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Dracula
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This article is about the novel. For the eponymous character, see Count Dracula. For other uses, see Dracula (disambiguation).
The cover of the first edition
Author
Bram Stoker
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Genre
Horror, Gothic
Publisher
Archibald Constable and Company (UK)
Publication date
26 May 1897 (1897-05-26TUK)
OCLC
1447002
Dracula is an 1897 Gothic horror novel by Irish author Bram Stoker. It introduced Count Dracula, and established many conventions of subsequent vampire fantasy.[1] The novel tells the story of Dracula's attempt to move from Transylvania to England so that he may find new blood and spread the undead curse, and of the battle between Dracula and a small group of men and a woman led by Professor Abraham Van Helsing.
Dracula has been assigned to many literary genres including vampire literature, horror fiction, the gothic novel, and invasion literature. The novel has spawned numerous theatrical, film, and television interpretations.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
1.1 Deleted ending
2 Characters
3 Background
4 Publication
5 Reaction and scholarly criticism
5.1 Scholarly criticism
6 Historical and geographical references
7 Sequels and prequels
7.1 "Dracula's Guest"
7.2 Dracula the Un-dead
7.3 Dracul
8 Adaptations
9 See also
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 External links
Plot summary[edit]
Stoker's handwritten notes on the characters in the novel
The story is told in epistolary format, as a series of letters, diary entries, newspaper articles, and ships' log entries, whose narrators are the novel's protagonists, and occasionally supplemented with newspaper clippings relating events not directly witnessed. The events portrayed in the novel take place chronologically and largely in England and Transylvania during the 1890s and all transpire within the same year between 3 May and 6 November. A short note is located at the end of the final chapter written 7 years after the events outlined in the novel.
The tale begins with Jonathan Harker, a newly qualified English solicitor, visiting Count Dracula in the Carpathian Mountains on the border of Transylvania, Bukovina, and Moldavia, to provide legal support for a real estate transaction overseen by Harker's employer, Mr Peter Hawkins of Exeter. At first enticed by Dracula's gracious manners, Harker soon realizes that he is Dracula's prisoner. Wandering the Count's castle against Dracula's admonition, Harker encounters three female vampires, called "the sisters", from whom he is rescued by Dracula. Harker soon realizes that Dracula himself is also a vampire. After the preparations are made, Dracula leaves Transylvania and abandons Harker to the sisters. Harker barely escapes from the castle with his life.
Dracula boards a Russian ship, the Demeter, taking along with him boxes of Transylvanian soil, which he required in order to regain his strength. Not long afterward, the ship having weighed anchor at Varna, runs aground on the shores of Whitby in the east coast of England. The captain's log narrates the gradual disappearance of the entire crew, until the captain alone remained, himself bound to the helm to maintain course. An animal resembling "a large dog" is seen leaping ashore. The ship's cargo is described as silver sand and 50 boxes of "mould", or earth, from Transylvania. It is later learned that Dracula successfully purchased multiple estates under the alias 'Count De Ville' throughout London and devised to distribute the 50 boxes to each of them utilizing transportation services as well as moving them himself. He does this to secure for himself "lairs" and the 50 boxes of earth would be used as his graves which would grant safety and rest during times of feeding and replenishing his strength.
Harker's fiancée, Mina Murray, is staying with her friend Lucy Westenra, who is holidaying in Whitby. Lucy receives three marriage proposals from Dr. John Seward, Quincey Morris, and Arthur Holmwood (the son of Lord Godalming who later obtains the title himself[2]). Lucy accepts Holmwood's proposal while turning down Seward and Morris, but all remain friends. Dracula communicates with Seward's patient, Renfield, an insane man who wishes to consume insects, spiders, birds, and rats to absorb their "life force". Renfield is able to detect Dracula's presence and supplies clues accordingly.
Soon Dracula is indirectly shown to be stalking Lucy. As time passes she begins to suffer from episodes of sleepwalking and dementia, as witnessed by Mina. When Lucy begins to waste away suspiciously, Seward invites his old teacher, Abraham Van Helsing, who immediately determines the true cause of Lucy's condition. He refuses to disclose it but diagnoses her with acute blood-loss. Van Helsing prescribes numerous blood transfusions to which he, Seward, Quincey, and Arthur all contribute over time. Van Helsing also prescribes garlic flowers to be placed throughout her room and weaves a necklace of withered garlic blossoms for her to wear. However she continues to waste away – appearing to lose blood every night. While both doctors are absent, Lucy and her mother are attacked by a wolf and Mrs. Westenra, who has a heart condition, dies of fright. Van Helsing attempts to protect her with garlic but fate thwarts him each night, whether Lucy's mother removes the garlic from her room, or Lucy herself does so in her restless sleep. The doctors have found two small puncture marks about her neck, which Dr. Seward is at a loss to understand. After Lucy dies, Van Helsing places a golden crucifix over her mouth, ostensibly to delay or prevent Lucy's vampiric conversion. Fate conspires against him again when Van Helsing finds the crucifix in the possession of one of the servants who stole it off Lucy's corpse.
Following Lucy's death and burial, the newspapers report children being stalked in the night by a "bloofer lady" (i.e., "beautiful lady").[3] Van Helsing, knowing Lucy has become a vampire, confides in Seward, Lord Godalming, and Morris. The suitors and Van Helsing track her down and, after a confrontation with her, stake her heart, behead her, and fill her mouth with garlic. Around the same time, Jonathan Harker arrives from Budapest, where Mina marries him after his escape, and he and Mina join the campaign against Dracula.
The vampire hunters stay at Dr. Seward's residence, holding nightly meetings and providing reports based on each of their various tasks. Mina discovers that each of their journals and letters collectively contain clues to which they can track him down. She tasks herself with collecting them, researching newspaper clippings, fitting the most relevant entries into chronological order and typing out copies to distribute to each of the party which they are to study. Jonathan Harker tracks down the shipments of boxed graves and the estates which Dracula has purchased in order to store them. Van Helsing conducts research along with Dr. Seward to analyze the behaviour of their patient Renfield who they learn is directly influenced by Dracula. They also research historical events, folklore, and superstitions from various cultures to understand Dracula's powers and weaknesses. Van Helsing also establishes a criminal profile on Dracula in order to better understand his actions and predict his movements. Arthur Holmwood's fortune assists in funding the entire operation and expenses. As they discover the various properties Dracula had purchased, the male protagonists team up to raid each property and are several times confronted by Dracula. As they discover each of the boxed graves scattered throughout London, they pry them open to place and seal wafers of sacramental bread within. This act renders the boxes of earth completely useless to Dracula as he is unable to open, enter or further transport them.
