text:
Jake Steinfeld
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Jake Steinfeld
Born
Jeffrey Steinfeld
(1958-02-21) February 21, 1958 (age 60)
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Occupation
Actor, fitness specialist, entrepreneur
Years active
1980–present
Children
4
Relatives
Hailee Steinfeld (niece)
Jeffrey "Jake" Steinfeld[1] (born February 21, 1958) is an American actor, fitness specialist and fitness trainer. Steinfeld develops businesses through the "Body by Jake" brand,[2] and founded Major League Lacrosse (MLL).
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
2 Television and film
3 Writing
4 Personal life
5 References
6 External links
Career[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Steinfeld develops brands and businesses as Chairman and CEO of Body by Jake and is the founder of FitOrbit a fitness and weight loss program. Previously, Steinfeld created FitTV, a 24-hour fitness lifestyle network, which he later sold to News Corp. Following the sale of FitTV, Jake launched ExerciseTV, a fitness on-demand television network, with partners Comcast, New Balance, and Time Warner.
Steinfeld founded Major League Lacrosse (MLL), the first professional outdoor lacrosse league, in 2001. MLL has nine franchises in North America; the championship trophy, is named the Steinfeld Cup.
Television and film[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Steinfeld started as a personal trainer with clients including Steven Spielberg and Harrison Ford, whom he trained for Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.[citation needed]
Later, he starred on a sitcom on the Family Channel called Big Brother Jake. Other television credits include King of the Hill, Movin' Mountains, Dream On, The Tracey Ullman Show, Shaping Up and Simon & Simon. In addition, Steinfeld appeared in the fourteenth season of Hell's Kitchen as a guest in episode 12's dinner service.[citation needed]
Steinfeld made his film debut in the 1979 film Americathon. He had the lead role of the killer in the early slasher film Home Sweet Home (1981).[3] Other film roles include Cheech and Chong's Next Movie (1980), Into the Night (1985), The Money Pit (1986), and Coming to America (1988). He supplied the voice of Git, a lab rat in the Disney animated feature Ratatouille and as the Fish Teller in the 2011 English version of From Up On Poppy Hill.
Writing[edit]
Steinfeld has authored and co-authored books including:
Body by Jake
Don't Quit
Get Strong! Body by Jake's Guide to Building Confidence, Muscles and a Great Future for Teenage Guys
PowerLiving by Jake, Eleven Lessons to Change Your Life
I've Seen a Lot of Famous People Naked and They've Got Nothing on You!
Take A Shot!, A Remarkable Story of Perseverance, Friendship, and a Really Crazy Adventure
Personal life[edit]
Steinfeld and his wife have four children.[citation needed]
Through his brother Peter, Steinfeld is the uncle of actress Hailee Steinfeld, who starred in the 2010 Coen brothers film True Grit.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ New York, Births, 1910-1965
Jump up ^ Body By Jake
Jump up ^ Sueyres, Thomas (2014-11-27). "Heinous for the Holidays: HOME SWEET HOME (1981)". Video Junkie. Retrieved 2014-11-28.
Jump up ^ Riley, Jenelle (December 13, 2010). "A Girl With 'Grit'". BackStage.com. Retrieved December 20, 2010.
External links[edit]
Jake Steinfeld on IMDb*
Hause, Irene [L.]. (1981, July). Jake Steinfeld: Movie-Makin’ Muscleman. Muscle & Bodybuilder, 3(11), pp. 14–18, 54. (Retrieved November 16, 2008.)
Preceded by
Sugar Ray Leonard Honorary mayor of Pacific Palisades, California
2013-present
[show]
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Hailee Steinfeld
Discography
Extended plays
Haiz
Singles
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"Starving"
"Most Girls"
"Let Me Go"
"Capital Letters"
Featured singles
"Show You Love"
"Digital Love"
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Promotional singles
"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town"
Other songs
"Flashlight"
"Stitches"
Acting career
True Grit (2010 film)
Pitch Perfect 2
Family
Jake Steinfeld
True O'Brien
Book
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 91675345
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jake_Steinfeld&oldid=835837567"
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Michael Oliver (actor)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Michael Oliver
Born
Michael Ponce Oliverius
(1981-10-10) October 10, 1981 (age 36)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation
child model, child actor
Years active
1983–1995
Michael Ponce Oliverius (born October 10, 1981) is an American former child actor of the 1990s better known by his stage name Michael Oliver. Oliver is best known for his role as "Junior" in the first two Problem Child movies.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and career
2 Lawsuit with Universal Pictures
3 Filmography
4 Award nominations
5 References
6 External links
Early life and career[edit]
Born in Los Angeles, California, Oliver's career started at the age of 2. His first job was as a model in a Sears catalog. At age 6, he appeared in a Chevron commercial where he wore glasses and had his voice dubbed over. After seeing Oliver in the Chevron commercial, a casting agent for the film Problem Child tracked Oliver down and cast him in the role days later.
When Problem Child was released in 1990, Oliver's appearance reminded people of a young Ron Howard as "Opie Taylor" in the Andy Griffith Show.[1] It became a "surprise hit,"[2] spawned two sequels and an animated series. Problem Child 2 followed in 1991; however, the script was considered not par with the original and repeatedly resorted to adult language, thus limiting the film's overall appeal.[2]
On a 2011 episode of the radio show Loveline, Oliver called in while Problem Child co-star Gilbert Gottfried was guest hosting. It was the first time they had spoken to each other since filming Problem Child 2.[citation needed]
In 2015 it was reported that Oliver was happy with his private life away from the celebrity scene and had said he was enjoying "a nice, quiet existence" although he expressed he was grateful for the time he had spent in the spotlight as a child star.[3]
On Saturday, June 4, 2016, Oliver married his longtime girlfriend Magnolia in Beverly Hills, California.[4]
Lawsuit with Universal Pictures[edit]
After completion of Problem Child 2, Universal Pictures sued Oliver's manager-mother Dianne Ponce for extorting his acting contract with the studio. Universal Pictures alleged that, on the eve of filming, Ponce threatened to remove her son from production unless his payment for the film was raised from $80,000 to $500,000.
