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Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act
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Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996
Long title
An Act To provide for reconciliation pursuant to section 201(a)(1) of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 1997
Acronyms (colloquial)
PRWORA
Nicknames
Welfare Reform
Enacted by
the 104th United States Congress
Citations
Public law
Pub.L. 104–193
Statutes at Large
110 Stat. 2105
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 3734 by John Kasich (R-OH) on June 27, 1996
Committee consideration by House Budget, Senate Budget
Passed the House on July 18, 1996 (256–170)
Passed the Senate on July 23, 1996 (74–24, in lieu of S. 1956)
Reported by the joint conference committee on July 30, 1996; agreed to by the House on July 31, 1996 (328–101) and by the Senate on August 1, 1996 (78–21)
Signed into law by President Bill Clinton on August 22, 1996
The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) is a United States federal law considered to be a major welfare reform. The bill was a cornerstone of the Republican Contract with America and was authored by Rep. E. Clay Shaw, Jr. (R-FL-22). President Bill Clinton signed PRWORA into law on August 22, 1996, fulfilling his 1992 campaign promise to "end welfare as we have come to know it".[1]
PRWORA instituted Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), which became effective July 1, 1997. TANF replaced the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program—which had been in effect since 1935—and supplanted the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training program (JOBS) of 1988. The law was heralded as a "reassertion of America's work ethic" by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, largely in response to the bill's workfare component. TANF was reauthorized in the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1930s to 1970s
1.2 Reasons for policy reversal
1.2.1 Attitudes towards women's roles
1.2.2 Concern about dependency
1.3 1980s and 1990s
1.4 2012
2 Passage in 104th Congress
3 Provisions
3.1 Immigrant welfare
3.1.1 Benefit programs
3.1.2 Costs to inclusion
3.2 Addressing concerns
3.3 Ban on food stamps for drug felons
4 Criticism
5 Consequences
5.1 Impact on federal budget
5.2 Economic impact
5.3 Impact on crime
5.4 Criticism
5.5 Earned Income Tax Credit Effect
5.6 Dot Com Bubble and Crash of 2008
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
1930s to 1970s[edit]
AFDC caseloads increased dramatically from the 1930s to the 1960s as restrictions on the availability of cash support to poor families (especially single-parent, female-headed households) were reduced.[2] Under the Social Security Act of 1935, federal funds only covered part of relief costs, providing an incentive for localities to make welfare difficult to obtain.[2] More permissive Northern laws were tested during the Great Migration between 1940 and 1970 in which millions of people migrated from the agricultural South to the more industrial North.[2] Additionally, all able-bodied adults without children and two-parent families were originally disqualified from obtaining AFDC funds. Court rulings during the Civil Rights Movement struck down many of these regulations, creating new categories of people eligible for relief.
Community organizations, such as the National Welfare Rights Organization, also distributed informational packets informing citizens of their ability to receive government assistance.[2] Between 1936 and 1969, the number of families receiving support increased from 162,000 to 1,875,000.[3]
After 1970, however, federal funding for the program lagged behind inflation. Between 1970 and 1994, typical benefits for a family of three fell 47% after adjusting for inflation.[4]
Reasons for policy reversal[edit]
Attitudes towards women's roles[edit]
The legislation was designed to increase labor market participation among public assistance recipients. This represented a major departure from the protectionist legacy institutionalized in U.S. social welfare policy from the inception of "mother's pensions" beginning in the early 19th century. As such, the implicit message regarding "women's roles" was that full-time mothering was a luxury reserved only for people who could afford it.
Concern about dependency[edit]
The idea that the welfare-receiving poor had become too dependent upon public assistance also encouraged the act. The idea was that those who were on welfare for many years lost any initiative to find jobs. Those on welfare realized that taking up a job would mean not only losing benefits but also incur child care, transportation and clothing costs. Their new jobs probably would not pay well or include health insurance, whereas on welfare they would have been covered by Medicaid. Therefore, there are many reasons welfare recipients would feel discouraged from working.[5]
1980s and 1990s[edit]
In the 1980s, AFDC came under increasing bipartisan criticism for the program's alleged ineffectiveness. While acknowledging the need for a social safety net, Democrats often invoked the culture of poverty argument.[6] Proponents of the bill argued that welfare recipients were "trapped in a cycle of poverty".[7] Highlighting instances of welfare fraud, conservatives often referred to the system as a "welfare trap" and pledged to "dismantle the welfare state". Ronald Reagan's oft-repeated story of a welfare queen from Chicago's South Side became part of a larger discourse on welfare reform.[8]
Republican governor Tommy Thompson began instituting welfare reform in Wisconsin during his governorship in the late-1980s and early-1990s. In lobbying the federal government to grant states wider latitude for implementing welfare, Thompson wanted a system where "pregnant teen-aged girls from Milwaukee, no matter what their background is or where they live, can pursue careers and chase their dreams."[9] His solution was workfare, whereby poor individuals, typically single-mothers with children, had to work to receive assistance. Thompson later served as Health and Human Services Secretary under President George W. Bush.
Passage of PRWORA was the culmination of many years of debate in which the merits and flaws of AFDC were argued. Research was used by both sides to make their points, with each side often using the same piece of research to support the opposite view.[6] The political atmosphere at the time of PRWORA's passage included a Republican-controlled House of Representatives and Senate (defined by their Contract with America) and a Democratic president (defined by Bill Clinton's promise to "end welfare as we know it").
2012[edit]
In July 2012, the Department of Health and Human Services released a memo notifying states that they are able to apply for a waiver for the work requirements of the TANF program, but only if states were also able to find credible ways to increase employment by 20%.[10] The waiver would allow states to provide assistance without having to enforce the work component of the program, which currently states that 50 percent of a state's TANF caseload must meet work requirements.[11] The Obama administration stated that the change was made in order to allow more flexibility in how individual states operate their welfare programs.[12] According to Peter Edelman, the director of the Georgetown Center on Poverty, Inequality and Public Policy, the waivers would reduce restrictions that increase the difficulty for states in helping TANF applicants find jobs.[13]
The change has been questioned by Republicans including Dave Camp, chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee and Orrin Hatch, who requested further details from HHS over concerns that the memo would remove the main focus of PRWORA.[11] Mitt Romney attacked the measure, saying that Obama was "gutting welfare reform". However, PolitiFact stated that Romney's claim was "not accurate" and "inflames old resentments", giving it a "Pants on Fire" rating.[14] CNN also reported that assertions that Obama was "taking the work requirement off the table" was false.[15] In response to Republican criticism, Kathleen Sebelius, the Secretary of Health and Human Services said that states, including some with Republican governors, had previously asked Congress to allow waivers.[16]
Passage in 104th Congress[edit]
President Bill Clinton signing welfare reform legislation.
A central pledge of Clinton's campaign was to reform the welfare system, adding changes such as work requirements for recipients. However, by 1994, the Clinton Administration appeared to be more concerned with universal health care, and no details or a plan had emerged on welfare reform. Newt Gingrich accused the President of stalling on welfare and proclaimed that Congress could pass a welfare reform bill in as little as 90 days. Gingrich promised that the Republican Party would continue to apply political pressure to the President to approve welfare legislation.[17]
In 1996, after constructing two welfare reform bills that were vetoed by President Clinton,[18] Gingrich and his supporters pushed for the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), a bill aimed at substantially reconstructing the welfare system. Authored by Rep. E. Clay Shaw, Jr., the act gave state governments more autonomy over welfare delivery, while also reducing the federal government's responsibilities.
