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Articles of association
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For the articles adopted by the First Continental Congress in 1774, see Continental Association.
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In corporate governance, a company's articles of association (AoA, called articles of incorporation in some jurisdictions) is a document which, along with the memorandum of association (in cases where the memorandum exists) form the company's constitution, defines the responsibilities of the directors, the kind of business to be undertaken, and the means by which the shareholders exert control over the board of directors.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Other countries
3 Contents
4 Directors
5 Shareholders
6 Memorandum of association
7 Board meetings
8 Annual general meeting
9 Resolutions
10 Model articles of association
11 Companies Act 2006
12 See also
13 Notes
14 External links
Overview[edit]
A company is an incorporated body so there should be some rules and regulations formed for the management of its internal affairs and conduct of its business as well as the relation between the members and the company. Moreover, the rights and duties of its members and the company are to be recorded. This is why Articles of Association are necessary. The Articles of Association is a document that contains the purpose of the company as well as the duties and responsibilities of its members defined and recorded clearly. It is an important document which needs to be filed with the Registrar of Companies.
Other countries[edit]
The term articles of association of a company, or articles of incorporation, of an American or Canadian Company, are often simply referred to as articles (and are often capitalized as an abbreviation for the full term). The Articles are a requirement for the establishment of a company under the law of India, the United Kingdom, Nigeria, Pakistan and many other countries. Together with the memorandum of association, they are the constitution of a company. The equivalent term for LLC is Articles of Organization. Roughly equivalent terms operate in other countries, such as Gesellschaftsvertrag in Germany, statuts in France, statut in Poland,[1] Ukrainian: статут (Latin: statut) in Ukraine, Jeong-gwan in South Korea.
In South Africa, from the new Companies Act 2008 which commenced in 2011, articles and memoranda of association have been replaced by a "memorandum of incorporation" or "MOI". The MOI gives considerably more scope to vary how to the company is governed than the previous arrangement.[2][3]
Contents[edit]
The following is largely based on British Company Law, references which are made at the end of this Article.
The Articles can cover a medley of topics, not all of which is required in a country's law. Although all terms are not discussed, they may cover:
The issuing of shares (also called stock), different voting rights attached to different classes of shares
Valuation of intellectual rights, say, the valuations of the IPR of one partner and, in a similar way as how we value real estate of another partner
The appointments of directors - which shows whether a shareholder dominates or shares equality with all of the contributors
Directors meetings - the quorum and percentage of vote
Management decisions - whether the board manages or a founder
Transferability of shares - assignment rights of the founders or other members of the company do
Special voting rights of a Chairman, and his/her mode of election
The dividend policy - a percentage of profits to be declared when there is profit or otherwise
Winding up - the conditions, notice to members
Confidentiality of know-how and the founders' agreement and penalties for disclosure
First right of refusal - purchase rights and counter-bid by a founder
Directors[edit]
A Company is essentially run by the shareholders, but for convenience, and day-to-day working, by the elected Directors. Usually, the shareholders elect a Board of Directors (BOD) at the Annual General Meeting (AGM), which may be statutory (e.g. India).
The number of Directors depends on the size of the Company and statutory requirements. The Chairperson is generally a well-known outsider but he /she may be a working Executive of the company, typically of an American Company. The Directors may, or may not, be employees of the Company.
Shareholders[edit]
In the emerging countries there are usually some major shareholders who come together to form the company. Each usually has the right to nominate, without objection of the other, a certain number of Directors who become nominees for the election by the shareholder body at the AGM. The Treasurer and Chairperson is usually the privilege of one of the JV partners (which nomination can be shared). Shareholders may also elect Independent Directors (from the public). The Chair would be a person not associated with the promoters of the company, a person is generally a well-known outsider. Once elected, the BOD manages the Company. The shareholders play no part till the next AGM/EGM.
Memorandum of association[edit]
The Objectives and the purpose of the Company are determined in advance by the shareholders and the Memorandum of Association (MOA), if separate, which denotes the name of the Company, its Head- Office, street address, and (founding) Directors and the main purposes of the Compan for public access. It cannot be changed except at an AGM or Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM) and statutory allowance. The MOA is generally filed with a Registrar of Companies who is an appointee of the Government of the country. For their assurance, the shareholders are permitt of the Memorandum of Association. Any matter in the Articles of Association not within the scope of the Memorandum of Association of the company is void.
