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List of National Basketball Association career games played leaders
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This is a list of basketball players who have played at least 1,000 games[1] in the National Basketball Association (NBA).
Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the regular 2016–17 NBA season.
^ Active NBA player
* Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
† Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration [2]
§ 1st time eligible for Hall of Fame in 2018 [3]
Only players with at least 50 win shares are shown for 1st time eligible Hall of Fame consideration.
Win Shares is a player statistic which attempts to divvy up credit for team success to the individuals on the team.[4]
Rank
Player
Team(s)[5]
Seasons[6]
Games played
1 Parish, RobertRobert Parish* Golden State Warriors, Boston Celtics, Charlotte Hornets, Chicago Bulls 21 1,611
2 Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[7] Milwaukee Bucks, Los Angeles Lakers 20 1,560
3 Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* Utah Jazz 19 1,504
4 Malone, KarlKarl Malone* Utah Jazz, Los Angeles Lakers 19 1,476
5 Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett† Minnesota Timberwolves, Boston Celtics, Brooklyn Nets, Minnesota 21 1,462
6 Willis, KevinKevin Willis Atlanta Hawks, Miami Heat, Golden State Warriors, Houston Rockets, Toronto Raptors, Denver Nuggets, Houston, San Antonio Spurs, Atlanta, Dallas Mavericks 21 1,424
7 Nowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^ Dallas Mavericks 19 1,394
8 Duncan, TimTim Duncan† San Antonio Spurs 19 1,392
9 Kidd, JasonJason Kidd§ Dallas Mavericks, Phoenix Suns, New Jersey Nets, Dallas, New York Knicks 19 1,391
10 Miller, ReggieReggie Miller* Indiana Pacers 18 1,389
11 Robinson, CliffCliff Robinson Portland Trail Blazers, Phoenix Suns, Detroit Pistons, Golden State Warriors, New Jersey Nets 18 1,380
12 Terry, JasonJason Terry^ Atlanta Hawks, Dallas Mavericks, Boston Celtics, Brooklyn Nets, Houston Rockets, Milwaukee Bucks 18 1,359
13 Carter, VinceVince Carter^ Toronto Raptors, New Jersey Nets, Orlando Magic, Phoenix Suns, Dallas Mavericks, Memphis Grizzlies, Sacramento Kings 19 1,347
14 Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant† Los Angeles Lakers 20 1,346
15 Pierce, PaulPaul Pierce† Boston Celtics, Brooklyn Nets, Washington Wizards, Los Angeles Clippers 19 1,343
16 Payton, GaryGary Payton* Seattle SuperSonics, Milwaukee Bucks, Los Angeles Lakers, Boston Celtics, Miami Heat 17 1,335
17 Malone, MosesMoses Malone* Buffalo Braves, Houston Rockets, Philadelphia 76ers, Washington Bullets, Atlanta Hawks, Milwaukee Bucks, Philadelphia, San Antonio Spurs 19 1,329
18 Williams, BuckBuck Williams New Jersey Nets, Portland Trail Blazers, New York Knicks 17 1,307
19 Miller, AndreAndre Miller† Cleveland Cavaliers, Los Angeles Clippers, Denver Nuggets, Philadelphia 76ers, Portland Trail Blazers, Denver, Washington Wizards, Sacramento Kings, Minnesota Timberwolves, San Antonio Spurs 17 1,304
20 Hayes, ElvinElvin Hayes* San Diego/Houston Rockets, Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets, Houston 16 1,303
21 Allen, RayRay Allen† Milwaukee Bucks, Seattle SuperSonics, Boston Celtics, Miami Heat 18 1,300
22 Jackson, MarkMark Jackson New York Knicks, Los Angeles Clippers, Indiana Pacers, Denver Nuggets, Indiana, Toronto Raptors, New York, Utah Jazz, Houston Rockets 17 1,296
23 Fisher, DerekDerek Fisher† Los Angeles Lakers, Golden State Warriors, Utah Jazz, L.A. Lakers, Oklahoma City Thunder, Dallas Mavericks, Oklahoma City 18 1,287
24 Perkins, SamSam Perkins Dallas Mavericks, Los Angeles Lakers, Seattle SuperSonics, Indiana Pacers 17 1,286
25 Oakley, CharlesCharles Oakley Chicago Bulls, New York Knicks, Toronto Raptors, Chicago, Washington Wizards, Houston Rockets 19 1,282
26 Green, A. C.A. C. Green Los Angeles Lakers, Phoenix Suns, Dallas Mavericks, L.A. Lakers, Miami Heat 16 1,278
27 Porter, TerryTerry Porter Portland Trail Blazers, Minnesota Timberwolves, Miami Heat, San Antonio Spurs 17 1,274
28 Havlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek* Boston Celtics 16 1,270
29 Thorpe, OtisOtis Thorpe Kansas City/Sacramento Kings, Houston Rockets, Portland Trail Blazers, Detroit Pistons, Vancouver Grizzlies, Sacramento, Washington Wizards, Miami Heat, Charlotte Hornets 17 1,257
30 Silas, PaulPaul Silas St. Louis/Atlanta Hawks, Phoenix Suns, Boston Celtics, Denver Nuggets, Seattle SuperSonics 16 1,254
31 Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*[8] Houston Rockets, Toronto Raptors 18 1,238
32 Johnson, JoeJoe Johnson^ Boston Celtics, Phoenix Suns, Atlanta Hawks, Brooklyn Nets, Miami Heat, Utah Jazz 16 1,221
33 Nash, SteveSteve Nash† Phoenix Suns, Dallas Mavericks, Phoenix, Los Angeles Lakers 19 1,217
34 Ellis, DaleDale Ellis Dallas Mavericks, Seattle SuperSonics, Milwaukee Bucks, San Antonio Spurs, Denver Nuggets, Seattle 17 1,209
