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Halloween (2018 film)
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Halloween
Teaser poster
Directed by
David Gordon Green
Produced by
Malek Akkad
Jason Blum
Bill Block
Written by
Jeff Fradley
Danny McBride
David Gordon Green
Based on
Characters
by
John Carpenter
Debra Hill
Starring
Jamie Lee Curtis
Judy Greer
Andi Matichak
Will Patton
Virginia Gardner
Nick Castle
Music by
John Carpenter[1]
Cinematography
Michael Simmonds[2]
Production
companies
Trancas International Films
Blumhouse Productions
Miramax
Rough House Pictures
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
September 2018 (2018-09) (TIFF)
October 19, 2018 (2018-10-19) (United States)
Running time
109 minutes[3]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$10 million[4]
Halloween is an upcoming American slasher film directed by David Gordon Green and written by Green, Jeff Fradley, and Danny McBride. It is the eleventh installment in the Halloween franchise, and is a direct sequel to Halloween, while disregarding the continuity of the previous sequels.[5] After failing to develop a new Halloween film in time, Dimension Films lost the rights to the franchise, which were later obtained by Blumhouse Productions with John Carpenter's involvement. Carpenter, co-creator of the original Halloween, serves as a composer, executive producer and creative consultant for the film.
Set forty years after the original film, Laurie Strode comes face-to-face with Michael Myers for one final showdown on Halloween night. Jamie Lee Curtis and Nick Castle reprise their roles as Strode and Myers, respectively, with stuntman James Jude Courtney also portraying Myers. The film also stars Judy Greer, Andi Matichak, Will Patton, and Virginia Gardner.
Principal photography commenced on January 13, 2018, in South Carolina and concluded on February 19, 2018. The film will premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival in September, and is set for release on October 19, 2018, a week before the 40th anniversary of John Carpenter's original Halloween.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Writing and pre-production
3.3 Casting
3.4 Filming
3.5 Music
4 Marketing
5 Release
6 Merchandising
7 Future
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
"The film picks up 40 years after the events of the 1978 original, Laurie Strode (Jamie Lee Curtis) comes to her final confrontation with Michael Myers (Nick Castle and James Jude Courtney), the masked figure who has haunted her since she narrowly escaped his killing spree on Halloween night four decades ago."
—  Universal, Miramax, and Blumhouse.[6]
Cast[edit]
Jamie Lee Curtis as Laurie Strode
Judy Greer as Karen Strode
Andi Matichak as Allyson Strode
Will Patton as Hawkins
Virginia Gardner as Vicky
Nick Castle and James Jude Courtney as Michael Myers / The Shape
Miles Robbins as Dave
Dylan Arnold as Cameron
Drew Scheid as Oscar
Omar J. Dorsey as Sheriff Barker
Rob Niter as Deputy Sheriff Walker
Toby Huss as Ray
Jefferson Hall as Martin
Rhian Rees as Dana Haines
Jibrail Nantambu as Julian
Haluk Bilginer as Sartain
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In 2011, it was announced that a sequel to 2009's Halloween II, titled Halloween 3D, would be released on October 26, 2012. At the time of the announcement, there was no director or writer attached to the project. Originally, Patrick Lussier and Todd Farmer were labeled as writers but dropped out due to their occupancy on the Hellraiser reboot. The film would pick up where the final frame of its predecessor left off, and would pay homage to the original version of Michael Myers from the 1978 film.[7] It was dropped from its release schedule of October 26, 2012, as no progress had been made.[8]
In February 2015, it was reported that Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan would be writing a new Halloween film, described as a "recalibration" rather than a reboot, along with Malek Akkad and Matt Stein producing.[9] On June 15, 2015, it was further reported that The Weinstein Company was moving ahead with another Halloween sequel, tentatively titled Halloween Returns with Dunstan directing. It would have been a standalone film set to reintroduce audiences to Michael Myers years after his initial rampage from Halloween and 1981's Halloween II, as he was confronted by a new generation of victims while on death row.[10][11] On October 22, 2015, producer Malek Akkad revealed that the production of Halloween Returns had been postponed, stating that the extra time would result in a better film.[12] Malek said on the matter, "Although, I have to say, and this is somewhat new news, but unfortunately things happen in Hollywood where you have issues with studios and different variables. We've had to take a step back and now we're trying to re-figure this beast that is the new Halloween. So there is a bit of a delay, but this new Halloween isn't going to be quite what has been announced and what people are expecting, so we're making some changes there as well."[13] In December 2015, it was announced that Dimension Films no longer had the rights to the Halloween franchise after Halloween Returns failed to go into production on schedule.[14] The film's cancellation was confirmed at the same time.[15]
On May 24, 2016, it was announced that Blumhouse Productions and Miramax were co-financing a new film in the franchise. Blumhouse CEO Jason Blum called the original Halloween a milestone that had influenced the company to begin making horror films, "The great Malek Akkad and John Carpenter have a special place in the hearts of all genre fans and we are so excited that Miramax brought us together."[16] The rights specifically went to Miramax and Tarik Akkad, who sought out Blum because of his success as a horror film producer.[17]
Writing and pre-production[edit]
When John Carpenter, who had co-written the first two Halloween films with Debra Hill and directed the original, signed on as an executive producer in 2016, he described his intention: "Thirty-eight years after the original Halloween, I'm going to help to try to make the 10th sequel the scariest of them all."[18] He discussed his reasoning for revisiting the franchise since producing 1982's Halloween III: Season of the Witch in an interview with Rotten Tomatoes, "I talked about the Halloweens for a long time, the sequels — I haven’t even seen all of them... But finally it occurred to me: Well if I'm just flapping my gums here, why don't I try to make it as good as I can? So, you know, stop throwing rocks from the sidelines and get in there and try to do something positive."[19] When the rights were acquired by Blumhouse, filmmaker Adam Wingard discussed making a new Halloween film, but ultimately dropped out after being sated by an email of encouragement from Carpenter, "I kinda walked away from it like, I just got everything I wanted out of this job. 'This is about as good as it gets.'"[20] David Gordon Green and Danny McBride were publicised on February 9, 2017 to handle screenwriting duties, with Green directing and Carpenter advising the project.[21] Carpenter said that he was impressed with the pitch presented by the co-writers, solicited by Jason Blum, proclaiming that "They get it."