It started the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families program, which placed time limits on welfare assistance and replaced the longstanding Aid to Families with Dependent Children program. Other changes to the welfare system included stricter conditions for food stamps eligibility, reductions in immigrant welfare assistance, and recipient work requirements.[19]
Gingrich and Clinton negotiated the legislation in private meetings. Previously, Clinton had quietly spoken with Senate Majority Whip Trent Lott for months about the bill, but a compromise on a more acceptable bill for the President could not be reached. Gingrich, on the other hand, gave accurate information about his party's vote counts and persuaded the more conservative members of the Republican Party to vote in favor of PRWORA.[18]
President Clinton found the legislation more conservative than he would have preferred; however, having vetoed two earlier welfare proposals from the Republican-majority Congress, it was considered a political risk to veto a third bill during a campaign season with welfare reform as a central theme.[18] As he signed the bill on August 22, 1996, Clinton stated that the act "gives us a chance we haven't had before to break the cycle of dependency that has existed for millions and millions of our fellow citizens, exiling them from the world of work. It gives structure, meaning and dignity to most of our lives".[20]
After the passage of the bill, Gingrich continued to press for welfare reform and increasing employment opportunities for welfare recipients. In his 1998 book Lessons Learned the Hard Way, Gingrich outlined a multi-step plan to improve economic opportunities for the poor. The plan called for encouraging volunteerism and spiritual renewal, placing more importance on families, creating tax incentives and reducing regulations for businesses in poor neighborhoods, and increasing property ownership for low-income families. Gingrich cited his volunteer work with Habitat for Humanity as an example of where he observed that it was more rewarding for people to be actively involved in improving their lives—by building their own homes—than by receiving welfare payments from the government.[21]
Provisions[edit]
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Overall decline in welfare monthly benefits (in 2006 dollars)[22]
PRWORA proposed TANF as AFDC's replacement. The Congressional findings in PRWORA highlighted dependency, out-of-wedlock birth, and intergenerational poverty as the main contributors to a faulty system.[23] In instituting a block grant program, PRWORA granted states the ability to design their own systems, as long as states met a set of basic federal requirements. The bill's primary requirements and effects included the following:
Ending welfare as an entitlement program;
Requiring recipients to begin working after two years of receiving benefits;
Placing a lifetime limit of five years on benefits paid by federal funds;
Aiming to encourage two-parent families and discouraging out-of-wedlock births;
Enhancing enforcement of child support; and
Requiring state professional and occupational licenses to be withheld from illegal immigrants.[24]
In granting states wider latitude for designing their own programs, some states have decided to place additional requirements on recipients. Although the law placed a time limit for benefits supported by federal funds of no more than two consecutive years and no more than a collective total of five years over a lifetime, some states have enacted briefer limits. All states, however, allowed exceptions to avoid punishing children because their parents have gone over their respective time limits.[citation needed] Federal requirements have ensured some measure of uniformity across states, but the block grant approach has led individual states to distribute federal money in different ways. Certain states more actively encourage education; others use the money to help fund private enterprises helping job seekers.
The legislation also greatly limited funds available for unmarried parents under 18 and restricted any funding to all immigrants.[3] Some state programs emphasized a shift towards work with names such as "Wisconsin Works" and "WorkFirst." Between 1997 and 2000, enormous numbers of the poor have left or been terminated from the program, with a national drop of 53% in total recipients.[25]
According to the House Ways and Means Committee, "The major goal of Public Law 104–193 is to reduce the length of welfare spells by attacking dependency while simultaneously preserving the function of welfare as a safety net for families experiencing temporary financial problems." A major prong in this effort was to improve child support collection rates in an effort to move single parent families off of the welfare rolls, and keep them off. According to the Conference Report. "It is the sense of the Senate that — (a) States should diligently continue their efforts to enforce child support payments by the non-custodial parent to the custodial parent, regardless of the employment status or location of the non-custodial parent".
The reformed child support program attacks this problem by pursuing five major goals: automating many child support enforcement procedures; establishing uniform tracking procedures; strengthening interstate child support enforcement; requiring States to adopt stronger measures to establish paternity; and creating new and stronger enforcement tools to increase actual child support collections. The law envisions a child support system in which all States have similar child support laws, all States share information through the Federal child support office, mass processing of information is routine, and interstate cases are handled expeditiously. Section III (Child Support), Subtitle G (Enforcement of Child Support) contains 14 enforcement measures to improve the collection of child support, including potential denial or revocation of passports. One provision required the State Department to refuse or revoke passports for anyone who owed more than $5,000 in child support. Those provisions were upheld in Weinstein v. Albright (2001), Eunique v Powell (2002), In re James K. Walker (2002), Dept of Revenue v Nesbitt (2008), Risenhoover v. Washington (2008), Borracchini v. Jones (2009), and Dewald v. United States (E.D. MI 2009).
Immigrant welfare[edit]
A lesser known provision of PRWORA made immigrants entering the United States ineligible for federal welfare funds for five years after arriving in the United States. In light of the restrictions to federal funding under the law, states were allowed to grant aid out of their own funds to address the welfare needs of immigrants.
Benefit programs[edit]
Two of the key policies under PRWORA are the inclusion of immigrants in Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and Medicaid. In 2009, 22 states had extended TANF benefits and Medicaid to immigrants.[26] Five states, California, Hawaii, Minnesota, New York, and Washington, provide assistance to some non qualified immigrants. Oftentimes, these policies have had discriminatory effects towards minorities. Race has a strong negative correlation for TANF assistance granted to immigrants. In addition, the immigrant population has a positive correlation with the inclusion of Medicaid coverage considering the positive correlation between higher poverty and inclusion.[27]
Costs to inclusion[edit]
A large body of research examines the way that racial composition, welfare structure, and immigrant population determine how states include immigrants in welfare. Research shows that a larger percentage of African-American recipients leads to stricter rules governing initial eligibility, less flexibility in welfare work requirements, and lower cash benefits to welfare recipients. There is also a negative relationship between cash benefit levels and percentage of welfare recipients.[28] In analyzing the effects of PRWORA, Hero and Preuhs find that the most inclusive states offer more assistance and welfare generosity to immigrants. These states, however, face challenges in allocating funds due to a larger minority population and cut individual benefit levels per recipient. Moreover, these states assess the costs for inclusion based on racial compositions in the state.[29] In terms of TANF benefits, the most inclusive states have had the largest decline in benefit levels. For example, California has seen a 22.6% decrease in TANF benefit levels for a family of three.[30]
Immigrant population density and states’ immigrant Medicaid eligibility rules interactively shape the native-foreign born Medicaid coverage gap. States with lower immigrant populations have negative and significant marginal effects on the native-foreign inequality in Medicaid coverage. Additionally, immigrant eligibility is conditional on the annual changes of states’ immigrant population density; where states with decreases in foreign-born population densities have negative effects on eligibility. Immigration brings states with exclusive Medicaid policies and a small immigrant population increases in the participation gap between native and foreign populations. In states with inclusive Medicaid policies and small immigrant population, immigration does not affect the participation gap. In states with a large immigrant population, immigration decreases social inequality regardless of the Medicaid policy.
