text:
Barbados
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For other uses, see Barbados (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Barbuda.
Coordinates: 13°10′N 59°33′W / 13.167°N 59.550°W / 13.167; -59.550
Barbados
Flag
Coat of arms
Motto: "Pride and Industry"
Anthem: In Plenty and In Time of Need
Royal anthem: God Save the Queen
Capital
and largest city
Bridgetown
13°06′N 59°37′W / 13.100°N 59.617°W / 13.100; -59.617
Official languages
English
Recognised regional languages
Bajan Creole
Ethnic groups (2010[1])
92.4% Black
3.1% Multiracial
2.7% White
1.3% Indian
0.4% Other/Unspecified
Religion
74.6% Christian
4.8% other
20.6% none / unspecified[1]
Demonym
Barbadian
Bajan (colloquial)
Government
Parliamentary democracy under constitutional monarchy
• Monarch
Elizabeth II
• Governor-General
Philip Greaves
• Prime Minister
Freundel Stuart
Legislature
Parliament
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
House of Assembly
Independence
• from the United Kingdom
30 November 1966
Area
• Total
439 km2 (169 sq mi) (183rd)
• Water (%)
negligible
Population
• 2010 census
277,821[2] (181st)
• Density
660/km2 (1,709.4/sq mi) (15th)
GDP (PPP)
2016 estimate
• Total
$4.663 billion[3]
• Per capita
$16,669[3] (73rd)
GDP (nominal)
2016 estimate
• Total
$4.385 billion[3]
• Per capita
$15,677[3]
HDI (2015)
0.795[4]
high · 54th
Currency
Barbadian dollar ($) (BBD)
Time zone
Eastern Caribbean (UTC-4)
• Summer (DST)
not observed (UTC-4)
Drives on the
left[5]
Calling code
+1 -246
ISO 3166 code
BB
Internet TLD
.bb
Barbados (/bɑːrˈbeɪdɒs/ ( listen) or /bɑːrˈbeɪdoʊs/) is an island country in the Lesser Antilles, in the Caribbean region of North America. It is 34 kilometres (21 miles) in length and up to 23 km (14 mi) in width, covering an area of 432 km2 (167 sq mi). It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 km (62 mi) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea;[6] therein, it is about 168 km (104 mi) east of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and 400 km (250 mi) north-east of Trinidad and Tobago. Barbados is outside the principal Atlantic hurricane belt. Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown.
Inhabited by Kalinago people since the 13th century, and prior to that by other Amerindians, Barbados was visited by Spanish navigators in the late 15th century and claimed for the Spanish Crown. It first appeared in a Spanish map in 1511.[7][8] The Portuguese visited the island in 1536, but they left it unclaimed, with their only remnants being an introduction of wild hogs for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited. An English ship, the Olive Blossom, arrived in Barbados in 1625; its men took possession of it in the name of King James I. In 1627, the first permanent settlers arrived from England, and it became an English and later British colony.[9] As a wealthy sugar colony, it became an English centre of the African slave trade until that trade was outlawed in 1807, with final emancipation of slaves in Barbados occurring over a period of years from 1833.
In 1966, Barbados became an independent state and Commonwealth realm with the British monarch (presently Queen Elizabeth II) as hereditary head of state.[10] It has a population of 284,996[11] people, predominantly of African descent. Despite being classified as an Atlantic island, Barbados is considered to be a part of the Caribbean, where it is ranked as a leading tourist destination. Forty percent of the tourists come from the UK, with the US and Canada making up the next large groups of visitors to the island. In 2016, Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index ranked Barbados sixth in the Americas after Canada, the United States, Uruguay, Chile and the Bahamas.[12]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 1627–1639
2.1.1 Early English settlement
2.2 1640–1790
2.2.1 England's civil war
2.2.2 Sugar cane
3 Geography and climate
3.1 Geology
3.2 Climate
3.3 Environmental issues
3.4 Wildlife
4 Government and politics
4.1 Political culture
4.2 Foreign relations
4.2.1 World Trade Organisation, European Commission, CARIFORUM
4.2.2 The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994
4.2.3 European Nations
4.3 Military
4.4 Administrative divisions
4.5 Human rights
5 Economy
6 Society
6.1 Demographics
6.2 Ethnic groups
6.3 Languages
6.4 Religion
6.5 Health
6.6 Education
6.6.1 Educational testing
7 Culture
7.1 Cuisine
7.2 Music
7.3 Public holidays
7.4 Sports
8 Transport
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
11.1 Videography
12 External links
Etymology[edit]
The name Barbados is either the Portuguese word Os Barbados or the Spanish equivalent Los Barbados, both meaning "the bearded ones". It is unclear whether "bearded" refers to the long, hanging roots of the bearded fig-tree (Ficus citrifolia), indigenous to the island, or to the allegedly bearded Caribs once inhabiting the island, or, more fancifully, to a visual impression of a beard formed by the sea foam that sprays over the outlying reefs. In 1519, a map produced by the Genoese mapmaker Visconte Maggiolo showed and named Barbados in its correct position. Furthermore, the island of Barbuda in the Leewards is very similar in name and was once named Las Barbudas by the Spanish.
It is uncertain which European nation arrived first in Barbados. One lesser known source points to earlier-revealed works predating contemporary sources indicating it could have been the Spanish.[7] Many if not most believe the Portuguese, en route to Brazil,[13][14] were the first Europeans to come upon the island.
The original name for Barbados in the Pre-Columbian era was Ichirouganaim according to accounts by descendants of the indigenous Arawakan-speaking tribes in other regional areas, with possible translations including "Red land with white teeth",[15] "Redstone island with teeth outside (reefs)",[16] or simply "Teeth".[17][18][19]
Colloquially Barbadians refer to their home island as "Bim" or other nicknames associated with Barbados includes "Bimshire". The origin is uncertain but several theories exist. The National Cultural Foundation of Barbados says that "Bim" was a word commonly used by slaves and that it derives from the Igbo term bém from bé mụ́ meaning 'my home, kindred, kind',[20] the Igbo phoneme /e/ in the Igbo orthography is very close to [ ɪ ].[21] The name could have arisen due to the relatively large percentage of enslaved Igbo people from modern-day southeastern Nigeria arriving in Barbados in the 18th century.[22][23]
The words 'Bim' and 'Bimshire' are recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary and Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionaries. Another possible source for 'Bim' is reported to be in the Agricultural Reporter of 25 April 1868, where the Rev. N. Greenidge (father of one of the island's most famous scholars, Abel Hendy Jones Greenidge) suggested the listing of Bimshire as a county of England. Expressly named were "Wiltshire, Hampshire, Berkshire and Bimshire".[20] Lastly, in the Daily Argosy (of Demerara, i.e. Guyana) of 1652 there is a reference to Bim as a possible corruption of 'Byam', the name of a Royalist leader against the Parliamentarians. That source suggested the followers of Byam became known as 'Bims' and that this became a word for all Barbadians.[20]
History[edit]
Main article: History of Barbados
Blue Ensign flag of the Colony of Barbados, used from 1870 to 1966.