A Superior Court jury ruled that the contract was unenforceable, Universal Pictures having entered into it under duress, and that Ponce and Oliver were obliged to return the difference between the $250,000 Universal had thus far paid and the $80,000 originally negotiated.[5][6][7][8]
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Film
Role
Other notes
1990 Problem Child Junior
1991 Problem Child 2 Junior Healy
1995 Dillinger and Capone Sam Dalton
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1990 Amen Max 1 episode
1991 Drexell's Class Mitchell 1 episode
1995 Platypus Man Rusty 1 episode
Award nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Result
Category
Film or series
1990-1991 Young Artist Award Nominated Best Young Actor Guest Starring or Recurring Role in a TV Series Drexell's Class
1992-1993 Best Youth Actor Leading Role in a Motion Picture Comedy Problem Child 2
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hicks, Chris. "Problem Child". deseretnews.com. Archived from the original on September 6, 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
^ Jump up to: a b Hicks, Chris. "Problem Child 2". deseretnews.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
Jump up ^ http://www.people.com/article/problem-child-25th-anniversary-10-things-you-didnt-know
Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10154314056910929&set=a.52465965928.46886.706250928&type=3&theater
Jump up ^ "Trial begins over U's 'Problem' child". Variety. 1993-04-22. Retrieved 2015-04-10.
Jump up ^ "'Problem Child' star takes stand in suit". Variety. 1993-04-26. Retrieved 2015-04-10.
Jump up ^ "'Child' suit won by U". Variety. 1993-04-27. Retrieved 2015-04-10.
Jump up ^ "'Child' verdict affirmed". Variety. 1993-06-16. Retrieved 2015-04-10.
External links[edit]
Michael Oliver on IMDb
Young Artists Awards / Past Nominees and Winners
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb14051037b (data)
ISNI: 0000 0000 0103 1061
VIAF: 51891904
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Oliver_(actor)&oldid=819491176"
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Indian River Lagoon
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Indian River Lagoon
Aerial view of Indian River Lagoon
Map of lagoon and surrounding area
Country
United States
State
Florida
Physical characteristics
Main source
Sea level
Length
156 mi (251 km)
Basin features
Basin size
2,187.5 sq mi (5,666 km2)
Coordinates: 28°03′19″N 80°34′34″W / 28.05528°N 80.57611°W / 28.05528; -80.57611
The Indian River Lagoon is a grouping of three lagoons: the Mosquito Lagoon, the Banana River, and the Indian River, on the Atlantic Coast of Florida; it is the most biodiverse lagoon ecosystem in the Northern Hemisphere and is home to more than 10,000 species of plants and animals.[1][2][3]
The Lagoon contains five state parks, four federal wildlife refuges and a national seashore.[4]
The Lagoon varies in width from .5 to 5 miles (0.80 to 8.05 km) and averages 4 feet (1.2 m) in depth.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Course
3 Natural history
3.1 Fauna
3.2 Flora
4 River modifications
5 Economy
6 See also
7 Citations
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
The Indian River Lagoon was originally known on early Spanish maps as the Rio de Ais, after the Ais Indian tribe, who lived along the east coast of Florida. An expedition in 1605 by Alvero Mexia resulted in the mapping of most of the lagoon. Original place names on the map included Los Mosquitos (the Mosquito Lagoon and the Halifax River), Haulover (current Haulover Canal area), Ulumay Lagoon (Banana River) Rio d' Ais (North Indian River), and Pentoya Lagoon (Indian River Melbourne to Ft. Pierce)[6]
Prior to the arrival of the railroad, the river was an essential transportation link.[7]
From 1989 to 2013, the population along the lagoon increased 50% to 1.6 million people.[8]
Course[edit]
The full length of the Indian River Lagoon is 156 miles (251 km), extending from Ponce de León Inlet in Volusia County, Florida, to Jupiter Inlet in Palm Beach County, Florida,[9][10] and includes Cape Canaveral. Lake Okeechobee is connected to the lagoon by the Okeechobee Waterway and the St. Lucie River meeting in Sewall's Point.
From north to south, the Indian River Lagoon system includes the following:
Mosquito Lagoon, from Ponce de Leon Inlet to the north end of Merritt Island, connected to Indian River by Haulover Canal.
Indian River, the main body of water, from the north border between Volusia and Brevard Counties along the western shore of Merritt Island, southward to St. Lucie Inlet.
Banana River, an offshoot of the Indian River, northward making up the eastern shore of Merritt Island.
Eau Gallie River
Crane Creek is a 3.3 miles (5.3 km) long tributary of the Indian River in Melbourne, Florida.
Turkey Creek Sanctuary is a county wildlife reserve and nature trail system located along the shores of Turkey Creek. A tributary of the Indian River, in Palm Bay Florida.
Turkey Creek (Indian River) is a tributary of the Indian River in Palm Bay Florida.
St. Sebastian River
Hobe Sound is the portion of the lagoon from St. Lucie Inlet to Jupiter Inlet.
Natural history[edit]
The Indian River Lagoon is North America's most diverse estuary, with more than 2100 species of plants and 2200 animals.
Fauna[edit]
The lagoon contains 35 species listed as threatened or endangered — more than any other estuary in North America.[5][11] The lagoon has about 2,500 types of animals in it.[clarification needed] It serves as a spawning and nursery ground for different species of oceanic and lagoon fish and shellfish. The lagoon also has one of the most diverse bird populations anywhere in America.
Nearly 1/3 of the nation's manatee population lives here or migrates through the Lagoon seasonally.
Nine-banded armadillos comprise one of the 34 mammals in the area. It is a 1920s immigrant from the Southwestern United States. In 2016 a Right whale with her calf entered the lagoon by mistake and safely exited to the ocean.[12]
Between 200 and 800 Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) also live in the Indian River Lagoon.[13][14]
Red Drum, Spotted seatrout, Common snook, and the Tarpon are the main gamefish in the Titusville area of the lagoon system.[15]
Avians include the American kestrel, Reddish egret and spoonbills.[12]
Butterflies include the Polydamas swallowtail.[12]
Flora[edit]
Seagrass is a critical component to the overall health of the lagoon.[16] By 1990, it had surpassed levels reached in 1943. the lagoon also contains Night-blooming cereus.[12]
River modifications[edit]
From 1913 to 2013, activity by humans has increased the watershed for the lagoon from 572,000 acres (231,000 ha) to 1,400,000 acres (570,000 ha) increasing runoff of freshwater and nutrients from farms. Both have been detrimental to lagoon health.[8] The wetlands are needed to cleanse the lagoon. About 40,000 acres (16,000 ha) of land were lost to mosquito control and have been restored, but by 2013, recovery was incomplete.[8]
Mangroves are important to marine life. Between the 1940s and 2013, 85% of them had been removed for housing development.
