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Canada at the Olympics
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Canada at the
Olympics
IOC code
CAN
NOC
Canadian Olympic Committee
Website
www.olympic.ca (in English) (in French)
Medals
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
136 166 199 501
Summer appearances
1900
1904
1908
1912
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
Winter appearances
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Other related appearances
1906 Intercalated Games
Canada has sent athletes to every Winter Olympic Games and almost every Summer Olympic Games since its debut at the 1900 games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics, which it boycotted. Canada has won at least one medal at every Olympics in which it has competed. The Canadian Olympic Committee (COC) is the National Olympic Committee for Canada.
At the 2010 Winter Olympics which they hosted in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada finished atop the gold medal standings for the first time.
Contents
[hide]
1 Hosted Games
2 Medal tables
2.1 Summer games
2.2 Winter games
3 Records
3.1 Top Medal earners
3.2 3+ Medals at one Olympics
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Hosted Games[edit]
Canada has hosted the Olympic games three times: the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, and the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.
Games
Host city
Dates
Nations
Participants
Events
1976 Summer Olympics Montreal 17 July – 1 August 92 6,028 123
1988 Winter Olympics Calgary 13 – 28 February 57 1,423 46
2010 Winter Olympics Vancouver 12 – 28 February 83 2,629 86
Medal tables[edit]
Further information: Canada at the Summer Olympics and Canada at the Winter Olympics
Summer games[edit]
Number of medals won by Canada at the Olympic summer games from 1900 to 2012.
Medals by year
Hosted Summer Games
Games
Athletes
Gold Silver Bronze
Total
Rank
1896 Athens did not participate
1900 Paris 2 1 0 1 2 13
1904 St. Louis 52 4 1 1 6 4
1908 London 87 3 3 10 16 7
1912 Stockholm 37 3 2 3 8 9
1920 Antwerp 53 3 3 3 9 12
1924 Paris 65 0 3 1 4 20
1928 Amsterdam 69 4 4 7 15 10
1932 Los Angeles 102 2 5 8 15 12
1936 Berlin 97 1 3 5 9 17
1948 London 118 0 1 2 3 25
1952 Helsinki 107 1 2 0 3 21
1956 Melbourne 92 2 1 3 6 15
1960 Rome 85 0 1 0 1 32
1964 Tokyo 115 1 2 1 4 22
1968 Mexico City 138 1 3 1 5 23
1972 Munich 208 0 2 3 5 27
1976 Montreal (host nation) 385 0 5 6 11 27
1980 Moscow did not participate
1984 Los Angeles 407 10 18 16 44 6
1988 Seoul 328 3 2 5 10 19
1992 Barcelona 295 7 4 7 18 11
1996 Atlanta 303 3 11 8 22 21
2000 Sydney 294 3 3 8 14 24
2004 Athens 263 3 6 3 12 21
2008 Beijing 332 3 9 8 20 19
2012 London 281 1 6 11 18 36
2016 Rio de Janeiro 314 4 3 15 22 20
2020 Tokyo Future event
Total
63
103
136
302
20
Canada also won 1 gold medal and 1 silver medal at the 1906 Summer Olympics, which the IOC no longer recognizes as an official Olympic games, so those medals are not counted in this table.
Medals by sport
Leading in that sport
Sport
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Athletics 14 15 31 60
Rowing 9 17 15 41
Swimming 8 15 26 49
Canoeing and kayaking (sprint) 4 10 10 24
Shooting 4 3 2 9
Boxing 3 7 7 17
Freestyle wrestling 3 7 7 17
Synchronized swimming 3 4 1 8
Trampoline gymnastics 2 3 2 7
Equestrian (jumping) 2 2 1 5
Lacrosse 2 0 1 3
Diving 1 4 8 13
Track cycling 1 2 5 8
Triathlon 1 1 0 2
Football 1 0 2 3
Golf 1 0 0 1
Artistic gymnastics 1 0 0 1
Rhythmic gymnastics 1 0 0 1
Tennis 1 0 0 1
Sailing 0 3 6 9
Weightlifting 0 3 1 4
Judo 0 2 3 5
Mountain biking 0 2 1 3
Road cycling 0 1 2 3
Taekwondo 0 1 1 2
Basketball 0 1 0 1
Equestrian (dressage) 0 0 1 1
Equestrian (eventing) 0 0 1 1
Beach volleyball 0 0 1 1
Rugby sevens 0 0 1 1
Total*
62
103
136
301
*One of Canada's Ice Hockey gold medals was won during the 1920 Summer Olympics. This table does not include this medal, resulting in the discrepancy between the medals by games and medals by sports tables.
