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Coal in South Africa
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South Africa coal production (red) and exports (black)
South Africa produces in excess of 255 million tonnes of coal (2011 estimate)[1] and consumes almost three quarters of that domestically.[2] Around 77% of South Africa's energy needs are directly derived from coal[3] and 92% of coal consumed on the African continent is produced in South Africa.[4]
The use of coal in South Africa dates back to the iron age (300–1880 AD), when charcoal was used to melt iron and copper, but large-scale exploitation of coal did not occur until the mid-19th century.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Geology
2 Economic impact
3 Mining
4 Coal consumption
4.1 Electricity generation
4.2 Liquid fuel
4.3 Household use
5 Environmental impact
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Citations
7.2 Bibliography
Geology[edit]
The surface exposure of the rocks belonging to the Karoo Supergroup. South Africa's coal occurs in the Ecca group (coloured mustard yellow). These rocks were deposited in a vast inland lake or sea, when Africa was part of Gondwana. It was only along the northern and north-eastern shores of this body of water where marshes formed peat, and eventually turned into coal.
South African Reserves by Coalfields[6]
Highveld (31%)
Witbank (30%)
Ermelo (13.8%)
Waterberg (11%)
Vrg. -Sasolburg (6%)
South Rand (2%)
Utrecht (2%)
Klipriver (1.9%)
Soutpansberg (1%)
Other (1.3%)
Coal reserves in BTUs as of 2009
The largest coal deposits in South Africa are to be found in the Ecca deposits, a stratum of the Karoo Supergroup, dating from the Permian period, between 280 and 250 Ma. The Ecca Group is extensive, covering around two thirds of South Africa (much of it covered by slightly younger rocks - see diagram on the left). Only the northern and north-eastern portion of these Ecca deposits is coal-bearing, but it nevertheless contains more than a third of all coal reserves in the Southern Hemisphere.[6][7]
Notable coalfields are:
Waterberg Coalfield[8]
Highveld Coalfield[8]
Witbank Coalfield[8]
Ermelo Coalfield[8]
Utrecht Coalfield[8]
Klip River Coalfield[8]
Economic impact[edit]
See also: Economy of South Africa
South Africa is one of the seven largest coal-producing[6][9] and one of the top five coal-exporting[3] countries in the world.
More than a quarter of coal mined in South Africa is exported, most of which leaves the country via Richards Bay.[3] Coal is South Africa's third largest source of foreign exchange; platinum being the largest and gold second.[10] Around 15% of the country's GDP (2000 estimate) is spent on energy[10] and 77% of that is derived from coal.[3]
In 2004, the coal and lignite mining industry generated a gross income of R39 billion and directly employed 50,000 people.[11]
The Witbank Coalfield accounts for 40% of South Africa's coal production.[12]
Mining[edit]
The five largest coal mining companies account for around 85% of all production. They are Anglo American plc, South32's South Africa Energy Coal,[13] Sasol Mining, Glencore Xstrata, and Exxaro .[3]
Open-pit mining account for roughly half of South African coal mining operations, the other half being sub-surface.[3]
Coal consumption[edit]
Electricity generation[edit]
See also: List of power stations in South Africa § Coal_fired
Electricity generation accounts for 43% of all coal consumed in South Africa (1997 estimate).[10]
Many of the country's coal-fired power station are located in close proximity to a coal mine and are supplied with fuel directly from the mine. The Grootegeluk open cast mine on the Waterberg Coalfield in Limpopo is one of the largest in the country and feeds the Matimba Power Station[14] with about 14.6 million tons of coal a year[15] via a conveyor system.[16] The mine is also contracted to supply the new Medupi Power Station.[15]
Liquid fuel[edit]
See also: Coal liquefaction and Sasol
Around 35% of liquid fuel used in South Africa is derived from coal mined by Sasol Mining at the Secunda CTL plants.[4][17][18]
Household use[edit]
In 1995 around a million lower-income households in South Africa depended on coal as their primary energy source for cooking, lighting and heating.[19] This number has been decreasing steadily during the first decade of the 21st century due to the expansion of electricity supply to lower-income households and rural regions.[20]