35 Howard, JuwanJuwan Howard§ Washington Bullets/Wizards, Dallas Mavericks, Denver Nuggets, Orlando Magic, Houston Rockets, Dallas, Denver, Charlotte Bobcats, Portland Trail Blazers, Miami Heat 19 1,208
36 O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal* Orlando Magic, Los Angeles Lakers, Miami Heat, Phoenix Suns, Cleveland Cavaliers, Boston Celtics 19 1,207
37 Harper, DerekDerek Harper Dallas Mavericks, New York Knicks, Dallas, Orlando Magic, Los Angeles Lakers 16 1,199
Johnson, Eddie A.Eddie A. Johnson Kansas City/Sacramento Kings, Phoenix Suns, Seattle SuperSonics, Charlotte Hornets, Indiana Pacers, Houston Rockets 17
39 Mutombo, DikembeDikembe Mutombo* Denver Nuggets, Atlanta Hawks, Philadelphia 76ers, New Jersey Nets, New York Knicks, Houston Rockets 18 1,196
40 English, AlexAlex English* Milwaukee Bucks, Indiana Pacers, Denver Nuggets, Dallas Mavericks 15 1,193
41 Cummings, TerryTerry Cummings San Diego Clippers, Milwaukee Bucks, San Antonio Spurs, Milwaukee, Philadelphia 76ers, New York Knicks, Golden State Warriors 18 1,183
Ewing, PatrickPatrick Ewing* New York Knicks, Seattle SuperSonics, Orlando Magic 17
43 Crawford, JamalJamal Crawford^ Chicago Bulls, New York Knicks, Golden State Warriors, Atlanta Hawks, Portland Trail Blazers, Los Angeles Clippers, Minnesota Timberwolves 17 1,182
44 Pippen, ScottieScottie Pippen* Chicago Bulls, Houston Rockets, Portland Trail Blazers, Chicago 17 1,178
45 Edwards, JamesJames Edwards Los Angeles Lakers, Indiana Pacers, Cleveland Cavaliers, Phoenix Suns, Detroit Pistons, Los Angeles Clippers, L.A. Lakers, Portland Trail Blazers, Chicago Bulls 19 1,168
46 Grant, HoraceHorace Grant Chicago Bulls, Orlando Magic, Seattle SuperSonics, Los Angeles Lakers, Orlando, L.A. Lakers 17 1,165
47 Marion, ShawnShawn Marion† Phoenix Suns, Miami Heat, Toronto Raptors, Dallas Mavericks, Cleveland Cavaliers 16 1,163
48 Jefferson, RichardRichard Jefferson^ New Jersey Nets, Milwaukee Bucks, San Antonio Spurs, Golden State Warriors, Utah Jazz, Dallas Mavericks, Cleveland Cavaliers 16 1,161
49 Newman, JohnnyJohnny Newman Cleveland Cavaliers, New York Knicks, Charlotte Hornets, New Jersey Nets, Milwaukee Bucks, Denver Nuggets, Cleveland, New Jersey, Dallas Mavericks 16 1,159
50 Rollins, TreeTree Rollins Atlanta Hawks, Cleveland Cavaliers, Detroit Pistons, Houston Rockets, Orlando Magic, 18 1,156
51 Kersey, JeromeJerome Kersey Portland Trail Blazers, Golden State Warriors, Los Angeles Lakers, Seattle SuperSonics, San Antonio Spurs, Milwaukee Bucks 17 1,153
52 Parker, TonyTony Parker^ San Antonio Spurs 16 1,143
53 Cage, MichaelMichael Cage Los Angeles Clippers, Seattle SuperSonics, Cleveland Cavaliers, Philadelphia 76ers, New Jersey Nets 16 1,140
54 Schayes, DannyDanny Schayes Utah Jazz, Denver Nuggets, Milwaukee Bucks, Los Angeles Lakers, Phoenix Suns, Miami Heat, Orlando Magic 18 1,138
55 Schrempf, DetlefDetlef Schrempf Dallas Mavericks, Indiana Pacers, Seattle SuperSonics, Portland Trail Blazers 16 1,136
56 Divac, VladeVlade Divac Los Angeles Lakers, Charlotte Hornets, Sacramento Kings, L.A. Lakers 16 1,134
57 Greer, HalHal Greer* Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers 15 1,122
58 Gasol, PauPau Gasol^ Memphis Grizzlies, Los Angeles Lakers, Chicago Bulls, San Antonio Spurs 16 1,119
59 Mahorn, RickRick Mahorn Washington Bullets, Detroit Pistons, Philadelphia 76ers, New Jersey Nets, Detroit, Philadelphia 18 1,117
60 Thomas, KurtKurt Thomas§ Miami Heat, Dallas Mavericks, New York Knicks, Phoenix Suns, Seattle SuperSonics, San Antonio Spurs, Milwaukee Bucks, Chicago Bulls, Portland Trail Blazers, New York 18 1,110
61 Wallace, RasheedRasheed Wallace§ Washington Bullets, Portland Trail Blazers, Atlanta Hawks, Detroit Pistons, Boston Celtics, New York Knicks 16 1,109
62 Chambers, TomTom Chambers San Diego Clippers, Seattle SuperSonics, Phoenix Suns, Utah Jazz, Charlotte Hornets, Philadelphia 76ers 17 1,107
Horry, RobertRobert Horry Houston Rockets, Los Angeles Lakers, San Antonio Spurs 16
Sikma, JackJack Sikma Seattle SuperSonics, Milwaukee Bucks 14
65 Finley, MichaelMichael Finley Phoenix Suns, Dallas Mavericks, San Antonio Spurs, Boston Celtics 15 1,103
66 Williams, HerbHerb Williams Indiana Pacers, Dallas Mavericks, New York Knicks, Toronto Raptors, New York 18 1,102
67 Cheeks, MauriceMaurice Cheeks Philadelphia 76ers, San Antonio Spurs, New York Knicks, Atlanta Hawks, New Jersey Nets 15 1,101
68 Johnson, DennisDennis Johnson* Seattle SuperSonics, Phoenix Suns, Boston Celtics 14 1,100
69 Davis, DaleDale Davis Indiana Pacers, Portland Trail Blazers, Golden State Warriors, Indiana, Detroit Pistons 16 1,094
Strickland, RodRod Strickland New York Knicks, San Antonio Spurs, Portland Trail Blazers, Washington Bullets/Wizards, Portland, Miami Heat, Minnesota Timberwolves, Orlando Magic, Houston Rockets 17
71 West, MarkMark West Dallas Mavericks, Milwaukee Bucks, Cleveland Cavaliers, Phoenix Suns, Detroit Pistons, Cleveland, Indiana Pacers, Atlanta Hawks, Phoenix 17 1,090