In 1990, the Florida Legislature passed the Indian River Lagoon Act, requiring most sewer plants to stop discharging into the lagoon by 1996. Some sports fish rebounded in population in the 1990s when gill nets were banned and pollution in the lagoon was reduced. In 1995 the seagrass covered over 100,000 acres (40,000 ha).[16][17]
The 1993–1996 data base used to track the movement of water through the St. Lucie Estuary and into Indian River Lagoon is described in Smith (2007). This includes daily mean discharge rates for the 16 gauged canals emptying into the St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon, predicted shelf tides, and wind speeds and directions recorded along the west side of the lagoon at about 27°32'N (corresponding to Segment 11 of the model).[18]
In 2007, concerns were raised about the future of the lagoon system, especially in the southern half where frequent freshwater discharges seriously threatened water quality, decreasing the salinity needed by many fish species, and have contributed to large algae blooms promoted by water saturated with plant fertilizers.[citation needed] In the mid 1990s, the lagoon has been the subject of research on light penetration for photosynthesis in submerged aquatic vegetation.[16]
In 2010, 3,300,000 pounds (1,500,000 kg) of nitrogen and 475,000 pounds (215,000 kg) of phosphorus entered the lagoon.[19]
In 2011, a "superbloom" of phytoplankton resulted in the loss of 32,000 acres (13,000 ha) of lagoon seagrass. In 2012, a brown tide bloom fouled the northern lagoon. The county has approval for funds to investigate these unusual blooms to see if they can be prevented.[20]
Catches of blue crabs dropped unevenly from 4,265,063 pounds (1,934,600 kg) in 1987 to 389,795 pounds (176,808 kg) in 2012, but with high catches in 1998, 1991, alternating with low catch years. These crabs require 2% salt content in the water to survive. A drought increases the salt content and heavy rainfall decreases it. Both of these conditions have recurred over the past decades and are believed to have had an adverse effect on the crab population.[21]
In 2013, algae blooms and loss of sea grass destroyed all gains.[8] In 2013, four major problems with lagoon water quality were identified. 1) Excess nitrogen and phosphorus from runoff from the application of fertilizer; 2) an estimated 8 to 11% septic tank failures of tens of thousands of septic tanks in the county. 3) Muck from construction, farming, erosion and dead plants find their way to the bottom of the lagoon, preventing growth and consuming vital oxygen essential to marine flora and fauna; 4) Invasive species, including the Asian green mussel, South American charru mussel, and the Australian spotted jellyfish, eat clams and fish larvae.[22]
In 2016, there were an estimated 300,000 septic tanks in the five-county area bordering the Lagoon.[23] At one time, sewer plants were worse polluters. In 1986, there were 46 sewer plants along the 156 miles (251 km) lagoon. They discharged about 55,000,000 US gallons (210,000,000 l; 46,000,000 imp gal) daily into the estuary. The state ended most sewer plant pollution by 1995.[24]
Economy[edit]
According to the Florida Oceanographic Society, nearly 1 million people live and work in the Indian River Lagoon region. The Lagoon accounts for $300 million in fisheries revenues, includes a $2.1 billion citrus industry, and generates more than $300 million in boat and marine sales annually.[4]
In 2007, visitors spent an estimated 3.2 million person-days in recreation on the lagoon.[25]
In 2008, Hazen and Sawyer,P.C. submitted a report titled "Indian River Lagoon Economic Assessment and Analysis Update" to Troy Rice, Director of the Indian River Lagoon National Estuary Program, St. Johns River Water Management District. The report described the estimated 2007 recreational uses and economic value of the Indian River Lagoon to residents and visitors of the five counties that comprise the Lagoon system. The sum of recreational expenditures and recreational use value was estimated at $2.1 billion.[26]
See also[edit]
Ballard Park
Environmental issues in Brevard County
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "The 20 Best Small Towns to Visit in 2015 -- 3. Stuart, Florida".
Jump up ^ "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - FACT SHEET COMPREHENSIVE E VERGLADES R ESTORATION P LAN Indian River Lagoon – South" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP): Indian River Lagoon South".
^ Jump up to: a b "Florida Oceanographic Society - Indian River Lagoon Fact Sheet" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-19. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
Jump up ^ Eriksen, John M. Brevard County, Florida : A Short History to 1955. Chapter One
Jump up ^ Johnston, Larry (May 15, 2016). "What's the history behind a waterway's name?". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 17A. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Waymer, Jim (October 13, 2013). "Leaders to discuss lagoon cures during special meeting.Talking solutions". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida: Gannett. pp. 6A. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Website of the St. Johns River Water Management District". sjrwmd.com. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "www.indianriverlagoon.com". indianriverlagoon.com. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "You are being redirected". sjrwmd.com. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "January 2017". 2017 Calendar. 2017.
Jump up ^ *BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN (Tursiops truncatus) Indian River Lagoon Estuarine System Stock
Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce - Tursiops truncatus - Habitat and Distribution
Field Study - Indian River Lagoon Dolphins - Dolphin 56 Sighting Ssummary Archived 2010-11-30 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Soper, Shawn J. (May 6, 2011). "Dolphin 56 Back Dazzling Boaters In Ocean City". The Dispatch (Ocean City, Maryland). Retrieved 6 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Fishing the Indian River Lagoon from Titusville Florida". abouttitusville.com. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hanisak, M. Dennis (1997). "Continuous Monitoring of Underwater Light in Indian River Lagoon: Comparison of Cosine and Spherical Sensors". In: EJ Maney, Jr and CH Ellis, Jr (Eds.) The Diving for Science…1997, Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences, Seventeenth annual Scientific Diving Symposium. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
Jump up ^ Dawes, Clinton J.; M. Dennis Hanisak,; Judson W. Kenworthy (1995). "Seagrass biodiversity in the Indian River Lagoon". Bulletin of Marine Science. 57 (1): 59–66. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
Jump up ^ Ned P. Smith (2016). "Transport pathways through southern Indian River Lagoon". Florida Scientist. 79 (1): 39–50. ISSN 0098-4590. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Editorial:Dying dolphins". Melbourne, Florida: Florida Today. 22 May 2010. pp. 13A.