Canada has never won an Olympic medal in the following current summer sports: Archery, Badminton, BMX, Canoeing and kayaking - Slalom, Fencing, Field hockey, Greco-Roman Wrestling, Handball, Indoor Volleyball, Modern pentathlon, Table tennis, and Water polo.
Winter games[edit]
Number of medals won by Canada at the Olympic winter games from 1924 to 2014.
Medals in Winter Games
Hosted Winter Games
Ongoing Winter Games
Games
Athletes
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Rank
1924 Chamonix 12 1 0 0 1 8
1928 St. Moritz 23 1 0 0 1 5
1932 Lake Placid 42 1 1 5 7 4
1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen 29 0 1 0 1 9
1948 St. Moritz 28 2 0 1 3 6
1952 Oslo 39 1 0 1 2 6
1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 37 0 1 2 3 10
1960 Squaw Valley 44 2 1 1 4 7
1964 Innsbruck 55 1 1 1 3 10
1968 Grenoble 70 1 1 1 3 13
1972 Sapporo 47 0 1 0 1 17
1976 Innsbruck 59 1 1 1 3 11
1980 Lake Placid 59 0 1 1 2 14
1984 Sarajevo 67 2 1 1 4 8
1988 Calgary 112 0 2 3 5 13
1992 Albertville 108 2 3 2 7 9
1994 Lillehammer 95 3 6 4 13 7
1998 Nagano 144 6 5 4 15 4
2002 Salt Lake City 150 7 3 7 17 4
2006 Turin 196 7 10 7 24 5
2010 Vancouver 206 14 7 5 26 1
2014 Sochi 220 10 10 5 25 3
2018 Pyeongchang 226 11 8 10 29 3
2022 Beijing Future event
Total
73
64
62
199
5
Medals by sport
Leading in that sport
Sport
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Ice hockey 13 6 3 22
Freestyle skiing 12 9 4 25
Speed skating 9 13 15 37
Short track speed skating 9 12 12 33
Figure skating 6 11 12 29
Curling 6 3 2 11
Bobsleigh 5 2 2 9
Snowboarding 4 4 3 11
Alpine skiing 4 1 6 11
Skeleton 2 1 1 4
Cross-country skiing 2 1 0 3
Biathlon 2 0 1 3
Luge 0 1 1 2
Total*
74
64
62
200
*One of Canada's ice hockey gold medals was won during the 1920 Summer Olympics. This table includes this medal, resulting in the discrepancy between the medals by games and medals by sports tables.
Canada has never won an Olympic medal in the following current winter sports: Nordic combined and Ski jumping.
Records[edit]
In 2012, Equestrian show jumper Ian Millar competed at his tenth Summer Olympics, tying the record for most Olympic games participated in set by Austrian sailor Hubert Raudaschl between 1964 and 1996. He has been named to eleven straight Olympic teams, but did not compete at the 1980 Summer Olympics due to the Canadian boycott.[1] In 2008 he won his first medal, a silver medal in the team jumping event.[2]
Clara Hughes is the first and only Olympian of any country or gender, to win multiple medals at both the Winter and the Summer Games, with two Summer and four Winter medals.[3] Clara Hughes and Cindy Klassen hold the record for most Olympic medals won by a Canadian of either gender, with six each.[3] Cindy Klassen holds the record for most Winter medals won by a Canadian of either gender, with six.[3]
Catriona Le May Doan became the first Canadian to defend their gold medal at the Olympics. She repeated her gold medal in the women's 500m long track speedskating event at the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics from the 1998 Nagano Olympics.[4][5]
Alexandre Bilodeau became the first freestyle skiing gold medallist to defend his Olympic title, and first repeat gold medallist, winning the men's moguls at the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics. He became the second Canadian to defend their Olympic gold, and first man.[4][5][6]
Trampoline gymnast Rosie MacLennan was the first Canadian to defend their gold medal in an individual sport at the Summer Olympics. She won gold both at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Games, becoming the first Olympian to defend their title in that discipline.[7]
After captaining the women's ice hockey team to gold at the 2014 Winter Olympics, Caroline Ouellette became the first Winter Olympian of any country or gender to enter four or more career events and win gold in each.[8] Oullette had previously won gold in ice hockey in 2002, 2006, and 2010.
