text:
When I Get Where I'm Going
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"When I Get Where I'm Going"
Single by Brad Paisley and Dolly Parton
from the album Time Well Wasted
Released
October 10, 2005
Genre
Country, contemporary Christian
Length
4:08 (Album Version)
3:35 (Single Version)
Label
Arista Nashville
Songwriter(s)
George Teren, Rivers Rutherford
Producer(s)
Frank Rogers
Brad Paisley singles chronology
"Alcohol"
(2005) "When I Get Where I'm Going"
(2005) "The World"
(2006)
"Alcohol"
(2005) "When I Get Where I'm Going"
(2005) "The World"
(2006)
Dolly Parton singles chronology
"Imagine"
(2005) Imagine2005 "When I Get Where I'm Going"
(2005) When I Get Where I'm Going2005 "The Twelfth of Never"
(2005) The Twelfth of Never2005
"When I Get Where I'm Going'" is a song written by George Teren and Rivers Rutherford, and recorded by American country music artist Brad Paisley. It was released in October 2005 as second single from his album Time Well Wasted and is his 14th career single (not counting album cuts). The song features harmony vocals from Dolly Parton. The song was Parton's 24th Billboard Number One (and her first since 1991's "Rockin' Years"), and Paisley's fifth.
Contents
[hide]
1 Music video
2 Reception
3 Awards
4 Cover versions
5 Chart performance
5.1 Brad Paisley and Dolly Parton version
5.1.1 Year-end charts
5.2 Geoff Moore version
6 Certifications
7 References
8 External links
Music video[edit]
The video of this song was directed by Jim Shea, and features footage of Paisley singing in a forest, as well as home movies of himself with his grandfather, Warren L. Jarvis. He also holds up photos of himself with Jarvis and his aunt Rita Takach. The video was filmed in Northern California. The extended version of the video ends with Jarvis in a home movie saying "Come on in and rock a while!" and Paisley smiling when he looks up from his guitar playing and sees this. It also features many different people holding photographs of loved ones who have presumably died. Two notable people featured in this video are Michael Reagan, who is shown holding a photograph of his father Ronald Reagan, and Teresa Earnhardt, who is shown sitting in front of a painted portrait of her husband, NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt. Although she does vocals on the song, Dolly Parton is not shown singing in the video. However, she is shown holding a picture of her grandfather, Rev. Jake Owens, who'd died a few years earlier. She kisses her hand then touches the photograph in this scene. Figure Skater Scott Hamilton is shown holding a picture of his mother. John Carter Cash is featured holding a photo of his parents, Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash. Also in the video is Pixar director John Lasseter holding up a picture of co-director and fellow CalArts alumnus Joe Ranft who suddenly died in 2005 in a car accident. Various unknown people hold up photos of relatives who have passed on throughout as well. In 2007, after the Virginia Tech massacre, the last slide was dedicated to those lost with the VT emblem shining brightly. On tour in 2008, Paisley also added a picture of late actor Heath Ledger.
Reception[edit]
Kevin John Coyne, reviewing the song for Country Universe, gave it a negative rating. He says that Dolly Parton helped "get this song across the finish line" and states that Paisley is "essentially Bob Saget in a cowboy hat." [1] Dan MacIntosh of Country Standard Time was more positive, calling the song a "certified inspirational winner".[2]
Awards[edit]
The song was nominated for a Dove Award for Country Recorded Song of the Year at the 37th GMA Dove Awards.[3]
It won 2 Academy of Country Music Awards for Video of the Year, Vocal Event of the Year and was nominated for Song of the Year.
The song also won a Country Music Association Award for Vocal Event of the Year and was nominated for Single and Video of the Year.
Cover versions[edit]
This song was covered by contemporary Christian music artist Geoff Moore in 2007 on his album Speak to Me. Moore's version was a Top 15 hit on the Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian Adult Contemporary charts. In 2007, Christian contemporary trio 33Miles covered "When I Get Where I'm Going" on their self titled debut album. This song was also covered by Susie McEntire on her latest album Passages in 2010. In 2015, Chris Crump and Krista Hughes make a song choice selected covered the battle song in The Voice (U.S. season 9).
Chart performance[edit]
Brad Paisley and Dolly Parton version[edit]
The song debuted at number 50 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week ending October 8, 2005. It has sold 1,021,000 digital copies in the US as of October 2015.[4]
Chart (2005–06)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[5] 39
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[6] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2006)
Position
US Country Songs (Billboard)[7] 22
Geoff Moore version[edit]
Chart (2007)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot Christian Songs 14
U.S. Billboard Hot Christian Adult Contemporary 13
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[8]
Platinum 1,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Coyne, Kevin John (2005-10-16). "Brad Paisley & Dolly Parton - "When I Get Where I'm Going"". Country Universe. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ http://www.countrystandardtime.com/d/cdreview.asp?xid=276
Jump up ^ 37th Annual GMA Dove Awards Nominations & Winners Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine. on About.com; Jones, Kim
Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke (October 19, 2015). "Top 30 Digital Singles: October 19, 2015".
Jump up ^ "Brad Paisley Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Brad Paisley Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2006: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2006. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Brad Paisley – When I Get Where I'm Going". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved March 31, 2016. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
"When I Get Where I'm Going" lyrics at Dolly Parton On-Line
Reuters Music Article
Preceded by
"Jesus, Take the Wheel"
by Carrie Underwood Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one single
March 4, 2006 Succeeded by
"Your Man"
by Josh Turner
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Brad Paisley singles
Who Needs Pictures
"Who Needs Pictures"
"He Didn't Have to Be"
"Me Neither"
"We Danced"
Part II
"Two People Fell in Love"
"Wrapped Around"
"I'm Gonna Miss Her (The Fishin' Song)"
"I Wish You'd Stay"
Mud on the Tires
"Celebrity"
"Little Moments"
"Whiskey Lullaby" (with Alison Krauss)
"Mud on the Tires"
Time Well Wasted
"Alcohol"
"When I Get Where I'm Going" (with Dolly Parton)
"The World"
"She's Everything"
5th Gear
"Ticks"
"Online"
"Letter to Me"
"I'm Still a Guy"
"Waitin' on a Woman"
Play
"Start a Band" (with Keith Urban)
American Saturday Night
"Then"
"Welcome to the Future"
"American Saturday Night"
"Water"
Hits Alive
"Anything Like Me"
This Is Country Music
"This Is Country Music"
"Old Alabama" (with Alabama)
"Remind Me" (with Carrie Underwood)
"Camouflage"
Wheelhouse
"Southern Comfort Zone"
"Beat This Summer"
"I Can't Change the World"
"The Mona Lisa"
Moonshine in the Trunk
"River Bank"
"Perfect Storm"
"Crushin' It"
"Country Nation"
Love and War
"Today"
"Last Time for Everything"
"Heaven South"
Other songs
"Is It Raining at Your House"
"Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy"
"Everything and All" (with Randy Travis)
"Accidental Racist" (with LL Cool J)
"Without a Fight" (with Demi Lovato)
[show]
v
t
e
Dolly Parton
Albums
Singles
Studio albums
Hello, I'm Dolly (1967)
Just Because I'm a Woman (1968)
In the Good Old Days (When Times Were Bad) (1969)
My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy (1969)
The Fairest of Them All (1970)
The Golden Streets of Glory (1971)
Joshua (1971)
Coat of Many Colors (1971)
Touch Your Woman (1972)
My Favorite Songwriter, Porter Wagoner (1972)
My Tennessee Mountain Home (1973)
Bubbling Over (1973)
Jolene (1974)
Love Is Like a Butterfly (1974)
The Bargain Store (1975)
Dolly (1975)
All I Can Do (1976)
New Harvest...First Gathering (1977)
Here You Come Again (1977)
Heartbreaker (1978)
Great Balls of Fire (1979)
Dolly, Dolly, Dolly (1980)
9 to 5 and Odd Jobs (1980)
Heartbreak Express (1982)
Burlap & Satin (1983)
The Great Pretender (1984)
Real Love (1985)
Rainbow (1987)
White Limozeen (1989)
Eagle When She Flies (1991)
Slow Dancing with the Moon (1993)
Something Special (1995)
Treasures (1996)
Hungry Again (1998)
The Grass Is Blue (1999)
Little Sparrow (2001)
Halos & Horns (2002)
For God and Country (2003)
Those Were The Days (2005)
Backwoods Barbie (2008)
Better Day (2011)
Blue Smoke (2014)
Pure & Simple (2016)
Compilations
As Long as I Love (1970)
The Best of Dolly Parton (1970)
Just the Way I Am (1972)
Mine (1973)
Best of Dolly Parton (1975)
Dolly Parton's Greatest Hits (1982)
Collector's Series (1985)
Think About Love (1986)
The Best There Is (1987)
Best of Dolly Parton, Vol. 3 (1987)
I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits (1996)
Ultimate Dolly Parton (2003)
Singer, Songwriter & Legendary Performer (2006)
The Very Best of Dolly Parton (2007)
16 Biggest Hits (2007)
Playlist: The Very Best of Dolly Parton (2008)
Dolly (2009)
Exclusives
Precious Memories (1999)
Sha-Kon-O-Hey! Land of Blue Smoke (2009)
Collaborations
Just Between You And Me
Just the Two of Us
Always, Always
Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca
Once More
Two of a Kind
The Right Combination • Burning the Midnight Oil
Together Always
We Found It
Love & Music
Porter 'n' Dolly
Say Forever You'll Be Mine
Porter & Dolly
The Winning Hand
Trio
Honky Tonk Angels
Trio II
Songs
"Dumb Blonde"
"Mule Skinner Blues"
"Joshua"
"Coat of Many Colors"
"Touch Your Woman"
"My Tennessee Mountain Home"
"Jolene"
"I Will Always Love You"
"Love is Like a Butterfly
"The Bargain Store"
"The Seeker"
"We Used To"
"All I Can Do"
"Light of a Clear Blue Morning"
"Here You Come Again"
"Two Doors Down" / "It's All Wrong, But It's All Right"
"Heartbreaker"
"Baby I'm Burning"
"You're The Only One"
"Sweet Summer Lovin'"
"Starting Over Again"
"Old Flames Can't Hold a Candle to You"
"9 to 5"
"But You Know I Love You"
"The House of the Rising Sun"
"Single Women"
"Heartbreak Express"
"Hard Candy Christmas"
"Potential New Boyfriend"
"Save the Last Dance for Me"
"Tennessee Homesick Blues"
"Don't Call It Love"
"Real Love" (w/ Kenny Rogers)
"Think About Love"
"Tie Our Love (In a Double Knot)"
"We Had It All"
"The River Unbroken"
"Why'd You Come in Here Lookin' Like That"
"Yellow Roses"
"White Limozeen"
"Rockin' Years"
"Silver and Gold"
"Eagle When She Flies"
"Romeo"
"Little Sparrow"
"Better Get to Livin'"
"Together You and I"
Collaboration singles
"The Last Thing on My Mind"
"Please Don't Stop Loving Me"
"Say Forever You'll Be Mine"
"To Know Him Is to Love Him"
"Telling Me Lies"
"Those Memories of You"
"Wildflowers"
Guest singles
"Islands in the Stream" (w/ Kenny Rogers)
"Love Is Strange" (w/ Kenny Rogers)
"When I Get Where I'm Going" (w/ Brad Paisley)
Soundtracks
The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas
Rhinestone
Straight Talk
Live albums
A Real Live Dolly
Heartsongs: Live from Home
Live and Well
Live from London
An Evening With...Dolly Live!
Christmas albums
Once Upon a Christmas (w/ Kenny Rogers)
Home for Christmas
Children's albums
I Believe in You
Films
Hollywood to Dollywood
The Book Lady
For the Love of Dolly
Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors
Dolly Parton's Christmas of Many Colors: Circle of Love
Tours
Halos & Horns Tour
Hello, I'm Dolly Tour
The Vintage Tour
An Evening with Dolly Parton
Backwoods Barbie Tour
Better Day World Tour
Blue Smoke World Tour
Pure & Simple Tour
Theme parks
and attractions
Dollywood
Dollywood's Splash Country
Dolly Parton's Dixie Stampede
Related articles
Awards and nominations
Stella Parton
Rachel Dennison
Dollywood Foundation
Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography
Just Because I'm a Woman: Songs of Dolly Parton
Book
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_I_Get_Where_I%27m_Going&oldid=821520539"
Categories:
2005 singles
Brad Paisley songs
Dolly Parton songs
Geoff Moore songs
Vocal duets
Songs written by George Teren
Songs written by Rivers Rutherford
Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles
Song recordings produced by Frank Rogers (record producer)
Arista Nashville singles
2005 songs
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100
Singlechart called without song
Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs
Certification Table Entry usages for United States
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 21 January 2018, at 00:14.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values:
/wiki/Virginia_Tech_massacre
mw-redirect
Virginia Tech massacre

