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Truman Doctrine
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US President Harry Truman
The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. It was first announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947[1]:547-9 and further developed on July 12, 1948 when he pledged to contain threats to Greece and Turkey. Direct American military force was usually not involved, but Congress appropriated financial aid to support the economies and militaries of Greece and Turkey. More generally, the Truman Doctrine implied American support for other nations allegedly threatened by Soviet communism. The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign policy, and led, in 1949, to the formation of NATO, a military alliance that is still in effect. Historians often use Truman's speech to date the start of the Cold War.
Truman told Congress that "it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."[2] Truman claimed that because totalitarian regimes coerced free peoples, they automatically represented a threat to international peace and the national security of the United States. Truman made the plea in the midst of the Greek Civil War (1946–49). He argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid, they would inevitably fall to communism with grave consequences throughout the region. Because Turkey and Greece were historic rivals, it was considered necessary to help both equally even though the crisis in Greece was far more intense.
Critics of the policy have observed that the governments of Greece and Turkey were themselves far from democratic at this time, and neither were facing Soviet subversion in the spring of 1947. Historian Eric Foner writes that the Doctrine "set a precedent for American assistance to anticommunist regimes throughout the world, no matter how undemocratic, and for the creation of a set of global military alliances directed against the Soviet Union."[3]
For years, Britain had supported Greece, but was now near bankruptcy and was forced to radically reduce its involvement. In February 1947, Britain formally requested for the United States to take over its role in supporting the royalist Greek government.[4] The policy won the support of Republicans who controlled Congress and involved sending $400 million in American money but no military forces to the region. The effect was to end the Greek revolt, and in 1952, both Greece and Turkey joined NATO, a military alliance, to guarantee their stability.[5]
The Truman Doctrine was informally extended to become the basis of American Cold War policy throughout Europe and around the world.[6] It shifted American foreign policy toward the Soviet Union from détente (a relaxation of tension) to a policy of containment of Soviet expansion as advocated by diplomat George Kennan. It was distinguished from rollback by implicitly tolerating the previous Soviet takeovers in Eastern Europe.
Contents
[hide]
1 Turkish Straits crisis
2 Greek crisis
3 Truman's address
4 Long-term policy and metaphor
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Turkish Straits crisis[edit]
Main article: Turkish Straits crisis
The Turkish Straits
At the conclusion of World War II, Turkey was pressured by the Soviet government to allow Russian shipping to flow freely through the Turkish Straits, which connected the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. As the Turkish government would not submit to the Soviet Union's requests, tensions arose in the region, leading to a show of naval force on the side of the Soviets. Since British assistance to Turkey had ended in 1947, the U.S. dispatched military aid to ensure that Turkey would retain chief control of the passage. Turkey received $100 million in economic and military aid and the U.S sent the aircraft carrier Franklin D. Roosevelt. The postwar period from 1946 started with a "multi-party period" and the Democratic Party government of Adnan Menderes.[7]
Greek crisis[edit]
Main articles: White Terror (Greece) and Greek Civil War
King George II of Greece (r. 1922-4, 1935-47), whose rule was opposed by a communist insurgency in the Greek Civil War
Six weeks after the Axis powers abandoned Greece in October 1944, the British helped retake Athens from the victorious National Liberation Front (EAM), controlled effectively by the Greek Communist Party (KKE). This began with a mass killing of largely unarmed EAM supporters known as the Dekemvriana on December 3.[8] The leftists attempted to retaliate, but were outgunned by the British-backed government and subjected to the White Terror.[9] With the full outbreak of civil war (1946–49), guerrilla forces controlled by the Greek Communist Party sustained a revolt against the internationally recognized Greek government which was formed after 1946 elections boycotted by the KKE. The British realized that the KKE were being directly funded by Josip Broz Tito in neighboring Yugoslavia. In line with the Churchill-Stalin "percentages agreement", the Greek communists received no help from the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia provided them support and sanctuary against Stalin's wishes.[10] By late 1946, Britain informed the United States that due to its own weakening economy, it could no longer continue to provide military and economic support to royalist Greece.[11]
In 1946–47, the United States and the Soviet Union moved from being wartime allies to Cold War adversaries. The breakdown of Allied cooperation in Germany provided a backdrop of escalating tensions for the Truman Doctrine.[6] To Truman, the growing unrest in Greece began to look like a pincer movement against the oil-rich areas of the Middle East and the warm-water ports of the Mediterranean.[12]
George F. Kennan (1904-2005) proposed the doctrine of containment in 1946.
In February 1946, Kennan, an American diplomat in Moscow, sent his famed "Long Telegram", which predicted the Soviets would only respond to force and that the best way to handle them would be through a long-term strategy of containment, that is stopping their geographical expansion. After the British warned that they could no longer help Greece, and following Prime Minister Konstantinos Tsaldaris's visit to Washington in December 1946 to ask for American assistance,[13] the U.S. State Department formulated a plan. Aid would be given to both Greece and Turkey, to help cool the long-standing rivalry between them.
American policy makers recognized the instability of the region, fearing that if Greece was lost to communism, Turkey would not last long. Similarly, if Turkey yielded to Soviet demands, the position of Greece would be endangered.[14] A regional domino effect threat therefore guided the American decision. Greece and Turkey were strategic allies important for geographical reasons as well, for the fall of Greece would put the Soviets on a particularly dangerous flank for the Turks, and strengthen the Soviet Union's ability to cut off allied supply lines in the event of war.[15]
Truman's address[edit]
Dean Acheson (1893–1971), who helped craft Truman's doctrine, was named his secretary of state the following year.
To pass any legislation Truman needed the support of the Republicans, who controlled both houses of Congress. The chief Republican spokesman Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg strongly supported Truman and overcame the doubts of isolationists such as Senator Robert A. Taft.[16]:127 Truman laid the groundwork for his request by having key congressional leaders meet with himself, Secretary of State George Marshall, and Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson. Acheson laid out the "domino theory" in the starkest terms, comparing a communist state to a rotten apple that could spread its infection to an entire barrel. Vandenberg was impressed, and advised Truman to appear before Congress and "scare the hell out of the American people."[16]:127-8 On March 7, Acheson warned Truman that Greece could fall to the communists within weeks without outside aid.[1]:545
When a draft for Truman's address was circulated to policymakers, Marshall, Kennan, and others criticized it for containing excess "rhetoric." Truman responded that, as Vandenberg had suggested, his request would only be approved if he played up the threat.[1]:546
On March 12, 1947, Truman appeared before a joint session of Congress. In his eighteen-minute speech, he stated:
I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.
I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.
I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes.[1]:547
The reaction to Truman's speech was broadly positive, though there were dissenters. Anti-communists in both parties supported both Truman's proposed aid package and the doctrine behind it, and Collier's described it as a "popularity jackpot" for the President.[1]:548[16]:129 Influential columnist Walter Lippmann was more skeptical, noting the open-ended nature of Truman's pledge; he felt so strongly that he almost came to blows while arguing with Acheson over the doctrine.[1]:549[17]:615 Others argued that the Greek monarchy Truman proposed to defend was itself a repressive government, rather than a democracy.[17]:615
Despite these objections, the fear of the growing communist threat almost guaranteed the bill's passage.[17]:616 In May 1947, two months after Truman's request, a large majority of Congress approved $400 million in military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey.[1]:553-4[16]:129 Increased American aid helped defeat the KKE, after interim defeats for government forces from 1946 to 1948.[17]:616-17 The Truman Doctrine was the first in a series of containment moves by the United States, followed by economic restoration of Western Europe through the Marshall Plan and military containment by the creation of NATO in 1949.
