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Governor of New York
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For a list, see List of Governors of New York.
Governor of New York
Seal of the Governor
Standard of the Governor
Incumbent
Andrew Cuomo
since January 1, 2011
Style
Governor
(informal)
The Honorable
(formal)
Status
Head of State
Head of Government
Residence
New York State Executive Mansion
Term length
Four years, no term limit
Constituting instrument
New York Constitution of 1777
Inaugural holder
George Clinton
Formation
July 30, 1777
(241 years ago) (1777-07-30)
Deputy
Lieutenant Governor of New York
Salary
$179,000 (2013)[1]
Website
governor.ny.gov
New York
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
New York
Constitution and Law[show]
United States Constitution
New York Constitution
New York Law
Executive[show]
Governor Andrew M. Cuomo (D)
Lieutenant Governor Kathy Hochul (D)
Secretary of State Rossana Rosado (D)
State Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli (D)
Acting Attorney General Barbara Underwood (D)
Commissioner of Education MaryEllen Elia
State Cabinet
See also:
State Treasurer: abolished in 1926
Legislature[show]
State Senate
President Kathy Hochul (D)
Majority leader John J. Flanagan (R)
Minority Leader Andrea Stewart-Cousins (D)
State Assembly
Speaker Carl Heastie (D)
Majority leader Joseph Morelle (D)
Minority leader Brian Kolb (R)
Judiciary[show]
Court of Appeals
Chief Judge Jonathan Lippman
Read
Pigott
Rivera
Abdus-Salaam
Stein
Supreme Court, Appellate Division
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Counties (62)
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School districts
Federal Representation[show]
United States Senators
Charles Schumer (D)
Kirsten Gillibrand (D)
U.S. Representatives
1: Lee Zeldin (R)
2: Peter King (R)
3: Steve Israel (D)
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16: Eliot Engel (D)
17: Nita Lowey (D)
18: Sean Maloney (D)
19: Chris Gibson (R)
20: Paul Tonko (D)
21: Elise Stefanik (R)
22: Richard L. Hanna (R)
23: Tom Reed (R)
24: John Katko (R)
25: Louise Slaughter (D)
26: Brian Higgins (D)
27: Chris Collins (R)
Politics of the United States
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The Governor of New York is the chief executive of the U.S. state of New York. The governor is the head of the executive branch of New York's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military and naval forces.
The current governor is Andrew Cuomo, a Democrat. Cuomo won the November 2010 gubernatorial election and was sworn in as the 56th governor of the state of New York on January 1, 2011. Cuomo was re-elected on November 5, 2014, defeating his Republican challenger Robert Astorino.
Contents
1 Powers and duties
2 Qualifications
3 History
4 Line of succession
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Powers and duties[edit]
The original Certificate of Election of John Jay as Governor of New York (June 6, 1795)
The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the New York State Legislature, to convene the legislature, and to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment.[A] Unlike the other government departments that compose the executive branch of government, the governor is the head of the state Executive Department. The officeholder is afforded the courtesy style of His/Her Excellency while in office.[2]
The governor of New York is often considered a potential candidate for President. Ten governors have been major-party candidates for president, and four, Martin Van Buren, Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, and Franklin D. Roosevelt have won. Six New York governors have gone on to serve as vice president.[3] Additionally two Governors of New York, John Jay and Charles Evans Hughes, have served as Chief Justice of the United States.
Qualifications[edit]
Under the New York State Constitution, a person must be at least 30 years of age, a United States citizen, and a resident of the state of New York for at least five years prior to being elected to serve as governor.
History[edit]
The office of Governor was established by the first New York State Constitution in 1777 to coincide with the calendar year.[F] An 1874 amendment extended the term of office to three years,[G] but the 1894 constitution reduced it to two years.[H] The most recent constitution of 1938 extended the term to the current four years.[I]
Line of succession[edit]
The Constitution of New York has provided since 1777 for the election of a Lieutenant Governor of New York, who also acts as President of the State Senate, to the same term (keeping the same term lengths as the governor throughout all the constitutional revisions).[J] Originally, in the event of the death, resignation or impeachment of the governor, or absence from the state, the lieutenant governor would take on the governor's duties and powers.[J] Since the 1938 constitution, the lieutenant governor explicitly becomes governor upon such vacancy in the office.[K]