values:
/wiki/Christian_contemporary
mw-redirect
Christian contemporary

values:
/wiki/Self_titled
mw-redirect
Self titled

values: Edit section: Brad Paisley and Dolly Parton version

values:
left
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
center
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: scope data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
col
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Recording Industry Association of America

values: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: List of number-one country hits of 2006 (U.S.)

values:
Brad_Paisley_singles
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values:
/wiki/Alabama_(band)
mw-redirect
Alabama (band)

values: Remind Me (Brad Paisley and Carrie Underwood song)

values: nowraplinks vcard collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
Dolly_Parton
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values: In the Good Old Days (When Times Were Bad)

values: Great Balls of Fire (Dolly Parton album)

values: The Great Pretender (Dolly Parton album)

values: For God and Country (Dolly Parton album)

values: Those Were the Days (Dolly Parton album)

values: Just Between You and Me (Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton album)

values: Just the Two of Us (Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton album)

values: Once More (Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton album)

values: Two of a Kind (Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton album)

values:
/wiki/Love_%26_Music
mw-redirect
Love & Music

values: Trio (Dolly Parton, Linda Ronstadt and Emmylou Harris album)

values: Real Love (Dolly Parton and Kenny Rogers song)

values: Why'd You Come in Here Lookin' Like That

values: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (soundtrack)

values: Once Upon a Christmas (Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton album)

values:
/wiki/Dolly_Parton%27s_Dixie_Stampede
mw-redirect
Dolly Parton's Dixie Stampede

values: List of awards and nominations received by Dolly Parton

values: Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Songs written by Rivers Rutherford

values: Category:Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles

values: Category:Song recordings produced by Frank Rogers (record producer)

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100

values: Category:Singlechart called without song

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for United States

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/When_I_Get_Where_I%27m_Going
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-When_I_Get_Where_I_m_Going rootpage-When_I_Get_Where_I_m_Going skin-vector action-view