Long-term policy and metaphor[edit]
The Truman Doctrine underpinned American Cold War policy in Europe and around the world. In the words of historian James T. Patterson, "The Truman Doctrine was a highly publicized commitment of a sort the administration had not previously undertaken. Its sweeping rhetoric, promising that the United States should aid all 'free people' being subjugated, set the stage for innumerable later ventures that led to globalistic commitments. It was in these ways a major step."[16]:129
The doctrine endured, historian Dennis Merill argues, because it addressed a broader cultural insecurity regarding modern life in a globalized world. It dealt with Washington's concern over communism's domino effect, it enabled a media-sensitive presentation of the doctrine that won bipartisan support, and it mobilized American economic power to modernize and stabilize unstable regions without direct military intervention. It brought nation-building activities and modernization programs to the forefront of foreign policy.[6]
The Truman Doctrine became a metaphor for emergency aid to keep a nation from communist influence. Truman used disease imagery not only to communicate a sense of impending disaster in the spread of communism but also to create a "rhetorical vision" of containing it by extending a protective shield around non-communist countries throughout the world. It echoed the "quarantine the aggressor" policy Truman's predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, had sought to impose to contain German and Japanese expansion in 1937 ("quarantine" suggested the role of public health officials handling an infectious disease). The medical metaphor extended beyond the immediate aims of the Truman Doctrine in that the imagery combined with fire and flood imagery evocative of disaster provided the United States with an easy transition to direct military confrontation in later years with communist forces in Korea and Vietnam. By framing ideological differences in life or death terms, Truman was able to garner support for this communism-containing policy.[18]
See also[edit]
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Liberal internationalism
Anti-communism
Reverse course
Turkey–United States relations
Greece-United States relations
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g McCullough, David (1992). Truman. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Jump up ^ Michael Beschloss (2006). Our Documents: 100 Milestone Documents From The National Archives. Oxford University Press. pp. 194–99. ISBN 978-0-19-530959-1.
Jump up ^ Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty! An American History (2nd ed. 2008) p 892
Jump up ^ Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary pp 368–9; Arnold Offner, Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945–2002 (2002) p 197; Denise M. Bostdorff, Proclaiming the Truman Doctrine (2008) p 51
Jump up ^ George McGhee, The U.S.-Turkish-NATO Middle East Connection: How the Truman Doctrine and Turkey's NATO Entry Contained the Soviets in the Middle East, (1990)
^ Jump up to: a b c Merrill 2006.
Jump up ^ Barın Kayaoğlu, "Strategic imperatives, Democratic rhetoric: The United States and Turkey, 1945–52." Cold War History, Aug 2009, Vol. 9(3) pp. 321–345
Jump up ^ Gerolymatos, André (2017-01-03). An International Civil War: Greece, 1943-1949. Yale University Press. pp. 100–111. ISBN 9780300180602.
Jump up ^ Gerolymatos, André (2017-01-03). An International Civil War: Greece, 1943-1949. Yale University Press. pp. 194–203. ISBN 9780300180602.
Jump up ^ Bærentzen, Lars, John O. Iatrides, and Ole Langwitz. Smith. Studies in the History of the Greek Civil War, 1945–1949. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum, 1987. 273-280. Google Books. Web. 28 Apr. 2010. online
Jump up ^ Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary (1983) ch 8
Jump up ^ Painter 2012, p. 29: "Although circumstances differed greatly in Greece, Turkey, and Iran, U.S. officials interpreted events in all three places as part of a Soviet plan to dominate the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. Mention of oil was deliberately deleted from Truman's March 12, 1947, address before Congress pledging resistance to communist expansion anywhere in the world; but guarding access to oil was an important part of the Truman Doctrine. The Truman Doctrine was named after Harry S. Truman. This doctrine stated that that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces."
One draft, for example, of Truman's speech spoke of the "great natural resources" of the Middle East at stake (Kolko & Kolko 1972, p. 341).
Jump up ^ Freeland, Richard M. (1970). The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. pp. g. 90.
Jump up ^ Spalding, Elizabeth Edwards (2006). The First Cold Warrior: Harry Truman, Containment, and the Remaking of Liberal Internationalism. The University Press of Kentucky. p. 64.
Jump up ^ McGhee, George (1990). The US-Turkish-NATO Middle East Connection: How the Truman Doctrine Contained the Soviets in the Middle East. St. Harry’s Press. pp. g. 21.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Patterson, James T. (1996). Grand Expectations. New York: Oxford University Press.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Herring, George C. (2008). From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195078220.
Jump up ^ Ivie 1999.
Bibliography[edit]
Beisner, Robert L. Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War (2006)
Bostdorff, Denise M. Proclaiming the Truman Doctrine: The Cold War Call to Arms (2008) excerpt and text search
Bullock, Alan. Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945–1951 (1983) on British roles
Edwards, Lee. "Congress and the Origins of the Cold War: The Truman Doctrine," World Affairs, Vol. 151, 1989 online edition
Frazier, Robert. "Acheson and the Formulation of the Truman Doctrine" Journal of Modern Greek Studies 1999 17(2): 229–251. ISSN 0738-1727
Frazier, Robert. "Kennan, 'Universalism,' and the Truman Doctrine," Journal of Cold War Studies, Spring 2009, Vol. 11 Issue 2, pp 3–34
Gaddis, John Lewis. "Reconsiderations: Was the Truman Doctrine a Real Turning Point?" Foreign Affairs 1974 52(2): 386–402. ISSN 0015-7120
Hinds, Lynn Boyd, and Theodore Otto Windt Jr. The Cold War as Rhetoric: The Beginnings, 1945–1950 (1991) online edition
Iatrides, John O. and Nicholas X. Rizopoulos. "The International Dimension of the Greek Civil War." World Policy Journal 2000 17(1): 87–103. ISSN 0740-2775 Fulltext: in Ebsco
Ivie, Robert L. (1999). "Fire, Flood, and Red Fever: Motivating Metaphors of Global Emergency in the Truman Doctrine Speech". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 29 (3): 570–591. doi:10.1111/j.0268-2141.2003.00050.x.
Jeffrey, Judith S. Ambiguous Commitments and Uncertain Policies: The Truman Doctrine in Greece, 1947–1952 (2000). 257 pp.
Jones, Howard. "A New Kind of War": America's Global Strategy and the Truman Doctrine in Greece (1989). 327 pp
Kayaoğlu, Barın. "Strategic imperatives, Democratic rhetoric: The United States and Turkey, 1945–52.," Cold War History, Aug 2009, Vol. 9(3). pp. 321–345
Kolko, Joyce; Kolko, Gabriel (1972). The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1954. New York, NY: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-012447-2.
Leffler, Melvyn P. "Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War: the United States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945–1952" Journal of American History 1985 71(4): 807–825. ISSN 0021-8723 in JSTOR
Lykogiannis, Athanasios. Britain and the Greek Economic Crisis, 1944–1947: From Liberation to the Truman Doctrine. U. of Missouri Press, 2002. 287 pp. online edition
McGhee, George. The U.S.-Turkish-NATO Middle East Connection: How the Truman Doctrine and Turkey's NATO Entry Contained the Soviets in the Middle East. (1990). 224 pp.
Merrill, Dennis (2006). "The Truman Doctrine: Containing Communism and Modernity". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 36 (1): 27–37. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.00284.x.
Meiertöns, Heiko: The Doctrines of US Security Policy – An Evaluation under International Law (2010), ISBN 978-0-521-76648-7.
Offner, Arnold A. "'Another Such Victory': President Truman, American Foreign Policy, and the Cold War." Diplomatic History 1999 23(2): 127–155.ISSN 0145-2096
Pach Jr., Chester J. Arming the Free World: The Origins of the United States Military Assistance Program, 1945–1950, (1991) online edition
Painter, David S. (2012). "Oil and the American Century" (PDF). The Journal of American History. 99 (1): 24–39. doi:10.1093/jahist/jas073.
