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Fresh water
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"Freshwater" redirects here. For other uses, see Freshwater (disambiguation).
Rivers, lakes, and marshlands, such as (from top) South America's Amazon River, Russia's Lake Baikal, and the Everglades in Florida of the United States, are types of freshwater systems.
Fresh water (or freshwater) is any naturally occurring water except seawater and brackish water. Fresh water includes water in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, and even underground water called groundwater. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Though the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include mineral-rich waters such as chalybeate springs.
Fresh water is not the same as potable water (or drinking water). Much of the earth's fresh water (on the surface and groundwater) is unsuitable for drinking without some treatment. Fresh water can easily become polluted by human activities or due to naturally occurring processes, such as erosion.
Water is critical to the survival of all living organisms. Some organisms can thrive on salt water, but the great majority of higher plants and most mammals need fresh water to live.
The term "sweet water" is used to describe fresh water in contrast to salt water.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions
1.1 Numerical definition
1.2 Systems
2 Sources
3 Water distribution
4 Aquatic organisms
5 Problems
5.1 Limited resource
5.2 Minimum streamflow
5.3 Water pollution
6 Human uses
6.1 Agriculture
6.2 Examples
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Definitions[edit]
Numerical definition[edit]
Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts.[1]
Part of a series on
Water salinity
Salinity levels
Fresh water (< 0.05%)
Brackish water (0.05–3%)
Saline water (3–5%)
Brine (> 5%)
Bodies of water
Seawater • Salt lake • Hypersaline lake • Salt pan • Brine pool • Bodies by salinity
v
t
e
Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, e.g. 1000 ppm[2] or 3000 ppm.[3]
Systems[edit]
Earth seen from Apollo 17. The Antarctic ice sheet at the bottom of the photograph contains 61% of the fresh water, or 1.7% of the total water, on Earth.
Visualisation of the distribution (by volume) of water on Earth. Each tiny cube (such as the one representing biological water) corresponds to approximately 1000 cubic km of water, with a mass of approximately 1 trillion tonnes (200000 times that of the Great Pyramid of Giza or 5 times that of Lake Kariba, arguably the heaviest man-made object). The entire block comprises 1 million tiny cubes.[4]
Water fountain found in a small Swiss village. They are used as a drinking water source for people and cattle. Almost every Alpine village has such a water source.
Fresh water habitats are divided into lentic systems, which are the stillwaters including ponds, lakes, swamps and mires; lotic, or running-water systems; and groundwater which flows in rocks and aquifers. There is, in addition, a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems, which is the hyporheic zone, which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel. It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water.
The majority of fresh water on Earth is in ice caps.
Sources[edit]
The source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow. Fresh water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled. In industrialized areas rain is typically acidic because of dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed from burning of fossil fuels in cars, factories, trains and aircraft and from the atmospheric emissions of industry. In some cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers.
In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the rain-bearing clouds. This can give rise to elevated concentrations of sodium, chloride, magnesium and sulfate as well as many other compounds in smaller concentrations.
In desert areas, or areas with impoverished or dusty soils, rain-bearing winds can pick up sand and dust and this can be deposited elsewhere in precipitation and causing the freshwater flow to be measurably contaminated both by insoluble solids but also by the soluble components of those soils. Significant quantities of iron may be transported in this way including the well-documented transfer of iron-rich rainfall falling in Brazil derived from sand-storms in the Sahara in north Africa.
Water distribution[edit]
Main article: Water distribution on Earth
Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up about 97% of it. Only 2.5–2.75% is fresh water, including 1.75–2% frozen in glaciers, ice and snow, 0.5–0.75% as fresh groundwater and soil moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface water in lakes, swamps and rivers.[5][6] Freshwater lakes contain about 87% of this fresh surface water, including 29% in the African Great Lakes, 22% in Lake Baikal in Russia, 21% in the North American Great Lakes, and 14% in other lakes. Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers, most notably the Amazon River. The atmosphere contains 0.04% water.[7] In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers. Most of the world's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets. Many areas suffer from lack of distribution of fresh water, such as deserts.
