text:
The Rats of Tobruk
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For the film of the same name, see The Rats of Tobruk (1944 film).
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Mosaic at the foot of the Rats of Tobruk Memorial, Queen's Park, Mackay, Queensland, Australia. Indicated is the Rats of Tobruk Association insignia.
The Rats of Tobruk was the name given to the soldiers of the garrison who held the Libyan port of Tobruk against the Afrika Corps, during the Siege of Tobruk in World War II. The siege started on 10 April 1941 and was finally relieved at the end of November.
Between April and August 1941, around 14,000 Australian soldiers were besieged in Tobruk by a German–Italian army commanded by General Erwin Rommel. The garrison, commanded by Lieutenant General Leslie Morshead, consisted of the 9th Australian Division (20th, 24th, and 26th Brigades), the 18th Brigade of the 7th Australian Division, four regiments of British artillery, Polish Independent Carpathian Rifle Brigade, and 3rd Indian Motor Brigade.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins of the name
2 Adoption of the name
3 Role of the Rats of Tobruk
4 Modern commemoration
5 In popular culture
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
Origins of the name[edit]
In what proved to be a propaganda mis-step, Lord Haw-Haw derisively referred to the Garrison as "poor desert rats of Tobruk" during radio broadcasts. This was probably mostly due to two factors:
The Australians tended to counterattack to gather equipment as soon as the enemy was routed.
The defenders dug extensive tunnel networks and shelters to supplement their trenches — and were not afraid to use them when bombarded.
The Australians gave themselves the nickname 'the Rats of Tobruk' after Radio Berlin described the Australians as 'caught like rats in a trap'.
The old warships that helped the Rats of Tobruk with supplies and evacuation of the wounded were insulted by Radio Berlin, being called a 'pile of scrap iron'. The Australians therefore called them 'The Scrap Iron Flotilla'.
Adoption of the name[edit]
With typically Australian dry wit, Australians reclaimed the name as a badge of pride, even going so far as to strike their own unofficial medal bearing the likeness of a rat. The metal used to make the medals came from a German bomber that the Rats had shot down with captured German guns. Throughout the conflict, the Axis attackers had at least twice the manpower and had the advantage of strong air support, while the Tobruk garrison had little air support because of the remoteness from friendly air bases. This made the supply of the garrison, necessarily by sea, very difficult with ships having to arrive, unload and depart under the cover of darkness.[1]
Role of the Rats of Tobruk[edit]
A patrol from the 2/13th Infantry Battalion at Tobruk
At this time, Rommel's Afrika Korps had never been defeated. During the first phase of the offensive, the Rats were mostly concerned with constructing and reinforcing their defenses and observing the enemy. After a few months, however, purely defensive operations gave way to patrols. These forays outside friendly lines were broken into two categories: reconnaissance and fighting.
Apart from providing information on the enemy, sometimes these reconnaissance patrols entailed the capture and/or field interrogation of an enemy. Later, almost exclusively at night, a fighting patrol would act on viable targets found, operating under the simplest of guidelines: do as much damage as you can, without getting caught.
Commonly, an attack would involve crawling several miles, surrounding the enemy position, followed by a concerted rush with bayonets. In most cases, the action was over in a minute or two, more often than not without a shot fired. Probably, the most well-known single offensive action by the Rats was a fighting patrol led by Lieutenant William Horace Noyes, which stalked and destroyed three German light tanks, and killed or wounded the crews of 7 machine-gun and 11 anti-tank gun positions and their protective infantry. In addition, they damaged a German heavy tank, killed and wounded 130 in the process of taking a German garrison, most in the initial bayonet charge. The Rats did not suffer any casualties.[citation needed]
On 28 April, the soldiers were told to expect reinforcement and resupply within eight weeks. In the summer of 1941, Lieutenant-General Thomas Blamey, commander of the Second Australian Imperial Force, with the support of the Prime Minister of Australia, requested the withdrawal of 9th Australian Division from Tobruk in order to meet the strong desire of the Australians that all their forces in the Middle East should fight under one command. General Claude Auchinleck, who had replaced Wavell as C-in-C Middle East Command in Cairo, agreed in principle, but was not anxious to expedite the operation because a troop movement of this size would have to be made by fast warships during moonless periods of the month (because of the risk of air attacks to shipping) at a time when every resource needed to be concentrated on the planned Operation Crusader.[2]
