breakdown.'[4] She completed her studies, but was not awarded a degree because of her sex; Cambridge did not grant degrees to women until 1948.[5]
Payne realized that her only career option in the U.K. was to become a teacher, so she looked for grants that would enable her to move to the United States. After being introduced to Harlow Shapley, the Director of the Harvard College Observatory, who had just begun a graduate program in astronomy, she left England in 1923.[3] This was made possible by a fellowship to encourage women to study at the observatory. The first student on the fellowship was Adelaide Ames (1922) and the second was Payne.
Doctorate[edit]
Shapley persuaded Payne to write a doctoral dissertation, and so in 1925 she became the first person to earn a Ph.D. in astronomy from Radcliffe College (now part of Harvard).[3] Her thesis was "Stellar Atmospheres, A Contribution to the Observational Study of High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of Stars".[6] Astronomers Otto Struve (d. 1963) and Velta Zeberg called it "undoubtedly the most brilliant Ph.D. thesis ever written in astronomy".[1]
Payne was able to accurately relate the spectral classes of stars to their actual temperatures by applying the ionization theory developed by Indian physicist Meghnad Saha. She showed that the great variation in stellar absorption lines was due to differing amounts of ionization at different temperatures, not to different amounts of elements. She found that silicon, carbon, and other common metals seen in the Sun's spectrum were present in about the same relative amounts as on Earth, in agreement with the accepted belief of the time, which held that the stars had approximately the same elemental composition as the Earth. However, she found that helium and particularly hydrogen were vastly more abundant (for hydrogen, by a factor of about one million).[7] Thus, her thesis established that hydrogen was the overwhelming constituent of the stars (see Metallicity), and accordingly was the most abundant element in the Universe.[8]
When Payne's dissertation was reviewed, astronomer Henry Norris Russell dissuaded her from concluding that the composition of the Sun was predominantly hydrogen and thus very different from that of the Earth, as it contradicted the accepted wisdom at the time. She consequently described the result in her thesis as "spurious".[8] Russell realized she was correct four years later after having derived the same result by different means and publishing it in 1929. He acknowledged Payne's work and discovery in his short paper but he is often credited for the conclusions they both reached.[9][10]
Career[edit]
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin at work
After her doctorate, Payne studied stars of high luminosity in order to understand the structure of the Milky Way. Later she surveyed all the stars brighter than the tenth magnitude. She then studied variable stars, making over 1,250,000 observations with her assistants. This work later was extended to the Magellanic Clouds, adding a further 2,000,000 observations of variable stars. These data were used to determine the paths of stellar evolution. She published her conclusions in her second book, Stars of High Luminosity (1930).[7] Her observations and analysis, with her husband, Sergei Gaposchkin, of variable stars laid the basis for all subsequent work on them.[1]
Payne-Gaposchkin remained scientifically active throughout her life, spending her entire academic career at Harvard. At first, she had no official position, merely serving as a technical assistant to Shapley from 1927 to 1938. At one point she considered leaving Harvard because of her low status and poor salary. However, Shapley made efforts to improve her position, and in 1938 she was given the title of "Astronomer". She later asked to have this title changed to Phillips Astronomer. She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1943.[11] None of the courses she taught at Harvard were recorded in the catalogue until 1945.[1]
When Donald Menzel became Director of the Harvard College Observatory in 1954, he tried to improve her appointment, and in 1956 she became the first woman to be promoted to full professor from within the faculty at Harvard's Faculty of Arts and Sciences.[3] Later, with her appointment to the Chair of the Department of Astronomy, she also became the first woman to head a department at Harvard.[14]
Her students included Helen Sawyer Hogg, Joseph Ashbrook, Frank Drake, Harlan Smith and Paul W. Hodge, who all made important contributions to astronomy.[12] She also supervised Frank Kameny, who became a prominent advocate of gay rights.[13]
Payne-Gaposchkin retired from active teaching in 1966 and was subsequently appointed Emeritus Professor of Harvard.[14] She continued her research as a member of staff at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, and edited the journals and books published by Harvard Observatory for twenty years.[15]
Influence on women scientists[edit]
According to G. Kass-Simon and Patricia Farnes, Payne's career marked a turning point at Harvard College Observatory. Under the direction of Harlow Shapley and Dr E. J. Sheridan (whom Payne-Gaposchkin described as a mentor),[16] the observatory had already offered more opportunities in astronomy to women than did other institutions, and notable achievements had been made earlier in the century by Williamina Fleming, Antonia Maury, Annie Jump Cannon, and Henrietta Swan Leavitt. However, with Payne-Gaposchkin's Ph.D., women entered the 'mainstream'.
