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Dante Alighieri
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Dante Alighieri
Profile portrait in tempera
by Sandro Botticelli, 1495
Born
c. 1265
Florence, Republic of Florence
Died
September 13/14, 1321
(aged c. 56)
Ravenna, Papal States
Occupation
Statesman, poet, language theorist, political theorist
Nationality
Italian
Period
Late Middle Ages
Literary movement
Dolce Stil Novo
Durante degli Alighieri (Italian: [duˈrante deʎʎ aliˈɡjɛːri]), simply called Dante (Italian: [ˈdante], UK: /ˈdænti/, US: /ˈdɑːnteɪ/; c. 1265 – 1321), was a major Italian poet of the Late Middle Ages/Early Renaissance. His Divine Comedy, originally called Comedìa (modern Italian: Commedia) and later christened Divina by Boccaccio, is widely considered the most important poem of the Middle Ages and the greatest literary work in the Italian language.[1][2]
In the late Middle Ages, the overwhelming majority of poetry was written in Latin, and therefore accessible only to affluent and educated audiences. In De vulgari eloquentia (On Eloquence in the Vernacular), however, Dante defended use of the vernacular in literature. He himself would even write in the Tuscan dialect for works such as The New Life (1295) and the aforementioned Divine Comedy; this choice, although highly unorthodox, set a hugely important precedent that later Italian writers such as Petrarch and Boccaccio would follow. As a result, Dante played an instrumental role in establishing the national language of Italy. Dante's significance also extends past his home country; his depictions of Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven have provided inspiration for a large body of Western art, and are cited as an influence on the works of John Milton, Geoffrey Chaucer and Alfred Tennyson, among many others. In addition, the first use of the interlocking three-line rhyme scheme, or the terza rima, is attributed to him.
Dante has been called "the Father of the Italian language" and one of the most important writers of Western civilization.[3][4] In Italy, Dante is often referred to as il Sommo Poeta ("the Supreme Poet") and il Poeta; he, Petrarch, and Boccaccio are also called "the three fountains" or "the three crowns".
Contents
[hide]
1 Life
1.1 Early life
1.2 Education and poetry
1.3 Florence and politics
1.4 Exile and death
1.5 Legacy
2 Works
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Life[edit]
Early life[edit]
Dante was born in Florence, Republic of Florence, present-day Italy. The exact date of his birth is unknown, although it is generally believed to be around 1265. This can be deduced from autobiographic allusions in the Divine Comedy. Its first section, the Inferno, begins, "Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita" ("Midway upon the journey of our life"), implying that Dante was around 35 years old, since the average lifespan according to the Bible (Psalm 89:10, Vulgate) is 70 years; and since his imaginary travel to the nether world took place in 1300, he was most probably born around 1265. Some verses of the Paradiso section of the Divine Comedy also provide a possible clue that he was born under the sign of Gemini: "As I revolved with the eternal twins, I saw revealed, from hills to river outlets, the threshing-floor that makes us so ferocious" (XXII 151–154). In 1265, the sun was in Gemini between approximately May 11 and June 11 (Julian calendar).[5]
Portrait of Dante, from a fresco in the Palazzo dei Giudici, Florence
Dante claimed that his family descended from the ancient Romans (Inferno, XV, 76), but the earliest relative he could mention by name was Cacciaguida degli Elisei (Paradiso, XV, 135), born no earlier than about 1100. Dante's father, Alaghiero[6] or Alighiero di Bellincione, was a White Guelph who suffered no reprisals after the Ghibellines won the Battle of Montaperti in the middle of the 13th century. This suggests that Alighiero or his family may have enjoyed some protective prestige and status, although some suggest that the politically inactive Alighiero was of such low standing that he was not considered worth exiling.[7]
Dante's family was loyal to the Guelphs, a political alliance that supported the Papacy and which was involved in complex opposition to the Ghibellines, who were backed by the Holy Roman Emperor. The poet's mother was Bella, likely a member of the Abati family.[6] She died when Dante was not yet ten years old, and Alighiero soon married again, to Lapa di Chiarissimo Cialuffi. It is uncertain whether he really married her, since widowers were socially limited in such matters, but this woman definitely bore him two children, Dante's half-brother Francesco and half-sister Tana (Gaetana). When Dante was 12, he was promised in marriage to Gemma di Manetto Donati, daughter of Manetto Donati, member of the powerful Donati family.[6] Contracting marriages at this early age was quite common and involved a formal ceremony, including contracts signed before a notary. But by this time Dante had fallen in love with another, Beatrice Portinari (known also as Bice), whom he first met when he was only nine. Years after his marriage to Gemma he claims to have met Beatrice again; he wrote several sonnets to Beatrice but never mentioned Gemma in any of his poems. The exact date of his marriage is not known: the only certain information is that, before his exile in 1301, he had three children (Pietro, Jacopo and Antonia).[6]
Dante in Verona, by Antonio Cotti
Dante fought with the Guelph cavalry at the Battle of Campaldino (June 11, 1289).[8] This victory brought about a reformation of the Florentine constitution. To take any part in public life, one had to enroll in one of the city's many commercial or artisan guilds, so Dante entered the Physicians' and Apothecaries' Guild. In the following years, his name is occasionally recorded as speaking or voting in the various councils of the republic. A substantial portion of minutes from such meetings in the years 1298–1300 was lost, however, so the true extent of Dante's participation in the city's councils is uncertain.
Gemma bore Dante several children. Although several others subsequently claimed to be his offspring, it is likely that only Jacopo, Pietro, Giovanni and Antonia were his actual children. Antonia later became a nun, taking the name Sister Beatrice.
Education and poetry[edit]
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Not much is known about Dante's education; he presumably studied at home or in a chapter school attached to a church or monastery in Florence. It is known that he studied Tuscan poetry and that he admired the compositions of the Bolognese poet Guido Guinizelli—whom in Purgatorio XXVI he characterized as his "father"—at a time when the Sicilian school (Scuola poetica Siciliana), a cultural group from Sicily, was becoming known in Tuscany. His interests brought him to discover the Provençal poetry of the troubadours, such as Arnaut Daniel, and the Latin writers of classical antiquity, including Cicero, Ovid and especially Virgil.[9]
Statue of Dante at the Uffizi, Florence
Dante said he first met Beatrice Portinari, daughter of Folco Portinari, at age nine, and claimed to have fallen in love with her "at first sight", apparently without even talking with her.[10] He saw her frequently after age 18, often exchanging greetings in the street, but never knew her well. In effect, he set an example of so-called courtly love, a phenomenon developed in French and Provençal poetry of prior centuries. Dante's experience of such love was typical, but his expression of it was unique. It was in the name of this love that Dante left his imprint on the dolce stil novo (sweet new style, a term which Dante himself coined), and he would join other contemporary poets and writers in exploring never-before-emphasized aspects of love (Amore). Love for Beatrice (as Petrarch would show for Laura somewhat differently) would be his reason for poetry and for living, together with political passions. In many of his poems, she is depicted as semi-divine, watching over him constantly and providing spiritual instruction, sometimes harshly. When Beatrice died in 1290, Dante sought refuge in Latin literature.[11] The Convivio chronicles his having read Boethius's De consolatione philosophiae and Cicero's De Amicitia. He then dedicated himself to philosophical studies at religious schools like the Dominican one in Santa Maria Novella. He took part in the disputes that the two principal mendicant orders (Franciscan and Dominican) publicly or indirectly held in Florence, the former explaining the doctrines of the mystics and of St. Bonaventure, the latter expounding on the theories of St. Thomas Aquinas.[12]
At 18, Dante met Guido Cavalcanti, Lapo Gianni, Cino da Pistoia and soon after Brunetto Latini; together they became the leaders of the dolce stil novo. Brunetto later received special mention in the Divine Comedy (Inferno, XV, 28) for what he had taught Dante: Nor speaking less on that account I go With Ser Brunetto, and I ask who are his most known and most eminent companions.[13] Some fifty poetical commentaries by Dante are known (the so-called Rime, rhymes), others being included in the later Vita Nuova and Convivio. Other studies are reported, or deduced from Vita Nuova or the Comedy, regarding painting and music.
