text:
Eligibility for the NBA draft
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The NBA draft is an annual event in which the 30 franchises in the National Basketball Association select new players for their teams. Eligibility rules for prospective players have changed several times during the history of the league. No player may sign with the NBA until they are 19 years or older.[1] The rule has produced one-and-done players that play college basketball for one year before declaring for the draft.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early history
2 Haywood v. NBA
3 Later history
3.1 Automatic eligibility
3.2 "Early entry" player
3.3 Definition of international players
3.4 Reaction of high school players
3.5 Changes for college underclassmen in 2016
4 Notes and references
Early history[edit]
In the earliest days of the NBA, three players entered the NBA without having played in college (although one of them did not enter the league until he was 39 years old). However, the league eventually established a rule that "a player could not make himself available" for the draft until two years after his high school graduation.[2]
Haywood v. NBA[edit]
Main article: Haywood v. National Basketball Association
The first major challenge to the NBA's eligibility rules came from Spencer Haywood. He graduated from high school in 1968, at a time when college freshmen were not allowed to play varsity sports for NCAA member schools. He played three years at a Colorado junior college, followed by a season at the University of Detroit. After the 1970–71 season, he left college for the NBA's rival at the time, the ABA, which had no rule restricting college underclassmen from entering the league, and had a spectacularly successful rookie season with the Denver Rockets (the predecessor to today's Denver Nuggets), being named the ABA's Rookie of the Year and MVP. Near the end of the season, he turned 21; shortly after its end, he repudiated his contract with the Rockets, claiming he had been defrauded. Haywood then signed a contract with the now defunct Seattle SuperSonics, which put him and the Sonics on a collision course with the NBA, as he was only three years removed from his high school graduation.
The NBA threatened to disallow the contract and impose sanctions against the Sonics. Haywood responded by filing an antitrust suit against the league, seeking an injunction to prevent the NBA from disallowing the contract or punishing the Sonics. The case eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which issued a 7–2 decision in Haywood's favor in 1971.
After the decision, the NBA allowed players to leave college early as "hardship cases", which essentially meant that the player had to prove financial hardship. This rule quickly developed into one that was observed in the breach, with Sport magazine writer Jackie Lapin commenting in the 1970s that "Almost anyone who has been any good at the game in the past decade would qualify [as a hardship case] — with the probable exception of Bill Bradley, the banker's son."[3]
Later history[edit]
See also: NBA high school draftees
As a consequence of the aforementioned Haywood decision, and following soon after, three high schoolers chose to enter the professional ranks without ever enrolling in a college. The first was Moses Malone, who went to the ABA upon his high school graduation in 1974, almost immediately establishing himself as a star of the future. After the ABA–NBA merger in 1976, his career continued on its upward trajectory, ultimately earning him three NBA MVP awards, four appearances on the All-NBA First Team, 12 consecutive NBA All-Star Game appearances, an NBA title, a place among the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History, and enshrinement in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. In 1975, Darryl Dawkins and Bill Willoughby both went to the NBA from high school. Dawkins had a solid 14-year career in the NBA, while Willoughby was no more than a journeyman in eight NBA seasons.
These players were greatly outnumbered by college underclassmen who chose to leave early for the NBA. While underclass draftees are too numerous to list, it can be noted that among the aforementioned 50 Greatest Players, 10 (not including Malone) left college early for the NBA.[4]
After Dawkins and Willoughby, no high school player went directly to the NBA for 20 years, although Lloyd Daniels and Shawn Kemp went to the NBA without having played college basketball (both had enrolled in college, but never played). That would change in 1995 with the arrival of future NBA MVP Kevin Garnett, who was selected fifth overall. The following year, another future MVP in Kobe Bryant and a future All-Star in Jermaine O'Neal were first-round picks out of high school. Most years after that saw at least one, and often more, high-schoolers drafted, most notably Tracy McGrady (1997), Kwame Brown (the first high-schooler to be the #1 overall pick, in 2001), Amar'e Stoudemire (2002), LeBron James (#1 in 2003), and Dwight Howard (#1 in 2004).
However, the influx of high-schoolers caused considerable controversy. When the NBA and its players union negotiated a new Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) in 2005, NBA Commissioner David Stern publicly called for a higher age limit of 20, stating that he wanted the league's scouts and general managers out of high school gyms and that too many young urban Americans incorrectly saw the NBA as a sure path to fame and financial security.[5] Most of the players were opposed to an age limit;[6] Jermaine O'Neal was perhaps the most strident critic, accusing the NBA of racism.[7] Ultimately, the union reluctantly agreed to an age limit of 19, accepting it in exchange for tweaks to salary cap rules that were favorable to the players' interests.[6]
The current eligibility rules were established under the NBA's 2005 collective bargaining agreement (CBA), which expired in 2011, resulting in a lockout. The previous CBA, approved in December 2011, made no changes to the draft rules, but called for the NBA and its players union to form a committee to discuss draft-related issues.[8][9] In 2016, the NBA and NBA Players Association met to work on a new CBA, which both sides approved in December of that year. This most recent agreement started with the 2017–18 season and will run through 2023–24, with a mutual opt-out after 2022–23.[10][11] The basic rules that started in the 2006 draft are:
All drafted players must be at least 19 years old during the calendar year of the draft.[12] To determine whether a player is eligible for a given year's draft, subtract 19 from the year of the draft. If the player was born during or before that year, he is eligible.
Any player who is not an "international player", as defined in the CBA, must be at least one year removed from the graduation of his high school class.[12]
The "one year out of high school" requirement is in addition to the age requirement. For example, although O. J. Mayo turned 19 in November 2006, six months before his high school graduation, he was not eligible until the 2008 draft, a year after his high school class graduated. Stern stated the rules were business-related and not a "social program", citing the need to see players perform against higher competition before they are evaluated for valuable draft picks.[9] The rule effectively mandated that players spend at least one year in college.[13] High school players who would otherwise have jumped directly into the NBA were instead playing in college for the required year before leaving and entering the draft—a phenomenon known as one and done.[14] Some colleges have embraced this rule to their advantage, notably the University of Kentucky, among others. Many of their players have played the one mandatory year, leaving after their freshman season to enter the draft. The NBA G League (formerly Development League) is one alternative to college. Players can earn five-figure salaries, but the level of competition is possibly lower than in the Division I level in college. Some players, most notably Brandon Jennings, have also played overseas in lieu of college.[13][15] However, in recent years, other players like Satnam Singh, Thon Maker, and Matur Maker have looked to enter the NBA draft while still being high schoolers by exploiting a loophole where they enter the draft as high school postgraduates.
Automatic eligibility[edit]
Players whose 19th birthday falls during or before the calendar year of the draft, or at least one year removed from the graduation of their high school class, and who do not meet the criteria for "international" players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria:[16]
They have completed four years of their college eligibility.
If they graduated from high school in the U.S., but did not enroll in a U.S. college or university, four years have passed since their high school class graduated.