After Dracula learns of the group's plot against him, he attacks Mina on three occasions, and feeds Mina his own blood to control her. This curses Mina with vampirism and changes her but does not completely turn her into a vampire. Van Helsing attempts to bless Mina through prayer and by placing a wafer of sacrament against her forehead, but it burns her upon contact leaving a wretched scar. Under this curse, Mina oscillates from consciousness to a semi-trance during which she perceives Dracula's surroundings and actions. Van Helsing is able to use hypnotism twice a day, at dawn and at sunset, to put her into this trance to further track Dracula's movements. Mina, afraid of Dracula's link with her, urges the team not to tell her their plans out of fear that Dracula will be listening. After the protagonists discover and sterilize 49 boxes found throughout his lairs in London, they learn that Dracula has fled with the missing 50th box back to his castle in Transylvania. They pursue him under the guidance of Mina. They split up into teams once they reach Europe; Van Helsing and Mina team up to locate the castle of Dracula while the others attempt to ambush the boat Dracula is using to reach his home. Van Helsing raids the castle and destroys the vampire "sisters". Upon discovering Dracula being transported by Gypsies, the three teams converge and attack the caravan carrying Dracula in the 50th box of Earth. After dispatching many Gypsies who were sworn to protect the Count, Harker shears Dracula through the throat with a kukri knife, while the mortally wounded Quincey stabs the Count in the heart with a Bowie knife. Dracula crumbles to dust, and Mina is freed from her curse of vampirism, as the scar on her forehead disappears. Soon after, Quincey dies from his wounds.
The book closes with a note left by Jonathan Harker seven years after the events of the novel, detailing his married life with Mina and the birth of their son, whom they name after all four members of the party, but address as "Quincey". Quincey is depicted sitting on the knee of Van Helsing as they recount their adventure. Seward and Arthur have each gotten married.
Deleted ending[edit]
A small section was removed from a draft of the final chapter, in which Dracula's castle falls apart as he dies, hiding the fact that vampires were ever there.[4]
As we looked there came a terrible convulsion of the earth so that we seemed to rock to and fro and fell to our knees. At the same moment with a roar which seemed to shake the very heavens the whole castle and the rock and even the hill on which it stood seemed to rise into the air and scatter in fragments while a mighty cloud of black and yellow smoke volume on volume in rolling grandeur was shot upwards with inconceivable rapidity.
Then there was a stillness in nature as the echoes of that thunderous report seemed to come as with the hollow boom of a thunder-clap – the long reverberating roll which seems as though the floors of heaven shook. Then down in a mighty ruin falling whence they rose came the fragments that had been tossed skywards in the cataclysm.
From where we stood it seemed as though the one fierce volcano burst had satisfied the need of nature and that the castle and the structure of the hill had sunk again into the void. We were so appalled with the suddenness and the grandeur that we forgot to think of ourselves.
—  Deleted excerpt from the original Dracula manuscript[5]
Characters[edit]
Jonathan Harker: A solicitor sent to do business with Count Dracula; Mina's fiancé and prisoner in Dracula's castle.
Count Dracula: A Transylvanian noble who has purchased a house in London.
Wilhelmina "Mina" Harker (née Murray): A schoolteacher and Jonathan Harker's fiancée (later his wife).
Lucy Westenra: A 19-year-old aristocrat; Mina's best friend; Arthur's fiancée and Dracula's first victim.
Arthur Holmwood: Lucy's suitor and later fiancé. He inherits the title of Lord Godalming upon his father's death.
John Seward: A doctor; one of Lucy's suitors and a former student of Van Helsing.
Abraham Van Helsing: A Dutch doctor, lawyer and professor; John Seward's teacher.
Quincey Morris: An American cowboy and explorer; and one of Lucy's suitors.
Renfield: A patient at Seward's insane asylum who has come under the influence of Dracula.
"Weird Sisters": Three siren-like vampire women who serve Dracula. In some of the later adaptations to stage and screen, they are referred to as the Brides of Dracula.
Background[edit]
Between 1879 and 1898, Stoker was a business manager for the Lyceum Theatre in London, where he supplemented his income by writing a large number of sensational novels, his most successful being the vampire tale Dracula published on 26 May 1897.[6]:269 Parts of it are set around the town of Whitby, where he spent summer holidays.[7]
Throughout the 1880s and 1890s, authors such as H. Rider Haggard, Rudyard Kipling, Robert Louis Stevenson, Arthur Conan Doyle, and H. G. Wells wrote many tales in which fantastic creatures threatened the British Empire. Invasion literature was at a peak, and Stoker's formula was very familiar by 1897 to readers of fantastic adventure stories, of an invasion of England by continental European influences. Victorian readers enjoyed Dracula as a good adventure story like many others, but it did not reach its legendary status until later in the 20th century when film versions began to appear.[8]
Shakespearean actor and friend of Stoker's Sir Henry Irving was a possible real-life inspiration for the character of Dracula. The role was tailor-made to his dramatic presence, gentlemanly mannerisms, and affinity for playing villain roles. Irving, however, never agreed to play the part on stage.
Before writing Dracula, Stoker spent seven years researching European folklore and stories of vampires, being most influenced by Emily Gerard's 1885 essay "Transylvania Superstitions" which includes content about a vampire myth.[9][10] Some historians are convinced that a historic figure, Vlad III Dracula, often called Vlad the Impaler, was the model for Stoker's Count although there is no supporting evidence.[11] Stoker borrowed only "scraps of miscellaneous information", according to one expert, about this bloodthirsty tyrant of Wallachia and there are no comments about him in Stoker's working notes.[12] Dracula scholar Elizabeth Miller has remarked that aside from the name and some mention of Romanian history, the background of Stoker's Count bears no resemblance to that of Vlad III Dracula.[13][14][self-published source]
Later he also claimed that he had a nightmare, caused by eating too much crab meat, about a "vampire king" rising from his grave.[15]
Although a widely known vampire novel, Dracula was not the first. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe published The Bride of Corinth in 1797. (“From my grave to wander I am forc’d Still to seek The God’s long-sever’d link, Still to love the bridegroom I have lost, And the life-blood of his heart to drink;)[16] Later Sheridan Le Fanu's 1871 Carmilla,[17] about a lesbian vampire could have inspired Bram Stoker's Dracula, or Varney the Vampire,[18] a lengthy penny dreadful serial from the mid-Victorian period by James Malcolm Rymer. John Polidori created the image of a vampire portrayed as an aristocratic man, like the character of Dracula, in his tale "The Vampyre" (1819). (He wrote Vampyre during a summer which he spent with Frankenstein creator Mary Shelley, her husband poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Lord Byron in 1816.)