Jump up ^ Waymer, Jim (April 25, 2013). "Panel approves $1.2 million in lagoon projects". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 2B.
Jump up ^ Waymer, Jim (September 8, 2013). "Lagoon crab catches dwindle". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 1A,3A. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Waymer, Jim (September 29, 2013). "Do something!". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 4A.
Jump up ^ How septic tanks may imperil this Florida ecosystem' on YouTube
Jump up ^ Berman, Dave (March 20, 2016). "Some issues remain half century later". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. p. 11. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Visitors spend big on the lagoon". Indian River Lagoon Update. XVI (3): 1. Summer 2008.
Jump up ^ Section 7. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-07. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
References[edit]
Stolen, Megan K.; Barlow, Jay (October 2003). "A Model Life Table for Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Indian River Lagoon System, Florida, U.S.A." (PDF). Marine Mammal Science.19(4). pp. 630–649.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian River Lagoon.
Indian River Lagoon Watershead from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection
Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory
From the Water: Healing our Lagoon, a 2015 series of Florida Today articles
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Indian River Lagoon
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Smith, N.P. 2016, "Transport pathways through southern Indian River Lagoon", Florida Scientist, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 39.
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Prime Minister of Australia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the office of the Prime Minister of Australia. For a list of Australian Prime Ministers, see List of Prime Ministers of Australia.
Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia
Commonwealth Coat of Arms
Incumbent
Malcolm Turnbull
since 15 September 2015
Government of Australia
Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
Style
The Honourable
(Formal)
Prime Minister
(Spoken)
Member of
Cabinet
National Security Committee
Federal Executive Council
Reports to
Parliament
Residence
The Lodge (Canberra)
Kirribilli House (Sydney)
Seat
Canberra (primary)
Sydney (secondary)
Appointer
Governor-General of Australia
Term length
At the Governor-General's pleasure
Inaugural holder
Edmund Barton
Formation
1 January 1901
Salary
$507,338 (AUD)
Website
pm.gov.au
The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the head of government of Australia. The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown, the leader of the Cabinet and the chairperson of the National Security Committee. The Prime Minister also has the responsibility of administering the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through longstanding political convention and tradition. Despite this, in practice it is the most powerful parliamentary position in Australia. The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the Governor-General of Australia.
Almost always and according to convention, the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives. However, there is no constitutional requirement that the Prime Minister sit in the House of Representatives, or even be a member of the federal parliament (subject to a constitutionally prescribed limit of three months), though by convention this is always the case. The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed Prime Minister was John Gorton, who subsequently resigned his Senate position and was elected as a member of the House of Representatives (Senator George Pearce was acting Prime Minister for seven months in 1916 while Billy Hughes was overseas).[1]
Malcolm Turnbull has held the office of Prime Minister since 15 September 2015. He received his commission after replacing Tony Abbott as the leader of the Liberal Party, the dominant party in the Coalition government, following the outcome of the September 2015 Liberal leadership ballot.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Constitutional basis and appointment
2 Powers and role
3 Privileges of office
3.1 Salary
3.2 Allowances
3.3 After office
4 Acting and interim Prime Ministers
5 Former Prime Ministers
6 Ages
7 Timeline
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Constitutional basis and appointment[edit]
Australia
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Australia
Constitution[show]
Constitution of Australia
Statute of Westminster Adoption Act
Australia Act
The Crown[show]
Monarch: Elizabeth II
Governor-General: Sir Peter Cosgrove
Executive[show]
Prime Minister: Malcolm Turnbull
Deputy Prime Minister: Barnaby Joyce
Federal Executive Council
Ministry
Current (71st)
Cabinet
Legislature[show]
Parliament
Senate
President: Stephen Parry
House of Representatives
Speaker: Tony Smith
Opposition
Leader: Bill Shorten
Shadow Ministry
Judiciary[show]
High Court
Lower Courts
Laws of Australia
Elections[show]
Federal electoral system
Electoral divisions
Political parties
Recent elections
Federal: 2016
2013
2010
Federal by-elections
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Governors and Administrators
Premiers and Chief Ministers
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Related topics[show]
Regions
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Defence Force
Public holidays
Republicanism
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
Australia's first Prime Minister, Edmund Barton at the central table in the House of Representatives in 1901.
The Prime Minister of Australia is appointed by the Governor-General of Australia under Section 64 of the Australian Constitution, which empowers the Governor-General, as the official representative of the monarch, to appoint government ministers of state and requires them to be members of the House of Representatives or the Senate, or become members within three months of the appointment. The Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement.[3] Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable (usually abbreviated to The Hon) for life, barring exceptional circumstances. The senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia.
The Prime Minister is, like other ministers, normally sworn in by the Governor-General and then presented with the commission (Letters patent) of office. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the Prime Minister is said to "hand in the commission" and actually does so by returning it to the Governor-General. In the event of a Prime Minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, or for other reasons, the Governor-General can terminate the commission. Ministers hold office "during the pleasure of the Governor-General" (s. 64 of the Constitution of Australia), so theoretically, the Governor-General can dismiss a minister at any time, by notifying them in writing of the termination of their commission; however, their power to do so except on the advice of the Prime Minister is heavily circumscribed by convention.
Despite the importance of the office of Prime Minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be sufficiently entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail them. The formal title of the portfolio has always been simply "Prime Minister", except for the period of the Fourth Deakin Ministry (June 1909 to April 1910), when it was known as "Prime Minister (without portfolio)".[4]
If a government cannot get its appropriation (budget) legislation passed by the House of Representatives, or the House passes a vote of "no confidence" in the government, the Prime Minister is bound by convention to immediately advise the Governor-General to dissolve the House of Representatives and hold a fresh election.
Following a resignation in other circumstances, or the death of a Prime Minister, the governor-general will generally appoint as Prime Minister the person elected as leader by the governing party or, in the case of a coalition, the senior party in the coalition. There have been four notable exceptions to this:
When Joseph Lyons, Prime Minister and leader of the United Australia Party (UAP), died suddenly in April 1939, the governor-general, Lord Gowrie, called on Sir Earle Page to become caretaker Prime Minister. Page was the leader of the smaller party in the governing coalition, the Country Party. He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected a new leader, Robert Menzies.