Aquatic organisms[edit]
Further information: Aquatic animal
Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access to fresh water to live. Some terrestrial mammals, especially desert rodents appear to survive without drinking but they do generate water through the metabolism of cereal seeds and they also have mechanisms to conserve water to the maximum degree.
Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes, whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney.[8] Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity, diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between fresh water and saline water bodies. During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities; these processes are hormonally controlled. The eel (Anguilla anguilla) uses the hormone prolactin,[9] while in salmon (Salmo salar) the hormone cortisol plays a key role during this process.[10]
Many sea birds have special glands at the base of the bill through which excess salt is excreted. Similarly the marine iguanas on the Galápagos Islands excrete excess salt through a nasal gland and they sneeze out a very salty excretion.
Freshwater molluscs include freshwater snails and freshwater bivalves. Freshwater crustaceans include freshwater crabs, and others.
Problems[edit]
Limited resource[edit]
Main article: Water scarcity
Fresh water is a renewable and variable, but finite natural resource. Fresh water can only be replenished through the process of the water cycle, in which water from seas, lakes, forests, land, rivers, and reservoirs evaporates, forms clouds, and returns as precipitation. Locally however, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored, this may result in reduced fresh water availability from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to surrounding and associated environments.
Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003% of total water available globally.[11]
The increase in the world population and the increase in per capita water use puts increasing strains on the finite resources availability of clean fresh water. The World Bank adds that the response by freshwater ecosystems to a changing climate can be described in terms of three interrelated components: water quality, water quantity or volume, and water timing. A change in one often leads to shifts in the others as well.[12] Water pollution and subsequent eutrophication also reduces the availability of fresh water.[13]
Many areas of the world are already experiencing stress on water availability (or water scarcity). Due to the accelerated pace of population growth and an increase in the amount of water a single person uses, it is expected that this situation will continue to get worse. A shortage of water in the future would be detrimental to the human population as it would affect everything from sanitation, to overall health and the production of grain.[14]
Minimum streamflow[edit]
An important concern for hydrological ecosystems is securing minimum streamflow, especially preserving and restoring instream water allocations.[15] Fresh water is an important natural resource necessary for the survival of all ecosystems. The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and industrial applications can have adverse impacts on down-stream ecosystems.
Fresh water withdrawal is the quantity of water removed from available sources for use in any purpose, excluding evaporation losses. Water drawn off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream.
Water pollution[edit]
Main article: Water pollution
Pollution from human activity, including oil spills and also presents a problem for freshwater resources. The largest petroleum spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused by a Royal Dutch Shell tank ship in Magdalena, Argentina, on 15 January 1999, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals.[16] Chemical contamination of fresh water can also seriously damage eco-systems.
Human uses[edit]
Agriculture[edit]
Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water. Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water. As a result, more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture. However, since agriculture is the human activity that consumes the most fresh water,[17] this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems.
In Australia, over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of salination.[17] With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate.[18]
Examples[edit]
With one in eight people in the world not having access to safe water[19] it is important to use this resource in a prudent manner. Making the best use of water on a local basis probably provides the best solution. Local communities need to plan their use of fresh water and should be made aware of how certain crops and animals use water.
As a guide the following tables provide some indicators.