Rather than reboot the franchise a second time, they chose to focus primarily on continuing the mythology of the first two films when developing the story,[22] with Danny McBride stating, "We all came to the decision that remaking something that already works isn't a good idea. So we just have a reimagining instead."[23] The pitch was created by the writers specifically to present to Carpenter, as they were self-described fans of the original Halloween to begin with. The story was eventually fleshed out so that all of the sequels were ignored from continuity, and the ending of the first film was slightly retconned in what McBride likened to an alternate reality.[24] However, he later said that the film still pays tribute to the other films, despite sharing no direct continuity, "you know like there's some many different versions, and the timeline is so mixed up, we just thought it would be easier to go back to the source and continue from there. It was nicer than knowing you're working on Halloween 11, it just seemed cooler, 'we're making Halloween 2'. For fans, we pay homage and respect to every Halloween that has been out there."[25] Despite Green and McBride's comedy roots, Halloween was distanced from the comedy genre. McBride further elaborated that "I think there was, like, maybe one joke on the page, but the rest is straight horror."[5] Believing that "good horror movie directors are good directors", Jason Blum hired Green for his perceived "amazing" storytelling. No large steps were taken without Carpenter's approval, including the acceptance of the initial pitch and bringing back actress Jamie Lee Curtis.[26]
Displeased with Rob Zombie's re-imagining and added backstory of murderer Michael Myers, Carpenter wanted to take the character back to his more mysterious roots, describing him as "a force of nature. He's supposed to be almost supernatural."[27] McBride detailed his approach as humanizing the character, "I think we're just trying to take it back to what was so good about the original. It was just very simple and just achieved that level of horror that wasn't turning Michael Myers into some being that couldn't be killed. I want to be scared by something that I really think could happen. I think it's much more horrifying to be scared by someone standing in the shadows while you're taking the trash out."[28]
Casting[edit]
Jamie Lee Curtis and Nick Castle reprise their roles as Laurie Strode and Michael Myers / The Shape, respectively. Castle reprises his role for the first time since the original 1978 film.
In September 2017, Jamie Lee Curtis confirmed that she would reprise her role as Laurie Strode.[29][30][31] In contrast to the character's final girl role in the original film, Laurie armed herself and prepared extensively in the time period between films in case Michael Myers ever returned.[32] Although Halloween II and its latter installments have portrayed Myers as a familicidal killer and Laurie as his sister, the writers felt that the added motive made him less frightening as a killer. As such, they intentionally ignored that aspect of the lore.[33] In the trailer for the film, Strode's granddaughter, played by Andi Matichak, explains how her life has been impacted by Michael's reign of terror 40 years earlier. When a friend hints that they heard Michael was Laurie's brother, Matichak's character replies, "No, it was not her brother, that was something people made up."[34] The writers did not originally know if Curtis would be willing to return, according to McBride, so they "busted [their] ass on this script to really make that Laurie Strode character something she wouldn't be able to say no to."[5] On why she returned, Curtis stated, "As soon as I read what David Green and Danny McBride had come up with … and the way that they connected the dots of the story, it made so much sense to me that it felt totally appropriate for me to return to Haddonfield, Ill., for another 40th-anniversary retelling. It's the original story in many, many, many ways. Just retold 40 years later with my granddaughter."[35] Curtis had previously returned as Laurie in the sequels Halloween II (1981), Halloween H20: 20 Years Later, and Halloween: Resurrection.
The following October, Judy Greer entered negotiations to play Laurie's daughter Karen Strode.[36] Danielle Harris, who played Laurie's daughter Jamie Lloyd in the original continuity's Halloween 4 and Halloween 5, contacted Blumhouse with the offer to reprise her role in some way, but the studio planned to go with a different daughter character, to Harris' disappointment: "I was okay with it when she had a son... but they're saying it's the last one and... she has a daughter. And it's not Jamie. It's just kind of a bummer, I guess."[37][38][39][40][41] On December 7, 2017, Andi Matichak was cast to play Laurie's granddaughter Allyson.[42]
On December 20, 2017, it was announced that Nick Castle, who portrayed Michael Myers in the original film, would be reprising his role, with actor and stuntman James Jude Courtney set to portray Myers as well.[43][44][45] Courtney was suggested to Malek Akkad and David Gordon Green by stunt coordinator Rawn Hutchinson for his ability to do both physical stunts and genuine acting, auditioning afterwards and receiving a phone call in December 2017 affirming that he had landed the role. Green explained to him his vision for Myers' mannerisms, an amalgamation of Castle's original performance and the addition of an efficient cat-eque style of movement. Courtney tailored his portrayal to those specifications from observing an actual cat, "I think cats are the most perfect hunting machines on the planet. And the beauty of it is we don't judge a cat for what a cat does. So I sort of carried that movement and the non-judgmental approach to the way I moved as The Shape, which I learned from my cat Parcival." He referred to collaborating with Castle as an "honor", with Castle describing it as a "passing of the torch". He used John Carpenter and Castle's work on the original film to determine how the forty years that transpired between the events of the films would inform the character over time.[2]
On January 13, 2018, Ginny Gardner, Miles Robbins, Dylan Arnold and Drew Scheid were confirmed to play Allyson's friends, respectively.[45] On January 16, 2018, Will Patton was publicized to have joined the film's roster.[46] He was later joined by Rob Niter, both actors being announced to portray police officers. At the same time, Rhian Rees was cast as a character named Dana.[47] Speaking of the cast, Nick Castle stated that "What I like about this (new film) is they've got some really good young actors. They fleshed out the relationship of Jamie's character with her daughter and her granddaughter. And they made some choices that I think are really bold choices about who these people are and why they are the way they are now."[48]
On July 27, it was announced that a sound-alike voice actor would provide Dr. Loomis’ voice over.[49]
Filming[edit]
Principal production began on January 13, 2018 in Charleston, South Carolina. Originally, it was set to begin in late October 2017,[50][51] but was delayed until January 2018.[52] Michael Simmonds served cinematography duties, with Paul Daley and Stewart Cantrell operating the camera.[2] According to Danny McBride, the horror of the film aims to create a sense of tension and dread to the audience rather than relying on graphic violence;[53] the make-up and visual effects were provided by Christopher Nelson.[43] Jamie Lee Curtis finished her scenes on February 16, 2018,[54] with the remaining principal photography concluding on February 19, 2018.[55] Response to the film's first test screening led the filmmakers to schedule reshoots beginning June 11, 2018, where they will adjust the end scene. Filming will take place again in Charleston.[56]
Courtney did a week of rehearsal before filming began. Nelson used a life cast of his face to construct the Michael Myers' mask and other prosthetics worn by the actor.[2] The mask was weathered and aged to reflect the character's "authentic evolution" since the original.[32] Courtney was involved in every scene featuring Myers, including those of Nick Castle, who was only involved for a minimal amount of filming, which Castle described to the journalists on set as a cameo appearance: "Jim is our Michael Myers now." Castle expressed that it was the filmmakers intention to maintain the atmosphere of the original and that, like the 1978 film, "it's very neighborhood-centric... There are a lot of things coinciding (in the new film) that feel like clever ways to introduce a kind of déjà vu of the first one, without feeling like it's being copied. It was the first thing out of their mouths really: 'We want to do it like John [Carpenter] did it.'"[48]
Nelson accompanied Courtney throughout filming, providing him with acting advice from his own knowledge of the characters of the Halloween franchise.[2] Nelson had been interviewed and examined for the film by Akkad and Green after a conversation with Blumhouse producer Ryan Turek, who he was already acquainted with. Collaborating with fellow make-up effects artist Vincent Van Dyke, some of his designs and concepts were initially rejected due to legal complications, which were later straightened out as he began his work on the film. Rather than trying to copy the design of the original mask, he simply intended on recapturing what he described as the visual "feeling" of it. Because the film is set forty years after the events of the original, he studied the decomposition and wrinkling of forty-year-old masks over time while outlining his take on Myers' look, "You're not creating just a mask. You're creating a feeling that you get that does have an expression.. But also the mask looks completely different in every single angle it's ever been photographed at, and I wanted that feeling too." Courtney was hired after Nelson advised Green not to cast a hulking stuntman in the role in compliance with the first film.[57][better source needed]