The Lyceum Theatre where Stoker worked between 1878 and 1898 was headed by actor-manager Henry Irving, who was Stoker's real-life inspiration for Dracula's mannerisms and who Stoker hoped would play Dracula in a stage version.[19] Irving never did agree to do a stage version, but Dracula's dramatic sweeping gestures and gentlemanly mannerisms drew their living embodiment from Irving.[19]
The Dead Un-Dead was one of Stoker's original titles for Dracula, and the manuscript was entitled simply The Un-Dead up until a few weeks before publication. Stoker's notes for Dracula show that the name of the count was originally "Count Wampyr", but Stoker became intrigued by the name "Dracula" while doing research, after reading William Wilkinson's book An Account of the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia with Political Observations Relative to Them (London 1820),[20] which he found in the Whitby Library and consulted a number of times during visits to Whitby in the 1890s.[21] The name Dracula was the patronym (Drăculea) of the descendants of Vlad II of Wallachia, who took the name "Dracul" after being invested in the Order of the Dragon in 1431. In the Old Romanian language, the word dracul (Romanian drac "dragon" + -ul "the") meant "the dragon" and Dracula meant "son of the dragon". In the present day however, dracul means "the devil".[22][23][24][self-published source]
Publication[edit]
Dracula was published in London in May 1897 by Archibald Constable and Company. Costing six shillings, the novel was bound yellow cloth and titled in red letters.[25] It was copyrighted in the United States in 1899 with the publication by Doubleday & McClure of New York.[26] But when Universal Studios purchased the rights, it came to light that Bram Stoker had not complied with a portion of US copyright law, placing the novel into the public domain.[27] In the United Kingdom and other countries following the Berne Convention on copyrights, the novel was under copyright until April 1962, fifty years after Stoker's death.[28]
Reaction and scholarly criticism[edit]
1899 first American edition, Doubleday & McClure, New York.
Dracula was not an immediate bestseller when it was first published, although reviewers were unstinting in their praise. The contemporary Daily Mail ranked Stoker's powers above those of Mary Shelley and Edgar Allan Poe, as well as Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights.[29]
According to literary historians Nina Auerbach and David J. Skal in the Norton Critical Edition, the novel has become more significant for modern readers than it was for Victorian readers, most of whom enjoyed it just as a good adventure story. It reached its broad and iconic status only later in the 20th century when the movie versions appeared.[30] A. Asbjørn Jøn has also noted that Dracula has had a significant impact on the image of the vampire in popular culture, folklore, and legend.[31][32]
It did not make much money for Stoker. In the last year of his life, he was so poor that he had to petition for a compassionate grant from the Royal Literary Fund,[33] and his widow was forced to sell his notes and outlines of the novel at a Sotheby's auction in 1913, where they were purchased for a little over £2.[34] But then F. W. Murnau's unauthorized adaptation of the story was released in theatres in 1922 in the form of Nosferatu. Stoker's widow took affront and, during the legal battle that followed, the novel's popularity started to grow.[35]
Nosferatu was followed by a highly successful stage adaptation, touring the UK for three years before arriving in the US where Stoker's creation caught Hollywood's attention and, after the American 1931 movie version was released, the book has never been out of print.[36]
However, some Victorian fans were ahead of the time, describing it as "the sensation of the season" and "the most blood-curdling novel of the paralysed century".[37] Sherlock Holmes author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote to Stoker in a letter, "I write to tell you how very much I have enjoyed reading Dracula. I think it is the very best story of diablerie which I have read for many years."[38] The Daily Mail review of 1 June 1897 proclaimed it a classic of Gothic horror, "In seeking a parallel to this weird, powerful, and horrorful story our mind reverts to such tales as The Mysteries of Udolpho, Frankenstein, The Fall of the House of Usher ... but Dracula is even more appalling in its gloomy fascination than any one of these."[39]
Similarly good reviews appeared when the book was published in the U.S. in 1899. The first American edition was published by Doubleday & McClure in New York.[40]
Scholarly criticism[edit]
In the last several decades, literary and cultural scholars have offered diverse analyses of Stoker's novel and the character of Count Dracula. C.F. Bentley reads Dracula as an embodiment of the Freudian id.[41] Carol A. Senf reads the novel as a response to the powerful New Woman,[42] while Christopher Craft sees Dracula as embodying latent homosexuality and sees the text as an example of a 'characteristic, if hyperbolic instance of Victorian anxiety over the potential fluidity of gender roles'.[43] Stephen D. Arata interprets the events of the novel as anxiety over colonialism and racial mixing,[44] and Talia Schaffer construes the novel as an indictment of Oscar Wilde.[45] Franco Moretti reads Dracula as a figure of monopoly capitalism,[46] though Hollis Robbins suggests that Dracula's inability to participate in social conventions and to forge business partnerships undermines his power.[47][48] Richard Noll reads Dracula within the context of 19th century alienism (psychiatry) and asylum medicine.[49] D. Bruno Starrs understands the novel to be a pro-Catholic pamphlet promoting proselytization.[50]
Historical and geographical references[edit]
Dracula is a work of fiction, but it does contain some historical references; although it is a matter of conjecture and debate as to how much historical connection was deliberate on Stoker's part.