Illustration for Purgatory (Purgatorio) by Paul Gustave Louis Christophe Doré
Illustration for Paradiso (of The Divine Comedy) by Paul Gustave Louis Christophe Doré
Illustration for Paradiso (of The Divine Comedy) by Paul Gustave Louis Christophe Doré
Florence and politics[edit]
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Further information: Guelphs and Ghibellines
Dante, like most Florentines of his day, was embroiled in the Guelph–Ghibelline conflict. He fought in the Battle of Campaldino (June 11, 1289), with the Florentine Guelphs against Arezzo Ghibellines;[8][14] then in 1294 he was among the escorts of Charles Martel of Anjou (grandson of Charles I of Naples, more commonly called Charles of Anjou) while he was in Florence. To further his political career, he became a pharmacist. He did not intend to practice as one, but a law issued in 1295 required nobles aspiring to public office to be enrolled in one of the Corporazioni delle Arti e dei Mestieri, so Dante obtained admission to the Apothecaries' Guild. This profession was not inappropriate, since at that time books were sold from apothecaries' shops. As a politician he accomplished little, but held various offices over some years in a city rife with political unrest.
Dante Alighieri, detail from Luca Signorelli's fresco, Chapel of San Brizio, Orvieto Cathedral
After defeating the Ghibellines, the Guelphs divided into two factions: the White Guelphs (Guelfi Bianchi)—Dante's party, led by Vieri dei Cerchi—and the Black Guelphs (Guelfi Neri), led by Corso Donati. Although the split was along family lines at first, ideological differences arose based on opposing views of the papal role in Florentine affairs, with the Blacks supporting the Pope and the Whites wanting more freedom from Rome. The Whites took power first and expelled the Blacks. In response, Pope Boniface VIII planned a military occupation of Florence. In 1301, Charles of Valois, brother of King Philip IV of France, was expected to visit Florence because the Pope had appointed him peacemaker for Tuscany. But the city's government had treated the Pope's ambassadors badly a few weeks before, seeking independence from papal influence. It was believed that Charles had received other unofficial instructions, so the council sent a delegation to Rome to ascertain the Pope's intentions. Dante was one of the delegates.
Exile and death[edit]
Pope Boniface quickly dismissed the other delegates and asked Dante alone to remain in Rome. At the same time (November 1, 1301), Charles of Valois entered Florence with the Black Guelphs, who in the next six days destroyed much of the city and killed many of their enemies. A new Black Guelph government was installed, and Cante de' Gabrielli da Gubbio was appointed podestà of the city. In March 1302, Dante, a White Guelph by affiliation, along with the Gherardini family, was condemned to exile for two years and ordered to pay a large fine.[15] Dante was accused of corruption and financial wrongdoing by the Black Guelphs for the time that Dante was serving as city prior (Florence's highest position) for two months in 1300.[16] The poet was still in Rome in 1302 where the Pope, who had backed the Black Guelphs, had "suggested" that Dante stay. Florence under the Black Guelphs therefore considered Dante an absconder.[17] Dante did not pay the fine, in part because he believed he was not guilty and in part because all his assets in Florence had been seized by the Black Guelphs. He was condemned to perpetual exile; if he returned to Florence without paying the fine, he could have been burned at the stake. (In June 2008, nearly seven centuries after his death, the city council of Florence passed a motion rescinding Dante's sentence.)[18]
A recreated death mask of Dante Alighieri in Palazzo Vecchio, Florence
Dante's tomb exterior and interior in Ravenna, built in 1780
He took part in several attempts by the White Guelphs to regain power, but these failed due to treachery. Dante, bitter at the treatment he received from his enemies, also grew disgusted with the infighting and ineffectiveness of his erstwhile allies and vowed to become a party of one. He went to Verona as a guest of Bartolomeo I della Scala, then moved to Sarzana in Liguria. Later he is supposed to have lived in Lucca with a woman called Gentucca, who made his stay comfortable (and was later gratefully mentioned in Purgatorio, XXIV, 37). Some speculative sources claim he visited Paris between 1308 and 1310, and other sources even less trustworthy took him to Oxford: these claims, first occurring in Boccaccio's book on Dante several decades after his death, seem inspired by readers who were impressed with the poet's wide learning and erudition. Evidently, Dante's command of philosophy and his literary interests deepened in exile and when he was no longer busy with the day-to-day business of Florentine domestic politics, and this is evidenced in his prose writings in this period, but there is no real evidence that he ever left Italy. Dante's Immensa Dei dilectione testante to Henry VII of Luxembourg confirms his residence "beneath the springs of Arno, near Tuscany" in March 1311.
In 1310, Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII of Luxembourg marched into Italy at the head of 5,000 troops. Dante saw in him a new Charlemagne who would restore the office of the Holy Roman Emperor to its former glory and also retake Florence from the Black Guelphs. He wrote to Henry and several Italian princes, demanding that they destroy the Black Guelphs. Mixing religion and private concerns in his writings, he invoked the worst anger of God against his city and suggested several particular targets that were also his personal enemies. It was during this time that he wrote De Monarchia, proposing a universal monarchy under Henry VII.
Statue of Dante in the Piazza Santa Croce in Florence, Enrico Pazzi, 1865
At some point during his exile, he conceived of the Comedy, but the date is uncertain. The work is much more assured and on a larger scale than anything he had produced in Florence; it is likely he would have undertaken such a work only after he realized his political ambitions, which had been central to him up to his banishment, had been halted for some time, possibly forever. It is also noticeable that Beatrice has returned to his imagination with renewed force and with a wider meaning than in the Vita Nuova; in Convivio (written c.1304–07) he had declared that the memory of this youthful romance belonged to the past.
An early outside indication that the poem was under way is a notice by Francesco da Barberino, tucked into his Documenti d'Amore (Lessons of Love), written probably in 1314 or early 1315. Speaking of Virgil, Francesco notes in appreciative words that Dante followed the Roman classic in a poem called "Comedy" and that the setting of this poem (or part of it) was the underworld; i.e., hell.[19] The brief note gives no incontestable indication that he himself had seen or read even the Inferno or that this part had been published at the time, but it indicates composition was well under way and that the sketching of the poem might have begun some years before. (It has been suggested that a knowledge of Dante's work also underlies some of the illuminations in Francesco da Barberino's earlier Officiolum [c. 1305–08], a manuscript that came to light only in 2003.[20]) We know that the Inferno had been published by 1317; this is established by quoted lines interspersed in the margins of contemporary dated records from Bologna, but there is no certainty as to whether the three parts of the poem were each published in full or, rather, a few cantos at a time. Paradiso seems to have been published posthumously.