Based on reports from Australian H.Q. Middle East that the health of the troops had been suffering, the new Australian Prime Minister Arthur Fadden and his successor John Curtin rejected requests from Winston Churchill to change their minds and the replacement of the division was effected by the Royal Navy between August and October.[3][4] During 9th Australian Division's stay in the besieged Tobruk, some 3,000 Australians had become casualties and 941 taken prisoner.[5]
The Australians were gradually withdrawn during the three moonless periods between August and October. In August, 18 Australian Infantry Brigade and the Indian Army's 18th King Edward's Own Cavalry were replaced by the Polish Carpathian Brigade – which had the Czechoslovak 11th Infantry Battalion (East) under command – and, in September and October, the British 70th Infantry Division, including the 32nd Army Tank Brigade, replaced the rest of the Australians. Morshead was succeeded as commander of the Tobruk fortress by 70th Division's commander, Major-General Ronald Scobie.[3]
Modern commemoration[edit]
The Rats of Tobruk hold an identifiable place within the ranks of returned servicemen, particularly in Australia, where there is the Rats of Tobruk Memorial, Canberra.
On 22 March 1944, the original members of the Rats of Tobruk formed the North Bondi Sub-Branch of the Returned and Services League of Australia and it is still known in modern times as Tobruk House or The Rathouse.[6] In 2003, the New York Times ran an article on The Rathouse calling it "an ideal beachside hang out."[7]
Their overarching international association, The Rats of Tobruk Association, is partly responsible for the erection of numerous monuments in Australia and the UK and involvement with official memorial services. The association also organised with the Royal Mint of Australia the striking of a 50-year anniversary medallion in 1991.
The association's insignia shows the elements of a large uppercase letter 'T', for Tobruk, a long-tailed desert rat, and a crown. The crown depicted is variously the Tudor Crown or St Edward's Crown (since 1953), representing allegiance to the Australian Sovereign, or a crown mimicking Tobruk's official pre-war city flag which was liberated from the city's hall during the siege.
In April 2007, the Victorian contingent of the Rats of Tobruk Association concluded that it could no longer afford the upkeep of Tobruk House, the inner-city Melbourne meeting hall that had been purchased by the Association in the 1950s. Back then, the Victorian Association had 1,800 members. By 2007, there were just 80 left, all aged in their 80s and 90s, who decided to sell the hall. From the sale, they hoped to raise up to A$1.5 million to be used for research at Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, where a neuroscience ward, the Rats of Tobruk Ward, had already been named after them.[8] Bill Gibbons, who made his wealth out of trucking, went well beyond the expected price to outbid a Sydney developer for A$1.73 million. As reported by The Age, "in an act that stunned the old diggers, Mr Gibbons... then told the veterans they could keep the hall as long as they wanted."[9]
In popular culture[edit]
Charles Chauvel directed a 1944 movie titled The Rats of Tobruk, starring Peter Finch and Chips Rafferty, see IMDB.
See also[edit]
Desert Rats
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Playfair, Vol. II, p. 157.
Jump up ^ Playfair, Vol. III. p. 23
^ Jump up to: a b Playfair, Vol. III. p. 25
Jump up ^ Hunt (1990), p. 66
Jump up ^ Long, Gavin (1973). The Six Years War. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. pp. 77–98 (ref footnote 100)
Jump up ^ The Rathouse History as found on Tobrukhouse.com (retrieved 6 September 2009)
Jump up ^ Borden, Margaret, Bondi, Beyond The Beach, New York Times, November 16, 2003, section 5, page 10
Jump up ^ "Diggers to auction 'rat hole' for charity" The 7.30 Report, 18 April 2007
Jump up ^ "Generosity keeps Rats of Tobruk in their Albert Park nest", The Age, 20 April 2007.
References[edit]
FitzSimons, Peter, Tobruk HarperCollins Publishers (Australia), 2006
Harrison, Frank, Tobruk: The Great Siege Reassessed, London: Arms and Armour, 1996
Hunt, Sir David (1990) [1966]. A Don at War (Revised ed.). London: F. Cass. ISBN 0-7146-3383-6.
Latimer, Jon, Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move, Oxford: Osprey, 2001
Maughan, Barton (1966). Official History of Australia in the Second World War Volume III – Tobruk and El Alamein. Chapters 4 – 9. Series 1 – Army. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
Playfair, Major-General I.S.O.; with Flynn R.N., Captain F.C.; Molony, Brigadier C.J.C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S.E. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1956]. Butler, J.R.M, ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-066-1.
Playfair, Major-General I.S.O.; with Flynn, Captain F.C. (R.N.); Molony, Brigadier C.J.C. & Gleave, Group Captain T.P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO:1960]. Butler, Sir James, ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume III: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-067-X.
The Home of the Rats of Tobruk Association, Victoria, Australia
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Jean Louisa Kelly