Should the office of lieutenant governor become vacant, the president pro tempore of the state senate[4] performs the duties of a lieutenant governor until the governor can take back the duties of the office, or the next election; likewise, should both offices become vacant, the president pro tempore acts as governor, with the office of lieutenant governor remaining vacant. Although no provision exists in the constitution for it, precedent set in 2009 allows the governor to appoint a lieutenant governor should a vacancy occur.[5] Should the president pro tempore be unable to fulfill the duties, the speaker of the assembly is next in the line of succession.[L] The lieutenant governor is elected on the same ticket as the governor, but nominated separately.[M]
Line of succession in full
Lieutenant Governor
Temporary President of the Senate
Speaker of the Assembly
Attorney General
Comptroller
Commissioner of Transportation
Commissioner of Health
Commissioner of Commerce
Industrial Commissioner
Chairman of the Public Service Commission
Secretary of State[6]
See also[edit]
Politics of New York (state)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries". The Council of State Governments. June 25, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ New York Chamber of Commerce (1899). Annual banquet of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York. Addresses made on the occasion. 131. p. 23. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Edward V. Schneier, John Brian Murtaugh, and Antoinette Pole, New York Politics: A Tale of Two States (2nd edition) (2010)
Jump up ^ The state constitutions refer to this position as the "temporary president of the senate"
Jump up ^ Peters, Jeremy W.; Chan, Sewell (September 22, 2009). "In 4-3 Vote, Court Says Paterson Can Appoint Lt. Governor". The New York Times. Retrieved September 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ http://law.justia.com/codes/new-york/2012/dea
External links[edit]
Governor's Office in the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations
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Officers in the State of New York
Current offices
Governor
Lieutenant Governor
Speaker of the Assembly
Temporary President of the Senate
Secretary of State
Attorney General
State Comptroller
Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals
Associate Judge of the Court of Appeals
Clerk of the Court of Appeals
Clerk of the State Assembly
Defunct offices
State Treasurer
State Engineer
Superintendent of Public Works
Chancellor
Canal Commissioner
Inspector of State Prisons
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Governors and lieutenant governors of New York
Governors
G. Clinton
Jay
G. Clinton
Lewis
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Tayler
D. Clinton
Yates
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Hill
Flower
Morton
Black
T. Roosevelt
Odell
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White
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Glynn
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Smith
Miller
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F. Roosevelt
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Poletti
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Carey
M. Cuomo
Pataki
Spitzer
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A. Cuomo
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S. Van Rensselaer
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Root
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P. Livingston
Dayan
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Stebbins
Oliver
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Tracy
Bradish
Dickinson
Gardiner
Lester
Fish
Patterson
Church
Raymond
Selden
Campbell
Floyd-Jones
Alvord
Woodford
Beach
Robinson
Dorsheimer
Hoskins
Hill
McCarthy
Jones
Sheehan
Saxton
Woodruff
Higgins
Bruce
Raines
Chanler
White
Cobb
Conway
Glynn
Wagner
Schoeneck
Walker
Wood
Lusk
Lunn
Lowman
Corning
Lehman
Bray
Poletti
Hanley
Wallace
Hanley
Moore
Wicks
Mahoney
DeLuca
Wilson
Anderson
Krupsak
Cuomo
DelBello
Anderson
Lundine
McCaughey
Donohue
Paterson
Bruno
Skelos
Smith
Espada
Ravitch
Duffy
Hochul
Italics indicate acting officeholders
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African Games
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African Games
Official logo of the Games
Games
1965
1973
1978
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
Sports
Athletics
Badminton
Baseball
Basketball
Boxing
Canoeing
Chess
Cycling
Diving
Equestrian
Fencing
Football
Gymnastics
Handball
Field hockey
Judo
Karate
Kick-boxing
Netball
Rowing
Sailing
Shooting
Softball
Squash
Swimming
Table tennis
Taekwondo
Tennis
Triathlon
Volleyball
Weightlifting
Wrestling
Organisations
Charter
AU
ANOCA
AASC
NOCs
Olympic Games
Main topics
Bids
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Ceremonies
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IFs