72 Brown, P. J.P. J. Brown New Jersey Nets, Miami Heat, Charlotte/New Orleans(/Oklahoma City) Hornets, Chicago Bulls, Boston Celtics 15 1,089
73 Wallace, BenBen Wallace Washington Bullets/Wizards, Orlando Magic, Detroit Pistons, Chicago Bulls, Cleveland Cavaliers, Detroit 16 1,088
74 Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler* Portland Trail Blazers, Houston Rockets 15 1,086
75 Curry, DellDell Curry Utah Jazz, Cleveland Cavaliers, Charlotte Hornets, Milwaukee Bucks, Toronto Raptors 16 1,083
Jamison, AntawnAntawn Jamison† Golden State Warriors, Dallas Mavericks, Washington Wizards, Cleveland Cavaliers, Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers 16
77 Hornacek, JeffJeff Hornacek Phoenix Suns, Philadelphia 76ers, Utah Jazz 14 1,077
Wilkens, LennyLenny Wilkens* St. Louis Hawks, Seattle SuperSonics, Cleveland Cavaliers, Portland Trail Blazers 15
79 Wilkins, DominiqueDominique Wilkins* Atlanta Hawks, Los Angeles Clippers, Boston Celtics, San Antonio Spurs, Orlando Magic 15 1,074
80 Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley* Philadelphia 76ers, Phoenix Suns, Houston Rockets 16 1,073
Scott, ByronByron Scott Los Angeles Lakers, Indiana Pacers, Vancouver Grizzlies, L.A. Lakers 14
82 Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* Chicago Bulls, Washington Wizards 15 1,072
83 Jones, CaldwellCaldwell Jones Philadelphia 76ers, Houston Rockets, Chicago Bulls, Portland Trail Blazers, San Antonio Spurs 14 1,068
Laimbeer, BillBill Laimbeer Cleveland Cavaliers, Detroit Pistons 14
85 Corbin, TyroneTyrone Corbin San Antonio Spurs, Cleveland Cavaliers, Phoenix Suns, Minnesota Timberwolves, Utah Jazz, Atlanta Hawks, Sacramento Kings, Miami Heat, Atlanta, Sacramento, Toronto Raptors 16 1,065
86 Diaw, BorisBoris Diaw Atlanta Hawks, Phoenix Suns, Charlotte Bobcats, San Antonio Spurs, Utah Jazz 14 1,064
87 James, LeBronLeBron James^ Cleveland Cavaliers, Miami Heat, Cleveland 14 1,061
88 Polynice, OldenOlden Polynice Seattle SuperSonics, Los Angeles Clippers, Detroit Pistons, Sacramento Kings, Seattle, Utah Jazz, L.A. Clippers 15 1,058
Brand, EltonElton Brand† Chicago Bulls, Los Angeles Clippers, Philadelphia 76ers, Dallas Mavericks, Atlanta Hawks, Philadelphia 76ers 17
90 Green, JohnnyJohnny Green New York Knicks, Baltimore Bullets, San Diego Rockets, Philadelphia 76ers, Cincinnati Royals/Kansas City-Omaha Kings 14 1,057
Randolph, ZachZach Randolph^ Portland Trail Blazers, New York Knicks, Los Angeles Clippers, Memphis Grizzlies, Sacramento Kings 16
92 Johnson, AveryAvery Johnson Seattle SuperSonics, Denver Nuggets, San Antonio Spurs, Houston Rockets, San Antonio, Golden State Warriors, San Antonio, Denver, Dallas Mavericks, Golden State 16 1,054
93 Nelson, DonDon Nelson Chicago Zephyrs, Los Angeles Lakers, Boston Celtics 14 1,053
94 Kemp, ShawnShawn Kemp Seattle SuperSonics, Cleveland Cavaliers, Portland Trail Blazers, Orlando Magic 14 1,051
95 Lewis, RashardRashard Lewis† Seattle SuperSonics, Orlando Magic, Washington Wizards, Miami Heat 16 1,049
96 Ellis, LeRoyLeRoy Ellis Los Angeles Lakers, Baltimore Bullets, Portland Trail Blazers, L.A. Lakers, Philadelphia 76ers 14 1,048
97 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* Philadelphia/San Francisco Warriors, Philadelphia 76ers, Los Angeles Lakers 14 1,045
98 Campbell, EldenElden Campbell Los Angeles Lakers, Charlotte/New Orleans Hornets, Seattle SuperSonics, Detroit Pistons, New Jersey Nets, Detroit 15 1,044
99 Bellamy, WaltWalt Bellamy* Chicago Packers/Zephyrs/Baltimore Bullets, New York Knicks, Detroit Pistons, Atlanta Hawks, New Orleans Jazz 14 1,043
Billups, ChaunceyChauncey Billups† Boston Celtics, Toronto Raptors, Denver Nuggets, Minnesota Timberwolves, Detroit Pistons, Denver, New York Knicks, Los Angeles Clippers, Detroit 17
101 Ainge, DannyDanny Ainge Boston Celtics, Sacramento Kings, Portland Trail Blazers, Phoenix Suns 14 1,042
102 Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson* Cincinnati Royals, Milwaukee Bucks 14 1,040
103 Chandler, TysonTyson Chandler^ Chicago Bulls, New Orleans(/Oklahoma City) Hornets, Charlotte Bobcats, Dallas Mavericks, New York Knicks, Dallas, Phoenix Suns 16 1,033
Davis, WalterWalter Davis Phoenix Suns, Denver Nuggets, Portland Trail Blazers, Denver 15
105 Miller, MikeMike Miller^ Orlando Magic, Memphis Grizzlies, Minnesota Timberwolves, Washington Wizards, Miami Heat, Memphis, Cleveland Cavaliers, Denver Nuggets 17 1,032
Walker, ChetChet Walker* Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers, Chicago Bulls 13
107 Korver, KyleKyle Korver^ Philadelphia 76ers, Utah Jazz, Chicago Bulls, Atlanta Hawks, Cleveland Cavaliers 14 1,031
Goodrich, GailGail Goodrich* Los Angeles Lakers, Phoenix Suns, L.A. Lakers, New Orleans Jazz 14