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Jean Kelly" redirects here. For other uses, see Jean Kelly (disambiguation).
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jean Louisa Kelly
Kelly in October 2009
Born
March 9, 1972 (1972-03-09) (age 45)
Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.
Occupation
Actress, singer
Years active
1989–present
Notable work
Uncle Buck (1989)
Yes, Dear (2000–06)
Spouse(s)
James Pitaro (m. 1997)
Website
jeanlouisakelly.com
Jean Louisa Kelly (born March 9, 1972) is an American actress. After making her film debut as Tia Russell in Uncle Buck (1989) alongside John Candy, she appeared in a wide range of other films including The Fantasticks (1995) and Mr. Holland's Opus (1995). From 2000 to 2006, she was known for portraying Kim Warner on the CBS sitcom Yes, Dear.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
2 Personal life
3 Filmography
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
4 Notes
5 External links
Career[edit]
Before attending college, she already had roles in the original Broadway cast of Sondheim's Into the Woods[2] (as Snow White and understudy to Red Riding Hood) and as Tia Russell in the film Uncle Buck with John Candy. She also took roles in college productions, including with the Barnard College Gilbert and Sullivan Society.[3]
After graduation from college, Kelly became well known in the mid-1990s for a series of television commercials she did for MCI long distance,[2] in which she played a telephone operator who challenged AT&T. In 1995, she starred as Louisa in the musical film The Fantasticks with Joey McIntyre and Joel Grey, although the film was shelved until 2000. The same year, she appeared in her most prominent role since Tia, as Rowena Morgan, the muse for the title character of Mr. Holland's Opus. Other films followed in the 1990s. Later starring roles in films have included Landfall (2001) and Little Red Light (2003). Kelly appeared Off Broadway at the York Theatre as the title role in Paul McKibbins and B.T. McNicholl's The It Girl, based on the 1927 movie It. She also appeared in the York's "Mufti" series as Lois Lane in It's a Bird, It's a Plane, It's Superman.
In 1996, Kelly voiced the title role in the second season of the animated series Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders. After several made-for-TV movies, Kelly's broadest exposure came from her roles in situation comedies, first guest starring in such shows as Mad About You, and then as a cast member of the short-lived NBC version of Cold Feet. From 2000 to 2006, she starred as Kim Warner on the long-running sitcom Yes, Dear.[4] On April 30, 2006, she guest starred in the ABC drama Grey's Anatomy[5] and has continued to guest star in television dramas.
In 2010, she was cast in a guest starring role in an episode of the television spy drama Burn Notice—playing a widow who had been swindled out of her life savings by a con man.
She currently appears as Bernice Pope in the Yahoo production of Sin City Saints.[6]
She released an album of children's music called Color of Your Heart in 2013.[7][8] On April 14, 2015 she released a collection of original songs in a five-song EP called Willing.[9]
Personal life[edit]
Kelly was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, the daughter of Wendy I and J. Joseph Kelly III.[3][10][11] Her father was a high school English teacher and her mother taught piano. She attended Easton High School, located in Easton, Maryland.[2] Kelly graduated in 1994 from Columbia University's Columbia College with a B.A. in English.[3]
She married James Pitaro in 1997.[11]
As of 2010, Kelly resides in Los Angeles. She is close friends with Jennifer Garner,[12] having hosted the baby shower for Garner's daughter Violet Anne Affleck and interviewed Garner for Self magazine in 2005.[volume & issue needed]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1989 Uncle Buck Tia Russell
1992 American Shaolin Maria
1995 Fantasticks, TheThe Fantasticks Luisa Bellamy
1995 Mr. Holland's Opus Rowena Morgan
1998 Origin of the Species Laura
1999 Stranger in the Kingdom, AA Stranger in the Kingdom Athena Allen
2001 Landfall Marguerite Harris
2003 Little Red Light Amanda Meyer Short film
2010 Locked Away Chloe
2010 Public Access Nancy Short film
2014 1000 to 1: The Cory Weissman Story Tina Weissman Video
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1994 Breathing Lessons Daisy Movie
1994 One More Mountain Mary Graves Movie
1995 Tad Julia Taft Movie
1996 Harvest of Fire Rachel Movie
1996 Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders Princess Gwenevere (voice) Main role (10 episodes)
1997 Homicide: Life on the Street Sarah Langdon Episode: "Kaddish"
1997 Stolen Women: Captured Hearts Sarah White Movie
1998 Ruby Bridges Jane Coles Movie
1998 Day Lincoln Was Shot, TheThe Day Lincoln Was Shot Lucy Lambert Hale Movie
1998 Law & Order Coral Galvin Episode: "Scrambled"
1998/99 Mad About You Diane 3 episodes
1999 Cyberstalking, TheThe Cyberstalking Holly Moon Movie
1999 Cold Feet Shelley Sullivan Main role (8 episodes)
2000–06 Yes, Dear Kim Warner Main role (122 episodes)
2001 Ally McBeal Lisa Episode: "The Ex-Files"
2006 Grey's Anatomy Rose Ward Episode: "Blues for Sister Someone"
2008 Ghost Whisperer Jennifer Quinlan / Nora Sutherland Episode: "First Do No Harm"