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Medal tables
Medalists
NOCs
Pierre de Coubertin medal
Scandals and controversies
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Summer
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Deaflympics
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The African Games, formally known as the All-Africa Games or the Pan African Games, are a continental multi-sport event held every four years, organized by the African Union (AU) with the Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa (ANOCA) and the Association of African Sports Confederations (AASC).
All of the competing nations are from the African continent. The first Games were held in 1965 in Brazzaville, Congo. The International Olympic Committee granted official recognition as a continental multi-sport event, along with the Asian Games and Pan American Games. Since 1999, the Games have also included athletes with a disability.[1]
The Supreme Council for Sport in Africa (SCSA) was the organisation body for the game. On 26 July 2013, the Extraordinary Assembly of the Supreme Council for Sports held in Abidjan, Ivory Coast that was held on the sidelines of the 5th Session of the African Union Conference of Sports Ministers that started on 22 July 2013 recommended the dissolution of the Supreme Council for Sport in Africa and to also transfer all functions, assets & liabilities of SCSA to the African Union Commission.[2][3] The organization of the African Games is now managed by three parts, the AU (the owners of the game), the ANOCA (occupying the technical aspects) and the AASC (developing marketing policy, sponsorship and research resources).
After running previous 11 editions as the All-Africa Games, the games has been renamed the African Games. The decision for the name change was arrived at, during the Executive Council meeting of the African Union held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in January 2012.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Beginning
1.2 The Friendship Games
1.3 The games
2 Participation
3 Editions
4 Sports
5 Medal count
6 Influence
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Beginning[edit]
Modern Olympics founder Pierre de Coubertin conceived the Pan African Games as early as 1920. The colonial powers who ruled Africa at the time were wary of the idea, suspecting the unifying aspect of sport among African people would cause them to assert their independence.
Attempts were made to host the games in Algiers, Algeria in 1925 and Alexandria, Egypt in 1928, but despite considerable preparations taken by coordinators, the efforts failed. The International Olympic Committee's (IOC) first African member, Greek-born Egyptian sprinter Angelo Bolanaki, donated funds to erect a stadium, but still the Games were set back for another three decades.
The Friendship Games[edit]
In the early 1960s, French-speaking countries of Africa including France organized the Friendship Games. The Games were organized by Madagascar (1960) and then Côte d'Ivoire (1961). The third games were set for Senegal in 1963. Before they were completed, African Ministers of Youth and Sport met in Paris in 1962; as a few English-speaking countries were already participating, they rechristened the Games as the Pan African Games. The Games were granted official recognition by the IOC as being on par with other continental Games such as the Asian Games and the Pan American Games.
The games[edit]
In July 1965, the first games were held in Brazzaville, Congo, now called the All-Africa Games. From 30 countries, around 2,500 athletes competed. Egypt topped the medal count for the first Games.
In 1966, the SCSA was organized in Bamako; it manages the All-Africa Games. The second edition were awarded to Mali in 1969, but a military coup forced the cancellation of the Games. Lagos, Nigeria stepped in as host for the Games in 1971. Those Games were finally held in 1973 due to the Biafra War, which had just ended in Nigeria.
In 1977, the 3rd Games were scheduled to take place in Algeria but due to technical reasons had to be postponed for a year and were held in 1978. Continuing the pattern, the next Games were scheduled to take place in Kenya in 1983, but were pushed back to 1985 and finally took place in Nairobi in 1987.
The four-year Olympic rhythm has not missed a beat since, and the Games have been organized in Cairo, Harare, Johannesburg, and Abuja. In 2007, Algiers once again hosted, becoming the first repeat host. The 2011 edition of the All-Africa Games was held in Maputo, Mozambique in September 2011. Brazzaville hosted the 2015 edition in honor of the Games' 50th anniversary.
Participation[edit]
See also: Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa
All 53 members affiliated to the Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa (ANOCA) are eligible to take part in the Games. In history, the 53 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) have sent competitors to the Games.