Pieper, Moritz A. (2012). "Containment and the Cold War: Reexaming the Doctrine of Containment as a Grand Strategy Driving US Cold War Interventions". StudentPulse.com. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
Spalding, Elizabeth Edwards. The First Cold Warrior: Harry Truman, Containment, And the Remaking of Liberal Internationalism (2006)
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Truman Doctrine
Truman Comments on Greek Politicking, 1947 Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Truman Library website with papers related to the Truman Doctrine
Full text of the speech
Full text and audio of the speech
Cartoon on display at the LoC
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U.S. Open (golf)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the men's golf tournament. For other uses, see U.S. Open.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
U.S. Open
2018 logo
Tournament information
Location
Shinnecock Hills, New York
in 2018
Established
1895, 123 years ago
Course(s)
Shinnecock Hills Golf Club in 2018
Par
70 in 2018
Length
7,440 yd (6,800 m) in 2018
Organized by
USGA
Tour(s)
PGA Tour
European Tour
Japan Golf Tour
Format
Stroke play
Month played
June
Tournament record score
Aggregate
268 Rory McIlroy (2011)
To par
−16 Rory McIlroy (2011)
−16 Brooks Koepka (2017)
Current champion
Brooks Koepka
2018 U.S. Open (golf)
The United States Open Championship, commonly known as the U.S. Open, is the annual open national championship of golf in the United States. It is the second of the four major championships in golf, and is on the official schedule of both the PGA Tour and the European Tour. Since 1898 the competition has been 72 holes of stroke play (4 rounds on an 18-hole course), with the winner being the player with the lowest total number of strokes. It is staged by the United States Golf Association (USGA) in mid-June, scheduled so that, if there are no weather delays, the final round is played on the third Sunday, which is Father's Day. The U.S. Open is staged at a variety of courses, set up in such a way that scoring is very difficult, with a premium placed on accurate driving.
Contents
1 History
2 Qualification
2.1 USGA special exemptions
3 Prizes
4 Playoff format
5 Champions
6 Summary by course, state and region
7 Records
8 Broadcasting
9 Future sites
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
History[edit]
The first U.S. Open was played on October 4, 1895, on a nine-hole course at the Newport Country Club in Newport, Rhode Island. It was a 36-hole competition and was played in a single day. Ten professionals and one amateur entered. The winner was Horace Rawlins, a 21-year-old Englishman, who had arrived in the U.S. earlier that year to take up a position at the host club. He received $150 cash out of a prize fund of $335, plus a $50 gold medal; his club received the Open Championship Cup trophy, which was presented by the USGA.[1][2]
In the beginning, the tournament was dominated by experienced British players until 1911, when John J. McDermott became the first native-born American winner. American golfers soon began to win regularly and the tournament evolved to become one of the four majors.
U.S. Open Trophy at the 2008 PGA Golf Show.
Since 1911, the title has been won mostly by players from the United States. Since 1950, players from only six countries other than the United States have won the championship, most notably South Africa, which has won five times since 1965. A streak of four consecutive non-American winners occurred from 2004 to 2007 for the first time since 1910. These four players, South African Retief Goosen (2004), New Zealander Michael Campbell (2005), Australian Geoff Ogilvy (2006) and Argentine Ángel Cabrera (2007), are all from countries in the Southern Hemisphere. Northern Ireland's Graeme McDowell (2010) became the first European player to win the event since Tony Jacklin of England in 1970; three more Europeans won in the next four editions, making it only three American wins in the 11 tournaments from 2004-2014.
U.S. Open play is characterized by tight scoring at or around par by the leaders, with the winner usually emerging at around even par. A U.S. Open course is seldom beaten severely, and there have been many over-par wins (in part because par is usually set at 70, except for the very longest courses). Normally, an Open course is quite long and will have a high cut of primary rough (termed "Open rough" by the American press and fans); undulating greens (such as at Pinehurst No. 2 in 2005, which was described by Johnny Miller of NBC as "like trying to hit a ball on top of a VW Beetle"); pinched fairways (especially on what are expected to be less difficult holes); and two or three holes that are short par fives under regular play would be used as long par fours during the tournament (often to meet that frequently used par of 70, forcing players to have accurate long drives). Some courses that are attempting to get into the rotation for the U.S. Open will undergo renovations to develop these features. Rees Jones is the most notable of the "Open Doctors" who take on these projects; his father Robert Trent Jones had filled that role earlier. As with any professional golf tournament, the available space surrounding the course (for spectators, among other considerations) and local infrastructure also factor into deciding which courses will host the event.
Qualification[edit]
The U.S. Open is open to any professional, or to any amateur with a USGA Handicap Index not exceeding 1.4.[3] Players (male or female)[3] may obtain a place by being fully exempt or by competing successfully in qualifying. The field is 156 players.
About half of the field is made up of players who are fully exempt from qualifying. The current exemption categories are:[4][5]
Winners of the U.S. Open for the last ten years
Winner and runner-up from the previous year's U.S. Amateur and winners of the previous year's U.S. Junior Amateur and U.S. Mid-Amateur[5]
Winner of the previous year's Amateur Championship[6]
The previous year's Mark H. McCormack Medal winner for the top-ranked amateur golfer in the world[6]
Winners of each of Masters Tournament, Open Championship and PGA Championship for the last five years
Winners of the last three Players Championships
Winner of the current year's BMW PGA Championship
Winner of the last U.S. Senior Open
In the year after the Olympic golf tournament, the reigning men's gold medalist
Top 10 finishers and ties from the previous year's U.S. Open
Players who qualified for the previous year's Tour Championship
The top 60 in the Official World Golf Ranking (OWGR) as of two weeks before the start of the tournament
The top 60 in the OWGR as of the tournament date
Special exemptions selected by the USGA
All remaining spots after the second top 60 OWGR cutoff date filled by alternates from qualifying tournaments.
The exemptions for amateurs apply only if the players remain amateurs as of the tournament date.
Before 2011, the sole OWGR cutoff for entry was the top 50 as of two weeks before the tournament. An exemption category for the top 50 as of the tournament date was added for 2011, apparently in response to the phenomenon of golfers entering the top 50 between the original cutoff date and the tournament (such as Justin Rose and Rickie Fowler in 2010).[7]
Through 2011, exemptions existed for leading money winners on the PGA, European, Japanese, and Australasian tours, as well as winners of multiple PGA Tour events in the year before the U.S. Open. These categories were eliminated in favor of inviting the top 60 on the OWGR at both relevant dates.[7] Starting with the 2012 championship, an exemption was added for the winner of the current year's BMW PGA Championship, the European Tour's equivalent of The Players Championship.[8]
Potential competitors who are not fully exempt must enter the Qualifying process, which has two stages. Firstly there is Local Qualifying, which is played over 18 holes at more than 100 courses around the United States. Many leading players are exempt from this first stage, and they join the successful local qualifiers at the Sectional Qualifying stage, which is played over 36 holes in one day at several sites in the U.S., as well as one each in Europe and Japan. There is no lower age limit and the youngest-ever qualifier was 14-year-old Andy Zhang of China, who qualified in 2012 after Paul Casey withdrew days before the tournament.
USGA special exemptions[edit]
The USGA has granted a special exemption to 34 players 52 times since 1966.[9] Players with multiple special exemptions include: Arnold Palmer (1978, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1994), Seve Ballesteros (1978, 1994), Gary Player (1981, 1983), Lee Trevino (1983, 1984), Hale Irwin (1990, 2002, 2003), Jack Nicklaus (1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000), Tom Watson (1993, 1996, 2000, 2003, 2010).[10]
Irwin won the 1990 U.S. Open after accepting a special exemption. In the 2016, a special exemption was extended to former champion Retief Goosen (2001, 2004).[11] In 2018, a special exemption was extended to former U.S. Open champions Jim Furyk (2003) and Ernie Els (1994, 1997).[12]
Prizes[edit]
The purse at the 2017 U.S. Open was $12 million, and the winner's share was $2.16 million. The European Tour uses conversion rates at the time of the tournament to calculate the official prize money used in their Race to Dubai (€10,745,927 in 2017).