Addressing concerns[edit]
Increases in descriptive representation for Latinos offsets the negative effects of Latino population size on social welfare policy. A minority voice in representative bodies acts a mechanism for interest representation and mitigates the effects of racial resentment. Regardless of incorporation, welfare effort and TANF benefits decline as the Latino population grows from a nominal size to 10 percent of the population. After that point, incorporation influences policy in a distinct manner. While incorporation is a function of population, it is not perfectly responsive considering the populations that would perceive benefits (i.e. population greater than 10%) only grew from five states in 1984 to ten in 2001. The remaining states exhibited negative relationships between Latino population and welfare generosity with legislative incorporation not overcoming this phenomenon.[31]
The last major reform effort of PRWORA was in 2002 when the Senate Finance Committee approved a bill to reauthorize legislation to restore some of the benefits stripped by the act. The bill reauthorized federal funds for TANF and healthcare services. The House, however, failed to authorize the bill.[32]
Ban on food stamps for drug felons[edit]
One component of the PWRORA was a lifetime ban on the use of food stamps through the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program for people convicted of drug felonies. Although it applied to all 50 states by default, states were also given the option to opt out of the ban.[33] As of 2014, 40 states had opted out of this policy, while ten had not.[34]
Criticism[edit]
Frances Fox Piven said that the problem with AFDC was not a problem with the welfare system, but with low-wage work:
Logically, but not in the heated and vitriolic politics created by the attack on welfare, a concern with the relationship of welfare to dependency should have directed attention to the deteriorating conditions of the low-wage labor market. After all, if there were jobs that paid living wages, and if health care and child care were available, a great many women on AFDC would leap at the chance of a better income and a little social respect.[35]
Three assistant secretaries at the Department of Health and Human Services, Mary Jo Bane, Peter B. Edelman, and Wendell E. Primus, resigned to protest the law.[36] According to Edelman, the 1996 welfare reform law destroyed the safety net. It increased poverty, lowered income for single mothers, put people from welfare into homeless shelters, and left states free to eliminate welfare entirely. It moved mothers and children from welfare to work, but many of them are not making enough to survive. Many of them were pushed off welfare rolls because they didn't show up for an appointment, because they could not get to an appointment for lack of child care, said Edelman, or because they were not notified of the appointment.[37][38]
Feminist critics, such as Barbara Ehrenreich, said that PRWORA was motivated by racism and misogyny, using stereotypes of lazy, overweight, slovenly, sexually indulgent and "endlessly fecund" African-American welfare recipients. PRWORA assumed that out-of-wedlock births were "illegitimate" and that only a male could confer respectability on a child, said Ehrenreich. PRWORA dismissed the value of the unpaid work of raising a family, and insisted that mothers get paid work, "no matter how dangerous, abusive, or poorly paid".[39][40]
Another criticism placed on the PRWORA by some scholars is that its transition to work provisions negatively affects low-income mothers enrolled in the program ability to find a job. It affects them because the single mothers enrolled in TANF tend to have lower rates of literacy, and therefore finding employment that within the time frame of the "workfare" component becomes more difficult, or leads to underemployment. The scholars who make this point also relate the underemployment to lower income rates among single-mothers enrolled in TANF, defeating the purpose of the transition to work provisions.[41]
Consequences[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2008)
Unemployment rate during the Clinton administration. The orange line indicates when PRWORA was signed.
Welfare and poverty rates both declined during the late 1990s, leading many commentators to declare that the legislation was a success. An editorial in The New Republic opined, "A broad consensus now holds that welfare reform was certainly not a disaster—and that it may, in fact, have worked much as its designers had hoped."[42]
Impact on federal budget[edit]
The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimated in March 1999 that the TANF basic block grant (authorization to spend) would total $16.5 billion annually through 2002, with the amount allocated to each state based on the state's spending history. These block grant amounts proved to be more than the states could initially spend, as AFDC and TANF caseloads dropped by 40% from 1994 to 1998 due to the booming economy. As a result, states had accumulated surpluses which could be spent in future years. States also had the flexibility to use these funds for child care and other programs. CBO also estimated that TANF outlays (actual spending) would total $12.6 billion in fiscal years 1999 and 2000, grow to $14.2 billion by 2002, and reach $19.4 billion by 2009. For scale, total spending in FY 2000 was approximately $2,000 billion, so this represents around 0.6%. Further, CBO estimated that unspent balances would grow from $7.1 billion in 1998 to $25.4 billion by 2005.[43]
Economic impact[edit]
The law's effect goes far beyond the minor budget impact, however. The Brookings Institution reported in 2006 that: "With its emphasis on work, time limits, and sanctions against states that did not place a large fraction of its caseload in work programs and against individuals who refused to meet state work requirements, TANF was a historic reversal of the entitlement welfare represented by AFDC. If the 1996 reforms had their intended effect of reducing welfare dependency, a leading indicator of success would be a declining welfare caseload. TANF administrative data reported by states to the federal government show that caseloads began declining in the spring of 1994 and fell even more rapidly after the federal legislation was enacted in 1996. Between 1994 and 2005, the caseload declined about 60 percent. The number of families receiving cash welfare is now the lowest it has been since 1969, and the percentage of children on welfare is lower than it has been since 1966." The effects were particularly significant on single mothers; the portion of employed single mothers grew from 58% in 1993 to 75% by 2000. Employment among never-married mothers increased from 44% to 66%. The report concluded that: "The pattern is clear: earnings up, welfare down. This is the very definition of reducing welfare dependency."[44]
Impact on crime[edit]
A 2017 study in the American Economic Review, which examined the effects of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996, found that public assistance eligibility for drug offenders reduces one-year recidivism rates by 10 percent.[45]
Criticism[edit]
Critics of the law argue that poverty in America increased from 1979 onward after Reagan's presidential campaign criticized deficit spending[46] and that the temporary large reduction in the number of people collecting welfare was largely a result of steady and strong economic growth in the years following enactment of the law.[47] Political scientist Joe Soss questions the definition of success, asking whether "success", as measured by caseload reduction, was merely a political construction for policy makers to easily claim credit in front of their constituencies. In analyzing the effects of welfare reform, he notes that caseload reduction is not very demanding, especially compared to improving material conditions in poor communities:
The TANF program does not offer benefits sufficient to lift recipients out of poverty, and despite a strong economy, the majority of families who have moved off the TANF rolls have remained in poverty. Considerations of another traditional economic goal, reduction of inequality, only makes matters worse. Welfare reform has coincided with massive growth in income and wealth disparities; it has done little to slow the expansion of inequality and may have actually accelerated the trend. Has welfare reform created job opportunities for the poor? Has it promoted wages that allow low-wage workers to escape poverty? In both of these areas, the economic story remains the same: we have little evidence that reform has produced achievements that warrant the label of success.[25]
Jason DeParle of the New York Times, after interviews with single mothers, said that they have been left without means to survive, and have turned to desperate and sometimes illegal ways to survive, including shoplifting, selling blood, scavenging trash bins, moving in with friends, and returning to violent partners.[48]
Diana Spatz, executive director of Lifetime, a statewide organization of low-income parents in California, advocates for the repeal of PRWORA because it prevents women from doing what she did prior to its passage, earn her bachelor's degree while supported by welfare.[49]
Earned Income Tax Credit Effect[edit]
Besides the economic trends occurring during the passing and implementation of PRWORA; researcher's cannot exactly pinpoint to the exact factors that led to the decrease in enrollment in AFDC/TANF, even in times of economic downturn. Some Labor Economists argue that the continuing decline in AFDC/TANF enrollment was not due to a rise in the standard of living but offset by an exponential growth in the Earned Income Tax Credit, that by 2012 was the largest cash-benefit entitlement program in the United States.[50][51]
Dot Com Bubble and Crash of 2008[edit]
The first real tests for the effects on income and household financial health under PRWORA were the recession caused by the 2001 tech bubble crash and the 2008 economic meltdown cause by the housing bubble and the instability of the financial markets. During these two periods of economic problems, the enrollment in TANF followed a downwards trend. But macroeconomic indicators like the unemployment rate, the number of children in poverty and extreme poverty, and single-parent households below the poverty line followed an upwards trend with sharp increases during the late 2007-2009 recession. Indicating that enrollment in the program didn't track poverty, critics of welfare reform point to this as a failure of the PRWORA.[52][53]
See also[edit]
The 2007–2009 Great Recession in the United States
Social programs in the United States
Child support
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996
Welfare's effect on poverty
International:
Self-Sufficiency Project
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Jump up ^ "The Worst Thing Bill Clinton Has Done", Peter Edelman, The Atlantic Monthly, March 1997
Jump up ^ Ehrenreich, Barbara (2003). A Step Back to the Workhouse?. NYU Press. p. 504. ISBN 0-8147-5654-9.
