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Local government areas of Nigeria
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This article needs attention from an expert in Nigeria. The specific problem is: LGA and its relationship to cities, states, and wards, and the function of wards. WikiProject Nigeria may be able to help recruit an expert. (November 2015)
Local government areas of Nigeria
Nigeria has 774 local government areas (LGAs). Each local government area is administered by a Local Government Council consisting of a chairman who is the Chief Executive of the LGA, and other elected members who are referred to as Councillors. Each of the areas is further subdivided into wards with a minimum of ten and a maximum of fifteen for each area.
Contents
[hide]
1 Functions
2 List of LGAs
3 References
4 External links
Functions[edit]
The functions of Local Governments are detailed in the Nigerian Constitution and include:
Economic recommendations to the State;
Collection of taxes and fees;
Establishment and maintenance of cemeteries, burial grounds and homes for the destitute or infirm;
Licensing of bicycles, trucks (other than mechanically propelled trucks), canoes, wheel barrows and carts;
Establishment, maintenance and regulation of markets, motor parks and public conveniences;
Construction and maintenance of roads, streets, drains and other public highways, parks, and open spaces;
Naming of roads and streets and numbering of houses;
Provision and maintenance of public transportation and refuse disposal;
Registration of births, deaths and marriages;
Assessment of privately owned houses or tenements for the purpose of levying such rates as may be prescribed by the House of Assembly of a State; and,
Control and regulation of out-door advertising, movement and keeping of pets of all descriptions, shops and kiosks, restaurants and other places for sale of food to the public, and laundries.
List of LGAs[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
LGA contact
State
Website
Abadam Borno State
Abaji FCT
Abak Akwa Ibom State [1]
Abakaliki Ebonyi State
Aba North Abia State
Aba South Abia State
Abeokuta North Ogun State
Abeokuta South Ogun State
Abi Cross River State [1]
Aboh Mbaise Imo State
Abua/Odual Rivers State
Adavi Kogi State
Ado Ekiti Ekiti State
Ado-Odo/Ota Ogun State
Afijio Oyo State
Afikpo North Ebonyi State
Afikpo South (Edda) Ebonyi State
Agaie Niger State
Agatu Benue State
Agwara Niger State
Agege Lagos State
Aguata Anambra State
Ahiazu Mbaise Imo State
Ahoada East Rivers State
Ahoada West Rivers State
Ajaokuta Kogi State
Ajeromi-Ifelodun Lagos State
Ajingi Kano State
Akamkpa Cross River State [1]
Akinyele Oyo State
Akko Gombe State
Akoko-Edo Edo State
Akoko North-East Ondo State
Akoko North-West Ondo State
Akoko South-West Ondo State
Akoko South-East Ondo State
Akpabuyo Cross River State [1]
Akuku-Toru Rivers State
Akure North Ondo State
Akure South Ondo State
Akwanga Nasarawa State
Albasu Kano State
Aleiro Kebbi State
Alimosho Lagos State
Alkaleri Bauchi State
Amuwo-Odofin Lagos State
Anambra East Anambra State
Anambra West Anambra State
Anaocha Anambra State
Andoni Rivers State
Aninri Enugu State
Aniocha North Delta State