In line with the other majors, winning the U.S. Open gives a golfer several privileges that make his career much more secure if he is not already one of the elite players of the sport. U.S. Open champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors (the Masters, The Open Championship (British Open), and the PGA Championship) for the next five years, as well as The Players Championship, and they are exempt from qualifying for the U.S. Open itself for 10 years.
Winners may also receive a five-year exemption on the PGA Tour, which is automatic for regular members. Non-PGA Tour members who win the U.S. Open have the choice of joining the PGA Tour either within 60 days of winning, or prior to the beginning of any one of the next five tour seasons.
Finally, U.S. Open winners receive automatic invitations to three of the five senior majors once they turn 50; they receive a five-year invitation to the U.S. Senior Open and a lifetime invitation to the Senior PGA Championship and Senior British Open.
The top 10 finishers at the U.S. Open are fully exempt from qualifying for the following year's Open, and the top four are automatically invited to the following season's Masters.
Playoff format[edit]
Up to 2017, the U.S. Open retained a full 18-hole playoff the following day (Monday). If a tie existed after that fifth round, then the playoff continued as sudden-death on the 91st hole. The U.S. Open advanced to sudden-death three times (1990, 1994, 2008), most recently when Tiger Woods defeated Rocco Mediate on the first additional playoff hole in 2008. Before sudden-death was introduced in the 1950s, additional 18-hole rounds were played (1925, 1939, and 1946) to break the tie. When the playoff was scheduled for 36 holes and ended in a tie, as in 1931, a second 36-hole playoff was required.
Since 2018, the USGA adopted a two-hole aggregate playoff format, after consulting fans, players and media partners. Sudden death will still be played if the playoff ends tied.[13]
Champions[edit]
Main article: List of U.S. Open (golf) champions
Willie Anderson, Bobby Jones, Ben Hogan and Jack Nicklaus hold the record for the most U.S. Open victories, with four victories each.[14] Hale Irwin is the oldest winner of the U.S. Open at 45 years and 15 days in 1990.[15] The youngest winner of the U.S. Open is John McDermott at 19 years, 10 months, 14 days in 1911.[15]
Year
Champion
Country
Venue
Location
Score
Winning
margin
Runner(s)-up
Winner's
share ($)
2018 Brooks Koepka (2) United States Shinnecock Hills Golf Club Shinnecock Hills, New York 281 (+1) 1 stroke Tommy Fleetwood 2,160,000
2017 Brooks Koepka United States Erin Hills Erin, Wisconsin 272 (−16) 4 strokes Hideki Matsuyama
Brian Harman 2,160,000
2016 Dustin Johnson United States Oakmont Country Club Oakmont, Pennsylvania 276 (−4) 3 strokes Jim Furyk
Shane Lowry
Scott Piercy 1,800,000
2015 Jordan Spieth United States Chambers Bay University Place, Washington 275 (−5) 1 stroke Dustin Johnson
Louis Oosthuizen 1,800,000
2014 Martin Kaymer Germany Pinehurst Resort, Course No. 2 Pinehurst, North Carolina 271 (−9) 8 strokes Erik Compton
Rickie Fowler 1,620,000
2013 Justin Rose England Merion Golf Club, East Course Ardmore, Pennsylvania 281 (+1) 2 strokes Jason Day
Phil Mickelson 1,440,000
2012 Webb Simpson United States Olympic Club, Lake Course San Francisco, California 281 (+1) 1 stroke Graeme McDowell
Michael Thompson 1,440,000
2011 Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland Congressional Country Club, Blue Course Bethesda, Maryland 268 (−16) 8 strokes Jason Day 1,440,000
2010 Graeme McDowell Northern Ireland Pebble Beach Golf Links Pebble Beach, California 284 (E) 1 stroke Grégory Havret 1,350,000
2009 Lucas Glover United States Bethpage State Park, Black Course Farmingdale, New York[N 1] 276 (−4) 2 strokes Ricky Barnes
David Duval
Phil Mickelson 1,350,000
2008 Tiger Woods (3) United States Torrey Pines Golf Course, South Course La Jolla, California[N 2] 283 (−1) Playoff Rocco Mediate 1,350,000
2007 Ángel Cabrera Argentina Oakmont Country Club Oakmont, Pennsylvania 285 (+5) 1 stroke Jim Furyk
Tiger Woods 1,260,000
2006 Geoff Ogilvy Australia Winged Foot Golf Club, West Course Mamaroneck, New York 285 (+5) 1 stroke Jim Furyk
Phil Mickelson
Colin Montgomerie 1,225,000
2005 Michael Campbell New Zealand Pinehurst Resort, Course No. 2 Pinehurst, North Carolina 280 (E) 2 strokes Tiger Woods 1,170,000
2004 Retief Goosen (2) South Africa Shinnecock Hills Golf Club Shinnecock Hills, New York 276 (−4) 2 strokes Phil Mickelson 1,125,000
2003 Jim Furyk United States Olympia Fields Country Club, North Course Olympia Fields, Illinois 272 (−8) 3 strokes Stephen Leaney 1,080,000
2002 Tiger Woods (2) United States Bethpage State Park, Black Course Farmingdale, New York[N 1] 277 (−3) 3 strokes Phil Mickelson 1,000,000
2001 Retief Goosen South Africa Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa, Oklahoma 276 (−4) Playoff Mark Brooks 900,000
2000 Tiger Woods United States Pebble Beach Golf Links Pebble Beach, California 272 (−12) 15 strokes Ernie Els
Miguel Ángel Jiménez 800,000
1999 Payne Stewart (2) United States Pinehurst Resort, Course No. 2 Pinehurst, North Carolina 279 (−1) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 625,000
1998 Lee Janzen (2) United States Olympic Club, Lake Course San Francisco, California[N 3] 280 (E) 1 stroke Payne Stewart 535,000
1997 Ernie Els (2) South Africa Congressional Country Club, Blue Course Bethesda, Maryland 276 (−4) 1 stroke Colin Montgomerie 465,000
1996 Steve Jones United States Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 278 (−2) 1 stroke Tom Lehman
Davis Love III 425,000
1995 Corey Pavin United States Shinnecock Hills Golf Club Shinnecock Hills, New York 280 (E) 2 strokes Greg Norman 350,000
1994 Ernie Els South Africa Oakmont Country Club Oakmont, Pennsylvania 279 (−5) Playoff Colin Montgomerie
Loren Roberts 320,000
1993 Lee Janzen United States Baltusrol Golf Club, Lower Course Springfield, New Jersey 272 (−8) 2 strokes Payne Stewart 290,000
1992 Tom Kite United States Pebble Beach Golf Links Pebble Beach, California 285 (−3) 2 strokes Jeff Sluman 275,000
1991 Payne Stewart United States Hazeltine National Golf Club Chaska, Minnesota 282 (−6) Playoff Scott Simpson 235,000
1990 Hale Irwin (3) United States Medinah Country Club, Course No. 3 Medinah, Illinois 280 (−8) Playoff Mike Donald 220,000
1989 Curtis Strange (2) United States Oak Hill Country Club, East Course Rochester, New York[N 4] 278 (−2) 1 stroke Chip Beck
Mark McCumber
Ian Woosnam 200,000
1988 Curtis Strange United States The Country Club, Composite Course Brookline, Massachusetts 278 (−6) Playoff Nick Faldo 180,000
1987 Scott Simpson United States Olympic Club, Lake Course San Francisco, California[N 3] 277 (−3) 1 stroke Tom Watson 150,000
1986 Raymond Floyd United States Shinnecock Hills Golf Club Shinnecock Hills, New York 279 (−1) 2 strokes Chip Beck