Music[edit]
After previously providing the score for the original Halloween, Halloween II, and Halloween III: Season of the Witch, John Carpenter confirmed in October 2017 that he had made a deal to score the 2018 release. Regarding his take on the sequel, he said, "I'll be consulting with the director to see what he feels. I could create a new score, we could update the old score and amplify it, or we could combine those two things. I'll have to see the movie to see what it requires."[58]
Marketing[edit]
The CinemaCon film convention premiered exclusive footage on April 25, 2018, garnering positive reactions from those in attendance.[59] The film had a presentation at the San Diego Comic-Con in Hall H on July 20, 2018, which featured Jamie Lee Curtis, David Gordon Green, Malek Akkad, and Jason Blum in attendance.[60] During the panel, which featured an extended scene and trailer, Curtis discussed how the film ties in with the Me Too movement, describing it as a film about "trauma", stating, "[Laurie's] taking back her narrative. She has carried the trauma and PTSD of someone who was attacked [...] And there comes a point where you say, I am not a victim. And this is a person who has been waiting 40 years [for the chance]."[61]
Release[edit]
Halloween will have its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2018, as part of the festival's Midnight Madness section.[62] The film is scheduled to be released theatrically on October 19, 2018.[22]
Merchandising[edit]
Trick or Treat Studios obtained the official costume licensing rights for the film. Both Nelson and Vincent Van Dyke joined their design team, who used toolings from the screen-used mold of Michael Myers' mask to adapt it for mass market sale.[63][64]
Future[edit]
In October 2017, Carpenter said that the film would be the final installment of the series.[65] However, in June 2018, McBride confirmed that he and Green originally had intended to pitch two films that would be shot back-to-back, after deciding against it and waiting to see the reaction to the first film: "We were going to shoot two of them back-to-back. Then we were like, 'Well, let's not get ahead of ourselves. This could come out, and everyone could hate us, and we'd never work again. So, let's not have to sit around for a year while we wait for another movie to come out that we know people aren't going to like.' So, we were like, 'Let's learn from this, and see what works, and what doesn't.' But we definitely have an idea of where we would go [with] this branch of the story and hopefully we get a chance to do it."[66]
See also[edit]
List of retroactive continuities
List of horror films of 2018
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Jump up ^ {{cite web|last=Collura|first=Scott|last=Vejoda|first=Jim|title=MICHAEL MYERS LIVES AND IS BLOODY AS EVER IN NEW HALLOWEEN FOOTAGE - COMIC-CON 2018|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2018/07/26/michael-myers-lives-and-is-bloody-as-ever-in-new-halloween-footage-comic-con-2018%7Caccessdate=August 6, 2018|
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (August 9, 2018). "'Predator,' 'Halloween,' 'Fahrenheit 11/9' to Premiere at Toronto Film Festival". variety. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Squires, John. "Trick or Treat Studios Releasing Aged Michael Myers Masks from This Year's Movie Mold!". Bloody Disgusting. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Halloween 2018". Trick or Treat Studios. Archived from the original on 4 June 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "John Carpenter's Shocking Announcement: Next "HALLOWEEN" Will Be THE LAST". 31 October 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "'Halloween' co-screenwriter Danny McBride almost pitched making back-to-back sequels". Retrieved 30 July 2018.
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Still of the Night (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the song of the same name by Quiet Riot, see QR III.
"Still of the Night"
Single by Whitesnake
from the album Whitesnake
B-side
"Here I Go Again" and "You're Gonna Break My Heart Again"
Released
21 March 1987 (UK)
9 March 1987 (US)
Format
Vinyl LP
cassette
CD
Recorded
1986
Genre
Heavy metal, blues rock, glam metal
Length
6:41 (album version)
3:58 (single version)
Label
Geffen, EMI
Songwriter(s)
David Coverdale
John Sykes
Producer(s)
Mike Stone
Keith Olsen
Whitesnake singles chronology
"Slow an' Easy"
(1984) "Still of the Night"
(1987) "Crying in the Rain '87"
(1987)
"Slow an' Easy"
(1984) "Still of the Night"
(1987) "Crying in the Rain '87"
(1987)
Audio sample
file
help
"Still of the Night" is a song by the English band Whitesnake. It was released as the first single from their self titled 1987 album. It reached #16 in the U.K.,[1] #18 on the U.S. Mainstream Rock Tracks and #79 on the Billboard Hot 100[2] when it was released on 9 March 1987. In 2009, the track was named the 27th best hard rock song of all time by VH1.[3]
The song was written by lead singer David Coverdale and guitarist John Sykes, and proved to be one of the band's most popular songs. It combines the blues origins of the band with the more distorted, harder sound driving the song, making for a powerful hard rock song. Both the current Whitesnake lineup and John Sykes play the song as their live encore.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Music video
3 In popular culture
4 Track listing
5 Personnel
6 References
Background[edit]
In 2009, in an interview with Metal Hammer, Coverdale commented on the origins of the song:
"When my mother died I was going through the stuff at her house and found some early demo cassettes. One of them was a song that Ritchie Blackmore and I had been working on which was the basic premise of what would become "Still of the Night". It was totally unrecognizable, so Ritchie doesn't have anything to worry about... neither do I! Ha ha ha! I took it as far as I could then I gave it to Sykesy when we were in the south of France, and he put the big guitar hero stuff on there. John hated blues so I had to work within those parameters. I manipulated to be electric blues, but how he performed it was fabulous for his time and relatively unique because of the songs. There were a lot of people doing that widdly stuff but they didn't have the quality of those songs."
Music video[edit]
A music video, starring Coverdale's then-future wife Tawny Kitaen, was shot for the song, and it was MTV's most requested video in its first week of release.[citation needed]
In popular culture[edit]
Whitesnake withheld licensing of "Still of the Night" for use in the video game Rock Revolution; a cover version of the song was subsequently featured in the game. The studio version later appeared as Rock Band DLC in 2012.
Moreover, the song is played in 2011 movie Bad Teacher.
The Finnish symphonic metal singer Tarja Turunen covered the song for her album What Lies Beneath. The American band, Halestorm, also covered the song for the album Reanimate 3.0. Static-X covered the song as a bonus track for their album Cult of Static.
Track listing[edit]
"Still of the Night" – 6:38
"Here I Go Again" – 4:33
"You're Gonna Break My Heart Again" – 4:11
Personnel[edit]
David Coverdale – vocals
John Sykes – guitar, bowed guitar
Neil Murray – bass guitar
Aynsley Dunbar – drums
Don Airey – keyboards
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Whitesnake chart stats". Archived from the original on 2012-05-25.
Jump up ^ "Allmusic (Whitesnake charts and awards) Billboard singles".
Jump up ^ "spreadit.org music". Archived from the original on 4 January 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
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Coverdale•Page
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Still_of_the_Night_(song)&oldid=801795288"
Categories:
1987 singles
1987 songs
EMI Records singles
Geffen Records singles
Song recordings produced by Keith Olsen
Song recordings produced by Mike "Clay" Stone
Songs written by David Coverdale
Songs written by John Sykes
Whitesnake songs
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text:
Vocative case
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Direct address" redirects here. For the assembly programming concept, see Addressing mode.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Look up vocative in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The vocative case (abbreviated VOC) is the case used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object etc.) being addressed or occasionally the determiners of that noun. A vocative expression is an expression of direct address by which the identity of the party spoken to is set forth expressly within a sentence. For example, in the sentence "I don't know, John," John is a vocative expression that indicates the party being addressed, as opposed to the sentence "I don't know John" in which "John" is the direct object of the verb "know."