They have signed a contract with a professional basketball team outside the NBA, anywhere in the world, and have played under that contract. They also must be released from their contract before they can leave college to go to the NBA
Those who have reached the minimum eligibility age of 19 and meet the criteria for "international" players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria:
They are at least 22 during the calendar year of the draft.[17]
They have signed a contract with a professional basketball team outside the NBA within the United States, and have played under that contract.[18]
"Early entry" player[edit]
Players who are not automatically eligible but wish to be drafted must declare their eligibility no later than 60 days before the draft.[19] After this date, "early entry" players may attend NBA pre-draft camps and individual team workouts to show off their skills and obtain feedback regarding their draft positions. Under the CBA, a player may withdraw his name from consideration from the draft at any time before the final declaration date, which is 10 days before the draft.[20] However, the NCAA adopted a rule that took effect in August 2009 that requires players at its member institutions to withdraw no later than May 8 to retain their college eligibility; the first draft affected by this rule was the 2010 draft.[21] In 2011, the NCAA shortened its timeline for players to withdraw and retain eligibility to one day before the start of the spring signing period for men's basketball, which occurs in April.[22] The NCAA changed its withdrawal rule again in 2016, effective with that year's draft; its withdrawal deadline is now in late May, specifically 10 days after the final day of the annual NBA Draft Combine.[23]
A player who declares for the draft will lose his college eligibility, even if he is not drafted, if he signs with any agent.[24] Before 2016, the NCAA only allowed a player to enter the draft once without losing eligibility,[22] but current NCAA rules now allow players to declare for and withdraw from multiple drafts while retaining college eligibility.[23] The CBA allows a player to withdraw twice.[20]
Definition of international players[edit]
The CBA defines "international players" for draft purposes as those who meet all of the following criteria:[25]
Permanently reside outside the U.S. for at least three years before the draft while playing basketball outside the U.S.
Have never enrolled in a U.S. college or university.
Did not complete high school in the U.S.
Note that this definition is very different from what the NBA uses in listing "international players" on its team rosters. For that purpose, the league defines an "international player" specifically as one born outside the 50 United States or the District of Columbia.
Reaction of high school players[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In the third annual High School Hoops magazine,[26] the players weighed in on the subject of the new rules regarding draft eligibility. Many of them felt that it was unfair. Kansas State freshman Bill Walker, said (as a junior in high school), "I'm against it. I don't see why you have to be 19 to play a game of basketball when you can be 18 and go to war for our country and die. It's ridiculous." Jerryd Bayless said "It's not fair at all. If a tennis player can go pro at 13, I don't understand why a basketball player can't go pro at 18." A possible number one pick out of high school, had the rule not been put in place, was Greg Oden (though he was still picked first in 2007). When asked about the agreement he said "It's unfair, but it's over with now, so there's no reason to complain." In spite of the claims that the rule is unfair, Wayne Ellington of North Carolina, said that "…I also think it's going to help the league a little bit. Some guys who come in, like from this year's draft, it will help." Brandan Wright said that "It may hurt guys who need money, but it will help people grow and develop."
On the specific topic of Oden entering the draft, Jack Keefer, Oden's high school coach at Lawrence North, Indiana, said, "I really think he thought he was going to college. He seems to be more at ease with himself right now. I think the stress came with worrying about the NBA."[27]
While a lot of high school players just accept that this is just how it is, some object to this rule. They say that it puts excess stress on them because they start being recruited in their junior year of high school. If they have a bad season it could ruin their chances to get into college and therefore into the NBA. It can also be stressful picking a college to play at, which can be unneeded stress if a player decides to leave after only one year.
Changes for college underclassmen in 2016[edit]
In March 2015, following a series of meetings that began at the 2014 men's Final Four, the NBA, NCAA, and the trade association for college men's coaches, the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC), announced a plan that would give college underclassmen a better opportunity to make an informed decision about their NBA status than the then-current system. Under this plan:[28]
The NCAA would no longer automatically treat entry into the draft as forfeiture of remaining college eligibility. Instead, it would allow underclassmen to withdraw from the draft in late May, about five weeks after the then-current deadline, and retain their remaining eligibility (as long as they do not sign with an agent or a professional basketball team in the meantime). The NBA's early-entry and withdrawal deadlines, respectively 60 days and 10 days before the draft, would not change because they are written into the league's collective bargaining agreement.
The NBA would expand its invitation-only draft combine, currently held in Chicago, to include players with remaining college eligibility (who would also have to be invited in order to attend). The stated purpose of this expansion was to allow underclassmen to receive feedback from NBA teams on their draft prospects. According to one NCAA executive, the expanded combine would involve from 20 to 30% more players than the approximately 70 who participated at that time.
The NCAA rule change was formally presented by the NCAA men's basketball oversight committee on June 24, 2015, and was approved by the NCAA Division I council on January 13, 2016.[23] The new rule, which took effect with the 2016 draft, specifically sets the new withdrawal date at 10 days after the end of the NBA draft combine. Additionally, players may declare for the draft multiple times without losing college eligibility, as long as they withdraw before the new deadline without hiring an agent or signing a professional basketball contract, and are now allowed to attend the draft combine and one tryout per year for each NBA team without losing college eligibility. However, it has been stated that current commissioner Adam Silver is working to change this rule and has been meeting with NCAA officials to make the changes for the betterment of the NBA and NCAA basketball players, teams, and coaches alike.[29]
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ "Article X: PLAYER ELIGIBILITY AND NBA DRAFT" (PDF). nbpa.com. January 19, 2017. p. 273. Section 1a. CS1 maint: Date and year (link)
Jump up ^ One later player, Reggie Harding, would be drafted in 1962 despite never enrolling in a college and being less than four years out of high school. However, he did not enter the league until 1963, after he had turned 21.
Jump up ^ Friedman, David. "Chocolate Thunder and Short Shorts: The NBA in the 1970s (excerpt)". Basketball in America: From the Playgrounds to Jordan's Game and Beyond. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ Charles Barkley, Clyde Drexler, Julius Erving, George Gervin, Magic Johnson, Michael Jordan, Hakeem Olajuwon, Shaquille O'Neal, Isiah Thomas, and James Worthy.
Jump up ^ Sheridan, Chris, Associated Press (May 12, 2005). "Hunter still opposed to raising NBA age limit". USA Today. Retrieved November 14, 2008. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Aschburner, Steve (April 7, 2008). "Inside the NBA: NBA, NCAA are both wrong in debate about age limit". SportsIllustrated.com. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Stern wants NBA age limit raised to 20". ESPN.com. April 13, 2005. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ Zillgit, Jeff (December 7, 2011). "Hunter's memo to players details NBA CBA". USA Today. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "David Stern wants change to age rule". ESPN.com. Associated Press. April 12, 2012. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Wojnarowski, Adrian (October 24, 2016). "CBA could extend seven years with a mutual opt-out in six years". Retrieved December 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NBA, players ratify new collective bargaining agreement" (Press release). NBA. December 23, 2016. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Article X, Section 1(b)(i)" (PDF). 2017 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement. National Basketball Players Association. January 19, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Macur, Juliet (April 25, 2014). "Given a Choice, Athletes May Prefer None and Done". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Kevin (December 31, 2009). "Short Stays That Produced Lasting Results". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Medcalf, Myron (July 26, 2012). "Roots of one-and-done rule run deep". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Article X, Section 1(b)(ii)" (PDF). 2017 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement. National Basketball Players Association. January 19, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Article X, Section 1(b)(ii)(G)(1)" (PDF). 2017 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement. National Basketball Players Association. January 19, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Article X, Section 1(b)(ii)(G)(2)" (PDF). 2017 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement. National Basketball Players Association. January 19, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Article X, Section 1(b)(ii)(F)" (PDF). 2017 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement. National Basketball Players Association. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Article X, Section 8(c)" (PDF). 2017 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement. National Basketball Players Association. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Brennan, Eamonn (April 29, 2011). "The new NBA draft deadline is ridiculous". ESPN.com. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bylaw 12.2.4.2.1.1 Exception—Basketball—Four-Year College Student-Athlete, Men's Basketball" (PDF). 2010–11 NCAA Division I Manual. NCAA. p. 72. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Goodman, Jeff (January 13, 2016). "College players given extra time to mull NBA draft decision". ESPN.com. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bylaw 12.3.1 Use of Agents" (PDF). 2010–11 NCAA Division I Manual. NCAA. p. 73. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Article X, Section 1(c)" (PDF). 2017 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement. National Basketball Players Association. January 19, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bodenburg, Rob, Ryan Canner-O'mealy, Jon Mahoney, and Ben Sylvan. "Scouting the Nation." High School Hoops 2005: 16-17.