Statue of Bussa, Bridgetown. Bussa led the largest slave rebellion in Barbadian history.
Amerindian settlement of Barbados dates to about the 4th to 7th centuries AD, by a group known as the Saladoid-Barrancoid.[24] The Arawaks from South America became dominant around 800 AD, and maintained that status until around 1200. In the 13th century, the Kalinago (Island Caribs) arrived from South America.
The Spanish and Portuguese briefly claimed Barbados from the late 16th to the 17th centuries. The Arawaks are believed to have fled to neighbouring islands. Apart from possibly displacing the Caribs, the Spanish and Portuguese made little impact and left the island uninhabited. Some Arawaks migrated from British Guiana (modern-day Guyana) in the 19th century and continue to live in Barbados.[25][26]
In the very early years (1620–1640s) the majority of the labour was provided by European indentured servants, mainly English, Irish and Scottish, with enslaved Africans and enslaved Amerindian providing little of the workforce. During the Cromwellian era (1650s) this included a large number of prisoners-of-war, vagrants and people who were illicitly kidnapped, who were forcibly transported to the island and sold as servants. These last two groups were predominately Irish, as several thousand were infamously rounded up by English merchants and sold into servitude in Barbados and other Caribbean islands during this period.[27] Cultivation of tobacco, cotton, ginger and indigo was thus handled primarily by European indentured labour until the start of the sugar cane industry in the 1640s and the growing reliance and importation of enslaved Africans. Persecuted persons of Jewish faith during the inquisition also settled to Barbados.[28] From its English settlement and as Barbados' economy grew, Barbados maintained a relatively large measure of local autonomy first as a proprietary colony and later a crown colony. The House of Assembly began meeting in 1639. Among the island's earliest leading figures was the Anglo-Dutch Sir William Courten.
The 1780 hurricane killed over 4,000 people on Barbados. In 1854, a cholera epidemic killed over 20,000 inhabitants.[29] At emancipation in 1833, the size of the slave population was approximately 83,000. Between 1946 and 1980, Barbados' rate of population growth was diminished by one-third because of emigration to Britain.[30]
1627–1639[edit]
Early English settlement[edit]
The settlement was established as a proprietary colony and funded by Sir William Courten, a City of London merchant who acquired the title to Barbados and several other islands. So the first colonists were actually tenants and much of the profits of their labour returned to Courten and his company.[31]
The first English ship, which had arrived on 14 May 1625, was captained by John Powell. The first settlement began on 17 February 1627, near what is now Holetown (formerly Jamestown),[32] by a group led by John Powell's younger brother, Henry, consisting of 80 settlers and 10 English labourers. The latter were young indentured labourers who according to some sources had been abducted, effectively making them slaves.[33]
Courten's title was transferred to James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle, in what was called the "Great Barbados Robbery." Carlisle then chose as governor Henry Hawley, who established the House of Assembly in 1639, in an effort to appease the planters, who might otherwise have opposed his controversial appointment.
In the period 1640–60, the West Indies attracted over two-thirds of the total number of English emigrants to the Americas. By 1650 there were 44,000 settlers in the West Indies, as compared to 12,000 on the Chesapeake and 23,000 in New England. Most English arrivals were indentured. After five years of labour, they were given "freedom dues" of about ₤10, usually in goods. (Before the mid-1630s, they also received 5 to 10 acres of land, but after that time the island filled and there was no more free land.) Around the time of Cromwell a number of rebels and criminals were also transported there. Timothy Meads of Warwickshire was one of the rebels sent to Barbados at that time, before he received compensation for servitude of 1000 acres of land in North Carolina in 1666. Parish registers from the 1650s show, for the white population, four times as many deaths as marriages. The death rate was very high.
Before this, the mainstay of the infant colony's economy was the growth export of tobacco, but tobacco prices eventually fell in the 1630s, as Chesapeake production expanded.
1640–1790[edit]
England's civil war[edit]
Main articles: English Revolution in the Colonies and Restoration (Colonies)
Around the same time, fighting during the War of the Three Kingdoms and the Interregnum spilled over into Barbados and Barbadian territorial waters. The island was not involved in the war until after the execution of Charles I, when the island's government fell under the control of Royalists (ironically the Governor, Philip Bell, remaining loyal to Parliament while the Barbadian House of Assembly, under the influence of Humphrey Walrond, supported Charles II). To try to bring the recalcitrant colony to heel, the Commonwealth Parliament passed an act on 3 October 1650 prohibiting trade between England and Barbados, and because the island also traded with the Netherlands, further navigation acts were passed prohibiting any but English vessels trading with Dutch colonies. These acts were a precursor to the First Anglo-Dutch War. The Commonwealth of England sent an invasion force under the command of Sir George Ayscue, which arrived in October 1651. After some skirmishing, the Royalists in the House of Assembly led by Lord Willoughby surrendered. The conditions of the surrender were incorporated into the Charter of Barbados (Treaty of Oistins), which was signed at the Mermaid's Inn, Oistins, on 17 January 1652.[34]
Sugar cane[edit]
George Washington House was visited by George Washington in 1751, in what is believed to have been his only trip outside the present day United States.[35]
The introduction of sugar cane from Dutch Brazil in 1640 completely transformed society and the economy. Barbados eventually had one of the world's biggest sugar industries.[36] One group instrumental in ensuring the early success of the industry were the Sephardic Jews, who had originally been expelled from the Iberian peninsula, to end up in Dutch Brazil.[36] As the effects of the new crop increased, so did the shift in the ethnic composition of Barbados and surrounding islands. The workable sugar plantation required a large investment and a great deal of heavy labour. At first, Dutch traders supplied the equipment, financing, and enslaved Africans, in addition to transporting most of the sugar to Europe. In 1644 the population of Barbados was estimated at 30,000, of which about 800 were of African descent, with the remainder mainly of English descent. These English smallholders were eventually bought out and the island filled up with large sugar plantations worked by enlslaved Africans. By 1660 there was near parity with 27,000 blacks and 26,000 whites. By 1666 at least 12,000 white smallholders had been bought out, died, or left the island. Many of the remaining whites were increasingly poor. By 1680 there were 17 slaves for every indentured servant. By 1700, there were 15,000 free whites and 50,000 enslaved Africans.