Historically, the vocative case was an element of the Indo-European case system and existed in Latin, Sanskrit and Classical Greek. Many modern Indo-European languages (English, Spanish, etc.) have lost the vocative case, but others retain it, including the Baltic languages, some Celtic languages and most Slavic languages (not the case for modern Russian).
Some linguists, such as Albert Thumb,(de) argue that the vocative form is not a case but a special form of nouns not belonging to any case, as vocative expressions are not related syntactically to other words in sentences.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Indo-European languages
1.1 Comparison
1.2 Baltic languages
1.2.1 Lithuanian
1.3 Celtic languages
1.3.1 Goidelic languages
1.3.1.1 Irish
1.3.1.2 Scottish Gaelic
1.3.1.3 Manx
1.3.2 Brythonic languages
1.3.2.1 Welsh
1.3.2.2 Cornish
1.3.2.3 Breton
1.4 Germanic languages
1.4.1 English
1.4.2 German dialects
1.4.3 Icelandic
1.5 Greek
1.6 Indo-Iranian languages
1.6.1 Kurdish
1.6.2 Sanskrit
1.7 Slavic languages
1.7.1 Bulgarian
1.7.2 Czech
1.7.3 Polish
1.7.4 Russian
1.7.4.1 Historic vocative
1.7.4.2 New vocative
1.7.5 Serbo-Croatian
1.7.6 Slovak
1.7.7 Ukrainian
1.8 Latin
1.9 Romance languages
1.9.1 West Iberian languages
1.9.2 Catalan
1.9.3 French
1.9.4 Romanian
1.9.5 Venetian
2 Arabic
3 Beijing Mandarin
4 Georgian
5 Korean
6 References
Indo-European languages[edit]
Comparison[edit]
Distinct vocative forms are assumed to have existed in all early Indo-European languages and survive in some. Here is, for example, the Indo-European word for "wolf" in various languages:
Language
Nominative
Vocative
Proto-Indo-European *wl̩kʷ-o-s *wl̩kʷ-e
Sanskrit vr̩k-a-s vr̩k-a
Classical Greek λύκ-ο-ς
(lúk-o-s)
λύκ-ε
(lúk-e)
Latin lup-u-s lup-e
Lithuanian vilk-a-s vilk-e
Old Church Slavonic вльк-ъ
(vlĭk-ŭ)
вльч-е
(vlĭč-e)
The elements separated with hyphens denote the stem, the so-called thematic vowel of the case and the actual suffix. In Latin, for example, the nominative case is lupus and the vocative case is lupe, but the accusative case is lupum. The asterisk before the Proto-Indo-European words means that they are theoretical reconstructions and are not attested in a written source. The symbol ◌̩ (vertical line below) indicates a consonant serving as a vowel (it should appear directly below the "l" or "r" in these examples but may appear after them on some systems from issues of font display). All final consonants have been lost in Proto-Slavic so both the nominative and vocative Old Church Slavonic forms do not have true endings, only reflexes of the old thematic vowels.
The vocative ending changes the stem consonant in Old Church Slavonic because of the so-called First Palatalization. Most modern Slavic languages that retain the vocative case have altered the ending to avoid the change: Bulgarian вълко occurs far more frequently than вълче.
Baltic languages[edit]
Lithuanian[edit]
In Lithuanian, the form that a given noun takes depends on its declension class and, sometimes, on its gender. There have been several changes in history, the last being the -ai ending formed between the 18th and 19th centuries. The older forms are listed under "(other forms)".
nominative
vocative (current standard)
vocative (other forms)
translation
masculine nouns o-stems vilkas vilke! wolf
jo-stems vėjas vėjau! Old. Lith. vėje! wind
ijo-stems gaidys gaidy! rooster
a-stems viršilà viršìla! sergeant-major
e-stems dėdė dėde! uncle
i-stems vagis vagie! thief
u-stems sūnus sūnau! son
n-stems vanduo vandenie! vanden! water
proper names Jonas Jonai! Old Lith. Jone! John
diminutives sūnelis sūneli! little son
feminine nouns a-stems tautà [sg.] taũta! people
e-stems katė kate! cat
i-stems avis avie! sheep
r-stems duktė dukterie! dukter! daughter
irregular marti marti/marčia! daughter-in-law
proper names Dalià Dãlia!
diminutives sesutė sesut(e)! little sister
Some nouns of the e- and a- stems declentions (both proper ones and not) are stressed differently: "aikštė": "aikšte!" (square); "tauta": "tauta!". In addition, nouns of e-stems have an ablaut of long vowel ė in nominative and short vowel e /ɛ/ in vocative. In pronunciation, ė is close-mid vowel [eː], and e is open-mid vowel /ɛ/.
Celtic languages[edit]
Goidelic languages[edit]
Irish[edit]
The vocative case in Irish operates in a similar fashion to Scottish Gaelic. The principal marker is the vocative particle a, which causes lenition of the initial letter.
In the singular there is no special form, except for first declension nouns. These are masculine nouns that end in a broad (non-palatal) consonant, which is made slender (palatal) to build the singular vocative (as well as the singular genitive and plural nominative). Adjectives are also lenited. In many cases this means that (in the singular) masculine vocative expressions resemble the genitive and feminine vocative expressions resemble the nominative.
The vocative plural is usually the same as the nominative plural except, again, for first declension nouns. In the standard language first declension nouns show the vocative plural by adding -a. In the spoken dialects the vocative plural is often has the same form as the nominative plural (as with the nouns of other declensions) or the dative plural (e.g. a fhearaibh! = Men!)
Gender
masculine
feminine
m
f
English
the big man the big boy the big woman the big sister John Mary
Sg.
Nominative
an fear mór an buachaill mór an bhean mhór an deirfiúr mhór Seán Máire
Genitive
an fhir mhóir an bhuachalla mhóir na mná móire na deirféar móire Sheáin Mháire
Vocative
a fhir mhóir a bhuachaill mhóir a bhean mhór a dheirfiúr mhór a Sheáin a Mháire
Pl.
Nominative
na fir móra na buachaillí móra na mná móra na deirfiúracha móra
Genitive
na bhfear mór na mbuachaillí móra na mban mór na ndeirfiúracha móra
Vocative
a fheara móra a bhuachaillí móra a mhná móra a dheirfiúracha móra
Scottish Gaelic[edit]
The vocative case in Scottish Gaelic follows the same basic pattern as Irish. The use of the vocative, aside from literary usage, is mostly confined to personal names; it then is obligatory. The vocative case causes lenition of the initial consonant of nouns. In addition, masculine nouns are slenderized if possible (that is, in writing, an 'i' is inserted before the final consonant). Also, the particle a is placed before the noun unless it begins with a vowel (or f followed immediately by a vowel, which becomes silent when lenited). Examples of the use of the vocative personal names (as in Irish):
Nominative case
Vocative case
Caitrìona a Chaitrìona
Dòmhnall a Dhòmhnaill
Màiri a Mhàiri
Seumas a Sheumais
Ùna Ùna
cù a choin
The name "Hamish" is just the English spelling of "Sheumais", and thus is actually a Gaelic vocative. Likewise, the name "Vairi" is an English spelling of "Mhàiri".