Table 1 Recommended basic water requirements for human needs (per person) [20]
Activity
Minimum, litres / day
Range / day
Drinking Water 5 2–5
Sanitation Services 20 20–75
Bathing 15 5–70
Cooking and Kitchen 10 10–50
Table 2. Water Requirements of different classes of livestock [21]
Animal
Average / day
Range / day
Dairy cow 76 L (20 US gal) 57 to 95 L (15 to 25 US gal)
Cow-calf pair 57 L (15 US gal) 8 to 76 L (2 to 20 US gal)
Yearling cattle 38 L (10 US gal) 23 to 53 L (6 to 14 US gal)
Horse 38 L (10 US gal) 30 to 53 L (8 to 14 US gal)
Sheep 8 L (2 US gal) 8 to 11 L (2 to 3 US gal)
Table 3 Approximate values of seasonal crop water needs [22]
Crop
Crop water needs mm / total growing period
Sugar Cane 1500–2500
Banana 1200–2200
Citrus 900–1200
Potato 500–700
Tomato 400–800
Barley/Oats/Wheat 450–650
Cabbage 350–500
Onions 350–550
Pea 350–500
See also[edit]
African Great Lakes
Aral Sea
Desalination
Drought
Freshwater ecology
Limnology
List of countries by freshwater withdrawal
List of countries by total renewable water resources
Properties of water
Water cycle
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Groundwater Glossary". 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 28 April 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
Jump up ^ "Freshwater". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. June 2000. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Freshwater". Fishkeeping glossary. Practical Fishkeeping. Archived from the original on 11 May 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
Jump up ^ USGS – Earth's water distribution Archived 29 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. Ga.water.usgs.gov (11 December 2012). Retrieved on 29 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Where is Earth's water? Archived 14 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine., United States Geological Survey.
Jump up ^ Physicalgeography.net Archived 26 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine.. Physicalgeography.net. Retrieved on 29 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Gleick, Peter; et al. (1996). Stephen H. Schneider, ed. Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather. Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ "Vertebrate Kidneys". 3 November 2002. Archived from the original on 29 April 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
Jump up ^ Kalujnaia, S.; et. al. (2007). "Salinity adaptation and gene profiling analysis in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) using microarray technology". Gen Comp Endocrinol. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 152 (2007): 274–80. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.12.025. PMID 17324422.
Jump up ^ Bisal, G.A.; Specker, J.L. (24 January 2006). "Cortisol stimulates hypo-osmoregulatory ability in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L". Journal of Fish Biology. Wiley. 39 (3): 421–432. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04373.x.
Jump up ^ Nitti, Gianfranco (May 2011). "Water is not an infinite resource and the world is thirsty". The Italian Insider. Rome. p. 8.
Jump up ^ The World Bank, 2009 "Water and Climate Change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions". pp. 19–22. Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nutrients in fresh water"[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Fresh Water in the Future" Archived 30 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine.. Un.org (17 December 2010). Retrieved on 29 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Peter Gleick; Heather Cooley; David Katz (2006). The world's water, 2006–2007: the biennial report on freshwater resources. Island Press. pp. 29–31. ISBN 1-59726-106-8. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Petroleomagdalena.com Archived 14 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. Petroleomagdalena.com (15 January 1999). Retrieved on 29 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Gordon L., D. M. (2003). "Land cover change and water vapour flows: learning from Australia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 358 (1440): 1973–1984. doi:10.1098/rstb.2003.1381. JSTOR 3558315. PMC 1693281  . PMID 14728792.
Jump up ^ Reengaging in Agricultural Water Management: Challenges and Options, The World Bank, pp. 4–5, archived from the original on 5 January 2012, retrieved 30 October 2011
Jump up ^ Water Aid. "Water". Retrieved 17 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Gleick, Peter. "Basic Water Requirements for Human Activities" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Filley, S. "How much does a cow need ?" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Natural Resource Management and Environmental Dept. "Crops Need Water". Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freshwater.