Jump up ^ Mahoney, Jon. "Next Question?" High School Hoops 2005: 38-39.
Jump up ^ Katz, Andy (March 12, 2015). "Plan would move withdrawal date". ESPN.com. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wojnarowski, Adrian. "Adam Silver, NBPA chief talk one-and-done rule with new commission". ESPN. ESPN.com. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
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My Little Monster
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
My Little Monster
Cover of the first manga volume, featuring main characters: Haru Yoshida (left) and Shizuku Mizutani (right).
となりの怪物くん
(Tonari no Kaibutsu-kun)
Genre
Romantic comedy
Manga
Written by
Robico
Published by
Kodansha
English publisher
NA
Kodansha Comics USA
Demographic
Shōjo
Magazine
Dessert
Original run
August 23, 2008 – June 24, 2013
Volumes
12 + 1 special volume (List of volumes)
Anime television series
Directed by
Hiro Kaburaki
Written by
Noboru Takagi
Music by
Masato Nakayama
Studio
Brain's Base
Licensed by
NA
NIS America
Original network
TV Tokyo, TVO, TVh, TSC, TVA, TVQ
English network
SEA
Animax Asia
Original run
October 1, 2012 – December 24, 2012
Episodes
13 + OVA (List of episodes)
Anime and Manga portal
My Little Monster (Japanese: となりの怪物くん, Hepburn: Tonari no Kaibutsu-kun, lit. "The Monster Sitting Beside Me") is a Japanese manga written and illustrated by Robico about the relationship between a girl named Shizuku Mizutani and a boy named Haru Yoshida. It was serialized in Kodansha's Dessert magazine from August 23, 2008 to June 24, 2013. An anime adaptation by Brain's Base aired from October 1 to December 24, 2012. It was also streamed on Crunchyroll during its original run.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Characters
2.1 Main characters
2.2 Supporting characters
3 Media
3.1 Manga
3.1.1 Volumes
3.2 Anime
4 Works cited
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
My Little Monster focuses on the relationship between Shizuku Mizutani, who has absolutely no interests except in studying and her plans for the future, and a boy named Haru Yoshida, who sits next to Shizuku in class but rarely attends school. After Shizuku is tasked with delivering class printouts to Haru's home, she meets Haru, who immediately greets her as a friend, starting their new relationship. Nicknamed "dry ice," Shizuku is renowned as a girl who is emotionless and cold. However, when she met Haru she was touched by his innocence and his lack of knowledge towards human relationships. Though known as a violent and uncontrollable monster, Haru is actually kind and gentle. Haru immediately declares his love towards Shizuku, but it takes much longer for Shizuku to realize and accept her own feelings towards Haru. Together, as two previously unsocial beings, they help each other learn how to care for each other and relate with their friends and family.
Characters[edit]
Main characters[edit]
Shizuku Mizutani (水谷 雫, Mizutani Shizuku)
Voiced by: Mariya Ise (drama CD), Haruka Tomatsu (anime)
Shizuku is a high school girl who focuses all her time on academics so that she can have a future career with a 10 million yen annual income.Ch. 1 She has considered cold by many for her no-nonsense and blunt attitude, and has no friends, but after encountering Haru, she starts expressing more of her emotions, standing up to situations that seem wrong like when Haru had been used by his alleged friends for money. Although she is bothered by Haru and his antics, some of which are romantic gestures towards her, she develops feelings for him. She is proud of being number one in her class, but after meeting Haru, whom she thought would be her academic rival, she no longer enjoys the thrill of topping that list. Her classmate Asako Natsume calls her "Mitty" (ミッティ, Mitti) and becomes her first female friend.Vol. 1 Although she styles her hair in pigtails and dresses rather plainly, preferring wool underwear and clothing that she gets from sales from retail stores, there are occasions where she has let her hair down, although Haru prefers the tails because he would be unable to find her.Vol. 10
Throughout the story, Shizuku often questions why she is attracted to Haru and likes him so much. In the manga, she admits to Haru that she was jealous of his personality and that he will never understand her feelings. When Haru runs away, she blames herself for it. However, when he returns, he wants her to share to him her feelings. Haru tells her that he is going away for a year, so she is without him for her third year of high school. Nevertheless, she stills remains faithful to Haru and continues on with her life. She marries Haru after college, and there is a teaser at the end of the manga that shows her working at a legal agency.Vol. 13
Haru Yoshida (吉田 春, Yoshida Haru)
Voiced by: Kenichi Suzumura (drama CD), Tatsuhisa Suzuki (anime)
Haru, the title character, has a reputation of being a trouble maker, having been suspended from school for getting in a scuffle with schoolmates, and staying away from school even after the suspension was lifted. When he meets Shizuku, the first schoolmate to ever do something for him, he immediately considers her his first real friend and does many antics to be with her, following her around at school, and pulling her away from her routine life. He tells her that he likes her and might even be in love with her, which often flusters Shizuku. He has a spontaneous and carefree personality and often takes his frustrations out physically on other people. Academically, he is very smart, having entered high school as the top-ranked student but skipping out on the entrance ceremony,Ch. 2 having studied most of the high school curriculum while he was sitting out most of middle school,Ch. 7 and frequently topping the school's exam scores, much to Shizuku's frustration. He has a rooster named Nagoya, later bringing and housing it in school (with the reluctant approval from his teacher).Vol. 1
He cares for Shizuku deeply, and gets jealous of Yamaken's interactions with Shizuku. Later on, he and Shizuku end up in different classes for their second-year of high school, but this does not change their romantic intimacy. He shuns his father's rich and famous family background, and went to live with his aunt Kyoko (Mitchan's mother) who had been cast out of the family. It was from Kyoko that he started learning how to find someone to love. When he attends his brother Yuzan's birthday party with the socialites, he and Shizuku have a falling out and he stops attending Shizuku's school.Vol. 10 But he eventually comes back and reconciles with Shizuku. He then takes the entirety of the third year off to work with his aunt's research group and also as a deep sea fisherman. In the final chapters, after Shizuku has gone to college, he and Shizuku get married.Vol. 13
Supporting characters[edit]
Mitsuyoshi Misawa (三沢 満善, Misawa Mitsuyoshi)
Voiced by: Daisuke Ono (drama CD), Tomoyuki Higuchi (anime)
