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Love Actually
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Love Actually
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Richard Curtis
Produced by
Duncan Kenworthy
Tim Bevan
Eric Fellner
Debra Hayward
Liza Chasin
Written by
Richard Curtis
Starring
Hugh Grant
Liam Neeson
Colin Firth
Laura Linney
Emma Thompson
Alan Rickman
Keira Knightley
Martine McCutcheon
Bill Nighy
Rowan Atkinson
Music by
Craig Armstrong
Cinematography
Michael Coulter
Edited by
Nick Moore
Production
company
StudioCanal
Working Title Films
DNA Films
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
14 November 2003 (2003-11-14) (United States)
21 November 2003 (2003-11-21) (United Kingdom)
Running time
136 minutes
Country
United Kingdom
United States
France[1]
Language
English
Budget
US$45 million
£30 million[2]
Box office
$246.9 million[3]
Love Actually is a 2003 Christmas-themed romantic comedy film written and directed by Richard Curtis. It features an ensemble cast, many of whom had worked with Curtis in previous film and television projects. The screenplay delves into different aspects of love as shown through ten separate stories involving a wide variety of individuals, many of whom are shown to be interlinked as their tales progress. Most of the film was filmed on location in London. The story begins five weeks before Christmas and is played out in a weekly countdown until the holiday, followed by an epilogue that takes place one month later.
The film was released in the United States on 14 November 2003, receiving mixed-to-positive reviews. It opened in the United Kingdom one week later, to positive reviews. The film was a box-office success, grossing almost $247 million worldwide on a budget of $45 million.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 Billy Mack and Joe
1.2 Juliet, Peter and Mark
1.3 Jamie and Aurélia
1.4 Harry, Karen and Mia
1.5 David and Natalie
1.6 Daniel, Sam, Joanna and Carol
1.7 Sarah, Karl and Michael
1.8 Colin, Tony and the American girls
1.9 John and Judy
1.10 Rufus
1.11 Epilogue
2 Connections between stories
3 Cast
4 Production
5 Soundtrack
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Awards and nominations
7 Other adaptations
8 Red Nose Day Actually
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Plot[edit]
The film begins with a voiceover from David (Hugh Grant) commenting that whenever he gets gloomy about the state of the world he thinks about the arrivals terminal at Heathrow Airport, and the pure uncomplicated love felt as friends and families welcome their arriving loved ones. David's voiceover also relates that all the messages left by the people who died on the 9/11 planes were messages of love and not hate. The film then tells the 'love stories' of many people:
Billy Mack and Joe[edit]
With the help of his longtime manager Joe (Gregor Fisher), rock and roll legend Billy Mack (Bill Nighy) records a Christmas variation of The Troggs' "Love Is All Around". Although he thinks the record is terrible, Mack promotes the release in the hope it will become the Christmas number one single; it does and after briefly celebrating his victory at a party hosted by Sir Elton John, Billy discerns that Joe is in need of affection and suggests that he and Joe celebrate Christmas by getting drunk and watching porn.
Juliet, Peter and Mark[edit]
Juliet (Keira Knightley) and Peter's (Chiwetel Ejiofor) marriage is videotaped by the best man, Mark (Andrew Lincoln). Although both Juliet and Peter believe that Mark dislikes Juliet, he is in love with her. When Mark evades Juliet's requests to see the video he made at the wedding, Juliet visits Mark. She says she wants them to be friends and when she finds and views the wedding video, it turns out to be just adoring close-ups of her. After an uncomfortable silence, Mark blurts out that he snubs her out of "self-preservation." On Christmas Eve, Juliet answers the doorbell to find Mark, carrying a boombox playing Christmas songs and large cue cards on which he has written, without expectation of reciprocation, that he loves her. As he walks away, Juliet runs after him to give him a quick kiss before she returns inside.
Jamie and Aurélia[edit]
Writer Jamie (Colin Firth) is pushed to Juliet and Peter's wedding by his girlfriend (Sienna Guillory) as she feigns illness. He returns between the ceremony and the reception to check on her, and discovers that she is having an affair with his brother. Crushed, Jamie withdraws to his French cottage where he meets Portuguese housekeeper Aurélia (Lúcia Moniz), who does not speak English. Despite their inability to communicate, they become attracted to each other. When Jamie returns to England, he realises he is in love with Aurélia and begins learning Portuguese. He returns to France to find her and ends up walking through town, gathering people as they walk to her job at a restaurant. In his broken Portuguese he declares his love for her and proposes. She says yes in broken English as the crowd erupts in applause.
Harry, Karen and Mia[edit]
Harry (Alan Rickman) is the managing director of a design agency; Mia (Heike Makatsch) is his new secretary. Harry is comfortably married to his wife, Karen (Emma Thompson), who stays home to raise their children. Harry becomes increasingly aroused by Mia's overtly sexual behaviour at the office and does nothing to dissuade her. At the company Christmas party held at Mark's gallery, he not only inquires if Mark is her boyfriend, but dances closely with her. While at the shops, he calls Mia to find out what she wants for Christmas and ends up almost caught by his wife purchasing an expensive necklace from the jewellery department thanks to the salesman Rufus (Rowan Atkinson). Later on, Karen discovers the necklace in Harry's coat pocket and happily assumes it is a gift for her. When he hands her a similarly shaped box to open on Christmas Eve, she is heartbroken to find it is a Joni Mitchell CD, meaning that the necklace was for someone else. She confronts Harry and asks him what he would do if he was her. Harry begs her forgiveness. She responds that he has made a mockery of their marriage and of her.
David and Natalie[edit]
Karen's brother, David (Hugh Grant), is the recently elected Prime Minister. Natalie (Martine McCutcheon) is a new junior member of the household staff at 10 Downing Street. During a meeting with the U.S. President (Billy Bob Thornton), they run into Natalie and the president makes some inappropriate comments to David about Natalie's body. Later, David walks in on Natalie serving tea and biscuits to the president, and it appears that something untoward is happening. Natalie seems ashamed, but the President has a sly grin on his face. At the following joint press conference, David is uncharacteristically assertive while taking a stand against the President's intimidating policies. Finding that his relationship with Natalie has become strained and a distraction, David has her moved to another job. However, he is spurred to action on Christmas Eve when he finds a Christmas card from Natalie declaring that she is his and no one else's. After a door to door search of her street, he comes across Mia, who informs him that Natalie lives next door. The entire family is on their way out the door to a multi-school Christmas play and he offers to drive them so he can talk to her. After Natalie sneaks him in to the school, he runs into his heartbroken sister who believes he is there for his niece and nephew. As the two try to keep from being seen and watch the show from backstage, they finally kiss. All their hiding was for nothing because as the curtain rises, they are seen kissing by everyone.