109 Smith, JoeJoe Smith Golden State Warriors, Philadelphia 76ers, Minnesota Timberwolves, Detroit Pistons, Minnesota, Milwaukee Bucks, Denver Nuggets, Philadelphia, Chicago Bulls, Cleveland Cavaliers, Oklahoma City Thunder, Cleveland, Atlanta Hawks, New Jersey Nets, Los Angeles Lakers 16 1,030
110 Hill, GrantGrant Hill§ Detroit Pistons, Orlando Magic, Phoenix Suns, Los Angeles Clippers 19 1,026
Theus, ReggieReggie Theus Chicago Bulls, Kansas City/Sacramento Kings, Atlanta Hawks, Orlando Magic, New Jersey Nets 13
112 Dumars, JoeJoe Dumars* Detroit Pistons 14 1,018
113 Prince, TayshaunTayshaun Prince† Detroit Pistons, Memphis Grizzlies, Boston Celtics, Detroit, Minnesota Timberwolves 14 1,017
114 McDyess, AntonioAntonio McDyess Denver Nuggets, Phoenix Suns, Denver, New York Knicks, Phoenix, Detroit Pistons, San Antonio Spurs 15 1,015
115 O'Neal, JermaineJermaine O'Neal† Portland Trail Blazers, Indiana Pacers, Toronto Raptors, Miami Heat, Boston Celtics, Phoenix Suns, Golden State Warriors 18 1,011
116 Harper, RonRon Harper Cleveland Cavaliers, Los Angeles Clippers, Chicago Bulls, Los Angeles Lakers 15 1,009
117 Mohammed, NazrNazr Mohammed† Philadelphia 76ers, Atlanta Hawks, New York Knicks, San Antonio Spurs, Detroit Pistons, Charlotte Hornets, Oklahoma City Thunder, Chicago Bulls, Oklahoma City 18 1,005
118 Long, GrantGrant Long Miami Heat, Atlanta Hawks, Detroit Pistons, Atlanta, Vancouver/Memphis Grizzlies, Boston Celtics 15 1,003
119 Lacey, SamSam Lacey Cincinnati Royals/Kansas City(-Omaha) Kings, New Jersey Nets, Cleveland Cavaliers 13 1,002
Murphy, CalvinCalvin Murphy* San Diego/Houston Rockets 13
121 Augmon, StaceyStacey Augmon Atlanta Hawks, Detroit Pistons, Portland Trail Blazers, Charlotte/New Orleans Hornets, Orlando Magic 15 1,001
Bibby, MikeMike Bibby Vancouver Grizzlies, Sacramento Kings, Atlanta Hawks, Washington Wizards, Miami Heat, New York Knicks 14
123 Rice, GlenGlen Rice Miami Heat, Charlotte Hornets, Los Angeles Lakers, New York Knicks, Houston Rockets, Los Angeles Clippers 15 1,000
See also[edit]
National Basketball Association portal
List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders
List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders
List of NBA players who have spent their entire career with one franchise
List of oldest and youngest National Basketball Association players
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Does not include NBA Playoff games or games played in the American Basketball Association for players who played in the ABA prior to merging with the NBA.
Jump up ^ A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for four calendar years (reduced from five in 2015).
Jump up ^ "2018 Hall of Fame Candidates". Basketball-reference.com. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "NBA Win Shares". Basketball-reference.com. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Listed in order of the player's career. Repeated teams indicate multiple stints with that team.
Jump up ^ For active players, the number listed is the number of seasons that player has completed plus the current season.
Jump up ^ Known as Lew Alcindor prior to May 1, 1971.
Jump up ^ Previously written as Akeem Olajuwon prior to official spelling change March 9, 1991.
External links[edit]
NBA & ABA Career Leaders and Records for Games – BasketballReference.com
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Mont Blanc
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the mountain. For other uses, see Mont Blanc (disambiguation).
Mont Blanc (French)
Monte Bianco (Italian)
Summit of Mont Blanc and the Bosses ridge
Highest point
Elevation
4,808[1] m (15,774 ft)
Prominence
4696 m ↓ by Lake Kubenskoye
Ranked 11th
Isolation
2,812 km → Kukurtlu
Parent peak
Mount Everest[note 1]
Listing
Country high point
Ultra
Seven Summits
Coordinates
45°50′01″N 006°51′54″E / 45.83361°N 6.86500°E / 45.83361; 6.86500Coordinates: 45°50′01″N 006°51′54″E / 45.83361°N 6.86500°E / 45.83361; 6.86500
Geography
Mont Blanc (French)
Monte Bianco (Italian)
Location
Mont Blanc (French)
Monte Bianco (Italian)
Location
Mont Blanc (French)
Monte Bianco (Italian)
Location
Mont Blanc (French)
Monte Bianco (Italian)
Location
Show map of Alps Show map of France Show map of Italy Show map of Europe Show all
Location
Aosta Valley, Italy
Haute-Savoie, France
Parent range
Graian Alps
Climbing
First ascent
8 August 1786 by
Jacques Balmat
Michel-Gabriel Paccard
Mont Blanc (pronounced [mɔ̃ blɑ̃]) meaning "White Mountain", is the highest mountain in the Alps and the highest in Europe west of Russia's Caucasus peaks.[note 2] It rises 4,808 m (15,774 ft)[1][2] above sea level and is ranked 11th in the world in topographic prominence.[3] The mountain stays in a range called the Graian Alps, between the regions of Aosta Valley, Italy, and Savoie and Haute-Savoie, France. The location of the summit is on the watershed line between the valleys of Ferret and Veny in Italy and the valleys of Montjoie, and Arve in France. The Mont Blanc massif is popular for hiking, skiing, and snowboarding.