Board meetings[edit]
The Board meets several times each year. At each meeting there is an 'agenda' before it. A minimum number of Directors (a quorum) is required to meet. This is either determined by the 'by-laws' or is a statutory requirement. It is presided over by the Chairperson, or in his absence, by the Vice-Chair. The Directors survey their area of responsibility. They may determine to make a 'Resolution' at the next AGM or if it is an urgent matter, at an EGM. The Directors who are the electives of one major shareholder, may present his/her view but this is not necessarily so - they may have to view the Objectives of the Company and competitive position. The Chair may have to break the vote if there is a tie. At the AGM, the various Resolutions are put to vote.
Annual general meeting[edit]
The AGM is called with a notice sent to all shareholders with a clear interval. A certain quorum of shareholders is required to meet. If the quorum requirement is not met, it is canceled and another Meeting called. If it at that too a quorum is not met, a Third Meeting may be called and the members present, unlimited by the quorum, take all decisions. There are variations to this among companies and countries.
Decisions are taken by a show of hands; the Chair is always present. Where decisions are made by a show of hands is challenged, it is met by a count of votes. Voting can be taken in person or by marking the paper sent by the Company. A person who is not a shareholder of the Company can vote if he/she has the 'proxy', an authorization from the shareholder. Each share carries the number of votes attached to it. Some votes maybe for the decision, others not.
Resolutions[edit]
There are two types of resolutions, known as an Ordinary Resolution and a Special Resolution.
A Special Resolution can be tabled at a Director's Meeting. The Ordinary Resolution requires the endorsement by a majority vote, sometimes easily met by partners' vote. The Special Resolution requires a 60,70 or 80% of the vote as stipulated by the constitution of the Company. Shareholders other than partners may vote. The matters which require the Ordinary and Special Resolution to be passed are enumerated in Company or Corporate Law. Special Resolutions covering some topics may be a statutory requirement.
Model articles of association[edit]
In the United Kingdom, model articles of association, known as Table A have been published since 1865.[4] The articles of association of most companies incorporated prior to 1 October 2009 – particularly small companies – are Table A, or closely derived from it. However, a company is free to incorporate under different articles of association, or to amend its articles of association at any time by a special resolution of its shareholders, provided that they meet the requirements and restrictions of the Companies Acts. Such requirements tend to be more onerous for public companies than for private ones. In Hong Kong, the Companies Registry provides four samples of model Articles of Association[5], and they are known as Sample A, B, C, and D respectively[6][7][8][9]. Sample A and B are both designed for a private company (the most common company type). Sample C for a public company. Sample D for a company limited by guarantee. Apparently, the Hong Kong Companies Registry decided to give more than one sample of model Articles of Association rather than one size fits all.
Companies Act 2006[edit]
The Companies Act 2006 received Royal Assent on 8 November 2006 and was fully implemented on 1 October 2009. It provides a new form of Model Articles for companies incorporated in the United Kingdom. Under the new legislation, the articles of association will become the single constitutional document for a UK company, and will subsume the majority of the role previously filled by the separate memorandum of association.[10]
See also[edit]
List of company registers
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Articles of Agreement Law & Legal Definition
Jump up ^ Delport, Piet "The New Companies Act Manual" (Lexis Nexis)
Jump up ^ How to make your MOI "mooi"
Jump up ^ Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 - Table B
Jump up ^ http://www.cr.gov.hk/en/faq/faq01.htm#06
Jump up ^ http://www.cr.gov.hk/en/companies_ordinance/docs/AA_Sample_A.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.cr.gov.hk/en/companies_ordinance/docs/AA_Sample_B.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.cr.gov.hk/en/companies_ordinance/docs/AA_Sample_C.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.cr.gov.hk/en/companies_ordinance/docs/AA_Sample_D.pdf
Jump up ^ Under the law prior to the 2006 Act, in the event of any inconsistency between the memorandum and the articles, the memorandum usually prevailed: see Ashbury v Watson (1885) 30 Ch D 376.
External links[edit]
Legislation.gov.uk
Companies House (for England, Wales and Scotland)
Articles of Association (Table A)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Articles_of_association&oldid=847268040"
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Time in the United States
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Time in the United States, by law, is divided into nine standard time zones covering the states and its possessions, with most of the United States observing daylight saving time (DST) for approximately the spring, summer, and fall months. The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. Official and highly precise timekeeping services (clocks) are provided by two federal agencies: the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (an agency of the Department of Commerce); and its military counterpart, the United States Naval Observatory (USNO). The clocks run by these services are kept synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations.
It is the combination of the time zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services, which determines the legal civil time for any U.S. location at any moment.