Due to the increased implementation of slave codes, which created differential treatment between Africans and the white workers and ruling planter class, the island became increasingly unattractive to poor whites. Black or slave codes were implemented in 1661, 1676, 1682, and 1688. In response to these codes, several slave rebellions were attempted or planned during this time, but none succeeded. Nevertheless, poor whites who had or acquired the means to emigrate often did so. Planters expanded their importation of enslaved Africans to cultivate sugar cane. One early advocate of slave rights in Barbados was the visiting Quaker preacher Alice Curwen in 1677: "For I am perswaded, that if they whom thou call'st thy Slaves, be Upright-hearted to God, the Lord God Almighty will set them Free in a way that thou knowest not; for there is none set free but in Christ Jesus, for all other Freedom will prove but a Bondage."[37]
Geography and climate[edit]
Main article: Geography of Barbados
A map of Barbados
Barbados is situated in the Atlantic Ocean, east of the other West Indies Islands. Barbados is the easternmost island in the Lesser Antilles. It is flat in comparison to its island neighbours to the west, the Windward Islands. The island rises gently to the central highland region, with the high point of the nation being Mount Hillaby in the geological Scotland District 340 m (1,120 ft) above sea level.
In the parish of Saint Michael lies Barbados' capital and main city, Bridgetown. Other major towns scattered across the island include Holetown, in the parish of Saint James; Oistins, in the parish of Christ Church; and Speightstown, in the parish of Saint Peter.
Geology[edit]
Barbados lies on the boundary of the South American and the Caribbean Plates.[38] The subduction of the South American plate beneath the Caribbean plate scrapes sediment from the South American plate and deposits it above the subduction zone forming an accretionary prism. The rate of this depositing of material allows Barbados to rise at a rate of about 25 mm (1 in) per 1,000 years.[39] This subduction means geologically the island is composed of coral roughly 90 m (300 ft) thick, where reefs formed above the sediment. The land slopes in a series of "terraces" in the west and goes into an incline in the east. A large proportion of the island is circled by coral reefs.
The erosion of limestone in the northeast of the island, in the Scotland District, has resulted in the formation of various caves and gullies, some of which have become popular tourist attractions such as Harrison's Cave and Welchman Hall Gully. On the Atlantic east coast of the island coastal landforms, including stacks, have been created due to the limestone composition of the area. Also notable in the island is the rocky cape known as Pico Teneriffe[40] or Pico de Tenerife, which is named after the fact that the island of Tenerife in Spain is the first land east of Barbados according to the belief of the locals.
Climate[edit]
Bathsheba, Saint Joseph
The country generally experiences two seasons, one of which includes noticeably higher rainfall. Known as the "wet season", this period runs from June to November. By contrast, the "dry season" runs from December to May. Annual precipitation ranges between 1,000 and 2,300 mm (40 and 90 in). From December to May the average temperatures range from 21 to 31 °C (70 to 88 °F), while between June and November, they range from 23 to 31 °C (73 to 88 °F).[41]
On the Köppen climate classification scale, much of Barbados is regarded as a tropical monsoon climate (Am). However, gentle breezes of 12 to 16 km/h (7 to 10 mph) abound throughout the year and give Barbados a climate which is moderately tropical.
Infrequent natural hazards include earthquakes, landslips and hurricanes. Barbados is often spared the worst effects of the region's tropical storms and hurricanes during the rainy season. Its location in the south-east of the Caribbean region puts the country just outside the principal hurricane strike zone. On average, a major hurricane strikes about once every 26 years. The last significant hit from a hurricane to cause severe damage to Barbados was Hurricane Janet in 1955; in 2010 the island was struck by Hurricane Tomas, but this caused only minor damage across the country.[42]
Environmental issues[edit]
Barbados, seen from the International Space Station.
Barbados is susceptible to environmental pressures. As one of the world's most densely populated isles, the government worked during the 1990s[43] to aggressively integrate the growing south coast of the island into the Bridgetown Sewage Treatment Plant to reduce contamination of offshore coral reefs.[44][45] As of the first decade of the 21st century, a second treatment plant has been proposed along the island's west coast. Being so densely populated, Barbados has made great efforts to protect its underground aquifers.[46]
As a coral-limestone island, Barbados is highly permeable to seepage of surface water into the earth. The government has placed great emphasis on protecting the catchment areas that lead directly into the huge network of underground aquifers and streams.[46] On occasion illegal squatters have breached these areas, and the government has removed squatters to preserve the cleanliness of the underground springs which provide the island's drinking water.[47]
The government has placed a huge emphasis on keeping Barbados clean with the aim of protecting the environment and preserving offshore coral reefs which surround the island. Many initiatives to mitigate human pressures on the coastal regions of Barbados and seas come from the Coastal Zone Management Unit (CZMU).[48][49] Barbados has nearly 90 kilometres (56 miles) of coral reefs just offshore and two protected marine parks have been established off the west coast.[50] Overfishing is another threat which faces Barbados.[51]
Barbados is host to four species of nesting turtles (green turtles, loggerheads, hawksbill turtles, and leatherbacks) and has the second-largest hawksbill turtle breeding population in the Caribbean.[52] The driving of vehicles on beaches can crush nests buried in the sand and such activity should be avoided in nesting areas.[53]
Though on the opposite side of the Atlantic, and some 4,800 kilometres (3,000 miles) west of Africa, Barbados is one of many places in the American continent that experience heightened levels of mineral dust from the Sahara Desert.[54] Some particularly intense dust episodes have been blamed partly for the impacts on the health of coral reefs[55] surrounding Barbados or asthmatic episodes,[56] but evidence has not wholly supported the former such claim.[57]
Wildlife[edit]
Barbados is host to four species of nesting turtles (green turtles, loggerheads, hawksbill turtles, and leatherbacks) and has the second-largest hawksbill turtle breeding population in the Caribbean.
Barbados is also the host to the green monkey. The green monkey is found in West Africa from Senegal to the Volta River. It has been introduced to the Cape Verde islands off north-western Africa, and the West Indian islands of Saint Kitts, Nevis, Saint Martin, and Barbados. It was introduced to the West Indies in the late 17th century when slave trade ships travelled to the Caribbean from West Africa.
Government and politics[edit]
The Barbados parliament building in Bridgetown.
Main articles: Government of Barbados and Politics of Barbados