2008 Eli Stone Julie Lazer Episode: "Heal the Pain"
2008 Gary Unmarried Beth Episode: "Gary and Allison Brooks"
2009 Surviving Suburbia Melissa Mann Episode: "Desperate Housewife"
2009 Three Gifts, TheThe Three Gifts Cherie Green Movie
2010 Glades, TheThe Glades Becky Episode: "A Perfect Storm"
2010 Burn Notice Emily Episode: "Blind Spot"
2010–13 Hero Factory Natalie Breez / Operator Recurring role; 6 episodes
2011 Paul the Male Matchmaker Darla 2 episodes
2011 CSI: Miami Amy Wells Episode: "Stoned Cold"
2012 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Sheila DeMarcus Episode: "Code Blue Plate Special"
2013 Chance at Romance Roz Hallmark Channel TV movie
2013 The Good Mother Rachel Lifetime TV Movie
2014 Zoe Gone Det. Patricia Henderson Lifetime movie
2015 Sin City Saints Bernice Pope Yahoo Studios
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Yes Woman". people.com. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "College Grad Is Someone to Watch", Columbia University Record, Vol. 21, No. 19, March 8, 1996.
^ Jump up to: a b c "About Me". jeanlouisakelly.com. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Yes, Dear". TV.com. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Grey's Anatomy - Season 2, Episode 23: Blues for Sister Someone - TV.com". TV.com. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "A LIFE OF SONG: Jean Louisa Kelly On Her Career, Inspirations and New EP!". Icon vs. Icon. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "iTunes - Music - Color of Your Heart by Jean Louisa Kelly". iTunes. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Yes, Dear' Actress Jean Louisa Kelly Branches Into Music With Charming Children's Collection". yahoo.com. 22 November 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "iTunes - Music - Willing EP by Jean Louisa Kelly". iTunes. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kelly, Jean Louisa 1972– - Dictionary definition of Kelly, Jean Louisa 1972– - Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary". Retrieved 23 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jean Louisa Kelly, James A. Pitaro". 25 May 1997. Retrieved 23 March 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Actress Jean Louisa Kelly gives birth to second child – a daughter – Moms & Babies – Celebrity Babies and Kids - Moms & Babies - People.com". PEOPLE.com. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean Louisa Kelly.
Official website
Self magazine interview transcript (June 2005)
March 1996 article in the Columbia University Record
Jean Louisa Kelly on IMDb
Jean Kelly at the Internet Broadway Database
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 39024644
LCCN: no2001041989
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Louisa_Kelly&oldid=782292816"
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text:
Say Amen (Saturday Night)
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"Say Amen (Saturday Night)"
Single by Panic! at the Disco
from the album Pray for the Wicked
B-side
"(Fuck A) Silver Lining"
Released
March 21, 2018 (2018-03-21)[1]
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2017–18
Genre
Pop[2]
Length
3:09[3]
Label
Fueled by Ramen
DCD2[3]
Songwriter(s)
Brendon Urie
Jake Sinclair
Imad Royal
Sam Hollander
Producer(s)
Jake Sinclair
Imad Royal
Panic! at the Disco singles chronology
"Death of a Bachelor"
(2016) "Say Amen (Saturday Night)"
(2018) "High Hopes"
(2018)
"Death of a Bachelor"
(2016) "Say Amen (Saturday Night)"
(2018) "High Hopes"
(2018)
"Say Amen (Saturday Night)" is a song by American rock band Panic! at the Disco from their sixth studio album, Pray for the Wicked (2018). It was released as the lead single for the album on March 21, 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Release
2 Music video
3 Track listing
4 Charts
5 References
Release[edit]
"Say Amen (Saturday Night)" was released for digital download and streaming on March 21, 2018 and was produced by Jake Sinclair and Imad Royal.[1] On the same day, the promotional single "(Fuck A) Silver Lining" was released.[1][4][5]
Music video[edit]
Directed by Daniel "Cloud" Campos, the music video for "Say Amen (Saturday Night)" premiered on March 21, 2018.[6] Panic! at the Disco frontman Brendon Urie confirmed that the music video serves as a prequel to the band's 2013 music video, "This Is Gospel", from the band's fourth studio album Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! and the 2015 music video for "Emperor's New Clothes," from the band's fifth studio album Death of a Bachelor.[2]
Track listing[edit]
Digital download
No.
Title
Length
1. "Say Amen (Saturday Night)" 3:09
Spotify release
No.
Title
Length
1. "Say Amen (Saturday Night)" 3:09
2. "(Fuck A) Silver Lining" 2:49
Total length: 5:58
Charts[edit]
Chart (2018)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[7]
90
Canada (Hot Canadian Digital Songs)[8]
48
Canada Rock (Billboard)[9]
35
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[10]
65
New Zealand Heatseekers (RMNZ)[11]
2
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[12]
37
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[13]
48
US Billboard Hot 100[14]
60
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[15]
5
US Rock Airplay (Billboard)[16]