Map of U.S. time zones between April 2, 2006, and March 11, 2007. The current situation is different only in that several Indiana counties are now in the eastern time zone instead of the central time zone.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 From GMT to UTC
2 United States time zones
2.1 Standard time and daylight saving time
2.2 Zones used in the contiguous U.S.
2.3 Zones used in states beyond the contiguous U.S.
2.4 Zones outside the states
2.5 Minor Outlying Islands
2.6 Antarctic research stations
3 Boundaries between the zones
3.1 Eastern/Central boundary
3.2 Central/Mountain boundary
3.3 Mountain/Pacific boundary
4 Daylight saving time
5 Time representation
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Prior to the adoption of four standard time zones for the continental United States, many towns and cities set clocks based on sunsets and sunrises at their locations and by observing the Sun's zenith at noon (mean solar time). Dawn and dusk occur at different times but time differences between distant locations were barely noticeable prior to the 19th century because of long travel times and the lack of long-distance instant communications prior to the development of the telegraph.
The use of local solar time became increasingly awkward as railways and telecommunications improved.[1] American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s. Each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a serious problem for people travelling by train (sometimes hundreds of miles in a day), according to the Library of Congress. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from. Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, but this was only a partial solution to the problem.[1]
Operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18, 1883, when the telegraph lines transmitted time signals to all major cities.[2]
In October 1884, the International Meridian Conference at Washington DC adopted a proposal which stated that the prime meridian for longitude and timekeeping should be one that passes through the centre of the transit instrument at the Greenwich Observatory in the United Kingdom (UK). The conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) as the world's time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in which all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian.[1]
From GMT to UTC[edit]
GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) in 1960, when the International Radio Consultative Committee formalized the concept of Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated as UTC. It is, within about 1 second, mean solar time at 0°.[3] It does not observe daylight saving time. It is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, but GMT is no longer precisely defined by the scientific community.
United States time zones[edit]
Standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260.[4] The federal law also establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs, if observed. It is ultimately the authority of the Secretary of Transportation, in coordination with the states, to determine which regions will observe which of the standard time zones and if they will observe daylight saving time.[5] As of August 9, 2007, the standard time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC.[6] Prior to this they were based upon the mean solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich (GMT).
Only the full-time zone names listed below are official; abbreviations are by common use conventions, and duplicated elsewhere in the world for different time zones.
The United States uses nine standard time zones. As defined by US law[7] they are:
The Atlantic standard time zone
The Eastern standard time zone
The Central standard time zone
The Mountain standard time zone
The Pacific standard time zone
The Alaska standard time zone
The Hawaii–Aleutian standard time zone
The Samoa standard time zone
The Chamorro standard time zone
View the standard time zone boundaries here.
Standard time and daylight saving time[edit]
Time Zone
Standard Time
Daylight Time
States in Zone
Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone HST (UTC−10:00) HDT (UTC−09:00) Alaska, Hawaii (no DST)
Alaska Time Zone AKST (UTC−09:00) AKDT (UTC−08:00) Alaska
Pacific Time Zone PST (UTC−08:00) PDT (UTC−07:00) California, Washington, Oregon, Nevada, Idaho
Mountain Time Zone MST (UTC−07:00) MDT (UTC−06:00) Arizona (no DST outside of Navajo Nation), Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Wyoming
Central Time Zone CST (UTC−06:00) CDT (UTC−05:00) Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin
Eastern Time Zone EST (UTC−05:00) EDT (UTC−04:00) Connecticut, Florida, District of Columbia, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia
Zones used in the contiguous U.S.[edit]
From east to west, the times zones of the contiguous United States are:
The Eastern standard time zone: (Zone R), which comprises roughly the states on the Atlantic coast and the eastern two thirds of the Ohio Valley.
The Central standard time zone: (Zone S), which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, and Great Plains.
The Mountain standard time zone: (Zone T), which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains.
The Pacific standard time zone: (Zone U), which comprises roughly the states on the Pacific coast, plus Nevada and the Idaho panhandle.
Zones used in states beyond the contiguous U.S.[edit]
The Alaska standard time zone: (AKST; UTC−09:00; Zone V), which comprises most of the state of Alaska.
The Hawaii-Aleutian standard time zone: (or unofficially Hawaii Standard Time: HST) (HAST; UTC−10:00; zone W), which includes Hawaii and most of the length of the Aleutian Islands chain (west of 169°30′W).
Zones outside the states[edit]
The Atlantic standard time zone: (AST; UTC−04:00; Zone Q), which comprises Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
The Samoa standard time zone (SST; UTC−11:00; Zone X), which comprises American Samoa.
The Chamorro standard time zone: (ChST; UTC+10:00; Zone K), which comprises Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands.