South Africa was banned since the beginning of the games in the 1965 All-Africa Games till the 1995 All-Africa Games because Apartheid (a discriminatory policy against black Africans and other people of color) officially ended when it was invited for the first time to compete the games.
Morocco was banned from the games from the 1987 All-Africa Games onwards because of a political dispute over Western Sahara. Morocco claims the territory as its "Southern Provinces" and controls 80% of it while the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, which claims it to be a sovereign state controls the remaining 20% as the "Free Zone".
Editions[edit]
1965, 2015
1973
1978, 2007
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2011
2019
Host cities of the African Games
Year
Games
Host Country
Host City
Opened by
Dates
Nations
Competitors
Sports
Events
Top Country
On Medal Table
Men
Women
Total
1965 I Republic of Congo Brazzaville Alphonse Massemba-Débat 18–25 July 30 2500 10 54 United Arab Republic
1969 – Mali Bamako Disrupted by Military Coup
1973 II Nigeria Lagos Yakubu Gowon 7–18 January 36 12 92 Egypt
1978 III Algeria Algiers Houari Boumediene 13–28 July 45 3000 12 117 Tunisia
1987 IV Kenya Nairobi Daniel Arap Moi 1–12 August 41 14 164 Egypt
1991 V Egypt Cairo Hosni Mubarak 20 September–1 October 43 18 213 Egypt
1995 VI Zimbabwe Harare Robert Mugabe 13–23 September 46 6000 19 224 South Africa
1999 VII South Africa Johannesburg Thabo Mbeki 10–19 September 51 6000 20 224 South Africa
2003 VIII Nigeria Abuja Olusegun Obasanjo 5–17 October 50 6000 22 332 Egypt
2007 IX Algeria Algiers Abdelaziz Bouteflika 11–23 July 52 4793 27 374 Egypt
2011 X Mozambique Maputo Armando Guebuza 3–18 September 53 5000 20 249 South Africa
2015 XI Republic of the Congo Brazzaville Denis Sassou Nguesso 4–19 September 54 15000 22 172 Egypt
2019 XII Zambia Lusaka Future event
2023 XIII TBD TBD Future event
Sports[edit]
33 sports were presented in All-Africa Games history.
Sport
Years
Athletics Since 1965
Badminton Since 2003
Baseball 1999–2003
Basketball Since 1965
Boxing Since 1965
Canoeing Since 2011
Chess Since 2003
Cycling Since 1965
Dancesport Since 2015
Diving Since 1995
Equestrian Since 2007
Sport
Years
Fencing Since 2007
Football Since 1965
Gymnastics Since 1991
Handball Since 1965
Field hockey 1987–2003
Judo Since 1965
Karate Since 1991
Kickboxing Since 2007
Netball Since 2003
Rowing 2007 only
Sailing Since 2007
Sport
Years
Shooting Since 1991
Softball Since 2015
Squash Since 2003
Swimming Since 1965
Table tennis Since 1973
Taekwondo Since 1987
Tennis Since 1965
Triathlon Since 2011
Volleyball Since 1965
Weightlifting Since 1965
Wrestling Since 1965
Medal count[edit]
Main article: All-time African Games medal table
50 nations have won at least a single medal in the African Games, from 54 National Olympic Committees participating throughout the history of the Games. 42 nations have won at least a single gold medal.
No.
Nation
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1
Egypt (EGY) 11 548 406 408 1362
2
Nigeria (NGR) 11 381 360 337 1078
3
South Africa (RSA) 6 300 270 217 787
4
Algeria (ALG) 11 258 286 342 886
5
Tunisia (TUN) 11 182 158 184 524
6
Kenya (KEN) 11 107 116 130 353
7
Senegal (SEN) 11 55 58 110 223
8
Cameroon (CMR) 11 32 49 111 192
9
Ghana (GHA) 11 32 45 76 153
10
Ethiopia (ETH) 11 31 39 52 122
11
Zimbabwe (ZIM) 8 27 33 60 120
12
Ivory Coast (CIV) 11 21 25 44 90
Influence[edit]
After hearing about the Pan-African Games whilst on a business trip to Congo, Soviet Union-Armenian diplomat Ashot Melik-Shahnazaryan got the idea to create the Pan-Armenian Games.
See also[edit]
Africa portal
Sport in Africa
African Youth Games
Africa Military Games
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 9th All African Games Underway in Algeria, International Paralympic Committee (IPC)
Jump up ^ 27/10/2011 The All Africa Games shall henceforth be organized by ANOCA and the AASC Archived November 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., Confederation of African Athletics (CAA)
Jump up ^ All Africa Games: Popoola hails SCSA dissolution, www.vanguardngr.com
Jump up ^ "All-Africa Games now renamed "African Games". The Guardian. NAN. September 13, 2015.
External links[edit]
Background from official website
Medal winners in various events
Event at Ultraviewdirectory
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e
African Games
Medal table
Games
Brazzaville 1965
Lagos 1973
Algiers 1978
Nairobi 1987
Cairo 1991
Harare 1995
Johannesburg 1999
Abuja 2003
Algiers 2007
Maputo 2011
Brazzaville 2015
Lusaka 2019
African Youth Games
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e
Association of National Olympic Committees
African Games
Asian Games
European Games
Pan American Games
Pacific Games
Africa
ANOCA – Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa
Americas
PASO – Pan American Sports Organization
Asia
OCA – Olympic Council of Asia
Europe
EOC – European Olympic Committees
Oceania
ONOC – Oceania National Olympic Committees