7
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "NME article", NME, March 21, 2018. Retrieved on March 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Reed, Ryan (March 21, 2018). "Panic! at the Disco Prep New LP, Release Two New Songs". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Single Information", Amazon, March 21, 2018. Retrieved on March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Melendez, Monique (March 21, 2018). "Panic! at the Disco — "Say Amen (Saturday Night)" / "(Fuck A) Silver Lining"". Spin. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "🤴🏻 on Twitter".
Jump up ^ "Panic! at the Disco Announces New Album & Arena Tour: Hear New Song 'Say Amen (Saturday Night)'".
Jump up ^ "ARIA Chart Watch #466". auspOp. March 31, 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Panic at the Disco Chart History (Hot Canadian Digital Song Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Panic at the Disco Chart History (Canada Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201820 into search. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. April 2, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Panic at the Disco Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Panic at the Disco Chart History (Hot Rock Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Panic at the Disco Chart History (Rock Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
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Gideon
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Gideon
Gideon from Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum
Predecessor
Deborah
Successor
Abimelech
Parent(s)
Joash (father)
For other uses, see Gideon (disambiguation).
שופטים
Judges in the Bible
Italics indicate individuals not explicitly described as judges
Book of Joshua
Joshua
Book of Judges
Othniel
Ehud
Shamgar
Deborah
Gideon
Abimelech
Tola
Jair
Jephthah
Ibzan
Elon
Abdon
Samson
First Book of Samuel
Eli
Samuel
v
t
e
Gideon (/ˈɡɪdiən/) or Gedeon,[a] also named Jerubbaal,[b] and Jerubbesheth, was a military leader, judge and prophet whose calling and victory over the Midianites are recounted in chapters 6 to 8 of the Book of Judges in the Hebrew Bible.[1]
Gideon was the son of Joash, from the Abiezrite clan in the tribe of Manasseh and lived in Ephra (Ophrah).[2] As a leader of the Israelites, he won a decisive victory over a Midianite army despite a vast numerical disadvantage, leading a troop of 300 'valiant' men.[3]
Contents
1 Names
2 Biblical narrative
2.1 Night attack
3 Textual history
4 Christian reception
5 Military references
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
Names[edit]
The nineteenth-century Strong's Concordance derives the name "Jerubbaal" from "Baal will contend", in accordance with the folk etymology given in Judges 6:32.[4][5] According to biblical scholar Lester Grabbe (2007), "[Judges] 6.32 gives a nonsensical etymology of his name; it means something like 'Let Baal be great.'"[6]
Likewise, where Strong gave the meaning "hewer" to the name Gideon, biblical scholar Simon John DeVries (1975) suggests the etymology "driver."[7][8]
According to modern scholars, the use of both names "Gideon" and "Jerubbaal" reflects two originally independent sets of stories combined by an editor who wishes them to be seen as referring to a single character.[9][8][10]
Biblical narrative[edit]
"Gideon thanks God for the Miracle of the Dew", painting by Maarten van Heemskerck (Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg)
As is the pattern throughout the Book of Judges, the Israelites again turned away from Yahweh after 40 years of peace brought by Deborah's victory over Canaan, and Midianites, Amalekites and other Bedouin peoples who harried Israel for seven years. God chose Gideon, a young man from the tribe of Manasseh, to free the people of Israel and to condemn their idolatry. The Angel of the Lord, or "the Lord’s angelic messenger (Judges 6:11 NET) came "in the character ... of a traveller who sat down in the shade [of the terebinth tree] to enjoy a little refreshment and repose"[11] and entered into conversation with Gideon. The narrative has echoes of the meeting between Abraham and the visitors who came to him in the terebinth trees of Mamre and promised Abraham and Sarah, in their old age, that they would have a son (Genesis 18:1-15).
The Angel of the Lord greeted Gideon:
The Lord is with you, you mighty man of valor!
Gideon requested proof of God's will by three miracles: firstly a sign from the Angel of the Lord, in which the angel appeared to Gideon and caused fire to shoot up out of a rock (Judges 6:11-22), and then two signs involving a fleece, performed on consecutive nights and the exact opposite of each other (Judges 6:36-40).
On God's instruction, Gideon destroyed the town's altar to Baal and the symbol of the goddess Asherah beside it, receiving the byname of Jerubbaal from his father:
Therefore on that day he (Joash) called him Jerubbaal, saying, Let Baal plead against him, because he hath thrown down his altar.
—  Judges 6:32