Aniocha South Delta State
Anka Zamfara State
Ankpa Kogi State
Apa Benue State
Apapa Lagos State
Ado Benue State
Ardo Kola Taraba State
Arewa Dandi Kebbi State
Argungu Kebbi State
Arochukwu Abia State
Asa Kwara State
Asari-Toru Rivers State
Askira/Uba Borno State
Atakunmosa East Osun State
Atakunmosa West Osun State
Atiba Oyo State
Atisbo Oyo State
Augie Kebbi State
Auyo Jigawa State
Awe Nasarawa State
Awgu Enugu State
Awka North Anambra State
Awka South Anambra State
Ayamelum Anambra State
Aiyedaade Osun State
Aiyedire Osun State
Babura Jigawa State
Badagry Lagos State
Bagudo Kebbi State
Bagwai Kano State
Bakassi Cross River State [1]
Bokkos Plateau State
Bakori Katsina State
Bakura Zamfara State
Balanga Gombe State
Bali Taraba State
Bama Borno State
Bade Yobe State
Barkin Ladi Plateau State
Baruten Kwara State
Bassa Kogi State
Bassa Plateau State
Batagarawa Katsina State
Batsari Katsina State
Bauchi Bauchi State
Baure Katsina State
Bayo Borno State
Bebeji Kano State
Bekwarra Cross River State [1]
Bende Abia State
Biase Cross River State [1]
Bichi Kano State
Bida Niger State
Billiri Gombe State
Bindawa Katsina State
Binji Sokoto State
Biriniwa Jigawa State
Birnin Gwari Kaduna State
Birnin Kebbi Kebbi State
Birnin Kudu Jigawa State
Birnin Magaji/Kiyaw Zamfara State
Biu Borno State
Bodinga Sokoto State
Bogoro Bauchi State
Boki Cross River State [1]
Boluwaduro Osun State
Bomadi Delta State
Bonny Rivers State
Borgu Niger State
Boripe Osun State
Bursari Yobe State
Bosso Niger State
Brass Bayelsa State
Buji Jigawa State
Bukkuyum Zamfara State
Buruku Benue State
Bungudu Zamfara State
Bunkure Kano State
Bunza Kebbi State
Burutu Delta State
Bwari FCT
Calabar Municipal Cross River State [1]
Calabar South Cross River State [1]
Chanchaga Niger State
Charanchi Katsina State
Chibok Borno State
Chikun Kaduna State
Dala Kano State
Damaturu Yobe State
Damban Bauchi State
Dambatta Kano State
Damboa Borno State
Dandi Kebbi State
Dandume Katsina State
Dange Shuni Sokoto State
Danja Katsina State
Dan Musa Katsina State
Darazo Bauchi State
Dass Bauchi State
Daura Katsina State
Dawakin Kudu Kano State
Dawakin Tofa Kano State
Degema Rivers State
Dekina Kogi State
Demsa Adamawa State
Dikwa Borno State
Doguwa Kano State
Doma Nasarawa State
Donga Taraba State
Dukku Gombe State
Dunukofia Anambra State
Dutse Jigawa State
Dutsi Katsina State
Dutsin Ma Katsina State
Eastern Obolo Akwa Ibom State
Ebonyi Ebonyi State
Edati Niger State
Ede North Osun State
Ede South Osun State
Edu Kwara State
Ife Central Osun State
Ife East Osun State
Ife North Osun State
Ife South Osun State
Efon Ekiti State
Yewa North Ogun State
Yewa South Ogun State
Egbeda Oyo State
Egbedore Osun State
Egor Edo State
Ehime Mbano Imo State
Ejigbo Osun State
Ekeremor Bayelsa State
Eket Akwa Ibom State [2]
Ekiti Kwara State
Ekiti East Ekiti State
Ekiti South-West Ekiti State
Ekiti West Ekiti State
Ekwusigo Anambra State
Eleme Rivers State
Emuoha Rivers State
Emure Ekiti State
Enugu East Enugu State
Enugu North Enugu State
Enugu South Enugu State
Epe Lagos State
Esan Central Edo State
Esan North-East Edo State
Esan South-East Edo State
Esan West Edo State
Ese Odo Ondo State
Esit Eket Akwa Ibom State
Essien Udim Akwa Ibom State