Haru's cousin, nicknamed "Mitchan" (みっちゃん, Micchan), who runs a batting cage center. He looks after Haru since his place is near Haru's school.Ch. 1, 6 He often comforts and encourages Asako about her situations, but when Asako develops a crush on him, he turns down her confession because of their difference in age. Haru notes that Mitchan can be clueless about relationships sometimes as he once did not realize his girlfriend had dumped him until six months later.Ch. 17 He is always wearing sunglasses; the one time he did not, he had scared Haru because his eyes resembled Haru's father's.Ch. 37 extra
Kenji Yamaguchi (山口 賢二, Yamaguchi Kenji)
Voiced by: Daisuke Namikawa (drama CD), Takuma Terashima (anime)
Haru's acquaintance, nicknamed "Yamaken" (やまけん) by his friends. He used to bother Haru for money until Shizuku stopped him,Vol. 1 although it is later revealed that he comes from a wealthy family. He attends the same cram school as Shizuku, and gives her helpful advice on her relationship with Haru. However, over the course of the series, he is bothered that he is increasingly attracted to Shizuku and inadvertently competing against Haru for her affections.Vol. 4 He eventually confesses to Shizuku, but is turned down, with Haru and Shizuku soon declaring they are a couple. Besides his constant denial that he has a romantic interest in Shizuku, Yamaken is the subject of recurring gags of having a poor sense of directionCh. 11, 19 and also fleeing on sight from Yuzan because he was beaten by him whenever he tried to bully Haru.Ch. 11 He first met Haru in elementary school where Haru would best him both in academics and in sports.Ch. 40 He attends an all-boys high school and hangs out with three guys who openly fawn over Asako Natsume, call Shizuku "Nerd Queen", and also like Chizuru. The three guys are named in volume 3: Tomio (Tomioka) who has light spiky hair; Ma-Bo (Masahiro) who has dark somewhat spiky hair and wears a baseball cap; and George (Jojima) who has straight hair and wears glasses.Vol. 3 extra They are later revealed to come from high society backgrounds like Yamaken.Ch. 39
Asako Natsume (夏目 あさ子, Natsume Asako)
Voiced by: Yuiko Tatsumi (drama CD), Atsumi Tanezaki (anime)
Asako is Shizuku and Haru's classmate. Before meeting Shizuku and Haru, she did not have any friends except for some people from an online community. She initially asks Shizuku to help her study for a make-up exam and so she can attend a real-life meeting with that community; however, the meeting turns out to be a disappointment as only the guys wanted to talk with her, so she unsubscribes from it and joins a new online blog group. She treasures her friendship with "Mitty" (Shizuku),Ch. 3 and gets depressed whenever Shizuku turns down her interactions with her.Vol. 3 She develops a crush on Mitchan because he often comforts her.Vol. 4-5 She recalls that in her second year in middle school, she had turned down the boys' confessions 42 times in 5 days and was thus hated by her female classmates for stealing their crushes. She feels safe around Haru because he has Shizuku, and around Sasayan because he doesn't fawn over her like the other boys.Ch. 17 After Mitchan turns down her initial confession, Asako vows to keep trying to win his heart, until Mitchan turns her down for good.Vol. 7 She later spends more time talking with Sasayan but is bothered by his candid observations of her behavior and when he later mentions that he has grown to like her too.Vol. 9
Sōhei Sasahara (佐々原 宗平, Sasahara Sōhei)
Voiced by: Nobuhiko Okamoto (drama CD), Ryōta Ōsaka (anime)
Shizuku and Haru's classmate is a popular boy in the baseball club who goes by the nickname "Sasayan" (ササヤン). He cares about Haru, and does not want a repeat of what happened in middle school where Haru stopped coming to school.Vol. 1 He can be especially blunt when it comes to his friends, such as giving Asako truthful but harsh advice about falling in love with Mitchan, and opening Haru's eyes about Shizuku's true feelings.Vol. 5-6 He later tells Asako that he likes her.Vol. 9 He had been interested in Asako since their first year in high school as he got to know her.Vol. 13
Yuzan Yoshida (吉田 優山, Yoshida Yūzan)
Voiced by: Yūki Kaji (drama CD), Yūichi Nakamura (anime)
Haru's older brother, whom Haru seems to dislike and tries to avoid. At first, he tells Shizuku that he has come to take Haru home upon their father's request, but after seeing that Haru attends school because of Shizuku, he agrees to let him stay. Although he is popular with the ladies, he is a bit terrified when they make advances on him.Vol. 2, 9, 10 Haru and Yamaken often flee from him when they see him in the area. Yuzan and Haru's mother had divorced from the family when they were young, but after she died, they were pulled back to their father's family when he was around seven years ago. Unlike Haru, he decided to adapt to the Yoshida society lifestyle.Vol. 9, 10 Throughout the series he tries to interact with Shizuku, and give his advice about relationships. In he final volume's bonus story, he goes on a date with Iyo.Vol. 13
Chizuru Oshima (大島 千づる, Ōshima Chizuru)
Voiced by: Saori Hayami (drama CD), Kana Hanazawa (anime)
Chizuru is a glasses-wearing representative for the neighboring class 1-A. She was helped by Haru after he beat up an upperclassman who was bullying her.Ch. 6 She is very shy, a little pessimistic and anxious. Even though she has a crush on Haru, she usually finds herself putting aside her own feelings to give him advice towards his relationship with Shizuku.Ch. 7-10 Before starting high school, she was out for a week, and was unable to make friends when she came back, but many of the boys find her cute.Ch. 8 She eventually confesses properly to Haru and is formally turned down. She and Haru are put in the same class for their second year of high school. In the final volume, she works as a student teacher, and is courted by Shizuku's little brother Takaya who has fallen in love with her.Vol. 13
Takashi Mizutani (水谷 隆司, Mizutani Takashi)
Voiced by: Takehito Koyasu
Shizuku's father is usually the one who is taking care of Shizuku and her brother Takaya ever since he separated from his wife. He runs a shop but it has gone bankrupt six times that his wife has had to work extra in order to bail him out.Ch. 13 He later gets a part-time job with another shop.
Yoshino Mizutani (水谷 吉野, Mizutani Yoshino)
Shizuku's mother lives apart from her family because of her work as the breadwinner of the family.Ch. 13 Shizuku looks up to her as how she wants to be growing up, and would often give status reports of her academic progress in her talks with her. When Shizuku tells her that she likes a boy but doesn't know what to do about that and school, she encourages Shizuku to double her effort so she can do both.Vol. 6-7 She also appears briefly at Yuzan's birthday party where she had fended off a pass from a congressman.Ch. 39
Yu Miyama (宮間 ユウ, Miyama Yū)
Voiced by: Kana Asumi (drama CD), Sayuri Yahagi (anime)
She is Chizuru's friend from middle school and helps Chizuru get closer to Haru. She is a petite girl (Yamaken's friends nickname her "Tiny") with a bob cut who attends Otowa Girls High.Ch. 20 She had met her boyfriend Tokita in middle school when she was 15, and accepted his confession the day he was moving outside the area. They play online games like Monster Hunter together every day.Ch. 22 They vow to go to the same college.