The World Bank's work and publications on water resources
U.S. Geological Survey
Fresh Water National Geographic
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text:
Quentin Tarantino filmography
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Tarantino at the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con International
Quentin Tarantino is an American director, producer, screenwriter and actor, who has directed eight films and written all of them.[a] He began his career in the late 1980s by directing, writing and starring in the black-and-white My Best Friend's Birthday, a partially lost amateur short film which was never officially released. He impersonated musician Elvis Presley in a small role in the sitcom The Golden Girls (1988), and briefly appeared in Eddie Presley (1992). As an independent filmmaker, he directed, wrote and appeared in the crime thriller Reservoir Dogs (1992), which tells the story of five strangers who team up for a jewelry heist. It proved to be Tarantino's breakthrough film and was named the "Greatest Independent Film of all Time" by Empire.[1][2] His screenplay for Tony Scott's True Romance (1993) was nominated for a Saturn Award.[3]
In 1994, Tarantino wrote and directed the neo-noir black comedy Pulp Fiction, a major critical and commercial success. Cited in the media as a defining film of the modern Hollywood, the film earned Tarantino an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and a Best Director nomination.[4] Also in 1994, he served as an executive producer for Killing Zoe and wrote two other films. The following year, Tarantino directed The Man from Hollywood, one of the four segments of the anthology film Four Rooms, and an episode of ER, entitled "The Motherhood". He wrote Robert Rodriguez's From Dusk till Dawn (1996)—one of the many collaborations between them—which attained cult status and spawned several sequels,[5] in which they served as executive producers. His next directorial ventures Jackie Brown (1997) and Kill Bill (2003–04) were met with critical acclaim.[6][7] The latter, a two-part martial arts film (Volume 1 and Volume 2), follows a former assassin, seeking revenge on her ex-colleagues who attempted to kill her.[8]
Tarantino's direction of "Grave Danger", a CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode, garnered him a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series nomination.[9] He directed a scene in Frank Miller and Rodriguez's Sin City (2005). Tarantino and Rodriguez later collaborated in the double feature Grindhouse (2007); he directed the segment Death Proof. He next penned and directed the war film Inglourious Basterds (2009), a fictionalized account of the Nazi occupation of France during World War II. The critically and commercially successful film earned Tarantino two nominations at the 82nd Academy Awards—Best Director and Best Original Screenplay.[10][11] His greatest commercial success came with the 2012 western film Django Unchained, earning $425.4 million worldwide; it also won him another Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.[12][13] He then wrote and directed another commercially successful western film The Hateful Eight (2015),[14] whose screenplay was nominated for a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe Award.[15][16]
Contents
[hide]
1 Film
2 Television
3 Video games
4 Notes
4.1 Footnotes
4.2 References
Film[edit]
Title
Year
Functioned as
Notes
Ref(s)
Director
Writer
Producer
Actor
Role
My Best Friend's Birthday
1987 Yes Yes Yes Yes Pool, ClarenceClarence Pool Short film
Executive producer [17]
Past Midnight
1991 Yes Yes — Associate producer [18]
Eddie Presley
1992 Yes Asylum attendant Cameo [19]
Reservoir Dogs
1992 Yes Yes Yes Brown, Mr.Mr. Brown [19]
[20]
True Romance
1993 Yes — [21]
Coriolis Effect, TheThe Coriolis Effect
1994 Yes Slim, PanhandlePanhandle Slim (voice) Cameo [22]
Pulp Fiction
1994 Yes Yes Yes Dimmick, JimmieJimmie Dimmick [19]
[23]
Natural Born Killers
1994 Yes — Story [24]
It's Pat
1994 Yes — Uncredited [25]
Somebody to Love
1994 Yes Bartender Cameo [26]
Sleep with Me
1994 Yes Sid Cameo [27]
Killing Zoe
1994 Yes — Executive producer [28]
Dance Me to the End of Love
1995 Yes Groom Short film [29]
Four Rooms
1995 Yes Yes Yes Yes Rush, ChesterChester Rush Segment: The Man from Hollywood
Executive producer [30]
Desperado
1995 Yes Pick-up Guy Cameo [19]
Destiny Turns on the Radio
1995 Yes Destiny, JohnnyJohnny Destiny [31]
Crimson Tide
1995 Yes — Uncredited [29]
Rock, TheThe Rock
1996 Yes — Uncredited [32]
Girl 6
1996 Yes Director #1 – NY Cameo [33]
From Dusk till Dawn
1996 Yes Yes Yes Richie Gecko Executive producer [32]
Jackie Brown
1997 Yes Yes Yes Answering Machine Voice [19]
[34]
God Said Ha!