Etche Rivers State
Ethiope East Delta State
Ethiope West Delta State
Etim Ekpo Akwa Ibom State [3]
Etinan Akwa Ibom State [4]
Eti Osa Lagos State
Etsako Central Edo State
Etsako East Edo State
Etsako West Edo State
Etung Cross River State [1]
Ewekoro Ogun State
Ezeagu Enugu State
Ezinihitte Imo State
Ezza North Ebonyi State
Ezza South Ebonyi State
Fagge Kano State
Fakai Kebbi State
Faskari Katsina State
Fika Yobe State
Fufure Adamawa State
Funakaye Gombe State
Fune Yobe State
Funtua Katsina State
Gabasawa Kano State
Gada Sokoto State
Gagarawa Jigawa State
Gamawa Bauchi State
Ganjuwa Bauchi State
Ganye Adamawa State
Garki Jigawa State
Garko Kano State
Garun Mallam Kano State
Gashaka Taraba State
Gassol Taraba State
Gaya Kano State
Gayuk Adamawa State
Gezawa Kano State
Gbako Niger State
Gboko Benue State
Gbonyin Ekiti State
Geidam Yobe State
Giade Bauchi State
Giwa Kaduna State
Gokana Rivers State
Gombe Gombe State
Gombi Adamawa State
Goronyo Sokoto State
Grie Adamawa State
Gubio Borno State
Gudu Sokoto State
Gujba Yobe State
Gulani Yobe State
Guma Benue State
Gumel Jigawa State
Gummi Zamfara State
Gurara Niger State
Guri Jigawa State
Gusau Zamfara State
Guzamala Borno State
Gwadabawa Sokoto State
Gwagwalada FCT
Gwale Kano State
Gwandu Kebbi State
Gwaram Jigawa State
Gwarzo Kano State
Gwer East Benue State
Gwer West Benue State
Gwiwa Jigawa State
Gwoza Borno State
Hadejia Jigawa State
Hawul Borno State
Hong Adamawa State
Ibadan North Oyo State
Ibadan North-East Oyo State
Ibadan North-West Oyo State
Ibadan South-East Oyo State
Ibadan South-West Oyo State
Ibaji Kogi State
Ibarapa Central Oyo State
Ibarapa East Oyo State
Ibarapa North Oyo State
Ibeju-Lekki Lagos State
Ibeno Akwa Ibom State [5]
Ibesikpo Asutan Akwa Ibom State [6]
Ibi Taraba State
Ibiono-Ibom Akwa Ibom State [7]
Idah Kogi State
Idanre Ondo State
Ideato North Imo State
Ideato South Imo State
Idemili North Anambra State
Idemili South Anambra State
Ido Oyo State
Ido Osi Ekiti State
Ifako-Ijaiye Lagos State
Ifedayo Osun State
Ifedore Ondo State
Ifelodun Kwara State
Ifelodun Osun State
Ifo Ogun State
Igabi Kaduna State
Igalamela Odolu Kogi State
Igbo Etiti Enugu State
Igbo Eze North Enugu State
Igbo Eze South Enugu State
Igueben Edo State
Ihiala Anambra State
Ihitte/Uboma Imo State
Ilaje Ondo State
Ijebu East Ogun State
Ijebu North Ogun State
Ijebu North East Ogun State
Ijebu Ode Ogun State
Ijero Ekiti State
Ijumu Kogi State
Ika Akwa Ibom State [8]
Ika North East Delta State
Ikara Kaduna State
Ika South Delta State
Ikeduru Imo State
Ikeja Lagos State
Ikenne Ogun State
Ikere Ekiti State
Ikole Ekiti State
Ikom Cross River State [1]
Ikono Akwa Ibom State [9]
Ikorodu Lagos State
Ikot Abasi Akwa Ibom State [10]
Ikot Ekpene Akwa Ibom State [11]
Ikpoba Okha Edo State
Ikwerre Rivers State
Ikwo Ebonyi State
Ikwuano Abia State
Ila Osun State
Ilejemeje Ekiti State
Ile Oluji/Okeigbo Ondo State
Ilesa East Osun State
Ilesa West Osun State
Illela Sokoto State
Ilorin East Kwara State
Ilorin South Kwara State
Ilorin West Kwara State
Imeko Afon Ogun State
Ingawa Katsina State
Ini Akwa Ibom State [12]
Ipokia Ogun State
Irele Ondo State
Irepo Oyo State
Irepodun Kwara State
Irepodun Osun State
Irepodun/Ifelodun Ekiti State