Manx[edit]
The basic pattern is similar to Irish and Scottish. The vocative is confined to personal names, in which it is common. Foreign names (not of Manx origin) are not used in the vocative. The vocative case causes lenition of the initial consonant of names. It can be used with the particle "y".
Nominative case
Vocative case
Juan y Yuan
Donal y Ghonal
Moirrey y Voirrey
Catreeney y Chatreeney
John John
The name "Voirrey" is actually the Manx vocative of "Moirrey" (Mary).
Brythonic languages[edit]
Welsh[edit]
Welsh marks the vocative by lenition of the initial consonant of the word, with no obligatory particle. Despite its use being less common, it is still used in formal address: the common phrase foneddigion a boneddigesau means "gentlemen and ladies", with the initial consonant of boneddigion undergoing a soft mutation; the same is true of gyfeillion ("[dear] friends") in which cyfeillion has been lenited.
Cornish[edit]
Cornish has retained the vocative case, with the particle the same as in Scottish Gaelic and Irish, a. It causes the second state mutation (lenition) in the next word. As in Manx, foreign names are often not lenited after the a.
Breton[edit]
Breton seems to have lost the vocative.
Germanic languages[edit]
English[edit]
Modern English lacks a formal (morphological) vocative case. English commonly uses the nominative case for vocative expressions but sets them off from the rest of the sentences with pauses as interjections, rendered in writing as commas. Two common examples of vocative expressions in English are the phrases "Mr. President" and "Madam Chairwoman".
Some traditional texts use Jesu, the Latin vocative form of Jesus. One of the best-known examples is Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring.
Look up O#Particle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Historically, and in poetic or rhetorical speech, vocative phrases in English were prefaced by the word O, as is often seen in the King James Version of the Bible: "O ye of little faith" (in Matthew 8:26). Another example is the recurrent use of the phrase "O (my) Best Beloved" by Rudyard Kipling in his Just So Stories. The use of O may be considered a form of clitic and should not be confused with the interjection Oh (The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, section 5.197). However, as the Oxford English Dictionary points out, "O" and "Oh" were originally used interchangeably. With the advent of "Oh" as a written interjection, however, "O" is the preferred modern spelling in vocative phrases.[citation needed]
See also Apostrophe (figure of speech).
German dialects[edit]
In some German dialects, like the Ripuarian dialect of Cologne, it is common to use the (gender-appropriate) article before a person's name. In the vocative phrase then the article is, as in Venetian, omitted. Thus, the determiner precedes nouns in all cases except the vocative. Any noun not preceded by an article or other determiner is in the vocative case. It is most often used to address someone or some group of living beings, usually in conjunction with an imperative construct. It can also be used to address dead matter as if the matter could react or to tell something astonishing or just happening such as "Your nose is dripping."
Colognian examples:
Do es der Päul — Päul, kumm ens erövver!
There is the Paul. Paul, come over [please]!
Och do leeven Kaffepott, do bes jo am dröppe!
O [my] dear coffee pot, you are dripping!
Pääde, jooht loufe! Un di Pääde jonn loufe.
Horses, run away! And the horses are running away.
Icelandic[edit]
The vocative case generally does not appear in Icelandic, but a few words retain an archaic vocative declension from Latin, such as the word Jesús, which is Jesú in the vocative. That comes from Latin, as the Latin word for Jesus is Jesus and its vocative is Jesu.
Look up ó#Icelandic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
That is also the case in traditional English (without the accent) (see above):
Jesús (nominative) elskar þig.
Jesus loves you.
Ó Jesú (vocative), frelsari okkar.
O Jesus, our saviour.
The native words sonur ("son") and vinur ("friend") also sometimes appear in the shortened forms son and vin in vocative phrases. Additionally, adjectives in vocative phrases are always weakly declined, but elsewhere with proper nouns, they would usually be declined strongly:
Kær vinur (strong adjective, full noun) er gulli betri.
A dear friend is better than gold.
Kæri vin (weak adjective, shortened noun), segðu mér nú sögu.
Dear friend, tell me a story.
Greek[edit]
In Ancient Greek, the vocative case is usually identical to the nominative case, with the exception of masculine second-declension nouns (ending in -ος) and third-declension nouns.
Second-declension masculine nouns have a regular vocative ending in -ε. Third-declension nouns with one syllable ending in -ς have a vocative that is identical to the nominative (νύξ, night); otherwise, the stem (with necessary alterations, such as dropping final consonants) serves as the vocative (nom. πόλις, voc. πόλι; nom. σῶμα, gen. σώματος, voc. σῶμα). Irregular vocatives exist as well, such as nom. Σωκράτης, voc. Σώκρατες.
In Modern Greek, second-declension masculine nouns still have a vocative ending in -ε; however, the accusative case is often used as a vocative in informal speech: "Έλα εδώ, Χρήστο" "Come here, Christos" instead of "...Χρήστε". Other nominal declensions use the same form in the vocative as the accusative in formal or informal speech, with the exception of learned Katharevousa forms that are inherited from Ancient Greek Ἕλλην (Demotic Έλληνας, "Greek man"), which have the same nominative and vocative forms instead.[2]
Indo-Iranian languages[edit]
Kurdish[edit]
Kurdish has a vocative case. For instance, in the dialect of Kurmanji, it is created by adding the suffix of -o at the end of masculine words and the -ê suffix at the end of feminine ones. In the Jafi dialect of Sorani it is created by adding the suffix of -i at the end of names.
Kurmanji
Jafi
Name
Kurdish vocative
Name
Kurdish vocative
Sedat (m) Sedo Bêstûn Bêsi
Wedat (m) Wedo Reşîd Reşi
Murat (m) Muro Sûret Sûri
Baran (m) Baro Fatime Fati
Gulistan (f) Gulê Firset Firsi
Berfîn (f) Berfê Nesret Nesi
Instead of the vocative case, forms of address may be created by using the grammatical particles lê (feminine) and lo (masculine):
Name
Vocative
Azad (m) Lo Azad!
Diyar (m) Lo Diyar!
Sanskrit[edit]
In Sanskrit, the vocative (सम्बोधन विभक्ति sambodhana vibhakti) has the same form as the nominative except in the singular. In vowel-stem nouns, if there is a –ḥ in the nominative, it is omitted and the stem vowel may be altered: –ā and –ĭ become –e, –ŭ becomes –o, –ī and –ū become short and –ṛ becomes –ar. Consonant-stem nouns have no ending in the vocative:
Noun
Singular
Dual
Plural
बाल (bāla, masc., 'boy') हे बाल he bāla हे बालौ he bālau हे बालाः he bālāḥ
लता (latā, fem., 'creeper') हे लते he late हे लते he late हे लताः he latāḥ
फलम् (phalam, neut., 'fruit') हे फलम् he phalam हे फले he phale हे फलानि he phalāni
The vocative form is the same as the nominative except in the masculine and feminine singular.