1998 Yes — Executive producer [29]
From Dusk Till Dawn 2
1999 Yes Executive producer [29]
From Dusk Till Dawn 3
1999 Yes — Executive producer [29]
Little Nicky
2000 Yes Deacon Cameo [19]
Kill Bill: Volume 1
2003 Yes Yes Yes Crazy 88 member Cameo [35]
[36]
Kill Bill: Volume 2
2004 Yes Yes [8]
My Name Is Modesty
2004 Yes — Executive producer [29]
Sin City
2005 Partial — Special guest director [37]
The Muppets' Wizard of Oz
2005 Yes Himself Cameo [38]
Daltry Calhoun
2005 Yes — Executive producer [29]
Hostel
2005 Yes — Executive producer [29]
Freedom's Fury
2006 Yes — Co-executive producer [29]
Grindhouse
2007 Yes Yes Yes Yes Warren the Bartender Segment: Death Proof
Also cinematographer [29]
[19]
[39]
Sukiyaki Western Django
2007 Yes Piringo Cameo [19]
Hostel: Part II
2007 Yes — Executive producer [29]
Planet Terror
2007 Yes Yes Rapist #1
Zombie Eating Road Kill Cameos [29]
Diary of the Dead
2007 Yes Newsreader (voice) Cameo [40]
Hell Ride
2008 Yes — Executive producer [29]
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation!
2008 Yes Himself Documentary [41]
Inglourious Basterds
2009 Yes Yes Yes First Scalped Victim
American GI Cameos [19]
The Greatest Movie Ever Sold
2011 Yes Himself Documentary [42]
Django Unchained
2012 Yes Yes Yes The LeQuint Dickey Mining Co. Employee
Member of Big Daddy's Mob [19]
[36]
[43]
She's Funny That Way
2014 Yes Himself Cameo [38]
Hateful Eight, TheThe Hateful Eight
2015 Yes Yes Yes Narrator (uncredited voice) [36]
Once Upon a Time in Hollywood
2019 Yes Yes Yes
Television[edit]
Show
Year
Functioned as
Notes
Ref.
Director
Writer
Actor
Role
The Golden Girls
1988 Yes Elvis Presley impersonator Episode: "Sophia's Wedding (Part 1)" [19]
All-American Girl
1995 Yes Desmond Episode: "Pulp Sitcom" [38]
Saturday Night Live
1995 Yes Host Episode: "Quentin Tarantino / The Smashing Pumpkins" [44]
ER
1995 Yes — Episode: "Motherhood" [45]
Alias
2002–04 Yes Cole !McKenas Cole 4 episodes [38]
Duck Dodgers
2005 Yes Moloch !Master Moloch (voice) Episode: "Master & Disaster / All in the Crime Family" [46]
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
2005 Yes Yes — Episode: "Grave Danger"
Story writing credit [47]
From Dusk till Dawn: The Series
2014 Yes — Credit: "Based on From Dusk till Dawn"; shared with Robert Kurtzman [48]
Video games[edit]
1996: Steven Spielberg's Director's Chair as Jack Cavello[49]
Notes[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ His guest co-direction in Sin City (2005) is not counted.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Frost, Caroline (March 7, 2013). "Tim Roth: 'That Interviewer Came Out Looking Shabby, Not Quentin'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dirks, Tim. "Empire's 50 Greatest Independent Films". Empire. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Envelope: Hollywood's Awards and Industry Insider". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 17, 2006. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Seal, Mark. "The Making of Pulp Fiction: Quentin Tarantino's and the Cast's Retelling". Vanity Fair. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (June 7, 2016). "'From Dusk Till Dawn' Lures Nicky Whelan & Maurice Compte For Season 3". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jackie Brown". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Quentin Tarantino teases possibility of Kill Bill 3". News.com.au. December 7, 2015. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Travers, Peter (April 6, 2004). "Kill Bill Vol. 2". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 31, 2015. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Richmond, Ray (July 26, 2005). "Tarantino looks to add an Emmy to his Oscar". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 26, 2005. Retrieved July 12, 2016. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Child, Ben (February 17, 2010). "How Inglourious Basterds freed Quentin Tarantino". The Guardian. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Smith, Nigel M. (December 9, 2015). "Quentin Tarantino: 'I don't know if I will ever win a best director award'". The Guardian. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Quentin Tarantino". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Goodacre, Kate (February 25, 2013). "Oscars 2013: 'Argo', Adele, Jennifer Lawrence, Anne Hathaway triumph". Digital Spy. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Hateful Eight (2015)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gray, Tim (January 8, 2016). "Baftas 2016: full list of nominations". The Guardian. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lang, Brent (December 10, 2015). "'Carol,' Netflix Lead Golden Globes Nomination". Variety. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Peary, Gerald (2013). Quentin Tarantino: Interviews, Revised and Updated. University Press of Mississippi. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-61703-876-1.