Minor Outlying Islands[edit]
Some United States Minor Outlying Islands are outside the time zones defined by 15 U.S.C. §260 and exist in waters defined by Nautical time. In practice, military crews may simply use Zulu time (UTC±00:00) when on these islands. Baker Island and Howland Island are in UTC−12, while Wake Island is in UTC+12:00. Because they exist on opposite sides of the International Date Line, it can, for example, be noon Thursday on Baker and Howland islands while simultaneously being noon Friday on Wake Island. Other outlying islands include Jarvis Island, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, and Kingman Reef (UTC−11:00); Johnston Atoll (UTC−10:00); and Navassa Island, Bajo Nuevo Bank, and Serranilla Bank (UTC−05:00).
Antarctic research stations[edit]
See also: Time in Antarctica
In Antarctica, the US research facility Palmer Station is in UTC−03:00, while McMurdo Station and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station use UTC+12:00 in order to coordinate with their main supply base in New Zealand.
Boundaries between the zones[edit]
(Described from north to south along each boundary.)
Eastern/Central boundary[edit]
Marker showing the border of Wayne County, Kentucky, and the Eastern Time Zone
Time in Indiana: red areas belong to the Central Time Zone.
roughly follows the border between Wisconsin (to the south and west) and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (to the north and east); the Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin (namely Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, and Menominee counties) observe CT, all other counties in the U.P. observe ET
follows Lake Michigan
divides a small portion of Northwestern Indiana near Chicago from the rest of the state
follows the border between Illinois (west) and Indiana (east)
divides a small portion of Southwestern Indiana from the rest of the state
divides Kentucky in half roughly along a line that is west of Louisville, Kentucky running from northwest to southeast.
divides the region legally defined as East Tennessee, except for four counties adjoining Middle Tennessee, from the rest of Tennessee.
follows the border between Alabama (west) and Georgia (east)
divides the Florida Panhandle along the Apalachicola River and Intracoastal Waterway just west of Tallahassee, Florida.
Central/Mountain boundary[edit]
divides the southwest portion of North Dakota from the rest of the state
divides South Dakota roughly in half
divides the western third of Nebraska from the rest of the state
divides a very small portion of extreme western Kansas bordering Colorado (Greeley, Hamilton, Sherman, and Wallace counties) from the rest of the state (three other counties which border Colorado—Cheyenne, Morton, and Stanton counties—observe CST)
follows the border between New Mexico (west) and Oklahoma (east)
follows the border between New Mexico (west) and Texas (east)
divides El Paso County, Hudspeth County, and a portion of northern Culberson County that includes eastern Guadalupe Mountains National Park from the rest of Texas
Mountain/Pacific boundary[edit]
follows the border between northern Idaho (to the west) and northwestern Montana (to the east)
turns west at 45°33.46′N 114°33.89′W / 45.55767°N 114.56483°W / 45.55767; -114.56483 (just south of Nez Perce Pass), and follows the Idaho County line to the Salmon River
follows the Salmon River west to the town of Riggins, where the Salmon River turns north. This puts almost all of northern Idaho in the Pacific time zone, except for the small loop described next.
turns north and follows the Salmon River to the Snake River at the Oregon border (at 45°51.3′N 116°47.5′W / 45.8550°N 116.7917°W / 45.8550; -116.7917). Interestingly, this loop to the north creates a curious situation where one can enter a more-westerly time zone by traveling east over one of the bridges across this portion of the Salmon River.
turns south and follows the Snake River between Oregon (west) and Idaho (east) to the northern border of Malheur County, Oregon
turns west and follows the northern border of Malheur County, Oregon to its western border, where it turns south
follows the western border of Malheur County to latitude 42.45° (42°27′ N), where it turns east, and returns to the Oregon/Idaho border
turns south and follows the border between Oregon (west) and Idaho (east)
turns east and follows the border between Idaho (north) and Nevada (south) along the 42nd parallel north to longitude 114.041726 W.
turns south and follows the border between Nevada (west) and Utah (east), except for following the west city limit line of West Wendover dividing it from the rest of Nevada, and putting it in the mountain time zone. Jackpot, Nevada, just south of the 42nd parallel and some 25 miles (40 km) west of the time zone south turn, also observes Mountain Time, on an unofficial basis.
follows the border between Nevada (west) and Arizona (east)
follows the border between California (west) and Arizona (east), as defined by the Colorado river, to the border between the U.S. and Mexico.
Daylight saving time[edit]
Main article: Daylight saving time in the United States
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time (DST) for an additional month beginning in 2007. The start of DST now occurs on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November.