Slavic languages[edit]
Bulgarian[edit]
Unlike other Slavic languages except Macedonian, Bulgarian has lost case marking for nouns. However, Bulgarian preserves vocative forms. Traditional male names usually have a vocative ending.
nominative case
(name)
vocative case
Петър
Petar Петре
Petre
Тодор
Todor Тодоре
Todore
Иван
Ivan Иване
Ivane
More-recent names and foreign names may have a vocative form but it is rarely used (Ричарде, instead of simply Ричард Richard, sounds unusual to native speakers).
Vocative phrases like господин министре (Mr. Minister) have been almost completely replaced by nominative forms, especially in official writing. Proper nouns usually also have vocative forms, but they are used less frequently. Here are some proper nouns that are frequently used in vocative:
english word
nominative case
vocative case
God Бог
Bog Боже
Bozhe
Lord Господ
Gospod Господи
Gospodi
Jesus Christ Исус Христос
Isus Hristos Исусе Христе
Isuse Hriste
comrade другар
drugar другарю
drugaryu
priest поп
pop попе
pope
frog жаба
zhaba жабо
zhabo
fool глупак
glupak глупако
glupako
Vocative case forms also normally exist for female given names:
nominative case
(name)
vocative case
Елена
Elena Елено
Eleno
Пена
Pena Пено
Peno
Елица
Elitsa Елице
Elitse
Радка
Radka Радке
Radke
Except for forms that end in -е, they are considered rude and are normally avoided. For female kinship terms, the vocative is always used:
english word
nominative case
vocative case
Grandmother Баба
Baba Бабо
Babo
Mom Майка/Мама
Mayka/Mama Майко/Мамо
Mayko/Mamo
Aunt Леля
Lelya Лельо
Lelyo
Sister Сестра
Sestra Сестро
Sestro
Czech[edit]
In Czech, the vocative (vokativ, or 5. pád - "the fifth case") usually differs from the nominative in masculine and feminine nouns in the singular.
Nominative case
Vocative case
Feminine
paní Eva (Ms Eve) paní Evo!
Marie (Mary) Marie!
knížka (little book) knížko!
Masculine
pan profesor (Mr Professor) pane profesore!
Ježíš (Jesus) Ježíši!
Marek (Mark) Marku!
Jiří (George) Jiří!
pan Dobrý (Mr Good) pane Dobrý!
In informal speech, it is common but grammatically incorrect[3]) to use the male surname (see also Czech name) in the nominative to address men: pane Novák! instead of pane Nováku! (Female surnames are adjectives, and their nominative and vocative have the same form: see Czech declension.) Using the vocative is strongly recommended in official and written styles.
Polish[edit]
In Polish, the vocative (wołacz) is formed with feminine nouns usually taking -o except those that end in -sia, -cia, -nia, and -dzia, which take -u, and those that end in -ść, which take -i. Masculine nouns generally follow the complex pattern of the locative case, with the exception of a handful of words such as Bóg → Boże ("God"), ojciec → ojcze ("father") and chłopiec → chłopcze ("boy"). Neuter nouns and all plural nouns have the same form in the nominative and the vocative:
Nominative case
Vocative case
Feminine
Pani Ewa (Mrs. Eve) Pani Ewo! (Mrs. Eve!)
Ewusia (diminutive form of Ewa) Ewusiu!
ciemność (darkness) ciemności!
książka (book) książko!
Masculine
Pan profesor (Mr. Professor) Panie profesorze! (Mr. Professor!)
Krzysztof (Christopher) Krzysztofie! (Christopher!)
Krzyś (Chris) Krzysiu! (Chris!)
wilk (wolf) wilku!
człowiek (human) człowieku! / człowiecze! (poet.)
The latter form of the vocative of człowiek (human) is now considered poetical.
The nominative is increasingly used instead of the vocative to address people with their proper names. In other contexts the vocative remains prevalent. It is used:
To address an individual with the function, title, other attribute, family role
Panie doktorze (Doctor!), Panie prezesie! (Chairman!)
Przybywasz za późno, pływaku (You arrive too late, swimmer)
synu (son), mamo (mum), tato (dad)
After adjectives, demonstrative pronouns and possessive pronouns
Nie rozumiesz mnie, moja droga Basiu! (You don't understand me, my dear Basia!)
To address an individual in an offensive or condescending manner:
Zamknij się, pajacu! ("Shut up, you buffoon!")
Co się gapisz, idioto? ("What are you staring at, idiot!")
Nie znasz się, baranie, to nie pisz ("Stop writing, idiot, you don't know what you're talking about!")
Spadaj, wieśniaku! ("Get lost, peasant!")
After "Ty" (second person singular pronoun)
Ty kłamczuchu! (You liar!)
Set expressions:
(O) Matko!, (O) Boże!, chłopie
The vocative is also often employed in affectionate and endearing contexts such as Kocham Cię, Krzysiu! ("I love you, Chris!") or Tęsknię za Tobą, moja Żono ("I miss you, my wife."). In addition, the vocative form sometimes takes the place of the nominative in informal conversations: Józiu przyszedł instead of "Józio przyszedł" ("Joey's arrived"). The nominative may take the place of the vocative as well: Ania, chodź tu! instead of Aniu, chodź tu! ("Anne, come here!").
Russian[edit]
Historic vocative[edit]
The historic Slavic vocative has been lost in Russian and is now used only in archaic expressions. Several of them, mostly of religious origin, are common in colloquial Russian: "Боже!" (Bože, vocative of "Бог" Bog, "God") and "Боже мой!" (Bože moj, "My God!"), and "Господи!" (Gospodi, vocative of "Господь" Gospodj, "Lord"), which can also be expressed as "Господи Иисусе!" (Gospodi Iisuse!, Iisuse vocative of "Иисус" Iisus, "Jesus"). The vocative is also used in prayers: "Отче наш!" (Otče naš, "Our Father!"). Such expressions are used to express strong emotions (much like English "O my God!"), and are often combined ("Господи, Боже мой"). More examples of the historic vocative can be found in other Biblical quotes that are sometimes used as proverbs: "Врачу, исцелися сам" (Vraču, iscelisia sam, "Physician, heal thyself", nom. "врач", vrač). Vocative forms are also used in modern Church Slavonic. The patriarch and bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church are addressed as "владыко" (vladyko, hegemon, nom. "владыка", vladyka). In the latter case, the vocative is often also incorrectly used for the nominative to refer to bishops and patriarchs.
New vocative[edit]
In modern colloquial Russian, given names and a small family of terms often take a special "shortened" form that some linguists consider to be a re-emerging vocative case.[4] It is used only for given names and nouns that end in -a and -я, which are sometimes dropped in the vocative form: "Лен, где ты?" ("Lena, where are you?"). It is basically equivalent to "Лена, где ты?" but suggests a positive personal and emotional bond between the speaker and the person being addressed. Names that end in -я then acquire a soft sign: "Оль!" = "Оля!" ("Olga!"). In addition to given names, the form is often used with words like "мама" (mom) and "папа" (dad), which would be respectively shortened to "мам" and "пап". The plural form is used with words such as "ребят", "девчат" (nom: "ребята", "девчата" guys, gals).[5]
Such usage differs from the historic vocative, which would be "Лено" and is not related.