The three towns and their communes which surround Mont Blanc are Courmayeur in Aosta Valley, Italy, and Saint-Gervais-les-Bains and Chamonix in Haute-Savoie, France. The latter town was the site of the first Winter Olympics. A cable car ascends and crosses the mountain range from Courmayeur to Chamonix, through the Col du Géant. The 11.6 km (7¼ mi) Mont Blanc Tunnel, constructed between 1957 and 1965, runs beneath the mountain and is a major trans-Alpine transport route.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Ownership of the summit
1.2 Vallot
1.3 Janssen observatory
1.4 Air crashes
1.5 Tunnel
1.5.1 1999 disaster
1.6 Incidents involving children
2 Elevation
3 Climbing routes
3.1 Refuges
3.2 Impacts of climate change
4 Exploits and incidents
5 Cultural references
5.1 Cinema and television
5.2 Literature
6 Protection
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
Mont Blanc seen from the Rébuffat platform on Aiguille du Midi
Mont Blanc from the TMB
The first recorded ascent of Mont Blanc was on 8 August 1786 by Jacques Balmat and the doctor Michel Paccard. This climb, initiated by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure, who gave a reward for the successful ascent, traditionally marks the start of modern mountaineering.[4] The first woman to reach the summit was Marie Paradis in 1808.
Nowadays the summit is ascended by an average of 20,000 mountaineer-tourists each year. It could be considered a technically easy, yet arduous, ascent for someone who is well-trained and acclimatized to the altitude. From l'Aiguille du Midi (where the cable car stops), Mont Blanc seems quite close, being 1,000 m (3,300 ft) higher. But while the peak seems deceptively close, La Voie des 3 Monts route (known to be more technical and challenging than other more commonly used routes) requires much ascent over two other 4,000 m mountains, Mont Blanc du Tacul and Mont Maudit, before the final section of the climb is reached and the last 1000 m push to the summit is undertaken.
Each year climbing deaths occur on Mont Blanc, and on the busiest weekends, normally around August, the local rescue service performs an average of 12 missions, mostly directed to aid people in trouble on one of the normal routes of the mountain. Some routes require knowledge of high-altitude mountaineering, a guide (or at least an experienced mountaineer), and all require proper equipment. All routes are long and arduous, involving delicate passages and the hazard of rock-fall or avalanche. Climbers may also suffer altitude sickness, occasionally life threatening, particularly if they do not acclimatize to it.[5][6]
Ownership of the summit[edit]
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1832 Map of the Kingdom of Sardinia showing an administrative border passing through the summit of Mont Blanc. This was the same map annexed to the 1860 treaty to determine the current border between France and Italy.
Captain Mieulet map of 1865 showing the border through Mont Blanc, called "a historical falsehood" by Italian historians[7]
Since the French Revolution, the issue of the ownership of the summit has been debated. From 1416 to 1792, the entire mountain was within the Duchy of Savoy. In 1723 the Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II, acquired the Kingdom of Sardinia. The resulting state of Sardinia was to become preeminent in the Italian unification.[8] In September 1792, the French revolutionary Army of the Alps under Anne-Pierre de Montesquiou-Fézensac seized Savoy without much resistance and created a department of the Mont-Blanc. In a treaty of 15 May 1796, Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia was forced to cede Savoy and Nice to France. In article 4 of this treaty it says: "The border between the Sardinian kingdom and the departments of the French Republic will be established on a line determined by the most advanced points on the Piedmont side, of the summits, peaks of mountains and other locations subsequently mentioned, as well as the intermediary peaks, knowing: starting from the point where the borders of Faucigny, the Duchy of Aoust and the Valais, to the extremity of the glaciers or Monts-Maudits: first the peaks or plateaus of the Alps, to the rising edge of the Col-Mayor". This act further states that the border should be visible from the town of Chamonix and Courmayeur. However, neither the peak of the Mont Blanc is visible from Courmayeur nor the peak of the Mont Blanc de Courmayeur is visible from Chamonix because part of the mountains lower down obscure them.
A Sardinian Atlas map of 1869 showing the summit lying two thirds in Italy and one third in France.[9]
After the Napoleonic Wars, the Congress of Vienna restored the King of Sardinia in Savoy, Nice and Piedmont, his traditional territories, overruling the 1796 Treaty of Paris. Forty-five years later, after the Second Italian War of Independence, it was replaced by a new legal act. This act was signed in Turin on 24 March 1860 by Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy, and deals with the annexation of Savoy (following the French neutrality for the plebiscites held in Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna to join the Kingdom of Sardinia, against the Pope's will). A demarcation agreement, signed on 7 March 1861, defined the new border. With the formation of Italy, for the first time Mont Blanc was located on the border of France and Italy.
The 1860 act and attached maps are still legally valid for both the French and Italian governments.[10] One of the prints from the 1823 Sarde Atlas[11] positions the border exactly on the summit edge of the mountain (and measures it to be 4,804 m (15,761 ft) high). The convention of 7 March 1861 recognises this through an attached map, taking into consideration the limits of the massif, and drawing the border on the icecap of Mont Blanc, making it both French and Italian. Watershed analysis of modern topographic mapping not only places the main summit on the border, but also suggests that the border should follow a line northwards from the main summit towards Mont Maudit, leaving the southeast ridge to Mont Blanc de Courmayeur wholly within Italy.
Although the Franco-Italian border was redefined in both 1947 and 1963, the commission made up of both Italians and French ignored the Mont Blanc issue. In the early 21st century, administration of the mountain is shared between the Italian town of Courmayeur and the French town of Saint-Gervais-les-Bains, although the larger part of the mountain lies within the commune of the latter.
Vallot[edit]
Vallot refuge near Mont Blanc summit, at an altitude of 4,362 m
The first professional scientific investigations on the summit were conducted by the botanist-meteorologist Joseph Vallot at the end of the 19th century. He wanted to stay near the top of the summit, so he built his own permanent cabin.
Janssen observatory[edit]
In 1890, Pierre Janssen, an astronomer and the director of the Meudon astrophysical observatory, considered the construction of an observatory at the summit of Mont Blanc. Gustave Eiffel agreed to take on the project, provided he could build on a rock foundation, if found at a depth of less than 12 m (39 ft) below the ice. In 1891, the Swiss surveyor Imfeld dug two 23 m (75 ft) long horizontal tunnels 12 m (39 ft) below the ice summit but found nothing solid. Consequently, the Eiffel project was abandoned.