In August 1941 Menzies resigned as Prime Minister. The UAP was so bereft of leadership at this time that the Country Party leader Arthur Fadden was invited to become Prime Minister, although the Country Party was the smaller of the two coalition parties. The government depended on support from two independents, who two months later voted against Fadden's budget and brought the government down, paving the way for John Curtin to be appointed as Labor Prime Minister.
In July 1945 John Curtin died suddenly. His deputy, Frank Forde, was sworn in the next day as Prime Minister, although the Labor Party had not had an opportunity to meet and elect a new leader. Forde served for eight days until Ben Chifley was elected leader. Chifley was then sworn in, replacing Forde, who became Australia's shortest-serving Prime Minister.
Harold Holt disappeared while swimming on 17 December 1967 and was declared presumed dead on 19 December. The governor-general, Lord Casey, commissioned the Leader of the Country Party, John McEwen, to form a government until the Liberal Party elected a new leader. McEwen was Prime Minister for 23 days, until the election of (then Senator) John Gorton.
There were only three other cases where someone other than the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives was Prime Minister:
Federation occurred on 1 January 1901, but elections for the first parliament were not scheduled until late March. In the interim, an unelected caretaker government was necessary. In what is now known as the Hopetoun Blunder, the governor-general, Lord Hopetoun, invited Sir William Lyne, the premier of the most populous state, New South Wales, to form a government. Lyne was unable to do so and returned his commission in favour of Edmund Barton, who became the first Prime Minister and led the inaugural government into and beyond the election.
During the second parliament, three parties (Free Trade, Protectionist and Labor) had roughly equal representation in the House of Representatives. The leaders of the three parties, Alfred Deakin, George Reid and Chris Watson each served as Prime Minister before losing a vote of confidence.
During the 1975 constitutional crisis, on 11 November 1975, the governor-general, Sir John Kerr, dismissed the Labor Party's Gough Whitlam as Prime Minister. Despite Labor holding a majority in the House of Representatives, Kerr appointed the Leader of the Opposition, Liberal leader Malcolm Fraser as caretaker Prime Minister, conditional on the passage of the Whitlam government's Supply bills through the Senate and the calling of an election for both houses of parliament. Fraser accepted these terms and immediately advised a double dissolution. An election was called for 13 December, which the Liberal Party won in its own right (although the Liberals governed in a coalition with the Country Party).
Powers and role[edit]
The first Prime Minister of Australia, Edmund Barton (sitting second from left), with his Cabinet, 1901.
Most of the Prime Minister's powers derive from being head of Government. In practice, the Federal Executive Council will act to ratify all decisions made by the cabinet and decisions of the cabinet will always require the support of the Prime Minister. The powers of the governor-general to grant Royal Assent to legislation, to dissolve and prorogue parliament, to call elections and to make appointments are exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister.
The Prime Minister is also the responsible minister for the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, which is tasked with supporting the policy agendas of the Prime Minister and Cabinet through policy advice and the coordination of the implementation of key government programs, to manage Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander policy and programs and to promote reconciliation, to provide leadership for the Australian Public Service alongside the Australian Public Service Commission, to oversee the honours and symbols of the Commonwealth, to provide support to ceremonies and official visits, to set whole of government service delivery policy, and to coordinate national security, cyber, counterterrorism, regulatory reform, cities, population, data, and women's policy.[5]
The formal power to appoint the Governor-General lies with the Queen of Australia, but this appointment is done on the formal advice of the Prime Minister. By convention, this advice is provided by the Prime Minister alone, and thus the appointment is effectively the Prime Minister's personal choice. The Prime Minister may also advise the monarch to dismiss the Governor-General, though it remains unclear how quickly the monarch would act on such advice in a constitutional crisis. This uncertainty, and the possibility of a "race" between the Governor-General and Prime Minister to sack the other, was a key question in the 1975 constitutional crisis.
The power of the Prime Minister is subject to a number of limitations. Prime Ministers removed as leader of their party, or whose government loses a vote of no-confidence in the House of Representatives, are expected to advise an election of the lower house or resign the office. If they fail to do this they will be dismissed by the Governor-General.[6]
The Prime Minister's party will normally have a majority in the House of Representatives and party discipline is exceptionally strong in Australian politics, so passage of the government's legislation through the House of Representatives is mostly a formality. Attaining the support of the Senate can be more difficult as government usually lacks an absolute majority because the Senate's representation is based on overall proportion of votes and often includes minor parties.
Privileges of office[edit]
Salary[edit]
Prime Ministerial salary history
Effective date
Salary
2 June 1999 $289,270
6 September 2006 $309,270
1 July 2007 $330,356
1 October 2009 $340,704[7]
1 August 2010 $354,671[8]
1 July 2011 $366,366
1 December 2011 $440,000
15 March 2012 $481,000[9]
1 July 2012 $495,430[10]
1 July 2013 $507,338[11]
1 January 2016 $517,504[12]
1 July 2017 $527,852[13]
On 1 July 2017, the Australian Government's Remuneration Tribunal adjusted the Prime Ministerial salary, raising it to its current amount of $527,852.
Allowances[edit]
Prime Ministers Curtin, Fadden, Hughes, Menzies and Governor-General The Duke of Gloucester 2nd from left, in 1945.
Whilst in office, the Prime Minister has two official residences. The primary official residence is The Lodge in Canberra. Most Prime Ministers have chosen The Lodge as their primary residence because of its security facilities and close proximity to Parliament House. There have been some exceptions, however. James Scullin preferred to live at the Hotel Canberra (now the Hyatt Hotel) and Ben Chifley lived in the Hotel Kurrajong. More recently, John Howard used the Sydney Prime Ministerial residence, Kirribilli House, as his primary accommodation. On her appointment on 24 June 2010, Julia Gillard said she would not be living in The Lodge until such time as she was returned to office by popular vote at the next general election. (She became Prime Minister mid-term after replacing the incumbent, Kevin Rudd, who resigned in the face of an unwinnable party-room ballot.) During his first term, Rudd had a staff at The Lodge consisting of a senior chef and an assistant chef, a child carer, one senior house attendant, and two junior house attendants. At Kirribilli House in Sydney, there is one full-time chef and one full-time house attendant.[14] The official residences are fully staffed and catered for both the Prime Minister and their family. In addition, both have extensive security facilities. These residences are regularly used for official entertaining, such as receptions for Australian of the Year finalists.