Jennifer Jones skipped the Canadian women's team at the 2014 Winter Olympics to a Gold medal. She is the first ever female skip in Olympic history to be undefeated throughout the tournament. Jones, Kaitlyn Lawes, Jill Officer, Dawn McEwen and spare Kirsten Wall went unbeaten with an 11-0 record defeating China, Sweden (round-robin and finals), Great Britain (round-robin and semi-finals), Denmark, Switzerland, Japan, Russia, the United States, and Korea.[9][10]
During the 2016 Summer Olympics, swimmer Penny Oleksiak became the first Canadian of either gender to win four medals in the same Summer Games and the country's youngest Olympic champion at the age of 16 with a gold in the 100 m freestyle, a silver in the 100 m butterfly, and two bronzes in the women's freestyle relays (4 × 100 m and 4 × 200 m).[11] She became the first Olympic champion born in the 2000s. The bronze medal she captured at the women's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay a few days earlier also made her the first Olympic medalist born in the 2000s along with teammate Taylor Ruck.[12]
After capturing gold in 2010 Winter Olympics, Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir became the first ice dancers from North America to win an Olympic gold medal, ending the 34-year streak of the Europeans. They were the first ice dance team to win the Olympic gold on home ice and the first ice dancers to win gold in their Olympic debut. They are the youngest pair ever to win an Olympic title at 20 and 22 respectively. They went on to win two more silver medals in 2014 Winter Olympics and two more gold medals in 2018 Winter Olympics, making them the most decorated figure skaters in Olympic history.
Although not an Olympian, broadcaster Richard Garneau covered 23 Olympic Games, more than any other journalist in the world, starting with Rome in 1960 to London in 2012, missing only the Atlanta and Nagano Games. The International Olympic Committee awarded him posthumously the Pierre de Coubertin medal in recognition of his exceptional service to the Olympic movement.[13]
Top Medal earners[edit]
Years in bolded text are Olympics at which that competitor won a medal.
Athlete
Sport
Type
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Klassen, CindyCindy Klassen Speed skating Winter 2002, 2006, 2010 1 2 3 6
Hughes, ClaraClara Hughes Cycling Summer 1996, 2000, 2012 0 0 2 6
Speed skating Winter 2002, 2006, 2010 1 1 2
Hefford, JaynaJayna Hefford Ice hockey Winter 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014 4 1 0 5
Wickenheiser, HayleyHayley Wickenheiser
Moir, ScottScott Moir Figure skating Winter 2010, 2014, 2018 3 2 0 5
Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue
Hamelin, CharlesCharles Hamelin Short track Winter 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018 3 1 1 5
Gagnon, MarcMarc Gagnon Short track Winter 1994, 1998, 2002 3 0 2 5
Tremblay, François-LouisFrançois-Louis Tremblay Short track Winter 2002, 2006, 2010 2 2 1 5
Thompson, LesleyLesley Thompson Rowing Summer 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000,
2008, 2012, 2016 1 3 1 5
Edwards, PhilPhil Edwards Athletics Summer 1928, 1932, 1936 0 0 5 5
Ouellette, CarolineCaroline Ouellette Ice hockey Winter 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014 4 0 0 4
Botterill, JenniferJennifer Botterill Ice hockey Winter 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010 3 1 0 4
Kellar, BeckyBecky Kellar
Agosta, MeghanMeghan Agosta Ice hockey Winter 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018 3 1 0 4
Heddle, KathleenKathleen Heddle Rowing Summer 1992, 1996 3 0 1 4
McBean, MarnieMarnie McBean
Bédard, ÉricÉric Bédard Short track Winter 1998, 2002, 2006 2 1 1 4
Boucher, GaétanGaétan Boucher Speed skating Winter 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988 2 1 1 4
Davis, VictorVictor Davis Swimming Summer 1984, 1988 1 3 0 4
Morrison, DennyDenny Morrison Speed skating Winter 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018 1 2 1 4