Barbados has been an independent country since 30 November 1966.[58] It functions as a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy modelled on the British Westminster system. The British and Barbadian monarch—Queen Elizabeth II—is head of state and is represented locally by the Governor-General of Barbados—presently Elliott Belgrave. Both are advised on matters of the Barbadian state by the Prime Minister of Barbados, who is head of government. There are 30 representatives within the House of Assembly.
The Constitution of Barbados is the supreme law of the nation.[59] The Attorney General heads the independent judiciary. New Acts are passed by the Barbadian Parliament and require royal assent by the governor-general to become law.
During the 1990s at the suggestion of Trinidad and Tobago's Patrick Manning, Barbados attempted a political union with Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana. The project stalled after the then prime minister of Barbados, Lloyd Erskine Sandiford, became ill and his Democratic Labour Party lost the next general election.[60][61] Barbados continues to share close ties with Trinidad and Tobago and with Guyana, claiming the highest number of Guyanese immigrants after the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.
Political culture[edit]
Barbados functions as a two-party system. The dominant political parties are the Democratic Labour Party and the opposition Barbados Labour Party. Since Independence the Barbados Labour Party (BLP) has governed from 1976 to 1986 and from September 1994 to 2008. The Democratic Labour Party (DLP) held office 1966 to 1976, from 1986 to 1994, and has formed the government from January 2008 to present.
Foreign relations[edit]
Main article: Foreign relations of Barbados
Barbados is a full and participating member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME), and the Association of Caribbean States (ACS).[62] Organization of American States (OAS), Commonwealth of Nations, and the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ). In 2005 the Parliament of Barbados voted on a measure replacing the UK's Judicial Committee of the Privy Council with the Caribbean Court of Justice based in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.
World Trade Organisation, European Commission, CARIFORUM[edit]
Barbados is an original member (1995) of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and participates actively in its work. It grants at least MFN treatment to all its trading partners. As of December 2007, Barbados is linked by an Economic Partnership Agreement with the European Commission. The pact involves the Caribbean Forum (CARIFORUM) subgroup of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP). CARIFORUM is the only part of the wider ACP-bloc that has concluded the full regional trade-pact with the European Union.
Trade policy has also sought to protect a small number of domestic activities, mostly food production, from foreign competition, while recognising that most domestic needs are best met by imports.
The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994[edit]
On 6 July 1994, at the Sherbourne Conference Centre, St. Michael, Barbados, representatives of eight (8) countries signed the Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaties 1994. The countries which were represented were: Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago.[63]
On 19 August 1994 a representative of the Government of Guyana signed a similar treaty.
European Nations[edit]
In 2013, CARICOM called for European nations to pay reparations for slavery and established an official reparations commission.[64]
Military[edit]
The Barbados Defence Force has roughly 600 members. Within it, 12- to 18-year-olds make up the Barbados Cadet Corps. The defence preparations of the island nation are closely tied to defence treaties with the United Kingdom, the United States, and the People's Republic of China.[65]
The Royal Barbados Police Force is the sole law enforcement agency on the island of Barbados.
Administrative divisions[edit]
Main article: Parishes of Barbados
Barbados is divided into 11 parishes:
Christ Church
Saint Andrew
Saint George
Saint James
Saint John
Saint Joseph
Saint Lucy
Saint Michael
Saint Peter
Saint Philip
Saint Thomas
Atlantic Ocean
Saint Lucy
Saint
Peter
Saint
Andrew
Saint
James
Saint
Thomas
Saint
Joseph
Saint
John
Saint
George
Saint
Michael
Christ
Church
Saint
Philip
BARBADOS
St. George and St. Thomas are in the middle of the country and are the only parishes without coastlines.
Human rights[edit]
See also: LGBT rights in Barbados
Homosexual acts are illegal in Barbados and the colonial era law bears a maximum sentence of life in prison; however the law is rarely enforced.[66]
Economy[edit]
Main article: Economy of Barbados
Sandy Lane is a leading resort in Barbados' tourism sector
A proportional representation of national exports.
Barbados is the 53rd richest country in the world in terms of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita,[3] has a well-developed mixed economy, and a moderately high standard of living. According to the World Bank, Barbados is classified as being in its 66 top high income economies of the world.[67] A 2012 self-study in conjunction with the Caribbean Development Bank revealed 20% of Barbadians live in poverty, and nearly 10% cannot meet their basic daily food needs.[68]
Historically, the economy of Barbados had been dependent on sugarcane cultivation and related activities, but since the late 1970s and early 1980s it has diversified into the manufacturing and tourism sectors. Offshore finance and information services have become important foreign exchange earners, and there is a healthy light manufacturing sector. Since the 1990s the Barbados Government has been seen as business-friendly and economically sound.[citation needed] The island saw a construction boom, with the development and redevelopment of hotels, office complexes, and homes. This slowed during the 2008 economic crisis.[69]
Recent government administrations have continued efforts to reduce unemployment, encourage foreign direct investment, and privatise remaining state-owned enterprises. Unemployment was reduced to 10.7% in 2003.[1] However, it has since increased to 11.9% in second quarter, 2015.[70]
The economy contracted in 2001 and 2002 due to slowdowns in tourism, consumer spending and the impact of the September 11 attacks, but rebounded in 2003 and has shown growth since 2004.[1] Traditional trading partners include Canada, the Caribbean Community (especially Trinidad and Tobago), the United Kingdom and the United States.
Business links and investment flows have become substantial: as of 2003 the island saw from Canada CA$ 25 billion in investment holdings, placing it as one of Canada's top five destinations for Canadian foreign direct investment (FDI). Businessman Eugene Melnyk of Toronto, Canada, is said to be one of Barbados' richest permanent residents.[71]
It has been reported that the year 2006 was the busiest years for building construction ever in Barbados, as the building-boom on the island entered the final stages for several multimillion-dollar commercial projects.[72]
The European Union is assisting Barbados with a €10 million program of modernisation of the country's International Business and Financial Services Sector.[73]
Barbados maintains the third largest stock exchange in the Caribbean region. As of 2009[update], officials at the stock exchange were investigating the possibility of augmenting the local exchange with an International Securities Market (ISM) venture.[74]