Daniel, Sam, Joanna and Carol[edit]
Daniel (Liam Neeson), Karen's friend, mourns the recent death of his wife Joanna, as he tries to raise his stepson Sam (Thomas Sangster) alone. Sam has fallen for an American classmate, also named Joanna (Olivia Olson), and, after discussion with his stepfather, decides to learn the drums so that he can accompany her in the big finale for their school's Christmas pageant (the same one that David's nephew and Karen and Harry's children are in). After Sam feels that he missed his chance to make an impression on her, Daniel convinces Sam that he must go catch Joanna, who is returning to the US, at the airport that night and show her how he feels, lest he regret it. Sam runs away from the airport security and says hi to Joanna, who then kisses him on the cheek. Meanwhile, Daniel meets Carol (Claudia Schiffer), the mother of one of Sam's schoolmates.
Sarah, Karl and Michael[edit]
Sarah (Laura Linney) first appears at Juliet and Peter's wedding, sitting next to her friend Jamie. She is an American who works at Harry's graphic design company and has been in love for years with the company's creative director, Karl (Rodrigo Santoro). They finally connect at the Christmas party and he drives her home. They kiss, but before more can occur, they are interrupted by her mentally ill brother, Michael, phoning from a mental care facility. Sarah and Karl's evening tryst is aborted and Karl leaves. On Christmas Eve both are working late and, when Karl leaves, he only wishes her a merry Christmas. Michael phones Sarah and she goes to stay with him, sharing her Christmas scarf.
Colin, Tony and the American girls[edit]
After unsuccessfully attempting to woo various English women, including Mia and Nancy (Julia Davis), the caterer at Juliet and Peter's wedding, Colin Frissell (Kris Marshall) informs his friend Tony (Abdul Salis) he plans to go to America, where he is convinced that his Britishness will be an asset. Landing in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Colin meets Stacey (Ivana Miličević), Jeannie (January Jones), and Carol-Anne (Elisha Cuthbert), three stunningly attractive women who fall for his Basildon accent and invite him to stay at their home, where they are joined by roommate Harriet (Shannon Elizabeth).
John and Judy[edit]
John (Martin Freeman) and Judy (Joanna Page) are professional body doubles for films. They meet for the sex scenes in a film for which Tony is a production assistant. John tells Judy that "It is nice to have someone [he] can just chat to." While the two are perfectly comfortable being naked and simulating sex on-set, they are shy and tentative off-set. Carefully pursuing a relationship, they attend the Christmas pageant (involving David and Natalie, Harry and Karen's children, Daniel and Sam, et al.) at the local school with John's brother.
Rufus[edit]
Rufus (Rowan Atkinson) is the jewellery salesman, whose obsessive attention to gift-wrapping nearly results in Harry being caught buying a necklace for Mia by Karen. Also, it is his distraction of staff at the airport which allows Sam to sneak through to see Joanna. In the director and cast commentary, it is revealed that Rufus was originally supposed to be a Christmas angel; however, this was dropped from the final script.
Epilogue[edit]
One month later, all of the characters are seen in Heathrow Airport. Billy tells Joe that his Christmas single has spurred a comeback. Juliet, Peter, and Mark meet Jamie and his bride, Aurélia. Karen and the kids greet Harry, but Karen's reaction suggests that they are struggling to move past his indiscretion. Sam greets Joanna, who has returned with her mother from America, and Daniel is joined by his new girlfriend Carol and her son. Newlyweds John and Judy, heading off to their honeymoon, run into Tony who is awaiting Colin as he returns from America. Colin returns with Harriet and her sister Carla (Denise Richards) who greets Tony with a hug and a kiss. Natalie welcomes David back from his flight in view of the press, indicating that their relationship is now public. These scenes dissolve into footage of actual arrivals at Heathrow, as the screen is divided into an increasing number of smaller segments which form the shape of a heart.
Connections between stories[edit]
Interconnections between the Love Actually characters
All the stories are linked in some way, with the exception of Billy Mack and his manager, who are not acquainted with any of the other characters, but Billy appears frequently on characters' radios and TVs, his music video twice providing an important plot device for Sam's pursuit of Joanna; the pair also cross paths with the other characters in the closing Heathrow scene. John and Judy work with Tony who is best friends with Colin who works for a catering company that services the office where Sarah, Karl, Mia, and Harry work. Mia is friends with Mark who runs the art gallery where the Christmas office party takes place. Mia also lives next door to Natalie. Mark is in love with Juliet and friends with Peter. The couple are friends with Jamie and Sarah. Harry is married to Karen who is friends with Daniel, and Karen's brother is David who works with Natalie. Harry and Karen's children (and thus David's niece and nephew), Natalie's siblings (and thus Mia's neighbours), and Carol's son are all schoolmates of Sam and Joanna. An additional plot that was dropped in editing concerned the children's headmistress (Anne Reid) and her dying lesbian partner (Frances de la Tour).
Cast[edit]
Alan Rickman as Harry
Emma Thompson as Karen
Hugh Grant as David
Keira Knightley as Juliet
Colin Firth as Jamie
Sienna Guillory as Jamie's Girlfriend
Lúcia Moniz as Aurélia
Liam Neeson as Daniel
Thomas Sangster as Sam
Bill Nighy as Billy Mack
Gregor Fisher as Joe
Martine McCutcheon as Natalie
Chiwetel Ejiofor as Peter
Andrew Lincoln as Mark
Laura Linney as Sarah
Rodrigo Santoro as Karl
Michael Fitzgerald as Michael
Kris Marshall as Colin
Abdul Salis as Tony
Heike Makatsch as Mia
Martin Freeman as John
Joanna Page as Judy
Olivia Olson as Joanna
Billy Bob Thornton as US President
Rowan Atkinson as Rufus
Claudia Schiffer as Carol
Nina Sosanya as Annie
Ivana Miličević as Stacey
January Jones as Jeannie
Elisha Cuthbert as Carol-Anne
Shannon Elizabeth as Harriet
Denise Richards as Carla
Lulu Popplewell as Daisy
Marcus Brigstocke as Mikey
Julia Davis as Nancy
Ruby Turner as Jean
Adam Godley as Mr. Trench
Élisabeth Margoni as Eleonore
Meg Wynn Owen as Mary, PM's secretary
Production[edit]
Initially, Curtis started writing the film as two distinct movies with expanded versions of what would be two of the characters' storylines in the finished film but he grew frustrated with the process.[4] Partly inspired by the films of Robert Altman as well as films such as Pulp Fiction, and partly inspired by the fact that Curtis became "more interested in writing a film about love and what love sort of means" he had the idea of creating an ensemble film.[4] The film initially did not have any sort of Christmas theme, although Curtis's penchant for such movies eventually caused him to write it as one.[5]
Most of the film was made on location in London, at sites including Trafalgar Square, the central court of Somerset House in the Strand, Grosvenor Chapel on South Audley Street near Hyde Park, St. Paul's Clapham on Rectory Grove, Clapham in the London Borough of Lambeth, the Millennium Bridge, Selfridges department store on Oxford Street, Lambeth Bridge, the Tate Modern in the former Bankside Power Station, Canary Wharf, Marble Arch, the St. Lukes Mews off All Saint's Road in Notting Hill, Chelsea Bridge, the OXO Tower, London City Hall, Poplar Road in Herne Hill in the London Borough of Lambeth, Elliott School in Pullman Gardens, Putney in the London Borough of Wandsworth, and London Heathrow Airport. Additional scenes were filmed at the Marseille Airport and Le Bar de la Marine. Scenes set in 10 Downing Street were filmed at the Shepperton Studios.[6]
Ant and Dec played themselves in the film with Bill Nighy's character referring to Dec as "Ant or Dec". This refers to the common mistaking of one for the other, owing to their constant joint professional presence as a comedy and presenting duo. The veteran actress Jeanne Moreau is seen briefly, entering a taxi at the Marseille Airport. The soul singer Ruby Turner appears as Joanna Anderson's mother, one of the backing singers at the school Christmas pageant.