The trail she blazed into the largely male-dominated scientific community was an inspiration to many. For example, she became a role model for astrophysicist Joan Feynman. Feynman's mother and grandmother had dissuaded her from pursuing science, since they believed women were not physically capable of understanding scientific concepts.[17][18][19] But Feynman was later inspired by Payne-Gaposchkin when she came across some of her work in an astronomy textbook. Seeing Payne-Gaposchkin's research published in this way convinced Feynman that she could, in fact, follow her scientific passions.[17]
Personal life[edit]
While in school, Payne created an experiment on the efficacy of prayer by creating two groups, one of which was a control group. Later on, she became an agnostic.[20]
In 1931, Payne became an American citizen. On a tour through Europe in 1933, she met Russian-born astrophysicist Sergei I. Gaposchkin in Germany. She helped him get a visa to the United States and they married in March 1934, settling in the historic town of Lexington, Massachusetts, a short commute from Harvard. They had three children, Edward, Katherine, and Peter. Her daughter remembers her as "an inspired seamstress, an inventive knitter, and a voracious reader." She and her family were members of the First Unitarian Church there, where she taught Sunday school.[21] She was also active with the Quakers.[22]
Payne's younger brother, Humfry Payne (1902–1936), who married Dilys Powell, the author and film critic, became director of the British School of Archaeology at Athens.[23]
Bibliography[edit]
At the end of her life, she had her autobiography privately printed as The Dyer's Hand. It was later reprinted in Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin: An Autobiography and Other Recollections (Cambridge University Press, 1984).
Her academic books include:
The Stars of High Luminosity (1930)
Variable Stars (1938)
Variable Stars and Galactic Structure (1954)
Introduction to Astronomy (1956)
The Galactic Novae (1957)
Significant papers include:
—— (1936), "On the Physical Condition of the Supernovae", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 22 (6): 332–6, Bibcode:1936PNAS...22..332P, doi:10.1073/pnas.22.6.332, JSTOR 86556, PMC 1076773  , PMID 16588077
Whipple, F. L.; —— (1936), "On the Bright Line Spectrum of Nova Herculis", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 22 (4): 195–200, Bibcode:1936PNAS...22..195W, doi:10.1073/pnas.22.4.195, JSTOR 86718, PMC 1076741  , PMID 16577695
—— (1941), "Obituary – Annie Jump Cannon", Science, 93 (2419): 443–444, Bibcode:1941Sci....93..443P, doi:10.1126/science.93.2419.443, PMID 17820707
Honors[edit]
Awards
Elected member of Royal Astronomical Society while still a student at Cambridge 1923
Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy (1934) – first recipient
Member of the American Philosophical Society (1936)
Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1943)
Emeritus Professor of Harvard University in 1967
Henry Norris Russell Lectureship of the American Astronomical Society in 1976
Award of Merit from Radcliffe College in 1952
Rittenhouse Medal from the Rittenhouse Astronomical Society at the Franklin Institute in 1961[24]
Honorary Degrees from Rutgers University, Wilson College, Smith College, Western College, Colby College, and the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania
Asteroid 2039 Payne-Gaposchkin named after her[25]
One of ASAS-SN telescopes, deployed in South Africa, is named after her
Quotations[edit]
The reward of the young scientist is the emotional thrill of being the first person in the history of the world to see something or to understand something. Nothing can compare with that experience... The reward of the old scientist is the sense of having seen a vague sketch grow into a masterly landscape.
—Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (accepting the Henry Norris Russell Prize from the American Astronomical Society)[26]
See also[edit]
"Sisters of the Sun", eighth episode of Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, 2014 American science documentary television series
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Turner, J. (16 March 2001). "Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin". Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics. UCLA. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
Jump up ^ Payne, H.; Mackworth-Young, G. (1981). La scultura arcaica in marmo dell'Acropoli. La storiografia della scultura greca del VI sec. A. C. Edited by Arias, P.E. L'Erma Di Bretschneider. p. 79. ISBN 978-88-7062-500-4. Payne, Humfrey Gilbert Garth... figlio unico dello storico Edward John Payne e di sua moglie Emma Leonora Helena Pertz, nipote di Georg Heinrich Pertz, il curatore dei «Monumenta Germaniae Historica», e di James John Garth Wilkinson, il discepolo di Swedenborg.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Wayman, Patrick A. (2002-02-01). "Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin: astronomer extraordinaire". Astronomy & Geophysics. 43 (1): 1.27–1.29. Bibcode:2002A&G....43a..27W. doi:10.1046/j.1468-4004.2002.43127.x. ISSN 1366-8781.
Jump up ^ Singh, S. Big Bang. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-00-715252-3.
Jump up ^ Tullberg, Rita McWilliams (1998-09-24). Women at Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. p. 183. ISBN 9780521644648.
Jump up ^ Payne, C. H. (1925). Stellar Atmospheres; A Contribution to the Observational Study of High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of Stars (PhD Thesis). Radcliffe College. Bibcode:1925PhDT.........1P.
^ Jump up to: a b Gregersen, Erik. "Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin". Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Jump up to: a b Chown, Marcus (2009). We Need to Talk About Kelvin. faber and faber. pp. 99–100.
Jump up ^ Padman, R. (2004). "Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900–1979)". Newnham College Biographies. Newnham College. Retrieved 2010-03-05.
Jump up ^ "A friend to the stars: Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin". epigenesys.eu. Retrieved 2014-09-22.