Serbo-Croatian[edit]
The vocative is widely used in Serbo-Croatian. It is surrounded by commas in a sentence as it is part of an unordered sentence array.[6]:458 According to Hrvatska gramatika, vocative singular masculine is sometimes used instead of nominative for the subject or predicate in oral epic poetry.[6]:426 When translating direct speech to indirect speech, vocative has to become a different case, usually nominative or accusative.[6]:527, 529
Maša, f.
Mašo
Nouns tȅtka, ûjna and strîna have vocative equal to nominative when referring to a family member, and the suffix -o in vocative otherwise. Proper masculine nouns ending in -a always have vocative equal to nominative. General masculine nouns and polysyllabic feminine proper names ending in -a can have either. General nouns ending in -ica can have in vocative either -ice or -ico. Proper nouns ending in -ica always have -ice in vocative.[6]:154
Miloš, m.
Miloše
ugao, m. (corner)
ugle
čovek or čovjek, m. (human)
čoveče or čovječe
kralj, m. (king)
kralju
sabor, m. (parliament)
sabore
ribar, m. (fisherman)
ribare or ribaru
gospodar, m. (lord)
gospodaru
Kinez, m. (Chinese)
Kinezu
Pariz, m. (Paris)
Parizu
Slovak[edit]
Until the end of the 1980s, the existence of a distinct vocative case in Slovak was recognised and taught at schools. Today, the case is no longer considered to exist except for a few archaic examples of the original vocative remaining in religious, literary or ironic contexts:
Boh (God) m.: Bože
Kristus (Christ) m.: Kriste
pán (lord) m.: pane
otec (father) m.: otče
človek (man, human) m.: človeče
chlap (man) m.: chlape
chlapec (boy) m.: chlapče
Ježiš (Jesus) m.: Ježišu
priateľ (friend) m.: priateľu
brat (brother) m.: bratu, bratku
syn (son) m.: synu, synku
mama (mother) f.: mamo
žena (woman) f.: ženo
In everyday use, the Czech vocative is sometimes retrofitted to certain words:
majster (maestro) m.: majstre
šéf (boss) m.: šéfe
švagor (brother-in-law) m.: švagre
Another stamp of vernacular vocative is emerging, presumably under the influence of Hungarian for certain family members or proper names:
otec (father) m.: oci
mama (mother) f.: mami
babka (grandmother, old woman) f.: babi
Paľo (Paul, domestic form) m.: Pali
Zuza (Susan, domestic form) f.: Zuzi
Ukrainian[edit]
Ukrainian has retained the vocative case mostly as it was in Proto-Slavic:[7]
бог [boh] (god) m.: боже [bože]
друг [druh] (friend) m.: друже [druže]
матуcя [matusia] (minnie) f.: матусю [matusiu]
неня [nenia] (nanny) f.: нене [nene]
бабця [babcia] (granny) f.: бабцю [babciu]
батько [batjko] (father) m.: батьку [batjku]
брат [brat] (brother) m.: брате [brate]
син [syn] (son) m.: сину [synu]
жінка [žinka] (woman) f.: жінко [žinko]
дружина [družyna] (wife) f.: дружино [družyno]
дівчина [divčyna] (girl) f.: дівчино [divčynо]
сестра [sestra] (sister) f.: сестро [sestro]
людина [liudyna] (human) f.: людино [liudyno]
чоловік [čolovik] (man) m.: чоловіче [čoloviče]
хлопець [chlopecj] (boy) m.: хлопче [chlopče]
святий отець [sviatyj otecj] (Holy Father) m.: святий отче [sviatyj otče]
приятель [pryjatelj] (fellow) m.: приятелю [pryjateliu]
пан [pan] (sir, Mr.) m.: пане [pane]
There are some exceptions:
мати [maty] (mother) f.: мамо [mamo]
божа матір [boža matir] (God's Mother) f.: матір божа [matir boža]
It is used even for loanwords and foreign names:
Джон [Džon] (John) m.: Джоне [Džone]
пан президент [pan presydent] (Mr. President) m.: пане президенте [pane presydente]
It is obligatory for all native names:
Володимир [Volodymyr] m.: Володимире [Volodymyre]
Святослав [Sviatoslav] m.: Святославе [Sviatoslave]
Мирослава [Myroslava] f.: Мирославо [Myroslavо]
Ганна [Hanna] f.: Ганно [Hanno]
It is used for patronymics:
Андрій Васильович [Andrij Vasylovyč] m.: Андрію Васильовичу [Andriju Vasyliovyču]
Ірина Богданівна [Iryna Bohdanivna] f.: Ірино Богданівно [Iryno Bohdanivno]
Latin[edit]
In Latin, the form of the vocative case of a noun is often the same as the nominative. Exceptions include singular second-declension nouns that end in -us in the nominative case. An example would be the famous line from Shakespeare, "Et tu, Brute?" (commonly translated as "And you, Brutus?"): Brute is the vocative case and Brutus would be the nominative.
Nouns that end in -ius, instead of the expected -ie end with -ī. Thus, Julius becomes Julī and filius becomes filī. The shortening does not shift the accent so the vocative of Vergilius is Vergilī, with accent on the second syllable even though it is short. Nouns that end in -aius and -eius have vocatives that end in -aī or -eī even though the i in the nominative is consonantal.
First-declension and second-declension adjectives also have distinct vocative forms in the masculine singular if the nominative ends in -us, with the ending -e. Adjectives that end in -ius have vocatives in -ie so the vocative of eximius is eximie.
Nouns and adjectives that end in -eus do not follow the rules above. Meus forms the vocative irregularly as mī or meus, while Christian deus does not have a distinct vocative and retains the form deus. "My God!" in Latin is thus mī deus!, but Jerome's Vulgate consistently used deus meus as a vocative. Classical Latin did not use a vocative of deus either (in reference to pagan gods, the Romans used the suppletive form dive).
Romance languages[edit]
West Iberian languages[edit]
Portuguese drops the article to form the vocative. The vocative is always between commas and, like in many other languages, a particle Ó is commonly used:
Ó Jesus, ajude-nos!
O Jesus, help us!
Menino, vem cá!
Boy, come here!
Foi ela, Rita, quem me contou.
It was her, Rita, who told me.
Não faças isso, amigo.
Don't do that, [my] friend.
In Extremaduran and Fala, some post-tonical vowels open in vocative forms of nouns, a new development that is unrelated to the Latin vocative case.
Catalan[edit]
Catalan drops the article to form the vocative.
French[edit]
Like English, French sometimes uses (or historically used) a particle Ô to mark vocative phrases rather than by change to the form of the noun. A famous example is the title and first line of the Canadian national anthem, O Canada, a vocative phrase addressing Canada.
Romanian[edit]
The vocative case in Romanian is partly inherited, occasionally causing other morphophonemic changes (see also the article on Romanian nouns):
singular masculine/neuter: "-e" as in
"om": "omule!" (man, human being),
"băiat": "băiete!" or "băiatule!" (boy),
"văr": "vere!" (cousin),
"Ion": "Ioane!" (John);
singular feminine: "-o" as in
"soră": "soro!" (sister),
"nebună": "nebuno!" (mad woman),
"deșteaptă": "deșteapto!" (smart one (f), often used sarcastically),
"Ileana": "Ileano!" (Helen);
Since there is no -o vocative in Latin, it must have been borrowed from Slavic: compare the corresponding Bulgarian forms сестро (sestro), откачалко (otkachalko), Елено (Eleno).
plural, all genders: "-lor" as in
"fraţi": "fraţilor!" (brothers),
"boi": "boilor!" (oxen, used toward people as an invective),
"doamne şi domni": "doamnelor şi domnilor!" (ladies and gentlemen).