Irewole Osun State
Isa Sokoto State
Ise/Orun Ekiti State
Iseyin Oyo State
Ishielu Ebonyi State
Isiala Mbano Imo State
Isiala Ngwa North Abia State
Isiala Ngwa South Abia State
Isin Kwara State
Isi Uzo Enugu State
Isokan Osun State
Isoko North Delta State
Isoko South Delta State
Isu Imo State
Isuikwuato Abia State
Itas/Gadau Bauchi State
Itesiwaju Oyo State
Itu Akwa Ibom State [13]
Ivo Ebonyi State
Iwajowa Oyo State
Iwo Osun State
Izzi Ebonyi State
Jaba Kaduna State
Jada Adamawa State
Jahun Jigawa State
Jakusko Yobe State
Jalingo Taraba State
Jama'are Bauchi State
Jega Kebbi State
Jema'a Kaduna State
Jere Borno State
Jibia Katsina State
Jos East Plateau State
Jos North Plateau State
Jos South Plateau State
Kabba/Bunu Kogi State
Kabo Kano State
Kachia Kaduna State
Kaduna North Kaduna State
Kaduna South Kaduna State
Kafin Hausa Jigawa State
Kafur Katsina State
Kaga Borno State
Kagarko Kaduna State
Kaiama Kwara State
Kaita Katsina State
Kajola Oyo State
Kajuru Kaduna State
Kala/Balge Borno State
Kalgo Kebbi State
Kaltungo Gombe State
Kanam Plateau State
Kankara Katsina State
Kanke Plateau State
Kankia Katsina State
Kano Municipal Kano State
Karasuwa Yobe State
Karaye Kano State
Karim Lamido Taraba State
Karu Nasarawa State
Katagum Bauchi State
Katcha Niger State
Katsina Katsina State
Katsina-Ala Benue State
Kaura Kaduna State
Kaura Namoda Zamfara State
Kauru Kaduna State
Kazaure Jigawa State
Keana Nasarawa State
Kebbe Sokoto State
Keffi Nasarawa State
Khana Rivers State
Kibiya Kano State
Kirfi Bauchi State
Kiri Kasama Jigawa State
Kiru Kano State
Kiyawa Jigawa State
Kogi Kogi State
Koko/Besse Kebbi State
Kokona Nasarawa State
Kolokuma/Opokuma Bayelsa State
Konduga Borno State
Konshisha Benue State
Kontagora Niger State
Kosofe Lagos State
Kaugama Jigawa State
Kubau Kaduna State
Kudan Kaduna State
Kuje FCT
Kukawa Borno State
Kumbotso Kano State
Kumi Taraba State
Kunchi Kano State
Kura Kano State
Kurfi Katsina State
Kusada Katsina State
Kwali FCT
Kwande Benue State
Kwami Gombe State
Kware Sokoto State
Kwaya Kusar Borno State
Lafia Nasarawa State
Lagelu Oyo State
Lagos Island Lagos State
Lagos Mainland Lagos State
Langtang South Plateau State
Langtang North Plateau State
Lapai Niger State
Lamurde Adamawa State
Lau Taraba State
Lavun Niger State
Lere Kaduna State
Logo Benue State
Lokoja Kogi State
Machina Yobe State
Madagali Adamawa State
Madobi Kano State
Mafa Borno State
Magama Niger State
Magumeri Borno State
Mai'Adua Katsina State
Maiduguri Borno State
Maigatari Jigawa State
Maiha Adamawa State
Maiyama Kebbi State
Makarfi Kaduna State
Makoda Kano State
Malam Madori Jigawa State
Malumfashi Katsina State
Mangu Plateau State
Mani Katsina State
Maradun Zamfara State
Mariga Niger State
Makurdi Benue State
Marte Borno State
Maru Zamfara State
Mashegu Niger State
Mashi Katsina State
Matazu Katsina State
Mayo Belwa Adamawa State
Mbaitoli Imo State
Mbo Akwa Ibom State [14]
Michika Adamawa State
Miga Jigawa State
Mikang Plateau State
Minjibir Kano State
Misau Bauchi State
Moba Ekiti State
Mobbar Borno State
Mubi North Adamawa State
Mubi South Adamawa State
Mokwa Niger State
Monguno Borno State
Mopa Muro Kogi State
Moro Kwara State
Moya Niger State