Curtis's original concept for the film included 14 different scenarios, but four of them were cut (two having been filmed).[7] The scene in which Colin attempts to chat up the female caterer at the wedding appeared in drafts of the screenplay for Four Weddings and a Funeral, but was cut from the final version.[8] The music video for Billy Mack's song, "Love Is All Around", is a tribute to Robert Palmer's video, "Addicted To Love".[7] Curtis has spoken negatively about the editing process for the film, which he labeled in 2014 as a "catastrophe" and "The only nightmare scenario that I’ve been caught in".[9] The film was rushed in order to be ready for the 2003 Christmas season which he likened to "three-dimensional chess" [9]
Following Tony Blair's resignation as Prime Minister, pundits and speculators commented on a potential anti-American shift in Gordon Brown's cabinet as a "Love Actually moment", referring to the scene in which Hugh Grant's character stands up to the American president.[10][11][12] In 2009, during President Barack Obama's first visit to the UK, Chris Matthews referred to the president in Love Actually as an example of George W. Bush and other former presidents' bullying of European allies. In commenting on Matthews' view, Mediaite's Jon Bershad described the U.S. president character as a "sleazy Bill Clinton/George W. Bush hybrid".[13] In the scene in question, the swaggering president bullies the prime minister and then sexually harasses a member of the household staff. In September 2013, David Cameron made a speech in reply to Russia's comment that Britain was a small insignificant country, which drew comparisons with Hugh Grant's speech during the film.[14]
Soundtrack[edit]
Love Actually
Soundtrack album by Various Artists
Released
17 November 2003
Genre
Film soundtrack
Label
Universal, Island
The film's original score was composed, orchestrated and conducted by Craig Armstrong.
UK CD Track listing[15]
"Jump (for My Love)" by Girls Aloud
"Too Lost in You" by Sugababes
"The Trouble with Love Is" by Kelly Clarkson
"Here with Me" by Dido
"Christmas Is All Around" by Billy Mack
"Turn Me On" by Norah Jones
"Songbird" by Eva Cassidy
"Sweetest Goodbye" by Maroon 5
"Wherever You Will Go" by The Calling
"I'll See It Through" by Texas
"Both Sides Now" by Joni Mitchell
"White Christmas" by Otis Redding
"Take Me As I Am" by Wyclef Jean and Sharissa
"All I Want for Christmas Is You" by Olivia Olson
"God Only Knows" by The Beach Boys
"All You Need Is Love" by Lynden David Hall
"Sometimes" by Gabrielle
"Glasgow Love Theme" by Craig Armstrong
"PM's Love Theme" by Craig Armstrong
"Portuguese Love Theme" by Craig Armstrong
The US disc replaces the Girls Aloud version of "Jump (for My Love)" with the original recording by the Pointer Sisters. "Joanna" by Scott Walker was deleted from the film. Other songs heard in the film, though not included on either soundtrack album, include "All Alone on Christmas" by Darlene Love and "Smooth" by Santana, the Paul Anka song "Puppy Love" performed by S Club Juniors, and "Bye Bye Baby" by the Bay City Rollers.
US CD Track listing
"The Trouble with Love Is" by Kelly Clarkson
"Here with Me" by Dido
"Medley: Sweetest Goodbye/Sunday Morning" by Maroon 5
"Turn Me On" by Norah Jones
"Take Me As I Am" by Wyclef Jean and Sharissa
"Songbird" by Eva Cassidy
"Wherever You Will Go" by The Calling
"Jump (for My Love)" by The Pointer Sisters
"Both Sides Now" by Joni Mitchell
"All You Need Is Love" by Lynden David Hall
"God Only Knows" by The Beach Boys
"I'll See It Through" by Texas
"Too Lost in You" by Sugababes
"Glasgow Love Theme" by Craig Armstrong
"White Christmas" by Otis Redding
"Christmas Is All Around" by Billy Mack
"All I Want for Christmas Is You" by Olivia Olson
The soundtrack album reached the top 40 on the US Billboard 200 in 2004 and ranked second on the Top Soundtracks chart. It achieved gold record status in Australia and Mexico.