Takaya Mizutani (水谷 隆也, Mizutani Takaya)
Voiced by: Ayumu Murase
Shizuku's little brother who has the same serious disposition and is mostly quiet.Ch. 22 His hobby is collecting pictures on the Internet.Vol. 10 extra Shizuku would often let him go play with friends so he could be social. He also shares his love for sweets with Yuzan. He grows up to be fairly tall in high school. He falls in love with Chizuru in middle school and high school when she was working as a student teacher. Although he stops briefly when Chizuru mentioned she had a boyfriend, he later confesses his love for her and claims he will not give up.Vol. 13
Ando
The young Yoshida family butler who looks after Yuzan and starts following Haru and being involved in his life after the latter had visited the family prior to the start of Haru's second year.Vol. 8 He tries to pick up girls for Ando and sometimes for himself.Vol. 9 At Yuzan's birthday party, he tries to eat as much as he can.Vol. 10
Iyo Yamaguchi (山口 伊代, Yamaguchi Iyo)
Voiced by: Yū Kobayashi (drama CD)
Kenji's younger sister. She is a first-year student who attends Shizuku and Haru's school when the main group is starting their second year. She is tall, has short blond hair, and is fairly reserved. She is aware of her good looks and uses it to prove a point sometimes. She falls in love with Haru, immediately thinking of him as "cool" upon first meeting. Iyo refers to herself in third person. Robico's early notes describe Iyo as "an annoyingly cocky but shy girl who desperately wants attention."Vol. 8 She also develops a crush on Yuzan, whom she calls her Moebius.Vol. 9 In the bonus chapter at the end of the series, he goes on a date with Yuzan, but her brother drags her away and yells at her for her "terrible taste in men". However, she wishes for her and her brother to find love with someone who would not reject them.Vol. 13
Media[edit]
Manga[edit]
The manga series is written and illustrated by Robico and published in the Kodansha magazine Dessert. It was serialized between the September 2008 issue, published on August 23, 2008, and the August 2013 issue, published on June 24, 2013. The series has also been released as 13 tankōbon volumes between January 13, 2009, and August 12, 2013.[1][2] A limited edition version of the final volume was bundled with an OVA episode of the anime series on DVD.[3][4] The series has been licensed in North America by Kodansha Comics USA, who released the first volume on March 11, 2014, with five volumes released as of November 18, 2014.[5][6][7][needs update] A spin-off manga series was published in Dessert between August 24 and November 22, 2013.[8][9] Its chapters were collected in a 13th volume, released on January 10, 2014.[10]
Volumes[edit]
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN
1
January 13, 2009[1] ISBN 978-4-06-365540-7 March 11, 2014[6] ISBN 978-1-61262-597-3
My Classmate Yoshida-kun
I Don't Hate You
Weird
Nuisance
High school student ace Shizuku Mizutani has been studying hard so she can have a well-paying career in the future. When she brings school printouts to Haru Yoshida, a classmate who has not been attending since being suspended earlier in the year, but is surprised when he runs away. However, he comes back and pulls her aside multiple times for activities such as playing with animals or eating out, and asks her if school is fun. Seeing Shizuku as his new friend, he returns to school, sits next to her in class, and hangs out with her. Shizuku confronts Haru about being tricked by a group of guys who only hang out with him because he gives them money. Classmate Asako Natsume asks Shizuku to tutor her so she can pass the make-up exam and meet some friends that she knows from an Internet group. Shizuku finds that she is thinking of Haru a lot more. She confesses her love to him, but soon waffles on the statement. When Haru states his love for her may be different, she vows to win him over in a different way. Haru, Asako, Shizuku, and classmate Sōhei "Sasayan" Sasahara get parts to make a home for Haru's pet chicken Yoshida, but get into trouble when they run into Haru's former money-extorting friends.
2
June 12, 2009[11] ISBN 978-4-06-365555-1 May 27, 2014[12] ISBN 978-1-61262-598-0
Breakthrough
It's Summer Vacation
Yoshida-kun's Family Situation
Dark Days for Two Girls
When Haru discovers his brother Yuzan is visiting, he stays over at Shizuku's house. At school, Shizuku notices Haru scares people with his glaring, so she suggests he act more friendly and smile, which soon makes him really popular with the girls. Haru saves the shy class representative Chizuru Oshima from being bullied by some seniors. Haru and Asako take Shizuku to the beach. Later, Haru's cousin Mitchan and Sasayan take the group to go fishing. Shizuku meets Yuzan, who wants Haru to return to their home instead of staying at Mitchan's, but after seeing that Haru is actually attending school because of Shizuku, he leaves Haru in her care. When the gang try to brainstorm ways to make Chizuru more social, Haru and Shizuku start arguing and then ignore each other. Although Chizuru is attracted to Haru, when she sees he and Shizuku are stlil on bad terms, she decides she has had enough and yells at them to stop behaving like that.
3
October 13, 2009[13] ISBN 978-4-06-365575-9 July 29, 2014[14] ISBN 978-1-61262-599-7
I LIke You
The Distance Between Them
C'mon in! Shoyo Festival Part 1
C'mon in! Shoyo Festival Part 2
Haru and Shizuku have a somewhat uncomfortable study date as they sort their feelings for each other. Haru confides with class rep Oshima, but Ayako tells him to confess to Shizuku that he likes her, which he does. Later, Shizuku is bothered by Haru's attempts to touch her or be close to her. They are called by their class to try to secure a good location for their festival booth. Shizuku finds that Yamaken attends the same cram school as her. The day of the festival, Yamaken's friends visit Haru at the haunted house. Yamaken finds Shizuku on a break, but when Haru sees them together, he tries to slug Yamaken but accidentally hits Shizuku, after which Shizuku tells Haru to stay away from her. Shizuku is puzzled as to why she can't cut Haru off, at which Ayako and then Yamaken offer their advice. Haru confides with Oshima, asking what she would do if he told her he liked her. Mitchan consoles Ayako who thinks Shizuku doesn't want to be her friend anymore. Eventually, Shizuku and Haru are able to mend their relationships with each other and their friends.
4
February 12, 2010[15] ISBN 978-4-06-365590-2 September 16, 2014[16] ISBN 978-1-61262-600-0
Zero or One
Christmas
Kenji-kun, the Yamaguchis' Boy
The Year Comes to a Close
Bonus manga: chapter 16.5: When the New Year's Bell Stops Ringing
Haru tries to advance his relationship with Shizuku by offering to catch a fish when Shizuku mentions that she once had thoughts of keeping one. At the library, Shizuku thanks Yamaken for his earlier advice, but Yamaken starts wondering if he's unintentionally developing feelings for Shizuku. Asako tries to hide from some girls but when Mitchan arrives to save her, she starts to act nervous and shy around him later. When Haru asks Yamaken if he has a crush on Shizuku, Yamaken asks if he would have a problem with that, which makes Haru jealous. At Asako's Christmas party, he learns Yamaken and Shizuku are taking winter cram school classes together. Asako becomes lonely during New Year's that she hangs out with Shizuku and Haru. They go to temple for New Year's where they see everyone. When Mitchan gives her some more words of comfort, she replies vaguely that she would like to be in a relationship with Mitchan.