Jump up ^ "Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780–2012; Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia Helena" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. p. 416. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
Jump up ^ Hockey, T. (2007). Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer. pp. 876–878. ISBN 978-0-387-30400-7.
Jump up ^ "Astronomy Alumni". Harvard University, Department of Astronomy. Retrieved 2014-08-07.
Jump up ^ "Dr. Cecilia H. Payne-Gaposchkin Dies". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ "Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin". How Stuff Works. 2009-04-23. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ Payne-Gaposchkin, C. (1979). The Dyer's Hand: An Autobiography. Privately printed. OCLC 24007879.
^ Jump up to: a b Hirshberg, C. (18 April 2002). "My Mother, the Scientist". Popular Science. Retrieved 2014-08-08.
Jump up ^ Ottaviani, J.; Myrick, L. (2011). Feynman. First Second. ISBN 978-1-59643-259-8.
Jump up ^ Feynman, R. P.; Sykes, C. (1995). No Ordinary Genius: The Illustrated Richard Feynman (Reprint ed.). W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-31393-2.
Jump up ^ Laidler, K. J. (2002). Energy and the Unexpected. Oxford University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-19-852516-5. Since she actually got better marks in the prayerless group she became, and remained, a devout agnostic.
Jump up ^ Gingerich, O. "Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin: Astronomer and Astrophysicist". Notable American Unitarians. Harvard Square Library. Archived from the original on 2013-12-17. A September 1956 article in The Christian Register published by the American Unitarian Association, announced her appointment and described her as a member of the denomination's First Parish and Church in Lexington, Massachusetts.
Jump up ^ Ogilvie, M.; Harvey, J., eds. (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92038-4.
Jump up ^ "Humfry Payne | British archaeologist". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ "Rittenhouse Medal Awards". Rittenhouse Astronomical Society. 2010. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
Jump up ^ "(2039) Payne-Gaposchkin = 1974 CA". IAU Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ Payne-Gaposchkin, C. (1977). "Henry Norris Russell Prize Lecture of the American Astronomical Society – Fifty years of novae". The Astronomical Journal. 82 (9): 665. Bibcode:1977AJ.....82..665P. doi:10.1086/112105.
Further reading[edit]
Devorkin, D. (20 October 2008). "Interview with Dr. Kathy Haramundanis". American Institute of Physics.
Gingerich, O. (5 March 1968). "Interview with Dr. Cecilia Gaposchkin". American Institute of Physics.
Payne-Gaposchkin, C.; Haramundanis, K. (1984). Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin: An Autobiography and Other Recollections. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-25752-7.
Rubin, V. (2006). "Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin". In Byers, N.; Williams, G. Out of the Shadows: Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82197-1.
Sobel, Dava (2016). The Glass Universe: How the Ladies of the Harvard Observatory Took the Measure of the Stars. Penguin. ISBN 9780670016952.
Turner, J. (16 March 2001). "Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin". Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics. UCLA. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012.
Obituaries
Gingerich, O. (1982). "Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 23: 450. Bibcode:1982QJRAS..23..450G.
Öpik, E. (1979). "Obituary – Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin". Irish Astronomical Journal. 14: 69. Bibcode:1979IrAJ...14R..69O.
Smith, E. V. P. (1980). "Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin". Physics Today. 33 (6): 64. Bibcode:1980PhT....33f..64S. doi:10.1063/1.2914128.
Vetter, H. F. (2003). "Cecelia Payne-Gaposchkin: Astronomer and pioneer". UU World. p. 62.
West, D. (2015). The Astronomer Cecelia Payne-Gaposchkin - A Short Biography. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1518603754.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin.
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
Biography from Goodsell Observatory
Bibliography from the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BIBSYS: 90058433
BNF: cb13081628h (data)
GND: 132036975
ISNI: 0000 0001 2147 5855
LCCN: n79056850
MGP: 137517
NLA: 36530656
SELIBR: 196764
SNAC: w69c6zxc
SUDOC: 03488663X
VIAF: 110246591
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cecilia_Payne-Gaposchkin&oldid=842408449"
Categories:
American astronomers
English astronomers
American astrophysicists
British astrophysicists
1900 births
1979 deaths
Women astronomers
American women scientists
People educated at St Paul's Girls' School
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
Radcliffe College alumni
Harvard University alumni
Harvard University faculty
American agnostics
American Unitarians
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Recipients of the Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy
People from Wendover
People from Lexington, Massachusetts
American people of Prussian descent
20th-century astronomers
20th-century American scientists
20th-century women scientists
British people of Prussian descent
Hidden categories:
Biography with signature
Articles with hCards
Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
تۆرکجه
Български
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gàidhlig
Galego
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Lëtzebuergesch
Magyar
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Türkçe
Українська
中文
31 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 May 2018, at 07:48.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: span