He went on to send out messengers to gather together men from the tribes of Asher, Zebulun, and Naphtali, as well as his own tribe of Manasseh, in order to meet an armed force of the people of Midian and the Amalek that had crossed the Jordan River, and they encamped at the Well of Harod in the Valley of Jezreel. But God informed Gideon that the men he had gathered were too many – with so many men, there would be reason for the Israelites to claim the victory as their own instead of acknowledging that God had saved them. God first instructed Gideon to send home those men who were afraid. Gideon invited any man who wanted to leave, to do so; 22,000 men returned home and 10,000 remained. Yet with the number, God told Gideon they were still too many and instructed him to bring them to the water. All those who lap the water with their tongues, as a dog laps, you shall put to one side; all those who kneel down to drink, putting their hands to their mouths, you shall put to the other side. The number of those that lapped was three hundred; but all the rest of the troops knelt down to drink water. Then the Lord said to Gideon, “With the three hundred that lapped I will deliver you, and give the Midianites into your hand. Let all the others go to their homes.” (Judges7:4–7).
Night attack[edit]
During the night, God instructed Gideon to approach the Midianite camp. There, Gideon overheard a Midianite man tell a friend of a dream in which "a loaf of barley bread tumbled into the camp of Midian" (Judges 7:13), causing their tent or camp to collapse. This was interpreted as meaning that God had given the Midianites over to Gideon. Gideon returned to the Israelite camp and gave each of his men a trumpet (shofar) and a clay jar with a torch hidden inside. Divided into three companies, Gideon and his 300 men marched on the enemy camp. He instructed them to blow the trumpet, give a battle cry and light torches, simulating an attack by a large force. As they did so, the Midianite army fled (Judges 7:17–22).
Gideon sent messengers ahead into Israel calling for the Ephraimites to pursue the retreating Midianites and two of their leaders, Oreb and Zeeb. Gideon and the three hundred pursued Zebah and Zalmunna, the two Midianite kings. When he had asked for provisions in his pursuit, the men of Succoth and Peniel refused and taunted Gideon. After capturing the two kings, Gideon punished the men of Succoth, and pulled down the tower of Peniel killing all the men there. Gideon invited his eldest son, Jether, to slay Zebah and Zalmunna, but being still young at the time, he did not have the confidence to carry out his father's request, so Zebah and Zalmunna called on Gideon to perform the deed himself. Gideon then killed Zebah and Zalmunna as justice for the death of his brothers (Judges 8:19-21).
The Israelites invited Gideon to become their king and to found a dynasty, but he refused, telling them that only God was their ruler (Judges 8:22-23). G. A. Cooke, writing in the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges notes the discontinuity between Ephraimite anger towards Gideon shown in Judges 8:1-3 and the proposition of kingship over [all] Israel, and therefore concludes that "these verses appear to come from a [secondary] source".[12]
Gideon went on to make an ephod out of the gold won in battle, which eventually caused the whole of Israel to turn away from God yet again. Gideon had 70 sons from the many women he took as wives. He also had a Shechemite concubine who bore him a son whom he named Abimelech, which means "my father is king" (Judges 8:31).
There was peace in Israel for 40 years during the life of Gideon. As soon as Gideon died of old age, the Israelites again turned to worship the false god Baal-Berith and ignored the family of Gideon (Judges 8:33).
Textual history[edit]
In the early twentieth century, the text of Judges 6–8 was regarded by the "critical school" as a composite narrative, combining Jahwist, Elohist and Deuteronomic sources, with further interpolations and editorial comments of the Second Temple period.[13] Emil Hirsch alleged a historical nucleus in the narrative, reflecting the struggle of the tribe of Manasseh with hostile Bedouins across the Jordan, along with "reminiscences of tribal jealousies on the part of Ephraim" in the early period of Hebrew settlement, later conflated with the religious context of connecting Yahweh with the shrine at Ophrah.[13]
The core (Jahwist) narrative consists of Gideon wishing to avenge the death of his brothers, gathering 300 men of his own clan and pursuing the Midianite chiefs Zebah and Zalmunna, slaying them and consecrating an idol (ephod) made from the spoils of war, which makes his city of Ophrah the seat of an oracle and giving Gideon himself the status of a rich chief with a large harem (Judges 8 4:4-10a, 11-21, 24-27a, 29-32).[13]
The name Jerubbaal given to Gideon is originally a theophoric name meaning "Baal strives", but it was later given the interpretation of "let Baal strive against him" in order to avoid conflict with the more rigorous development of the religion of Yahweh in later centuries.[14]
Christian reception[edit]
Gideon's fleece, as symbol of Mary, in a "Hunt of the Unicorn Annunciation" (ca. 1500) from a Netherlandish book of hours. For the complicated iconography, see Hortus Conclusus.
In the New Testament, Gideon is mentioned in chapter 11 of the Epistle to the Hebrews as an example of a man of faith, one of several "heroes of faith" mentioned there:[15]