In Florence, Baldo d'Aguglione pardoned most of the White Guelphs in exile and allowed them to return. However, Dante had gone too far in his violent letters to Arrigo (Henry VII) and his sentence was not revoked.
In 1312 Henry assaulted Florence and defeated the Black Guelphs, but there is no evidence that Dante was involved. Some say he refused to participate in the assault on his city by a foreigner; others suggest that he had become unpopular with the White Guelphs, too, and that any trace of his passage had carefully been removed. Henry VII died (from a fever) in 1313, and with him any hope for Dante to see Florence again. He returned to Verona, where Cangrande I della Scala allowed him to live in certain security and, presumably, in a fair degree of prosperity. Cangrande was admitted to Dante's Paradise (Paradiso, XVII, 76).
During the period of his exile Dante corresponded with Dominican theologian Fr. Nicholas Brunacci OP [1240–1322] who had been a student of Thomas Aquinas at the Santa Sabina studium in Rome, and later at Paris.[21][22] and of Albert the Great at the Cologne studium.[23] Brunacci became lector at the Santa Sabina studium, forerunner of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, and later served in the papal curia.[24]
In 1315, Florence was forced by Uguccione della Faggiuola (the military officer controlling the town) to grant an amnesty to those in exile, including Dante. But for this, Florence required public penance in addition to a heavy fine. Dante refused, preferring to remain in exile. When Uguccione defeated Florence, Dante's death sentence was commuted to house arrest on condition that he go to Florence to swear he would never enter the town again. He refused to go, and his death sentence was confirmed and extended to his sons. He still hoped late in life that he might be invited back to Florence on honorable terms. For Dante, exile was nearly a form of death, stripping him of much of his identity and his heritage. He addressed the pain of exile in Paradiso, XVII (55–60), where Cacciaguida, his great-great-grandfather, warns him what to expect:
Mural of Dante in the Uffizi Gallery, by Andrea del Castagno, c. 1450
... Tu lascerai ogne cosa diletta
più caramente; e questo è quello strale
che l'arco de lo essilio pria saetta.
Tu proverai sì come sa di sale
lo pane altrui, e come è duro calle
lo scendere e 'l salir per l'altrui scale ...
... You shall leave everything you love most:
this is the arrow that the bow of exile
shoots first. You are to know the bitter taste
of others' bread, how salty it is, and know
how hard a path it is for one who goes
ascending and descending others' stairs ...
As for the hope of returning to Florence, he describes it as if he had already accepted its impossibility (in Paradiso, XXV, 1–9):
Se mai continga che 'l poema sacro
al quale ha posto mano e cielo e terra,
sì che m'ha fatto per molti anni macro,
vinca la crudeltà che fuor mi serra
del bello ovile ov'io dormi' agnello,
nimico ai lupi che li danno guerra;
con altra voce omai, con altro vello
ritornerò poeta, e in sul fonte
del mio battesmo prenderò 'l cappello ...
If it ever comes to pass that the sacred poem
to which both heaven and earth have set their hand
so as to have made me lean for many years
should overcome the cruelty that bars me
from the fair sheepfold where I slept as a lamb,
an enemy to the wolves that make war on it,
with another voice now and other fleece
I shall return a poet and at the font
of my baptism take the laurel crown ...
Alighieri accepted Prince Guido Novello da Polenta's invitation to Ravenna in 1318. He finished Paradiso, and died in 1321 (aged 56) while returning to Ravenna from a diplomatic mission to Venice, possibly of malaria contracted there. He was buried in Ravenna at the Church of San Pier Maggiore (later called San Francesco). Bernardo Bembo, praetor of Venice, erected a tomb for him in 1483.
Cenotaph in Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence
On the grave, some verses of Bernardo Canaccio, a friend of Dante, dedicated to Florence:
parvi Florentia mater amoris
Florence, mother of little love
Legacy[edit]
The first formal biography of Dante was the Vita di Dante (also known as Trattatello in laude di Dante), written after 1348 by Giovanni Boccaccio;[25] Although several statements and episodes of it have been deemed unreliable on the basis of modern research, an earlier account of Dante's life and works had been included in the Nuova Cronica of the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani.[26]
Florence eventually came to regret Dante's exile, and the city made repeated requests for the return of his remains. The custodians of the body in Ravenna refused, at one point going so far as to conceal the bones in a false wall of the monastery. Nonetheless, a tomb was built for him in Florence in 1829, in the Basilica of Santa Croce. That tomb has been empty ever since, with Dante's body remaining in Ravenna, far from the land he had loved so dearly. The front of his tomb in Florence reads Onorate l'altissimo poeta—which roughly translates as "Honor the most exalted poet". The phrase is a quote from the fourth canto of the Inferno, depicting Virgil's welcome as he returns among the great ancient poets spending eternity in limbo. The ensuing line, L'ombra sua torna, ch'era dipartita ("his spirit, which had left us, returns"), is poignantly absent from the empty tomb.
Italy's first dreadnought battleship was completed in 1913 and named Dante Alighieri in honor of him.
On April 30, 1921, in honor of the 600th anniversary of Dante's death, Pope Benedict XV promulgated an encyclical named In praeclara summorum, calling him one "of the many celebrated geniuses of whom the Catholic faith can boast" and the "pride and glory of humanity".[27]
In 2007, a reconstruction of Dante's face was undertaken in a collaborative project. Artists from Pisa University and engineers at the University of Bologna at Forlì constructed the model, portraying Dante's features as somewhat different from what was once thought.[28][29]
In 2008, the Municipality of Florence officially apologized for expelling Dante 700 years earlier.[30]
A celebration was held in 2015 for the 750th anniversary of his birth.[31][32]
Works[edit]
See also: Category:Works by Dante Alighieri
Divina Commedia (1472)
The Divine Comedy describes Dante's journey through Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Paradise (Paradiso); he is first guided by the Roman poet Virgil and then by Beatrice, the subject of his love (and of another of his works, La Vita Nuova). While the vision of Hell, the Inferno, is vivid for most modern readers, the theological niceties presented in the other books require a certain amount of patience and knowledge to appreciate. Purgatorio is arguably the most lyrical of the three, referencing more contemporary poets and artists than Inferno; Paradiso is the most heavily theological, and the one in which, many scholars have argued, the Divine Comedy's most beautiful and mystic passages appear (e.g., when Dante looks into the face of God: "all'alta fantasia qui mancò possa"—"at this high moment, ability failed my capacity to describe," Paradiso, XXXIII, 142).
Dante, poised between the mountain of purgatory and the city of Florence, displays the incipit Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita in a detail of Domenico di Michelino's painting, Florence, 1465.
With its seriousness of purpose, its literary stature and the range—both stylistic and thematic—of its content, the Comedy soon became a cornerstone in the evolution of Italian as an established literary language. Dante was more aware than most early Italian writers of the variety of Italian dialects and of the need to create a literature and a unified literary language beyond the limits of Latin writing at the time; in that sense, he is a forerunner of the Renaissance, with its effort to create vernacular literature in competition with earlier classical writers. Dante's in-depth knowledge (within the limits of his time) of Roman antiquity, and his evident admiration for some aspects of pagan Rome, also point forward to the 15th century. Ironically, while he was widely honored in the centuries after his death, the Comedy slipped out of fashion among men of letters: too medieval, too rough and tragic, and not stylistically refined in the respects that the high and late Renaissance came to demand of literature.