The Prime Minister receives a number of transport amenities for official business. The Royal Australian Air Force's No. 34 Squadron transports the Prime Minister within Australia and overseas by specially converted Boeing Business Jets and smaller Challenger aircraft. The aircraft contain secure communications equipment as well as an office, conference room and sleeping compartments. The call-sign for the aircraft is "Envoy". For ground travel, the Prime Minister is transported in an armoured BMW 7 Series model (a German-made car, rather than British). It is referred to as "C-1", or Commonwealth One, because of its licence plate. It is escorted by police vehicles from state and federal authorities.[15]
After office[edit]
Prime Ministers are usually granted certain privileges after leaving office, such as office accommodation, staff assistance, and a Life Gold Pass, which entitles the holder to travel within Australia for "non-commercial" purposes at government expense.
Only one Prime Minister who had left the Federal Parliament ever returned. Stanley Bruce was defeated in his own seat in 1929 while Prime Minister, but was re-elected to parliament in 1931. Other Prime Ministers were elected to parliaments other than the Australian federal parliament: Sir George Reid was elected to the UK House of Commons (after his term as High Commissioner to the UK); and Frank Forde was re-elected to the Queensland Parliament (after his term as High Commissioner to Canada, and a failed attempt to re-enter the Federal Parliament).
Privileges of office
The Lodge
Kirribilli House
Prime Ministerial car
Official aircraft
Acting and interim Prime Ministers[edit]
From time to time Prime Ministers are required to leave the country on government business and a deputy acts in their place during that time. In the days before jet aircraft, such absences could be for extended periods. For example, William Watt was acting prime Minister for 16 months, from April 1918 until August 1919, when Prime Minister Billy Hughes was away at the Paris Peace Conference,[16] and Senator George Pearce was acting Prime Minister for more than seven months in 1916.[17] An acting Prime Minister is also appointed when the prime minister takes leave. The Deputy Prime Minister most commonly becomes acting Prime Minister in those circumstances.
Three Prime Ministers have died in office – Joseph Lyons (1939), John Curtin (1945) and Harold Holt (1967) – and Robert Menzies resigned as Prime Minister in 1941. In each of these cases the Deputy Prime Minister (an unofficial office at the time) became an interim Prime Minister, pending an election of a new leader of the government party. In none of these cases was the interim Prime Minister successful at the subsequent election, however, The United Party agreed to make Arthur Fadden the Prime Minister, and leader of the Coalition, despite the fact that he was leader of the Party of the Junior Members
The powers and duties of an acting or interim Prime Minister is analogous to that of a caretaker Prime Minister.
Former Prime Ministers[edit]
As of September 2017, there are six living former Australian Prime Ministers.[18]
Bob Hawke
In office: 1983–91
Age: 87
Paul Keating
In office: 1991–96
Age: 73
John Howard
In office: 1996–07
Age: 78
Kevin Rudd
In office: 2007–10; 13
Age: 59
Julia Gillard
In office: 2010–13
Age: 55
Tony Abbott,
In office: 2013–15
Age: 59
The greatest number of living former Prime Ministers at any one time was eight. This has occurred twice:
Between 7 October 1941 (when John Curtin succeeded Arthur Fadden) and 18 November 1941 (when Chris Watson died), the eight living former Prime Ministers were Bruce, Cook, Fadden, Hughes, Menzies, Page, Scullin and Watson.
Between 13 July 1945 (when Ben Chifley succeeded Frank Forde) and 30 July 1947 (when Sir Joseph Cook died), the eight living former Prime Ministers were Bruce, Cook, Fadden, Forde, Hughes, Menzies, Page and Scullin.
Of the other Prime Ministers, Ben Chifley died only one year and six months after leaving the Prime Ministership and Alfred Deakin lived another nine years and five months.[19]
All the others who have left office have lived at least another 10 years. Nine of them (Bruce, Cook, Fadden, Forde, Fraser, Gorton, Hughes, Watson, and Whitlam) lived more than 25 years after leaving the office, and all but one of them have survived longer than 30 years (Hughes lived for 29 years and 8 months following service).
The longest-surviving was Gough Whitlam, who lived 38 years and 11 months after office, surpassing Stanley Bruce's previous record of 37 years and 10 months after leaving the office.[20]
Ages[edit]
The three youngest people when they first became Prime Minister were:
Chris Watson – 37[21]
Stanley Bruce – 39[22]
Robert Menzies – 44[23]
The three oldest people when they first became Prime Minister were:
John McEwen – 67[24]
William McMahon – 63[25]
Malcolm Turnbull – 60
The three youngest people to last leave the office of Prime Minister were:
Chris Watson – 37
Arthur Fadden – 46 years 5 months 22 days[26]
Stanley Bruce – 46 years 6 months 7 days
The three oldest people to last leave the office of Prime Minister were:
Robert Menzies – 71
John Howard – 68
John McEwen – 67
Timeline[edit]
The longest serving Prime Minister was Sir Robert Menzies, who served in office twice: from 26 April 1939 to 28 August 1941, and again from 19 December 1949 to 26 January 1966. In total Robert Menzies spent 18 years, 5 months and 12 days in office. He served under the United Australia Party and the Liberal Party respectively.
The shortest-serving Prime Minister was Frank Forde, who was appointed to the position on 6 July 1945 after the death of John Curtin, and served until 13 July 1945 when Ben Chifley was elected leader of the Australian Labor Party.
Parties
Australian Labor Party Liberal Party of Australia Australian Country Party Nationalist Party of Australia
United Australia Party Commonwealth Liberal Party National Labor Party Free Trade Party Protectionist Party
No.