Lanny Wadkins 115,000
1985 Andy North (2) United States Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 279 (−1) 1 stroke Dave Barr
Chen Tze-chung
Denis Watson 103,000
1984 Fuzzy Zoeller United States Winged Foot Golf Club, West Course Mamaroneck, New York 276 (−4) Playoff Greg Norman 94,000
1983 Larry Nelson United States Oakmont Country Club Oakmont, Pennsylvania 280 (−4) 1 stroke Tom Watson 72,000
1982 Tom Watson United States Pebble Beach Golf Links Pebble Beach, California 282 (−6) 2 strokes Jack Nicklaus 60,000
1981 David Graham Australia Merion Golf Club, East Course Ardmore, Pennsylvania 273 (−7) 3 strokes George Burns
Bill Rogers 55,000
1980 Jack Nicklaus (4) United States Baltusrol Golf Club, Lower Course Springfield, New Jersey 272 (−8) 2 strokes Isao Aoki 55,000
1979 Hale Irwin (2) United States Inverness Club Toledo, Ohio 284 (E) 2 strokes Jerry Pate
Gary Player 50,000
1978 Andy North United States Cherry Hills Country Club Cherry Hills Village, Colorado 285 (+1) 1 stroke J. C. Snead
Dave Stockton 45,000
1977 Hubert Green United States Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa, Oklahoma 278 (−2) 1 stroke Lou Graham 45,000
1976 Jerry Pate United States Atlanta Athletic Club, Highlands Course Duluth, Georgia[N 5] 277 (−3) 2 strokes Al Geiberger
Tom Weiskopf 42,000
1975 Lou Graham United States Medinah Country Club, Course No. 3 Medinah, Illinois 287 (+3) Playoff John Mahaffey 40,000
1974 Hale Irwin United States Winged Foot Golf Club, West Course Mamaroneck, New York 287 (+7) 2 strokes Forrest Fezler 35,000
1973 Johnny Miller United States Oakmont Country Club Oakmont, Pennsylvania 279 (−5) 1 stroke John Schlee 35,000
1972 Jack Nicklaus (3) United States Pebble Beach Golf Links Pebble Beach, California 290 (+2) 3 strokes Bruce Crampton 30,000
1971 Lee Trevino (2) United States Merion Golf Club, East Course Ardmore, Pennsylvania 280 (E) Playoff Jack Nicklaus 30,000
1970 Tony Jacklin England Hazeltine National Golf Club Chaska, Minnesota 281 (−7) 7 strokes Dave Hill 30,000
1969 Orville Moody United States Champions Golf Club, Cypress Creek Course Houston, Texas 281 (+1) 1 stroke Deane Beman
Al Geiberger
Bob Rosburg 30,000
1968 Lee Trevino United States Oak Hill Country Club, East Course Rochester, New York[N 4] 275 (−5) 4 strokes Jack Nicklaus 30,000
1967 Jack Nicklaus (2) United States Baltusrol Golf Club, Lower Course Springfield, New Jersey 275 (−5) 4 strokes Arnold Palmer 30,000
1966 Billy Casper (2) United States Olympic Club, Lake Course San Francisco, California[N 3] 278 (−2) Playoff Arnold Palmer 26,500
1965 Gary Player South Africa Bellerive Country Club St. Louis, Missouri[N 6] 282 (+2) Playoff Kel Nagle 26,000
1964 Ken Venturi United States Congressional Country Club, Blue Course Bethesda, Maryland 278 (−2) 4 strokes Tommy Jacobs 17,000
1963 Julius Boros (2) United States The Country Club, Composite Course Brookline, Massachusetts 293 (+9) Playoff Jacky Cupit
Arnold Palmer 17,500
1962 Jack Nicklaus United States Oakmont Country Club Oakmont, Pennsylvania 283 (−1) Playoff Arnold Palmer 17,500
1961 Gene Littler United States Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 281 (+1) 1 stroke Bob Goalby
Doug Sanders 14,000
1960 Arnold Palmer United States Cherry Hills Country Club Cherry Hills Village, Colorado 280 (−4) 2 strokes Jack Nicklaus (a) 14,400
1959 Billy Casper United States Winged Foot Golf Club, West Course Mamaroneck, New York 282 (+2) 1 stroke Bob Rosburg 12,000
1958 Tommy Bolt United States Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa, Oklahoma 283 (+3) 4 strokes Gary Player 8,000
1957 Dick Mayer United States Inverness Club Toledo, Ohio 282 (+2) Playoff Cary Middlecoff 7,200
1956 Cary Middlecoff (2) United States Oak Hill Country Club, East Course Rochester, New York[N 4] 281 (+1) 1 stroke Julius Boros
Ben Hogan 6,000
1955 Jack Fleck United States Olympic Club, Lake Course San Francisco, California[N 3] 287 (+7) Playoff Ben Hogan 6,000
1954 Ed Furgol United States Baltusrol Golf Club, Lower Course Springfield, New Jersey 284 (+4) 1 stroke Gene Littler 6,000
1953 Ben Hogan (4) United States Oakmont Country Club Oakmont, Pennsylvania 283 (−5) 6 strokes Sam Snead 5,000
1952 Julius Boros United States Northwood Club Dallas, Texas 281 (+1) 4 strokes Ed Oliver 4,000
1951 Ben Hogan (3) United States Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 287 (+7) 2 strokes Clayton Heafner 4,000
1950 Ben Hogan (2) United States Merion Golf Club, East Course Ardmore, Pennsylvania 287 (+7) Playoff Lloyd Mangrum (2nd),
George Fazio (3rd) 4,000
1949 Cary Middlecoff United States Medinah Country Club, Course No. 3 Medinah, Illinois 286 (+2) 1 stroke Clayton Heafner
Sam Snead 2,000
1948 Ben Hogan United States Riviera Country Club Pacific Palisades, California[N 7] 276 (−8) 2 strokes Jimmy Demaret 2,000
1947 Lew Worsham United States St. Louis Country Club Ladue, Missouri 282 (−2) Playoff Sam Snead 2,500
1946 Lloyd Mangrum United States Canterbury Golf Club Beachwood, Ohio 284 (−4) Playoff Vic Ghezzi (T2)
Byron Nelson (T2) 1,833
1942–1945: Cancelled due to World War II
1941 Craig Wood United States Colonial Country Club Fort Worth, Texas 284 (+4) 3 strokes Denny Shute 1,000
1940 Lawson Little United States Canterbury Golf Club Beachwood, Ohio 287 (−1) Playoff Gene Sarazen 1,000
1939 Byron Nelson United States Philadelphia Country Club, Spring Mill Course Gladwyne, Pennsylvania 284 (−4) Playoff Craig Wood (2nd),
Denny Shute (3rd) 1,000
1938 Ralph Guldahl (2) United States Cherry Hills Country Club Cherry Hills Village, Colorado 284 (E) 6 strokes Dick Metz 1,000
1937 Ralph Guldahl United States Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 281 (+1) 2 strokes Sam Snead 1,000
1936 Tony Manero United States Baltusrol Golf Club, Upper Course Springfield, New Jersey 282 (−2) 2 strokes Harry Cooper 1,000
1935 Sam Parks, Jr. United States Oakmont Country Club Oakmont, Pennsylvania 299 (+11) 2 strokes Jimmy Thomson 1,000
1934 Olin Dutra United States Merion Golf Club, East Course Ardmore, Pennsylvania 293 (+13) 1 stroke Gene Sarazen 1,000
1933 Johnny Goodman (a) United States North Shore Country Club Glenview, Illinois 287 (−1) 1 stroke Ralph Guldahl 0
1932 Gene Sarazen (2) United States Fresh Meadow Country Club Queens, New York 286 (+2) 3 strokes Bobby Cruickshank
Philip Perkins 1,000
1931 Billy Burke United States Inverness Club Toledo, Ohio 292 (+4) Playoff George Von Elm 1,750
1930 Bobby Jones (a) (4) United States Interlachen Country Club Edina, Minnesota 287 (−1) 2 strokes Macdonald Smith 0
1929 Bobby Jones (a) (3) United States Winged Foot Golf Club, West Course Mamaroneck, New York 294 Playoff Al Espinosa 0
1928 Johnny Farrell United States Olympia Fields Country Club, North Course Olympia Fields, Illinois 294 Playoff Bobby Jones (a) 500
1927 Tommy Armour Scotland
United States Oakmont Country Club Oakmont, Pennsylvania 301 Playoff Harry Cooper 500