The UK and US versions of the actual film contain two instances of alternative music. In the UK cut, the montage leading up to and continuing through the first part of the office party is set to the song "Too Lost in You", by the UK group Sugababes. In the US version of the film, this song is replaced with "The Trouble With Love Is", performed by the American singer Kelly Clarkson. In the UK version's end credit roll, the second song is a cover of "Jump (for My Love)", performed by Girls Aloud. In the US version, this song is replaced with "Too Lost in You", by Sugababes.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The Working Title Films production, budgeted at $45,000,000, was released by Universal Pictures. It grossed $62,671,632 in the United Kingdom, $13,956,093 in Australia[16] and $59,472,278 in the US and Canada. It took a worldwide total of $247,472,278.[17]
Critical response[edit]
While Love Actually received generally positive reviews in Britain, United States reviews were generally mixed. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 63% of critics gave the film a positive rating, based on 194 reviews, with an average score of 6.3/10. Its consensus states "'A sugary tale overstuffed with too many stories. Still, the cast charms."[18] On Metacritic, the film holds a 55/100 rating, based on 41 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[19]
Todd McCarthy of Variety called it "a roundly entertaining romantic comedy," a "doggedly cheery confection," and "a package that feels as luxuriously appointed and expertly tooled as a Rolls-Royce" and predicted "its cheeky wit, impossibly attractive cast, and sure-handed professionalism... along with its all-encompassing romanticism should make this a highly popular early holiday attraction for adults on both sides of the pond".[20] Michael Atkinson of The Village Voice called it "love British style, handicapped slightly by corny circumstance and populated by colourful neurotics".[21] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 1⁄2 out of 4 stars, describing it as "a belly-flop into the sea of romantic comedy [...] The movie's only flaw is also a virtue: It's jammed with characters, stories, warmth and laughs, until at times Curtis seems to be working from a checklist of obligatory movie love situations and doesn't want to leave anything out [...] It feels a little like a gourmet meal that turns into a hot-dog eating contest."[22] Susan Wloszczyna of USA Today wrote "Curtis' multi-tiered cake of comedy, slathered in eye-candy icing and set mostly in London at Christmas, serves sundry slices of love—sad, sweet and silly—in all of their messy, often surprising, glory."[23]
Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly rated it B and called it "a toasty, star-packed ensemble comedy... [That's] going to make a lot of holiday romantics feel very, very good; watching it; I felt cosy and charmed myself."[24] Nev Pierce of the BBC awarded it four of a possible five stars and called it a "vibrant romantic comedy... Warm, bittersweet and hilarious, this is lovely, actually. Prepare to be smitten."[25] Carla Meyer of the San Francisco Chronicle opined "[it] abandons any pretext of sophistication for gloppy sentimentality, sugary pop songs and bawdy humour – an approach that works about half the time [...] Most of the story lines maintain interest because of the fine cast and general goodwill of the picture."[26]
In his review in The New York Times, A.O. Scott called it "a romantic comedy swollen to the length of an Oscar-trawling epic – nearly two and a quarter hours of cheekiness, diffidence and high-tone smirking" and added, "it is more like a record label's greatest-hits compilation or a very special sitcom clip-reel show than an actual movie [...] The film's governing idea of love is both shallow and dishonest, and its sweet, chipper demeanour masks a sour cynicism about human emotions that is all the more sleazy for remaining unacknowledged. It has the calloused, leering soul of an early-60s rat-pack comedy, but without the suave, seductive bravado."[27] In Rolling Stone, Peter Travers rated it two stars out of a possible four, saying "there are laughs laced with feeling here, but the deft screenwriter Richard Curtis dilutes the impact by tossing in more and more stories. As a director... Curtis can't seem to rein in his writer... He ladles sugar over the eager-to-please Love Actually to make it go down easy, forgetting that sometimes it just makes you gag."[28]
Although critics' reviews for Love Actually were mixed, the film is more popular among audiences and has even been discussed in recent years as an arguable modern-day Christmas classic.[29][30] Christopher Orr of The Atlantic, on the other hand, remains negative toward the work and even described it as the least romantic movie of all time, considering its ultimate message to be, "It’s probably best if you give up on love altogether and get on with the rest of your life."[30][31]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Alexander Korda Award for Best British Film (nominee)
BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Bill Nighy, winner)
BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Emma Thompson, nominee)
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy (nominee)
Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay (nominee)
Empire Award for Best British Film (winner)
Empire Award for Best British Actress (Emma Thompson, winner)
Empire Award for Best Newcomer (Martine McCutcheon, winner)
Empire Award for Best Newcomer (Andrew Lincoln, nominee)
Evening Standard British Film Award for Best Actress (Emma Thompson, winner)
Evening Standard Peter Sellers Award for Comedy (Bill Nighy, winner)
European Film Award for Best Actor (Hugh Grant, nominee)
European Film Award for Best Director (Richard Curtis, nominee)
London Film Critics Circle Award for Best British Supporting Actor (Bill Nighy, winner)
London Film Critics Circle Award for Best British Supporting Actress (Emma Thompson, winner)
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor (Bill Nighy, winner)
Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor, Musical or Comedy (Bill Nighy and Thomas Sangster, nominees)
Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress, Musical or Comedy (Emma Thompson, nominee)
Other adaptations[edit]
The screenplay by Richard Curtis was published by Michael Joseph Ltd. in the UK and by St. Martin's Griffin in the US.[32]
Red Nose Day Actually[edit]
Main article: Red Nose Day Actually
In 2017 Richard Curtis wrote a script for a Red Nose Day short which reunited several characters and picked up their storylines 14 years later. Filming began in February 2017 and was broadcast on BBC One on March 24, 2017.[33]
See also[edit]
It All Began When I Met You, a 2013 Japanese film inspired by Love Actually
Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love, a Hindi movie detectably based on Love Actually[34]
Letters to Santa, a Polish film inspired by Love Actually
Alles is Liefde (English: Love is All), a 2007 Dutch romantic comedy film inspired by Love Actually
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Love Actually (2003)". Bfi.org.uk. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Love Actually (2003) - Box office / business". IMDb. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Love Actually". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Finger, Bobby. "Richard Curtis on About Time, Love Actually, and Being a 'Fool for Love'". Vulture. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Lambo, Stacy. "The Love Actually Cast Reveal 10 Things You Didn't Know About The Film". VH1. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Film locations for Film Locations for Love Actually". Movie-locations.com. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "How We Made Love Actually". The Guardian. 16 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Love Actually audio commentary
^ Jump up to: a b Child, Ben. "Richard Curtis: Love Actually a 'catastrophe'". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Sylvester, Rachel (2005-06-06). "Blair and Bush will find little to agree on at Gleneagles …". UK: The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
Jump up ^ Sylvester, Rachel (23 May 2006). "''The Telegraph'', 23 May 2006". UK: The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Stinson, Jeffrey (7 September 2006). "Blair says he'll resign within a year, refuses to set a date". USA Today. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Jon Bershad (21 December 2010). "Chris Matthews Explains Republican Strategy With A Scene From ''Love Actually''". Mediaite.com. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Kirkup, James (9 August 2013). "David Cameron's Love Actually moment as he defends Britain against 'small island' jibe". Telegraph. London. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Love Actually Soundtrack on Amazon". Retrieved 13 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Love Actually (2003) - International Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "''Love Actually'' at TheNumbers.com". The-numbers.com. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Love Actually (2003)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Love Actually at Metacritic
Jump up ^ Michael Learmonth (24 October 2003). "''Variety'' review". Variety. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Michael Atkinson (4 November 2003). "Review". Village Voice. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Roger Ebert (7 November 2003). "Love Actually". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Wloszczyna, Susan (5 November 2003). "Not enough Hugh Grant, too many sappy pop songs in 'Love Actually'". USA Today. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman (26 July 2007). "''Entertainment Weekly'' review". Ew.com. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Nev Pierce Updated (20 November 2003). "BBC review". BBC. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Meyer, Carla (7 November 2003). "''San Francisco Chronicle'' review". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ A. O. Scott (7 November 2003). "''New York Times'' review". Movies.nytimes.com. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Rolling Stone review Love Actually at the Wayback Machine (archived 29 May 2008)
Jump up ^ Tapper, Jake; Berryman, Kim (20 December 2013). "Is 'Love Actually" a new Christmas classic?". CNN. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
- Weber, Lindsey (19 March 2017). "Hated It, Actually: What Critics Thought of Love Actually in 2003". Vulture. New York Media, LLC. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
- Green, Emma. "I Will Not Be Ashamed of Loving Love Actually". The Atlantic. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Orr, Christopher. "Love Actually Is the Least Romantic Film of All Time". The Atlantic. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Orr, Christopher (11 December 2013). "Love Actually: Still Awful". The Atlantic. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Curtis, Richard (5 December 2003). Love Actually. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-31849-9.