He wrote the Comedy in a language he called "Italian", in some sense an amalgamated literary language mostly based on the regional dialect of Tuscany, but with some elements of Latin and other regional dialects.[33] He deliberately aimed to reach a readership throughout Italy including laymen, clergymen and other poets. By creating a poem of epic structure and philosophic purpose, he established that the Italian language was suitable for the highest sort of expression. In French, Italian is sometimes nicknamed la langue de Dante. Publishing in the vernacular language marked Dante as one of the first in Roman Catholic Western Europe (among others such as Geoffrey Chaucer and Giovanni Boccaccio) to break free from standards of publishing in only Latin (the language of liturgy, history and scholarship in general, but often also of lyric poetry). This break set a precedent and allowed more literature to be published for a wider audience, setting the stage for greater levels of literacy in the future. However, unlike Boccaccio, Milton or Ariosto, Dante did not really become an author read all over Europe until the Romantic era. To the Romantics, Dante, like Homer and Shakespeare, was a prime example of the "original genius" who sets his own rules, creates persons of overpowering stature and depth, and goes far beyond any imitation of the patterns of earlier masters; and who, in turn, cannot truly be imitated. Throughout the 19th century, Dante's reputation grew and solidified; and by 1865, the 600th anniversary of his birth, he had become established as one of the greatest literary icons of the Western world.
Dante Alighieri, attributed to Giotto, in the chapel of the Bargello palace in Florence. This oldest picture of Dante was painted just prior to his exile and has since been heavily restored.
New readers often wonder how such a serious work may be called a "comedy". In the classical sense the word comedy refers to works which reflect belief in an ordered universe, in which events tend toward not only a happy or amusing ending but one influenced by a Providential will that orders all things to an ultimate good. By this meaning of the word, as Dante himself wrote in a letter to Cangrande I della Scala, the progression of the pilgrimage from Hell to Paradise is the paradigmatic expression of comedy, since the work begins with the pilgrim's moral confusion and ends with the vision of God.
Statue of Dante Alighieri in Verona
Dante's other works include Convivio ("The Banquet"),[34] a collection of his longest poems with an (unfinished) allegorical commentary; Monarchia,[35] a summary treatise of political philosophy in Latin which was condemned and burned after Dante's death[36][37] by the Papal Legate Bertrando del Poggetto, which argues for the necessity of a universal or global monarchy in order to establish universal peace in this life, and this monarchy's relationship to the Roman Catholic Church as guide to eternal peace; De vulgari eloquentia ("On the Eloquence of Vernacular"),[38] on vernacular literature, partly inspired by the Razos de trobar of Raimon Vidal de Bezaudun; and La Vita Nuova ("The New Life"),[39] the story of his love for Beatrice Portinari, who also served as the ultimate symbol of salvation in the Comedy. The Vita Nuova contains many of Dante's love poems in Tuscan, which was not unprecedented; the vernacular had been regularly used for lyric works before, during all the thirteenth century. However, Dante's commentary on his own work is also in the vernacular—both in the Vita Nuova and in the Convivio—instead of the Latin that was almost universally used. References to Divina Commedia are in the format (book, canto, verse), e.g., (Inferno, XV, 76).
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Bloom, Harold (1994). The Western Canon.
Jump up ^ Shaw, Prue (2014). Reading Dante: From Here to Eternity. New York: Liveright Publishign Corporation. pp. Introduction. ISBN 9780871407429.
Jump up ^ Haller, Elizabeth K. (2012). "Dante Alighieri". In Matheson, Lister M. Icons of the Middle Ages: Rulers, Writers, Rebels, and Saints. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-313-34080-2.
Jump up ^ A., Murray, Charles (2003). Human accomplishment : the pursuit of excellence in the arts and sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950 (1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780060192471. OCLC 52047270.
Jump up ^ His birth date is listed as "probably in the end of May" by Robert Hollander in "Dante" in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, volume 4. According to Boccaccio, the poet himself said he was born in May. See "Alighieri, Dante" in the Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Chimenz, S.A. Alighieri, Dante. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
Jump up ^ Santagata, Marco (2012). Dante: Il romanzo della sua vita. Milan: Mondadori. p. 21. ISBN 978-8804620266.
^ Jump up to: a b Davenport, John (2005). Dante: Poet, Author, and Proud Florentine. Infobase Publishing. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-4381-0415-7. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
Jump up ^ Alighieri, Dante (2007-10-29). "Dante Alighieri". Dante Alighieri. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
Jump up ^ Dante Alighieri (2013). Delphi Complete Works of Dante Alighieri. 6 (Illustrated ed.). Delphi Classics. ISBN 9781909496194.
Jump up ^ Alleen Pace Nilsen, Don L. F. Nilsen (2007). Names and Naming in Young Adult Literature. 27. Scarecrow Press. p. 133. ISBN 9780810866850.
Jump up ^ Dante Alighieri (1904). Philip Henry Wicksteed, Herman Oelsner, ed. The Paradiso of Dante Alighieri (fifth ed.). J.M. Dent and Company. p. 129.
Jump up ^ Jay Ruud (2008). Critical Companion to Dante. Infobase Publishing. p. 138. ISBN 9781438108414.
Jump up ^ "Guelphs and Ghibellines". Dante Alighieri Society of Massachusetts. Archived from the original on December 12, 2015. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dino Compagni, Cronica delle cose occorrenti ne' tempi suoi
Jump up ^ Robert Harrison, "Dante on Trial", NY Review of Books, 19 Feb 2015, pp. 36–37
Jump up ^ Harrison, p. 36.
Jump up ^ Malcolm Moore "Dante's infernal crimes forgiven", Daily Telegraph, June 17, 2008. Retrieved on June 18, 2008.
Jump up ^ See Bookrags.com and Tigerstedt, E.N. 1967, Dante; Tiden Mannen Verket (Dante; The Age, the Man, the Work), Bonniers, Stockholm, 1967.[dead link]
Jump up ^ Fabio M. Bertolo (2003). "L′Officiolum ritrovato di Francesco da Barberino". Spolia – Journal of Medieval Studies. Retrieved August 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Aquinatis: Vida de Santo Tomás de Aquino". Aquinatis.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
Jump up ^ "Le famiglie Brunacci". Brunacci.it. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
Jump up ^ Eugenio Garin. History of Italian Philosophy: VIBS. Books.google.com. p. 85. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
Jump up ^ "Frater Nicolaus Brunatii [† 1322] sacerdos et predicator gratiosus, fuit lector castellanus, arectinus, perusinus, urbevetanus et romanus apud Sanctam Sabinam tempore quo papa erat in Urbe, viterbiensis et florentinus in studio generali legens ibidem annis tribus (Cr Pg 37v). Cuius sollicita procuratione conventus perusinus meruit habere gratiam a summo pontifice papa Benedicto XI ecclesiam scilicet et parrochiam Sancti Stephani tempore quo [maggio 13041 ipse prior actu in Perusio erat (Cr Pg 38r)". E-theca.net. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Dante Alighieri". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ Vauchez, André; Dobson, Richard Barrie; Lapidge, Michael (2000). Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 1517. ; Caesar, Michael (1989). Dante, the Critical Heritage, 1314(?)–1870. London: Routledge. p. xi.