Attention was drawn to the supposed connections between the historical Transylvanian-born Vlad III Dracula (also known as Vlad Tepes) of Wallachia and Bram Stoker's fictional Dracula, following the publication of In Search of Dracula by Radu Florescu and Raymond McNally in 1972.[51]
During his main reign (1456–1462), "Vlad the Impaler" is said to have killed from 40,000 to 100,000 European civilians (political rivals, criminals, and anyone that he considered "useless to humanity"), mainly by impaling. The sources depicting these events are records by Saxon settlers in neighbouring Transylvania who had frequent clashes with Vlad III. Vlad III is revered as a folk hero by Romanians for driving off the invading Ottoman Turks, of whom his impaled victims are said to have included as many as 100,000.[52] There is no solid evidence that the Count in the novel was modelled on Vlad the Impaler of Wallachia.[11] At most, Stoker borrowed only the name Dracula and "scraps of miscellaneous information" about Romanian history, according to one expert, Elizabeth Miller; as well, and there are no comments about him in the author's working notes. [12][14][53]
Vlad the Impaler.
Historically, the name "Dracula" is derived from a Chivalric order called the Order of the Dragon, founded by Sigismund of Luxembourg (then king of Hungary) to uphold Christianity and defend the Empire against the Ottoman Turks. Vlad II Dracul, father of Vlad III, was admitted to the order around 1431, after which Vlad II wore the emblem of the order and later, as ruler of Wallachia, his coinage bore the dragon symbol, from which the name "Dracula" is derived since "dracul" in Romanian means "the dragon".[54] People of Wallachia only knew voievod (king) Vlad III as Vlad Țepeș (the Impaler). The name "Dracula" became popular in Romania after publication of Stoker's book. Contrary to popular belief, the name Dracula does not translate to "son of the devil" in Romanian, which would be "pui de drac".
Stoker came across the name Dracula in his reading on Romanian history, and chose this to replace the name (Count Wampyr) originally intended for his villain.[55]Some Dracula scholars led by Elizabeth Miller argue that Stoker knew little of the historic Vlad III except for the name "Dracula" in addition to a few bits of Romanian history.[12][14] Stoker mentions that his Dracula fought against the Turks and was later betrayed by his brother, historical facts in the novel which point to Vlad III:
Who was it but one of my own race who as Voivode crossed the Danube and beat the Turk on his own ground? This was a Dracula indeed! Woe was it that his own unworthy brother, when he had fallen, sold his people to the Turk and brought the shame of slavery on them! Was it not this Dracula, indeed, who inspired that other of his race who in a later age again and again brought his forces over the great river into Turkey-land; who, when he was beaten back, came again, and again, though he had to come alone from the bloody field where his troops were being slaughtered, since he knew that he alone could ultimately triumph! (Chapter 3, pp. 19)
The Count's identity is later speculated on by Professor Van Helsing:
He must, indeed, have been that Voivode Dracula who won his name against the Turk, over the great river on the very frontier of Turkey-land. (Chapter 18, p. 145)
Many of Stoker's biographers and literary critics have found strong similarities to the earlier Irish writer Sheridan Le Fanu's classic of the vampire genre Carmilla. In writing Dracula, Stoker may also have drawn on stories about the sídhe,[citation needed] some of which feature blood-drinking women. The Irish legend of Abhartach has also been suggested as a source.[56]
In 1983, McNally additionally suggested that Stoker was influenced by the history of Hungarian Countess Elizabeth Bathory, who allegedly tortured and killed between 36 and 700 young women.[57] It was later a commonly believed rumor that she committed these crimes to bathe in their blood, believing that this preserved her youth.[58]
In her book The Essential Dracula, Clare Haword-Maden suggested that the castle of Count Dracula was inspired by Slains Castle, at which Bram Stoker was a guest of the 19th Earl of Erroll.[59] According to Miller, he first visited Cruden Bay in 1893, three years after work had begun on Dracula. Haining and Tremaine maintain that, during this visit, Stoker was especially impressed by Slains Castle's interior and the surrounding landscape. Miller and Leatherdale question the stringency of this connection.[60]
Possibly, Stoker was not inspired by a real edifice at all, but by Jules Verne's novel The Carpathian Castle (1892) or Anne Radcliffe's The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794).[61] A third possibility is that he copied information about a castle at Vécs from one of his sources on Transylvania, the book by Major E.C. Johnson.[62] A further option is that Stoker saw an illustration of Castle Bran (Törzburg) in the book on Transylvania by Charles Boner, or read about it in the books by Mazuchelli or Crosse.[63]
Many of the scenes in Whitby and London are based on real places that Stoker frequently visited, although he distorts the geography for the sake of the story in some cases. One scholar has suggested that Stoker chose Whitby as the site of Dracula's first appearance in England because of the Synod of Whitby, given the novel's preoccupation with timekeeping and calendar disputes.[47]
Daniel Farson, Leonard Wolf, and Peter Haining have suggested that Stoker received much historical information from Ármin Vámbéry, a Hungarian professor whom he met at least twice. Miller argues, "there is nothing to indicate that the conversation included Vlad, vampires, or even Transylvania", and "furthermore, there is no record of any other correspondence between Stoker and Vámbéry, nor is Vámbéry mentioned in Stoker's notes for Dracula."[64]
Sequels and prequels[edit]
"Dracula's Guest"[edit]
Main article: Dracula's Guest
Cover of Dracula's Guest and Other Weird Stories, a collection of short stories authored by Bram Stoker
The short story "Dracula's Guest" was posthumously published in 1914, two years after Stoker's death. It was, according to most contemporary critics, the deleted first (or second) chapter from the original manuscript[65] and the one which gave the volume its name,[6]:325 but which the original publishers deemed unnecessary to the overall story.
"Dracula's Guest" follows an unnamed Englishman traveller as he wanders around Munich before leaving for Transylvania. It is Walpurgis Night and the young Englishman foolishly leaves his hotel, in spite of the coachman's warnings, and wanders through a dense forest alone. Along the way, he feels that he is being watched by a tall and thin stranger (possibly Count Dracula).
The short story climaxes in an old graveyard where the Englishman, caught in a blizzard, takes refuge in the marble tomb of "Countess Dolingen of Gratz". Within the tomb, he sees the Countess—apparently asleep and healthy—but before he can investigate further, a mysterious force throws him clear of the tomb. A lightning bolt then strikes the tomb, destroying it and incinerating the undead screaming countess. The Englishman then loses consciousness. He awakens to find a "gigantic" wolf lying on his chest and licking at his throat; however, the wolf merely keeps him warm and protects him until help arrives.
When the Englishman is finally taken back to his hotel, a telegram awaits him from his expectant host Dracula, with a warning about "dangers from snow and wolves and night".