Jump up ^ Chamber of Welfare Reform, Barbara Ehrenreich, The Progressive, June 21, 2001
Jump up ^ Telleen, Sharon (2002). The transition from welfare to work : processes, challenges, and outcomes. New York: Haworth Press. ISBN 0-7890-1942-6.
Jump up ^ September 4, 2006, editorial on page 7
Jump up ^ "Testimony on CBO's Spending Projections for the TANF and Federal Child Care Programs". CBO. March 16, 1999. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Outcomes of 1996 Welfare Reform". CBO. July 19, 2006. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ S., Yang, Crystal (2017-05-01). "Does Public Assistance Reduce Recidivism?". American Economic Review. 107 (5). doi:10.1257/aer.p20171001&etoc=1. ISSN 0002-8282.
Jump up ^ Athens County Department of Job and Family Services, January 2012, p. 5, Did Welfare Reform Work? Athens, Ohio: Athens County Department of Job and Family Services
Jump up ^ Sawicky, Max (2002). "The Mirage of Welfare Reform". WorkingUSA. 6 (3): 55–69. doi:10.1111/j.1743-4580.2002.00055.x.
Jump up ^ Jason DeParle, "Welfare Limits Left Poor Adrift as Recession Hit", New York Times, April 7, 2012
Jump up ^ Diana Spatz, "The End of Welfare as I Knew It", The Nation, 2 January 2012
Jump up ^ Borjas, George (2013). Labor economics. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0073523200.
Jump up ^ Handler, Joel (2007). Blame welfare, ignore poverty and inequality. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69045-4.
Jump up ^ "Chart Book: TANF at 20 | Center on Budget and Policy Priorities". www.cbpp.org. Retrieved 2016-11-15.
Jump up ^ "Improving Employment Outcomes of TANF Recipients Act : report together with dissenting views (to accompany H.R. 2952) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office)" (PDF). https://www.gpo.gov/. Government Publisher Office. June 28, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016. External link in |website= (help)
Further reading[edit]
Albelda, Randy and Ann Withorn (eds). Lost Ground: Welfare Reform, Poverty, and Beyond. Brooklyn, New York: South End Press, 2002. ISBN 0896086585
Midgley, James (2001). "The United States: Welfare, Work, and Development". International Journal of Social Welfare. 10 (4): 284–293. doi:10.1111/1468-2397.00185. .
Riccucci, Norma M. How Management Matters: Street-Level Bureaucrats and Welfare Reform. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2005.
Sawicky, Max (2002). "The Mirage of Welfare Reform". Working USA. 6 (3): 55–69. doi:10.1111/j.1743-4580.2002.00055.x. .
External links[edit]
Text of PRWORA (PDF from GPO)
PRWORA of 1996
5 Frequently Asked Questions for "TANF Assistance"
Welfare Reform: Searching for a Pattern of Efficiency(analysis of relationship between each state's block grant expenditures and their unemployment rates)
Marlo Donald: The bizarre tale of a "fugitive felon." Repost of New Haven Advocate April 26, 2007 article
Welfare and the Politics of Poverty, a short documentary by Retro Report that examines the 20th anniversary of welfare reform and how it has worked out.
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Sean Astin
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Sean Astin
Astin at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con
Born
Sean Patrick Duke
(1971-02-25) February 25, 1971 (age 47)
Santa Monica, California, U.S.
Alma mater
University of California, Los Angeles
Occupation
Actor, voice actor, director, producer
Years active
1980–present
Spouse(s)
Christine Harrell (m. 1992)
Children
3
Parent(s)
Patty Duke
Michael Tell (biological father)
John Astin (adoptive father)
Relatives
Mackenzie Astin (half-brother)
Website
www.seanastin.com
Sean Patrick Astin (né Duke; February 25, 1971) is an American actor, voice actor, director and producer. He portrayed the roles of Samwise Gamgee in The Lord of the Rings trilogy (2001–2003), Mikey Walsh in The Goonies (1985), the title character of Rudy (1993), Doug in 50 First Dates (2004), Jim Kent in the first season of The Strain (2014), and Bob Newby in the second season of Stranger Things (2017).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Early career
2.2 The Lord of the Rings
2.3 Post-Lord of the Rings
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Video games
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Astin was born in Santa Monica, California, the son of actress Patty Duke (1946–2016).[1][2][3] At the time, it was erroneously reported that entertainer Desi Arnaz Jr. was his biological father. When Michael Tell, a writer, music promoter and publisher of the newspaper The Las Vegas Israelite, came to sublet her apartment and offered to marry her as a way out of the scandal, Duke agreed. The marriage lasted only 13 days in 1970, and ended long before Astin was born.[4][5][6]
On August 5, 1972, Duke married actor John Astin, after having been in a relationship with him for two years. When the wedding guests were invited to speak, 18-month-old Sean looked at John and cried, "Daddy!", to which the Episcopal priest performing the ceremony remarked, "Well, that about does it!"[7] Astin subsequently adopted Sean. In 1973, Duke gave birth to Astin's brother, Mackenzie Astin, who also became an actor. Duke and John Astin divorced in 1985.[8] Duke married Mike Pearce in 1986,[4] and they adopted a son, Kevin, in 1989.[8]
When Astin was 14, Duke told him that Arnaz was his father, and the two developed a relationship. However, in his mid-20s, Astin met a relative of Michael Tell who suggested they were related. Sean set out to find the truth about his biological father, and underwent genetic tests which showed Tell was his biological father.[9] Astin has maintained close relationships with all three, saying, "Desi Arnaz Jr. loves me, and I love him. We are so close...Science tells me...that he's not my biological father. Science tells me that Mike Tell is." Astin considers John his father, as John was the one who raised him. Astin is also close to his stepfather, Mike Pearce, saying, "I can call any of them on the phone any time I want to," says Sean. "John, Desi, Mike or Papa Mike...my four dads."[4]
Astin is of German and Irish ancestry through his mother, and Austrian-Jewish and Polish-Jewish through his biological father.[10][11][12] He attended Catholic school and later became a Protestant,[13] attending a Presbyterian church in Bel Air, Los Angeles.[citation needed]
Astin attended the Crossroads High School for the Arts and undertook master classes at the Stella Adler Conservatory in Los Angeles. He graduated from UCLA with a B.A. in History and English (American literature and culture). An alumnus of Los Angeles Valley College, Astin served on the school's board of directors of the Patrons Association and the Arts Council.[14]
Career[edit]
Early career[edit]
Astin's first acting role was in a 1981 television movie titled Please Don't Hit Me, Mom,[15] in which he played an 8-year-old child with an abusive mother (portrayed by his real-life mother Patty Duke). He made his film debut at age 13 as Mikey in The Goonies (1985).