Name
(birth–death)
Portrait
Party
Term of office
Electorate served
Elections won
Ministry
Ref
1
Sir Edmund Barton
(1849–1920) Protectionist 1 January
1901 24 September
1903 Hunter, NSW,
1901–1903 (resigned) 1901 Barton [27]
2
Alfred Deakin
(1856–1919) Protectionist 24 September
1903 27 April
1904 Ballaarat, Vic,[Note 1]
1901–1913 (retired) 1903 1st Deakin [28]
3
Chris Watson
(1867–1941) Labour 27 April
1904 18 August
1904 Bland, NSW,
1901–1906
South Sydney, NSW,
1906–1910 (retired) — Watson [21]
4
George Reid
(1845–1918) Free Trade 18 August
1904 5 July
1905 East Sydney, NSW,
1901–1909 (resigned) — Reid [29]
(2)
Alfred Deakin
(1856–1919) Protectionist 5 July
1905 13 November
1908 Ballaarat, Vic,[Note 1]
1901–1913 (retired) — 2nd Deakin
1906 3rd Deakin
5
Andrew Fisher
(1862–1928) Labour 13 November
1908 2 June
1909 Wide Bay, Qld,
1901–1915 (resigned) — 1st Fisher [30]
(2)
Alfred Deakin
(1856–1919) Commonwealth Liberal 2 June
1909 29 April
1910 Ballaarat, Vic,[Note 1]
1901–1913 (retired) — 4th Deakin
(5)
Andrew Fisher
(1862–1928) Labor 29 April
1910 24 June
1913 Wide Bay, Qld,
1901–1915 (resigned) 1910 2nd Fisher
6
Joseph Cook
(1860–1947) Commonwealth Liberal 24 June
1913 17 September
1914 Parramatta, NSW,
1901–1921 (resigned) 1913 Cook [31]
(5)
Andrew Fisher
(1862–1928) Labor 17 September
1914 27 October
1915 Wide Bay, Qld,
1901–1915 (resigned) 1914 3rd Fisher
Billy Hughes
(1862–1952) Labor 27 October
1915 14 November
1916 West Sydney, NSW,
1901–1917
Bendigo, Vic,
1917–1922
North Sydney, NSW,
1922–1949
Bradfield, NSW,
1949–1952 (died) — 1st Hughes [32]
7
National Labor 14 November
1916 17 February
1917 — 2nd Hughes
Nationalist 17 February
1917 9 February
1923 — 3rd Hughes
1917 4th Hughes
1919 5th Hughes
8
Stanley Bruce
(1883–1967) Nationalist
(Coalition) 9 February
1923 22 October
1929 Flinders, Vic,
1918–1929 (defeated) ;
1931–1933 (resigned) 1922 1st Bruce [22]
1925 2nd Bruce
1928 3rd Bruce
9
James Scullin
(1876–1953) Labor 22 October
1929 6 January
1932 Corangamite, Vic,
1910–1913 (defeated)
Yarra, Vic,
1922–1949 (retired) 1929 Scullin [33]
10
Joseph Lyons
(1879–1939) United Australia
(Coalition) 6 January
1932 7 April
1939† Wilmot, Tas,
1929–1939 (died) 1931 1st Lyons [34]
1934 2nd Lyons
— 3rd Lyons
1937 4th Lyons
11
Sir Earle Page
(1880–1961) Country
(Coalition) 7 April
1939 26 April
1939 Cowper, NSW
1919–1961 (defeated) — Page [35]
12
Robert Menzies
(1894–1978) United Australia
(Coalition) 26 April
1939 28 August
1941 Kooyong, Vic,
1934–1966 (resigned) — 1st Menzies [23]
2nd Menzies
1940 3rd Menzies
13
Arthur Fadden
(1894–1973) Country
(Coalition) 28 August
1941 7 October
1941 Darling Downs, Qld
1936–1949
McPherson, Qld
1949–1958 (retired) — Fadden [26]
14
John Curtin
(1885–1945) Labor 7 October
1941 5 July
1945† Fremantle, WA,
1928–1931 (defeated) ;
1934–1945 (died) — 1st Curtin
1943 2nd Curtin
15
Frank Forde
(1890–1983) Labor 6 July
1945 13 July
1945 Capricornia, Qld,
1922–1946 (defeated) — Forde
16
Ben Chifley
(1885–1951) Labor 13 July
1945 19 December
1949 Macquarie, NSW,
1928–1931 (defeated) ;
1940–1951 (died) — 1st Chifley
1946 2nd Chifley
(12)
Sir Robert Menzies
(1894–1978) Liberal
(Coalition) 19 December
1949 26 January
1966 Kooyong, Vic,
1934–1966 (resigned) 1949 4th Menzies
1951 5th Menzies
1954 6th Menzies
1955 7th Menzies
1958 8th Menzies
1961 9th Menzies
1963 10th Menzies
17
Harold Holt
(1908–1967) Liberal
(Coalition) 26 January
1966 19 December
1967† Fawkner, Vic,
1935–1949
Higgins, Vic,
1949–1967 (disappeared) — 1st Holt
1966 2nd Holt
18
John McEwen
(1900–1980) Country
(Coalition) 19 December
1967 10 January
1968 Echuca, Vic,
1934–1937
Indi, Vic,
1937–1949
Murray, Vic,
1949–1971 (resigned) — McEwen
19
John Gorton
(1911–2002) Liberal
(Coalition) 10 January
1968 10 March
1971 Senator 1950–1968 (resigned)[Note 2]
MP for Higgins, Vic,
1968–1975 (retired)[Note 3]
— 1st Gorton
1969 2nd Gorton
20
William McMahon
(1908–1988) Liberal
(Coalition) 10 March
1971 5 December
1972 Lowe, NSW,
1949–1982 (resigned) — McMahon
21
Gough Whitlam
(1916–2014) Labor 5 December
1972 11 November
1975 Werriwa, NSW,
1952–1978 (resigned) 1972 1st Whitlam
— 2nd Whitlam
1974 3rd Whitlam
22
Malcolm Fraser
(1930–2015) Liberal
(Coalition) 11 November
1975 11 March
1983 Wannon, Vic,
1955–1983 (resigned) — 1st Fraser
1975 2nd Fraser
1977 3rd Fraser
1980 4th Fraser
23
Bob Hawke
(1929–) Labor 11 March
1983 20 December
1991 Wills, Vic,
1980–1992 (resigned) 1983 1st Hawke
1984 2nd Hawke
1987 3rd Hawke
1990 4th Hawke
24
Paul Keating
(1944–) Labor 20 December
1991 11 March
1996 Blaxland, NSW,
1969–1996 (resigned) — 1st Keating
1993 2nd Keating
25
John Howard
(1939–) Liberal
(Coalition) 11 March
1996 3 December
2007 Bennelong, NSW,
1974–2007 (defeated) 1996 1st Howard
1998 2nd Howard
2001 3rd Howard
2004 4th Howard
26
Kevin Rudd
(1957–) Labor 3 December
2007 24 June
2010 Griffith, Qld,
1998–2013 (resigned) 2007 1st Rudd
27
Julia Gillard
(1961–) Labor 24 June
2010 27 June
2013 Lalor, Vic,
1998–2013 (retired) — 1st Gillard
2010 2nd Gillard
(26)
Kevin Rudd
(1957–) Labor 27 June
2013 18 September
2013 Griffith, Qld,
1998–2013 (resigned) — 2nd Rudd
28
Tony Abbott
(1957–) Liberal
(Coalition) 18 September
2013 15 September
2015 Warringah, NSW,
since 1994 2013 Abbott
29
Malcolm Turnbull
(1954–) Liberal
(Coalition) 15 September
2015 Incumbent Wentworth, NSW,
since 2004 — 1st Turnbull
2016 2nd Turnbull
See also[edit]
Deputy Prime Minister of Australia
List of Prime Ministers of Australia
List of Prime Ministers of Australia by time in office
List of Prime Ministers of Australia (graphical)
Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Australia
List of Prime Ministers of Australia with facial hair
Prime Ministers Avenue in Horse Chestnut Avenue in the Ballarat Botanical Gardens contains a collection of bronze busts of former Australian Prime Ministers.
