text:
Middle-earth peoples
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This article is about the races in J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional fantasy world of Middle-earth. For the book, see The Peoples of Middle-earth. For the full list of peoples, see List of Middle-earth peoples.
Peoples of Middle-earth refers to the many different peoples or races in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy world of Middle-earth.
Contents
[hide]
1 Free peoples
1.1 Ainur
1.2 Dwarves
1.3 Eagles
1.4 Elves
1.5 Ents
1.6 Giants
1.7 Hobbits
1.8 Huorns
1.9 Men
1.10 River-maids
1.11 Tom Bombadil
2 Drúedain
3 Enslaved peoples
3.1 Balrogs
3.2 Barrow-wights
3.3 The Dead
3.4 Dragons
3.5 Goblins
3.6 Men
3.7 Orcs
3.8 Ringwraiths
3.9 Spiders
3.10 Trolls
3.11 Vampires
3.12 Wargs
3.13 Werewolves
4 References
Free peoples[edit]
Ainur[edit]
Main article: Ainur (Middle-earth)
See also Vala (Middle-earth) and Maia (Middle-earth)
Angelic spirits created by Eru Ilúvatar at the Beginning. The Ainur were divided into two groups—the Valar, Guardians of the World who resided in the Undying Lands of Valinor outside the circles of Arda, and the Maiar, lesser spirits who served the Valar. While most Ainur did not technically live in Middle-earth, some Maiar such as the Istari Wizards, Melian, and the Dark Lord Sauron assumed mortal forms to help or hinder the peoples of Middle-earth.
Dwarves[edit]
Main article: Dwarf (Middle-earth)
The race of Dwarves preferred to live in mountains and caves. Among the places where they lived were Erebor the Lonely Mountain, the Iron Hills, the Blue Mountains, and Moria or Khazad-dûm in the Misty Mountains. Dwarves were created by Aulë the Smith. They mined and worked precious metals throughout the mountains of Middle-earth. The Dwarven language was created by Aulë, and was known as Khuzdul. The seven different groups of Dwarf-folk originated in the locations where the Seven Fathers of the Dwarves first awoke before the First Age. The Petty-dwarves were smaller and more unsociable Dwarves of several houses, which had been banished in ancient times. They were aggressive, and fierce in battle.
Eagles[edit]
Main article: Eagle (Middle-earth)
The Eagles were immense flying birds that were sentient, and could speak. The Eagles fought alongside the army of the Valar, Elves and Edain during the War of Wrath at the end of the First Age. In the Third Age, Thorondor's descendants Gwaihir and Landroval lived in an eyrie to the east of the Misty Mountains in Wilderland.
Elves[edit]
Main article: Elf (Middle-earth)
The Elves, or Firstborn, were the first of Eru's Children to awaken. Born under the stars before the ascension of the Moon and the Sun, they retain a special love for light and an inner spirit endowed with unique gifts. They call themselves the Quendi, or "Speakers", for they were the first to utter words; and, even now, no race understands language and song like the Firstborn. Fair and fine featured, brilliant and proud, immortal and strong, tall and agile, they are the most blessed of the Free Peoples. They can see as well under moon or starlight as a man at the height of day. They cannot become sick or scarred, but if an Elf should die, from violence or losing the will to live from grief, their spirit goes to the halls of Mandos, and as they are bound to Arda and cannot leave until it dies, they're able to reincarnate in the same body, things that the ones who have the gift of Ilúvatar aren't able to do. Elven skill and agility is legendary: for instance, walking atop freshly fallen snow without leaving a trace of their passing. On a clear day they can see ten miles with perfect clarity and detail up to 100 miles. These gifts come at great cost, though: they are strongly bound to Fate (see Mandos) and hated by Morgoth. No other race has been blessed and cursed more than the Quendi.
The Quendi were sundered after the awakening and many sub-groups appeared. The First Sundering occurred when some left Middle-earth to live in the blessed realm of Valinor, while others stayed behind. This produced the Eldar, who accepted the call to come to Valinor, and the Avari who refused the great journey. Elves who stayed in Middle-earth and never saw the light of the trees became known as the Moriquendi or "Dark-elves". This did not imply that the Dark-elves were evil, they just never saw the light of the trees.