After The Goonies, Astin appeared in several more films, including the Disney made-for-TV movie, The B.R.A.T. Patrol, opposite Nia Long, Tim Thomerson and Brian Keith; Like Father Like Son (1987); White Water Summer with Kevin Bacon (1987), The War of the Roses (1989); the World War II film Memphis Belle (1990); Toy Soldiers (1991); Encino Man (1992); and the college football biopic Rudy (1993), about the life-changing struggles and rewards of the titular character, Daniel Ruettiger.
In 1994, Astin directed and co-produced (with his wife, Christine Astin) the short film Kangaroo Court, which received an Academy Award nomination for Best Live Action Short Film. Astin continued to appear in films throughout the 1990s, including the Showtime science fiction film Harrison Bergeron (1995), the Gulf War film Courage Under Fire (1996), and the Warren Beatty political satire Bulworth (1998).
The Lord of the Rings[edit]
In the early 2000s, Astin played Samwise Gamgee in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, consisting of The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002), and The Return of the King (2003). Many awards were bestowed upon the trilogy, particularly its final installment, which earned eleven (11) Academy Awards, including Best Picture. Astin received seven award nominations for his own performance, and won five, including the Saturn Award, the Sierra Award, the Seattle Film Critics Award, and the Utah Film Critics Award (all for Best Supporting Actor), and the Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male or Female in an Effects Film.[16] The Return of the King cast as an ensemble received awards from the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures, the Screen Actors Guild, the Broadcast Film Critics Association, and received a Gold Derby Award.[17]
Throughout the filming process, Astin became close friends with several cast members, and became particularly good friends with costar Elijah Wood. Astin's daughter, Alexandra, is in the closing scene of The Return of the King. She plays his onscreen daughter, Elanor Gamgee, who runs out to him as he returns from the harbor (where he said goodbye to Frodo, Bilbo and Gandalf).
While working on The Lord of the Rings, Astin persuaded a number of fellow cast and crew members, including director Peter Jackson, to assist him in making his second short film, The Long and Short of It. The film, which takes place on a street in Wellington, New Zealand, premiered at the 2003 Sundance Film Festival and can be found on the DVD for The Two Towers, along with a "making of" video.
In 2004, Astin released There and Back Again (ISBN 0-312-33146-0), a memoir (co-written with Joe Layden) of his film career with emphasis on his experiences during production of The Lord of the Rings trilogy. The title is derived from the title of J. R. R. Tolkien's novel The Hobbit, as well as the fictional book written by Bilbo Baggins in The Lord of the Rings.
Post-Lord of the Rings[edit]
Astin at UIUC, 2009
Since Lord of the Rings, Astin has continued to work in film and television. His film roles have included the Adam Sandler comedies 50 First Dates and Click. Astin played the role of Malibu High School principal Mike Matthews in the movie Smile.[citation needed]
In television, Astin guest-starred as Lynn McGill throughout the fifth season of the Fox drama 24. He also appeared in the made-for-TV films Hercules and The Colour of Magic and in episodes of Monk, Las Vegas, My Name is Earl (in which he parodied his 1993 film Rudy with co-stars Charles S. Dutton and Chelcie Ross), and Law & Order, among other shows. He directed a 2003 episode of the TV series Angel, titled "Soulless". He played the enigmatic Mr. Smith on the second season of the Showtime series Jeremiah.[citation needed]
Astin's career has also expanded to include voice-over roles. He narrated the American version of the Animal Planet series Meerkat Manor, and voices the title character in the animated Disney Channel series Special Agent Oso.[18] His other voice work includes Balto III: Wings of Change, in which he voiced Kodi, a teenage husky who is the son of the titular character, and the video game Kingdom Hearts, in the latter of which he provided the voice of Hercules, replacing actor Tate Donovan, who was unavailable but would return for Kingdom Hearts II. Astin voiced Raphael in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated series on Nickelodeon, which premiered on September 29, 2012.
In 2010, he joined the Stella Adler Los Angeles Theatre Collective acting company.[19] He and his wife, Christine, are making a movie based on Lois Lowry's Newbery Medal-winning novel Number the Stars.[20][21]
Astin portrays the role of Matthew in The Truth & Life Dramatized audio New Testament Bible, a 22-hour, celebrity-voiced, fully dramatized audio version of the New Testament, which uses the RSV-CE.[citation needed]
In March 2012, Astin played a cosmetic surgeon named Takin Mastuhmik in a fake movie trailer entitled Boobathon which appeared on Funny or Die.[citation needed] In March 2014, Astin played a soldier in Boys of Abu Ghraib, a military thriller inspired by the events that made worldwide news in 2004.[22] In June of that year, he began playing the role of Jim Kent on the FX drama The Strain.[23]
In October 2015, Astin played Hank Erwin in Woodlawn, a story about how a high school football team overcame its problems through following Jesus.[24]
In 2017, Astin had the role of Bob Newby in the second season of the television series Stranger Things.
Personal life[edit]
Astin married Christine Harrell on July 11, 1992. They have three daughters: Alexandra (born November 27, 1996), Elizabeth (born August 6, 2002), and Isabella (born July 22, 2005), all having the middle name Louise.[25] His wife held the Miss Indiana Teen USA title in 1984.[26] Alexandra had a small cameo role in Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King as Elanor Gardner, Astin's character's daughter, and appears in Bad Kids of Crestview Academy as Ethel Balducci.