text:
2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article is incomplete. Please help to improve it, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (March 2018)
2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony
Date
25 February 2018 (2018-02-25)
Time
20:00-22:05 KST (UTC+9)
Location
Pyeongchang, South Korea
Filmed by
SBS and OBS
Part of a series on the
2018 Winter Olympics
Bid process (bid details)
Venues
Torch relay
Mascots
Broadcasters
Opening ceremony (flag bearers)
Chronological summary
Medal table (medalists)
World and Olympic records
Controversies (ban on Russian athletes)
Closing ceremony (flag bearers)
Paralympics
IOC
KOC
POCOG
v
t
e
The closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics took place at Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium in Pyeongchang County, South Korea, on 25 February 2018 at 20:00 KST (UTC+9).[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Ceremony
1.1 Opening
1.2 Parade of Nations
1.3 Concert section
2 Handover of the Olympic flag
3 Beijing 2022 performance
4 Games declared closed
5 Dignitaries in attendance
6 Anthems
7 References
Ceremony[edit]
Opening[edit]
South Korean singer Jang Sa-ik performed Aegukga with children from Gangwon Province.
South Korean guitarist Yang Tae-Hwan performed "Winter" of Vivaldi's Four Seasons.[2][3]
South Korean post-rock band Jambinai performed "Time of Extinction" including many geomungo players.[3]
Parade of Nations[edit]
Main article: 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers
The flag bearers of 92 National Olympic Committees arrived into the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium. The flag bearers from each participating country entered the stadium informally in single file, ordered by ganada order of the Korean alphabet, and behind them marched all the athletes, without any distinction or grouping by nationality. Marching alongside the athletes were Soohorang, the Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic mascot, and Hodori, mascot of the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.
Concert section[edit]
South Korean singer and rapper CL, leader of disbanded South Korean girl group 2NE1 (2009-2016), performed "The Baddest Female" and world hit "I Am the Best".[4]
South Korean-Chinese boy group EXO performed "Growl" and "Power".[4][5]
Dutch DJ Martin Garrix headlined the afterparty segment performing "Forever", "Together", "Animals", "Like I Do", and "Pizza".[6]
Handover of the Olympic flag[edit]
First, the Greek flag was raised while its anthem played. The Olympic flag was then lowered and passed, by the mayor of Pyeongchang County, Shim Jae-kook, to IOC President, Thomas Bach, who then handed it over to the mayor of Beijing, Chen Jining. This was then followed by the raising of the flag of China, and the playing of its anthem.[1] The flag will be raised again in Tokyo, Japan, for the opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 24 July 2020.
Beijing 2022 performance[edit]
Beijing, the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games, presented a special performance See you in Beijing in 2022 directed by Chinese film director Zhang Yimou, who also presented the 2008 Summer Olympics opening and closing ceremonies. The presentation featured two pandas skating and people forming red lines that became a dragon, as pandas and dragons are national icons for China. The skaters also trail lines to form the emblem of the games. China's Paramount leader Xi Jinping made a cameo appearance by video expressing the welcome message on behalf of the Chinese people.
Games declared closed[edit]
IOC President Thomas Bach formally closed the games, calling them 'The Games of New Horizons.' Soon after, the cauldron was extinguished.
Dignitaries in attendance[edit]
South Korea - President of the Republic of Korea Moon Jae-in, First Lady of the Republic of Korea Kim Jung-sook
North Korea - Supreme People's Assembly Presidium member Kim Yong-chol[7]
United States - First Daughter and Senior Advisor to the President Ivanka Trump[8]
China - Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China Liu Yandong[9]
Anthems[edit]
Jang Sa-ik and a choir of local schoolchildren - National Anthem of South Korea
London Symphony Orchestra - National Anthem of Greece
Oh Yeon-joon - Olympic Hymn (English version)
A choir of singers from the 56 ethnic groups of China - National Anthem of the People's Republic of China
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Pyeongchang 2018 Closing Ceremony Not LIVE on 19 February 2020
Jump up ^ http://loudwire.com/13-year-old-guitar-prodigy-winter-olympics-closing-ceremony/
^ Jump up to: a b Kornhaber, Spencer. "A Rock Star Is Born at the Olympics Closing Ceremony". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Herman, Tamar (2018-02-25). "K-Pop Stars CL & EXO Impress at Winter Olympics Closing Ceremony". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
Jump up ^ "In just over 24 hours #EXO will perform in the #ClosingCeremony #PyeongChang2018 @weareoneEXO #엑소 #Suho #Olympicspic.twitter.com/GfHxE1Xdte". Twitter. 24 February 2018. Retrieved 2018-02-24.
Jump up ^ http://www.livetracklist.com/martin-garrix-winter-olympics-pyeongchang-2018-closing-ceremony/
Jump up ^ "Winter Olympics 2018: North Korea's General Kim Yong-chol to attend". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
Jump up ^ CNN, Betsy Klein,. "Ivanka Trump is South Korea-bound for Olympics closing ceremony". CNN. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
Jump up ^ Kim, Christine; Rampton, Roberta (February 26, 2018). "Seoul pushes for U.S.-Korea talks, Trump says 'We'll see'". Reuters. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
[hide]
v
t
e
Olympic Games ceremonies
Opening ceremonies
Summer
1896
1900
1904
1908
1912
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
2028
2032
Winter
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
2026
2030
Closing ceremonies
Summer
1896
1900
1904
1908
1912
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
2028
2032
Winter
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
2026
2030
Olympics portal
South Korea portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics_closing_ceremony&oldid=841996520"
Categories:
2018 Winter Olympics
Ceremonies in South Korea
Olympics closing ceremonies
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from December 2016
All articles needing additional references
Articles to be expanded from March 2018
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Asturianu
Español
Français
한국어
日本語
ไทย
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 May 2018, at 14:14.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

value: tr

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: Talk:2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content
presentation

values:
/wiki/Korean_Standard_Time
mw-redirect
Korean Standard Time

values:
/wiki/Pyeongchang,_South_Korea
mw-redirect
Pyeongchang, South Korea

values: padding:0.1em;background: #BFD7FF; text-align: center; font-size: 110%; padding-right: 1.5em;

values: Pyeongchang bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics

values: Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics

values: List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters

values: Chronological summary of the 2018 Winter Olympics

values: List of 2018 Winter Olympics medal winners

values: World and Olympic records set at the 2018 Winter Olympics

values: Concerns and controversies at the 2018 Winter Olympics

values: 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers

values: PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games

values:
padding-top: 5px; text-align: center
hlist

values:
plainlinks hlist navbar mini
float:right

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width: 22em

values:
/wiki/Gangwon_Province_(South_Korea)
mw-redirect
Gangwon Province (South Korea)

values:
/wiki/Vivaldi%27s_Four_Seasons
mw-redirect
Vivaldi's Four Seasons

values:
/wiki/The_Baddest_Female_(song)
mw-redirect
The Baddest Female (song)

values: Forever (Martin Garrix and Matisse & Sadko song)

values: Together (Martin Garrix and Matisse & Sadko song)

values: Edit section: Handover of the Olympic flag

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/United_States_of_America
mw-redirect
United States of America

values: Executive Office of the President of the United States

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China
mw-redirect
People's Republic of China

values: Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China

values:
/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_China
mw-redirect
Ethnic groups of China

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: 1896 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1900 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1904 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1908 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1912 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1920 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1928 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1932 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1936 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1948 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1952 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1956 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1960 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1964 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1968 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1972 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1976 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1988 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1924 Winter Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1928 Winter Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1932 Winter Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1936 Winter Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1948 Winter Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1952 Winter Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1956 Winter Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1960 Winter Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1964 Winter Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1968 Winter Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1972 Winter Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1976 Winter Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1980 Winter Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1984 Winter Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1988 Winter Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1992 Winter Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1998 Winter Olympics opening ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1896 Summer Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1900 Summer Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1904 Summer Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1908 Summer Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1912 Summer Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1920 Summer Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1924 Summer Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1928 Summer Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1932 Summer Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1936 Summer Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1948 Summer Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1952 Summer Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1956 Summer Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1960 Summer Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1968 Summer Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1972 Summer Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1976 Summer Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1984 Summer Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1992 Summer Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1924 Winter Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1928 Winter Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1932 Winter Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1936 Winter Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1948 Winter Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1952 Winter Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1956 Winter Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1960 Winter Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1964 Winter Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1968 Winter Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1972 Winter Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1976 Winter Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1980 Winter Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1984 Winter Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1988 Winter Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1992 Winter Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 1998 Winter Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: 2002 Winter Olympics closing ceremony (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2016

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles to be expanded from March 2018

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Ceremonia de pieslle de los Xuegos Olímpicos de Pieonchang 2018 – Asturian

values: Ceremonia de clausura de los Juegos Olímpicos de Pieonchang 2018 – Spanish

values: Cérémonie de clôture des Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2018 – French

values: 2018년 동계 올림픽 폐막식 – Korean

values: 2018年平昌オリンピックの閉会式 – Japanese

values: พิธีปิดโอลิมปิกฤดูหนาว 2018 – Thai

values: 2018年冬季奧林匹克運動會閉幕式 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-2018_Winter_Olympics_closing_ceremony rootpage-2018_Winter_Olympics_closing_ceremony skin-vector action-view