Jump up ^ "In praeclara summorum: Encyclical of Pope Benedict XV on Dante". The Holy See. Retrieved Nov. 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Pullella, Philip (January 12, 2007). "Dante gets posthumous nose job – 700 years on". Statesman. Reuters. Retrieved November 5, 2007.
Jump up ^ Benazzi, S (2009). "The Face of the Poet Dante Alighieri, Reconstructed by Virtual Modeling and Forensic Anthropology Techniques". Journal of Archaeological Science. 36 (2): 278–283. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.006.
Jump up ^ Florence sorry for banishing Dante
Jump up ^ "Messaggio del Santo Padre al Presidente del Pontificio Consiglio della Cultura in occasione della celebrazione del 750° anniversario della nascita di Dante Alighieri". Press.vatican.va. Archived from the original on 2015-05-04. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
Jump up ^ "Translator". Microsofttranslator.com. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
Jump up ^ Dante at Encyclopædia Britannica
Jump up ^ "Banquet". Dante online. Retrieved September 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Monarchia". Dante online. Retrieved September 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Anthony K. Cassell The Monarchia Controversy. The Monarchia stayed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum from its inception until 1881.
Jump up ^ Giuseppe Cappelli, La divina commedia di Dante Alighieri, in Italian.
Jump up ^ "De vulgari Eloquentia". Dante online. Retrieved September 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ "New Life". Dante online. Retrieved September 2, 2008.
References[edit]
De vulgari eloquentia, 1577
Allitt, John Stewart (2011). Dante, il Pellegrino (in Italian) (Edizioni Villadiseriane ed.). Villa di Serio (BG).
Teodolinda Barolini (ed.). Dante's Lyric Poetry: Poems of Youth and of the 'Vita Nuova'. University of Toronto Press, 2014.
Gardner, Edmund Garratt (1921). Dante. London: Oxford University Press. OCLC 690699123. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
Hede, Jesper (2007). Reading Dante: The Pursuit of Meaning. Lanham: Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739121962.
Miles, Thomas (2008). "Dante: Tours of Hell: Mapping the Landscape of Sin and Despair". In Stewart, Jon. Kierkegaard and the Patristic and Medieval Traditions. Ashgate. pp. 223–236. ISBN 9780754663911.
Raffa, Guy P. (2009). The Complete Danteworlds: A Reader's Guide to the Divine Comedy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226702704.
Scartazzini, Giovanni Andrea (1874–1890). La Divina Commedia riveduta e commentata (4 volumes). OCLC 558999245.
Scartazzini, Giovanni Andrea (1896–1898). Enciclopedia dantesca: dizionario critico e ragionato di quanto concerne la vita e le opere di Dante Alighieri (2 volumes). OCLC 12202483.
Scott, John A. (1996). Dante's Political Purgatory. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780585127248.
Seung, T. K. (1962). The Fragile Leaves of the Sibyl: Dante's Master Plan. Westminster, MD: Newman Press. OCLC 1426455.
Toynbee, Paget (1898). A Dictionary of the Proper Names and Notable Matters in the Works of Dante. London: The Clarendon Press. OCLC 343895. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
Whiting, Mary Bradford (1922). Dante the Man and the Poet. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons. OCLC 224789.
Guénon, René (1925). The Esoterism of Dante, trans. by C. B. Berhill, in the Perennial Wisdom Series. Ghent, N.Y.: Sophia Perennis et Universalis, 1996. viii, 72 p. N.B.: Originally published in French, entitled L'Esoterisme de Danté, in 1925. ISBN 0-900588-02-0
External links[edit]
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Wetherbee, Winthrop. "Dante Alighieri". In Zalta, Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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Chloe Lane
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Chloe Lane
Days of our Lives character
Portrayed by
Nadia Bjorlin
Duration
1999–2005
2007–11
2013
2015–
First appearance
November 24, 1999
Created by
Tom Langan
Introduced by
Ken Corday and Tom Langan (1999)
Ken Corday and Edward J. Scott (2007)
Ken Corday, Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng (2013)
Ken Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2015)
Classification
Present; regular
Profile
Other names
Dana Scott
Chloe Black
Chloe Horton
Chloe Jonas
Occupation
Music teacher
Opera singer
Prostitute
Hospital Volunteer
Talk Show Host
Home
Chicago
[show]Family
Father
Craig Wesley
Mother
Nancy Wesley
Sisters
Joy Wesley
Spouse
Brady Black (2005–08)
Lucas Horton (2009)
Daniel Jonas (2010–11)
Sons
Parker Jonas
Adoptive daughters
Holly Lane
Chloe Lane is a fictional character from the American NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives, portrayed by actress and singer Nadia Bjorlin. She was first introduced in November 1999, created by then-head writer Tom Langan.[1] Bjorlin played Chloe nearly continuously from 1999 through 2005, and from 2007 until 2011, when she decided not to renew her contract with the soap.[1] Bjorlin announced during an interview with TV Guide that she would return to Days of our Lives once again.[2] She made her return on January 7, 2013, and remained until April 16, 2013. Bjorlin returned to the role, in a two-episode stint in celebration of the soap's fiftieth anniversary celebration on August 3, 2015. She returned for another visit in January 2016 and returned full-term in June 2016.
Chloe arrived in Salem in the year 1999, having lived in an orphanage for fifteen years. She reunited with her birth mother, Nancy Wesley and they faced issues in their mother-daughter relationship. Chloe's social life was also bad, she was bullied at school for her personality and appearance, leading to her being popularly called "Ghoul girl" by her peers.[3] In spite of this, she managed to form a relationship with Philip Kiriakis. Chloe, who is also an opera singer, has diverted away from her early dark image over the years. She has been married three times, two of which have ended in divorce with one being annulled. She also shares a child with her late ex-husband Daniel Jonas, Parker.
Contents
[hide]
1 Casting and creation
2 Development
2.1 Characterization
2.2 Brady Black and Philip Kiriakis
2.3 Daniel Jonas and infidelity
2.4 2011 departure
2.5 2013 return
3 Storylines
3.1 1999–2005
3.2 2007–11
3.3 2013–
4 References
5 External links
Casting and creation[edit]
The role of Chloe Lane was introduced by head writer Tom Langan in November 1999. She has been portrayed by Nadia Bjorlin since the beginning.[1][4] The character was born on August 20, 1984. Her birth-date was originally 1985, as she appeared to be 16 years old in 2001.[4] Bjorlin's contract on Days of our Lives lasted until June 13, 2003 and she departed the series. She briefly returned from December 24, 2003 to January 12, 2004.[4] She had another stint from August 13 to September 2004. She returned on a recurring status from December 2004 to September 16, 2005, when she left Days of our Lives to pursue a role in the UPN series Sex, Love & Secrets.[4][5]
She returned on November 29, 2007 after an absence. Discussing her return, the actress said: "I love working with the people I used to and [who] I know, but it's also fun to work with new people, because you don't know what they're going to do in a scene".[5] While absent, she had landed roles in primetime series, as well as working in films.[5] She departed again in September 2011, and made her return on January 4, 2013, but departed the role a couple months later on April 16, 2013. The May 13, 2013, issue of Soaps In Depth confirmed that Bjorlin would make a brief return later in the year,[6] airing September 24, 2013 and September 25, 2013.