1926 Bobby Jones (a) (2) United States Scioto Country Club Columbus, Ohio 293 1 stroke Joe Turnesa 0
1925 Willie Macfarlane Scotland Worcester Country Club Worcester, Massachusetts 291 Playoff Bobby Jones (a) 500
1924 Cyril Walker England Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 297 3 strokes Bobby Jones (a) 500
1923 Bobby Jones (a) United States Inwood Country Club Inwood, New York 296 Playoff Bobby Cruickshank 0
1922 Gene Sarazen United States Skokie Country Club Glencoe, Illinois 288 1 stroke John Black
Bobby Jones (a) 500
1921 Jim Barnes England Columbia Country Club Chevy Chase, Maryland 289 9 strokes Walter Hagen
Fred McLeod 500
1920 Ted Ray Jersey Inverness Club Toledo, Ohio 295 1 stroke Jack Burke Sr.
Leo Diegel
Jock Hutchison
Harry Vardon 500
1919 Walter Hagen (2) United States Brae Burn Country Club, Main Course West Newton, Massachusetts 301 Playoff Mike Brady 500
1917–1918: Cancelled due to World War I
1916 Chick Evans (a) United States The Minikahda Club Minneapolis, Minnesota 286 2 strokes Jock Hutchison 0
1915 Jerome Travers (a) United States Baltusrol Golf Club, Revised Course Springfield, New Jersey 297 1 stroke Tom McNamara 0
1914 Walter Hagen United States Midlothian Country Club Midlothian, Illinois 290 1 stroke Chick Evans (a) 300
1913 Francis Ouimet (a) United States The Country Club Brookline, Massachusetts 304 Playoff Harry Vardon (2nd),
Ted Ray (3rd) 0
1912 John McDermott (2) United States Country Club of Buffalo Buffalo, New York 294 2 strokes Tom McNamara 300
1911 John McDermott United States Chicago Golf Club Wheaton, Illinois 307 Playoff Mike Brady (2nd),
George Simpson (3rd) 300
1910 Alex Smith (2) Scotland Philadelphia Cricket Club, St. Martin's Course Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 298 Playoff John McDermott (2nd),
Macdonald Smith (3rd) 300
1909 George Sargent England Englewood Golf Club Englewood, New Jersey 290 4 strokes Tom McNamara 300
1908 Fred McLeod Scotland Myopia Hunt Club South Hamilton, Massachusetts 322 Playoff Willie Smith 300
1907 Alec Ross Scotland Philadelphia Cricket Club, St. Martin's Course Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 302 2 strokes Gilbert Nicholls 300
1906 Alex Smith Scotland Onwentsia Club Lake Forest, Illinois 295 7 strokes Willie Smith 300
1905 Willie Anderson (4) Scotland Myopia Hunt Club South Hamilton, Massachusetts 314 2 strokes Alex Smith 200
1904 Willie Anderson (3) Scotland Glen View Club Golf, Illinois 303 4 strokes Gilbert Nicholls 200
1903 Willie Anderson (2) Scotland Baltusrol Golf Club, Original Course Springfield, New Jersey 307 Playoff David Brown 200
1902 Laurie Auchterlonie Scotland Garden City Golf Club Garden City, New York 307 6 strokes Stewart Gardner
Walter Travis (a) 200
1901 Willie Anderson Scotland Myopia Hunt Club South Hamilton, Massachusetts 331 Playoff Alex Smith 200
1900 Harry Vardon Jersey Chicago Golf Club Wheaton, Illinois 313 2 strokes J.H. Taylor 200
1899 Willie Smith Scotland Baltimore Country Club, Roland Park Course Baltimore, Maryland 315 11 strokes Val Fitzjohn
George Low
Bert Way 150
1898 Fred Herd Scotland Myopia Hunt Club South Hamilton, Massachusetts 328 7 strokes Alex Smith 150
1897 Joe Lloyd England Chicago Golf Club Wheaton, Illinois 162 1 stroke Willie Anderson 150
1896 James Foulis Scotland Shinnecock Hills Golf Club Shinnecock Hills, New York 152 3 strokes Horace Rawlins 150
1895 Horace Rawlins England Newport Country Club Newport, Rhode Island 173 2 strokes Willie Dunn 150
(a) denotes amateur
Summary by course, state and region[edit]
Legend
State totals – preceding courses are in that state
Division totals – Divisions as defined by U.S. Census Bureau
Region totals – each is composed of 2 or 3 divisions
Total U.S. Opens
Col. 4 shows larger region which contains entity in col. 1
Course/State/Region
No.
Years hosted
Geog.
sort
Myopia Hunt Club
4 1908, 1905, 1901, 1898 MA
The Country Club
3 1988, 1963, 1913 MA
Worcester Country Club
1 1925 MA
Brae Burn Country Club
1 1919 MA
Total Massachusetts
9 NewEng
Newport Country Club
1 1895 RI
Total Rhode Island
1 NewEng
Total New England
10 NEast
Winged Foot Golf Club
5 2006, 1984, 1974, 1959,
1929 NY
Shinnecock Hills Golf Club
5 2018, 2004, 1995, 1986, 1896 NY
Oak Hill Country Club
3 1989, 1968, 1956 NY
Bethpage State Park
2 2009, 2002 NY
Fresh Meadow Country Club
1 1932 NY
Inwood Country Club
1 1923 NY
Country Club of Buffalo
1 1912 NY
Garden City Golf Club
1 1902 NY
Total New York
19 MidAtl
Oakmont Country Club
9 2016, 2007, 1994, 1983, 1973,
1962, 1953, 1935, 1927 PA
Merion Golf Club
5 2013, 1981, 1971, 1950,
1934 PA
Philadelphia Cricket Club
2 1910, 1907 PA
Philadelphia Country Club
1 1939 PA
Total Pennsylvania
17 MidAtl
Baltusrol Golf Club
7 1993, 1980, 1967, 1954,
1936, 1915, 1903 NJ
Englewood Golf Club
1 1909 NJ
Total New Jersey
8 MidAtl
Total Mid-Atlantic
43 NEast
Total Northeast
53 USA
Congressional Country Club
3 2011, 1997, 1964 MD
Baltimore Country Club
1 1899 MD
Columbia Country Club
1 1921 MD
Total Maryland
5 SthAtl
Pinehurst Resort
3 2014, 2005, 1999 NC
Total North Carolina
3 SthAtl
Atlanta Athletic Club
1 1976 GA
Total Georgia
1 SthAtl
Total South Atlantic
9 South
Total East South Central
0 South
Southern Hills Country Club
3 2001, 1977, 1958 OK
Total Oklahoma
3 WSC
Champions Golf Club
1 1969 TX
Colonial Country Club
1 1941 TX
Northwood Club
1 1952 TX
Total Texas
3 WSC
Total West South Central
6 South
Total South
15 USA
Medinah Country Club
3 1990, 1975, 1949 IL
Chicago Golf Club
3 1911, 1900, 1897 IL
Olympia Fields Country Club
2 2003, 1928 IL
North Shore Country Club
1 1933 IL
Skokie Country Club
1 1922 IL
Midlothian Country Club
1 1914 IL
Onwentsia Club
1 1906 IL
Glen View Club
1 1904 IL
Total Illinois
13 ENC
Inverness Club
4 1979, 1957, 1931, 1920 OH
Canterbury Golf Club
2 1946, 1940 OH
Scioto Country Club
1 1926 OH
Total Ohio
7 ENC
Oakland Hills Country Club
6 1996,1985,1961,1951,
1937,1924 MI
Total Michigan
6 ENC
Total East North Central
26 Midwest
Hazeltine National Golf Club
2 1991, 1970 MN
Interlachen Country Club
1 1930 MN
The Minikahda Club
1 1916 MN
Total Minnesota
4 WNC
Bellerive Country Club
1 1965 MO
St. Louis Country Club
1 1947 MO
Total Missouri
2 WNC
Erin Hills
1 2017 WI
Total Wisconsin
1 WNC
Total West North Central
7 Midwest
Total Midwest
33 USA
Cherry Hills Country Club
3 1978, 1960, 1938 CO
Total Colorado
3 Mtn
Total Mountain
3 West
Olympic Club
5 2012,1998,1987,1966,
1955 CA
Pebble Beach Golf Links
5 2010,2000,1992,1982,
1972 CA
Torrey Pines Golf Course
1 2008 CA
Riviera Country Club
1 1948 CA
Total California
12 Pac
Chambers Bay
1 2015 WA
Total Washington
1 Pac
Total Pacific
13 West
Total West
16 USA
Total U.S. Opens
118
The eighteenth state to host the tournament was Washington in 2015, followed by Wisconsin in 2017.