Clocks will be set ahead one hour at 2 a.m. on the following start dates and set back one hour at 2 a.m. on these ending dates:
Year
Start date
Ending date
2006 April 2 October 29
2007 March 11 November 4
2008 March 9 November 2
2009 March 8 November 1
2010 March 14 November 7
2011 March 13 November 6
2012 March 11 November 4
2013 March 10 November 3
2014 March 9 November 2
2015 March 8 November 1
2016 March 13 November 6
2017 March 12 November 5
2018 March 11 November 4
2019 March 10 November 3
2020 March 8 November 1
In response to the Uniform Time Act of 1966, each state of the US has officially chosen to apply one of two rules over its entire territory:
Most use the standard time for their zone (or zones, where a state is divided between two zones), except for using daylight saving time during the summer months. Originally this ran from the last Sunday in April until the last Sunday in October. Two subsequent amendments, in 1986 and 2005, have shifted these days so that daylight saving time now runs from the second Sunday in March until the first Sunday in November.
Arizona time zones
Arizona and Hawaii use standard time throughout the year. However:
The Navajo Nation observes DST throughout its entire territory, including the portion that lies in Arizona. But the Hopi Nation, which is entirely surrounded by the Navajo Nation and is entirely in Arizona, does not observe DST. (See map inset right.)
In 2005, Indiana passed legislation which took effect on April 2, 2006, that placed the entire state on daylight saving time (see Time in Indiana). Before then, Indiana officially used standard time year-round, with the following exceptions:
The portions of Indiana that were on Central Time observed daylight saving time.
Also, some Indiana counties near Cincinnati and Louisville were on Eastern Time, but did (unofficially) observe DST.
Time representation[edit]
Further information: Date and time notation in the United States and Speaking clock § United States
There exist more than one hundred clock towers in the United States; see Category:Clock towers in the United States.
See also[edit]
History of time in the United States
List of time zones by U.S. state
Daylight saving time in the United States
Lists of time zones
Effects of time on North American broadcasting
Date and time notation in the United States
East Coast bias
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Why Do We Have Time Zones?".
Jump up ^ What is Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/gmt.htm
Jump up ^ Bernard Guinot, "Solar time, legal time, time in use" Metrologica, August 2011 (volume 48, issue 4), pages 181–185.
Jump up ^ 15 USC §260.
Jump up ^ "15 U.S. Code Subchapter IX - STANDARD TIME".
Jump up ^ Pupblic Law 110–69 — America COMPETES Act (August 9, 2007). Sec. 3013)
Jump up ^ Standard Time Zone Boundaries 49CFR71
External links[edit]
Official website
U.S. Navy time zone page
North American Time Zone border data and images
CFR's Title 40 - Protection of Environment (also at wikisource:Code of Federal Regulations/Title 49/Subtitle A/Part 71)
Standard Time Law 15USC260-267 (also at wikisource:United States Code/Title 15/Chapter 6/Subchapter IX)
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text:
National Day of Prayer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
National Day of Prayer
Observed by
United States
Date
First Thursday in May
2016 date
May 5 (2016-05-05)
2017 date
May 4 (2017-05-04)
2018 date
May 3 (2018-05-03)
2019 date
May 2 (2019-05-02)
Frequency
annual
Related to
Day of Prayer
The National Day of Prayer (36 U.S.C. § 119)[1] is an annual day of observance held on the first Thursday of May, designated by the United States Congress, when people are asked "to turn to God in prayer and meditation". Each year since its inception, the president has signed a proclamation, encouraging all Americans to pray on this day.[2]
The modern law formalizing its annual observance was enacted in 1952, although earlier days of fasting and prayer had been established by the Second Continental Congress from 1775 until 1783, and by President John Adams in 1798 and 1799.[3][4] Thomas Jefferson established a day of prayer and thanksgiving, but this occurred while he served as governor of Virginia.[5]
The constitutionality of the National Day of Prayer was unsuccessfully challenged in court by the Freedom From Religion Foundation after their first attempt was unanimously dismissed by a federal appellate court in April 2011.[6][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Observance
3 Legal challenge
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The National Day of Prayer shares common roots with the celebration of Thanksgiving; both were national proclamations establishing a day of prayer, but in the New England Colonies under British rule, traditional observances in late fall called for prayer and thanksgiving, while observances in the spring or summer called for prayer and fasting.[8] The fall observance was established by President Abraham Lincoln as the official Thanksgiving holiday in 1863. The spring observance was established by President Harry S. Truman in 1952 as the National Day of Prayer.
Residents of Kentwood, Louisiana, gather outside the Town Hall alongside LA 38 to observe 2015's National Day of Prayer.