Dracula the Un-dead[edit]
Main article: Dracula the Un-dead
In 2009, an official sequel was published, written by Bram Stoker's great grand-nephew Dacre Stoker and Ian Holt.
Dracul[edit]
Dacre Stoker and J. D. Barker will write a prequel to Dracula titled Dracul. An interpretation of the missing 101 pages of the original novel, it was pieced together from Bram Stoker's editorial notes, artifacts, and journals.[66]
Adaptations[edit]
Further information: Dracula in popular culture
Bela Lugosi as Count Dracula in the 1931 film.
The story of Dracula has been the basis for numerous films and plays. Stoker himself wrote the first theatrical adaptation, which was presented at the Lyceum Theatre on 18 May 1897 under the title Dracula, or The Undead shortly before the novel's publication and performed only once, in order to establish his own copyright for such adaptations. This adaption was first published only a century later in October 1997.[67] The first motion picture to feature Dracula was Dracula's Death, produced in Hungary in 1921.[citation needed] The now-lost film, however, was not an adaptation of Stoker's novel, but featured an original story.[citation needed]
F. W. Murnau's unauthorised film adaptation Nosferatu was released in 1922, and the popularity of the novel increased considerably, owing to an attempt by Stoker's widow to have the film removed from public circulation.[68] Prana Film, the production company, had been unable to obtain permission to adapt the story from Bram's widow Florence Stoker, so screenwriter Henrik Galeen was told to alter numerous details to avoid legal trouble. Galeen transplanted the action of the story from 1890s England to 1830s Germany and reworked several characters, dropping some (such as Lucy and all three of her suitors), and renaming others (Dracula became Orlok, Jonathan Harker became Thomas Hutter, Mina became Ellen, and so on). This attempt failed to avoid a court case, however; Florence Stoker sued Prana Film, and all copies of the film were ordered to be destroyed. However, the company was bankrupt, and Stoker only recovered her legal fees in damages. Some copies survived and found their way into theatres. Eventually, Florence Stoker gave up the fight against public displays of the film.[27] Subsequent rereleases of the film have typically undone some of the changes, such as restoring the original character names (a practice also followed by Werner Herzog in his 1979 remake of Murnau's film Nosferatu the Vampyre).[citation needed]
Florence Stoker licensed the story to playwright Hamilton Deane, whose 1924 stage play adaptation toured England for several years before settling down in London.[citation needed] In 1927, American stage producer Horace Liveright hired John L. Balderston to revise Deane's script in advance of its American premiere. Balderston significantly compressed the story, most notably consolidating or removing several characters. The Deane play and its Balderston revisions introduced an expanded role and history for Renfield, who now replaced Jonathan Harker as Dracula's solicitor in the first part of the story; combined Mina Harker and Lucy Westenra into a single character (named Lucy); and omitted both Arthur Holmwood and Quincey Morris entirely. When the play premiered in New York, it was with Bela Lugosi in the title role, and with Edward van Sloan as Abraham Van Helsing,[citation needed] roles which both actors (as well as Herbert Bunston as Dr. Seward) reprised for the English-language version of the 1931 Universal Studios film production. The 1931 film was one of the most commercially successful adaptations of the story to date; it and the Deane/Balderston play that preceded it set the standard for film and television adaptations of the story, with the alterations to the novel becoming standard for later adaptations for decades to come.[citation needed] Universal Studios continued to feature the character of Dracula in many of their horror films from the 1930s and 1940s.
Christopher Lee as the title character in Dracula (1958)
In 1958, British film company Hammer Film Productions followed the success of its The Curse of Frankenstein from the previous year with Dracula, released in the US as The Horror of Dracula, directed by Terence Fisher. Fisher's production featured Christopher Lee as Dracula and Peter Cushing as Van Helsing. It was an international hit for Hammer Film, and Lee fixed the image of the fanged vampire in popular culture.[69][70] Both Lee and Cushing reprised their roles multiple times over the next decade and a half, concluding with The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires (with Cushing but not Lee) in 1974. Christopher Lee also took on the role of Dracula in Count Dracula, a 1970 Spanish-Italian-German coproduction notable for its adherence to the plot of the original novel. Playing the part of Renfield in that version was Klaus Kinski, who later played Dracula himself in 1979's Nosferatu the Vampyre.
In 1977, the BBC made Count Dracula, a 155-minute adaptation for television starring Louis Jourdan. Later film adaptations include John Badham's 1979 Dracula, starring Frank Langella and inspired by the 1977 Broadway revival of the Deane/Hamilton play, and Francis Ford Coppola's 1992 Bram Stoker's Dracula, starring Gary Oldman. The character of Count Dracula has remained popular over the years, and many films have used the character as a villain, while others have named him in their titles, including Dracula's Daughter and The Brides of Dracula. As of 2009, an estimated 217 films feature Dracula in a major role, a number second only to Sherlock Holmes (223 films). A large number of these appearances are not adaptations of Stoker's novel, but merely feature the character in an unrelated story.
See also[edit]
Horror fiction portal
Vampire literature
Church of Saint Mary, Whitby
List of contemporary epistolary novels
Bloodline (Cary novel)
The Book of Renfield: A Gospel of Dracula A diary written by Renfield
Dracula sequence Stories from Dracula's point of view
Clinical vampirism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Bram Stoker - Novels". Bramstoker.org. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Stoker, Bram. Dracula (PDF). Chapter 6, Mina Murray's Journal, 26 July. p. 105. Mr. Holmwood, he is the Hon. Arthur Holmwood, only son of Lord Godalming
Jump up ^ Leonard Wolf (2004). The Essential Dracula, Chapter 13, Note 31. "Bloofer lady" is explained as baby-talk for "beautiful lady".
Jump up ^ Symon, Evan V. (14 January 2013). "10 Deleted Chapters that Transformed Famous Books". listverse.com.
Jump up ^ Miller, Elizabeth. "Original (deleted) ending of Bram Stoker's Dracula". dracula.cc. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Barbara Belford (2002). Bram Stoker and the Man Who Was Dracula. ISBN 0-306-81098-0. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Abraham Stoker, Jr. A Collection By and About Bram Stoker, Himself". Bram Stoker LLC for Bram Stoker Estate. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Nina Auerbach and David Skal, editors. Dracula. Norton Critical Edition. 1997. ISBN 0-393-97012-4. Preface, first paragraph.