Jump up ^ "Love Actually Red Nose Day Sequel Gets A Poster". Screenrant.com. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Salaam-e-Ishq. Could I be more excited? Honestly?". Musings of the Obsessive Kind. dangermousie. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
External links[edit]
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[show]
v
t
e
Richard Curtis
Film
Written and directed
Love Actually (2003)
The Boat That Rocked (2009)
About Time (2013)
Written only
The Tall Guy (1989)
Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994)
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Pharaoh
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Pharaoh (disambiguation).
Pharaoh of Egypt
The Pschent combined the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Upper Egypt.
A typical depiction of a pharaoh. After Djoser of the Third Dynasty, pharaohs were usually depicted wearing the nemes headdress, a false beard, and an ornate kilt.
Details
Style
Five-name titulary
First monarch
Narmer or Menes (by tradition)
Last monarch
Cleopatra and Caesarion
Formation
c. 3150 BC
Abolition
30 BC
Residence
Varies by era
Appointer
Divine right

pr-ˤ3
"Great house"
in hieroglyphs

nswt-bjt
"King of Upper
and Lower Egypt"
in hieroglyphs
Pharaoh (/ˈfɛəroʊ/, US also /ˈfeɪ.roʊ/;[1] Coptic: ⲡⲣ̅ⲣⲟ Prro) is the common title of the monarchs of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BCE) until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Empire in 30 BCE,[2] although the actual term "Pharaoh" was not used contemporaneously for a ruler until circa 1200 BCE. In the early dynasty, ancient Egyptian kings used to have up to three titles, the Horus, the Nesu Bety, and the Nebty name. The Golden Horus and Nomen and prenomen titles were later added.
In Egyptian society, religion was central to everyday life. One of the roles of the pharaoh was as an intermediary between the gods and the people. The pharaoh thus deputised for the gods; his role was both as civil and religious administrator. He owned all of the land in Egypt, enacted laws, collected taxes, and defended Egypt from invaders as the commander-in-chief of the army.[3] Religiously, the pharaoh officiated over religious ceremonies and chose the sites of new temples. He was responsible for maintaining Maat, or balance and justice, and part of this included going to war when necessary to defend the country or attacking others when it was believed that this would contribute to Maat, such as to obtain resources.[4]
During the early days prior to the unity of the lower and upper kingdoms of ancient Egypt, a Deshret, the red crown, was a representation the Kingdom of lower Egypt; while the Hadjet, a white crown, was worn by the kings of the kingdom of upper Egypt. After the unification of both kingdoms into one united Egypt, the Pschent, the combination of both the red and white crowns was the official crown of kings. With time new headdresses were introduced during different dynasties like Khat, Nemes, Atef, Hemhem, and Kepresh. At times, it was depicted that a combination of these headdresses or crowns would be worn together.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Regalia
2.1 Scepters and staves
2.2 The Uraeus
3 Crowns and headdresses
3.1 Deshret
3.2 Hedjet
3.3 Pschent
3.4 Khat
3.5 Nemes
3.6 Atef
3.7 Hemhem
3.8 Khepresh
3.9 Physical evidence
4 Titles
4.1 Nesu Bity name
4.2 Horus name
4.3 Nebty name
4.4 Golden Horus
4.5 Nomen and prenomen
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Etymology[edit]
The word pharaoh ultimately derives from the Egyptian compound pr-ˤ3 "great house," written with the two biliteral hieroglyphs pr "house" and ˤ3 "column", here meaning "great" or "high". It was used only in larger phrases such as smr pr-ˤ3 "Courtier of the High House", with specific reference to the buildings of the court or palace.[5] From the twelfth dynasty onward, the word appears in a wish formula "Great House, may it live, prosper, and be in health", but again only with reference to the royal palace and not the person.
During the reign of Thutmose III (circa 1479–1425 BCE) in the New Kingdom, after the foreign rule of the Hyksos during the Second Intermediate Period, pharaoh became the form of address for a person who was king.[6]
The earliest instance where pr-ˤ3 is used specifically to address the ruler is in a letter to Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten), who reigned circa 1353–1336 BCE, which is addressed to "Pharaoh, all life, prosperity, and health".[7] During the eighteenth dynasty (16th to 14th centuries BCE) the title pharaoh was employed as a reverential designation of the ruler. About the late twenty-first dynasty (10th century BCE), however, instead of being used alone as before, it began to be added to the other titles before the ruler's name, and from the twenty-fifth dynasty (eighth to seventh centuries BCE) it was, at least in ordinary usage, the only epithet prefixed to the royal appellative.[8]
From the nineteenth dynasty onward pr-ˤ3 on its own was used as regularly as ḥm, "Majesty".[9][note 1] The term, therefore, evolved from a word specifically referring to a building to a respectful designation for the ruler, particularly by the twenty-second dynasty and twenty-third dynasty.[citation needed]
For instance, the first dated appearance of the title pharaoh being attached to a ruler's name occurs in Year 17 of Siamun on a fragment from the Karnak Priestly Annals. Here, an induction of an individual to the Amun priesthood is dated specifically to the reign of Pharaoh Siamun.[10] This new practice was continued under his successor Psusennes II and the twenty-second dynasty kings. For instance, the Large Dakhla stela is specifically dated to Year 5 of king "Pharaoh Shoshenk, beloved of Amun", whom all Egyptologists concur was Shoshenq I—the founder of the Twenty-second dynasty—including Alan Gardiner in his original 1933 publication of this stela.[11] Shoshenq I was the second successor of Siamun. Meanwhile, the old custom of referring to the sovereign simply as pr-ˤ3 continued in traditional Egyptian narratives.[citation needed]
By this time, the Late Egyptian word is reconstructed to have been pronounced *[par-ʕoʔ] whence Herodotus derived the name of one of the Egyptian kings, Φερων.[12] In the Old Testament of the Bible, the title also occurs as פרעה [par‘ōh];[13] from that, Septuagint φαραώ pharaō and then Late Latin pharaō, both -n stem nouns. The Qur'an likewise spells it فرعون fir'awn with "n" (here, always referring to the one evil king in the Exodus story, by contrast to the good king Aziz in sura 12's Joseph story). The Arabic combines the original pharyngeal ayin sound from Egyptian, along with the -n ending from Greek.