Records[edit]
Oldest champion: Hale Irwin in 1990 at 45 years, 15 days.
Youngest champion: John McDermott in 1911 at 19 years, 315 days.
Oldest player to make the cut: Sam Snead in 1973 at 61 years old. He tied for 29th place.
Most victories: 4 by Willie Anderson 1901, 1903–1905; Bobby Jones 1923, 1926, 1929–30; Ben Hogan 1948, 1950–51, 1953; Jack Nicklaus 1962, 1967, 1972, 1980. NOTE: Hogan also won the 1942 Hale America National Open which was held jointly by the USGA, PGA and Chicago GA for the benefit of the Navy Relief Society and the USO.
Most consecutive victories: 3 by Willie Anderson 1903–1905.
Most consecutive victorious attempts: 3 by Ben Hogan 1948, 1950–51
Most consecutive attempts in top 2: 5 by Bobby Jones 1922–1926
Most consecutive attempts in top 5: 6 by Willie Anderson 1901–1906
Most consecutive attempts in top 10: 16 by Ben Hogan 1940–1956 (next highest streak 7)
Most runner-up finishes: Phil Mickelson – 6 (1999, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2013)
Most consecutive Opens started: 44 by Jack Nicklaus from 1957 to 2000.
Largest margin of victory: 15 strokes by Tiger Woods, 2000. This is the all-time record for all majors.
Lowest score for 36 holes: 130 – Martin Kaymer (65–65), rounds 1–2, 2014.
Lowest score for 54 holes: 199 – Rory McIlroy (65–66–68), rounds 1–3, 2011; Louis Oosthuizen (66-66-67), rounds 2-4, 2015.
Lowest score for 72 holes: 268 – Rory McIlroy (65–66–68–69), rounds 1–4, 2011.
Most strokes under par for 72 holes: 16-under (268) by Rory McIlroy, 2011; 16-under (272) by Brooks Koepka, 2017.
Most strokes under par at any point in the tournament: 17 by Rory McIlroy, final round, 2011.[16]
Lowest score for 18 holes: 63 – Johnny Miller, 4th round, 1973; Jack Nicklaus, 1st, 1980; Tom Weiskopf, 1st, 1980; Vijay Singh, 2nd, 2003; Justin Thomas, 3rd, 2017; Tommy Fleetwood, 4th, 2018.
Lowest score for 18 holes in relation to par: −9 Justin Thomas, 3rd round, 2017.
All four rounds under par (golfers who did not win the tournament in italics):[17]
Lee Trevino, 1968 (69–68–69–69, par 70)
Tony Jacklin, 1970 (71–70–70–70, par 72)
Lee Janzen, 1993 (67–67–69–69, par 70)
Curtis Strange, 1994 (70–70–70–70, par 71)
Rory McIlroy (65–66–68–69, par 71) and Robert Garrigus (70–70–68–70), 2011
Brooks Koepka (67–70–68–67, par 72), Charley Hoffman (70–70–68–71), and Brandt Snedeker (70–69–70–71), 2017
All four rounds under 70: Trevino, 1968; Janzen, 1993; McIlroy, 2011.[16]
Most frequent venues:
9 Opens: Oakmont Country Club – 1927, 1935, 1953, 1962, 1973, 1983, 1994, 2007, 2016
7 Opens: Baltusrol Golf Club – 1903, 1915, 1936, 1954, 1967, 1980, 1993
6 Opens: Oakland Hills Country Club – 1924, 1937, 1951, 1961, 1985, 1996
5 Opens: Winged Foot Golf Club – 1929, 1959, 1974, 1984, 2006
Pebble Beach Golf Links – 1972, 1982, 1992, 2000, 2010
Olympic Club – 1955, 1966, 1987, 1998, 2012
Merion Golf Club – 1934, 1950, 1971, 1981, 2013
Shinnecock Hills Golf Club – 1896, 1986, 1995, 2004, 2018
4 Opens: Myopia Hunt Club – 1898, 1901, 1905, 1908
Inverness Club – 1920, 1931, 1957, 1979
There is an extensive records section on the official U.S. Open website.[18]
Broadcasting[edit]
Main article: List of U.S. Open (golf) broadcasters
As of 2015, Fox Sports is the official broadcaster of the U.S. Open[19], as the result of a 12-year deal with the USGA for exclusive rights to its tournaments through 2026. Coverage will be telecast by Fox (over-the-air) and Fox Sports 1 (cable).[20]
The 2018 edition of the U.S. Open featured a total of 37 hours of coverage in the United States, with 19.5 hours being on Thursday and Friday, and 17.5 hours being on Saturday and Sunday; the Fox Sports 1 cable network carried a total of 13.5 hours of coverage on Thursday and Friday. The Fox broadcast network had a total of 23.5 hours of coverage Thursday through Sunday, with 6 hours Thursday and Friday, and 17.5 hours Saturday and Sunday. The overall 37–hour total was down 1.5 hours from last year's total of 38.5 hours, due to the Fox broadcast network's coverage having 23.5 hours this year, compared to the 24.5 hours it had last year, and the Fox Sports 1 cable network's 13.5 hours this year, compared to the 14 hours it had last year.
Coverage was previously televised by NBC and ESPN through 2014. NBC's most recent period as rightsholder began in 1995; ABC held the broadcast rights from 1966 through 1994.[21]
In Australia, from 2015 Fox Sports Australia is the exclusive broadcaster of the U.S. open until 2018.[22]
Future sites[edit]
Year
Edition
Course
Location
Dates
Times hosted
2019 119th Pebble Beach Golf Links Pebble Beach, California June 13–16 1972, 1982, 1992, 2000, 2010
2020 120th Winged Foot Golf Club, West Course Mamaroneck, New York June 18–21 1929, 1959, 1974, 1984, 2006
2021 121st Torrey Pines Golf Course, South Course La Jolla, California June 17–20 2008
2022 122nd The Country Club Brookline, Massachusetts June 16–19 1913, 1963, 1988
2023 123rd Los Angeles Country Club, North Course Los Angeles, California June 15–18 Never
2024 124th Pinehurst Resort, Course No. 2 Pinehurst, North Carolina June 13–16 1999, 2005, 2014
2025 125th Oakmont Country Club Oakmont, Pennsylvania June 12–15 1927, 1935, 1953, 1962, 1973, 1983, 1994, 2007, 2016
2026 126th Shinnecock Hills Golf Club Shinnecock Hills, New York June 18–21 1896, 1986, 1995, 2004, 2018
2027 127th Pebble Beach Golf Links Pebble Beach, California June 17–20 1972, 1982, 1992, 2000, 2010, 2019
See also[edit]
Golf portal
Book: Men's major professional golf championships
Golf in the United States
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Most of the course lies within the hamlet of Old Bethpage, but the clubhouse is in Farmingdale, and the park has a Farmingdale postal address. Both places are within the Town of Oyster Bay.
Jump up ^ La Jolla is a neighborhood within the city of San Diego that has a unique postal identity.