Jump up ^ "The Land beyond the forest: source material for Dracula". The British Library. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Davison 1997, p. 142.
^ Jump up to: a b Berni, Simone (14 April 2016). "Dracula by Bram Stoker The Mystery of The Early Editions". Lulu.com. Retrieved 8 October 2017 – via Google Books.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jr, Jimmie E. Cain (4 April 2006). "Bram Stoker and Russophobia: Evidence of the British Fear of Russia in Dracula and The Lady of the Shroud". McFarland. Retrieved 8 October 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "FRONTLINE/WORLD. Romania - My Old Haunts. Dracula: The Metamorphosis of a Fiend. Interview with the Vampire Queen: Elizabeth Miller - PBS". Pbs.org. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Miller, Elizabeth (23 March 2005). "A Dracula Handbook". Xlibris Corporation. Retrieved 8 October 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Davison 1997, p. 24.
Jump up ^ aapone (20 October 2009). "The Bride of Corinth [From my grave to wander]". The Bride of Corinth [From my grave to wander]. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b Lewis S Warren, Buffalo Bill Meets Dracula: William F. Cody, Bram Stoker, and the Frontiers of Racial Decay Archived 6 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine., American Historical Review, Vol. 107, No. 4, October 2002, paragraph 18
Jump up ^ An account of the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia – William Wilkinson, Longman, 1820 (Google Free eBook)
Jump up ^ Radu R. Florescu and Raymond T. McNally Dracula, Prince of Many Faces. Little Brown. 1989. ISBN 0316286567. pp. 229–31.
Jump up ^ Raymond T. McNally and Radu R. Florescu In Search of Dracula, The History of Dracula and Vampires (Completely Revised). Houghton Mifflin. 1994. ISBN 0-395-65783-0. pp. 8–9.
Jump up ^ Thackeray, Frank W.; Findling, John E. (31 May 2012). "Events That Formed the Modern World". ABC-CLIO. Retrieved 8 October 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Ph.D, DavidT Pudlevitcz; PhD, Professor David T. Pudlevitcz (1 November 2003). "Blood of the Dragon". iUniverse. Retrieved 8 October 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Davison 1997, p. 19.
Jump up ^ Wood, Margaret. "Copyright and Dracula". Library of Congress. Library of Congress. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Dacre Stoker; Ian Holt (13 October 2009). Dracula The Un-Dead. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 312–313. ISBN 978-0-525-95129-2.
Jump up ^ Lugosi v. Universal Pictures, 70 Cal.App.3d 552 (1977), note 4.
Jump up ^ Cited in Paul Murray's "From the Shadow of Dracula: A Life of Bram Stoker" 2004. pp. 363–4.
Jump up ^ Nina Auerbach and David Skal, editors. Dracula. Norton Critical Edition. 1997. ISBN 0-393-97012-4. Preface, first paragraph.
Jump up ^ Jøn, A. Asbjørn (2003). "Vampire Evolution". mETAphor (3): 19–23. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Jøn, A. Asbjørn (2001). "From Nosteratu to Von Carstein: shifts in the portrayal of vampires". Australian Folklore: A Yearly Journal of Folklore Studies. University of New England (16): 97–106. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bram Stoker – Stoker, Irving & Count Vlad". Today in Literature. 20 April 1912. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bram Stoker's "Dracula" by Gothic Candlelight". Irishphiladelphia.com. 10 June 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sympathy for the Vampire: On "Nosferatu"". College Film & Media Studies. 2014-04-23. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
Jump up ^ Stoker, Bram. "Cult Vampires – Extract from Dracula by Bram Stoker". BBC. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Richard Dalby "Bram Stoker", in Jack Sullivan (ed) The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural, 1986, Viking, pp. 404–6, 405.
Jump up ^ Klinger, page xxxii
Jump up ^ Cited in Nina Auerbach and David Skal, editors, Dracula, Norton Critical Edition, 1997, pp. 363–4.
Jump up ^ "Bram Stoker-Dracula". Retrieved 13 September 2017.
Jump up ^ C.F. Bentley's. The Monster in the Bedroom: Sexual Symbolism in Bram Stoker's Dracula
Jump up ^ Senf, Carol A. The Vampire in Nineteenth-Century English Literature. Bowling Green: Popular Press,
Jump up ^ Christopher Craft (1984). "Kiss Me with Those Red Lips": Gender and Inversion in Bram Stoker's Dracula
Jump up ^ Arata, Stephen D. The Occidental Tourist: Dracula and the Anxiety of Reverse Colonization, Victorian Studies 33.4 (1990).
Jump up ^ Schaffer, Talia (1994). A Wilde Desire Took Me: the Homoerotic History of Dracula
Jump up ^ Franco Moretti, "The Dialectic of Fear," New Left Review 136 (1982): 67–85
^ Jump up to: a b "Killing Time: Dracula and Social Discoordination" in Economics of the Undead Eds. Glen Whitman and James Dow (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), chapter 23
Jump up ^ Bram Stoker's Notes for Dracula: A Facsimile Edition by Robert Eighteen-Bisang & Elizabeth Miller (McFarland, 2008)
Jump up ^ Noll, Richard. "Vampires Werewolves and Demons: Twentieth Century Case Reports in the Psychiatric Literature (1991) | Richard Noll". Academia.edu. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 16 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Radu Florescu dead: Legacy of the Romanian 'Dracula professor'". Independent.co.uk. 20 May 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreescu, Stefan (1999). Vlad the Impaler (Dracula). The Romanian Cultural Foundation Publishing House. ISBN 978-9735771973.
Jump up ^ Light, Duncan (23 March 2016). "The Dracula Dilemma: Tourism, Identity and the State in Romania". Routledge. Retrieved 8 October 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Ripley, Brian (17 October 2013). "Dracula". Strategic Book Publishing. Retrieved 8 October 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Onion, Rebecca. "Bram Stoker's Ever-Evolving List of Characters for Dracula". Slate. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Curran, Bob (Summer 2000). "Was Dracula an Irishman?". History Ireland. 8 (2).