In March 2015, it was announced that Bjorlin would return as part of the show's fiftieth anniversary; she returned for a two-day stint on August 3 and August 4, 2015.[7]
In September 2015, it was hinted in an interview with Patrika Darbo that Bjorlin would be returning to the show at an unknown date. Bjorlin made her brief return on January 8 till 28, 2016.[8][9][10]
In December 2015, it was confirmed that Bjorlin will return as Chloe, but in a contract role, airing on June 10, 2016.[11][12][13]
Development[edit]
Characterization[edit]
Chloe as she appeared in 1999. Her image was extremely dark, and she was labeled "Ghoul girl" by bullies.[3]
Chloe has been described by William Keck of USA Today as: "soap's tragically disfigured soprano diva."[14] Chloe's teenage years weren't bright, she was often a victim of bullying at school.[3] She had a dark personality; wearing black clothes all the time and also wearing large glasses. She had a "defensive" attitude, which allowed her to be bullied by her peers and was referred to as "Ghoul girl", and was a social outcast.[15] They even left live chickens at her doorstep. Her turning point came when Belle Black (Kirsten Storms) and Philip Kiriakis (Jay Kenneth Johnson) befriended her. At the school dance in June 2000, she wore a bright red dress and had changed her appearance, stunning everybody.[3][16] A writer of The Spokesman-Review newspaper called her a "stunning beauty".[16] Michael Logan of TV Guide noted twelve years later in 2012 that: "She's had the craziest trajectory from Ghoul Girl."[2] In recent times, however, Chloe has diverted far away from her early image and her storylines focus more on her relationships, especially her habit of cheating. In 2010, Bjorlin said: "You know what? Chloe is not a naughty girl! She just makes bad decisions. She is always the one that gets stuck paying the ultimate consequences for her actions. She does not think things through realistically".[17]
Soap opera journalist Michael Fairman noted that Chloe tends to befriend women who have done her wrong, such as Nicole Walker (Arianne Zucker) and Carly Manning (Crystal Chappell), to which Bjorlin responded: "At least Carly was horrible within reason, but Nicole I don’t understand. It sort of adds to the fact that Chloe in her last few years, was being written like such a push-over and naïve. I am trying to see that she tries to see the best in all people and everyone makes mistakes."[17] When asked in 2009 who she would like to see Chloe possibly paired with, Bjorlin said E.J. DiMera (James Scott), stating: "I've had a lot of fun with the whole Chloe and Philip and Chloe and Brady thing, but you know I think it would be kind of fun to create some controversy and stir things up. Maybe a Chloe and EJ thing".[18]
Brady Black and Philip Kiriakis[edit]
Despite her being hated at school, she developed a romance with Philip. After their first kiss, she was appalled to find out that he only invited her to the dance because he lost a bet.[3] During this time, she found herself falling in love with Brady Black (Kyle Lowder), though still dating Philip.[3] She suspected that Philip's father, Victor Kiriakis (John Aniston) was using Brady to break up her romance with Philip; Philip also too suspected this and warned Brady to stay away from Chloe.[19] After her relationship with Philip ended she eventually became involved with Brady. They married in 2005; however, shortly after their marriage was destroyed because of Brady's drug addiction. When she returned in 2007, many thought it might have been her fault. In 2008, they divorced.[20] Of this storyline, Bjorlin said: "I personally was kind of glad that they didn’t take it in the approach that Chloe had done something, that it was Chloe’s fault or that Chloe killed him or had been unfaithful or whatever it may have been. I’m sort of glad that in the best manner they could, they didn’t really taint the relationship in that sense and they left the characters with integrity."[18] In 2003, Philip was re-cast with Kyle Brandt, who remained in the role in 2006. Upon Bjorlin's own return to the series in 2007, Johnson had returned to the role. Of this, Bjorlin stated that it was easy for her to fall right back into place as far as Philip and Chloe's relationship goes: "It's sort of undeniable. Jay and I have always had a really great time working together. We sometimes can't keep it together and be serious, especially now that Philip is so serious. He's a man now, so angry and stern. We'll start cracking up and we can't stop laughing."[5] She again said in 2009: "I think there’s such a camaraderie and trust and respect between both of us that’s been built for years that we truly enjoy working with each other".[18]
Daniel Jonas and infidelity[edit]
Shawn Christian (pictured) plays Daniel Jonas.
Chloe began romancing Lucas Roberts (Bryan Dattilo) after the demise of his relationship with Sami Brady (Alison Sweeney).[21] On New Years Eve of 2008, they became engaged. She cheated on Lucas with Dr. Daniel Jonas (Shawn Christian) and soon went into a coma after being poisoned by Kate Roberts (Lauren Koslow), Lucas' mother. Her relationship with Daniel was popular with viewers, labeled as "Danloe".[17] She awakened and her brief marriage to Lucas ended. She became involved with Daniel, but ended up cheating on him too. Chloe—after being duped by Vivian Alamain into thinking Daniel and Carly were having an affair—had a one-night stand with Philip while they were drunk and she ended up pregnant. Of this, Bjorlin stated: "She probably did not deal with her grief in the most appropriate way possible. Chloe does crazy things".[17] Carly, feeling guilty because Chloe's being duped into thinking her and Daniel were having an affair as a cruel attempt on VIvian's part to get Chloe to kill Carly, agreed to help Chloe secretly obtain a DNA test. Chloe came to form a friendship with Carly. Bjorlin said of their friendship: "I was feeling slightly juvenile for awhile [sic] just spewing venom on her. It is nice that we formed this friendship."[17]
Michael Fairman of On-Air On-Soaps said during his interview with Bjorlin and Christian "Dr. Daniel is becoming a dim-wit! Can’t he figure something is going on behind his back?". Bjorlin said: "It is kind of hysterical that everybody in Salem knows about this cheating incident except Daniel, at this point."[17] Because the DNA test had supposedly been switched, Chloe believed herself that Daniel could very well be the baby's father. She said: "[Chloe] got the relief of a lifetime when she found out the baby was Daniel’s. So she thought, “Now I am going to have my wedding. Nothing can go wrong."[17] Chloe gave birth to a son, who she named Parker Jonas initially. However, the supposed truth came out at Parker's baptism in front of family and friends that Philip was Parker's father.[22] This led to the end of the marriage. Having lost Daniel, Chloe sank into a state of post partum depression and tried to commit suicide.[4] Upon returning to Salem in January 2013, she's attempting to reestablish her relationship with Daniel, since it turns out that Parker really is his son.
2011 departure[edit]
After four years on June 7, 2011, TV Line among other sources confirmed that she was to depart once again. Her last air date was September 28, 2011.[4] Bjorlin said of her decision not to renew her contract: "It’s a bittersweet moment for me, but fortunately I have been at these crossroads before, and I’ve always rose to the challenge in everything I pursued [sic] I will miss the cast and crew dearly, and they — including executive producer Ken Corday — will always be considered family to me. At the same time, I am excited for where this next chapter in my life takes me".[23] While away, Bjorlin worked on the series Venice: The Series with fellow Days co-star Crystal Chappell and also appeared on the reality television show Dirty Soap, a series which followed the real lives of soap stars.[2] She also starred in the film Divorce Invitation. Dirty Soap provided viewers with insight about her decision to leave the show.[24]
2013 return[edit]
Patrika Darbo (pictured) plays Chloe's mother Nancy Wesley. She returned with Chloe in 2013.