Jump up ^ Tasker, Yvonne (2002). Fifty Contemporary Filmmakers. Routledge. p. 339. ISBN 978-1-134-65664-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Vincent, Alice; Saunders, Tristram Fane (December 10, 2015). "Quentin Tarantino: his 10 best cameo roles". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (October 26, 1992). "Reservoir Dogs". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Spitz, Marc (April 25, 2008). "True Romance: 15 Years Later". Maxim. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Holm, D.K. (2004). Quentin Tarantino: The Pocket Essential Guide. Summersdale Publishers. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-84839-866-5.
Jump up ^ Bradshaw, Peter (May 15, 2014). "Pulp Fiction review – Tarantino's mesmeric thriller still breathtaking 20 years on". The Guardian. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Quentin Tarantino: planet Earth couldn't handle my serial killer movie". The Daily Telegraph. October 11, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jagernauth, Kevin (April 10, 2014). "Weird Trivia: Quentin Tarantino Did An Uncredited Rewrite On 'It's Pat'". Indiewire. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (September 27, 1996). "Somebody to Love". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (September 30, 1994). "Sleep With Me". Chicago-Sun Times. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (September 9, 1994). "Killing Zoe". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Sherman, Dale (2015). Quentin Tarantino FAQ: Everything Left to Know About the Original Reservoir Dog. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 133–34; 136; 417. ISBN 978-1-4950-2596-9.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (December 25, 1995). "Four Rooms". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet (April 28, 1995). "Hipness to the Nth Degree In a Candy-Colored World". The New York Times. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Fourie, Pieter Jacobus (2001). Media Studies: Content, audiences, and production. Juta and Company Ltd. p. 448. ISBN 978-0-7021-5656-4.
Jump up ^ Obenson, Tambay A. (November 23, 2015). "Tarantino Says He'll Never Work w/ Spike Lee, Calls Him Contemptible + Says He Has 2 More Films Before Retirement". Indiewire. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (December 24, 1997). "Jackie Brown". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Shepherd, Jack (October 10, 2003). "Kill Bill: Volume 1". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lambe, Stacy (December 30, 2015). "The Ultimate Power Ranking of Quentin Tarantino's Recurring 'Hateful Eight' Cast". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (March 31, 2005). "Sin City". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Scholten, Michael (2015). Quentin Tarantino Unchained: Die blutige Wahrheit (in German). Riva. p. 136. ISBN 978-3-86413-948-2.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (October 25, 2007). "Grindhouse". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Emerson, Jim (February 14, 2008). "The Diary of the Dead". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Harvey, Dennis (September 20, 2008). "Review: 'Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation!'". Variety. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Scrietta, Peter (January 24, 2011). "Morgan Spurlock's 'The Greatest Movie Ever Sold' Might Be The Most Meta Movie Ever Made [Sundance Review]". /Film. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Collin, Robbie (January 17, 2013). "Django Unchained, review". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "SNL Season 21 Episode 05". NBC. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Rossen, Jake (January 14, 2016). "When Quentin Tarantino Directed an Episode of 'ER'". Mental Floss. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "A Guide to Quentin Tarantino's Best and Worst Acting Roles". IFC. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Quentin Tarantino to direct `CSI' finale". Hürriyet Daily News. February 27, 2005. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jakle, Jeanne (March 7, 2014). "TV's 'Dusk' delves deep into the horror". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ McBride, Joseph (2012). Steven Spielberg: A Biography (Third Edition). Faber and Faber. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-571-28055-1.