Time would fail me to tell of Gideon [and others] who through faith subdued kingdoms, worked righteousness, obtained promises, stopped the mouths of lions, quenched the violence of fire, escaped the edge of the sword, out of weakness were made strong, became valiant in battle, turned to flight the armies of the aliens.[16]
Gideon is regarded as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox/Eastern Catholic and Latin Rite Catholic Churches. He is also commemorated, together with the other righteous figures of the Old Testament, on the Sunday before Christmas (Fourth Sunday of Advent). He is commemorated as one of the Saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church on July 30. He is commemorated in the Roman Martyrology of the Latin Rite on September 26.
In the Protestant Reformation, the Gideon narrative was employed in polemics against the Catholic clergy. Hans von Rüte's Gideon (1540) compares the removal of saints' relics from churches to Gideon's destruction of Baal's altar.
Gideons International is an American organization dedicated to Christian evangelism, founded in 1899, dedicated to the distribution of free Bibles. The organization's logo represents a two-handled pitcher and torch, symbolizing the implements used by Gideon to scare the Midianite army.
Military references[edit]
Much like the 300 Spartans at Thermopylae, Gideon has become symbolic of military success of a small elite force against overwhelming numerical odds. The 12th-century Prefatio de Almaria invokes "the strength of Samson and the sword of Gideon" in the context of the Reconquista of Almería led by Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera (1147). Benedikt Gletting (16th century) invokes the "Sword of Gideon" in a call for a pious and confident defense of the Old Swiss Confederacy against the threat of the Franco-Ottoman alliance.[17] The Gideon narrative was invoked by Covenanter commander Archibald Strachan prior to Battle of Carbisdale (1650). The Gideon Force was a small British-led special force in the East African Campaign during World War II.
See also[edit]
Gideon, 1961 play
Gideons International, an evangelical Christian association whose primary activity is distributing free Bibles
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Hebrew: גִּדְעוֹן, Modern: Gid'on, Tiberian: Giḏʻôn
Jump up ^ יְרֻבַּעַל Yĕrubba`al
References[edit]
Jump up ^ For the form Jerubbesheth, see Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Jerubbesheth". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black. Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E-K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
Jump up ^ Gigot, Francis. "Gideon" The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 26 Jan. 2013
Jump up ^ The Bible (NIV). Zondervan. pp. Judges 7.
Jump up ^ Strong's Concordance H3378 "יְרֻבַּעַל Yᵉrubbaʻal, yer-oob-bah'-al; from H7378 and H1168; Baal will contend; Jerubbaal, a symbolic name of Gideon:—Jerubbaal"
Jump up ^ As to "Baal will contend" being an example of folk etymology, see John Muddiman, ed. (25 January 2007). The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-19-927718-6.
Jump up ^ Lester L. Grabbe (25 December 2007). Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-567-11012-1.
Jump up ^ Strong's Concordance H1438 "Gidʻôwn, ghid-ohn'; from H1438 [גָּדַע gâdaʻ 'to hew, chop down']; feller (i.e. warrior); Gidon, an Israelite:—Gideon."
^ Jump up to: a b Simon John DeVries (January 1975). Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow: Time and History in the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-8028-2664-0.
Jump up ^ Mark S. Smith (3 August 2002). The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8028-3972-5.
Jump up ^ Yaira Amit (January 1999). The Book of the Judges: The Art of Editing. BRILL. p. 102. ISBN 90-04-10827-0.
Jump up ^ Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary on Judges 6, accessed 21 October 2016
Jump up ^ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Judges 8, accessed 27 October 2016
^ Jump up to: a b c Emil Hirsch. (1906). "Gideon", in the Jewish Encyclopedia
Jump up ^ "purposely framed to give the old name a bearing which would not be offensive to the later and more rigorous development of the religion of Yhwh" "Gideon", Jewish Encyclopedia
Jump up ^ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Hebrews 11, accessed 16 January 2017
Jump up ^ Hebrews 11:32-34
Jump up ^ Schwarzenbach, Rudolf, '"... wol uff den hohen alpen fruch"? ein Lied Benedikt Glettings als Quelle des "Vermahnlieds an die Eidgenossenschaft" von Hanns In der Gand', Schweizerisches Archiv für Volkskunde 74 (1978), p. 6 (doi 10.5169).
Gideon of Manasseh
Clan of Abieezer
Cadet branch of the Tribe of Manasseh
Preceded by
Deborah and Barak Judge of Israel Succeeded by
Abimelech
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WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb170005951 (data)
GND: 118539132
ISNI: 0000 0001 1481 0002
LCCN: n50028015
SELIBR: 330247
SUDOC: 199501920
VIAF: 122338963
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gideon&oldid=864626192"
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Gideon (disambiguation)