van Koeverden, AdamAdam van Koeverden Kayaking Summer 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016 1 2 1 4
Oleksiak, PennyPenny Oleksiak Swimming Summer 2016 1 1 2 4
Groves, KristinaKristina Groves Speed skating Winter 2002, 2006, 2010 0 3 1 4
Vicent, TaniaTania Vicent Short track Winter 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010 0 2 2 4
Heymans, ÉmilieÉmilie Heymans Diving Summer 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012 0 2 2 4
Wilson, AlexAlex Wilson Athletics Summer 1928, 1932 0 1 3 4
3+ Medals at one Olympics[edit]
Athlete
Sport
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Edwards, PhilPhil Edwards Athletics 1932 Summer 0 0 3 !800 m
1500 m
4×400 m relay 3
Wilson, AlexAlex Wilson Athletics 1932 Summer 0 1 !800 m 2 !400 m
4×400 m relay 3
Tanner, ElaineElaine Tanner Swimming 1968 Summer 0 2 !100 m backstroke
200 m backstroke 1 !4×100m freestyle 3
Davis, VictorVictor Davis Swimming 1984 Summer 1 !200 m breaststroke 2 !100 m breaststroke
4×100 m medley 0 3
Ottenbrite, AnneAnne Ottenbrite Swimming 1984 Summer 1 !200 m breaststroke 1 !100 m breaststroke 1 !4×100 m medley 3
Boucher, GaétanGaétan Boucher Speed skating 1984 Winter 2 !1000 m
1500 m 0 1 !500 m 3
Gagnon, MarcMarc Gagnon Short track 2002 Winter 2 !500 m
5000 m relay 0 1 !1500 m 3
Klassen, CindyCindy Klassen Speed skating 2006 Winter 1 !1500 m 2 !1000 m
Team pursuit 2 !3000 m
5000 m 5
Oleksiak, PennyPenny Oleksiak Swimming 2016 Summer 1 !100 m freestyle 1 !100 m butterfly 2 !4×100 m freestyle
4×200 m freestyle 4
De Grasse, AndreAndre De Grasse Athletics 2016 Summer 0 1 !200 m 2 !100 m
4×100 m relay 3
Boutin, KimKim Boutin Short track 2018 Winter 0 1 !1000 m 2 !500 m
1500 m 3
See also[edit]
Sport in Canada portal
List of flag bearers for Canada at the Olympics
List of Canadian Summer Olympics gold medalists
List of men's Olympic ice hockey players for Canada
Canadian Olympic stamps
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Martin Cleary (2008-08-08). "'The Olympics is not a young horse game'". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
Jump up ^ Doug Smith (2008-08-18). "'Canada wins silver in team show jumping'". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c Canadian Press (22 June 2012). "London 2012: Hesjedal and Hughes to lead Canadian road cycling team at London Games". Toronto Star. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Alexandre Bilodeau Wins Gold, Mikael Kingsbury Silver In Olympic Moguls At Sochi". Huffington Post. 2014-02-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Eric Koreen (10 August 2012). "Catriona Le May Doan emerging as Olympic broadcasting star". National Post. Archived from the original on 10 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Will Graves (2014-02-10). "Canada's Alex Bilodeau takes gold in men's moguls, first two-time freestyle Olympic champion". Associated Press. The Republic (Columbus, Indiana). Archived from the original on 2014-02-22.
Jump up ^ Pete Evans (2016-08-12). "Rosie MacLennan wins gold in women's trampoline". CBC Sports.
Jump up ^ Nick Zaccardi (2014-02-20). "An inch to the right and we would have won the gold". NBC Olympic Talk.
Jump up ^ Blatchford, Christie (21 February 2014). "Blatchford: Dream comes true as Jennifer Jones wins Olympic gold". canada.com. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Wyman, Ted (20 February 2014). "Jennifer Jones is perfect, beats Sweden to win Olympic gold". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Callum Ng (2016-08-12). "Penny Oleksiak wins gold, captures historic 4th Olympic medal". CBC Sports.
Jump up ^ Jesse Ferreras (2016-08-09). "Penny Oleksiak, Taylor Ruck Are First Olympic Medallists Born In The 2000s". The Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ COC. "Richard Garneau". Canadian Olympic Committee.
External links[edit]
"Canada". International Olympic Committee.
"Results and Medalists". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee.