Friction in 1768–1776 between the American colonists and England spurred some American cities and colonies to proclaim days of prayer. For instance, Boston declared a day of fasting and prayer in September 1768, as a protest against a British plan to station troops in the city. The Colony of Virginia's House of Burgesses established a day of fasting and prayer to take place on Wednesday, June 1, 1774, to protest the Boston Port Act, such that the people of Virginia would assemble for prayer led by clergymen.[8] Thomas Jefferson wrote that "the effect of the day through the whole colony was like a shock of electricity," moving the Virginians to choose delegates to establish self-rule.[9] The Provinces of South Carolina, Maryland and Georgia all observed official days of fasting and prayer during 1774–1775.[8]
The observance of a day of fasting and prayer was brought to all of the colonists by the Continental Congress in 1775.[8] Congress issued a proclamation recommending "a day of publick [sic] humiliation, fasting, and prayer" be observed by the "English Colonies" on Thursday, July 20, 1775, "and to bless our rightful sovereign, King George the Third..."[10] The text, written by John Witherspoon and John Hancock, instructed the colonists to pray for a resumption of "the just rights and privileges of the Colonies" in "civil and religious" matters.[11] A proclamation to this end was sent to every town in the colonies. John Adams wrote that the popular response was gratifying, that the special day was more widely observed than the practice of going to church on Sunday.[12] After this success, Congress determined to call for a day of fasting and prayer each spring, and a day of thanksgiving and praise each fall.[8]
In his role as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, General George Washington acknowledged a day of "fasting, humiliation and prayer" proclaimed by the Continental Congress to be held on Thursday, May 6, 1779. To enable his soldiers to observe the day, Washington ordered a one-day cessation of recreation and "unnecessary labor".[13] In March 1780, Congress announced a day of "fasting, humiliation and prayer" to be held on Wednesday, April 26, 1780.[14]
The practice of calling for national days of fasting and prayer was abandoned from 1784 until 1789, even though thanksgiving days were observed each fall.[15] On October 3, 1789, President Washington called for a national day of prayer and thanksgiving to be observed on Thursday, November 26, 1789; this was an extension of the tradition of thanksgiving which was already customary in New England.[16][17] President Adams continued the practice of proclaiming national days of prayer in the spring and fall,[18] but President Jefferson did not, as he considered prayer to be a matter for personal rather than state involvement.[19][20]
After James Madison, none of the next eleven presidents issued prayer proclamations. [21] Thus, there was a period of 47 years, from 1815 to 1862, with no presidential prayer proclamations. [22]
In January–February 1952 during the Korean War, the desirability of a united national prayer was stated by Reverend Billy Graham, who said, "What a thrilling, glorious thing it would be to see the leaders of our country today kneeling before Almighty God in prayer. What a thrill would sweep this country. What renewed hope and courage would grip the Americans at this hour of peril." Representative Percy Priest from Tennessee observed that Graham had issued a challenge for a national day of prayer.[23] Members of the House and Senate introduced a joint resolution for an annual National Day of Prayer, "on which the people of the United States may turn to God in prayer and meditation at churches, in groups, and as individuals."[24] On April 17, 1952, President Harry S. Truman signed a bill proclaiming a National Day of Prayer must be declared by each subsequent president at an appropriate date of his choice.[16]
In 1982 a conservative evangelical Christian organization called the "National Prayer Committee" was formed to coordinate and implement a fixed annual day of prayer for the purpose of organizing evangelical Christian prayer events with local, state, and federal government entities.[25] The Thanks-Giving Foundation also collaborated in this effort.[26] In his 1983 declaration, Ronald Reagan said, "From General Washington's struggle at Valley Forge to the present, this Nation has fervently sought and received divine guidance as it pursued the course of history. This occasion provides our Nation with an opportunity to further recognize the source of our blessings, and to seek His help for the challenges we face today and in the future."[27]
Sailors bow their heads in prayer during the National Day of Prayer. May 3, 2007.
In 1988, the law was amended so that the National Day of Prayer would be held on the first Thursday of May. Two stated intentions of the National Day of Prayer were that it would be a day when adherents of all great religions could unite in prayer and that it may one day bring renewed respect for God to all the peoples of the world.[27]
Republican Ronald Reagan administration and George H. W. Bush administration (1981-1993) each hosted special National Day of Prayer events held at the White House only once during their administrations.
Democrat Bill Clinton administration (1993-2001) did not hold any such events during his time in office, though he issued proclamations annually.
Republican George W. Bush administration (2001-2009) made his first presidential act be the announcement of a National Day of Prayer,[28] and he held events at the White House in each year of his presidency.