text:
Lymphatic system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Lymphatic drainage" redirects here. For the massage technique, see Manual lymphatic drainage.
Lymphatic System
Human lymphatic system
Details
Identifiers
Latin
systema lymphoideum
TA
A13.0.00.000
FMA
74594
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The Lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system and a vital part of the immune system, comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph (from Latin, lympha meaning "water"[1]) directionally towards the heart. The lymphatic system was first described in the seventeenth century independently by Olaus Rudbeck and Thomas Bartholin. Unlike the circulatory system, the lymphatic system is not a closed system. The human circulatory system processes an average of 20 liters of blood per day through capillary filtration, which removes plasma while leaving the blood cells. Roughly 17 litres of the filtered plasma are reabsorbed directly into the blood vessels, while the remaining three litres remain in the interstitial fluid. One of the main functions of the lymph system is to provide an accessory return route to the blood for the surplus three litres.[2]
The other main function is that of defense in the immune system. Lymph is very similar to blood plasma: it contains lymphocytes. It also contains waste products and cellular debris together with bacteria and proteins. Associated organs composed of lymphoid tissue are the sites of lymphocyte production. Lymphocytes are concentrated in the lymph nodes. The spleen and the thymus are also lymphoid organs of the immune system. The tonsils are lymphoid organs that are also associated with the digestive system. Lymphoid tissues contain lymphocytes, and also contain other types of cells for support.[3] The system also includes all the structures dedicated to the circulation and production of lymphocytes (the primary cellular component of lymph), which also includes the bone marrow, and the lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive system.[4]
The blood does not come into direct contact with the parenchymal cells and tissues in the body (except in case of an injury causing rupture of one or more blood vessels), but constituents of the blood first exit the microvascular exchange blood vessels to become interstitial fluid, which comes into contact with the parenchymal cells of the body. Lymph is the fluid that is formed when interstitial fluid enters the initial lymphatic vessels of the lymphatic system. The lymph is then moved along the lymphatic vessel network by either intrinsic contractions of the lymphatic passages or by extrinsic compression of the lymphatic vessels via external tissue forces (e.g., the contractions of skeletal muscles), or by lymph hearts in some animals. The organization of lymph nodes and drainage follows the organization of the body into external and internal regions; therefore, the lymphatic drainage of the head, limbs, and body cavity walls follows an external route, and the lymphatic drainage of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvic cavities follows an internal route.[5] Eventually, the lymph vessels empty into the lymphatic ducts, which drain into one of the two subclavian veins, near their junction with the internal jugular veins.
Play media
Introduction to the lymphatic system
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Lymphoid tissue
1.1.1 Thymus
1.1.2 Spleen
1.1.3 Lymph nodes
1.2 Other lymphoid tissue
1.3 Lymphatic vessels
1.4 Development
2 Function
2.1 Function of the fatty acid transport system
2.2 Immune function
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Lymphadenopathy
3.2 Lymphedema
3.3 Cancer
3.4 Other
4 History
4.1 Etymology
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic organs, a conducting network of lymphatic vessels, and the circulating lymph.
The primary or central lymphoid organs generate lymphocytes from immature progenitor cells.
The thymus and the bone marrow constitute the primary lymphoid organs involved in the production and early clonal selection of lymphocyte tissues. Bone marrow is responsible for both the creation of T cells and the production and maturation of B cells. From the bone marrow, B cells immediately join the circulatory system and travel to secondary lymphoid organs in search of pathogens. T cells, on the other hand, travel from the bone marrow to the thymus, where they develop further. Mature T cells join B cells in search of pathogens. The other 95% of T cells begin a process of apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death.
Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs, which include lymph nodes and the spleen, maintain mature naive lymphocytes and initiate an adaptive immune response. The peripheral lymphoid organs are the sites of lymphocyte activation by antigens. Activation leads to clonal expansion and affinity maturation. Mature lymphocytes recirculate between the blood and the peripheral lymphoid organs until they encounter their specific antigen.
Secondary lymphoid tissue provides the environment for the foreign or altered native molecules (antigens) to interact with the lymphocytes. It is exemplified by the lymph nodes, and the lymphoid follicles in tonsils, Peyer's patches, spleen, adenoids, skin, etc. that are associated with the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
In the gastrointestinal wall the appendix has mucosa resembling that of the colon, but here it is heavily infiltrated with lymphocytes.
The tertiary lymphoid tissue[clarification needed] typically contains far fewer lymphocytes, and assumes an immune role only when challenged with antigens that result in inflammation. It achieves this by importing the lymphocytes from blood and lymph.[6])
Lymphoid tissue[edit]
Thymus[edit]
Main article: Thymus
The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ and the site of maturation for T cells, the lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system. The thymus increases in size from birth in response to postnatal antigen stimulation, then to puberty and regresses thereafter.[7] The loss or lack of the thymus results in severe immunodeficiency and subsequent high susceptibility to infection.[7] In most species, the thymus consists of lobules divided by septa which are made up of epithelium and is therefore an epithelial organ. T cells mature from thymocytes, proliferate and undergo selection process in the thymic cortex before entering the medulla to interact with epithelial cells.
The thymus provides an inductive environment for development of T cells from hematopoietic progenitor cells. In addition, thymic stromal cells allow for the selection of a functional and self-tolerant T cell repertoire. Therefore, one of the most important roles of the thymus is the induction of central tolerance.
The thymus is largest and most active during the neonatal and pre-adolescent periods. By the early teens, the thymus begins to atrophy and thymic stroma is mostly replaced by adipose tissue. Nevertheless, residual T lymphopoiesis continues throughout adult life.
Spleen[edit]
Main article: Spleen
The main functions of the spleen are:
to produce immune cells to fight antigens
to remove particulate matter and aged blood cells, mainly erythrocytes
to produce blood cells during fetal life
The spleen synthesizes antibodies in its white pulp and removes antibody-coated bacteria and antibody-coated blood cells by way of blood and lymph node circulation. A study published in 2009 using mice found that the spleen contains, in its reserve, half of the body's monocytes within the red pulp.[8] These monocytes, upon moving to injured tissue (such as the heart), turn into dendritic cells and macrophages while promoting tissue healing.[8][9][10] The spleen is a center of activity of the mononuclear phagocyte system and can be considered analogous to a large lymph node, as its absence causes a predisposition to certain infections.
Like the thymus, the spleen has only efferent lymphatic vessels. Both the short gastric arteries and the splenic artery supply it with blood.[11]
The germinal centers are supplied by arterioles called penicilliary radicles.[12]
Up to the fifth month of prenatal development the spleen creates red blood cells. After birth the bone marrow is solely responsible for hematopoiesis. As a major lymphoid organ and a central player in the reticuloendothelial system, the spleen retains the ability to produce lymphocytes. The spleen stores red blood cells and lymphocytes. It can store enough blood cells to help in an emergency. Up to 25% of lymphocytes can be stored at any one time.[13]
Lymph nodes[edit]
Main article: Lymph node
A lymph node showing afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels
A lymph node is an organized collection of lymphoid tissue, through which the lymph passes on its way back to the blood. Lymph nodes are located at intervals along the lymphatic system. Several afferent lymph vessels bring in lymph, which percolates through the substance of the lymph node, and is then drained out by an efferent lymph vessel. There are between five and six hundred lymph nodes in the human body, many of which are grouped in clusters in different regions as in the underarm and abdominal areas. Lymph node clusters are commonly found at the base of limbs (groin, armpits) and in the neck, where lymph is collected from regions of the body likely to sustain pathogen contamination from injuries.
The substance of a lymph node consists of lymphoid follicles in an outer portion called the cortex. The inner portion of the node is called the medulla, which is surrounded by the cortex on all sides except for a portion known as the hilum. The hilum presents as a depression on the surface of the lymph node, causing the otherwise spherical lymph node to be bean-shaped or ovoid. The efferent lymph vessel directly emerges from the lymph node at the hilum. The arteries and veins supplying the lymph node with blood enter and exit through the hilum.
The region of the lymph node called the paracortex immediately surrounds the medulla. Unlike the cortex, which has mostly immature T cells, or thymocytes, the paracortex has a mixture of immature and mature T cells. Lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes through specialised high endothelial venules found in the paracortex.
A lymph follicle is a dense collection of lymphocytes, the number, size and configuration of which change in accordance with the functional state of the lymph node. For example, the follicles expand significantly when encountering a foreign antigen. The selection of B cells, or B lymphocytes, occurs in the germinal center of the lymph nodes.
Lymph nodes are particularly numerous in the mediastinum in the chest, neck, pelvis, axilla, inguinal region, and in association with the blood vessels of the intestines.[4]
Other lymphoid tissue[edit]
Regional lymph nodes
Lymphoid tissue associated with the lymphatic system is concerned with immune functions in defending the body against infections and the spread of tumors. It consists of connective tissue formed of reticular fibers, with various types of leukocytes, (white blood cells), mostly lymphocytes enmeshed in it, through which the lymph passes.[14] Regions of the lymphoid tissue that are densely packed with lymphocytes are known as lymphoid follicles. Lymphoid tissue can either be structurally well organized as lymph nodes or may consist of loosely organized lymphoid follicles known as the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
The central nervous system also has lymphatic vessels, as discovered by University of Virginia Researchers. The search for T-cell gateways into and out of the meninges uncovered functional lymphatic vessels lining the dural sinuses, anatomically integrated into the membrane surrounding the brain.[15] [16] See Meningeal lymphatic vessels.
Lymphatic vessels[edit]
Main article: Lymphatic vessel
Lymph capillaries in the tissue spaces