"Olympic Medal Winners". International Olympic Committee.
"Canada". Sports-Reference.com.
CBC Digital Archives - Olympics
Olympics - TSN
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text:
National Physical Laboratory of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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National Physical Laboratory
Agency overview
Formed
January 4, 1947
Headquarters
New Delhi
Agency executive
Dr. D.K. ASWAL, Director
Parent agency
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
Website
nplindia.org
The National Physical Laboratory of India, situated in New Delhi, is the measurement standards laboratory of India. It maintains standards of SI units in India and calibrates the national standards of weights and measures.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of measurement systems in India
2 History of the National Physical Laboratory, India
3 Maintenance of standards of measurements in India
3.1 Metre
3.2 Kilogramme
3.3 Second
3.4 Ampere
3.5 Kelvin
3.6 Candela
3.7 Mole
3.8 Radiation
4 Calibrator of weights and measures
5 Bharatiya Nirdeshak Dravya (BND) or Indian Reference Materials
6 Research
7 NPL's Contributions
7.1 Hydroelectric cell
7.2 The Indelible Mark/Ink
7.3 Pristine Air-Quality Monitoring Station at Palampur
7.4 Gold Standard (BND-4201)
8 See also
9 References
History of measurement systems in India[edit]
Main article: History of measurement systems in India
One of the most ancient texts of India, Manusmriti, describes among the duties of the king: The king should examine the weights and balances every six months to ensure true measurements and to mark them with the royal stamp. -- Manusmriti, 8th Chapter, Shloka 403. In the Harappan era, which is nearly 5000 years old, one finds excellent examples of town planning and architecture. The sizes of the bricks were the same all over the region. In the time of Chandragupta Maurya, some 2400 years ago, there was a well - defined system of weights and measures. The government of that time ensured that everybody used the same system. In the Indian medical system, Ayurveda, the units of mass and volume were well defined.
The measurement system during the time of the Mughal emperor, Akbar, the guz[1] was the measure of length. The guz was widely used till the introduction of the metric system in India in 1956. During the British period, efforts were made to achieve uniformity in weights and measures. A compromise was reached in the system of measurements which continued till India's independence in 1947. After independence in 1947, it was realized that for fast industrial growth of the country, it would be necessary to establish a modern measurement system in the country. The Lok Sabha in April 1955 resolved : This house is of the opinion that the Government of India should take necessary steps to introduce uniform weights and measures throughout the country based on metric system.[2][better source needed]
History of the National Physical Laboratory, India[edit]
The National Physical Laboratory, India was set up in 1900) is one of the earliest national laboratories set up under the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. Jawaharlal Nehru laid the foundation stone of NPL on 4 January 1947. Dr. K. S. Krishnan was the first Director of the laboratory. The main building of the laboratory was formally opened by Former Deputy Prime Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel on 21 January 1950. Former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, inaugurated the Silver Jubilee Celebration of the Laboratory on 23 December 1975.
NPL Charter:-
The main aim of the laboratory is to strengthen and advance physics-based research and development for the overall development of science and technology in the country. In particular its objectives are:
To establish, maintain and improve continuously by research, for the benefit of the nation, National Standards of Measurements and to realize the Units based on International System (Under the subordinate Legislations of Weights and Measures Act 1956, reissued in 1988 under the 1976 Act). To identify and conduct after due consideration, research in areas of physics which are most appropriate to the needsof the nation and for advancement of field
To assist industries, national and other agencies in their developmental tasks by precision measurements, calibration, development of devices, processes, and other allied problems related to physics.
To keep itself informed of and study critically the status of physics.
Maintenance of standards of measurements in India[edit]
Each modernized country, including India has a National Metrological Institute (NMI), which maintains the standards of measurements. This responsibility has been given to the National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi.
Metre[edit]
The standard unit of length, metre, is realized by employing a stabilized Helium - Neon laser as a source of light. Its frequency is measured experimentally. From this value of frequency and the internationally accepted value of the speed of light (299,792,458 metres/second), the wavelength is determined using the relation:
Wavelength = Velocity of light / frequency
The nominal value of wavelength, employed at NPL is 633 nanometer. By a sophisticated instrument, known as an optical interferometer, any length can be measured in terms of the wavelength of laser light.