Spouse of the Prime Minister of Australia
Transportation of the Prime Minister of Australia
List of Australian Leaders of the Opposition
Prime Ministers of Queen Elizabeth II
List of Commonwealth Heads of Government
List of Privy Counsellors (1952–present)
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c The Electoral Division of Ballaarat was spelled with a double a until 1977.
Jump up ^ Gorton was elected to the Senate at the general election of 10 December 1949, but his term did not commence until 22 February 1950. He was appointed Prime Minister on 10 January 1968; resigned from the Senate on 1 February; and was elected to the House of Representatives at a by-election on 24 February.
Jump up ^ Gorton retired from the House of Representatives at the double dissolution of 11 November 1975, and stood for an Australian Capital Territory Senate seat as an independent at the general election of 13 December 1975, but was unsuccessful.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Pearce, Sir George Foster (1870–1952)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. 2006. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Malcolm Turnbull sworn in as Australia's 29th Prime Minister". ABC News. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "No. 14 - Ministers in the Senate". Senate Briefs. Parliament of Australia. December 2016.
Jump up ^ "ParlInfo – Part 6 – Historical information on the Australian Parliament : Ministries and Cabinets". aph.gov.au.
Jump up ^ "Administrative Arrangements Order" (PDF). Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Commonwealth of Australia. 1 September 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Kerr, John. "Statement from John Kerr (dated 11 November 1975) explaining his decisions.". WhitlamDismissal.com. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and MPs in line to get a 3% pay rise".
Jump up ^ Hudson, Phillip (25 August 2010). "Politicians awarded secret pay rise". Herald Sun. Australia.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 13 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Tony Abbott defends increase in MP salary, saying he's working hard for every Australian". Herald Sun. 5 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Peatling, Stephanie (14 June 2013). "PM's salary tops $500,000". Sydney Morning Herald.
Jump up ^ Mannheim, Markus (10 December 2015). "Politicians, judges and top public servants to gain 2% pay rise after wage freeze". Canberra Times.
Jump up ^ "Politicians under fire for pay increases while penalty rates cut, One Nation wants to reject rise". 23 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Metherell, Mark (19 February 2008). "Rudds' staff extends to a child carer at the Lodge". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
Jump up ^ CarAdvice.com.au (6 April 2009). "25% of government car fleet foreign made". Car Advice. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Australian Dictionary of Biography – William Alexander Watt". ADB ANU. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Australian Dictionary of Biography – Sir George Foster Pearce". ADB ANU. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Cox, Lisa. "The 'special moment' seven surviving Prime Ministers were photographed together".
Jump up ^ "After office". naa.gov.au.
Jump up ^ "Prime Minister of Australia". Australian Policy Online.
^ Jump up to: a b Nairn, Bede (1990). "Watson, John Christian (1867–1941)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Australian National University. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Radi, Heather (1979). "Bruce, Stanley Melbourne [Viscount Bruce] (1883–1967)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Australian National University. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, A. W. "Menzies, Sir Robert Gordon (Bob) (1894–1978)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Australian National University. Retrieved 2008-11-22.
Jump up ^ "McEwen, Sir John (1900–1980)". Australian Dictionary of Biography.
Jump up ^ "McMahon, Sir William (Billy) (1908–1988)". Australian Dictionary of Biography.
^ Jump up to: a b Cribb, Margaret Bridson. "Fadden, Sir Arthur William (1894–1973)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Australian National University. Retrieved 2008-11-22.
Jump up ^ Rutledge, Martha. "Barton, Sir Edmund (1849–1920)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
Jump up ^ Norris, R. (1981). "Deakin, Alfred (1856–1919)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Australian National University. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
Jump up ^ McMinn, W. G. "Reid, Sir George Houstoun (1845–1918)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
Jump up ^ Murphy, D. J. "Fisher, Andrew (1862–1928)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
Jump up ^ Crowley, F. K. "Cook, Sir Joseph (1860–1947)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
Jump up ^ Fitzhardinge, L. F. "Hughes, William Morris (Billy) (1862–1952)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
Jump up ^ Robertson, J. R. (1988). "Scullin, James Henry (1876–1953)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Australian National University. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
Jump up ^ Hart, P. R. (1986). "Lyons, Joseph Aloysius (1879–1939)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Australian National University. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
Jump up ^ Bridge, Carl. "Page, Sir Earle Christmas Grafton (1880–1961)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Australian National University. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
Further reading[edit]
Strangio, Paul; t'Hart, Paul & Walter, James (2016). Settling the Office: The Australian Prime Ministership from Federation to Reconstruction. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 9780522868722.
Strangio, Paul; t'Hart, Paul & Walter, James (2017). The Pivot of Power: Australian Prime Ministers and Political Leadership, 1949-2016. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 9780522868746.
External links[edit]
Library resources about
Prime Minister of Australia
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime Minister of Australia.
Official website of the Prime Minister of Australia
Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet
Australia's Prime Ministers – National Archives of Australia reference site and research portal
Biographies of Australia's Prime Ministers / National Museum of Australia
Classroom resources on Australian Prime Ministers
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