Democrat Barack Obama administration (2009-2017) did not hold any public events at the White House,[29] though he has issued presidential proclamations regularly each year.[30][31]
Republican President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump attended church services in observation of a special National Day of Prayer, which Trump previously declared, in support of the victims of Hurricane Harvey dwelling in the state of Texas, to "uplift one another and assist those suffering from the consequences of this terrible storm."[32][33]
Observance[edit]
The National Day of Prayer is celebrated by Americans of many religions, including Christians of many denominations, including Protestants and Catholics, as well as Sikhs, Muslims, Hindus, and Jews,[34][35] reflecting the demographics of the United States.[36] On the National Day of Prayer, many Americans assemble in prayer in front of courthouses, as well as in houses of worship, such as churches, mosques, synagogues, and temples.[37] Luncheons, picnics, and music performances revolving around praying for the nation are also popular observances.[38] Traditionally, the President of the United States issues an official National Day of Prayer proclamation each year as well.[39]
Legal challenge[edit]
The Freedom From Religion Foundation (FFRF) sued to challenge the designation of a National Day of Prayer. On October 3, 2008, the Wisconsin-based organization filed suit in a federal court in Madison, naming as defendants President George W. Bush; White House press secretary Dana Perino; Wisconsin governor Jim Doyle; and evangelist James Dobson's wife, Shirley Dobson, in her capacity as chair of the National Day of Prayer Task Force.[40] The Alliance Defense Fund (ADF) provided defense for Shirley Dobson while government lawyers asked U.S. District Judge Barbara Crabb to dismiss the case, arguing principally that the group has no legal standing to sue.[41]
On March 1, 2010 U.S. District Judge Barbara Crabb stated that FFRF's lawsuit could proceed because the plaintiffs had shown that they suffered "concrete injury" that can potentially be remedied by judicial action. Judge Crabb stated about those supporting the federal law designating the National Day of Prayer, "adopting [the] defendants' view of standing would allow the government to have unrestrained authority to demean members of any religious group without legal consequence. The federal government could declare the 'National Day of Anti-Semitism' or even declare Christianity the official religion of the United States, but no one would have standing to sue because no one would have to 'pass by' those declarations."[42] On April 15, 2010, Judge Crabb ruled that the statute establishing the National Day of Prayer was unconstitutional as it is "an inherently religious exercise that serves no secular function."[43][44] However, Crabb stayed her ruling pending the completion of appeals.[45]
The U.S. Department of Justice filed a notice to appeal the ruling on April 22, 2010,[46] and on April 14, 2011 a three judge panel of the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals unanimously overturned Crabb's decision. The panel ruled that FFRF did not have standing to sue because the National Day of Prayer had not caused them harm and stated that "a feeling of alienation cannot suffice as injury." The court further stated that "the President is free to make appeals to the public based on many kinds of grounds, including political and religious, and that such requests do not obligate citizens to comply and do not encroach on citizens' rights." The federal appeals court also cited Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address, which referenced God seven times and prayer three times.[47]
See also[edit]
Holidays portal
United States portal
Day of Prayer
National Day of Prayer Task Force
National Day of Reason
National Prayer Breakfast
See You at the Pole
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "36 U.S.C. § 119 : US Code – Section 119: National Day of Prayer".
Jump up ^ "History of the National Day of Prayer". Nationaldayofprayer.org. Archived from the original on April 13, 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Adams, John (March 6, 1799). "Proclamation – Recommending a National Day of Humiliation, Fasting, and Prayer". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Adams, John (March 31, 1798). "By the President of the United States of America, a Proclamation". The Weekly Magazine. 1 (9): 287. John Adams' signed the proclamation on March 3, 1798, with the day of prayer to take place on May 9, 1798.
Jump up ^ "Proclamation Appointing a Day of Thanksgiving and Prayer, 11 November 1779", Virginia Gazette, website=Founders Online, 20 November 1779. Retrieved on 9 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Legal challenge to National Day of Prayer thrown out, The Christian Science Monitor
Jump up ^ Court Dismisses Challenge to National Day of Prayer, USA Today
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Davis, Derek H. (2000). Religion and the Continental Congress, 1774–1789: Contributions to Original Intent. Oxford University Press. pp. 83–84. ISBN 9780195350883.
Jump up ^ Jefferson, Thomas (1970). Jefferson Himself: The Personal Narrative of a Many-Sided American. University of Virginia Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780813903101. Jefferson is quoted by Derek H. Davis in Religion and the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, page 84.
Jump up ^ Bouton, Nathaniel (June 12, 1775). Provincial and State Papers. p. 545. "Proclamation for a day of Fasting and Prayer"
Jump up ^ Davis 2000, p. 85.
Jump up ^ Davis 2000, p. 86.
Jump up ^ The Writings of George Washington, from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799. 14. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1779. p. 369.
Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Archives. Google Books. 1853. p. 131. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Davis 2000, pp. 88–89.
^ Jump up to: a b Davis 2000, p. 90.