Environmental impact[edit]
See also: Environmental effects of coal
Environmentalists in South Africa and abroad have criticized the decision of the World Bank's approval for a $3.75 billion loan to build the world’s fourth-largest coal-fired power in South Africa. The plant will increase the demand for coal mining and production. Protesters are urging the bank to stop supporting the development of coal plants and other large emitters of greenhouse gas and polluting operations from coal mining.[21]
Usage of coal and liquid fuel derived from coal accounts for around 86% of the 113 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions South Africa produces annually (2006 estimate)[22] and represents around 40% of Africa's total coal derived CO2 emissions.[23]
The largest contributor to coal-derived air pollution is household coal usage (65%), followed by industry (30%) and electricity generation (5%).[24]
Some coal mines have been abandoned by their owners, mainly due to companies ceasing to exist. Many of these mines, such as the Transvaal and Delagoa Bay Collieries (T&DB) outside Witbank, have not been rehabilitated prior to being abandoned and are a major source of water and air pollution. It is estimated that clean-up and rehabilitation of the T&DB Collieries will cost around R100 million.[25] Coal seam fires were common, but controlled, at T&DB Collieries during the mine's operation, but the fires have been left to burn out of control since the mine was closed in 1953, to the extent that in 1995 flames could be seen above ground.[26]
See also[edit]
Coal mining
List of coalfields
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "BP Statistical review of world energy 2012". British Petroleum. Archived from the original (XLS) on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Production and consumption of coal (2003 estimates)" (in Planete Energies). Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2010. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Coal". Department of Energy (South Africa). Retrieved 8 January 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "International Energy Outlook 2009, Chapter 4 - Coal". Energy Information Administration. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Draft EIR Bravo 5" (PDF). Eskom. p. 83. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Schmidt, Stephan. "Coal deposits of South Africa - the future of coal mining in South Africa" (PDF). Institute for Geology, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg. Retrieved 14 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Schlüter & Trauth 2006, p. 214
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "About SA coalfields". Keaton Energy. Archived from the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Coal Mining". World Coal Institute. Retrieved 14 January 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "HOW ENERGY GENERATION CAUSES ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN SOUTH AFRICA". Department of Environmental Affairs (South Africa). Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Mining industry 2004" (PDF). Statistics South Africa. 2004. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Schlüter & Trauth 2006, p. 216
Jump up ^ "South32 - South Africa Energy Coal".
Jump up ^ "EI, Grootgeluk Coal Mine move to electronic knowledge management". Aardvark Communication. 20 June 2003. Retrieved 15 January 2010. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "Mine to double its coal sales to Eskom". Business Report. 2 April 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "MINING AND INDUSTRY". Lephalale Local Municipality. Archived from the original on 9 December 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Preliminary study on Sasol fuel plant due in 2008 - CEO". Engineering News (Creamer Media). 8 November 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sasol orders new reactor as part of Synfuels expansion to meet SA growing demand for fuel". Sasol. 18 November 2007. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Social Impacts on the Environment: # 1". Department of Environmental Affairs (South Africa). Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Household energy source". Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (South Africa). Retrieved 15 January 2010.
Jump up ^ World Bank approves coal plant is South Africa 9 April 2010 Democracy Now!