[hide]
v
t
e
Quentin Tarantino
Filmography
Written and
directed
Feature films
Reservoir Dogs
Pulp Fiction
Jackie Brown
Kill Bill
Volume 1
Volume 2
Death Proof
Inglourious Basterds
Django Unchained
The Hateful Eight
Once Upon a Time in Hollywood
Short films
My Best Friend's Birthday
Four Rooms (segment "The Man from Hollywood")
Written only
True Romance
Natural Born Killers
From Dusk till Dawn
Other work
Past Midnight
It's Pat
Crimson Tide
The Rock
Sin City
"Grave Danger"
Planet Terror
Film soundtracks
Pulp Fiction
Jackie Brown
Kill Bill: Volume 1
Kill Bill: Volume 2
Death Proof
Inglourious Basterds
Django Unchained
The Hateful Eight
Awards by film
Inglourious Basterds
Django Unchained
The Hateful Eight
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quentin_Tarantino_filmography&oldid=834294442"
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text:
Michael Manning (murderer)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Michael Manning
Born
1929
Limerick, Ireland
Died
(1954-04-20)20 April 1954 (aged 25)
Mountjoy Prison, Dublin, Ireland
Cause of death
Execution by Hanging
Other names
Michael Mangan
Criminal penalty
Death
Conviction(s)
Rape
Murder
Details
Victims
Catherine Cooper
Date
18 November 1953
Country
Ireland
Date apprehended
19 November 1953
Michael Manning was an Irish murderer who became the twenty-ninth and last person to be executed in the Republic of Ireland.
Manning, a 25-year-old carter from Johnsgate in Limerick, was found guilty of the rape and murder of Catherine Cooper, a 65-year-old nurse who worked at Barrington's Hospital in the city, in February 1954.[1] Nurse Cooper's body was discovered on 18 November 1953 in the quarry under the New Castle, Dublin Road, Castletroy where she was found to have choked on grass stuffed into her mouth to keep her from screaming during the committal of the crime.[2]
Manning expressed remorse at the crime which he did not deny. By his own account, he was making his way home on foot after a day’s drinking in The Black Swan, Annacotty when he saw a woman he did not recognise walking alone. "I suddenly lost my head and jumped on the woman and remember no more until the lights of a car shone on me." He took flight at this point but was arrested within hours, after his distinctive hat was found at the scene of the crime.[3]
Although Manning made an impassioned plea for clemency in a letter[4] to Minister for Justice Gerald Boland, his request was denied despite it also being supported by Nurse Cooper's family. The execution by hanging was duly carried out on 20 April 1954 in Mountjoy Prison, Dublin by Albert Pierrepoint, who had travelled from Britain where he was one of three Senior Executioners.
Frank Prendergast, subsequently TD for Limerick East who knew Manning well, recalled later, "Friends of mine who worked with me, I was serving my time at the time, went up to visit him on the Sunday before he was hanged. And they went to Mass and Holy Communion together and they played a game of handball that day. He couldn't have been more normal."[5]
Manning left a wife who was pregnant at the time of the murder. His body was buried in an unmarked grave in a yard at Mountjoy Prison.
Aftermath[edit]
The death penalty was abolished in 1964 for all but the murder of Gardaí, diplomats and prison officers. It was abolished by statute for these remaining offences in 1990 and was finally expunged from the Constitution of Ireland by a referendum in 2001.
The hanging of Michael Manning inspired a play by Ciaran Creagh. Creagh's father, Timothy, was one of the two prison officers who stayed with Michael Manning on his last night and Last Call is loosely based on what happened. It was shown in Mountjoy Prison's theatre for three nights in June 2006.
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Executions in Ireland
Jump up ^ Wallace, Colm (2016). Sentenced to Death: Saved from the Gallows. Bantry: Somerville Press. p. 97. ISBN 9780992736491.
Jump up ^ O'Donnell, Ian (18 April 2014). "Sixty years since Dublin's last hanging". Irish Times. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
Jump up ^ http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/40-years-ago/145084/Final-pleas-of-Limerick-man-executed.html
Jump up ^ Capital punishment in Ireland since the foundation of the state
External links[edit]
Capital punishment in Ireland since the foundation of the state
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 120584273

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