Despite this, the observatory was built in 1893. During the cold wave of January 1893 a temperature of −43 °C (−45 °F) was recorded on Mont Blanc, being the lowest ever recorded there.
Levers attached to the ice supported the observatory. This worked to some extent until 1906, when the building started leaning heavily. The movement of the levers corrected the lean slightly, but three years later (two years after Janssen’s death), a crevasse started opening under the observatory. It was abandoned. Eventually the building fell, and only the tower could be saved in extremis.[12]
Air crashes[edit]
The mountain was the scene of two fatal air crashes; Air India Flight 245 in 1950 [13] and Air India Flight 101 in 1966. Both planes were approaching Geneva airport and the pilots miscalculated their descent; 48 and 117 people, respectively, died.[14] The latter passengers included nuclear scientist Homi J. Bhabha, known as the "father" of India's nuclear programme.[15]
Tunnel[edit]
Main article: Mont Blanc Tunnel
In 1946 a drilling project was initiated to carve a tunnel through the mountain. The Mont Blanc tunnel would connect Chamonix, France and Courmayeur, Italy and become one of the major trans-Alpine transport routes between the two countries. In 1965 the tunnel opened to vehicle traffic with a length of 11,611 metres (7.215 mi).[16]
1999 disaster[edit]
Main article: Mont Blanc Tunnel Fire
In 1999 a transport truck caught fire in the tunnel beneath the mountain. In total 39 people were killed when the fire raged out of control. The tunnel was renovated in the aftermath to increase driver safety, reopening after three years.[17]
Incidents involving children[edit]
In general it is not advised for children to go above 3000 meters until their adolescence.[18] However, youngest person to climb Mont Blanc record set in 2009 by 10 year Asher Silver (UK)[19] challenges parents.
In July 2014 an American entrepreneur and traveler Patrick Sweeney attempted to break the record with his nine-year-old son P.J. and 11-year-old daughter Shannon. They were caught in avalanche, luckily escaped death and decided not to pursue their attempt.[19][18]
In August 2014 an unknown Austrian climber with his 5-year-old son were intercepted by mountain gendarmes at 3200 meters and forced to turn around.[20]
In August 5th 2017 9-year old Hungarian twins and their mother were rescued from 3800 meters by helicopter while their father and family friend continued their summit attempt.[21]
Elevation[edit]
Mont Blanc summit
The summit of Mont Blanc is a thick, perennial ice and snow dome whose thickness varies. No exact and permanent summit elevation can therefore be determined, though accurate measurements have been made on specific dates. For a long time its official elevation was 4,807 m (15,771 ft). In 2002, the IGN and expert surveyors, with the aid of GPS technology, measured it to be 4,807.40 m (15,772 ft 4 in).
After the 2003 heatwave in Europe, a team of scientists re-measured the height on 6 and 7 September. The team was made up of the glaciologist Luc Moreau, two surveyors from the GPS Company, three people from the IGN, seven expert surveyors, four mountain guides from Chamonix and Saint-Gervais and four students from various institutes in France. This team noted that the elevation was 4,808.45 m (15,775 ft 9 in), and the peak was 75 centimetres (30 in) away from where it had been in 2002.
After these results were published, more than 500 points were measured, to assess the effects of climate change and the fluctuations in the height of the mountain at different points. Since then, the elevation of the mountain has been measured every two years.
The interpretation that the heatwave had caused this fluctuation is disputed because the heatwave is known not to have significantly affected the glaciers above 4,000 m (13,000 ft). The height and position of the summit could have been moved by general glacial forces. At this elevation, the temperatures rarely rise above 0 °C (32 °F). During the summer of 2003, the temperature rose to 2 °C (36 °F), and even 3 °C (37 °F), but this would not have been enough for the ice to melt that amount.
The summit was measured again in 2005, and the results were published on 16 December 2005. The height was found to be 4,808.75 m (15,776 ft 9 in), 30 cm (12 in) more than the previous recorded height. The rock summit was found to be at 4,792 m (15,722 ft), some 40 m (130 ft) west of the ice-covered summit.[22]
In 2007 the summit was measured at 4,807.9 m (15,774 ft) and in 2009 at 4,807.45 m (15,772 ft).[2] In 2013 the summit was measured at 4,810.02 m (15,781 ft) and in 2015 at 4,808.73 m (15,777 ft).[1] From the summit of Mont Blanc on a clear day, the Jura, the Vosges, the Black Forest and the Massif Central mountain ranges can be seen, as well as the principal summits of the Alps.
A panoramic view of Mont Blanc from Aiguille du Midi
View from Vallee Blanche of Glacier du Geant and Dent du Geant, looking down Glacier du Tacul towards the Mer de Glace, with Aiguille du Moine, les Drus and Aiguille Verte in centre-left
Climbing routes[edit]
Mont Blanc 3D
The Mont Blanc Massif averages nearly 100 fatalities a year. A published estimate suggests there have been 6,000-8,000 alpinist fatalities in total, more than on any other mountain.[23]:208 Several classic climbing routes lead to the summit of Mont Blanc:[24][25]
The most popular route is the Voie Des Cristalliers, also known as the Voie Royale. Starting from Saint-Gervais-les-Bains, the Tramway du Mont-Blanc (TMB) is taken to get to the fr:Gare du Nid d'Aigle. The ascent begins in the direction of the Refuge de Tête Rousse and through the Goûter Corridor,[26] considered dangerous because of frequent rock-falls, leading to the Goûter cabin for night shelter. The next day the route leads to the Dôme du Goûter, past the emergency Vallot cabin and L'arrête des Bosses.
La Voie des 3 Monts is also known as La Traversée. Starting from Chamonix, the Téléphérique de l'Aiguille du Midi is taken towards the Col du Midi. The Cosmiques cabin is used to spend the night. The next day the ascent continues over Mont Blanc du Tacul and Mont Maudit.
The historic itinerary through the Grand Mulets, which is most frequently traversed in winter by ski, or in summer to descend to Chamonix.