Jump up ^ "Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions from South Africa" (in Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center). Retrieved 15 January 2010. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
Jump up ^ "Carbon dioxide emissions". Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (South Africa). Retrieved 15 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Balmer, M (August 2007). "Household coal use in an urban township in South Africa" (PDF). Journal of Energy in South Africa. Energy Research Institute. 18 (3). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "The True Cost of Coal" (PDF). Greenpeace. p. 53. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Limpitlaw; Aken, Lodewijks & Viljoen (13 July 2005). "Sustainable Development in the life of coal mining in South Africa" (PDF). The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. p. 3. Retrieved 16 January 2010. [dead link]
Bibliography[edit]
Thomas Schlüter & Martin H. Trauth (2006). "Geological atlas of Africa: with notes on stratigraphy, tectonics, economic geology, geohazards and geosites of each country", Birkhäuser, ISBN 978-3-540-29144-2
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Headquarters
London, United Kingdom[1]
Area served
Worldwide
Owner
J. K. Rowling
Founder(s)
J. K. Rowling
Key people
J. K. Rowling
Neil Blair
Susan Jurevics
Website
www.pottermore.com
shop.pottermore.com
Alexa rank
10,380
Registration
Not required to read content. Required to be sorted.
Launched
31 July 2011 (beta)
Current status
Active
Pottermore Ltd. is the digital publishing, e-commerce, entertainment, and news company from J. K. Rowling and is a global digital publisher of Harry Potter and the Wizarding World. It offers news, features, and articles as well as new and previously unreleased writing by J.K. Rowling. The site features Rowling's thoughts, several pages of unpublished text, and a sales resource for e-book and audiobook versions of the seven Harry Potter novels.[2][3][4]
On 31 July 2011, registration for the limited beta release began. The limited release allowed the first million fans registered to complete The Magical Quill challenge. The original registration was intended to be October 2011, but was delayed until 14 April 2012.[3][5][6] Pottermore was originally launched in partnership with the company Sony, however in April 2014, it was announced that Pottermore had concluded its relationship with Sony, and entered its next developmental phase both creatively and commercially. On 22 September 2015, Pottermore launched a newly designed site containing news, features, and articles plus previously unreleased writing by J.K. Rowling and removed some features including the interactive Moment illustrations, House Cup, and Sorting ceremony. A newly designed Sorting Ceremony was subsequently launched in January 2016 in which users could reclaim their old house or be re-sorted.
Contents
1 Development
2 Features of the pre 2015 Pottermore
2.1 Exploring the books
2.2 Brewing potions
2.3 Spells
2.4 House points and House Cup
2.5 Comments
2.6 Artwork
3 Features of the post 2015 Pottermore
4 History
4.1 Early registration: The Magical Quill Challenge
4.2 Philosopher's Stone: beta release
4.3 Public launch
4.4 Chamber of Secrets
4.5 Prisoner of Azkaban
4.6 Goblet of Fire
4.7 Order of the Phoenix
4.8 Half-Blood Prince
4.9 Deathly Hallows
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Development[edit]
Pottermore was incorporated in April 2008 and was in a developmental stage for two years.[1][7] The Leaky Cauldron's webmaster, Melissa Anelli, has been involved with the project since October 2009.[8] On 15 June 2011, various Harry Potter fan sites, began releasing coordinates that led to letters on SecretStreetView.com. This website, created by Rowling, used Google Maps to reveal hidden letters that spelled out the title of her secret announcement.[9] The first webpage to announce the project appeared in June 2011.[10] The webpage linked to a YouTube channel that featured a countdown.[11][12] Pixelated owls gathered on multiple Harry Potter websites that linked to this countdown page.[9] Rowling also revealed some details about the new site in a YouTube video on 23 June 2011.[3][12]
Features of the pre 2015 Pottermore[edit]
Exploring the books[edit]