English at first spelled it "Pharao", but the King James Bible revived "Pharaoh" with "h" from the Hebrew. Meanwhile in Egypt itself, *[par-ʕoʔ] evolved into Sahidic Coptic ⲡⲣ̅ⲣⲟ prro and then rro (by mistaking p- as the definite article prefix "the" from ancient Egyptian p3).[14]
Other notable epithets, nsw is translated to "king", ity for "monarch or sovereign", nb for "lord".[9][note 2] and heqa for "ruler".
Regalia[edit]
Scepters and staves[edit]
Beaded Scepter of Khasekhemwy (Museum of Fine Arts in Boston).
Scepters and staves were a general sign of authority in ancient Egypt.[15] One of the earliest royal scepters was discovered in the tomb of Khasekhemwy in Abydos.[15] Kings were also known to carry a staff, and Pharaoh Anedjib is shown on stone vessels carrying a so-called mks-staff.[16] The scepter with the longest history seems to be the heqa-scepter, sometimes described as the shepherd's crook.[17] The earliest examples of this piece of regalia dates to pre-dynastic times. A scepter was found in a tomb at Abydos that dates to the late Naqada period.
Another scepter associated with the king is the was-scepter.[17] This is a long staff mounted with an animal head. The earliest known depictions of the was-scepter date to the first dynasty. The was-scepter is shown in the hands of both kings and deities.
The flail later was closely related to the heqa-scepter (the crook and flail), but in early representations the king was also depicted solely with the flail, as shown in a late pre-dynastic knife handle which is now in the Metropolitan museum, and on the Narmer Macehead.[18]
The Uraeus[edit]
The earliest evidence known of the Uraeus—a rearing cobra—is from the reign of Den from the first dynasty. The cobra supposedly protected the pharaoh by spitting fire at its enemies.[19]
Crowns and headdresses[edit]
Main article: Crowns of Egypt
Narmer Palette
Narmer wearing the white crown
Narmer wearing the red crown
Deshret[edit]
The red crown of Lower Egypt, the Deshret crown, dates back to pre-dynastic times and symbolised chief ruler. A red crown has been found on a pottery shard from Naqada, and later, king Narmer is shown wearing the red crown on both the Narmer macehead and the Narmer palette.
Hedjet[edit]
The white crown of Upper Egypt, the Hedjet crown, was worn in the Predynastic Period by King Scorpion, and, later, by Narmer.
Pschent[edit]
This is the combination of the Deshret and Hedjet crowns into a double crown, called the Pschent crown. It is first documented in the middle of the first dynasty. The earliest depiction may date to the reign of Djet, and is otherwise surely attested during the reign of Den.[20]
Khat[edit]
Den
The khat headdress consists of a kind of "kerchief" whose end is tied similarly to a ponytail. The earliest depictions of the khat headdress comes from the reign of Den, but is not found again until the reign of Djoser.
Nemes[edit]
The Nemes headdress dates from the time of Djoser. It is the most common type of crown that has been depicted throughout Pharaonic Egypt. Any other type of crown, apart from the Khat headdress, has been commonly depicted on top of the Nemes. The statue from his Serdab in Saqqara shows the king wearing the nemes headdress.[20]
Statuette of Pepy I (ca. 2338-2298 B.C.E.) wearing a nemes headdress Brooklyn Museum
Atef[edit]
Osiris is shown to wear the Atef crown, which is an elaborate Hedjet with feathers and disks. Depictions of Pharaohs wearing the Atef crown originate from the Old Kingdom.
Hemhem[edit]
The Hemhem crown is usually depicted on top of Nemes, Pschent, or Deshret crowns. It is an ornate triple Atef with corkscrew sheep horns and usually two uraei. The usage (depiction) of this crown begins during the Early 18th dynasty of Egypt.
Khepresh[edit]
Also called the blue crown, the Khepresh crown has been depicted since the New Kingdom.
Physical evidence[edit]
Egyptologist Bob Brier has noted that despite their widespread depiction in royal portraits, no ancient Egyptian crown has ever been discovered. Tutankhamun's tomb, discovered largely intact, did contain such regalia as his crook and flail, but no crown was found, however, among the funerary equipment. Diadems have been discovered.[21]
It is presumed that crowns would have been believed to have magical properties. Brier's speculation is that crowns were religious or state items, so a dead pharaoh likely could not retain a crown as a personal possession. The crowns may have been passed along to the successor.[22]
Titles[edit]
Main article: Ancient Egyptian royal titulary
During the early dynastic period kings had three titles. The Horus name is the oldest and dates to the late pre-dynastic period. The Nesu Bity name was added during the first dynasty. The Nebty name was first introduced toward the end of the first dynasty.[20] The Golden falcon (bik-nbw) name is not well understood. The prenomen and nomen were introduced later and are traditionally enclosed in a cartouche.[23] By the Middle Kingdom, the official titulary of the ruler consisted of five names; Horus, nebty, golden Horus, nomen, and prenomen[24] for some rulers, only one or two of them may be known.
Nesu Bity name[edit]
The Nesu Bity name, also known as Prenomen, was one of the new developments from the reign of Den. The name would follow the glyphs for the "Sedge and the Bee". The title is usually translated as king of Upper and Lower Egypt. The nsw bity name may have been the birth name of the king. It was often the name by which kings were recorded in the later annals and king lists.[20]
Horus name[edit]
The Horus name was adopted by the king, when taking the throne. The name was written within a square frame representing the palace, named a serekh. The earliest known example of a serekh dates to the reign of king Ka, before the first dynasty.[25] The Horus name of several early kings expresses a relationship with Horus. Aha refers to "Horus the fighter", Djer refers to "Horus the strong", etc. Later kings express ideals of kingship in their Horus names. Khasekhemwy refers to "Horus: the two powers are at peace", while Nebra refers to "Horus, Lord of the Sun".[20]
Nebty name[edit]
The earliest example of a nebty name comes from the reign of king Aha from the first dynasty. The title links the king with the goddesses of Upper and Lower Egypt Nekhbet and Wadjet.[20][23] The title is preceded by the vulture (Nekhbet) and the cobra (Wadjet) standing on a basket (the neb sign).[20]
Golden Horus[edit]
The Golden Horus or Golden Falcon name was preceded by a falcon on a gold or nbw sign. The title may have represented the divine status of the king. The Horus associated with gold may be referring to the idea that the bodies of the deities were made of gold and the pyramids and obelisks are representations of (golden) sun-rays. The gold sign may also be a reference to Nubt, the city of Set. This would suggest that the iconography represents Horus conquering Set.[20]
Nomen and prenomen[edit]
The prenomen and nomen were contained in a cartouche. The prenomen often followed the King of Upper and Lower Egypt (nsw bity) or Lord of the Two Lands (nebtawy) title. The prenomen often incorporated the name of Re. The nomen often followed the title Son of Re (sa-ra) or the title Lord of Appearances (neb-kha).[23]
Nomen and prenomen of Ramesses III
See also[edit]
Ancient Egypt portal
Monarchy portal
List of pharaohs
Coronation of the pharaoh
Great Royal Wife, the chief wife of a male pharaoh
Egyptian chronology
Pharaohs in the Bible
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Bible refers to Egypt as the "Land of Ham"
Jump up ^ nb.f means "his lord", the monarchs were introduced with (.f) for his, (.k) for your.[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
Jump up ^ Clayton, Peter A. Chronicle of the Pharaohs the Reign-by-reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson, 2012. Print.