show
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e
Sports at the African Games
Athletics
Badminton
Baseball
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Cycling
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Equestrian
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Football
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Handball
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Softball
Squash
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e
Nations at the African Games
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Burkina Faso
Burundi
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Chad
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DRC
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Shahada
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This article is about the Islamic creed. For other uses, see Shahada (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Shahid.
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This article contains Arabic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
The Shahada (Arabic: الشهادة aš-šahādah audio (help·info), "the testimony"; aš-šahādatān (الشَهادَتانْ, "the two testimonials"); also Kalima Shahadat [كلمة الشهادة, "the testimonial word"]), is an Islamic creed declaring belief in the oneness of God (tawhid) and the acceptance of Muhammad as God's prophet. The declaration, in its shortest form, reads (right to left in Arabic):
لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا ٱلله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ ٱلله
lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh muḥammadun rasūlu llāh
There is no god but God. Muhammad is the messenger of God.[1][2][3][4]
Audio (prefaced by the phrase (wa) ašhadu ʾan —"(and) I testify, that") audio (help·info)
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology and significance
2 Recitation
3 Origin
4 In Sufism
5 In architecture and art
6 Use on flags
6.1 National Flags with Shahada
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
10.1 Citations
10.2 Sources
11 External links
Terminology and significance[edit]
The noun šahāda (شَهادة), from the verbal root šahida (شَهِدَ) meaning "to observe, witness, testify", translates as "testimony" in both the everyday and the legal senses.[5][note 1] The Islamic creed is also called, in the dual form, šahādatān (شَهادَتانْ, literally "two testimonials"). The expression al-šahāda (the Witnessed) is used in Quran as one of the "titles of God".[9]
In Sunni Islam, the shahada has two parts: la ilaha illa'llah (there is no god but God), and Muhammadun rasul Allah (Muhammad is the messenger of God),[10] which are sometimes referred to as the first shahada and the second shahada.[11] The first statement of the shahada is also known as the tahlīl.[12]
In Shia Islam, the shahada also has a third part, a phrase concerning Ali, the first Shia Imam and the fourth Rashid caliph of Sunni Islam: وعليٌ وليُّ الله (wa ʿalīyyun walīyyu-llāh), which translates to "Ali is the wali of God".[13]
In the Quran, the first shahadah takes the form la ilaha illa'llah twice (37:35, 47:19), and allahu la ilaha illa hu (God, there is no god but He) much more often.[14] It appears in the shorter form la ilaha illa Hu (There is no god but He) in many places.[15] It appears in these forms about 30 times in the Quran, and never attached with the other parts of the shahadah in Sunni or Shia Islam or "in conjunction with another name".[16]
Islam's monotheistic nature is reflected in the first shahada, which declares belief in the oneness of God and that he is the only entity truly worthy of worship.[11] The second shahada indicates the means by which God has offered guidance to human beings.[17] The verse reminds Muslims that they accept not only the prophecy of Muhammad but also the long line of prophets who preceded him.[17] While the first part is seen as a cosmic truth, the second is specific to Islam, as it is understood that members of the older Abrahamic religions do not view Muhammad as one of their prophets.[17]
Shahada is a statement of both ritual and worship. In a well-known hadith, Muhammad defines Islam as witnessing that there is no god but God and that Muhammad is God's messenger, giving of alms (zakat), performing the ritual prayer, fasting during the month of Ramadan and making a pilgrimage to the Kaaba: the five pillars of Islam are inherent in this declaration of faith.[11][18]
Recitation[edit]