Jump up ^ McNally, Raymund. Dracula was a Woman. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983[page needed]
Jump up ^ Dennis Bathory-Kitsz. "Báthory Erzsébet – Elizabeth Bathory: Bram Stoker, Elizabeth Bathory, and Dracula (Elizabeth Miller)". Bathory.org. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Haword-Maden, Clare. The Essential Dracula. London: Bison Books, 1992[page needed]
Jump up ^ Haining, Peter and Tremayne, Peter. The Un-Dead: The Legend of Bram Stoker and Dracila. London: Constable 1997, quoted by Miller, Elizabeth. Dracula – Sense & Nonsense, 2nd ed. Westcliff-on-Sea, UK: Desert Island Books, 2006, p. 19. See also Leatherdale, Clive. Dracula Unearthed. Westcliff-on-Sea, UK: Desert Island Books, 1998, p. 13
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Miller, Dracula: Sense & Nonsense. 2nd ed. Westcliff-on-Sea, UK: Desert Island Books, 2006, p. 141
Jump up ^ Major E.C. Johnson, On the Track of the Crescent: Erratic Notes from the Piraeus to Pesth. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1885. p. 256-257, quoted by Marius Crișan, The Models for Castle Dracula in Stoker's Sources on Transylvania, Journal of Dracula Studies Nr 10 (2008); also referred to by Miller, 2006, p. 141
Jump up ^ Charles Boner, Transylvania: Its Products and Its People. London: Longmans, 1865. Referred to by Marius Crișan, The Models for Castle Dracula in Stoker's Sources on Transylvania, Journal of Dracula Studies Nr 10 (2008). As indicated by Crişan, Crosse's book Round About the Carpathians and Mazuchelli's Magyarland describe Törzburg as well.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Miller, Filing for Divorce Count Dracula vs Vlad Tepes Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Dracula: The Shade and the Shadow, ed. Elizabeth Miller (Westcliff-on-Sea: Desert Island Books, 1998; cf. Miller, Elizabeth. Dracula – Sense & Nonsense, 2nd ed. Westcliff-on-Sea, UK: Desert Island Books, 2006, p. 25-27)
Jump up ^ James Craig Holte (1997). Dracula Film Adaptations. p. 27. ISBN 9780313292156. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Missing original pages of Dracula are pieced together in Dracul: See the haunting cover". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Stoker, Bram, (1997). Dracula: or The Undead – A Play in Prologue and Five Acts, Ed. Sylvia Starshine, Pumpkin Books, Nottingham. ISBN 1901914046
Jump up ^ Stoker, Bram. "—Article at the BBC Cult website". BBC. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
Jump up ^ J Gordon Melton (2010). "The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of the Undead". p. 247. Visible Ink Press
Jump up ^ "Fangs for the memories: The A-Z of vampires" (October 31, 2009). The Independent.
Bibliography[edit]
Davison, Carol Margaret (1997). Bram Stoker's Dracula: Sucking Through the Century, 1897–1997. Toronto, Ontario: Dundurn. ISBN 9781554881055.
Dalby, Richard and Hughes, William. Bram Stoker: A Bibliography (Westcliff-on-Sea: Desert Island Books, 2005)
Frayling, Christopher. Vampyres: Lord Byron to Count Dracula (1992) ISBN 0-571-16792-6
Eighteen-Bisang, Robert and Miller, Elizabeth. Bram Stoker's Notes for Dracula: A Facsimile Edition Toronto: McFarland, 2008, ISBN 978-0-7864-3410-7
Hughes, William. Beyond Dracula: Bram Stoker's Fiction and its Cultural Contexts (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000)
McNally, Raymond T. & Florescu, Radu. In Search of Dracula. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994. ISBN 0-395-65783-0
Miller, Elizabeth. Dracula: Sense & Nonsense. 2nd ed. Desert Island Books, 2006. ISBN 1-905328-15-X
Schaffer, Talia. A Wilde Desire Took Me: the Homoerotic History of Dracula, in: ELH – Volume 61, Number 2 (1994), pp. 381–425.
Senf, Carol. Science and Social Science in Bram Stoker's Fiction (Greenwood, 2002).
Senf, Carol. Dracula: Between Tradition and Modernism (Twayne, 1998).
Spencer, Kathleen. Purity and Danger: Dracula, the Urban Gothic, and the Late Victorian Degeneracy Crisis, in: ELH – Volume 59, Number 1 (1992), pp. 197–225.
Wolf, Leonard. The Essential Dracula. ibooks, inc., 2004. ISBN 0-7434-9803-8
Klinger, Leslie S. The New Annotated Dracula. W.W. Norton & Co., 2008. ISBN 0-393-06450-6
Waters, Colin Gothic Whitby. History Press, 2009 – ISBN 0-7524-5291-6
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Dracula
Dracula at Project Gutenberg, text version of 1897 edition.
Dracula from the CELT Project[permanent dead link], HTML version of 1897 edition. TEI/XML
Dracula, New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1897. Scanned first edition from Internet Archive.
Dracula public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Bram Stoker, Dracula and Whitby BBC article
The Myth of Transylvania, Romanian Website dealing with the Dracula myth and the Western perception of Romania.