Jump up ^ "Pharaoh". AncientEgypt.co.uk. The British Museum. 1999. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Mark, Joshua (2 September 2009). "Pharaoh - Ancient History Encyclopedia". ancient.eu. Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Jump up ^ A. Gardiner, Ancient Egyptian Grammar (3rd edn, 1957), 71–76.
Jump up ^ Redmount, Carol A. "Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt." p. 89–90. Michael D. Coogan, ed. The Oxford History of the Biblical World, Oxford University Press. 1998.
Jump up ^ Hieratic Papyrus from Kahun and Gurob, F. LL. Griffith, 38, 17. Although see also R. Mond and O. Myers (1940), Temples of Armant, pl. 93, 5, for an instance possibly dating from the reign of Thutmose III.
Jump up ^ "pharaoh" in Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Denise M. Doxey (1998). Egyptian Non-Royal Epithets in the Middle Kingdom: A Social and Historical Analysis. BRILL. p. 151. ISBN 9789004110779.
Jump up ^ J-M. Kruchten, Les annales des pretres de Karnak (OLA 32), 1989, pp.474–8.
Jump up ^ Alan Gardiner, "The Dakhleh Stela", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 19, No. 1/2 (May, 1933) pp. 193–200.
Jump up ^ Herodotus, Histories 2.111.1. See Anne Burton (1972). Diodorus Siculus, Book 1: A Commentary. Brill. , commenting on ch. 59.1.
Jump up ^ Elazar Ari Lipinski: Pesach - A holiday of questions. About the Haggadah-Commentary Zevach Pesach of Rabbi Isaak Abarbanel (1437–1508). Explaining the meaning of the name Pharaoh. Published first in German in the official quarterly of the Organization of the Jewish Communities of Bavaria: Jüdisches Leben in Bayern. Mitteilungsblatt des Landesverbandes der Israelitischen Kultusgemeinden in Bayern. Pessach-Ausgabe = Nr. 109, 2009, ZDB-ID 2077457-6, S. 3–4.
Jump up ^ Walter C. Till: "Koptische Grammatik." VEB Verläg Enzyklopädie, Leipzig, 1961. p. 62.
^ Jump up to: a b Wilkinson, Toby A.H. Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, 2001, p. 158.
Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, 2001, p. 159.
^ Jump up to: a b Wilkinson, Toby A.H. Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, 2001, p. 160.
Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, 2001, p. 161.
Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, 2001, p. 162.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Wilkinson, Toby A.H. Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, 2001 ISBN 978-0-415-26011-4
Jump up ^ Shaw, Garry J. The Pharaoh, Life at Court and on Campaign. Thames and Hudson, 2012, pp. 21, 77.
Jump up ^ Bob Brier, The Murder of Tutankhamen, 1998, p. 95.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3
Jump up ^ Ian Shaw, The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press 2000, p. 477
Jump up ^ Toby A. H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge 1999, pp. 57f.
Bibliography[edit]
Shaw, Garry J. The Pharaoh, Life at Court and on Campaign, Thames and Hudson, 2012.
Sir Alan Gardiner Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71–76.
Jan Assmann, "Der Mythos des Gottkönigs im Alten Ägypten," in Christine Schmitz und Anja Bettenworth (hg.), Menschen - Heros - Gott: Weltentwürfe und Lebensmodelle im Mythos der Vormoderne (Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2009), pp. 11–26.
External links[edit]
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Pharaohs
show
Protodynastic to First Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC)
Period
Dynasty
Pharaohs (male
female )
uncertain
Protodynastic
(pre-3150 BC)
Lower
Hsekiu
Khayu
Tiu
Thesh
Neheb
Wazner
Mekh
Double Falcon
Upper
Scorpion I
Crocodile
Iry-Hor
Ka
Scorpion II
Narmer / Menes
Early Dynastic
(3150–2686 BC)
I
Narmer / Menes
Hor-Aha
Djer
Djet
Merneith
Den
Anedjib
Semerkhet
Qa'a
Sneferka
Horus Bird
II
Hotepsekhemwy
Nebra/Raneb
Nynetjer
Ba
Nubnefer
Horus Sa
Weneg-Nebty
Wadjenes
Senedj
Seth-Peribsen
Sekhemib-Perenmaat
Neferkara I
Neferkasokar
Hudjefa I
Khasekhemwy
Old Kingdom
(2686–2181 BC)
III
Nebka
Djoser
Sekhemkhet
Sanakht
Khaba
Qahedjet
Huni
IV
Snefru
Khufu
Djedefre
Khafre
Bikheris
Menkaure
Shepseskaf
Thamphthis
V
Userkaf
Sahure
Neferirkare Kakai
Neferefre
Shepseskare
Nyuserre Ini
Menkauhor Kaiu
Djedkare Isesi
Unas
VI
Teti
Userkare
Pepi I
Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
Pepi II
Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
Netjerkare Siptah
1st Intermediate
(2181–2040 BC)
VIII
Menkare
Neferkare II
Neferkare III Neby
Djedkare Shemai
Neferkare IV Khendu
Merenhor
Neferkamin
Nikare
Neferkare V Tereru
Neferkahor
Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
Neferkamin Anu
Qakare Iby
Neferkaure
Neferkauhor
Neferirkare
Wadjkare
Khuiqer
Khui
IX
Meryibre Khety
Neferkare VII
Nebkaure Khety
Setut
X
Meryhathor
Neferkare VIII
Wahkare Khety
Merykare
show
Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC)
Period
Dynasty
Pharaohs (male
female )
uncertain
Middle Kingdom
(2040–1802 BC)
XI
Mentuhotep I
Intef I
Intef II
Intef III
Mentuhotep II
Mentuhotep III
Mentuhotep IV
Nubia
Segerseni
Qakare Ini
Iyibkhentre
XII
Amenemhat I
Senusret I
Amenemhat II
Senusret II
Senusret III
Amenemhat III
Amenemhat IV
Sobekneferu
2nd Intermediate
(1802–1550 BC)
XIII
Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
Sonbef
Nerikare
Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
Ameny Qemau
Hotepibre
Iufni
Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
Semenkare Nebnuni
Sehetepibre
Sewadjkare
Nedjemibre
Khaankhre Sobekhotep
Renseneb
Hor
Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
Djedkheperew
Sebkay
Sedjefakare
Wegaf
Khendjer
Imyremeshaw
Sehetepkare Intef
Seth Meribre
Sobekhotep III
Neferhotep I
Sihathor
Sobekhotep IV
Merhotepre Sobekhotep
Khahotepre Sobekhotep
Wahibre Ibiau
Merneferre Ay
Merhotepre Ini
Sankhenre Sewadjtu
Mersekhemre Ined
Sewadjkare Hori
Merkawre Sobekhotep
Mershepsesre Ini II
Sewahenre Senebmiu
Merkheperre
Merkare
Sewadjare Mentuhotep
Seheqenre Sankhptahi
XIV
Yakbim Sekhaenre
Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
Qareh Khawoserre
'Ammu Ahotepre
Maaibre Sheshi
Nehesy
Khakherewre
Nebefawre
Sehebre
Merdjefare
Sewadjkare III
Nebdjefare
Webenre
Nebsenre
Sekheperenre
Djedkherewre
Bebnum
'Apepi
Nuya
Wazad
Sheneh
Shenshek
Khamure
Yakareb
Yaqub-Har
XV
Semqen
'Aper-'Anati
Sakir-Har
Khyan
Apepi
Khamudi
XVI
Djehuti
Sobekhotep VIII
Neferhotep III
Mentuhotepi
Nebiryraw I
Nebiriau II
Semenre
Bebiankh
Sekhemre Shedwast