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/wiki/Tola_(Bible)
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Tola (Bible)

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/wiki/Valley_of_Jezreel
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Valley of Jezreel

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/wiki/Peniel_(biblical)
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Peniel (biblical)

values: Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

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/wiki/Hortus_Conclusus
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Hortus Conclusus

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/wiki/Protestant_Reformation
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Protestant Reformation

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/wiki/Prefatio_de_Almaria
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Prefatio de Almaria

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https://dx.doi.org/10.5169/seals-117277

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/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)#Matriarchs
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Matriarchs (Bible)

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https://d-nb.info/gnd/118539132

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http://isni.org/isni/0000000114810002

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https://libris.kb.se/auth/330247

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https://www.idref.fr/199501920

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https://viaf.org/viaf/122338963

values: Category:Christian saints from the Old Testament

values: Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text

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values: جدعون – Arabic

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https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon
Gideon – Estonian
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values: Γεδεών – Greek

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https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon
Gideon – Esperanto
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https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon
Gideon – Indonesian
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values: גדעון בן יואש – Hebrew

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https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideoni
Gideoni – Swahili
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https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideonas
Gideonas – Lithuanian
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https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideona
Gideona – Malagasy
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https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon
Gideon – Norwegian
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https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghedeon
Ghedeon – Romanian
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values: Гедеон – Russian

values: Гидеон (Библија) – Serbian

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https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon
Gideon – Swedish
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