Astin has a tattoo on his ankle of the word "nine" written with the Tengwar script, commemorating his Lord of the Rings involvement and his character's membership in the Fellowship of the Ring. Seven of the eight other actors (Elijah Wood, Sean Bean, Billy Boyd, Ian McKellen, Dominic Monaghan, Viggo Mortensen and Orlando Bloom) all have the same tattoo. John Rhys-Davies' stunt double, Brett Beattie, has the tattoo as well.[27]
During the 2004 United States presidential election, Astin backed Senator John Kerry and participated in Kerry's campaign rally in Portland, Oregon, as the opening speaker.[28]
In the 2008 presidential election, Astin lent his support to then-Senator Hillary Clinton for the first of her two Presidential campaigns and made multiple campaign appearances on her behalf, including joining Clinton's daughter, Chelsea, at some stops.[29]
In the 2016 presidential election, Astin campaigned for Hillary Clinton in Iowa, Nebraska and Wisconsin.[30]
Astin served as the campaign manager for Democrat Dan Adler, a businessman friend in the entertainment industry, for California's 36th congressional district special election, 2011.[31]
In January 2015, Astin completed the Dopey Challenge at the Walt Disney World Resort which involves running a 5k, 10k, half marathon and full marathon on four consecutive days.[32][33]
On October 10, 2015, Astin competed in the 2015 Ironman World Championship in Kailua Kona, Hawaii. Wearing number 143, Astin finished the race in a time of 15:30:31.[34]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1985 Goonies, TheThe Goonies Mikey Walsh
1987 Like Father Like Son Clarence / Trigger
White Water Summer Alan
1989 War of the Roses, TheThe War of the Roses Josh Rose (age 17)
Staying Together Duncan McDermott
1990 Memphis Belle Sergeant Richard "Rascal" Moore
1991 Toy Soldiers William Tepper
The Willies Michael
1992 Where the Day Takes You Greg
Encino Man Dave Morgan
1993 Rudy Daniel Ruettiger
1994 Safe Passage Izzy Singer
1995 Low Life, TheThe Low Life Andrew
Harrison Bergeron Harrison Bergeron
1996 Courage Under Fire Patella
1997 Wag the Dog Singer[citation needed] uncredited role
1998 Boy Meets Girl Mike
Bulworth Gary
1999 Deterrence Ralph
Kimberly Bob
2000 Dish Dogs Morgan
Last Producer, TheThe Last Producer Bo Pomerantz
Icebreaker Matt Foster
Sky is Falling, TheThe Sky is Falling Mr. Schwartz
2001 Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, TheThe Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring Samwise Gamgee
2002 Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, TheThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers Samwise Gamgee
2003 Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, TheThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King Samwise Gamgee
2004 Balto III: Wings of Change Kodi Voice
Elvis Has Left the Building Aaron
50 First Dates Doug Whitmore
2005 Smile Mike Matthews
Bigger Than the Sky Ken Zorbell
Slipstream Stuart Conway Direct-to-DVD
Marilyn Hotchkiss Ballroom Dancing & Charm School Kip Kipling
Borderland Randall
Thanks to Gravity Coach Amal Direct-to-DVD
2006 What Love Is George Direct-to-VOD
Asterix and the Vikings Justforkix English voice
Click Bill
2007 Final Season, TheThe Final Season Kent Stock
2008 Forever Strong Marcus
Spirit of the Forest Furi Voice role
2009 Stay Cool Big Girl Direct-to-VOD
2011 Demoted Mike Direct-to-VOD
2012 Boobathon Takin Mastuhmik
Amazing Love: The Story of Hosea Stuart Direct-to-DVD
2013 The Freemason Leon Weed Direct-to-DVD
2014 Justice League: War Shazam Voice role
Boys of Abu Ghraib Staff Sergeant Tanner Direct-to-VOD
Cabin Fever: Patient Zero Porter[35] [36] Direct-to-DVD
Moms' Night Out Sean[37][38]
Video Games: The Movie Narrator Documentary
Ribbit Ribbit Voice role
The Hero of Color City Horatio Voice role
The Surface Mitch Direct-to-VOD
2015 Justice League: Throne of Atlantis Shazam Voice role
Do You Believe? Dr. Farell
Woodlawn Hank
Checkmate Dyson
2016 The Do-Over[39] Ted-O
Range 15 Grigsby
Unleashed Carl
2017 Bad Kids of Crestview Academy Headmaster Nash
Dead Ant Art
Espionage Tonight Sam Jacobson
The Lears Tom Cornwall
2018 Gloria Jeremy[40] Post-production
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1981 Please Don't Hit Me, Mom Brian Reynolds Filmed in 1980
1982 The Rules of Marriage Charlie Hagen
1985 The O'Briens The Son
1986 B.R.A.T. Patrol, TheThe B.R.A.T. Patrol Leonard Kinsey
2003 Angel N/A Director (episode: "Soulless")
2003–2004 Jeremiah Mister Smith Main role (Season 2)
2005 Hercules Linus Main role
Into The West Martin Jarrett Miniseries
2005–2007 Meerkat Manor Narrator Seasons 1–3
2006 24 Lynn McGill Main role (Season 5)
2007 Masters of Science Fiction Charlie Kramer Episode: "Watchbird" (unaired in U.S.)
Monk Paul Buchanan Episode: "Mr. Monk Is At Your Service"
My Name Is Earl Salesman Episode: "Get a Real Job"
2008 Terry Pratchett's The Colour of Magic Twoflower Movie
Law & Order Pastor Hensley Episode: "Angelgrove"
2009–2012 Special Agent Oso Agent Oso Voice role (22 episodes)
2011 Love's Christmas Journey Mayor Wayne Movie
2012 NCIS Tyler Elliot Episode: "The Tell"
Adopting Terror Tim Movie
Dorothy and the Witches of Oz Frack Miniseries
Hollywood Treasure Himself Episode: "Riddler Rudy and the Ruby Slippers"
Franklin and Bash Viper Episode: "Viper"
Alphas Mitchell 2 episodes
2012–2017 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Raphael Voice role
2013 Santa Switch Eddie[41] Movie
2014 The Strain Jim Kent Main role (9 episodes)
2015, 2017 Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero Blaze Voice role (4 episodes)[42][43]
2016 The Loud House Loni Voice role (episode: "One of the Boys")[44]
The Librarians Kirby Goulding Episode: "And the Tears of a Clown"
2016–present Justice League Action Billy Batson / Shazam Voice role
Bunnicula Chester Voice role
2017 Stranger Things Bob Newby Main role (7 episodes)
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2002 Kingdom Hearts Hercules English version
2003 The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King Samwise Gamgee
2004 Men of Valor Pat 'Mouth' Hodges
2006 The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II - The Rise of the Witch-king Samwise Gamgee
2010 The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest
2012 Lego The Lord of the Rings Archive recordings
2013 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Raphael
2015 Lego Dimensions Samwise Gamgee
2016 Minecraft: Story Mode Reginald
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Work
Result
1985 Young Artist Awards Best Starring Performance by a Young Actor – Motion Picture The Goonies Won
1989 Best Young Actor Starring in a Motion Picture Staying Together Won
1991 Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast in a Motion Picture Toy Soldiers Nominated
1994 Academy Awards Best Live Action Short Film Kangaroo Court Nominated
2001 Online Film & Television Association Best Ensemble[citation needed] The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring Won
Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated
2002 MTV Movie Awards MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Team (shared with Elijah Wood and Gollum/Andy Serkis) The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers Won
Visual Effects Society Best Performance by an Actor in an Effects Film (shared with Elijah Wood and Andy Serkis) Won
Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated
2003 Chicago Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King Won
National Board of Review Best Cast Won
Online Film & Television Association Best Ensemble[citation needed] Won
Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actor Won
Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Won
Visual Effects Society Outstanding Male or Female Actor Won
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Ensemble Nominated
2014 Utah Film Awards Best Actor[45] The Freemason Won
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Astin, Sean (Patrick), Encyclopedia.com; retrieved March 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Personal Biography", seanastin.com; retrieved March 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sean Astin profile". IGN. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sean Astin's Childhood With Patty Duke". ABC News. July 31, 2004. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sean Astin Q&A at GenCon 2003". TheOneRing.net. August 1, 2003. Retrieved December 13, 2006.