On the journey to Valinor, some of the Teleri ("Those who tarried") abandoned the main group and those of them who did not mingle with the Moriquendi became the Laiquendi (Green-elves), the Sindar (Grey-elves) and the Nandor. These elves of the great journey who remained in Middle-earth were then called the Úmanyar (The Unwilling). The Eldar who reached Valinor were eventually divided into three distinct groups: Vanyar, Noldor and Teleri. These three groups became known as the Calaquendi or "Light-elves" because they beheld the light of the Two Trees of Valinor.[1] Later some of the Noldor went back to Middle-earth in their quest for the Silmarils, while the Vanyar remained in Valinor.
One Elf of special note is Eöl, The Dark Elf. He was of Telerin origin, a Sinda to be more accurate, but had no fondness whatsoever for any other Elves. He was gloomy and aloof. He was the greatest Elven smith of all time with the exception of Fëanor.[2][3]
Ents[edit]
Main article: Ent
Ents were an ancient race of tree-like creatures, having become like the trees that they shepherd. They were created by Yavanna and given life by Ilúvatar. By the Third Age, they were a dwindling race, having long ago lost their mates, the Entwives.
Giants[edit]
Giants are referred to only a few times by Tolkien, leading some readers to debate whether they existed at all or if they were simply Ents or metaphorical descriptions of the power of nature. Stone-giants of the Misty Mountains are said to lob stones at Thorin and Company in The Hobbit.
Hobbits[edit]
Main article: Hobbit
Often erroneously considered a different race, Hobbits were a subset of Middle-earth Men, shorter than them and characterized by curly hair on their heads and leathery feet, for which they did not wear shoes. Many hobbits live in the Shire as well as Bree, and they once lived in the vales of the Anduin. They are fond of an unadventurous life of farming, eating, and socializing. There were three types of Hobbits: The Harfoots, the most numerous, were almost identical to the Hobbits as they are described in The Hobbit. The Stoors had an affinity for water, boats and swimming; the Fallohides were an adventurous people.
Huorns[edit]
Main article: Huorn
Close kin of the Ents, Huorns were animated trees that possessed sentience. They were said to have voices but could only be understood by the Ents, not by the other peoples of Middle-earth. It is unclear if Huorns were simply trees that became aware or Ents that became more "treeish" over time (both varieties were thought to exist). Huorns were found in Fangorn Forest and possibly the Old Forest near Buckland. It is thought that, perhaps, certain Elves would be able to understand the Huorns, for Legolas mentions that the Elves helped to wake up the trees.
Men[edit]
Main article: Man (Middle-earth)
During the time of The Lord of the Rings, Men in Middle-earth were located in many locations, with the largest group of free men located in the countries of Gondor and Rohan. There were also free men at the village of Bree, at Esgaroth, in Drúadan Forest (home to "wild men" known as Drúedain or Woses), and in the icy regions of Forochel. Those who served evil powers, such as the men of Dunland, Rhûn, Harad, and Umbar, were not considered free men. Men bear the so-called Gift of Men, mortality. When the island of Númenor fell, only the Faithful escaped and founded the twin kingdoms of Gondor and Arnor.
River-maids[edit]
Spirits of nature tied to rivers and waterways. Only two are mentioned by Tolkien: Goldberry, the wife of Tom Bombadil, and her mother the River-woman. It is unknown whether these beings were unique, part of a larger race, or a form of Maiar.
Tom Bombadil[edit]
Main article: Tom Bombadil
Tom Bombadil is an enigma; it is unknown to which of the peoples of Middle-earth he belongs. He is clearly sentient and humanoid though. Unlike the other races, he is seemingly unaffected by the One Ring and appears to predate the Children of Ilúvatar (Elves and Men). As to the nature of Bombadil, Tolkien himself said that some things should remain mysterious in any mythology, "especially if an explanation actually exists."
Tom is also known as "The First", "Master Tom", "Old Tom", "Iarwain Ben-adar" (a Sindarin name meaning "The Oldest without a father"). The Noldor call him "Orald" meaning "Very Old", Dwarves call him "Forn" (meaning: The Ancient).