Pottermore visitors could participate in interactive reading. They would create an account and be given a unique username. They began with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone[13] and go through the chapters, following Harry and his friends through several Hogwarts journeys. They could collect things like potion ingredients, books, Chocolate Frog cards, galleons, candy, and more along the way. These various finds would earn users points for their house, after they are sorted by the Sorting Hat. The Sorting Hat would place them in one of the four different houses at Hogwarts. The user was given a special quiz to determine in which house they belong. The four different houses in the Harry Potter universe are Hufflepuff, Gryffindor, Slytherin, and Ravenclaw. Users could visit Diagon Alley, where they could purchase different wizarding supplies for school. They could learn spells, duel with other users, and brew several different potions. Students from different Houses could compete with each other for the House Cup by earning House points through dueling, potion making and collecting objects for the first time.[13][14]
Brewing potions[edit]
Pottermore users could make their own potions by using three different (on-screen) cauldrons that were "made" of either pewter, brass, or copper. Each cauldron could make potions at different speeds. Pewter was the slowest cauldron and copper was the fastest cauldron. Pewter cauldrons would cost fifteen galleons, brass cauldrons 21 galleons, and copper cauldrons 25 galleons. Users could make nine different potions with ingredients that could be bought in Diagon Alley, or found while exploring the chapters. If completed successfully, each potion earns them House points. However, a potion could fail if the wrong amount of an ingredient was added. It could also ruin the cauldrons. This could happen if a user left it to brew for too long, did not keep the temperature within the correct range, stirred the potion the wrong way, or crushed ingredients too finely (or not finely enough). When this happened, the player might have up to five house points deducted.
There were three lists of potions: Magical Drafts and Potions, Moste Potente Potions, and Book of Potions. Between these lists a combined total of 15 potions was available.
Spells[edit]
Users could practice spells and later use them against other members of Pottermore in the wizard's duels. There were four spellbooks and they were The Standard Book of Spells (Grade 1), The Standard Book of Spells (Grade 2), and The Dark Forces: A Guide to Self-Protection, Curses and Counter-Curses Each spell has a different effect on the victim.
There are 33 spells that are available to users.
House points and House Cup[edit]
Members of Pottermore win and lose House points as they duel, brew potions, and explore the books. These points were then added and subtracted from that member's House (Slytherin, Ravenclaw, Gryffindor, or Hufflepuff) point total.The members of each House work together to gain more points than any of the other Houses. Every so often, a House Cup was awarded to the House with the most points, after which the points were reset. The first House Cup was awarded on 5 July 2012 to Slytherin, who also received early access to the first four chapters of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. The second House Cup was awarded to Gryffindor on 21 November 2012, whose members received screen-savers and desktop backgrounds for electronic devices. The third House Cup was awarded once again to Slytherin on 25 April 2013. As a reward, Slytherins gained early access to a Montrose Magpies badge. The fourth House Cup was awarded to Hufflepuff on 12 September 2013. As a reward, all members of the Hufflepuff house gained early access to Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. The fifth was awarded to Ravenclaw on 30 March 2014. The reward was announced on 4 April 2014, as being members of Ravenclaw house, users will enjoy early access to the final installment of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, as well as commemorative desktop wallpapers. On 26 September 2014, Ravenclaw retained their House Cup with Gryffindor being a close second. The House Cup was next awarded on 22 May 2015, and was won by Slytherin. The final House cup was awarded on 9 September 2015 and won by Hufflepuff house.
House Cup
Date
Winning House
Reward
1 5 July 2012 Slytherin Early access to the first four chapters of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.
2 21 November 2012 Gryffindor Screen savers and desktop backgrounds.
3 25 April 2013 Slytherin Early access to Montrose Magpies badge.
4 12 September 2013 Hufflepuff Early access to Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.
5 30 March 2014 Ravenclaw Early access to the final chapters of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and desktop backgrounds.
6 26 September 2014 Ravenclaw Background image of the Ravenclaw's crest made from the usernames of the top 5,000 Ravenclaw students who helped their house to victory for their electronic devices.
7 22 May 2015 Slytherin A list of 'Famous Slytherins through the Ages'
8 9 September 2015 Hufflepuff A list of 'Famous Hufflepuffs through the Ages'
Comments[edit]
On 13 April 2015, Pottermore announced a deactivation of their comment boards in various sections of the site.