The lymphatic vessels, also called lymph vessels, conduct lymph between different parts of the body. They include the tubular vessels of the lymph capillaries, and the larger collecting vessels–the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct (the left lymphatic duct). The lymph capillaries are mainly responsible for the absorption of interstitial fluid from the tissues, while lymph vessels propel the absorbed fluid forward into the larger collecting ducts, where it ultimately returns to the bloodstream via one of the subclavian veins. These vessels are also called the lymphatic channels or simply lymphatics.[17]
The lymphatics are responsible for maintaining the balance of the body fluids. Its network of capillaries and collecting lymphatic vessels work to efficiently drain and transport extravasated fluid, along with proteins and antigens, back to the circulatory system. Numerous intraluminal valves in the vessels ensure a unidirectional flow of lymph without reflux.[18] Two valve systems are used to achieve this one directional flow—a primary and a secondary valve system.[19] The capillaries are blind-ended, and the valves at the ends of capillaries use specialised junctions together with anchoring filaments to allow a unidirectional flow to the primary vessels. The collecting lymphatics, however, act to propel the lymph by the combined actions of the intraluminal valves and lymphatic muscle cells.[20]
Development[edit]
Lymphatic tissues begin to develop by the end of the fifth week of embryonic development. Lymphatic vessels develop from lymph sacs that arise from developing veins, which are derived from mesoderm.
The first lymph sacs to appear are the paired jugular lymph sacs at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. From the jugular lymph sacs, lymphatic capillary plexuses spread to the thorax, upper limbs, neck and head. Some of the plexuses enlarge and form lymphatic vessels in their respective regions. Each jugular lymph sac retains at least one connection with its jugular vein, the left one developing into the superior portion of the thoracic duct.
The next lymph sac to appear is the unpaired retroperitoneal lymph sac at the root of the mesentery of the intestine. It develops from the primitive vena cava and mesonephric veins. Capillary plexuses and lymphatic vessels spread from the retroperitoneal lymph sac to the abdominal viscera and diaphragm. The sac establishes connections with the cisterna chyli but loses its connections with neighboring veins.
The last of the lymph sacs, the paired posterior lymph sacs, develop from the iliac veins. The posterior lymph sacs produce capillary plexuses and lymphatic vessels of the abdominal wall, pelvic region, and lower limbs. The posterior lymph sacs join the cisterna chyli and lose their connections with adjacent veins.
With the exception of the anterior part of the sac from which the cisterna chyli develops, all lymph sacs become invaded by mesenchymal cells and are converted into groups of lymph nodes.
The spleen develops from mesenchymal cells between layers of the dorsal mesentery of the stomach. The thymus arises as an outgrowth of the third pharyngeal pouch.
Function[edit]
The lymphatic system has multiple interrelated functions:[21]
It is responsible for the removal of interstitial fluid from tissues
It absorbs and transports fatty acids and fats as chyle from the digestive system
It transports white blood cells to and from the lymph nodes into the bones
The lymph transports antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, to the lymph nodes where an immune response is stimulated.
Function of the fatty acid transport system[edit]
Lymph vessels called lacteals are in the beginning of the gastrointestinal tract, predominantly in the small intestine. While most other nutrients absorbed by the small intestine are passed on to the portal venous system to drain via the portal vein into the liver for processing, fats (lipids) are passed on to the lymphatic system to be transported to the blood circulation via the thoracic duct. (There are exceptions, for example medium-chain triglycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol that passively diffuse from the GI tract to the portal system.) The enriched lymph originating in the lymphatics of the small intestine is called chyle. The nutrients that are released to the circulatory system are processed by the liver, having passed through the systemic circulation.
Immune function[edit]
Further information: Immune system
The lymphatic system plays a major role in body's immune system, as the primary site for cells relating to adaptive immune system including T-cells and B-cells. Cells in the lymphatic system react to antigens presented or found by the cells directly or by other dendritic cells. When an antigen is recognized, an immunological cascade begins involving the activation and recruitment of more and more cells, the production of antibodies and cytokines and the recruitment of other immunological cells such as macrophages.
Clinical significance[edit]
Main article: Lymphatic disease
The study of lymphatic drainage of various organs is important in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer. The lymphatic system, because of its closeness to many tissues of the body, is responsible for carrying cancerous cells between the various parts of the body in a process called metastasis. The intervening lymph nodes can trap the cancer cells. If they are not successful in destroying the cancer cells the nodes may become sites of secondary tumors.
Lymphadenopathy[edit]
Main article: Lymphadenopathy
Lymphadenopathy refers to one or more enlarged lymph nodes. Small groups or individually enlarged lymph nodes are generally reactive in response to infection or inflammation. This is called local lymphadenopathy. When many lymph nodes in different areas of the body are involved, this is called generalised lymphadenopathy. Generalised lymphadenopathy may be caused by infections such as infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis and HIV, connective tissue diseases such as SLE and rheumatoid arthritis, and cancers, including both cancers of tissue within lymph nodes, discussed below, and metastasis of cancerous cells from other parts of the body, that have arrived via the lymphatic system.[22]
Lymphedema[edit]
Main article: Lymphedema
Lymphedema is the swelling caused by the accumulation of lymph, which may occur if the lymphatic system is damaged or has malformations. It usually affects limbs, though the face, neck and abdomen may also be affected. In an extreme state, called elephantiasis, the edema progresses to the extent that the skin becomes thick with an appearance similar to the skin on elephant limbs.[23]
Causes are unknown in most cases, but sometimes there is a previous history of severe infection, usually caused by a parasitic disease, such as lymphatic filariasis.
Lymphangiomatosis is a disease involving multiple cysts or lesions formed from lymphatic vessels.[relevant to this paragraph? – discuss]
Lymphedema can also occur after surgical removal of lymph nodes in the armpit (causing the arm to swell due to poor lymphatic drainage) or groin (causing swelling of the leg). Treatment is by massage, and is not permanent.[clarification needed]
Cancer[edit]
Reed–Sternberg cells.
Main article: Lymphoma
Cancer of the lymphatic system can be primary or secondary. Lymphoma refers to cancer that arises from lymphatic tissue. Lymphoid leukemias and lymphomas are now considered to be tumors of the same type of cell lineage. They are called "leukemia" when in the blood or marrow and "lymphoma" when in lymphatic tissue. They are grouped together under the name "lymphoid malignancy".[24]
Lymphoma is generally considered as either Hodgkin lymphoma or non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterised by a particular type of cell, called a Reed–Sternberg cell, visible under microscope. It is associated with past infection with the Epstein-Barr Virus, and generally causes a painless "rubbery" lymphadenopathy. It is staged, using Ann Arbor staging. Chemotherapy generally involves the ABVD and may also involve radiotherapy.[25] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer characterised by increased proliferation of B-cells or T-cells, generally occurs in an older age group than Hodgkin lymphoma. It is treated according to whether it is high-grade or low-grade, and carries a poorer prognosis than Hodgkin lymphoma.[25]
Lymphangiosarcoma is a malignant soft tissue tumor, whereas lymphangioma is a benign tumor occurring frequently in association with Turner syndrome. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a benign tumor of the smooth muscles of the lymphatics that occurs in the lungs.
Lymphoid leukemia is another form of cancer where the host is devoid of different lymphatic cells.
Other[edit]
Lymphangitis
Kikuchi disease
Chylothorax
Castleman's disease
Kawasaki disease
Lymphatic filariasis
Solitary lymphatic nodule
History[edit]
Hippocrates, in 5th century BC, was one of the first people to mention the lymphatic system. In his work On Joints, he briefly mentioned the lymph nodes in one sentence. Rufus of Ephesus, a Roman physician, identified the axillary, inguinal and mesenteric lymph nodes as well as the thymus during the 1st to 2nd century AD.[26] The first mention of lymphatic vessels was in 3rd century BC by Herophilos, a Greek anatomist living in Alexandria, who incorrectly concluded that the "absorptive veins of the lymphatics," by which he meant the lacteals (lymph vessels of the intestines), drained into the hepatic portal veins, and thus into the liver.[26] The findings of Ruphus and Herophilos were further propagated by the Greek physician Galen, who described the lacteals and mesenteric lymph nodes which he observed in his dissection of apes and pigs in the 2nd century AD.[26][27]
In the mid 16th century, Gabriele Falloppio (discoverer of the fallopian tubes), described what are now known as the lacteals as "coursing over the intestines full of yellow matter."[26] In about 1563 Bartolomeo Eustachi, a professor of anatomy, described the thoracic duct in horses as vena alba thoracis.[26] The next breakthrough came when in 1622 a physician, Gaspare Aselli, identified lymphatic vessels of the intestines in dogs and termed them venae alba et lacteae, which is now known as simply the lacteals. The lacteals were termed the fourth kind of vessels (the other three being the artery, vein and nerve, which was then believed to be a type of vessel), and disproved Galen's assertion that chyle was carried by the veins. But, he still believed that the lacteals carried the chyle to the liver (as taught by Galen).[28] He also identified the thoracic duct but failed to notice its connection with the lacteals.[26] This connection was established by Jean Pecquet in 1651, who found a white fluid mixing with blood in a dog's heart. He suspected that fluid to be chyle as its flow increased when abdominal pressure was applied. He traced this fluid to the thoracic duct, which he then followed to a chyle-filled sac he called the chyli receptaculum, which is now known as the cisternae chyli; further investigations led him to find that lacteals' contents enter the venous system via the thoracic duct.[26][28] Thus, it was proven convincingly that the lacteals did not terminate in the liver, thus disproving Galen's second idea: that the chyle flowed to the liver.[28] Johann Veslingius drew the earliest sketches of the lacteals in humans in 1647.[27]
The idea that blood recirculates through the body rather than being produced anew by the liver and the heart was first accepted as a result of works of William Harvey—a work he published in 1628. In 1652, Olaus Rudbeck (1630–1702), a Swede, discovered certain transparent vessels in the liver that contained clear fluid (and not white), and thus named them hepatico-aqueous vessels. He also learned that they emptied into the thoracic duct, and that they had valves.[28] He announced his findings in the court of Queen Christina of Sweden, but did not publish his findings for a year,[29] and in the interim similar findings were published by Thomas Bartholin, who additionally published that such vessels are present everywhere in the body, not just in the liver. He is also the one to have named them "lymphatic vessels."[28] This had resulted in a bitter dispute between one of Bartholin's pupils, Martin Bogdan,[30] and Rudbeck, whom he accused of plagiarism.[29]