Drúedain[edit]
Main article: Drúedain
Drúedain, or drughu, one of the earliest variety of men, lived in very little numbers, often in tribes. They were little folk, shorter than dwarves, yet taller than hobbits. They were known for their voodoo-like magic, their black eyes (which glow red when they are angry), and their ability to sit for hours and days on end without moving or blinking. They grew little hair, except that on their heads and sometimes small tufts on their chins. They were short and stout, and other men tended to dislike them due to their harsh, rough voices. Their laughter, however, is full of mirth. It is said that their skill of stonework rivaled the Dwarves'.
The Drughu were not evil. They were mortal enemies of orcs, defending the homes of their human neighbors with their own lives and with the aid of their magical Watch-Stones. The Elves of Beleriand developed a special fondness for them and valued their skill at fighting orcs.
Enslaved peoples[edit]
Balrogs[edit]
Main article: Balrog
Demonic creatures of fire and shadow, Balrogs were fallen Maiar who were loyal to Morgoth. They participated in the wars of the First Age of Middle-earth but were mostly destroyed during the War of Wrath. By the Third Age, the only known remaining Balrog was "Durin's Bane," the Balrog of Moria, who was slain by Gandalf.
Barrow-wights[edit]
Main article: Barrow-wight
Dark spirits that were sent by the Witch-king of Angmar to possess and animate the bodies and bones of the former kings of the Dúnedain. These undead monsters haunted the Barrow-downs near Bree.
The Dead[edit]
Also known as ghosts or shades, they were spirits of Men unable to pass on to the afterlife. Spirits haunted various regions of Middle-earth, most notably the Dead Marshes and the Paths of the Dead, which were guarded by the Dead Men of Dunharrow. Ringwraiths and Barrow-wights are also counted among the Dead but are distinct in that they have physical form.
Dragons[edit]
Main article: Dragon (Middle-earth)
Fearsome reptiles of great power and intelligence, the Dragons were bred during the wars of the First Age by Morgoth. Most possessed leathery wings, fiery breath, and the power of speech. Some Dragons (such as Glaurung) also had a hypnotic power over their victims.
Goblins[edit]
Main article: Orc (Middle-earth)
Goblin is a word used interchangeably by Tolkien with the word Orc. Orcs are Goblins and vice versa.[4] "Goblin" is sometimes colloquially used to refer to the smaller races of Orcs native to the Misty Mountains, as in The Hobbit. See "Orcs" below for accounts of their origin.
Men[edit]
Main article: Man (Middle-earth)
Not all Men were on the side of good; the Men who lived in the east and south were under Sauron's dominion. They included the Haradrim or Southrons and the Black Númenóreans (and later the Corsairs of Umbar) who pledged their allegiance to Mordor, and many different Easterling peoples, such as the Balchoth, the Wainriders, and the Men of Khand, who attacked Gondor and Rohan on numerous occasions.
In the First Age, some Easterlings were under Morgoth's dominion.
Orcs[edit]
Main article: Orc (Middle-earth)
Orcs were a race first bred by Morgoth, which mostly lived in mountain caves and disliked sunlight. Many of them lived in the Misty Mountains while others lived in Mordor. They are also known as goblins. The Orcs were not created, since "evil cannot create, only corrupt" in Tolkien's philosophical perspective. One version of their origin, widely known in part due to the Peter Jackson's films), postulates that they were Elves who were corrupted and whose appearance was changed over time. However, Tolkien also wrote other accounts of their origin.
Sauron and Saruman the wizard bred strains of orcs called Uruk-hai. Although most orcs did not like the sun and could not bear to be in it, the Uruk-hai could stand daylight. Deformed Half-orcs also existed, crossbred from Men and Orcs.
Ringwraiths[edit]
Main article: Nazgûl
The Ringwraiths (also known as Nazgûl or Black Riders) were once great kings of Men until they were given Rings of Power by Sauron. These gradually corrupted them until they became undead slaves of the Dark Lord's will. Clad in dark hooded cloaks and riding demonic steeds or flying "fell beasts," the Ringwraiths forever hunted for the One Ring to bring it back to their master.