Recitation of the shahādah is the most common statement of faith for Muslims. In Sunni Islam, it is counted as the first of the Five Pillars of Islam,[9] while the Shi'i Twelvers and Isma'ilis also have the shahada as among their pillars of faith.[19] It is whispered by the father into the ear of a newborn child,[9] and it is whispered into the ear of a dying person.[20] The five canonical daily prayers each include a recitation of the shahada.[17] Recitation of the shahada in front of witnesses is also the first and only formal step in conversion to Islam.[9] This occasion often attracts more than the two required witnesses and sometimes includes a party-like celebration to welcome the convert into their new faith.[11] In accordance with the central importance played by the notion of intention (Arabic: نیّة, niyyah) in Islamic doctrine, the recitation of the shahada must reflect understanding of its import and heartfelt sincerity.[21][22] Intention is what differentiates acts of devotion from mundane acts and a simple reading of the shahada from invoking it as a ritual activity.[21][22]
Origin[edit]
Though the two phrases of the shahada are both present in the Quran (for example, 37:35 and 48:29), they are not found there side by side as in the shahada formula.[10] Versions of both phrases began to appear in coins and monumental architecture in the late seventh century, which suggests that it had not been officially established as a ritual statement of faith until then.[10] An inscription in the Dome of the Rock (est. 692) in Jerusalem reads "There is no god but God alone; He has no partner with him; Muhammad is the messenger of God".[10] Another variant appears in coins minted after the reign of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, the fifth Umayyad caliph, in the form "Muhammad is the servant of God and His messenger".[10] Although it is not clear when the shahada first came into common use among Muslims, it is clear that the sentiments it expresses were part of the Quran and Islamic doctrine from the earliest period.[10]
In Sufism[edit]
The shahada has been traditionally recited in the Sufi ceremony of dhikr (Arabic: ذِکْر, "remembrance"), a ritual that resembles mantras found in many other religious traditions.[23] During the ceremony, the shahada may be repeated thousands of times, sometimes in the shortened form of the first phrase where the word Allah is replaced by huwa (He).[23] The chanting of the shahada sometimes provides a rhythmic background for singing.[24]
In architecture and art[edit]
The shahada appears as an architectural element in Islamic buildings around the world, such as those in Jerusalem, Cairo, and Istanbul.[10][25][26]
Late-medieval and renaissance European art displays a fascination with Middle Eastern motifs in general and the Arabic script in particular, as indicated by its use, without concern for its content, in painting, architecture and book illustrations.[27][28] In his San Giovenale Triptych, the Italian Renaissance artist Masaccio has copied the full shahada on the halo of the Madonna, written backwards.[28][29]
Use on flags[edit]
Further information: Islamic flags and Black Standard § Jihadist black flag
The shahada is found on Islamic flags. Wahhabism used the shahada on their flags since the 18th century.[30] In 1902, ibn Saud, leader of the House of Saud and the future founder of Saudi Arabia, added a sword to this flag.[30] The modern Flag of Saudi Arabia was introduced in 1973.[31] The Flag of Somaliland has a horizontal strip of green, white and red with the shahada inscribed in white on the green strip.[32]
Between 1997 and 2001, the Taliban used a white flag with the shahada inscribed in black as the flag of their Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The various jihadist black flag used by Islamic insurgents since the 2000s have often followed this example. The shahada written on a green background has been used by supporters of Hamas since about 2000. The 2004 draft constitution of Afghanistan proposed a flag featuring the shahada in white script centered on a red background. In 2006, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant designed its flag using the shahada phrase written in white on black background. The font used is supposedly similar to the font used as seal on the original letters written on Muhammad's behalf.[33]
National Flags with Shahada[edit]
Somaliland
Saudi Arabia
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Gallery[edit]
A mancus gold dinar of king Offa of Mercia, copied from the dinars of the Abbasid Caliphate (774); probably unintentionally, it still includes the Arabic text "Muhammad is the Apostle of God".
The Qibla of the Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir Billah in the Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo showing the Shi'i shahada with the phrase ʿalī walī allāh at the end.
The first phrase of the shahada in kufic calligraphy (1309), Kashan, Iran.
The Testimony of Faith inscribed as calligraphy on top of the Babussalam gate of the Topkapı Palace, Istanbul, Turkey.
The Shi'i shahada on the mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur, Iran. The first phrase is in white, the rest in blue.
Tile panel in the Wazir Khan Mosque, Lahore, Pakistan. The shahada is on the top half of the panel.
Shahadas written in the style of a Mamluk tughra on the bottom right and in mirror image on bottom left.
The shahada written in square Kufic script, shown as buildings topped with domes and minarets, with its mirror image on the left.