The present level of uncertainty attained at NPL in length measurements is ± 3 × 10−9. However in most measurements, an uncertainty of ± 1 × 10−6 is adequate.
Kilogramme[edit]
The Indian national standard of mass, kilogramme, is copy number 57 of the international prototype kilogram supplied by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM : French - Bureau International des Poids et Mesures), Paris. This is a Platinum Iridium cylinder whose mass is measured against the international prototype at BIPM. The NPL also maintains a group of transfer standard kilograms made of non - magnetic stainless steel and nickel - chromium alloy.
The uncertainty in mass measurements at NPL is ± 4.6 × 10−9.
Second[edit]
The national standard of time interval, second as well as frequency, is maintained through four parameters, which can be measured most accurately. Therefore, attempts are made to link other physical quantities to time and frequency. The standard maintained at NPL has to be linked to different users. This process, known as dissemination, is carried out in a number of ways. For applications requiring low levels of uncertainty, there is satellite based dissemination service, which utilizes the Indian national satellite, INSAT. Time is also disseminated through TV, radio, and special telephone services. The caesium atomic clocks maintained at NPL are linked to other such instituted all over the world through a set of global positioning satellites.
Ampere[edit]
The unit of electric current, ampere, is realized at NPL by measuring volt and Ohm separately.
The uncertainty in measurement of ampere is ± 1 × 10−6.
Kelvin[edit]
The standard of temperature is based on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS - 90). This is based on the assigned temperatures to several fixed points. One of the most fundamental temperatures of these is the triple point of water. At this temperature, ice, water and steam are at equilibrium with each other. This temperature has been assigned the value of 273.16 kelvin. This temperature can be realized, maintained and measured in the laboratory. At present temperature standards maintained at NPL cover a range of 54 to 2,473 kelvin.
The uncertainty in its measure is ± 2.5 × 10−4.
Candela[edit]
The unit of luminous intensity, candela, is realized by using an absolute radiometer. For practical work, a group of tungsten incandescent lamps are used.
The level of uncertainty is ± 1.3 × 10−2.
Mole[edit]
Experimental work has been initiated to realize mole, the SI unit for amount of substance
Radiation[edit]
The NPL does not maintain standards of measurements for ionizing radiations. This is the responsibility of the Homi Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai.
Calibrator of weights and measures[edit]
The standards maintained at NPL are periodically compared with standards maintained at other National Metrological Institutes in the world as well as the BIPM in Paris. This exercise ensures that Indian national standards are equivalent to those of the rest of the world.
Any measurement made in a country should be directly or indirectly linked to the national standards of the country, For this purpose, a chain of laboratories are set up in different states of the country. The weights and measures used in daily life are tested in the laboratories and certified. It is the responsibility of the NPL to calibrate the measurement standards in these laboratories at different levels. In this manner, the measurements made in any part of the country are linked to the national standards and through them to the international standards.
The weights and balances used in local markets and other areas are expected to be certified by the Department of Weights and Measures of the local government. Working standards of these local departments should, in turn, be calibrated against the state level standards or any other laboratory which is entitled to do so. The state level laboratories are required to get their standards calibrated from the NPL at the national level which is equivalent to the international standards.

Bharatiya Nirdeshak Dravya (BND) or Indian Reference Materials[edit]
Bharatiya Nirdeshak Dravya (BND) or Indian reference materials are reference materials developed by NPL which derive their traceability from National Standards.
Research[edit]
NPL is also involved in research. One of the important research activities undertaken by NPL is to devise the chemical formula for the indelible ink which is being used in the Indian elections to prevent fraudulent voting. This ink, manufactured by the Mysore Paints and Varnish Limited is applied on the finger nail of the voter as an indicator that the voter has already cast his vote.
NPL also have section working on development of biosensors. Currently the Biomedical Instrumentation section is headed by Dr. R. K. Kotnala and section is primarily focusing on development of sensor for cholesterol, measurement and microfluidic based biosensors. Section is also developing biosensors for Uric acid detection.
NPL has developed hydroelectric cell, which is form of galvanic cell. The novelty of this work lies in the generation of electrical energy by water molecule dissociation using lithium substituted magnesium ferrite at room temperature. Porous magnesium ferrite has been explored extensively for its water molecule sensing properties via chemidissociation of water molecule. More about this can be checked from NPL website.