Jump up ^ Grizzard, Frank E. (2002). George Washington: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO. p. 385. ISBN 9781576070826. "Washington's Thanksgiving Proclamation".
Jump up ^ Butler, Jon; Wacker, Grant; Balmer, Randall (09-08-11). Religion in American Life: A Short History. Oxford University Press. p. 161. ISBN 9780199913299. President George Washington, for example, set aside November 26, 1789, as a national day of prayer, repentance, and thanksgiving to God. John Adams, the second president, continued Washington's prayer day tradition. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy (May 6, 2010). "Jefferson, Madison and Jesus on the National Day of Prayer". San Francisco Chronicle.
Jump up ^ "National Prayer for Peace". The Jefferson Monticello. 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Presidential Proclamations". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Thanksgiving Day Proclamations 1789–Present". www.whatsoproudlywehail.org. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Allmond, Joy (May 3, 2010). "A Legacy of Revival in the Nation’s Capital". Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Pluralism Project at Harvard University :America's National Day of Prayer (2006)". Pluralism.org. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "National Prayer Committee website – Mission, Values, Call and Covenant". Nationalprayer.org. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "About the Foundation". Retrieved August 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Proclamation 5017 – National Day of Prayer, 1983". Reagan.utexas.edu. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sandoz, Ellis (2013). Republicanism, Religion, and the Soul of America. University of Missouri Press. p. 108. ISBN 9780826265623.
Jump up ^ National Day of Prayer Task Force Knocks Obama White House, U.S. News & World Report, April 15, 2010, Dan Gilgof
Jump up ^ "National Day of Prayer". Snopes. March 18, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (May 7, 2009). "Presidential Proclamation National Day of Prayer". The White House. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Trump attends church service on National Day of Prayer". PBS Newshour. September 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Linge, Mary K. "Trump declares national day of player". New York Post. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Blackwell, Mark (2014-04-30). "National Day Of Prayer". CBS. Retrieved 07-11-14. Today is the National Day of Prayer. It has been around longer than we’ve been a country. It’s celebrated on the first Thursday of May every year by Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Jews, and Sikhs. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "National Day of Prayer opportunity for Americans to seek God". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
Jump up ^ "National Day of Prayer Grows In Popularity". The Huffington Post. May 3, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
Jump up ^ "National Day of Prayer Observed by Interfaith Roundtable of Kauai". Himalayan Academy. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
Jump up ^ "National Day of Prayer events set in Augusta". The Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
Jump up ^ "Presidential Proclamation—National Day of Prayer". White House. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
Jump up ^ "Atheist group sues Bush over national prayer day". USA Today. October 6, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "FFRF National Day of Prayer Case Proceeds - Freedom From Religion Foundation". Retrieved August 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Decision of FFRF v. President Obama and Shirley Dobson" (PDF). Retrieved May 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Opinion and Order" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gilgoff, Dan (April 16, 2010). "Federal judge strikes down National Day of Prayer statute". CNN. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Richey, Warren (April 15, 2010). "Federal judge: National Day of Prayer is unconstitutional". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "CNN.com: U.S. appeals ruling striking down National Day of Prayer". Politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com. April 22, 2010. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Court dismisses suit over National Day of Prayer - CBS News". April 16, 2011. Archived from the original on April 16, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
External links[edit]
Presidential Proclamation – National Day of Prayer
Religious Tolerance.org's section of the National Day of Prayer
Text of the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit, April 14, 2011
Text of Judge Crabb's Opinion and Order, April 15, 2010
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Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States
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October
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Child Health Day (36)
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Missouri Day (MO)
National School Lunch Week
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Sweetest Day
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October–November
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November
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Thanksgiving (federal)
Day after Thanksgiving (24)
Election Day (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, WV, proposed federal)
Family Day (NV)
Hanukkah (religious)
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Native American Heritage Day (MD, WA)
Obama Day (Perry County, AL)
December
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Alabama Day (AL)
Christmas Eve (KY, NC, SC)
Day after Christmas (KY, NC, SC, TX)
Festivus
Hanukkah (religious, week)
Indiana Day (IN)
Kwanzaa (religious, week)
National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day (36)
New Year's Eve
Pan American Aviation Day (36)
Rosa Parks Day (OH, OR)
Wright Brothers Day (36)
Varies (year round)
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Eid al-Fitr (religious)
Ramadan (religious, month)
Legend:
(federal) = federal holidays, (state) = state holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (week) = weeklong holidays, (month) = monthlong holidays, (36) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies
Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States, which often represent the major celebrations of the month.
See also: Lists of holidays, Hallmark holidays, public holidays in the United States, New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Day_of_Prayer&oldid=803781950"
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