The normal Italian itinerary is also known as La route des Aiguilles Grises. After crossing the Miage Glacier, climbers spend the night at the Gonella refuge. The next day one proceeds through the Col des Aiguilles Grises and the Dôme du Goûter, concluding at L'arête des Bosses (Bosses ridge).
The Miage — Bionnassay — Mont Blanc crossing is usually done in three days, and has been described as a truly magical expedition of ice and snow aretes at great altitude.[23]:199 The route begins from Contamines-Montjoie, with the night spent in the Conscrits cabin. The following day, the Dômes de Miages is crossed and the night spent at the Durier cabin. The third day proceeds over l'Aiguille de Bionnassay and the Dôme du Goûter, finally reaching the summit of Mont Blanc via the Bosses ridge.
Refuges[edit]
Refuge Vallot, 4362 m.
Refuge Goûter, 3817 m.
Bivouac Corrado Alberico - Luigi Borgna, 3684 m.
Refuge Cosmiques, 3613 m.
Refuge Tête Rousse, 3167 m.
Refuge Francesco Gonella, 3071 m.
Refuge Grands Mulets, 3050 m.
Impacts of climate change[edit]
Recent temperature rises and heatwaves, such as that of summer 2015, have had significant impacts on many climbing routes across the Alps, including those on Mont Blanc. For example, in 2015, the Grand Mulets route, previously popular in the 20th century, was blocked by virtually impenetrable crevasse fields, and the Gouter Hut was closed by municipal decree for some days because of very high stonefall danger, with some stranded climbers evacuated by helicopter.[27]
Exploits and incidents[edit]
Aerial view of the south-eastern side of Mont Blanc, taken on a commercial flight
1786: The first ascent, by Michel-Gabriel Paccard and Jacques Balmat; see Exploration of the High Alps.
1787: The fourth ascent, by Englishman Mark Beaufoy, with at least six guides and a servant.
July 1808 (1808-07): The first ascent by a woman, Maria Paradis, with Balmat as her guide.
July 1838 (1838-07): The second ascent by a woman, Henriette d'Angeville.
1890: Giovenni Bonin, Luigi Grasselli and Fr. Achille Ratti (later Pope Pius XI) discovered the normal Italian route (West Face Direct) on descent.
1960: The airplane pilot Henri Giraud landed on the summit, which is only 30 m (98 ft) long.[28]
1990: The Swiss Pierre-André Gobet, leaving from Chamonix, completed the ascent and descent in 5 hours, 10 minutes and 14 seconds.
30 May 2003 (2003-05-30): Stéphane Brosse and Pierre Gignoux tried to beat the record by ski-walking. They went up in 4 hours and 7 minutes, and came back down in 1 hour and 8 minutes. In total they did the ascent and descent in 5 hours and 15 minutes.
13 August 2003 (2003-08-13): Seven French paraglider pilots landed on the summit. They reached a peak altitude of 5,200 m (17,100 ft), thanks to the hot weather conditions, which provided strong hot air currents. Five had left from Planpraz, one from Rochebrune at Megève and the last one from Samoëns.
8 June 2007 (2007-06-08): Danish artist Marco Evaristti draped the peak of Mont Blanc with red fabric, along with a 20-foot (6.1 m) pole with a flag reading "Pink State". He had been arrested and detained earlier on 6 June for attempting to paint a pass leading up to the summit red. His aim was to raise awareness of environmental degradation.[29]
13 September 2007 (2007-09-13): A group of 20 people set up a hot tub at the summit.[30]
19 August 2012 (2012-08-19): Fifty paraglider pilots landed on the summit, beating the previous record of 7 top landing pilots, set in 2003. This included the second ever tandem landing on the summit.[31]
11 July 2013 - Kilian Jornet beat the fastest overall time for ascent and descent with 4 hours 57 minutes and 40 seconds.[32][33]
Cultural references[edit]
Cinema and television[edit]
La Terre, son visage, is a documentary by Jean-Luc Prévost and published by Édition Société national de télévision française, released in 1984. It is part of the Haroun Tazieff raconte sa terre, vol. 1 series. In it he talks about the west-east crossing of Mont Blanc.
The film Malabar Princess.
The television-film Premier de cordée.
Storm over Mont Blanc (Stürme über dem Mont Blanc, 1930) with Leni Riefenstahl and directed by Arnold Fanck
La Roue (The Wheel, 1923) is a 273-minute film by Abel Gance depicting rail operations, workers, and families in southeastern France, including the Mont Blanc area.
Literature[edit]
Premier de cordée by Roger Frison-Roche
Hugo et le Mont Blanc by Colette Cosnie – Édition Guérin
Hymn Before Sunrise, in the Vale of Chamouni by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
Mont Blanc by Percy Shelley
Point Blanc by Anthony Horowitz
The Prelude Book VI by William Wordsworth
Kordian by Juliusz Słowacki
Eiger Dreams: Ventures Among Men and Mountains by Jon Krakauer
Running Water by AEW Mason
La neige en deuil by Henri Troyat
Protection[edit]
The Mont Blanc massif is being put forward as a potential World Heritage Site because of its uniqueness and its cultural importance, considered the birthplace and symbol of modern mountaineering.[34] It would require the three governments of Italy, France and Switzerland to make a request to UNESCO for it to be listed.
Mont Blanc is one of the most visited tourist destinations in the world, and for this reason, some view it as threatened.[citation needed] Pro-Mont Blanc (an international collective of associations for the protection of Mont Blanc) published in 2002 the book Le versant noir du mont Blanc (The black hillside of Mont Blanc), which exposes current and future problems in conserving the site.[35]
In 2007, Europe's two highest toilets (at a height of 4,260 metres, 13,976 feet) were taken by helicopter to the top of Mont Blanc. They are also serviced by helicopter. They will serve 30,000 skiers and hikers annually, helping to alleviate the discharge of urine and faeces that spreads down the mountain face with the spring thaw, and turns it into 'Mont Marron'.[36]
Global warming has begun to melt glaciers and cause avalanches on Mont Blanc, creating more dangerous climbing conditions.[37]
Gallery[edit]
The highest resolution panorama of the Mont Blanc ever made:[38]
Mont Blanc seen from Les Arcs 1950
North side of Mont Blanc
Mer de Glace glacier on the left
Mont Blanc seen from SPOT satellite
Aerial view of the south-western side of Mont Blanc in early September, taken on a commercial flight
View taken "par grand beau temps" from the upper terrace, on Aiguille du Midi (2015). Need to reach second floor of the cable railway
See also[edit]
Exploration of the High Alps
Haute Route
Mont Blanc (Moon)
Mont Blanc glacier flood
Mont Blanc massif
Mont Blanc Tramway
Mont Blanc Tunnel
Tour du Mont Blanc
Top of the Mont Blanc
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Although Mount Elbrus is normally considered the tallest mountain in Europe, the latter continent is part of the Eurasian land mass, which culminates at Mount Everest (lowest col between Mont Blanc and Mount Elbrus: 113 m [1]; lowest col between Mount Elbrus and Mount Everest: 901 m [2]).