Society[edit]
Demographics[edit]
Main articles: Demographics of Barbados and Barbadian people
A bus stop in Barbados.
People shopping in the capital Bridgetown.
The 2010 national census conducted by the Barbados Statistical Service reported a resident population of 277,821, of which 133,018 were male and 144,803 were female.[75]
Ethnic groups[edit]
Close to 90% of all Barbadians (also known colloquially as "Bajan") are of Afro-Caribbean descent ("Afro-Bajans") and mixed-descent. The remainder of the population includes groups of Europeans ("Anglo-Bajans" / "Euro-Bajans") mainly from the United Kingdom and Ireland, along with Asians, predominantly Chinese and Indians (both Hindu and Muslim). Other groups in Barbados include people from the United Kingdom, United States and Canada. Barbadians who return after years of residence in the United States and children born in America to Bajan parents are called "Bajan Yankees", a term considered derogatory by some.[76] Generally, Bajans recognise and accept all "children of the island" as Bajans, and refer to each other as such.
The biggest communities outside the Afro-Caribbean community are:
The Indo-Guyanese, an important part of the economy due to the increase of immigrants from partner country Guyana. There are reports of a growing Indo-Bajan diaspora originating from Guyana and India starting around 1990. Predominantly from southern India and Hindu states, they are growing in size but smaller than the equivalent communities in Trinidad and Guyana.[77]
Euro-Bajans (4% of the population)[1] have settled in Barbados since the 17th century, originating from England, Ireland and Scotland. In 1643, there were 37,200 whites in Barbados (86% of the population).[78] More commonly they are known as "White Bajans". Euro-Bajans introduced folk music, such as Irish music and Highland music, and certain place names, such as "Scotland", a mountainous region. Among White Barbadians there exists an underclass known as Redlegs; mostly the descendants of Irish indentured labourers and prisoners imported to the island.[79] Many additionally moved on to become the earliest settlers of modern-day North and South Carolina in the United States.
Chinese-Barbadians are a small portion of Barbados' Asian demographics. Most if not all first arrived in the 1940s during the Second World War. Many Chinese-Bajans have the surnames Chin, Chynn or Lee, although other surnames prevail in certain areas of the island. Chinese food and culture is becoming part of everyday Bajan culture.
Lebanese and Syrians form the island's Arab Barbadian community, which is overwhelmingly Christian Arab. The Muslim Arab minority among Arab Barbadian make up a small percentage of the overall minority Muslim Barbadian population. The majority of the Lebanese and Syrians arrived in Barbados through trade opportunities. Their numbers are falling due to emigration to other countries.
Jews arrived in Barbados just after the first settlers in 1627. Bridgetown is the home of Nidhe Israel Synagogue, the oldest Jewish synagogue in the Americas, dating from 1654, though the current structure was erected in 1833 replacing one ruined by the hurricane of 1831. Tombstones in the neighbouring cemetery date from the 1630s. Now under the care of the Barbados National Trust, the site was deserted in 1929 but was saved and restored by the Jewish community beginning in 1986.
The Muslim Barbadians of Indian origin are largely of Gujarati ancestry. Many small businesses in Barbados are run and operated by Muslim-Indian Bajans.[80][81]
Languages[edit]
English is the official language of Barbados, and is used for communications, administration, and public services all over the island. In its capacity as the official language of the country, the standard of English tends to conform to the vocabulary, pronunciations, spellings, and conventions akin to, but not exactly the same as, those of British English.
An English-based creole language, referred to locally as Bajan, is spoken by most Barbadians in everyday life, especially in informal settings. In its full-fledged form, Bajan sounds markedly different from the Standard English heard on the island. The degree of intelligibility between Bajan and general English, for the general English speaker, depends on the level of creolised vocabulary and idioms. A Bajan speaker may be completely unintelligible to an English speaker from another country.
Religion[edit]
Main article: Religion in Barbados
Cathedral Church of Saint Michael and All Angels, Bridgetown
Religion in Barbados (2000)[82]
Anglican (28.28%)
Pentecostal (18.69%)
No religion (atheism, agnosticism, etc) (17.30%)
Other (7.36%)
Seventh Day Adventist (5.49%)
Methodist (5.07%)
Baptist (4.79%)
Roman Catholic (4.18%)
Not Stated (3.28%)
Church of God (1.99%)
Jehovah's witnesses (1.96%)
Moravian (1.34%)
Rastafarian (1.14%)
Muslim (0.66%)
Brethren (0.64%)
Salvation Army (0.42%)
Hindu (0.34%)
Baha'i (0.04%)
Most Barbadians of African and European descent are Christians (95%), the largest denomination being Anglican (40%). Other Christian denominations with significant followings in Barbados are the Catholic Church (administered by Roman Catholic Diocese of Bridgetown), Pentecostals, Jehovah's Witnesses, the Seventh-day Adventist Church and Spiritual Baptists. The Church of England was the official state religion until its legal disestablishment by the Parliament of Barbados following independence.[83]
Other religions in Barbados include Hinduism, Islam, Bahá'í,[84] Judaism and Wicca.
Health[edit]
The life expectancy for Barbados residents as of 2011[update] is 74 years. The average life expectancy is 72 years for males and 77 years for females (2005).[1] Barbados and Japan have the highest per capita occurrences of centenarians in the world.[85]
The crude birth rate is 12.23 births per 1,000 people, and the crude death rate is 8.39 deaths per 1,000 people. The infant mortality rate is 11.63 infant deaths per 1,000 live births.
All Barbadian citizens are covered by national healthcare. Barbados has over twenty polyclinics throughout the country in addition to the main Queen Elizabeth Hospital (General Hospital) located in Bridgetown. In 2011, the Government of Barbados signed a memorandum of understanding to lease its 22-acre Saint Joseph Hospital site to the Denver, Colorado-based America World Clinics. Under the deal, the group will use Barbados as one of its main destinations for medical tourism at that facility. The government also announced it would begin constructing a new $900 million state-of-the-art hospital to replace the QEH.
Education[edit]
Main article: Education in Barbados
Schoolchildren in Saint Philip, Barbados.
The Barbados literacy rate is ranked close to 100%.[86] The mainstream public education system of Barbados is fashioned after the British model. The government of Barbados spends 6.7% of its GDP on education (2008).[1]
All young people in the country must attend school until age 16. Barbados has over 70 primary schools and over 20 secondary schools throughout the island. There are a number of private schools, including Montessori and the International Baccalaureate. Student enrolment at these schools represents less than 5% of the total enrolment of the public schools.
Degree-level education in the country is provided by the Barbados Community College, the Samuel Jackman Prescod Polytechnic, and the Cave Hill campus and Open Campus of the University of the West Indies. Barbados is also home to the American University of Integrative Sciences, School of Medicine.