Galen's ideas prevailed in medicine until the 17th century. It was thought that blood was produced by the liver from chyle contaminated with ailments by the intestine and stomach, to which various spirits were added by other organs, and that this blood was consumed by all the organs of the body. This theory required that the blood be consumed and produced many times over. Even in the 17th century, his ideas were defended by some physicians.[27]
Alexander Monro, of the University of Edinburgh Medical School, was the first to describe the function of the lymphatic system in detail.[31]
"Claude Galien". Lithograph by Pierre Roche Vigneron. (Paris: Lith de Gregoire et Deneux, ca. 1865)
Gabriele Falloppio
Portrait of Eustachius
Olaus Rudbeck in 1696.
Thomas Bartholin
Etymology[edit]
Lymph originates in the Classical Latin word lympha "water",[32] which is also the source of the English word limpid. The spelling with y and ph was influenced by folk etymology with Greek νύμϕη (nýmphē) "nymph".[33]
The adjective used for the lymph-transporting system is lymphatic. The adjective used for the tissues where lymphocytes are formed is lymphoid. Lymphatic comes from the Latin word lymphaticus, meaning "connected to water."
See also[edit]
List of lymphatic vessels of the human body
American Society of Lymphology
Glymphatic system and Meningeal lymphatic vessels - equivalent for the central nervous system
Lymphangiogenesis
Lymphangion
Manual lymphatic drainage
Mononuclear phagocyte system
Waldemar Olszewski – discovered fundamental processes in human tissues connected with function of the lymphatic system
ru:Чепеленко, Геннадий Владимирович – author of the lymphatic system segmental theory
Trogocytosis
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Lymph - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
Jump up ^ Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems, by Lauralee Sherwood
Jump up ^ Tak W. Mak; Mary E. Saunders (Ph.D.); Mary E. Saunders (2008). Primer to the immune response. Academic Press. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-0-12-374163-9. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Warwick, Roger; Peter L. Williams. "Angiology (Chapter 6)". Gray's anatomy. illustrated by Richard E. M. Moore (Thirty-fifth ed.). London: Longman. pp. 588–785. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Wisco, Jonathan. "Lymphatic System". AnatomyOne. Amirsys, Inc. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Goldsby, Richard; Kindt, TJ; Osborne, BA; Janis Kuby (2003) [1992]. "Cells and Organs of the Immune System (Chapter 2)". Immunology (Fifth ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. pp. 24–56. ISBN 0-7167-4947-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Miller, J. F. (2002). "The discovery of thymus function and of thymus-derived lymphocytes". Immunol Rev. 185 (1): 7–14. PMID 12190917. doi:10.1034/j.1600-065X.2002.18502.x.
^ Jump up to: a b Swirski, FK; Nahrendorf, M; Etzrodt, M; Wildgruber, M; Cortez-Retamozo, V; Panizzi, P; Figueiredo, JL; Kohler, RH; Chudnovskiy, A; Waterman, P; Aikawa, E; Mempel, TR; Libby, P; Weissleder, R; Pittet, MJ (2009). "Identification of splenic reservoir monocytes and their deployment to inflammatory sites". Science. 325 (5940): 612–6. PMC 2803111  . PMID 19644120. doi:10.1126/science.1175202.
Jump up ^ Jia, T; Pamer, EG (2009). "Immunology. Dispensable but not irrelevant". Science. 325 (5940): 549–50. PMC 2917045  . PMID 19644100. doi:10.1126/science.1178329.
Jump up ^ Finally, the Spleen Gets Some Respect By NATALIE ANGIER, The New York Times, August 3, 2009
Jump up ^ Blackbourne, Lorne H (2008-04-01). Surgical recall. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-7817-7076-7.
Jump up ^ "Penicilliary radicles". Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2011-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Spleen: Information, Surgery and Functions". Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh - Chp.edu. 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2011-04-03.
Jump up ^ "lymphoid tissue" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
Jump up ^ Louveau, Antoine; Smirnov, Igor; Keyes, Timothy J; Eccles, Jacob D; Rouhani, Sherin J; Peske, J David; Derecki, Noel C; Castle, David; Mandell, James W; Lee, Kevin S; Harris, Tajie H; Kipnis, Jonathan (2015). "Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels.". Nature. 523 (7560): 337–41. PMC 4506234  . PMID 26030524. doi:10.1038/nature14432. Lay summary. we discovered functional lymphatic vessels lining the dural sinuses. These structures express all of the molecular hallmarks of lymphatic endothelial cells, are able to carry both fluid and immune cells from the cerebrospinal fluid, and are connected to the deep cervical lymph nodes. The unique location of these vessels may have impeded their discovery to date, thereby contributing to the long-held concept of the absence of lymphatic vasculature in the central nervous system. The discovery of the central nervous system lymphatic system may call for a reassessment of basic assumptions in neuroimmunology and sheds new light on the aetiology of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases associated with immune system dysfunction.
Jump up ^ https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-researchers-uncover-drain-pipes-our-brains
Jump up ^ "Definition of lymphatics". Webster's New World Medical Dictionary. medicineNet.com. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
Jump up ^ Vittet, D. "Lymphatic collecting vessel maturation and valve morphogenesis". Microvasc Res. 96: 31–7. PMID 25020266. doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2014.07.001.
Jump up ^ Heppell C1, Richardson G; Roose, T. "A model for fluid drainage by the lymphatic system". Journal. 75 (1): 49–81. PMID 23161129. doi:10.1007/s11538-012-9793-2.
Jump up ^ Bazigou, E; Wilson, J; Moore, JE (2014). "Primary and secondary lymphatic valve development: Molecular, functional and mechanical insights". Microvasc Res. 96: 38–45. PMC 4490164  . PMID 25086182. doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2014.07.008.
Jump up ^ "The functions of the Lymphatic System.". Retrieved Feb 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Britton, the editors Nicki R. Colledge, Brian R. Walker, Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert (2010). Davidson's principles and practice of medicine. (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 1001. ISBN 978-0-7020-3085-7.
Jump up ^ "Lymphedema".
Jump up ^ Anthony S. Fauci; Eugene Braunwald; Dennis Kasper; Stephen Hauser; Dan L. Longo (19 March 2009). Harrison's Manual of Medicine. McGraw Hill Professional. pp. 352–. ISBN 978-0-07-147743-7. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Britton, the editors Nicki R. Colledge, Brian R. Walker, Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert (2010). Davidson's principles and practice of medicine. (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 1001, 1037–1040. ISBN 978-0-7020-3085-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Ambrose, C. (2006). "Immunology's first priority dispute—An account of the 17th-century Rudbeck–Bartholin feud". Cellular Immunology. 242 (1): 1–8. PMID 17083923. doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.09.004.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fanous, Medhat YZ; Anthony J Phillips; John A Windsor (2007). "Mesenteric Lymph: The Bridge to Future Management of Critical Illness". Journal of the Pancreas. Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA. 8 (4): 374–399. PMID 17625290. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Flourens, P. (1859). "ASELLI, PECQUET, RUDBECK, BARTHOLIN (Chapter 3)". A History of the Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood. Rickey, Mallory & company. pp. 67–99. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
^ Jump up to: a b Eriksson, G. (2004). "Olaus Rudbeck as scientist and professor of medicine (Original article in Swedish)". Svensk Medicinhistorisk Tidskrift (in Swedish). 8 (1): 39–44. PMID 16025602.
Jump up ^ "Disputatio anatomica, de circulatione sanguinis". Account of Rudbeck's work on lymphatic system and dispute with Bartholin. The International League of Antiquarian Booksellers. Retrieved 2008-07-11. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Turner, A. Logan (1937). Story of a Great Hospital: The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh 1729-1929. Oliver and Boyd. p. 360.
Jump up ^ lympha. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
Jump up ^ "lymph". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lymphatic system.
The Wikibook Anatomy and Physiology of Animals has a page on the topic of: Lymphatic System
Library resources about
Lymphatic system
Resources in your library
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic System Overview (innerbody.com)
[show]
v
t
e
Organs of the lymphatic system
Primary organs
Bone marrow
Hematopoietic stem cell
Thymus
Hassall's corpuscles
Secondary organs
Spleen
Structure
Hilum
Trabeculae
Red pulp
Cords of Billroth
Marginal zone
White pulp
Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths
Germinal center
Blood flow
Trabecular arteries
Trabecular veins
Tonsils
Palatine
Lingual
Pharyngeal
Tubal
Tonsillar crypts
Waldeyer's tonsillar ring
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessel
T cells
High endothelial venules
B cells
Germinal center
Mantle zone
Marginal zone
MALT
GALT
Peyer's patch
Germinal center
[show]
v
t
e
Lymphatic vessels
Nodal
Lymph capillary
Lymphatic vessel
Other
Lymph trunk
Lymph
Lymphangion
[show]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the lymphatic system
Head and neck
Head
Back
Occipital
Mastoid/retroauricular
Parotid
Superficial
Deep
preauricular
infra-auricular
intraglandular
Front
Facial
buccinator
nasolabial
Mandibular
Submandibular
Submental
Cervical
Superficial
anterior
lateral
Deep
Deep anterior cervical
pretracheal
paratracheal
prelaryngeal
thyroid
Deep lateral cervical
superior deep cervical
inferior deep cervical
retropharyngeal
jugulodigastric
jugulo-omohyoid
Other
Anterior cervical
Lateral cervical
Supraclavicular
Virchow's
Vessels
Jugular trunk
Arm and axilla
Nodes
Axillary
Brachial
Pectoral
Subscapular
Central
Apical
Arm
Supratrochlear
Deltopectoral
Vessels
Subclavian lymph trunk
Chest
Nodes
Parasternal
Intercostal
Superior diaphragmatic
Trachea and bronchi
superior
inferior
bronchopulmonary
paratracheal
intrapulmonary
Vessels
Thoracic duct
Right lymphatic duct
Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk
Abdomen
Nodes
Paraaortic
Retroaortic
Lateral aortic
Preaortic
(Celiac
gastric
hepatic
splenic
Superior mesenteric
mesenteric
ileocolic
mesocolic
Inferior mesenteric
pararectal)
Other
Iliac
Common
external
internal
Sacral
Retroperitoneal lymph nodes
Vessels
Lumbar lymph trunk
Intestinal trunk
Cisterna chyli
Leg
Inguinal
deep
Cloquet's node
superficial
Popliteal
Biology portal
Medicine portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lymphatic_system&oldid=808365411"
Categories:
Lymphatic system
Animal anatomy
Angiology
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from September 2010
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016
Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections
Articles containing Latin-language text
Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Aragonés
অসমীয়া
Azərbaycanca
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Қазақша
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenčina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
Tiếng Việt
ייִדיש
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 2 November 2017, at 12:49.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan style