5
July 13, 2010[17] ISBN 978-4-06-365613-8 November 18, 2014[7] ISBN 978-1-61262-601-7
Natsume-san's Story
A Dubious Day Off
Probably a Date
Two Days, One Night
Asako shares with Shizuku and Chizuru about how she wasn't able to have friends in middle school. After mistaking more of Mitchan's friendly gestures as romantic, Asako confesses her love to Mitchan, but when he turns her down, Asako resolves to work harder. Haru surprises Shizuku by saying he wants to kiss, but then leaves. Mitchan, Yuzan and Haru visit Mitchan's mother's gravesite, where Haru is reminded of her relationship advice. Yamaken, who was lost in town again, spends the afternoon with Shizuku, who later decides that she should do something with Haru's interests in mind. With Yamaken's friend providing accommodations, the gang go a ski resort, along with Chizuru and Yu. Sasayan suggests Haru restrain himself from barging in on a private conversation between Shizuku and Yamaken.
6
December 13, 2010[18] ISBN 978-4-06-365632-9 January 20, 2015[19] ISBN 978-1-61262-800-4
Sasayan and Haru
Les Filles Cuisinent le Chocolat
Birthday (Part One)
Birthday (Part Two)
Since their arguing over Haru and Shizuku's relationship at the ski trip, Asako and Sasayan have been on hostile terms with each other. Sasayan invites Haru to join his friends for the day. After each of them talks with Haru and Mitchan, the two reconcile. For Valentine's Day, which is also Shizuku's birthday, Shizuku, Asako, Chizuru and Yu make chocolates at Shizuku's house. Yu tells Chizuru to be honest with herself, and Chizuru eventually tells Shizuku that she made chocolate for Haru. On Valentine's, Haru asks Chizuru advice for what birthday gift to give to Shizuku and they go shopping. Chizuru gives Haru the chocolate and wishes him good luck. Shizuku starts to feel jealous that Chizuru likes Haru, but is sad that her mother is unable to come back from work to attend her birthday. Sasayan finds Asako sulking a bit after she gave her chocolate to Mitchan. Haru visits and celebrates with Shizuku's family, and afterwards encourages her to call her mom. Shizuku kisses Haru and tells him she loves him.
7
May 13, 2011[20] ISBN 978-4-06-365650-3 March 17, 2015[21] ISBN 978-1-61262-991-9
A Couple in Love
The End of a Year
Taking a Spring Break
Haru
Shizuku's mom tells Shizuku to put in extra effort on both the relationship and her studies. Chizuru asks Haru for a reply to her confession, but Haru runs away, realizing that she likes him. Asako, who was planning to meet with Shizuku to study for her make-up finals, meets Mitchan who formally rejects her confession. Haru gets upset, and he and Mitchan fight. Haru then formally turns down Chizuru. Shizuku comforts Asako. With Haru out visiting his family, Yamaken spends the day with Shizuku and tries to get her to get a cell phone. At the start of the second school year, Shizuku and Haru are placed in separate classes. Haru and Chizuru agree to go back to being friends.
8
October 13, 2011[22] ISBN 978-4-06-365668-8 May 19, 2015[23] ISBN 978-1-61262-992-6
The First Step
Getting Somewhere
Happy Paradise
Summer Vacation: The Sequel, Part 1
Shizuku takes Haru out to celebrate his birthday, but Haru is bothered that he got a study guide as a birthday gift. Asako befriends Iyo, a beautiful and shy first-year student, but discovers she is Yamaken's younger sister, and that she has developed a crush on Haru. After more prodding by the jealous Haru, Yamaken formally confesses to Shizuku, who is shocked as she had always thought of him as a friend. Haru later confesses to Shizuku and they officially become a couple. Iyo invites the gang to camping with her but the site is also being used by her brother.
9
March 13, 2012[24] ISBN 978-4-06-365685-5 July 21, 2015[25] ISBN 978-1-61262-993-3
Summer Vacation: The Sequel, Part 2
Summer Vacation: The Sequel, Part 3: The Last of Summer
Sasayan-kun and Natsume-san
Career Plan
Shizuku and the gang continue their summer camping trip where Shizuku and Haru go into town to do a stamp rally event. Shizuku ponders how they are perceived as a couple, while Haru and Yamaken try to avoid Yuzan and Ando who are in the area. Later, the gang and Shiuzku's little brother go to a summer festival. After Asako musters the courage to give a souvenir to Mitchan, she is surprised when Sasayan holds her hand when he comforts her, and things get awkward between the two. But when they reconcile and become friends again, Sasayan casually mentions that he likes her. Shizuku learns that Haru wants to choose a non-academic career and that he has some family history that he doesn't want Shizuku to dig into.
10
August 10, 2012[26] ISBN 978-4-06-365701-2 September 8, 2015[27] ISBN 978-1-63236-106-6
The Yuzan-san Story
On the Day of the School Festival
Shizuku
The World I Saw One Day
Bonus chapter: Kenji and Haru
Haru and Yuzan's father wants Yuzan to organize his own birthday party. Yuzan meets Shizuku and they talk about Haru's future while he thinks about his and Haru's past. At the school festival, Yuzan invites Haru to his party. Haru agrees on the condition that they don't bug him anymore. At the party, Shizuku feels uncomfortable that she doesn't belong in Haru and Yuzan's social circles and questions why she is even in the relationship when she and Haru are not alike and that Haru does not understand how she feels. But when she confronts Haru about it, Yuzan replies "You, Yuzan, this party, everyone can go to hell." Haru thinks about his childhood with Yuzan, ponders his falling out with Shizuku, who ponders making up with him but Haru does not appear at school the next day. The bonus chapter covers Haru and Yamaken's childhood when they were classmates in elementary school around second grade.
11
January 11, 2013[28] ISBN 978-4-06-365717-3 November 10, 2015[29] ISBN 978-1-63236-108-0
12
August 10, 2013 (limited edition)[3]
August 12, 2013 (regular edition)[2] ISBN 978-4-06-358451-6 (limited edition)
ISBN 978-4-06-365739-5 (regular edition) January 26, 2016[30] ISBN 978-1-63236-127-1
13
January 10, 2014[10] ISBN 978-4-06-365755-5 March 29, 2016[31] ISBN 978-1-63236-208-7
Sasayan thinks over his high school relationships especially with Asako. Iyo and Yuzan go on a date until Yamaken interrupts. As Takaya prepares for his sister's wedding, he thinks about his own relationship situation where he has fallen for Chizuru Oshima, who has been working as a student teacher. At first he tries to confess to her but discovers she had a boyfriend, and backs down. But later, he tells her boldly, which embarrasses her, and thinking of Haru and Shizuku's relationship, hopes to keep trying.