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: A woman in a white dress stands in front of a stone university building and looks down and to one side.

attrs: href class title

value: td

attrs: href title

values:
/wiki/Newnham_College
mw-redirect
Newnham College

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Donald_Menzel
mw-redirect
Donald Menzel

values:
/wiki/Harlan_Smith
mw-redirect
Harlan Smith

values: Edit section: Influence on women scientists

values:
/wiki/American_citizen
mw-redirect
American citizen

values:
/wiki/Society_of_Friends
mw-redirect
Society of Friends

values: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.22.6.332

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/86556

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16588077

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.22.4.195

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/86718

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16577695

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.93.2419.443

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17820707

values: L'Erma Di Bretschneider (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1366-8781

values:
/wiki/Springer_(publisher)
mw-redirect
Springer (publisher)

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/24007879

values:
/wiki/First_Second
mw-redirect
First Second

values: Harvard Square Library (page does not exist)

values: Rittenhouse Astronomical Society (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F112105

values:
/wiki/Irish_Astronomical_Journal
mw-redirect
Irish Astronomical Journal

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2914128

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/132036975

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000121475855

values:
nofollow
external text
https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36530656

values:
nofollow
external text
https://libris.kb.se/auth/196764

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/03488663X

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/110246591

values: Category:People educated at St Paul's Girls' School

values: Category:Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge

values: Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

values: Category:Recipients of the Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy

values: Category:People from Lexington, Massachusetts

values: Category:American people of Prussian descent

values: Category:British people of Prussian descent

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Cecilia_Payne-Gaposchkin
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: سيسيليا باين – Arabic

values: Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin – Asturian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values: سیسیلیا پین قیپچکن – South Azerbaijani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: Сесилия Пейн-Гапошкин – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Σεσίλια Πέιν-Γκαπόσκιν – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin – Spanish

values: Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin – Basque

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: سیسیلیا پین گیپچکن – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin – Scottish Gaelic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 세실리아 페인가포슈킨 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: ססיליה פיין-גפושקין – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Сесилия Пейн-Гапошкин – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values: Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin – Luxembourgish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: စီစိလိယာပိန် – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: セシリア・ペイン＝ガポーシュキン – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin – Norwegian Nynorsk

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: ସେସିଲିଆ ପେଇନ-ଗାପୋସ୍ଚକିନ – Odia

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Пейн-Гапошкина, Сесилия Хелена – Russian

values: Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: சிசிலியா பேய்னே கபோசுச்கின் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Сесілія Пейн-Гапошкіна – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: 塞西莉亞·佩恩-加波施金 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Cecilia_Payne-Gaposchkin rootpage-Cecilia_Payne-Gaposchkin skin-vector action-view