Shia shahādah at Bab al-Futuh/Bab al-Nasr Fatimid Cairo with the phrase ʿalī walī allāh.
See also[edit]
Islam portal
Aqidah
Basmala
Takbir
The shahadah is referenced in the eighth stanza of the Turkish national anthem (1921).
Glossary of Islam
List of Christian terms in Arabic
Six Kalimas
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The related noun šahīd (شَهيد), which is used in the Quran mainly in the sense "witness", has paralleled in its development the Greek martys (Greek: μάρτυς) in that it may mean both "witness" and "martyr".[6][7] Similarly, šahāda may also mean "martyrdom" although in modern Arabic the more commonly used word for "martyrdom" is another derivative of the same root, istišhād (إسْتِشْهادْ).[8]
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Malise Ruthven (January 2004). Historical Atlas of Islam. Harvard University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-674-01385-8.
Jump up ^ Richard C. Martín. Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World. Granite Hill Publishers. p. 723. ISBN 978-0-02-865603-8.
Jump up ^ Frederick Mathewson Denny (2006). An Introduction to Islam. Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-13-183563-4.
Jump up ^ Mohammad, Noor (1985). "The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction". Journal of Law and Religion. 3 (2): 381–397. doi:10.2307/1051182. JSTOR 1051182.
Jump up ^ Wehr, Hans; J. Milton Cowan (1976). A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (PDF). pp. 488–489.
Jump up ^ David Cook, Martyrdom (Shahada) Oxford Bibliographies
Jump up ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume IX, Klijkebrille, 1997, p. 201.
Jump up ^ John Wortabet; Harvey Porter (1 September 2003). English-Arabic and Arabic-English Dictionary. Asian Educational Services. p. 238.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cornell, p. 8
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Lindsay, p. 140–141
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cornell, p. 9
Jump up ^ Michael Anthony Sells (1999). Approaching the Qur'an: The Early Revelations. White Cloud Press. p. 151.
Jump up ^ The Later Mughals by William Irvine p. 130
Jump up ^ Nasr et al (2015). The Study Quran. HarperOne. p. 110. (Footnote 255)
Jump up ^ Nasr et al (2015). The Study Quran. HarperOne. p. 1356. (Footnote 22)
Jump up ^ Edip Yuksel et al (2007). Quran: A Reformist Translation. Brainbrow Press. Footnote 3:18.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cornell, p. 10
Jump up ^ Lindsay, p. 149
Jump up ^ "Seeking the Straight Path: Reflections of a New Muslim". Retrieved 2007-07-09.
Jump up ^ Azim Nanji (2008). The Penguin Dictionary of Islam. Penguin UK. p. 101.
^ Jump up to: a b Andrew Rippin (2005). Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Psychology Press. pp. 104–105.
^ Jump up to: a b Ignác Goldziher (1981). Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law. Princeton University Press. pp. 18–19.
^ Jump up to: a b Ian Richard Netton (19 December 2013). Encyclopaedia of Islam. p. 143.
Jump up ^ Jonathan Holt Shannon (2006). Among the Jasmine Trees: Music and Modernity in Contemporary Syria. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 110–111.
Jump up ^ Doris Behrens-Abouseif (1989). Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction. Brill. p. 54.
Jump up ^ Oleg Grabar (ed.) (1985). An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Brill. p. 110. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Eva Baer (2013). The Renaissance and the Ottoman World. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 41–43.
^ Jump up to: a b Anna Contadini, Dr. Claire Norton (1989). Ayyubid Metalwork With Christian Images. Brill. p. 47.
Jump up ^ Graziella Parati (1999). Mediterranean Crossroads: Migration Literature in Italy. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 13.
^ Jump up to: a b Firefly Books (2003). Firefly Guide to Flags of the World. Firefly Books. ISBN 978-1-55297-813-9.
Jump up ^ "Saudi Arabia Flag and Description". World Atlas. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
Jump up ^ James B. Minahan. Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 806. ISBN 9780313076961.
Jump up ^ McCants, William (22 September 2015). "How ISIS Got Its Flag". The Atlantic. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
Sources[edit]
Vincent J. Cornell. Voices of Islam. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0275987337.
James E. Lindsay. Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313322709.
Arthur J. Magida. Opening the Doors of Wonder: Reflections on Religious Rites of Passage. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520941717.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shahada.
"The First Pillar of Islam"
"The Shahadah as Truth and as Way"
"Arabic phrases and about Islam". Essaouira.
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values: شهادتان – Arabic