Anime[edit]
See also: List of My Little Monster episodes
An anime adaptation was announced in the July 2012 issue of Kodansha's Dessert magazine.[32] The series was produced by Brain's Base under the direction of Hiro Kaburaki with Noboru Takagi as script supervisor.[33] It aired between October 1 and December 24, 2012. An OVA episode was released on DVD with the final manga volume on August 12, 2013.[4][34] NIS America licensed the anime for release in North America.[35] The opening theme is "Q&A Recital!" (Q&Aリサイタル！) by Haruka Tomatsu and the ending theme is "White Wishes" by 9nine.[36]
Works cited[edit]
^ "Ch." is shortened form for chapter and refers to a chapter number of the My Little Monster manga
^ "Ep." is shortened form for episode and refers to an episode number of the My Little Monster anime
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b となりの怪物くん(1) (デザートコミックス) (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b となりの怪物くん(12) (デザートコミックス) (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b となりの怪物くん 12 (デザートコミックス) (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b ろびこ「となりの怪物くん」次号で最終回、5年の連載に幕 (in Japanese). Natalie.mu. May 24, 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kodansha USA Adds xxxHOLiC Rei, My Little Monster, Say "I Love You", Monster Soul". Anime News Network. July 18, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "My Little Monster 1". Random House. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "My Little Monster 5". Random House. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "My Little Monster Spinoff Manga to Launch in August". Anime News Network. June 24, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ となりの怪物くん番外編も完結！ろびこイラスト集発売決定 (in Japanese). Natalie.mu. November 22, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b となりの怪物くん(13) <完> (デザートコミックス) (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ となりの怪物くん(2) (デザートコミックス) (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "My Little Monster 2". Random House. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ となりの怪物くん(3) (デザートコミックス) (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "My Little Monster 3". Random House. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ となりの怪物くん(4) (デザートコミックス) (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "My Little Monster 4". Random House. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ となりの怪物くん(5) (デザートコミックス) (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ となりの怪物くん(6) (デザートコミックス) (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "My Little Monster 6". Random House. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ となりの怪物くん(7) (デザートコミックス) (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "My Little Monster 7". Random House. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ となりの怪物くん(8) (デザートコミックス) (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "My Little Monster 8". Random House. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ となりの怪物くん(9) (デザートコミックス) (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "My Little Monster 9". Random House. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ となりの怪物くん(10) (デザートコミックス) (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "My Little Monster 10". Random House. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ となりの怪物くん(11) (デザートコミックス) (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "My Little Monster 11". Random House. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "My Little Monster 12". Random House. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "My Little Monster 13 by Robico - PenguinRandomHouse.com". penguinrandomhouse.com. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Robico's Tonari no Kaibutsu-kun Shōjo Manga Gets Anime". Anime News Network. May 22, 2012. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Staff & Cast" (in Japanese). Official website. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tonari no Kaibutsu-kun Manga to End in 12th Volume". Anime News Network. January 12, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "NIS America Acquires ‘My Little Monster’ Anime Series". The Fandom Post. February 27, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Crunchyroll to Stream My Little Monster/Tonari no Kaibutsu-kun (Updated)". Anime News Network. October 1, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
External links[edit]
Official anime website (in Japanese)
My Little Monster (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
[show]
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Data validation
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In computer science, data validation is the process of ensuring data have undergone data cleansing to ensure they have data quality, that is, that they are both correct and useful. It uses routines, often called "validation rules" "validation constraints" or "check routines", that check for correctness, meaningfulness, and security of data that are input to the system. The rules may be implemented through the automated facilities of a data dictionary,[1] or by the inclusion of explicit application program validation logic.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Different kinds of validation
2.1 Data-type validation
2.2 Simple range and constraint validation
2.3 Code and cross-reference validation
2.4 Structured validation
2.5 Criteria?
3 Validation methods
3.1 Post-validation actions
4 Validation and security
5 See also
6 References
Overview[edit]
Data validation is intended to provide certain well-defined guarantees for fitness, accuracy, and consistency for any of various kinds of user input into an application or automated system. Data validation rules can be defined and designed using any of various methodologies, and be deployed in any of various contexts.[2]
Data validation rules may be defined, designed and deployed, for example:
Definition and design contexts:
as a part of requirements-gathering phase in a software engineering or designing a software specification
as part of an operations modeling phase BPM
Depts:
as a set of programs or business-logic routines in a programming language
as a set of stored-procedures in a database management system
For business applications, data validation can be defined through declarative data integrity rules, or procedure-based business rules.[3] Data that does not conform to these rules will negatively affect business process execution. Therefore, data validation should start with business process definition and set of business rules within this process. Rules can be collected through the requirements capture exercise.[4]
Different kinds of validation[edit]
In evaluating the basics of data validation, generalizations can be made regarding the different types of validation, according to the scope, complexity, and purpose of the various validation operations to be carried out.
For example:
Data type validation;
Range and constraint validation;
Code and Cross-reference validation; and
Structured validation
Data-type validation[edit]
Data type validation is customarily carried out on one or more simple data fields.
The simplest kind of data type validation verifies that the individual characters provided through user input are consistent with the expected characters of one or more known primitive data types; as defined in a programming language or data storage and retrieval mechanism as well as the specification of the following primitive data types: 1) integer; 2) float (decimal); or 3) string.
For example, many database systems allow the specification of the following l(, and ) (plus, minus, and parentheses). A more sophisticated data validation routine would check to see the user had entered a valid country code, i.e., that the number of digits entered matched the convention for the country or area specified.
A validation process involves two distinct steps: (a) Validation Check and (b) Post-Check action. The check step uses one or more computational rules (see section below) to determine if the data is valid. The Post-validation action sends feedback to help enforce validation.
Simple range and constraint validation[edit]
Simple range and constraint validation may examine user input for consistency with a minimum/maximum range, or consistency with a test for evaluating a sequence of characters, such as one or more tests against regular expressions. For example, a US phone number should have 10 digits and no letters or special characters.
Code and cross-reference validation[edit]
Code and cross-reference validation includes tests for data type validation, combined with one or more operations to verify that the user-supplied data is consistent with one or more external rules, requirements, or validity constraints relevant to a particular organization, context or set of underlying assumptions. These additional validity constraints may involve cross-referencing supplied data with a known look-up table or directory information service such as LDAP.
For example, an experienced user may enter a well-formed string that matches the specification for a valid e-mail address, as defined in RFC 5322 [5][6][7] but that well-formed string might not actually correspond to a resolvable domain connected to an active e-mail account.
Structured validation[edit]
Structured validation allows for the combination of any of various basic data type validation steps, along with more complex processing. Such complex processing may include the testing of conditional constraints for an entire complex data object or set of process operations within a system.
A Validation rule is a criterion or constraint used in the process of data validation, carried out after the data has been encoded onto an input medium and involves a data vet or validation program. This is distinct from formal verification, where the operation of a program is determined to be that which was intended, and that meets the purpose. The Validation rule or check system still used by many major software manufacturers was designed by an employee at Microsoft some time between 1997 and 1999.
The method is to check that data falls the appropriate parameters defined by the systems analyst. A judgement as to whether data is valid is made possible by the validation program, but it cannot ensure complete accuracy. This can only be achieved through the use of all the clerical and computer controls built into the system at the design stage. The difference between data validity and accuracy can be illustrated with a trivial example. A company has established a Personnel file and each record contains a field for the Job Grade. The permitted values are A, B, C, or D. An entry in a record may be valid and accepted by the system if it is one of these characters, but it may not be the correct grade for the individual worker concerned. Whether a grade is correct can only be established by clerical checks or by reference to other files. During systems design, therefore, data definitions are established which place limits on what constitutes valid data. Using these data definitions, a range of software validation checks can be carried out.