Artwork[edit]
A UK art studio, Atomhawk Design, created drawings of key scenes from the books in two and three-dimensional styles.
Features of the post 2015 Pottermore[edit]
On 22 September 2015, Pottermore launched a newly designed site containing news, feature and article plus previously unreleased writing by J.K. Rowling and removed some of its most prominent features including the interactive Moment illustrations, House Cup, and Sorting Ceremony. A newly designed Sorting Ceremony was subsequently launched on 28 January 2016 in which users could reclaim their old house or be re-sorted.
Pottermore continues to add new features to the site with a focus on expanding the wizarding world via interactive features and new J.K. Rowling writing. Since the site's relaunch Pottermore has revealed the origins of the Potter family, locations and information regarding wizarding schools around the world and 'History of Magic in North America'. The representation of Native American beliefs, however, remains controversial and was not well received by scholars and Native Americans' Rights activists.[15]
Pottermore has also added a quiz allowing users to determine their Patronus, expanding their profiles from just their house and their wand. They have also added other quizzes such as illveromy house and your personal wand.
History[edit]
Early registration: The Magical Quill Challenge[edit]
When the website was launched on 31 July 2011, an overwhelming number of people tried to access it. Those who could get into Pottermore were informed of The Magical Quill Challenge. Users that completed the challenge could compete for the early registration for the site. The challenge spanned across seven days, with each day corresponding to a certain book in the series. Each day had a new clue, which had to be solved by the user in order to enable his or her right to register before October. The website picked a user's name randomly. Only a certain number of people each day were allowed to use the Magic Quill clue for registration, but this quickly added up to a total of one million users at the end of the challenge (6 August 2011).[16] While many accounts were created by fans during the early registration phase, many other users created multiple accounts and sold them for high prices on eBay. This was done despite the warning given by the Pottermore blog, and the fact that users were assured that the website would remain a free site. Some of these accounts were created by cyber criminals hoping to target as many Harry Potter fans as possible.[17][18][19] These criminals posted promises of early previews and access to the site, which led people to unintentionally buy a malicious software and allowed hackers to gain access to their accounts.[19][20] Clues on the first three days were more difficult than the clues on days four through seven.[21] For North Americans, the final clue was released on 5 August 2011 instead of 6 August 2011. The following table is an overview of the Magical Quill Challenge.[22]
Date
Time
Clue
Answer
Page
References
31 July 9:00 a.m. BST "How many owls are on the Eeylops Owl Emporium sign? Multiply by 49." 245 Sony's US homepage [23]
1 August 10:00 a.m. BST "What is the number of the chapter in which Professor McGonagall cancels the Quidditch match between Gryffindor and Hufflepuff? Multiply this number by 42." 588 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2, site hidden in the photos of the film.
2 August 11:00 a.m. BST "In the Gryffindor versus Slytherin Quidditch match in Harry's third year, how many points ahead is Gryffindor before Harry catches the golden snitch? Multiply this number by 35." 2100 Online article on The Guardian's website [23][24]
3 August 3:30 p.m. BST "How many students take part in the Triwizard Tournament during Harry's fourth year? Multiply this number by 28." 112 Sony Harry Potter page, later skipped due to issues
4 August 6:00 p.m. BST "What is the house number of the headquarters for The Order of the Phoenix in Grimmauld Place? Multiply this number by 21." 252 Scholastic's Harry Potter page in an ad space at the top of the page.
5 August 2:00 p.m. BST "How many chapters are there in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince? Multiply this number by 14." 420 The Wizarding World of Harry Potter's website
6 August 1:00 a.m. BST "How many Deathly Hallows are there? Multiply this number by 7." 21 Warner Brothers' Parseltongue Translator
Philosopher's Stone: beta release[edit]
"I think Pottermore has the potential to be a lasting focal point for the "Harry Potter" brand. I think the fact that it incorporates new content, a social networking element, and is also the only place people will be able to buy the eBooks will prove to be quite a potent combination..."