NPL's Contributions[edit]
Hydroelectric cell[edit]
Hydroelectric cells (HECs) is form of galvanic cell. Due to its structure and types of materials it utilize for its construction, it is been projected as a low cost and reliable power generation source.[3] HECs can be used in a wide range of portable, stationary and transport applications, from battery chargers to low power devices. The utilization of HEC for domestic electrical energy and as an automotive power source would be a key factor in terms of economy, safety and easy usage to replace hydrogen energy based fuel cell, storage batteries, etc.. Its usage would significantly reduce urban pollution. Its byproducts hydrogen gas and zinc oxide are also very useful.[4] In all of these applications, there is a need for reduced system cost, high reliability and acceptable performance. While the performance of this prototype developed system has made the remarkable strides.[5][6][7] This invention and Viewpoint of Dr. R. K. Kotnala has been telecasted in Eureka program at India's National Channel of Rajya sabha (parliament legislative assembly) [8] and a subsequent article appeared in Down to Earth titled "Technology to generate electricity from water without any energy ready for takeoff".[9][10]
Hydroelectric cell in news [11] Short clip on how hydroelectric cell works [12][13][14]
The Indelible Mark/Ink[edit]
During general election, nearly 40 million people wear a CSIR mark on their fingers. The Indelible ink used to mark the fingernail of a Voter during general elections is a time-tested gift of CSIR to the spirit of democracy. Developed in 1952, it was first produced in-campus. Subsequently industry has been manufacturing the Ink. It is also exported to Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Turkey and other democracies.
Pristine Air-Quality Monitoring Station at Palampur[edit]
National Physical Laboratory (NPL) has established an atmospheric monitoring station in the campus of Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT) at Palampur (H.P.) at an altitude of 1391 m for generating the base data for atmospheric trace species & properties to serve as reference for comparison of polluted atmosphere in India. At this station, NPL has installed state of art air monitoring system, greenhouse gas measurement system and Raman Lidar. A number of parameters like CO, NO, NO2, NH3, SO2, O3, PM, HC & BC besides CO2 & CH4 are being currently monitored at this station which is also equipped with weather station (AWS) for measurement of weather parameters.[15][16]
Gold Standard (BND-4201)[edit]
The BND-4201 is first Indian reference material for gold of ‘9999’ fineness (gold that is 99.99% pure with impurities of only 100 parts-per-million).
See also[edit]
History of measurement systems in India
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Guz". Wikipedia. 2016-09-23.
Jump up ^ Indian units of measurement
Jump up ^ Kotnala, Ravinder Kumar; Shah, Jyoti (10 October 2016). "Green hydroelectrical energy source based on water dissociation by nanoporous ferrite". International Journal of Energy Research. 40 (12): 1652–1661. doi:10.1002/er.3545.
Jump up ^ Shah, Jyoti; Kumar Kotnala, Ravinder (September 2017). "Rapid green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using a hydroelectric cell without an electrolyte". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 108: 15–20. Bibcode:2017JPCS..108...15S. doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2017.04.007.
Jump up ^ Energy World, Economic times, 17 Dec. 2016, http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/indian-scientists-generate-electricity-from-water-sans-using-energy/56030465
Jump up ^ Avishkar, Monthly Science Magazine in Hindi Feb. 2017 by National Research Development Coorporation (NRDC)
Jump up ^ Hydroelectirc Cell – A Green Energy Invention, in Invention Intelligence, Bi-monthly magazine, January–February 2017, Volume 52, Number 1, ISSN 0970-0056NRDC.
Jump up ^ "Eureka with Dr R K Kotnala". 10 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Technology to generate electricity from water without any energy ready for takeoff".
Jump up ^ "Electricity-from-water tech ready for take off".
Jump up ^ "डॉ.आर के कोटनाला से खास मुलाकात". 13 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fan and LEDs runs on water drops Incredible Invention!!! Hydroelectric cell by Dr RK Kotnala & Dr Jy". 13 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ravish kumar prime time ; Indian Scientists discovered पानी से बिजली बनाने का उपाय (5oct17)". 6 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Good News India | 15/10/2017". 15 October 2017.
Jump up ^ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=159487
Jump up ^ https://blog.mygov.in/csir-npl-launches-indias-first-pristine-air-quality-monitoring-station-at-palampur/
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