Spiders[edit]
See List of Middle-earth animals
Many spiders of Middle-earth were of enormous size and cunning intelligence and some possessed the power of speech. The first of these was a creature of darkness in the First Age known as Ungoliant, who destroyed the Two Trees of Valinor. Her offspring spread throughout Middle-earth and included Shelob and the Spiders of Mirkwood.
Trolls[edit]
Main article: Troll (Middle-earth)
Trolls were said to have been created by Morgoth "in mockery of" the Ents. They disliked the sun, and some types turned to stone if exposed to sunlight. Trolls dwelt in the Misty Mountains as well as in Mordor. Types of trolls included Stone-trolls, Cave-trolls, Hill-trolls, Mountain-trolls, Snow-trolls, and Troll-men of Far Harad. Sauron bred the Olog-hai, large, clever, and resistant to the sun.
Vampires[edit]
Main article: Vampire (Middle-earth)
Fearsome bat-like monsters summoned by Morgoth in the First Age. Whether any survived into later ages is unknown. Tolkien used the term "vampire" due to its association with bats, blood, and darkness. His versions of the creatures are not synonymous with the vampires of European folklore.
Wargs[edit]
Main article: Warg
A race of great demonic wolves, many of which dwelt near Dunland. They were often used as steeds by the Orcs. Some Wargs possessed intelligence and could use or understand human speech. In Peter Jackson's films they are depicted as part of Saruman's army and very hyena-like in appearance.
Werewolves[edit]
Main article: Werewolf (Middle-earth)
Monstrous wolf-like monsters of human intelligence. They were bred by Morgoth in the First Age and inhabited by dread spirits. Their relationship (if any) to the Wargs of later ages is unknown. Like the vampires of Middle-earth, Tolkien's werewolves are not the same as the cursed shapeshifters of European folklore.
References[edit]
Middle-earth portal
Jump up ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1977), Christopher Tolkien, ed., The Silmarillion, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, The Sundering of the Elves, ISBN 0-395-25730-1
Jump up ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1977), Christopher Tolkien, ed., The Silmarillion, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, Quenta Silmarillion, ISBN 0-395-25730-1
Jump up ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955), The Return of the King, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 1987), Appendices, ISBN 0-395-08256-0
Jump up ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954), The Fellowship of the Ring, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 1987), Foreword, ISBN 0-395-08254-4
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text:
Subclavian artery
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Subclavian artery
Schematic of the proximal aorta and its branches. The left subclavian artery is the fifth branch of the aorta and the third branch from the arch of the aorta. The right subclavian artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery (labeled 'innominate' on diagram).
The aortic arch, and its branches. (Rt. subclavian is at upper left, and lft. subclavian is at upper right.)
Details
Source
aortic arch (left)
brachiocephalic (right)
Branches
vertebral artery
internal thoracic artery
thyrocervical trunk
costocervical trunk
dorsal scapular artery (mostly)
Vein
subclavian vein
Identifiers
Latin
arteria subclavia
MeSH
A07.231.114.839
Dorlands
/Elsevier
a_61/12156042
TA
A12.2.08.001
FMA
3951
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
In human anatomy, the subclavian arteries are paired major arteries of the upper thorax, below the clavicle. They receive blood from the aortic arch. The left subclavian artery supplies blood to the left arm and the right subclavian artery supplies blood to the right arm, with some branches supplying the head and thorax. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the aortic arch, while on the right side it arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery.
The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery, which may branch off the transverse cervical artery which is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 First part
1.1.1 Right subclavian artery
1.1.2 Left subclavian artery
1.2 Second part
1.3 Third part
1.4 Branches
1.5 Development
1.6 Variation
2 Additional images
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Structure[edit]
From its origin, the subclavian artery travels laterally, passing between anterior and middle scalene muscles, with the anterior scalene (scalenus anterior) on its anterior side and the middle scalene (scalenus medius) on its posterior. This is in contrast to the subclavian vein, which travels anterior to the scalenus anterior. As the subclavian artery crosses the lateral border of the first rib, it becomes the axillary artery.
On the right side the subclavian artery arises from the brachiocephalic (innominate) artery behind the right sternoclavicular articulation; on the left side it springs from the arch of the aorta. The two vessels, therefore, in the first part of their course, differ in length, direction, and relation with neighboring structures.