^ Jump up to: a b c d The course straddles the border between Daly City and San Francisco; the club's postal address is in San Francisco.
^ Jump up to: a b c The club has a Rochester postal address, but is located in the adjacent town of Pittsford.
Jump up ^ The club is located in a portion of the Duluth postal area that became part of the newly incorporated city of Johns Creek in 2006. Although the club is still served by the Duluth post office, it now lists its mailing address as Johns Creek.
Jump up ^ The club has a St. Louis postal address, but is located in the Missouri suburb of Town and Country.
Jump up ^ Pacific Palisades is a neighborhood within the city of Los Angeles that has a unique postal identity.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Brent Kelley. "First Winner of US Open Golf Tournament". About.com Sports.
Jump up ^ "US Open Golf History".
^ Jump up to: a b "112th U.S. Open Championship application form" (PDF). USGA. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 25, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Open – Exemption List". USGA. Archived from the original on July 14, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "U.S. Junior, Mid-Amateur Champs to Receive U.S. Open, Women's Open Exemptions" (Press release). USGA. October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "USGA - Changes Made To Exemptions For 2012 USGA Championships". USGA. February 23, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "U.S. Open to expand world-ranking use". ESPN. Associated Press. February 5, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "USGA Announces Changes To Exemption Categories" (Press release). USGA. February 5, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "2012 U.S. Open Championship Media Guide" (PDF). United States Golf Association. p. 31. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 22, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Open: Special Exemptions". USGA. December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gray, Will (May 17, 2016). "Two-time champ Goosen gets U.S. Open exemption". Golf Channel.
Jump up ^ Herrington, Ryan (March 14, 2018). "USGA gives Ernie Els, Jim Furyk special exemptions into 2018 U.S. Open at Shinnecock Hills". Golf Digest.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Open abandons 18 holes for 2-hole playoff". ESPN. Associated Press. February 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Champions". U.S. Open. Archived from the original on March 3, 2008. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Age". U.S. Open. Archived from the original on March 3, 2008. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rory McIlroy runs away with Open title". ESPN. June 20, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Murray, Scott (June 19, 2011). "US Open 2011 – day four as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Open History – Records". USGA. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Haggar, Jeff (June 10, 2013). "History of US Open golf TV coverage (1954-present)". Classic TV Sports.
Jump up ^ Baysinger, Tim (August 7, 2013). "Fox Sports Reaches Rights Deal for Golf's U.S. Open". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rosaforte, Tim (June 27, 1994). "See Ya Later". Sports Illustrated. p. 49. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (April 9, 2015). "Fox Sports tees off with more Golf". TV Tonight. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.S. Open (golf).
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U.S. Open official site
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U.S. Open Championships
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
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2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
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2014
2015
2016
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2018
2019
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U.S. Open Championship venues
Atlanta Athletic Club
1976
Baltimore Country Club
1899
Baltusrol Golf Club
1903
1915
1936
1954
1967
1980
1993
Bellerive Country Club
1965
Bethpage Black Course
2002
2009
Brae Burn Country Club
1919
Canterbury Golf Club
1940
1946
Chambers Bay
2015
Champions Golf Club
1969
Cherry Hills Country Club
1938
1960
1978
Chicago Golf Club
1897
1900
1911
Colonial Country Club
1941
Columbia Country Club
1921
Congressional Country Club
1964
1997
2011
Country Club of Buffalo
1912
Englewood Golf Club
1909
Erin Hills
2017
Fresh Meadow Country Club
1932
Garden City Golf Club
1902
Glen View Club
1904
Hazeltine National Golf Club
1970
1991
Interlachen Country Club
1930
Inverness Club
1920
1931
1957
1979
Inwood Country Club
1923
Los Angeles Country Club
2023
Medinah Country Club
1949
1975
1990
Merion Golf Club
1934
1950
1971
1981
2013
Midlothian Country Club
1914
Myopia Hunt Club
1898
1901
1905
1908
Newport Country Club
1895
North Shore Country Club
1933
Northwood Club
1952
Oak Hill Country Club
1956
1968
1989
Oakland Hills Country Club
1924
1937
1951
1961
1985
1996
Oakmont Country Club
1927
1935
1953
1962
1973
1983
1994
2007
2016
2025
Olympia Fields Country Club
1928
2003
Olympic Club
1955
1966
1987
1998
2012
Onwentsia Club
1906
Pebble Beach Golf Links
1972
1982
1992
2000
2010
2019
Philadelphia Country Club
1939
Philadelphia Cricket Club
1907
1910
Pinehurst Resort
1999
2005
2014
2024
Riviera Country Club
1948
Scioto Country Club
1926
Shinnecock Hills Golf Club
1896
1986
1995
2004
2018
2026
Skokie Country Club
1922
Southern Hills Country Club
1958
1977
2001
St. Louis Country Club
1947
The Country Club
1913
1963
1988
2022
The Minikahda Club
1916
Torrey Pines Golf Course
2008
2021
Winged Foot Golf Club
1929
1959
1974
1984
2006
2020
Worcester Country Club
1925
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Major golf championships
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PGA Tour events
Major championships
Masters Tournament
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U.S. Open
The Open Championship (British Open)
Other tournaments
Safeway Open
CIMB Classic
CJ Cup
WGC-HSBC Champions
Sanderson Farms Championship
Shriners Hospitals for Children Open
Mayakoba Golf Classic
RSM Classic
Sentry Tournament of Champions
Sony Open in Hawaii
CareerBuilder Challenge
Farmers Insurance Open
Waste Management Phoenix Open
AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am
Genesis Open
WGC-Mexico Championship
Puerto Rico Open
The Honda Classic
Arnold Palmer Invitational
The Players Championship
Valspar Championship
WGC-Dell Technologies Match Play
Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship
Valero Texas Open
RBC Heritage
Zurich Classic of New Orleans
Wells Fargo Championship
AT&T Byron Nelson
Charles Schwab Challenge
Memorial Tournament
RBC Canadian Open
Travelers Championship
Rocket Mortgage Classic
3M Open
John Deere Classic
Barbasol Championship
WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational
Reno-Tahoe Tournament
Wyndham Championship
FedEx Cup playoff events
The Northern Trust
BMW Championship
Tour Championship
Team events
Ryder Cup
Presidents Cup
World Cup
Unofficial money events
Hero World Challenge
QBE Shootout
CVS Health Charity Classic
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List of former events
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All events are listed in chronological order.
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European Tour events
Major championships
Masters Tournament
U.S. Open
The Open Championship
PGA Championship
Other Race to Dubai
tournaments
UBS Hong Kong Open
Australian PGA Championship
AfrAsia Bank Mauritius Open
Joburg Open
BMW SA Open
Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship
Omega Dubai Desert Classic
Maybank Championship
ISPS Handa World Super 6 Perth
NBO Oman Open
Commercial Bank Qatar Masters
WGC-Mexico Championship
Tshwane Open
Hero Indian Open
WGC-Dell Technologies Match Play Championship
Open de España
Trophée Hassan II
Volvo China Open
Rocco Forte Sicilian Open
Belgian Knockout
BMW PGA Championship
Italian Open
Shot Clock Masters
BMW International Open
HNA Open de France
Dubai Duty Free Irish Open
Aberdeen Standard Investments Scottish Open
Porsche European Open
WGC-Bridgestone Invitational
Nordea Masters
D+D Real Czech Masters
Made in Denmark
Omega European Masters
KLM Open
Portugal Masters
Alfred Dunhill Links Championship
Sky Sports British Masters
Andalucía Valderrama Masters
WGC-HSBC Champions
Turkish Airlines Open
Nedbank Golf Challenge
DP World Tour Championship, Dubai
Team events
World Cup
EurAsia Cup
GolfSixes
Ryder Cup
European Golf Team Championships
Other
European Tour Qualifying School
Former events
All events listed in chronological order.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Open_(golf)&oldid=866088952"
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