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Capillary_filtration
mw-redirect
Capillary filtration

values:
/wiki/Blood_cells
mw-redirect
Blood cells

values:
/wiki/Digestive_system
mw-redirect
Digestive system

values:
/wiki/Lymphatic_ducts
mw-redirect
Lymphatic ducts

values:
/wiki/Internal_jugular_veins
mw-redirect
Internal jugular veins

values: File:Introduction to the lymphatic system.webm

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Introduction_to_the_lymphatic_system.webm/854px--Introduction_to_the_lymphatic_system.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="582.29" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Introduction_to_the_lymphatic_system.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Introduction_to_the_lymphatic_system.webm/Introduction_to_the_lymphatic_system.webm.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="660632" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Introduction_to_the_lymphatic_system.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-title="Original WebM file, 1,920 × 1,080 (1.03 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="1032179" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Introduction_to_the_lymphatic_system.webm/Introduction_to_the_lymphatic_system.webm.720p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="1192088" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Introduction_to_the_lymphatic_system.webm/Introduction_to_the_lymphatic_system.webm.1080p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Full HD WebM (1080P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 1080P" data-transcodekey="1080p.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="1942664" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Introduction_to_the_lymphatic_system.webm/Introduction_to_the_lymphatic_system.webm.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="193480" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Introduction_to_the_lymphatic_system.webm/Introduction_to_the_lymphatic_system.webm.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="270136" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Introduction_to_the_lymphatic_system.webm/Introduction_to_the_lymphatic_system.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="422512" data-framerate="30"/></video>

values:
/wiki/Vermiform_appendix
mw-redirect
Vermiform appendix

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Efferent_lymphatic_vessels
mw-redirect
Efferent lymphatic vessels

values:
/wiki/Germinal_centers
mw-redirect
Germinal centers

values:
/wiki/Red_blood_cells
mw-redirect
Red blood cells

values:
/wiki/Afferent_lymph_vessel
mw-redirect
Afferent lymph vessel

values:
/wiki/Efferent_lymph_vessel
mw-redirect
Efferent lymph vessel

values:
/wiki/Medulla_of_lymph_node
mw-redirect
Medulla of lymph node

values:
/wiki/Hilum_of_lymph_node
mw-redirect
Hilum of lymph node

values:
/wiki/High_endothelial_venule
mw-redirect
High endothelial venule

values:
/wiki/Lymph_capillaries
mw-redirect
Lymph capillaries

values:
/wiki/Subclavian_veins
mw-redirect
Subclavian veins

values:
/wiki/White_blood_cells
mw-redirect
White blood cells

values:
/wiki/Dendritic_cells
mw-redirect
Dendritic cells

values: Edit section: Function of the fatty acid transport system

values:
/wiki/Lymph_vessel
mw-redirect
Lymph vessel

values:
/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract
mw-redirect
Human gastrointestinal tract

values:
/wiki/Medium-chain_triglycerides
mw-redirect
Medium-chain triglycerides

values:
/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosis
mw-redirect
Systemic lupus erythematosis

values: The material in the vicinity of this tag may contain the information irrelevant to the paragraphs' main topic

values: padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:#595959; border:1px solid #DDD;

values:
/wiki/Lymphatic_tissue
mw-redirect
Lymphatic tissue

values:
/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma
mw-redirect
Hodgkin lymphoma

values:
/wiki/Epstein-Barr_Virus
mw-redirect
Epstein-Barr Virus

values:
/wiki/Soft_tissue_sarcoma
mw-redirect
Soft tissue sarcoma

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
/wiki/Hepatic_portal_vein
mw-redirect
Hepatic portal vein

values:
/wiki/Johann_Veslingius
mw-redirect
Johann Veslingius

values: List of lymphatic vessels of the human body

values: ru:Чепеленко, Геннадий Владимирович

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12190917

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19644120

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1175202

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19644100

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1178329

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26030524

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14432

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25020266

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mvr.2014.07.001

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23161129

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25086182

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mvr.2014.07.008

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17083923

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17625290

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16025602

values: font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: wikibooks:Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

values: wikibooks:Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Lymphatic System

values:
plainlist
padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;text-align:left;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Primary_lymphoid_organs
mw-redirect
Primary lymphoid organs

values:
/wiki/Secondary_lymphoid_organs
mw-redirect
Secondary lymphoid organs

values:
/wiki/Splenic_hilum
mw-redirect
Splenic hilum

values:
/wiki/Pharyngeal_tonsil
mw-redirect
Pharyngeal tonsil

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Lymphatic trunks and ducts

values: Superficial anterior cervical lymph nodes

values: Superficial lateral cervical lymph nodes

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2010

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections

values: Category:Articles containing Latin-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Lymphatic_system
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: جهاز لمفي – Arabic

values: লসিকা তন্ত্ৰ – Assamese

values: Лімфатычная сістэма – Belarusian

values: Лімфатычная сыстэма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Лимфна система – Bulgarian

values: ލިމްފަޓިކް ނިޒާމް – Divehi

values: Λεμφικό σύστημα – Greek

values: دستگاه لنفاوی – Persian

values: Ավշային համակարգ – Armenian

values: लसीका तंत्र – Hindi

values: מערכת הלימפה – Hebrew

values: Лимфа жүйесі – Kazakh

values: Лимфа системасы – Kyrgyz

values: Лимфен систем – Macedonian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: Лимфатическая система – Russian