Educational testing[edit]
Barbados Secondary School Entrance Examination: Children who are 11 years old but under 12 years old on 1 September in the year of the examination are required to write the examination as a means of allocation to secondary school.
Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate (CSEC) examinations are usually taken by students after five years of secondary school and mark the end of standard secondary education. The CSEC examinations are equivalent to the Ordinary Level (O-Levels) examinations and are targeted toward students 16 and older.
Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examinations (CAPE) are taken by students who have completed their secondary education and wish to continue their studies. Students who sit for the CAPE usually possess CSEC or an equivalent certification. The CAPE is equivalent to the British Advanced Levels (A-Levels), voluntary qualifications that are intended for university entrance.[87]
Culture[edit]
Main article: Culture of Barbados
The culture of Barbados is a blend of West African, Creole, Indian and British cultures present in Barbados. Citizens are officially called Barbadians. The term "Bajan" (pronounced BAY-jun) may have come from a localised pronunciation of the word Barbadian, which at times can sound more like "Bar-bajan".
The largest carnival-like cultural event that takes place on the island is the Crop Over festival. As in many other Caribbean and Latin American countries, Crop Over is an important event for many people on the island, as well as the thousands of tourists that flock to there to participate in the annual events. The festival includes musical competitions and other traditional activities, and features the majority of the island's homegrown calypso and soca music for the year. The male and female Barbadians who harvested the most sugarcane are crowned as the King and Queen of the crop.[88] Crop Over gets under way at the beginning of July and ends with the costumed parade on Kadooment Day, held on the first Monday of August. New calypso/soca music Is usually released and played more frequently from the beginning of may to start the feeling of the festival.
Cuisine[edit]
Mount Gay Rum visitors centre
Bajan cuisine is a mixture of African, Indian, Irish, Creole and British influences. A typical meal consists of a main dish of meat or fish, normally marinated with a mixture of herbs and spices, hot side dishes, and one or more salads. The meal is usually served with one or more sauces.[89] The national dish of Barbados is Cou-Cou & Flying Fish with spicy gravy.[90] Another traditional meal is "Pudding and Souse" a dish of pickled pork with spiced sweet potatoes.[91] A wide variety of seafood and meats are also available.
The Mount Gay Rum visitors centre in Barbados claims to be the world's oldest remaining rum company, with earliest confirmed deed from 1703. Cockspur Rum and Malibu are also from the island. Barbados is home to the Banks Barbados Brewery, which brews Banks Beer, a pale lager, as well as Banks Amber Ale.[92] Banks also brews Tiger Malt, a non-alcoholic malted beverage. 10 Saints beer is brewed in Speightstown, St. Peter in Barbados and aged for 90 days in Mount Gay 'Special Reserve' Rum casks. It was first brewed in 2009 and is available in certain Caricom nations.[93]
Music[edit]
Further information: Music of Barbados
International pop star Rihanna, a native of Barbados.
In music, eight-time Grammy Award winner Robyn Rihanna Fenty (born in Saint Michael) is one of Barbados' best-known artists and one of the best selling music artists of all time, selling over 200 million records worldwide. In 2009 she was appointed as an Honorary Ambassador of Youth and Culture for Barbados by the late Prime Minister, David Thompson.[94]
Singer-songwriter Shontelle, the band Cover Drive, musician Rupee and Mark Morrison, singer of Top 10 hit "Return of the Mack" also originate from Barbados. Grandmaster Flash (born Joseph Saddler in Bridgetown in 1958) is a hugely influential musician of Barbadian origin, pioneering hip-hop DJing, cutting, and mixing in 1970s New York. The Merrymen are a well known Calypso band based in Barbados, performing from the 1960s into the 2010s.
Public holidays[edit]
Further information: Public holidays in Barbados
Date
English name
Remarks
1 January New Year's Day
21 January Errol Barrow Day A day of recognition for Errol Barrow the Father of the Nation.
March or April Good Friday Friday, date varies
March or April Easter Monday Monday, date varies
28 April National Heroes' Day A day of recognition for Barbados' national heroes.
1–7 May Labour Day 1st Monday in May, date varies
May or June Whit Monday Monday, date varies
1 August Emancipation Day The date on which slavery was abolished on the island.
1–7 August Kadooment Day 1st Monday in August, date varies
30 November Independence Day The anniversary of Barbadian national independence, from the United Kingdom in 1966.
25 December Christmas Day
26 December. Boxing Day
Sports[edit]
Main article: Sport in Barbados
Kensington Oval in Bridgetown hosted the 2007 Cricket World Cup final. Cricket is one of the most followed games in Barbados and Kensington Oval is often referred to as the "Mecca in Cricket" due to its significance and contributions to the sport.
A horse and rider at Garrison Savannah
As in other Caribbean countries of British colonial heritage, cricket is very popular on the island. The West Indies cricket team usually includes several Barbadian players. In addition to several warm-up matches and six "Super Eight" matches, the country hosted the final of the 2007 Cricket World Cup. Barbados has produced many great cricketers including Sir Garfield Sobers, Sir Frank Worrell, Sir Clyde Walcott, Sir Everton Weekes, Gordon Greenidge, Wes Hall, Charlie Griffith, Joel Garner, Desmond Haynes and Malcolm Marshall.
Rugby is also popular in Barbados as well.
Horse racing takes place at the Historic Garrison Savannah close to Bridgetown. Spectators can pay for admission to the stands, or else can watch races from the public "rail", which encompasses the track.
Obadele Thompson is a world-class sprinter from Barbados; he won a bronze medal at the Olympic Games of 2000 in the 100m sprint. Ryan Brathwaite, a hurdler, reached the 2008 Olympic semi-finals in Beijing. Brathwaite also earned Barbados its first ever medal at the world championships in Berlin, Germany on 20 August 2009, when he won the men's 110 meter hurdles title. The 21-year-old timed a national record of 13.14 seconds to win the Gold Medal.
Basketball is an increasingly popular sport, played at school or college. Barbados' national team has shown some unexpected results as in the past it beat many much larger countries.
Polo is very popular amongst the rich elite on the island and the "High-Goal" Apes Hill team is based at the St James's Club.[95] It is also played at the private Holders Festival ground.
In golf, the Barbados Open, played at Royal Westmoreland Golf Club, was an annual stop on the European Seniors Tour from 2000 to 2009. In December 2006 the WGC-World Cup took place at the country's Sandy Lane resort on the Country Club course, an 18-hole course designed by Tom Fazio. The Barbados Golf Club is another course on the island. It has hosted the Barbados Open on several occasions.