In formal speech, the vocative often simply copies the nominative/accusative form even when it does have its own form. That is because the vocative is often perceived as very direct and so can seem rude.
Venetian[edit]
Venetian has lost all case endings, like most other Romance languages. However, with feminine proper names the role of the vocative is played by the absence of the determiner: the personal article ła / l' usually precedes feminine names in other situations, even in predicates. Masculine names and other nouns lack articles and so rely on prosody to mark forms of address:
Case
Fem. proper name
Masc. proper name and other nouns
Nom./Acc. ła Marìa ła vien qua / varda ła Marìa!
Mary comes here / look at Mary!
Marco el vien qua / varda Marco!
Mark comes here / look at Mark!
Vocative Marìa vien qua! / varda, Marìa!
Mary come here! / look, Mary!
Marco vien qua! / varda, Marco!
Mark come here! / look, Mark!
Predictive constructions:
Case
Fem. proper name
Masc. proper name and other nouns
Pred. so' mi ła Marìa
I am Mary
so' mi Marco / so' tornà maestra
I am Mark / I am a teacher again
Vocative so' mi Marìa!
It's me, Mary!
so' mi, Marco! / so' tornà, maestra!
it's me, Mark! / I am back, teacher!
Arabic[edit]
Look up يا in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Properly speaking, Arabic has only three cases: nominative, accusative and genitive. However, a meaning similar to that conveyed by the vocative case in other languages is indicated by the use of the particle yā (Arabic: يا) placed before a noun inflected in the nominative case (or accusative if the noun is in construct form). In English translations, it is often translated literally as Oh instead of being omitted.[8][9] The particle yā was also used in old Castilian language, because of Arabic influence via mozarabic inmigrations[citation needed].
Beijing Mandarin[edit]
In the Beijing dialect of Mandarin Chinese, to express strong feelings (especially negative ones) to someone, a stressed "ei" is added to the word you address. The most common word added to "ei" to "孙子" (sunzi, lit. "grandson"), to form a sunzei, which means approximately "Hey you nasty one!"
Georgian[edit]
In Georgian, the vocative case is used to address the second-person singular and plural. For word roots that end with a consonant, the vocative case suffix is -o, and for the words that end with a vowel, it is -v like in Old Georgian, but for some words, it is considered archaic. For example, kats- is the root for the word "man". If one addresses someone with the word, it becomes katso.
Adjectives are also declined in the vocative case. Just like nouns, consonant final stem adjectives take the suffix -o in the vocative case, and the vowel final stems are not changed:
lamazi kali "beautiful woman" (nominative case)
lamazo kalo! "beautiful woman!" (vocative case)
In the second phrase, both the adjective and the noun are declined. The personal pronouns are also used in the vocative case. Shen "you" (singular) and tkven "you" (plural) in the vocative case become she!' and tkve, without the -n. Therefore, one could, for instance, say, with the declination of all of the elements:
She lamazo kalo! "you beautiful woman!"
Korean[edit]
The vocative case in Korean is commonly used with first names in casual situations by using the vocative case marker(호격 조사) 아 (a) if the name ends in a consonant and 야 (ya) if the name ends with a vowel:[10]
미진이 집에 가? (Mijini jibe ga?)
"Is Mijin going home?"
미진아, 집에 가? (Mijina, jibe ga?)
"Mijin, are you going home?
동배 뭐 해? (Dongbae mwo hae?)
What is Dongbae doing?
동배야, 뭐 해? (Dongbaeya, mwo hae?)
"Dongbae, what are you doing?
In formal Korean, the marker 여 (yeo) or 이여 (iyeo) is used, the latter if the root ends with a consonant. Thus, a quotation of William S. Clark would be translated as follows:
소년이여 야망을 가져라. (sonyeoniyeo, yamangeul gajyeora.)
Boys, be ambitious.
In Middle Korean, there were three honorific classes of the vocative case:[11]
Form
Honorific
하 High
아/야 Plain
여/이여 Low with added nuance of exclamation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Реформатский А. А. Введение в языковедение / Под ред. В. А. Виноградова. — М.: Аспект Пресс. 1998. С. 488. ISBN 5-7567-0202-4 (in Russian)
Jump up ^ Holton, David, Irene Philippaki-Warburton, and Peter A. Mackridge, Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language (Routledge, London and New York:1997), pp. 49-50 ISBN 0415100011
Jump up ^ ČRo: Oslovování v češtině
Jump up ^ Lillian A. Parrott, Université Paris 8. Vocatives and other direct address forms: a contrastive study. A. Grønn & I. Marijanovic (eds.) Russian in Contrast, Oslo Studies in Language 2(1), 2010. 211–229. (ISSN 1890-9639)
Jump up ^ Andersen, Henning. The new Russian vocative. Synchrony, diachrony, typology. Scando-Slavica 58.1 (2012), 122-167.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Barić, Eugenija; Lončarić, Mijo; Malić, Dragica; Pavešić, Slavko; Peti, Mirko; Zečević, Vesna; Znika, Marija (1997). Hrvatska gramatika. Školska knjiga. ISBN 953-0-40010-1.
Jump up ^ Methodical instructions for learning vocative case in Ukrainian professional speech
Jump up ^ Jiyad, Mohammed. "A Hundred and One Rules! A Short Reference to Arabic Syntactic, Morphological & Phonological Rules for Novice & Intermediate Levels of Proficiency" (DOC). Welcome to Arabic. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
Jump up ^ "Lesson 5". Madinah Arabic. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
Jump up ^ 선철, 김 (May 2005). "'꽃아'의 발음". 새국어소식 / 국립국어원.
Jump up ^ 양영희 (2009-12-01). "중세국어 호격조사의 기능 고찰". 사회언어학. 17. ISSN 1226-4822.
[show]
v
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Grammatical cases
List of cases
Declension
Morphosyntactic alignment
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Cases
Morphosyntactic alignment
Absolutive
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Pegative
Location, time, direction
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Ornative
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Exessive
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Semblative
Translative
Cause, purpose
Aversive
Benefactive
Causal (–final)
Evitative
Final
Other
Dubitive
Postpositional
Prepositional
Vocative
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Vokativ – Bosnian
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Vokativ – Czech
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Vokativ – Danish
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Vokativ – German
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Üte – Estonian
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Vokativo – Esperanto
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Vocatif – French
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Vocativo – Galician
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Vokativ – Croatian
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Vokativo – Ido
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Vocativo – Italian
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Vocativus – Latin
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Vocatief – Limburgish
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Vocatief – Dutch
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Vokativ – Norwegian
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Vokativ – Norwegian Nynorsk
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Vokativ – Serbo-Croatian
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Vokatiivi – Finnish
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Vokativ – Swedish
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Vokatif – Turkish
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Vocativo – Venetian
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