Jump up ^ Barrett, Victoria (December 19, 2003). "I don't want to play the fat guy or the friend all my life". London, UK: Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved December 13, 2006.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Lois (October 17, 1977). "For Taming Precocious Patty Duke, John Astin Is a Miracle Worker". People. Vol. 8, No. 16
^ Jump up to: a b "Patty Duke Biography". Bio.. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dam, Julie K.L; Jordan, Julie (January 14, 2002). "Hobbit Forming". People Magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved January 11, 2016. DNA tests ... proved Tell to be his father.
Jump up ^ "Sean Astin Q&A at GenCon 2003 | Hobbit Movie News and Rumors". TheOneRing.net. August 1, 2003. Retrieved May 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Heritage of Michael Tell". Retrieved February 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Heritage of Beatrice Goldstein Michael Tell's mother)" United States Census. www.familysearch.com Published April 14–15, 1930. Accessed October 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, John W. (August 2013). "Sean Astin talks about his eclectic faith journey, his love of animals and his role in an upcoming Christian comedy from the Erwin Brothers". Beliefnet. Archived from the original on August 10, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2014. JWK: I understand that you're a Presbyterian now. SA: Lutheran, technically now, I think...
Jump up ^ "Sean Astin '97". alumni.ucla.edu. 2015-05-22. Retrieved 2016-03-28.
Jump up ^ "IMDb Trivia Page for Please Don't Hit Me, Mom". Retrieved December 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "IMDb Awards Listing for Sean Astin". Retrieved December 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "IMDb Awards Listing for The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King". Retrieved December 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Banks, Dave (June 11, 2009). "Q&A With Sean Astin – Star of Disney's New Kids' Show Special Agent Oso". wired.com. Condé Nast Digital. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Stella Adler Los Angeles Theatre Collective Announces Inaugural Season 2010/02/26". Losangeles.broadwayworld.com. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ Marilyn Beck; Stacy Jenel Smith (July 16, 2011). "Diahann Carroll Diamond Birthday Arrives, PBS Special Soon to Air". Beck/Smith Hollywood. Wordpress. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lava Entertainment. "Number The Stars". Number The Stars. Lava Entertainment. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Boys of Abu Ghraib: Full Cast & Crew". imdb.com. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Strain: Cast & Crew". FX Networks. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Funaro, Vincent (August 30, 2015). "'Woodlawn' Movie Depicts True Life Story of 40-Person Football Team Coming to Christ During Height of '70s Desegregation". The Christian Post. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Personal Biography", seanastin.com; retrieved December 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Past Titleholders: Miss Indiana Teen USA". missindianausa.com. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Xavier (July 2015). "The Matching Tattoos of 'the Lord of the Rings' Cast". tattoodo.com. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Calisuri and Corvar and Arathorn (May 17, 2004). "Sean Astin at Portland, OR Rally for John Kerry". TheOneRing.net. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Chelsea Clinton, 'Rudy' start to stump at IU". Indiana Daily Student. March 24, 2008. Archived from the original on June 15, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Weis, Alyssa. "Hobbit Star Stumps for Clinton". WOI-DT (Local ABC 5). Retrieved August 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pappas, Alex (May 18, 2011). "Sean Astin's candidate gets less than 300 votes". The Daily Caller. The Daily Caller. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "2015 Dopey Challenge Full Results" (PDF). TrackShackResults.com. April 21, 2015. p. 5. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rodriguez, Ashley (January 4, 2017). "How to Recover from the Dopey Challenge". Runner's World. Disney's 48.6-mile Dopey Challenge [... i]s no easy feat. While plenty of runners have finished 5Ks, 10Ks, half marathons, and marathons, few have done them back-to-back over the course of four days.
Jump up ^ "IRONMAN World Championship Results". Ironman World Championship. World Triathlon Corporation. October 10, 2015. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Doc Rotten (March 8, 2014). "Film Review: Cabin Fever: Patient Zero (2014)". horrornews.net. Retrieved July 29, 2014. Sean Astin steps into the role of Mr. Porter
Jump up ^ Collis, Clark (July 23, 2014). "Sean Astin bugs out in 'Cabin Fever: Patient Zero' clip". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Erwin Brothers Wrap Filming On Family Comedy 'MOMS' NIGHT OUT'" (Press release). Birmingham, Alabama: Sony Pictures. PR Newswire. June 24, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2014. ... a wife and her husband, played by Grey's Anatomy's Sarah Drew as Allyson and Sean Astin as Sean
Jump up ^ Law, Jeannie (January 21, 2014). "'Moms' Night Out' Movie Featuring Patricia Heaton, Sean Astin, and Sarah Drew Portrays 'Christians in a Positive Light'". BREATHEcast. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Evry, Max (March 21, 2016). "The Do-Over Trailer: Adam Sandler is Back in Action on Netflix". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (November 29, 2017). "Sean Astin Joins Julianne Moore In 'Gloria'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 26, 2017. Astin will play Jeremy
Jump up ^ "Breaking News". The Futon Critic. October 8, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Penn Zero: Become A Part-Time Hero with Sam Levine, Jared Bush, and Balls". Comicbook.com. March 27, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Disney Channel PR twitter feed". Twitter. September 30, 2015. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "One of the Boys". tv.com. CBS Interactive. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2014 Winners". Utah Film Awards. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
Further reading[edit]
Dye, David. Child and Youth Actors: Filmography of Their Entire Careers, 1914–1985. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1988, p. 7.
Holmstrom, John. The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995. Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, pp. 385–386.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sean Astin.