Journal of Dracula Studies
Links between Dracula, Bram Stoker and the Yorkshire town of Whitby'
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Bram Stoker's Dracula
Characters
Original novel
Count Dracula
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Jonathan Harker
Mina Harker
Lucy Westenra
Arthur Holmwood
Dr. John Seward
Quincey Morris
Renfield
Brides
Other works
Adri Nital
Alucard
Count Alucard
Count Orlok
Count von Count
Doctor Sun
Eva
Hamilton Slade
Janus
Postmortem
Turac
Historical
Vlad Călugărul
Vlad the Impaler
Vlad II Dracul
Films
Universal
series
Dracula (1931 English-language)
Drácula (1931 Spanish-language)
Dracula's Daughter (1936)
Son of Dracula (1943)
House of Frankenstein (1944)
House of Dracula (1945)
Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948)
Hammer
series
Dracula (1958)
The Brides of Dracula (1960)
Dracula: Prince of Darkness (1966)
Dracula Has Risen from the Grave (1968)
Taste the Blood of Dracula (1970)
Scars of Dracula (1970)
Dracula A.D. 1972 (1972)
The Satanic Rites of Dracula (1973)
The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires (1974)
Dracula
2000
Dracula 2000 (2000)
Dracula II: Ascension (2003)
Dracula III: Legacy (2005)
Parodies
Mad Monster Party? (1967)
Batman Fights Dracula (1967)
Blacula (1972)
Mad Mad Mad Monsters (1972)
Blood for Dracula (1974)
Vampira (1974)
Son of Dracula (1974)
Dracula in the Provinces (1975)
Dracula and Son (1976)
Love at First Bite (1979)
The Halloween That Almost Wasn't (1979)
Fracchia contro Dracula (1985)
The Monster Squad (1987)
Scooby-Doo! and the Reluctant Werewolf (1988)
Dracula: Dead and Loving It (1995)
Monster Mash (1995)
Monster Mash (2000)
Zora the Vampire (2000)
Hotel Transylvania (2012)
Hotel Transylvania 2 (2015)
Monster Family (2017)
Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation (2018)
Other
Dracula's Death (1921)
Nosferatu (1922)
The Return of the Vampire (1943)
Drakula İstanbul'da (1953)
Blood of Dracula (1957)
The Return of Dracula (1958)
Batman Dracula (1964)
Billy the Kid Versus Dracula (1966)
Dracula (1968)
Blood of Dracula's Castle (1969)
Count Dracula (1970)
Los Monstruos del Terror (1970)
Cuadecuc, vampir (1971)
Vampyros Lesbos (1971)
Dracula vs. Frankenstein (1971)
Bram Stoker's Dracula (1973)
Count Dracula's Great Love (1974)
Count Dracula (1977)
Dracula's Dog (1978)
Doctor Dracula (1978)
Nosferatu the Vampyre (1979)
Dracula (1979)
Nocturna: Granddaughter of Dracula (1979)
Dracula's Widow (1988)
To Die For (1989)
Sundown: The Vampire in Retreat (1989)
Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992)
Nadja (1994)
Shadow of the Vampire (2000)
Dark Prince: The True Story of Dracula (2000)
Dracula: Pages from a Virgin's Diary (2002)
Dracula (2002)
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003)
Van Helsing (2004)
Van Helsing: The London Assignment (2004)
Dracula 3000 (2004)
The Vulture's Eye (2004)
Blade: Trinity (2004)
The Batman vs. Dracula (2005)
Bram Stoker's Dracula's Curse (2006)
Dracula (2006)
Bram Stoker's Dracula's Guest (2008)
The Librarian: Curse of the Judas Chalice (2008)
House of the Wolf Man (2009)
Young Dracula (2011)
Dracula Reborn (2012)
Dracula 3D (2012)
Saint Dracula 3D (2012)
Dracula 2012 (2013)
Dracula: The Dark Prince (2013)
Dracula Untold (2014)
Television
Series
Monster Squad (1976)
Draculas ring (1978)
Cliffhangers (1979)
Drak Pack (1980)
Count Duckula (1988–1993)
Dracula: The Series (1990–1991)
Little Dracula (1991–1999)
Ace Kilroy (2011–2012)
Young Dracula (2006–2014)
characters
episodes
Dracula (2013–2014)
Penny Dreadful (2014–2016)
Episodes
"Treehouse of Horror IV" (1993)
"Treehouse of Horror XXI" (2010)
"Buffy vs. Dracula" (2000)
Other
novels
The Dracula Tape and sequels (1975–2002)
Anno Dracula series (1992–present)
Anno Dracula
The Bloody Red Baron
Dracula Cha Cha Cha
Dracula's Guest and Other Weird Stories (1914)
The Revenge of Dracula (1978)
Little Dracula (1986)
Dracula the Undead (1997)
The Historian (2005)
The Book of Renfield (2005)
Bloodline (2005)
Young Dracula and Young Monsters (2006)
Fangland (2007)
Dracula the Un-dead (2009)
Radio
Dracula (1938)
Dracula (1975)
Plays
Dracula (1924)
Dracula (1995)
Dracula (1996)
Musicals
Dracula (Czech musical) (1995)
Dracula: A Chamber Musical (1997)
Dracula, the Musical (2004)
Dracula – Entre l'amour et la mort (2006)
Dracula: the Musical (2010)
Dracula – L'amour plus fort que la mort (2011)
Comics
The Tomb of Dracula
Dracula (Marvel Comics)
Dracula (Dell Comics)
Dracula Lives!
Hellsing
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen
Sword of Dracula
Batman & Dracula: Red Rain
Victorian Undead
Wolves at the Gate
X-Men: Apocalypse vs. Dracula
Purgatori
Video
games
The Count (1981)
Ghost Manor (1983)
Castlevania series
1986–present
Dracula
Dracula (1986)
Dracula the Undead (1991)
Dracula Hakushaku (1992)
Bram Stoker's Dracula (1993)
Bram Stoker's Dracula (handheld) (1993)
Dracula Unleashed (1993)
Dracula: Resurrection (2000)
Dracula 2: The Last Sanctuary (2000)
Van Helsing (2004)
Dracula 3: The Path of the Dragon (2008)
Dracula: Origin (2008)
Vampire Season Monster Defense (2012)
Dracula 4: The Shadow of the Dragon (2013)
Dracula 5: The Blood Legacy (2013)
The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing (2013)
Drac's Night Out (unreleased)
Pinball
Dracula (1979)
Bram Stoker's Dracula (1993)
Monster Bash (1998)
Other games
The Fury of Dracula
Castles
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Albums
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Perfect Selection: Dracula Battle
Transylvania
Van Helsing
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"Love Song for a Vampire"
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Son of the Dragon
Related topics
Dracula in popular culture
Don Dracula
Transylvanian Society of Dracula
Dracula Society
Dracula tourism
Lugosi v. Universal Pictures
"Dracula/The Rose"
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Works by Bram Stoker
Novels
The Primrose Path (1875)
The Snake's Pass (1890)
The Watter's Mou' (1895)
The Shoulder of Shasta (1895)
Dracula (1897)
Miss Betty (1898)
The Mystery of the Sea (1902)
The Jewel of Seven Stars (1903)
The Man (1905)
Lady Athlyne (1908)
The Lady of the Shroud (1909)
The Lair of the White Worm (1911)
Short story collections
Under the Sunset (1881)
Snowbound: The Record of a Theatrical Touring Party (1908)
Dracula's Guest and Other Weird Stories (1914)
Non-fiction
The Duties of Clerks of Petty Sessions in Ireland (1879)
A Glimpse of America (1886)
Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving (1906)
Famous Impostors (1910)
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