values: শ্বাহাদাহ – Assamese

values: Шагьадат – Avaric

values: شهادتین(ایکی ایسلام تصدیقی) – South Azerbaijani

values: শাহাদাহ্ – Bangla

values: Шәһәҙәт – Bashkir

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chahada
Chahada – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xahada
Xahada – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values: Шахада – Chuvash

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahadah
Shahadah – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahadah
Shahadah – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values: ޝަހާދަތް – Divehi

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada
Shahada – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada
Shahada – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values: شهادتین – Persian

values:
https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahadah
Shahadah – Faroese
fo
fo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chahada
Chahada – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada
Shahada – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values: शहादा – Hindi

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syahadat
Syahadat – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: Шахадæ – Ossetic

values: שהאדה – Hebrew

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahadat
Sahadat – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values: Шаһада – Kazakh

values: Шагьадат – Lak

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schahada
Schahada – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values: ശഹാദത്ത് – Malayalam

values: شهادة ان لا اله الا الله و ان محمد رسول الله – Egyptian Arabic

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syahadah
Syahadah – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjahada
Sjahada – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: ШахӀадат – Chechen

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahadah
Shahadah – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values: ਸ਼ਹਾਦਾ – Punjabi

values: شهادت – Pashto

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szahada
Szahada – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chahada
Chahada – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Шахада – Russian

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada
Shahada – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehadeti
Shehadeti – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values: شهادت – Sindhi

values:
https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szahada
Szahada – Silesian
szl
szl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahaadah
Shahaadah – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values: Шехадет – Serbian

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahadat
Sahadat – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahadah
Shahadah – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada
Shahada – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: கலிமா – Tamil

values: Шәһадәт – Tatar

values: ชะฮาดะฮ์ – Thai

values: Шаҳодат – Tajik

values: شہادت – Urdu

values: كەلىمەئى شاھادەت – Uyghur

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada
Shahada – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seere
Seere – Wolof
wo
wo
interlanguage-link-target

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