Volleyball is also popular, though volleyball is mainly played indoors.
Tennis is gaining popularity and Barbados is home to Darian King, currently ranked 270th in the world and is the 2nd highest ranked player in the Caribbean.
Motorsports also play a role, with Rally Barbados occurring each summer and being listed on the FIA NACAM calendar. Also, the Bushy Park Circuit hosted the Race of Champions and Global RallyCross Championship in 2014.
The presence of the trade winds along with favourable swells make the southern tip of the island an ideal location for wave sailing (an extreme form of the sport of windsurfing).
Netball is also popular with women in Barbados.
Barbadian team The Flyin' Fish, are the 2009 Segway Polo World Champions.[96]
Transport[edit]
Main article: Transport in Barbados
An ACME Hino Midibus in Speightstown, Barbados.
Although Barbados is about 34 km (21 mi) across at its widest point, a car journey from Six Cross Roads in St. Philip (south-east) to North Point in St. Lucy (north-central) can take one and a half hours or longer due to road conditions. Barbados has half as many registered cars as citizens.
Transport on the island is relatively convenient with "route taxis" called "ZRs" (pronounced "Zed-Rs") travelling to most points on the island. These small buses can at times be crowded, as passengers are generally never turned down regardless of the number. They will usually take the more scenic routes to destinations. They generally depart from the capital Bridgetown or from Speightstown in the northern part of the island.
Including the ZRs, there are three bus systems running seven days a week (though less frequently on Sundays). There are ZRs, the yellow minibuses and the blue Transport Board buses. A ride on any of them costs BBD$2.00. The smaller buses from the two privately owned systems ("ZRs" and "minibuses") can give change; the larger blue buses from the government-operated Barbados Transport Board system cannot, but do give receipts. Children in school uniform ride for free on the government buses and for $1.50 on the ZRs. Most routes require a connection in Bridgetown.
Some hotels also provide visitors with shuttles to points of interest on the island from outside the hotel lobby. There are several locally owned and operated vehicle rental agencies in Barbados but there are no multi-national companies.
The island's lone airport is the Grantley Adams International Airport. It receives daily flights by several major airlines from points around the globe, as well as several smaller regional commercial airlines and charters. The airport serves as the main air-transportation hub for the eastern Caribbean. In the first decade of the 21st century it underwent a US$100 million upgrade and expansion.
There is also a helicopter shuttle service, which offers air taxi services to a number of sites around the island, mainly on the West Coast tourist belt. Air and maritime traffic is regulated by the Barbados Port Authority.
See also[edit]
Caribbean portal
Caricom portal
Commonwealth realms portal
Outline of Barbados
Index of Barbados-related articles
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ A Relation... in: "Alice Curwen", Autobiographical Writings by Early Quaker Women (Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2004), ed. David Booy.
Jump up ^ Logan, Gabi. "Geologic History of Barbados Beaches". USA Today. Retrieved 2 July 2011. Barbados lies directly over the intersection of the Caribbean plate and the South American plate in a region known as a subduction zone. Beneath the ocean floor, the South American plate slowly slides below the Caribbean plate.
Jump up ^ "Barbados Sightseeing – Animal Flower Cave". Leigh Designs. Little Bay House. 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2011. The Animal flower Cave is the island's lone accessible sea-cave and was discovered from the sea in 1780 by two English explorers. The cave's coral floor is estimated to be 400,000 to 500,000 years old and the "younger" coral section above the floor is about 126,000 years old. The dating was carried out by the German Geographical Institute, and visitors can see a "map" of the dating work in the bar and restaurant. The cave now stands some six feet above the high tide mark even though it was formed at sea level. This is because Barbados is rising about one inch per 1,000 years, which is yet another indication of the cave's age.
Jump up ^ Pico Teneriffe
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Further reading[edit]
Burns, Sir Alan, History of the British West Indies. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1965.
Davis, David Brion. Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-19-514073-7
Frere, Samuel, A Short History of Barbados: From its First Discovery and Settlement, to the End of the Year 1767. London: J. Dodsley, 1768.
Gragg, Larry Dale, Englishmen transplanted: The English Colonization of Barbados, 1627–1660. Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0199253890
Hamshere, Cyril, The British In the Caribbean. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972.
Newman, Simon P. A New World of Labor: The Development of Slavery in the British Atlantic. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0812245196
Northrup, David, ed. The Atlantic Slave Trade, Second Edition. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. ISBN 0-618-11624-9
O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson, An Empire Divided: The American Revolution and the British Caribbean. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0812217322
Rogozinski, January 1999. A Brief History of the Caribbean: From the Arawak and Carib to the Present. Revised version, New York, USA. ISBN 0-8160-3811-2
Scott, Caroline 1999. Insight Guide Barbados. Discovery Channel and Insight Guides; fourth edition, Singapore. ISBN 0-88729-033-7
Videography[edit]
Overview Video—Barbados Tourism Investment Inc. (Courtesy of US Television).
Videography on YouTube, by the Ministry of Energy and the Environment, under the Office of the Prime Minister.
Sandy Lane Hotel, Barbados 11 November 2011, on Where in the World is Matt Lauer?, NBC Today Show.
This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook document "2003 edition".
External links[edit]
Find more aboutBarbadosat Wikipedia's sister projects
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Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Official website
Official webpage of Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Barbados
Parliament of Barbados official website
Barbados Tourism Authority—The Ministry of Tourism
Central Bank of Barbados website
Barbados Investment and Development Corporation
Barbados Maritime Ship Registry
Barbados Museum & Historical Society
General information
Barbados at DMOZ
Wikimedia Atlas of Barbados
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Lat. and Long. 13°10′N 59°32′W / 13.167°N 59.533°W / 13.167; -59.533 (Bridgetown)
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VIAF: 146498747
LCCN: n79066542
GND: 15575-5
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BNF: cb118623576 (data)
NDL: 00560533
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbados&oldid=808930072"
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ln
ln
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Livvi-Karelian
olo
olo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbady
Barbady – Malagasy
mg
mg
interlanguage-link-target