—Charlotte Williams, The Bookseller[25]
On 10 August 2011, Pottermore sent a congratulatory email to registered users that confirmed early entry. This signified that the beta period began once the sign-in button reappeared on the website.[26] On 15 August 2011, the sign-in button reappeared, welcome emails were sent out, and the beta period began. A very small number of users were invited to begin their use of Pottermore on the first day. More users were invited until 27 September, that marked when the final invitation emails were sent.[27] Early users also said that even though the site did not bring back the same feelings of excitement from when the books were released, it did add an extra layer to the reading experience.[28]
Public launch[edit]
Pottermore was originally scheduled to become publicly available at the end of October 2011, but the beta period was extended. The Pottermore Shop (which sells Harry Potter eBooks and digital audio books) became available on 27 March 2012.[29] On 8 March 2012, it was reported that Pottermore would open to the public in early April 2012. The website officially opened on 14 April 2012, but at that time, the interactive experience was only available for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.
Chamber of Secrets[edit]
On 15 July 2012, the first four chapters of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets were released to only Slytherin House, as their reward for winning the first house cup; it was released to the other Houses on 16 July. On 18 September, chapters five through eleven were released. Accompanying these releases were many new features. These features included badges, the ability for users to see their own all-time House points as well as the number earned since the last House Cup, second-year schoolbooks, more galleons to spend in Diagon Alley, and a status field for user profiles. The final installment of chapters, including chapters twelve through eighteen, were launched on 31 October 2012.
Prisoner of Azkaban[edit]
The first seven chapters of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban were released on 20 December 2012. Chapters eight through fifteen were later released on 10 April 2013. Chapters sixteen through twenty-two were released 31 July 2013, along with a new layout of Pottermore that includes a new gateway, a separate way of going through Harry's story and the user's, and three more moments added to Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.
Goblet of Fire[edit]
The first 11 chapters of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire were released on the site in October 2013. In these chapters, users could do things from the book, such as see The Dark Mark, watch the Quidditch World Cup, and find a Chudley Cannons badge in Ron Weasley's room. Chapters 12 through 20 were released on 16 January 2014. The final chapters, Chapter 21 through 37, were released to Ravenclaw members on 30 July 2014, and then to the public on 31 July 2014. Chapters 2, 22, 29, and 33 of Goblet of Fire have no interactive moments to explore, however, their descriptions are still available to read when each chapter is clicked.
Between April to July 2014, while Chapters 21 through 37 of Goblet of Fire were in development, the site periodically released "articles" from the franchise's fictional newspaper The Daily Prophet, pertaining to 2014 Quidditch World Cup. Written in-universe by the character Ginny Weasley (by then married to Harry), the articles detailed the various matches of the sporting event between sixteen countries such as Bulgaria, the United States, Japan, and Brazil. A further article, written in-universe by reporter Rita Skeeter (released on 8 July) had detailed various, never-before-seen tidbits on the lives of the story's protagonists.
Order of the Phoenix[edit]
On 17 October 2014, the Pottermore Insider introduced a Trick or Treat event that posted a new Trick or Treat daily. On even days, there would be a Trick and on odd days, a Treat. Treats consisted of a piece of artwork or sneak peek to be released in the new update on Halloween. Tricks consisted of a puzzle or game that needed to be solved to provide hints of things included in the new update. On 31 October, Pottermore released the Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix chapters to the online experience. In the fifth book, users could read new content from J.K. Rowling, such as Professor Umbridge's backstory, the mystery of Thestrals, and even the history of the Ministry of Magic.
Half-Blood Prince[edit]
On 5 December 2014, Pottermore gave users early access to Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince only if they answered the riddles correctly.[citation needed] There, the visitor could find more information about Inferi, Florean Fortescue's forgotten plot to help Harry, the Order of Merlin, Draco Malfoy's secrets, and more.