values: වසා පද්ධතිය – Sinhala

values: کۆئەندامی لیمف – Central Kurdish

values: Лимфни систем – Serbian

values: శోషరస వ్యవస్థ – Telugu

values: ระบบน้ำเหลือง – Thai

values: Лімфатична система – Ukrainian

values: نظام سیالہ – Urdu

values: لىمفا ئىشلەپچىقىرىدىغان – Uyghur

values: לימפאטישע סיסטעם – Yiddish

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Lymphatic_system rootpage-Lymphatic_system vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Rapid plant movement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The Venus flytrap is one of a very small group of plants that are capable of rapid movement.
Rapid plant movement encompasses movement in plant structures occurring over a very short period, usually under one second. For example, the Venus flytrap closes its trap in about 100 milliseconds.[1] The dogwood bunchberry's flower opens its petals and fires pollen in less than 0.5 milliseconds. The record is currently held by the white mulberry tree, with flower movement taking 25 microseconds, as pollen is catapulted from the stamens at velocities in excess of half the speed of sound—near the theoretical physical limits for movements in plants.[2]
These rapid plant movements differ from the more common, but much slower "growth-movements" of plants, called tropisms. Tropisms encompass movements that lead to physical, permanent alterations of the plant while rapid plant movements are usually reversible or occur at over a shorter span of time.
A variety of mechanisms are utilized by plants in order to achieve these fast movements. Extremely fast movements such as the explosive spore dispersal techniques of Sphagnum mosses may involve increasing internal pressure via dehydration, causing a sudden propulsion of spores up or through the rapid opening of the "flower" opening triggered by insect pollination. Fast movement can also be expressed in predatory plants, where the mechanical stimulation of insect movement creates an electrical action potential and a release of elastic energy within the plant tissues. This release can be seen in the closing of a Venus flytrap, the curling of sundew leaves, and in the trapdoor action and suction of bladderworts.[3] Slower movement such as the folding of Mimosa pudica leaves may depend on reversible, but drastic or uneven changes in water pressure in the plant tissues[4] This process is controlled by the fluctuation of ions in and out of the cell, and the osmotic response of water to the ion flux.[5]
In 1880 Charles Darwin published The Power of Movement in Plants, his second-to-last work before his death.
Contents
1 Plants that capture and consume prey
2 Plants that move leaves and leaflets
3 Plants that spread seeds or pollen by rapid movement
4 See also
5 References
Plants that capture and consume prey[edit]
Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)
Waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda vesiculosa)
Bladderwort (Utricularia)
Certain varieties of sundew (Drosera)
Plants that move leaves and leaflets[edit]
Plants that are able to rapidly move their leaves or their leaflets in response to mechanical stimulation such as touch (thigmonasty):
Mimosa pudica leaves closing after being touched
Aeschynomene:
Large leaf sensitive plant (Aeschynomene fluitans)
Aeschynomene americana[6]
Aeschynomene deightonii[7]
Starfruit (Averrhoa carambola)[8]
Biophytum:
Biophytum abyssinicum[9]
Biophytum helenae[10]
Biophytum petersianum[11]
Biophytum reinwardtii[12]
Biophytum sensitivum
Chamaecrista:
Partridge pea (Chamaecrista fasciculata)
Sensitive partridge pea (Chamaecrista nictitans)
Chamaecrista mimosoides L.[13]
Mimosa:
Giant false sensitive plant (Mimosa diplotricha)
Catclaw brier (Mimosa nuttallii)
Giant sensitive plant (Mimosa pigra)[1]
Mimosa polyantha
Mimosa polycarpa var. spegazzinii
Sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica)
Roemer sensitive briar (Mimosa roemeriana)
Eastern sensitive plant, sensitive briar (Mimosa rupertiana)[2]
Mimosa uruguensis [3]
Neptunia:
Yellow neptunia (Neptunia lutea)
Sensitive neptunia (Neptunia oleracea)
Neptunia plena
Neptunia gracili
Senna alata[13]
Plants that move their leafs or leaflets at speeds rapid enough to be perceivable with the naked eye:
Telegraph plant (Codariocalyx motorius)
Plants that spread seeds or pollen by rapid movement[edit]
See also: Dehiscence (botany)
Squirting cucumber (Ecballium agreste)
Cardamine hirsuta and other Cardamine spp. have seed pods which explode when touched.
Impatiens (Impatiens)
Sandbox tree
Triggerplant (all Stylidium species)
Canadian dwarf cornel (aka dogwood bunchberry, Cornus canadensis)
White mulberry (Morus alba)[2]
Orchids (all genus Catasetum)
Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium)
Witch-hazel (Hamamelis)
Some Fabaceae have beans that twist as they dry out, putting tension on the seam, which at some point will split suddenly and violently, spraying the seeds metres from the maternal plant.[14][15]
Marantaceae[16]
Minnieroot (Ruellia tuberosa)
Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) stamen move in response to touch[17]
See also[edit]
Kinesis (biology)
Nastic movements
Plant perception (physiology)
Taxis
Thigmonasty
Tropism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Forterre, Y., J.M. Skotheim, J. Dumais & L. Mahadevan 2005. "How the Venus flytrap snaps" (PDF). (318 KB) Nature 433: 421–425. doi:10.1038/nature03185
^ Jump up to: a b Taylor, P.E., G. Card, J. House, M. H. Dickinson & R.C. Flagan 2006. High-speed pollen release in the white mulberry tree, Morus alba L.. Sexual Plant Reproduction 19(1): 19–24. doi:10.1007/s00497-005-0018-9
Jump up ^ Poppinga, Simon; Weisskopf, Carmen; Westermeier, Anna Sophia; Masselter, Tom; Speck, Thomas (2016-01-01). "Fastest predators in the plant kingdom: functional morphology and biomechanics of suction traps found in the largest genus of carnivorous plants". AoB PLANTS. 8. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plv140. PMC 4717191  . PMID 26602984.
Jump up ^ Martone, Patrick T.; Boller, Michael; Burgert, Ingo; Dumais, Jacques; Edwards, Joan; Mach, Katharine; Rowe, Nick; Rueggeberg, Markus; Seidel, Robin (2010-11-01). "Mechanics without Muscle: Biomechanical Inspiration from the Plant World". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 50 (5): 888–907. doi:10.1093/icb/icq122. ISSN 1540-7063.
Jump up ^ Forterre, Yoël (2013-11-01). "Slow, fast and furious: understanding the physics of plant movements". Journal of Experimental Botany. 64 (15): 4745–4760. doi:10.1093/jxb/ert230. ISSN 0022-0957.
Jump up ^ JSTOR Global Plants Compilation:Aeschynomene americana
Jump up ^ JSTOR Global Plants Compilation: Aeschynomene deightonii
Jump up ^ Missouri Botanical Garden: Averrhoa carambola
Jump up ^ JSTOR Global Plants Compilation: Biophytum abyssinicum
Jump up ^ JSTOR Global Plants Compilation: Biophytum helenae
Jump up ^ JSTOR Global Plants: Biophytum petersianum
Jump up ^ JSTOR Global Plants Compilation: Biophytum reinwardtii
^ Jump up to: a b The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 49 (1) (1997)
Jump up ^ Tony D. Auld (1996). "Ecology of the Fabaceae in the Sydney region: fire, ants and the soil seedbank" (PDF). Cunninghamia. 4 (4): 531–551.
Jump up ^ Matt Lavin (2001). "Fabaceae". Macmillan Reference USA.
Jump up ^ "Marantaceae in Flora of North America @". Efloras.org. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
Jump up ^ Lophophora blog: Thigmotropic stamens
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rapid_plant_movement&oldid=846647082"
Categories:
Plant physiology
Plant cognition
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
অসমীয়া
Español
Esperanto
Français
മലയാളം
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 June 2018, at 02:16 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Plant_movements
mw-redirect
Plant movements

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Dogwood_bunchberry
mw-redirect
Dogwood bunchberry

values:
/wiki/White_mulberry
mw-redirect
White mulberry

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Edit section: Plants that capture and consume prey

values:
/wiki/Waterwheel_plant
mw-redirect
Waterwheel plant

values: Edit section: Plants that move leaves and leaflets

values: Aeschynomene fluitans (page does not exist)

values: Aeschynomene deightonii (page does not exist)

values: Biophytum abyssinicum (page does not exist)

values: Biophytum petersianum (page does not exist)

values: Biophytum reinwardtii (page does not exist)

values: Chamaecrista mimosoides (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
//www.youtube.com/watch?v=CVExaIc3zbE

values: Edit section: Plants that spread seeds or pollen by rapid movement

values:
/wiki/Squirting_cucumber
mw-redirect
Squirting cucumber

values:
/wiki/Sandbox_tree
mw-redirect
Sandbox tree

values:
/wiki/Canadian_dwarf_cornel
mw-redirect
Canadian dwarf cornel

values:
/wiki/Dwarf_mistletoe
mw-redirect
Dwarf mistletoe

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03185

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plv140

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26602984

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093/icb/icq122

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1540-7063

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert230

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0957

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Rapid_plant_movement
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: উদ্ভিদৰ তীব্ৰ সঞ্চালন – Assamese

values: സസ്യങ്ങളുടെ ദ്രുതപ്രതികരണം – Malayalam

values: Движения растений – Russian

values: Биљни покрети – Serbian

values: Рухи рослин – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Rapid_plant_movement rootpage-Rapid_plant_movement skin-vector action-view