values: ബർബാഡോസ് – Malayalam

values:
https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Maltese
mt
mt
interlanguage-link-target

values: बार्बाडोस – Marathi

values: ბარბადოსი – Mingrelian

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Min Dong Chinese
cdo
cdo
interlanguage-link-target

values: Барбадос – Moksha

values: Барбадос – Mongolian

values: ဘာဘေးဒိုးစ်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese

values:
https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Nāhuatl
nah
nah
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadot
Barbadot – Nauru
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: बार्बाडोस – Nepali

values: बार्बाडोस – Newari

values: Барбадос – Chechen

values:
https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Northern Frisian
frr
frr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Norfuk / Pitkern
pih
pih
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Novial
nov
nov
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values: ବାରବାଡୋସ – Odia

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values: ਬਾਰਬਾਡੋਸ – Punjabi

values: बार्बाडोस – Pali

values:
https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Papiamento
pap
pap
interlanguage-link-target

values: باربادوس – Pashto

values:
https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Piedmontese
pms
pms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Kara-Kalpak
kaa
kaa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Crimean Turkish
crh
crh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Romansh
rm
rm
interlanguage-link-target

values: Барбадос – Rusyn

values: Барбадос – Russian

values: Барбадос – Sakha

values: बार्बाडोस – Sanskrit

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadosi
Barbadosi – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhadosi
IBhadosi – Swati
ss
ss
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Silesian
szl
szl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values: Барбадос – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: பார்படோசு – Tamil

values:
https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Kabyle
kab
kab
interlanguage-link-target

values: Барбадос – Tatar

values: బార్బడోస్ – Telugu

values:
https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadus
Barbadus – Tetum
tet
tet
interlanguage-link-target

values: ประเทศบาร์เบโดส – Thai

values: Барбадос – Tajik

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Барбадос – Ukrainian

values: بارباڈوس – Urdu

values: باربادوس – Uyghur

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Wolof
wo
wo
interlanguage-link-target

values: בארבאדאס – Yiddish

values:
https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Zazaki
diq
diq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
Barbados – Zeelandic
zea
zea
interlanguage-link-target

values: बार्बाडोस – Doteli

values:
suggestions
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values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Barbados rootpage-Barbados vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view