Deathly Hallows[edit]
On 23 June 2015, Pottermore gave users access to Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the final book.[30]
See also[edit]
Harry Potter portal
Quidditch portal
Harry Potter fandom
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Pottermore Limited - WebCHeck". United Kingdom: Companies House. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Pottermore Shop". Pottermore. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cooke, Sonia Van Gilder (19 June 2011). "'Pottermore' Secrets Revealed: J.K. Rowling's New Site is E-Book Meets Interactive World". Time. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Solon, Olivia (23 June 2011). "J.K. Rowling's Pottermore reveal: Harry Potter e-books and more". Wired UK. Ars Technica. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Pottermore Press Release" (PDF). Pottermore.com. 23 June 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Pottermore Insider (28 October 2011). "Making Pottermore even better". Archived from the original on 29 October 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Flood, Alison; Brown, Mark (23 June 2011). "Harry Potter next chapter? Wizard website tells and sells all". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
Jump up ^ @melissaanelli (23 June 2011). "All right, I can say this now. I have been working with @pottermore since Oct 2009. And it has been absolutely brilliant" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ Jump up to: a b Witt, Emily (2 August 2011). "Harry Potter and the Interactive Digital Environment". The New York Observer. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
Jump up ^ DeMara, Bruce (16 June 2011). "More 'Harry': Pottermore website raises fan hopes". Toronto Star. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "New Rowling mystery project spellbinds". Sydney Morning Herald. 17 June 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "J.K. Rowling has mysterious new Potter website". The Sacramento Bee. 16 June 2011. Archived from the original on 20 June 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Flood, Alison (23 June 2011). "Pottermore website launched by JK Rowling as 'give-back' to fans". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "New Pottermore Website Will Offer Interactive Reading Experience and Harry Potter Ebooks". 23 June 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Lee, Paula Young (1 July 2016). "Pottermore problems: Scholars and writers call foul on J.K. Rowling's North American magic".
Jump up ^ "Pottermore Help – The Magical Quill and site access". Archived from the original on 30 July 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Yin, Sara (5 August 2011). "Harry Potter Fan? You're a Prime Target for Cybercriminals". PC Magazine. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Harry Potter hit by hi-tech conmen". BBC News. 5 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Harry Potter website Pottermore users 'targeted by cybercriminals'". The Daily Telegraph. UK. 5 August 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Harry Potter website Pottermore hit by scammers". Metro. 5 August 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Memmott, Carol (1 August 2011). "Pottermore's Magical Quill Challenge underway". USA Today. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Full List of Pottermore Magical Quill Challenge Questions/Answers".
^ Jump up to: a b "Pottermore: your experiences". The Guardian. UK. 16 August 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Kirch, Claire (4 August 2011). "Harry Potter and the Muggle Quest for More". Publisher Weekly. Retrieved 9 August 2011. [...] We embarked upon a noble quest worthy of Harry Potter himself: entering Pottermore sooner, rather than later.
Jump up ^ Flood, Alison (15 August 2011). "Pottermore: A first look inside Harry Potter's digital world". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
Jump up ^ @pottermore (11 August 2011). "Don't worry if you haven't received your email confirming early entry. There's a million to send out so it may take a little time to arrive" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Young, Bryan (15 August 2011). "A Look Inside Pottermore: First Impressions". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Walker, Harriet (16 August 2011). "First Sight: Pottermore.com, the internet". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 August 2011. Judging by its first showing, Pottermore will not change the world.
Jump up ^ JEFFREY A. TRACHTENBERG (27 March 2012). "Finally, E-Books for Potter". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Alison (23 June 2015). "Pottermore Releases "Deathly Hallows"!". MuggleNet. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
External links[edit]
Pottermore
Pottermore on Twitter
Watch J.K. Rowling's announcement of Pottermore from 23 June 2011. on YouTube
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