Dedumose I
Dedumose II
Montuemsaf
Merankhre Mentuhotep
Senusret IV
Pepi III
Abydos
Senebkay
Wepwawetemsaf
Pantjeny
Snaaib
XVII
Rahotep
Nebmaatre
Sobekemsaf I
Sobekemsaf II
Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
Nubkheperre Intef
Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
Senakhtenre Ahmose
Seqenenre Tao
Kamose
show
New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC)
Period
Dynasty
Pharaohs (male
female )
uncertain
New Kingdom
(1550–1070 BC)
XVIII
Ahmose I
Amenhotep I
Thutmose I
Thutmose II
Thutmose III
Hatshepsut
Amenhotep II
Thutmose IV
Amenhotep III
Akhenaten
Smenkhkare
Neferneferuaten
Tutankhamun
Ay
Horemheb
XIX
Ramesses I
Seti I
Ramesses II
Merneptah
Amenmesses
Seti II
Siptah
Twosret
XX
Setnakhte
Ramesses III
Ramesses IV
Ramesses V
Ramesses VI
Ramesses VII
Ramesses VIII
Ramesses IX
Ramesses X
Ramesses XI
3rd Intermediate
(1069–664 BC)
XXI
Smendes
Amenemnisu
Psusennes I
Amenemope
Osorkon the Elder
Siamun
Psusennes II
XXII
Shoshenq I
Osorkon I
Shoshenq II
Takelot I
Osorkon II
Shoshenq III
Shoshenq IV
Pami
Shoshenq V
Osorkon IV
XXIII
Harsiese A
Takelot II
Pedubast I
Shoshenq VI
Osorkon III
Takelot III
Rudamun
Menkheperre Ini
XXIV
Tefnakht
Bakenranef
XXV
Piye
Shebitku
Shabaka
Taharqa
Tanutamun
show
Late Period and Hellenistic Period (664–30 BC)
Period
Dynasty
Pharaohs (male
female )
uncertain
Late
(664–332 BC)
XXVI
Necho I
Psamtik I
Necho II
Psamtik II
Wahibre
Ahmose II
Psamtik III
XXVII
Cambyses II
Petubastis III
Darius I
Xerxes
Artaxerxes I
Darius II
XXVIII
Amyrtaeus
XXIX
Nepherites I
Hakor
Psammuthes
Nepherites II
XXX
Nectanebo I
Teos
Nectanebo II
XXXI
Artaxerxes III
Khabash
Arses
Darius III
Hellenistic
(332–30 BC)
Argead
Alexander the Great
Philip III Arrhidaeus
Alexander IV
Ptolemaic
Ptolemy I Soter
Ptolemy II Philadelphus
Ptolemy III Euergetes
Ptolemy IV Philopator
Ptolemy V Epiphanes
Ptolemy VI Philometor
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
Ptolemy IX Soter
Ptolemy X Alexander I
Ptolemy XI Alexander II
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
Berenice IV
Cleopatra
Ptolemy XV Caesarion
show
Dynastic genealogies
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
11th
12th
18th
19th
20th
21st to 23rd
25th
26th
27th
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31st
Ptolemaic
List of pharaohs
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Ancient Egyptian titulary
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Pharaoh
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Courtly and administrative titulary
Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King
Haty-a
High steward
Iry-pat
Khekeret-nisut
Nomarch
Overseer of the treasuries
Overseer of Upper Egypt
Treasurer
Viceroy of Kush
Vizier
Book
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display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaon
Pharaon – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farao
Farao – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%C3%B3
Faró – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh
Pharaoh – Manx
gv
gv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍉 – Gothic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-got
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Փարավոն – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: फैरो – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon
Faraon – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraono
Faraono – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firaun
Firaun – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraone
Faraone – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirngon
Pirngon – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ფარაონი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Перғауын – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farao
Farao – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Фараон – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharao
Pharao – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraons
Faraons – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraonas
Faraonas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farao
Farao – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon
Faraon – Lingala
ln
ln
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ln
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firaun
Firaun – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values:
https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh
Pharaoh – Min Dong Chinese
cdo
cdo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farao
Farao – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farao
Farao – Low Saxon
nds-NL
nds-NL
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: ПирӀун – Chechen

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farao
Farao – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farao
Farao – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon
Faraon – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਫ਼ਿਰਔਨ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values: فرعون – Pashto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon
Faraon – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon
Faraon – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Фараон – Russian

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh
Pharaoh – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farauni
Farauni – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values: පාරාවෝවරයා – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon
Faraon – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Фараон – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon
Faraon – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faarao
Faarao – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farao
Farao – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraon
Paraon – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: பார்வோன் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: ฟาโรห์ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firavun
Firavun – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: فرعون – Urdu

values: فىرئەۋىن – Uyghur

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaon
Pharaon – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon
Faraon – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Pharaoh rootpage-Pharaoh skin-vector action-view