Bjorlin announced during an interview with TV Guide on August 21, 2012, that she would return to the role of Chloe, with her first airdate being January 4, 2013. She began filming in September.[2] Speaking out about all of the rumors that had circulated, Bjorlin stated: "I find out a lot about myself through reading magazines [sic] There was a little bit of talk throughout the year. "Would you ever be interested in returning?" That sort of thing. But never anything concrete [sic] Now the timing is right. It's been a year since we've seen Chloe. Hopefully, the audience has forgotten what she was up to."[2] Speaking of her exit storyline the previous year, Bjorlin said that she herself would have written the character out: "Chloe is so near and dear to my heart and even I would have written her off after that storyline. She was spiraling out of control and the fans had stopped being able to recognize the character. I couldn't recognize her, either! A lot of what made Chloe so lovable — her integrity, her fun, her wit — was gone and I don't blame anyone for dropping her from the show."[2] She teased the character's return, hinting that she would return as "herself", and will have good self-esteem with a stronger and more confident mentality.[2]
In addition to Chloe's return to Salem, Patrika Darbo returned as Nancy, after an eight-year absence. Darbo said that Nancy is "going to be supporting her daughter; whether she’s right or whether she’s gone. Family takes care of family."[25] Of working with Bjorlin again, Darbo said they "just fell right back into it."[25] She also noted that in the past seven years, "some of the things that happened to Chloe would have happened, if Nancy had been there" and said "However, she’s back now, and she might start taking care of those people who hurt her daughter."[25]
Storylines[edit]
1999–2005[edit]
Chloe lived in an orphanage for the first fifteen years of her life. Nancy Wesley (Patrika Darbo) offered her the chance to move in with her, and Chloe accepted, later learning Nancy is actually her biological mother.[26] Originally introduced as a brainy "nerd" character with few friends, Chloe hides her incredible beauty behind frumpy clothes and horn-rimmed glasses making her an outsider at Salem High where she is picked on and often referred to as "Ghoul Girl." She becomes friends with Shawn-Douglas Brady (Jason Cook), and Belle Black. Chloe goes to a dance with the wealthy Philip Kiriakis, at which time she unveils her true appearance, and Philip immediately falls for her. They date until Chloe learns the first date was all because Philip lost a bet with Shawn.[26] Philip wanting Chloe back, does everything possible to win her back. The two fall in love again, but it is short-lived when Brady Black comes to town. Chloe immediately bonded with Brady over their shared love of the opera. Chloe, still dating Philip, assures him that nothing is going on between them. Brady, and Chloe's relationship begins to grow closer, causing more tension in Philip and Chloe's relationship. Philip attempts to sabotage Brady to make it look like he is a thief, Chloe ends her relationship with him and pursues one with Brady.[26]
Meanwhile, Chloe is diagnosed with leukemia, and with the help of Brady searches for her birth father to provide her with bone marrow. It is ultimately revealed that Nancy's husband Dr. Craig Wesley (Kevin Spirtas) is Chloe's father, Nancy having given Chloe up for adoption without telling Craig. Chloe survives when her sister, Joy, is born and proves to be a match.[26] Shortly after, Chloe leaves town to pursue her dream of being an opera singer in June 2003. Her relationship with Brady suffers from it. Brady is about to confront Chloe about ending their relationship, when Chloe is in a horrible car accident, her face was disfigured. Disgusted with her scars, she makes Brady believe she is dead. She does so for many months, until Brady finds out she is alive.[26] Chloe gets several reconstructive surgeries, restoring her face to its original beauty. Chloe reveals her new face to Brady, at their wedding.[26] After they are married, Chloe and Brady move to Vienna so Chloe can once again pursue her passion for opera singing.[26]
2007–11[edit]
Chloe returns in 2007, without Brady. She begins to rekindle her friendship with Belle, Shawn, and Philip. Brady comes back to town, revealing that he has a drug addiction, and that is why he and Chloe broke up.[27] Chloe pursues a relationship with Lucas Horton, but it ends when she cheats on him with Daniel Jonas.[28] Chloe eventually began a relationship with Daniel. Daniel and Chloe were engaged, but their relationship was complicated when Daniel's friend, Carly Manning, came to town, and they discovered that Daniel had fathered Carly's daughter, Melanie Jonas (Molly Burnett).
The situation was only complicated when Chloe had a hysterical pregnancy and was told that she would probably never have a child. One night, having been tricked by Vivian Alamain (Louise Sorel) to think that Carly and Daniel were having an affair, Chloe turned to Philip. The two slept together and when Chloe later learned she was pregnant, she did not know if the father was Daniel or Philip. Test results confirmed Daniel as the baby's father so Chloe didn't tell Daniel about the affair. Chloe married Daniel and gave birth to a son Parker. On the day of Parker's baptism, Caroline revealed that she had switched the test results, and that Philip was Parker's father. Daniel was heartbroken and left Chloe. Unable to deal with the pain of losing Daniel, Chloe slipped deep into depression and tried to commit suicide. Social services gave Philip full custody but Philip moved Chloe into the Kiriakis mansion with Parker so they could raise him together.
Chloe's mental health was still fragile and during a drunken rant to Kate, Chloe threatened to take Parker and no one would ever see him again. Fearful that she would make good on her threats, Philip took Parker and moved to Chicago. Chloe tried to get herself together by giving voice lessons to students in Salem and petitioning the court for supervised visits with Parker. Then Chloe met a handsome stranger named Quinn Hudson (Bren Foster), whom she hooked up with, later finding out that he had taped the encounter and used it to blackmail her into prostitution. Quinn (later revealed to be Vivian’s estranged son) had been hired by Kate Roberts to ruin Chloe's life and keep her away from Parker. However her call girl days end when she was viciously attacked by Gus, Vivian’s manservant-turned-vigilante who was assaulting hookers, putting her into a second coma (although it was shorter this time). When she awoke from the coma she identified Gus and received a sizable reward which gave her the means to move to Chicago, to pursue a more lucrative singing career and work towards regaining custody of her son, Parker.
2013–[edit]
On January 7, 2013, Chloe returned to Salem and revealed to Daniel that he is actually Parker's father, hoping they could be a family again. When Chloe learned Daniel had moved on with Jennifer she set about trying to break them up. Chloe blackmailed Jennifer into rejecting Daniel, by threatening to keep Daniel from seeing Parker, going so far as to have her mother Nancy take Parker to Brazil, but not telling Daniel, so Jennifer felt she had to publicly reject Daniel and leave the hospital, to protect Daniel from losing access to his son Parker, while never revealing her true feelings. After seeing a passport at Chloe's mother Nancy's place, Daniel figured out Chloe's scheme, with help from Rafe, and reconciled with Jennifer, who also got her job back at the hospital. After that Chloe decided to go back to Chicago, leaving Parker with Daniel.
On August 3, 2015, Chloe returned to Salem when she learned Daniel and Nicole were engaged and she objected to Nicole becoming Parker's stepmother. She ultimately accepted after a talk with Daniel.