Official website
Sean Astin on IMDb
Sean Astin at AllMovie
[show]
Awards for Sean Astin
[show]
v
t
e
Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble
2000s
2001
Gosford Park
Eileen Atkins, Bob Balaban, Alan Bates, Charles Dance, Stephen Fry, Michael Gambon, Richard E. Grant, Tom Hollander, Derek Jacobi, Kelly Macdonald, Helen Mirren, Jeremy Northam, Clive Owen, Ryan Phillippe, Maggie Smith, Geraldine Somerville, Kristin Scott Thomas, Sophie Thompson, Emily Watson, James Wilby
2002
Chicago
Christine Baranski, Ekaterina Shchelkanova, Taye Diggs, Denise Faye, Colm Feore, Richard Gere, Deidre Goodwin, Queen Latifah, Lucy Liu, Susan Misner, Mýa, John C. Reilly, Dominic West, Renée Zellweger, Catherine Zeta-Jones
2003
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
Sean Astin, Sean Bean, Cate Blanchett, Orlando Bloom, Billy Boyd, Bernard Hill, Ian Holm, Ian McKellen, Dominic Monaghan, Viggo Mortensen, John Noble, Miranda Otto, John Rhys-Davies, Andy Serkis, Liv Tyler, Karl Urban, Hugo Weaving, David Wenham, Elijah Wood
2004
Sideways
Thomas Haden Church, Paul Giamatti, Virginia Madsen, Sandra Oh
2005
Crash
Christopher "Ludacris" Bridges, Sandra Bullock, Don Cheadle, Matt Dillon, Jennifer Esposito, William Fichtner, Brendan Fraser, Terrence Howard, Thandie Newton, Ryan Phillippe, Larenz Tate
2006
Little Miss Sunshine
Alan Arkin, Abigail Breslin, Steve Carell, Toni Collette, Paul Dano, Greg Kinnear
2007
Hairspray
Nikki Blonsky, Amanda Bynes, Paul Dooley, Zac Efron, Allison Janney, Elijah Kelley, Queen Latifah, James Marsden, Michelle Pfeiffer, Brittany Snow, Jerry Stiller, John Travolta, Christopher Walken
2008
Milk
Josh Brolin, Joseph Cross, James Franco, Victor Garber, Emile Hirsch, Diego Luna, Denis O'Hare, Sean Penn, Alison Pill
2009
Inglourious Basterds
Daniel Brühl, August Diehl, Julie Dreyfus, Michael Fassbender, Sylvester Groth, Jacky Ido, Diane Kruger, Mélanie Laurent, Denis Ménochet, Mike Myers, Brad Pitt, Eli Roth, Til Schweiger, Rod Taylor, Christoph Waltz, Martin Wuttke
2010s
2010
The Fighter
Amy Adams, Christian Bale, Melissa Leo, Jack McGee, Mark Wahlberg
2011
The Help
Jessica Chastain, Viola Davis, Bryce Dallas Howard, Allison Janney, Chris Lowell, Ahna O'Reilly, Sissy Spacek, Octavia Spencer, Mary Steenburgen, Emma Stone, Cicely Tyson, Mike Vogel
2012
Silver Linings Playbook
Bradley Cooper, Robert De Niro, Anupam Kher, Jennifer Lawrence, Chris Tucker, Jacki Weaver
2013
American Hustle
Amy Adams, Christian Bale, Louis C.K., Bradley Cooper, Jack Huston, Jennifer Lawrence, Alessandro Nivola, Michael Peña, Jeremy Renner, Elisabeth Röhm, Shea Whigham
2014
Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)
Zach Galifianakis, Michael Keaton, Edward Norton, Andrea Riseborough, Amy Ryan, Emma Stone, Naomi Watts
2015
Spotlight
Billy Crudup, Brian d'Arcy James, Michael Keaton, Rachel McAdams, Mark Ruffalo, Liev Schreiber, John Slattery, Stanley Tucci
2016
Moonlight
Mahershala Ali, Patrick Decile, Alex R. Hibbert, Naomie Harris, André Holland, Jharrel Jerome, Janelle Monáe, Jaden Piner, Trevante Rhodes, Ashton Sanders
2017
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri
Abbie Cornish, Peter Dinklage, Woody Harrelson, John Hawkes, Lucas Hedges, Željko Ivanek, Caleb Landry Jones, Frances McDormand, Clarke Peters, Sam Rockwell, Samara Weaving
[show]
v
t
e
MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo
Best On-Screen Duo
Dana Carvey & Mike Myers (1992)
Mel Gibson & Danny Glover (1993)
Harrison Ford & Tommy Lee Jones (1994)
Sandra Bullock & Keanu Reeves (1995)
Chris Farley & David Spade (1996)
Nicolas Cage & Sean Connery (1997)
John Travolta & Nicolas Cage (1998)
Jackie Chan & Chris Tucker (1999)
Mike Myers & Verne Troyer (2000)
Mark Wahlberg & Seth MacFarlane (2013)
Vin Diesel & Paul Walker (2014)
Zac Efron & Dave Franco (2015)
Hugh Jackman & Dafne Keen (2017)
Best On-Screen Team
Drew Barrymore, Cameron Diaz & Lucy Liu (2001)
Vin Diesel & Paul Walker (2002)
Sean Astin, Andy Serkis & Elijah Wood (2003)
Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore (2004)
Lindsay Lohan, Rachel McAdams, Lacey Chabert & Amanda Seyfried (2005)
Vince Vaughn & Owen Wilson (2006)
Best Cast
Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint, Emma Watson & Tom Felton (2012)
[show]
v
t
e
Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor
Marty Feldman (1974/75)
Jay Robinson (1976)
Alec Guinness (1977)
Burgess Meredith (1978)
Arte Johnson (1979)
Scatman Crothers (1980)
Burgess Meredith (1981)
Richard Lynch (1982)
John Lithgow (1983)
Tracey Walter (1984)
Roddy McDowall (1985)
Bill Paxton (1986)
Richard Dawson (1987)
Robert Loggia (1988)
Thomas F. Wilson (1989/90)
William Sadler (1991)
Robin Williams (1992)
Lance Henriksen (1993)
Gary Sinise (1994)
Brad Pitt (1995)
Brent Spiner (1996)
Vincent D'Onofrio (1997)
Ian McKellen (1998)
Michael Clarke Duncan (1999)
Willem Dafoe (2000)
Ian McKellen (2001)
Andy Serkis (2002)
Sean Astin (2003)
David Carradine (2004)
Mickey Rourke (2005)
Ben Affleck (2006)
Javier Bardem (2007)
Heath Ledger (2008)
Stephen Lang (2009)
Andrew Garfield (2010)
Andy Serkis (2011)
Clark Gregg (2012)
Ben Kingsley (2013)
Richard Armitage (2014)
Adam Driver (2015)
John Goodman (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film
1979–1990
Dennis Christopher (1979)
Justin Henry (1980)
Ricky Schroder (1981)
Henry Thomas (1982)
C. Thomas Howell (1983)
Anthony Michael Hall (1984)
Sean Astin (1985)
Peter Billingsley (1986)
River Phoenix (1987)
Fred Savage (1987)
Patrick Dempsey (1987)
Corey Feldman (1987)
Christian Bale (1988)
Corey Feldman (1988)
Corey Haim (1988)
Lukas Haas (1988)
Sean Astin (1989)
Macaulay Culkin (1990)
1991–2010
Ethan Embry (1991)
Elijah Wood (1993)
Edward Furlong (1994)
Jason James Richter (1994)
Mason Gamble (1994)
Brad Renfro (1995)
Wil Horneff (1996)
Lucas Black (1997)
Blake Heron (1998)
Kevin Zegers (1998)
Miko Hughes (1999)
Haley Joel Osment (2000)
Rob Brown (2001)
Anton Yelchin (2002)
Tyler Hoechlin (2003)
Jeremy Sumpter (2004)
Jamie Bell (2005)
Josh Hutcherson (2006)
Logan Lerman (2007)
Josh Hutcherson (2008)
Nate Hartley (2009)
Max Records (2010)
2011–present
Jaden Smith (2011)
Dakota Goyo (2012)
Tom Holland (2013)
Miles Elliot (2014)
Reese Hartwig (2015)
Michael Grant (2016)
Julian Feder (2017)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb14022833s (data)
GND: 129650722
ISNI: 0000 0001 0887 0578
LCCN: n85151564
SUDOC: 186037066
VIAF: 34656483
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sean_Astin&oldid=839813417"
Categories:
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values: Шон Астин – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: சீன் ஆஸ்டின் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: ฌอน แอสติน – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Шон Астін – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Sean_Astin rootpage-Sean_Astin skin-vector action-view