In order to facilitate the description, each subclavian artery is divided into three parts:
The first portion extends from the origin of the vessel to the medial border of the Scalenus anterior.
The second lies behind this muscle.
The third extends from the lateral margin of the muscle to the outer border of the first rib, where it becomes the axillary artery.
The first portions of the two vessels require separate descriptions; the second and third parts of the two arteries are practically alike.
First part[edit]
Right subclavian artery[edit]
The first part of the right subclavian artery arises from the brachiocephalic trunk, behind the upper part of the right sternoclavicular articulation, and passes upward and lateralward to the medial margin of the Scalenus anterior. It ascends a little above the clavicle, the extent to which it does so varying in different cases.
It is covered, in front, by the integument, superficial fascia, the Platysma (platysma) muscle, deep fascia, the clavicular origin of the Sternocleidomastoideus (sternocleidomastoid) muscle, the Sternohyoideus (sternohyoid) muscle, and the Sternothyreoideus (sternothyroid) muscle, and another layer of the deep fascia. It is crossed by the internal jugular vein and the vertebral vein, by the vagus nerve and the cardiac branches of the vagus and sympathetic, and by the subclavian loop of the sympathetic trunk which forms a ring around the vessel. The anterior jugular vein is directed laterally in front of the artery, but is separated from it by the Sternohyoideus and Sternothyreoideus. Below and behind the artery is the pleura, which separates it from the apex of the lung; behind is the sympathetic trunk, the Longus collie and the first thoracic vertebra (T1). The right recurrent nerve winds around the lower and back part of the vessel.
Left subclavian artery[edit]
The first part of the left subclavian artery arises from the arch of the aorta, behind the left common carotid, and at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra; it ascends in the superior mediastinal cavity to the root of the neck and then arches lateralward to the medial border of the Scalenus anterior.
It is in relation, in front, with the vagus, cardiac, and phrenic nerves, which lie parallel with it, the left common carotid artery, left internal jugular and vertebral veins, and the commencement of the left innominate vein, and is covered by the Sternothyroideus, Sternohyoideus, and Sternocleidomastoideus; behind, it is in relation with the esophagus, thoracic duct, left recurrent laryngeal nerve, inferior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, and Longus colli; higher up, however, the esophagus and thoracic duct lie to its right side; the latter ultimately arching over the vessel to join the angle of union between the subclavian and internal jugular veins. Medial to it are the esophagus, trachea, thoracic duct, and left recurrent laryngeal nerve; lateral to it, the left pleura and lung.
Second part[edit]
The second portion of the subclavian artery lies behind the Scalenus anterior (anterior scalene) muscle; it is very short, and forms the highest part of the arch described by the vessel.
It is covered, in front, by the skin, the superficial fascia, the Platysma muscle, the deep cervical fascia, the Sternocleidomastoideus, and Scalenus anterior. On the right side of the neck the phrenic nerve is separated from the second part of the artery by the Scalenus anterior, while on the left side it crosses the first part of the artery close to the medial (middle) edge of the muscle. Behind the vessel are the pleura and the Scalenus medius (medial, or middle, scalene) muscle; above, the brachial plexus of nerves; below, the pleura. The subclavian vein lies below and in front of the artery, separated from it by the Scalenus anterior.
Third part[edit]
The third portion of the subclavian artery runs downward and lateralward from the lateral margin of the Scalenus anterior to the outer border of the first rib, where it becomes the axillary artery. This is the most superficial portion of the vessel, and is contained in the subclavian triangle.
It is covered, in front, by the skin, the superficial fascia, the Platysma, the supraclavicular nerves, and the deep cervical fascia. The external jugular vein crosses its medial part and receives the transverse scapular, transverse cervical, and anterior jugular veins, which frequently form a plexus in front of the artery. Behind the veins, the nerve to the Subclavius descends in front of the artery. The terminal part of the artery lies behind the clavicle and the Subclavius and is crossed by the transverse scapular vessels. The subclavian vein is in front of and at a slightly lower level than the artery. Behind, it lies on the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus, which intervenes between it and the Scalenus medius. Above and to its lateral side are the upper trunks of the brachial plexus and the Omohyoideus. Below, it rests on the upper surface of the first rib.