In January 2016, Chloe came back to Salem to comfort Nicole after Daniel died in a car accident on New Years Day.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Nadia Bjorlin Bio". SoapOperDigest.com. 2010-02-26. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Exclusive: Nadia Bjorlin Returns to Days of Our Lives". tvguide.com. 2012-08-21. Retrieved August 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Chloe Lane: From Ghoul Girl to Darling Diva | WHR". Wormholeriders.net. 2010-08-07. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Who's Who – Chloe Lane". Retrieved 12 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Nadia Bjorlin Discusses her Return to 'Days of our Lives'". Buddytv.com. 2007-12-12. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Why Is Chloe Returning?". Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group: 13. May 13, 2013. |chapter= ignored (help)
Jump up ^ SOD (March 4, 2015). "NADIA BJORLIN BACK TO DAYS!". Soap Opera Digest. United States: soapoperadigest.com. American Media. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Clifford, Kambra (September 4, 2015). "Casting Roundup: All the big names headed to DAYS". United States: Soapcentral.com. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mulcahy Jr., Kevin (January 1, 2016). "Days of Our Lives Spoilers (January 4-8, 2016)". We Love Soaps. United States: Blogger (Google). Retrieved January 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Comings and Goings: Nadia Bjorlin (Chloe Lane)". Soap Opera Digest. (Vol. 41, No. 5). February 1, 2016. p. 11.
Jump up ^ "NADIA BJORLIN BACK TO DAYS". Soap Opera Digest. United States. American Media, Inc. December 18, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Potts, Kimberly (December 18, 2015). "'Days of our Lives' First Look: Nadia Bjorlin Returns as a Series Regular". Yahoo.com. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Michael (April 29, 2016). "Return Date Set for Days of our Lives Star Nadia Bjorlin". Serial Scoop. United States: Blogger (Google). Retrieved April 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Keck, William (2004-12-09). "USATODAY.com – All in a lather at 'Ocean's' premiere". Usatoday30.usatoday.com. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Soaps". The Item. (Osteen Publishing). 2000-04-21. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
^ Jump up to: a b Spokane, Wash (2000-06-28). "Blackmail Highlights 'Days of our Lives'" (Newspaper). The Spokesman-Review. (Cowles Publishing Company). Retrieved 2012-11-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "The Shawn Christian and Nadia Bjorlin Interview – Days of Our Lives". Michael Fairman On-Air On-Soaps. 2010-10-15. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Days of our Lives' Nadia Bjorlin Soap Cruise 2009 Interview! - Days of Our Lives News - Soaps.com". Soaps.sheknows.com. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Mary Ann (2001-06-30). "Chloe Suspects That Victor Is Using Brady to Break Her and Philip Up". The Ledger. (Halifax Media Group). Retrieved 2012-11-11.
Jump up ^ "About DAYS: Who's Who in Salem | Brady Black | Days of our Lives @". SoapCentral. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
Jump up ^ The Fodder Network (2008-07-11). "Days of Our Lives: Chloe Blames Herself for Lucas Going Back to Jail". Tvfodder.com. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
Jump up ^ morecoach (2010-12-27). "Days of our Lives Sneak Peek: Week of 12/27/10 | SOAPnet". Sn.soapnet.go.com. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich (2011-06-07). "Days of Our Lives Loses Another: Nadia Bjorlin". TVLine. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
Jump up ^ "First Look at DIRTY SOAP". SoapOperaDiegst.com. August 27, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Di Lauro, Janet. "Patrika Darbo from 'Days' to 'Desperate Housewives' and Back". About.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Days of our Lives – Bios – Nadia Bjorlin as Chloe Lane". Nbc.com. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
Jump up ^ "Monday, September 14 Days of Our Lives Recap - Episode Recap for Soap Opera Days of Our Lives Monday, September 14, 2009 - About.com". Daysofourlives.about.com. 2009-09-14. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
Jump up ^ SOW: Dr. Dan & Chloe Article 2009
External links[edit]
Chloe Lane on IMDb
[show]
v
t
e
Days of Our Lives
Current
characters
Brady Black
John Black
Caroline Brady
Claire Brady
Eric Brady
Hope Brady
Kayla Brady
Roman Brady
Shawn-Douglas Brady
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Theo Carver
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JJ Deveraux
Andre DiMera
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Eli Grant
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Jennifer Horton
Lucas Horton
Maggie Horton
Adrienne Johnson
Steve Johnson
Parker Jonas
Justin Kiriakis
Sonny Kiriakis
Victor Kiriakis
Chloe Lane
Paul Narita
Lani Price
Kate Roberts
Nicole Walker
Doug Williams
Julie Olson Williams
Notable past
characters
Alice Horton
Tom Horton
Lawrence Alamain
Vivian Alamain
Susan Banks
Belle Black
Bo Brady
Carrie Brady Reed
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Chelsea Brady
Ciara Brady
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Eve Donovan
Shane Donovan
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Arianna Hernandez
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Nathan Horton
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Robin Jacobs
Madison James
Aiden Jennings
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Joey Johnson
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Daniel Jonas
Melanie Jonas
Calliope Jones
Deimos Kiriakis
Philip Kiriakis
Paige Larson
Bonnie Lockhart
Mimi Lockhart
Patrick Lockhart
Carly Manning
Alex Marshall
Serena Mason
Colin Murphy
Tori Narita
Celeste Perrault
Austin Reed
Billie Reed
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[hide]
v
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[show]
Present and future characters
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Maggie Horton
Adrienne Johnson
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Justin Kiriakis
Sonny Kiriakis
Victor Kiriakis
Chloe Lane
Bonnie Lockhart
Anne Milbauer
Paul Narita
Lani Price
Kate Roberts
Holly Walker
Nicole Walker
Doug Williams
Julie Olson Williams
[show]
Past characters
Tom Horton
Alice Horton
Lawrence Alamain
Vivian Alamain
Susan Banks
Bart Beiderbecke
Belle Black
Peter Blake
Bo Brady
Caroline Brady
Carrie Brady
Cassie Brady
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Santo DiMera
Stefano DiMera
Sydney DiMera
Tony DiMera
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Eve Donovan
Theresa Donovan
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Nick Fallon
Megan Hathaway
Benjy Hawk
Arianna Hernandez
Dario Hernandez
Eduardo Hernandez
Addie Horton
Allie Horton
Bill Horton
Jeremy Horton
Laura Horton
Marie Horton
Melissa Horton
Mickey Horton
Nathan Horton
Sarah Horton
Tommy Horton
Will Horton
Robin Jacobs
Madison James
Aiden Jennings
Chase Jennings
Joey Johnson
Stephanie Johnson
Daniel Jonas
Melanie Jonas
Parker Jonas
Deimos Kiriakis
Philip Kiriakis
Maxine Landis
Paige Larson
Mimi Lockhart
Patrick Lockhart
Carly Manning
Alex Marshall
Serena Mason
Mia McCormick
Jade Michaels
Colin Murphy
Tori Narita
Celeste Perrault
Austin Reed
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Curtis Reed
Jordan Ridgeway
Wilhelm Rolf
Jan Spears
Isabella Toscano
Ava Vitali
Gina Von Amberg
Brandon Walker
Fay Walker
Taylor Walker
Nancy Wesley
Ben Weston
Clyde Weston
[show]
Character lists
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Salem
Cruise of Deception
Horton family
Brady family
DiMera family
Kiriakis family
Johnson family
Roberts family
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chloe_Lane&oldid=789365954"
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