Jump up ^ The Caucasus watershed has conventionally been used as the boundary between Europe and Asia since the mid 19th century. The Caucasus has a number of peaks higher than Mont Blanc either marking the Russian-Georgian border or just within Russia (Mount Elbrus in the North Caucasus at 5641 m is the tallest in Europe when including the Caucasus).
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Le Mont-Blanc passe de 4.810 mètres à 4.808,7 mètres".
^ Jump up to: a b Mont Blanc shrinks by 45cm in two years
Jump up ^ the prominence of 4,696 m for Mont Blanc is taken from the "Ultras Project" (peaklist.org), "List compiled 2004 by Petter Bjørstad, Jonathan de Ferranti, Eberhard Jurgalski, Vasja Kavcic and Aaron Maizlish". A footnote to this entry at peaklist.org r (Citation). The Mont Blanc key saddle has been identified in Northern Russia near Ozero Onezhskoye." See also list of Alpine peaks by prominence.
Jump up ^ Green, Stewart. "Facts About Mont Blanc — Highest Mountain in Western Europe". About.com. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Muza, SR; Fulco, CS; Cymerman, A (2004). "Altitude Acclimatization Guide.". US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report (USARIEM-TN-04-05). Retrieved 5 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Cymerman, A; Rock, PB. "Medical Problems in High Mountain Environments. A Handbook for Medical Officers". USARIEM-TN94-2. US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report. Retrieved 5 March 2009.
Jump up ^ La disfida del Monte Bianco(in Italian).
Jump up ^ Historical map
Jump up ^ The map is based on measurements taken in 1856 before the convention of 7 March 1861, and is identical to the map attached to the Treaty of Turin. See IGN
Jump up ^ Assemblée Nationale: traité franco-italien signé à Turin le 26 mars 1860
Jump up ^ Image:1823 Mont Blanc 1.jpg
Jump up ^ Janssen et l'observatoire du sommet du mont Blanc (1893-1909), JM. Malherbe, Observatoire de Paris, section de Meudon
Jump up ^ The glacier des Bossons : plane crashes:
Jump up ^ BBC on this day 24 January 1966: 117 die in Air India tragedy
Jump up ^ Diplomatic bag contents revealed
Jump up ^ Timeline of the Mont Blanc Tunnel
Jump up ^ Mont Blanc Tunnel at age 46
^ Jump up to: a b Constance Jamet (2014-07-28). "La présence d'enfants alpinistes sur le Mont-Blanc scandalise". Le Figaro. Archived from the original on 2014-07-28. Retrieved 2017-09-09. (in French)
^ Jump up to: a b Lizzie Dearden (2014-07-28). "American climber whose children almost died in Mont Blanc avalanche says he has 'no regrets' amid criticism". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2015-10-28. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
Jump up ^ Kim Willsher (2014-08-13). "Bodies of five climbers found on Mont Blanc after six go missing". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2014-08-20. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
Jump up ^ Nelly Assénat (2017-08-10). "Ils tentent de gravir le Mont-Blanc avec leurs jumeaux de 9 ans". France Bleu. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2017-09-09. (in French)
Jump up ^ Vincent, Christian (2 August 2004). "The rock summit of the Mont Blanc, 40 m west of the ice summit". Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2015. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Helmut Dumler and Willi P. Burkhardt, The High Mountains of the Alps, London: Diadem, 1994
Jump up ^ Routes description, from camptocamp.org
Jump up ^ Boscoe, Charlie. "How to Climb Mont Blanc - The Two Easiest Routes". www.ukclimbing.com. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
Jump up ^ File:Le-Grand-Couloir.jpg – Wikimedia Commons
Jump up ^ Gaventa, Jonathan. "The Ice and the Canary: A Story of Alpine Climbing in a Changing Climate". www.ukclimbing.com. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.flight-system.com/HGiraud01.htm
Jump up ^ Danish Artist Drapes Mont Blanc in Red, 8 June 2007
Jump up ^ Jaccuzzi [sic] on Mont-Blanc summit[self-published source?]
Jump up ^ [3], ’50' pilots topland Mont Blanc as Chamonix sees record day, XC Mag, 19 August 2012
Jump up ^ Extraordinary Speed Record on Mont Blanc
Jump up ^ Mont-Blanc Speed Record: Ascent and Descent On Foot
Jump up ^ "Massif du Mont Blanc". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
Jump up ^ pro-mont-blanc.org
Jump up ^ "Europe's highest toilet". Ananova. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Warming threatens safety on Mont Blanc". The Times. London. 28 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "in2white".
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mont Blanc.
Mont Blanc on French IGN map portal
Mont Blanc at 4000er.de (in German)
Places to visit around Mont Blanc
Indepth guide to Mont Blanc
Mont-Blanc summit webcam: Close up of the summit of the Mont Blanc and its glaciers at 4811m.
Mont-Blanc panoramic webcam: See severals points of view of the Mont-Blanc range and zoom on the top.
Mont Blanc on Peakware
Mont Blanc on Summitpost
Descent into the Ice Companion web site to the PBS NOVA program which follows a glaciologist and a climber into the glacier caves of Mont Blanc
Chamonix-Mont-Blanc Map
The scientific observatories on Mont Blanc.
Why Is Mont Blanc One of the World's Deadliest Mountains?
Mont Blanc on Peakclimber
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Blanc, Mont". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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