Branches[edit]
Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck, showing the carotid and subclavian arteries. Branch of vertebral artery and thyrocervical trunk is labeled. Internal thoracic artery branches from same segment, but inferiorily, and is therefore not visible.
Part
Branches
Course
First part
From its origin to the medial border of scalenus anterior
Vertebral artery Runs cranially in the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae, joins the vertebral artery on the contralateral side, forming the basilar artery and joins the circle of Willis.
Internal thoracic artery Runs caudally behind the ribs, giving off anterior intercostal branches, perforating vessels to the breast and terminating in the superior epigastric artery and the musculophrenic artery
Thyrocervical trunk Very short. Divides into inferior thyroid artery, suprascapular artery and transverse cervical artery (also called cervicodorsal trunk)[1]
Second part
Lying behind scalenus anterior
Costocervical trunk Splits into superior intercostal artery and deep cervical artery.
Third part
Between the lateral border of scalenus anterior and the outer border of the first rib
Dorsal scapular artery From either second or third part. Passes backwards to supply levator scapulae and rhomboids.
Development[edit]
Embryologically, the left subclavian simply arises from the left 7th intersegmental artery,[2] while the right subclavian arises, proximal to distal:
right 4th aortic arch
right dorsal aorta
right 7th intersegmental artery
Essentially, the 4th aortic arch and dorsal aorta form the aortic arch on the left, but since the right dorsal aorta regresses distal to the right 7th intersegmental artery, on the left they form the proximal portion of the subclavian artery. Since the left subclavian is then a tributary of the left common carotid, they can be thought of as arising from the brachiocephalic trunk.
Variation[edit]
The subclavian arteries vary in their origin, their course, and the height to which they rise in the neck.
The origin of the right subclavian from the innominate takes place, in some cases, above the sternoclavicular articulation, and occasionally, but less frequently, below that joint. The artery may arise as a separate trunk from the arch of the aorta, and in such cases it may be either the first, second, third, or even the last branch derived from that vessel; in the majority, however, it is the first or last, rarely the second or third. When it is the first branch, it occupies the ordinary position of the innominate artery; when the second or third, it gains its usual position by passing behind the right carotid; and when the last branch, it arises from the left extremity of the arch, and passes obliquely toward the right side, usually behind the trachea, esophagus, and right carotid, sometimes between the esophagus and trachea, to the upper border of the first rib, whence it follows its ordinary course. In very rare instances, this vessel arises from the thoracic aorta, as low down as the fourth thoracic vertebra. Occasionally, it perforates the Scalenus anterior; more rarely it passes in front of that muscle. Sometimes the subclavian vein passes with the artery behind the Scalenus anterior. The artery may ascend as high as 4 cm. above the clavicle, or any intermediate point between this and the upper border of the bone, the right subclavian usually ascending higher than the left.
The left subclavian is occasionally joined at its origin with the left
The left subclavian artery is more deeply placed than the right in the first part of its course, and, as a rule, does not reach quite as high a level in the neck. The posterior border of the Sternocleidomastoideus corresponds pretty closely to the lateral border of the Scalenus anterior, so that the third portion of the artery, the part most accessible for operation, lies immediately lateral to the posterior border of the Sternocleidomastoideus.
Some authors describe the subclavian artery as arising from the 7th intersegmental artery.
Additional images[edit]
Side of neck, showing chief surface markings.
Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Right subclavian artery
Brachial plexus and subclavian artery
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Aberrant subclavian artery
Subclavian steal syndrome
Thoracic outlet syndrome
References[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Jump up ^ http://quizlet.com/3156676/neck-flash-cards/
Jump up ^ "Aortic arches". www.embryology.ch. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Subclavian artery.
Subclavian_artery at the Duke University Health System's Orthopedics program
Anatomy figure: 21:06-03 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
Diagram of branches at informatics.jax.org
MedEd at Loyola Radio/curriculum/Vascular/subclavian_artery.htm
[show]
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Arteries of the head and neck
CC
EC
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Deep cervical
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