Criteria?[edit]
An example of a validation check is the procedure used to verify an ISBN.[8]
Size. The number of characters in a data item value is checked; for example, an ISBN must consist of 10 characters only (in the previous version—the standard for 1997 and later has been changed to 13 characters.)
Format checks. Data must conform to a specified format. Thus, the first 9 characters must be the digits 0 through 9' the 10th must be either those digits or an X
Consistency. Codes in the data items which are related in some way can thus be checked for the consistency of their relationship. The first number of the ISBN designates the language of publication. for example, books published in French-speaking countries carry the digit "2". This must match the address of the publisher, as given elsewhere in the record.
Range. Does not apply to ISBN, but typically data must lie within maximum and minimum preset values. For example, customer account numbers may be restricted within the values 10000 to 20000, if this is the arbitrary range of the numbers used for the system.
Check digit. An extra digit calculated on, for example, an account number, can be used as a self-checking device. When the number is input to the computer, the validation program carries out a calculation similar to that used to generate the check digit originally and thus checks its validity. This kind of check will highlight transcription errors where two or more digits have been transposed or put in the wrong order. The 10th character of the 10-character ISBN is the check digit.
Validation methods[edit]
Allowed character checks
Checks to ascertain that only expected characters are present in a field. For example a numeric field may only allow the digits 0–9, the decimal point and perhaps a minus sign or commas. A text field such as a personal name might disallow characters such a markup-based security attack. An e-mail address might require at least one @ sign and various other structural details. Regular expressions are effective ways of implementing such checks. (See also data type checks below)
Batch totals
Checks for missing records. Numerical fields may be added together for all records in a batch. The batch total is entered and the computer checks that the total is correct, e.g., add the 'Total Cost' field of a number of transactions together.
Cardinality check
Checks that record has a valid number of related records. For example if Contact record classified as a Customer it must have at least one associated Order (Cardinality > 0). If order does not exist for a "customer" record then it must be either changed to "seed" or the order must be created. This type of rule can be complicated by additional conditions. For example if contact record in Payroll database is marked as "former employee", then this record must not have any associated salary payments after the date on which employee left organization (Cardinality = 0).
Check digits
Used for numerical data. An extra digit is added to a number which is calculated from the digits. The computer checks this calculation when data are entered. For example the last digit of an ISBN for a book is a check digit calculated modulus 10.[3]
Consistency checks
Checks fields to ensure data in these fields corresponds, e.g., If Title = "Mr.", then Gender = "M".
Control totals
This is a total done on one or more numeric fields which appears in every record. This is a meaningful total, e.g., add the total payment for a number of Customers.
Cross-system consistency checks
Compares data in different systems to ensure it is consistent, e.g., The address for the customer with the same id is the same in both systems. The data may be represented differently in different systems and may need to be transformed to a common format to be compared, e.g., one system may store customer name in a single Name field as 'Doe, John Q', while another in three different fields: First_Name (John), Last_Name (Doe) and Middle_Name (Quality); to compare the two, the validation engine would have to transform data from the second system to match the data from the first, for example, using SQL: Last_Name || ', ' || First_Name || substr(Middle_Name, 1, 1) would convert the data from the second system to look like the data from the first 'Doe, John Q'
Data type checks
Checks the data type of the input and give an error message if the input data does not match with the chosen data type, e.g., In an input box accepting numeric data, if the letter 'O' was typed instead of the number zero, an error message would appear.
File existence check
Checks that a file with a specified name exists. This check is essential for programs that use file handling.
Format or picture check
Checks that the data is in a specified format (template), e.g., dates have to be in the format DD/MM/YYYY. Regular expressions should be considered for this type of validation.
Hash totals
This is just a batch total done on one or more numeric fields which appears in every record. This is a meaningless total, e.g., add the Telephone Numbers together for a number of Customers.
Limit check
Unlike range checks, data are checked for one limit only, upper OR lower, e.g., data should not be greater than 2 (<=2).
Logic check
Checks that an input does not yield a logical error, e.g., an input value should not be 0 when it will divide some other number somewhere in a program.
Presence check
Checks that important data is actually present and have not been missed out, e.g., customers may be required to have their telephone numbers listed.
Range check
Checks that the data is within a specified range of values, e.g., the month of a person's date of birth should lie between 1 and 12.
Referential integrity
In modern Relational database values in two tables can be linked through foreign key and primary key. If values in the primary key field are not constrained by database internal mechanism,[4] then they should be validated. Validation of the foreign key field checks that referencing table must always refer to a valid row in the referenced table.[5]
Spelling and grammar check
Looks for spelling and grammatical errors.
Uniqueness check
Checks that each value is unique. This can be applied to several fields (i.e. Address, First Name, Last Name).
Table look up check
A table look up check takes the entered data item and compares it to a valid list of entries that are stored in a database table.
Post-validation actions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Enforcement Action
Enforcement action typically rejects the data entry request and requires the input actor to make a change that brings the data into compliance. This is most suitable for interactive use, where a real person is sitting on the computer and making entry. It also works well for batch upload, where a file input may be rejected and a set of messages sent back to the input source for why the data is rejected.
Another form of enforcement action involves automatically changing the data and saving a conformant version instead of the original version. This is most suitable for cosmetic change. For example, converting an [all-caps] entry to a [Pascal case] entry does not need user input. An inappropriate use of automatic enforcement would be in situations where the enforcement leads to loss of business information. For example, saving a truncated comment if the length is longer than expected. This is not typically a good thing since it may result in loss of significant data.
Advisory Action
Advisory actions typically allow data to be entered unchanged but sends a message to the source actor indicating those validation issues that were encountered. This is most suitable for non-interactive system, for systems where the change is not business critical, for cleansing steps of existing data and for verification steps of an entry process.
Verification Action
Verification actions are special cases of advisory actions. In this case, the source actor is asked to verify that this data is what they would really want to enter, in the light of a suggestion to the contrary. Here, the check step suggests an alternative (e.g. a check of your mailing address returns a different way of formatting that address or suggests a different address altogether). You would want in this case, to give the user the option of accepting the recommendation or keeping their version. This is not a strict validation process, by design and is useful for capturing addresses to a new location or to a location that is not yet supported by the validation databases.
Log of validation
Even in cases where data validation did not find any issues, providing a log of validations that were conducted and their results is important. This is helpful to identify any missing data validation checks in light of data issues and in improving the validation.
Validation and security[edit]
Failures or omissions in data validation can lead to data corruption or a security vulnerability.[9] Data validation checks that data are fit for purpose,[10] valid, sensible, reasonable and secure before they are processed.
See also[edit]
Data verification
Verification and validation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Data dictionary". video 18+. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Methodology for data validation 1.0
Jump up ^ Data Validation, Data Integrity, Designing Distributed Applications with Visual Studio .NET
Jump up ^ Arkady Maydanchik (2007), "Data Quality Assessment", Technics Publications, LLC
Jump up ^ (sections 3.2.3 and 3.4.1) and RFC 5321 – with a more readable form given in the informational RFC 3696
Jump up ^ Written by J. Klensin, the author of RFC 5321
Jump up ^ and the associated errata
Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions about the new ISBN standard ISO.
Jump up ^ Chapter10. Data Validation
Jump up ^ More Efficient Data Validation with Spotless
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values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: التحقق من البيانات – Arabic

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Data_validation rootpage-Data_validation skin-vector action-view