Mkpat-Enin Akwa Ibom State [15]
Municipal Area Council FCT
Musawa Katsina State
Mushin Lagos State
Nafada Gombe State
Nangere Yobe State
Nasarawa Kano State
Nasarawa Nasarawa State
Nasarawa Egon Nasarawa State
Ndokwa East Delta State
Ndokwa West Delta State
Nembe Bayelsa State
Ngala Borno State
Nganzai Borno State
Ngaski Kebbi State
Ngor Okpala Imo State
Nguru Yobe State
Ningi Bauchi State
Njaba Imo State
Njikoka Anambra State
Nkanu East Enugu State
Nkanu West Enugu State
Nkwerre Imo State
Nnewi North Anambra State
Nnewi South Anambra State
Nsit-Atai Akwa Ibom State [16]
Nsit-Ibom Akwa Ibom State [17]
Nsit-Ubium Akwa Ibom State [18]
Nsukka Enugu State
Numan Adamawa State
Nwangele Imo State
Obafemi Owode Ogun State
Obanliku Cross River State [1]
Obi Benue State
Obi Nasarawa State
Obi Ngwa Abia State
Obio/Akpor Rivers State
Obokun Osun State
Obot Akara Akwa Ibom State [19]
Obowo Imo State
Obubra Cross River State [1]
Obudu Cross River State [1]
Odeda Ogun State
Odigbo Ondo State
Odogbolu Ogun State
Odo Otin Osun State
Odukpani Cross River State [1]
Offa Kwara State
Ofu Kogi State
Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Rivers State
Ogbadibo Benue State
Ogbaru Anambra State
Ogbia Bayelsa State
Ogbomosho North Oyo State
Ogbomosho South Oyo State
Ogu/Bolo Rivers State
Ogoja Cross River State [1]
Ogo Oluwa Oyo State
Ogori/Magongo Kogi State
Ogun Waterside Ogun State
Oguta Imo State
Ohafia Abia State
Ohaji/Egbema Imo State
Ohaozara Ebonyi State
Ohaukwu Ebonyi State
Ohimini Benue State
Orhionmwon Edo State
Oji River Enugu State
Ojo Lagos State
Oju Benue State
Okehi Kogi State
Okene Kogi State
Oke Ero Kwara State
Okigwe Imo State
Okitipupa Ondo State
Okobo Akwa Ibom State [20]
Okpe Delta State
Okrika Rivers State
Olamaboro Kogi State
Ola Oluwa Osun State
Olorunda Osun State
Olorunsogo Oyo State
Oluyole Oyo State
Omala Kogi State
Omuma Rivers State
Ona Ara Oyo State
Ondo East Ondo State
Ondo West Ondo State
Onicha Ebonyi State
Onitsha North Anambra State
Onitsha South Anambra State
Onna Akwa Ibom State [21]
Okpokwu Benue State
Opobo/Nkoro Rivers State
Oredo Edo State
Orelope Oyo State
Oriade Osun State
Ori Ire Oyo State
Orlu Imo State
Orolu Osun State
Oron Akwa Ibom State [22]
Orsu Imo State
Oru East Imo State
Oruk Anam Akwa Ibom State [23]
Orumba North Anambra State
Orumba South Anambra State
Oru West Imo State
Ose Ondo State
Oshimili North Delta State
Oshimili South Delta State
Oshodi-Isolo Lagos State
Osisioma Abia State
Osogbo Osun State
Oturkpo Benue State
Ovia North-East Edo State
Ovia South-West Edo State
Owan East Edo State
Owan West Edo State
Owerri Municipal Imo State
Owerri North Imo State
Owerri West Imo State
Owo Ondo State
Oye Ekiti State
Oyi Anambra State
Oyigbo Rivers State
Oyo West Oyo State
Oyo East Oyo State
Oyun Kwara State
Paikoro Niger State
Pankshin Plateau State
Patani Delta State
Pategi Kwara State
Port Harcourt Rivers State
Potiskum Yobe State
Qua'an Pan Plateau State
Rabah Sokoto State
Rafi Niger State
Rano Kano State
Remo North Ogun State
Rijau Niger State
Rimi Katsina State
Rimin Gado Kano State
Ringim Jigawa State
Riyom Plateau State
Rogo Kano State
Roni Jigawa State
Sabon Birni Sokoto State
Sabon Gari Kaduna State
Sabuwa Katsina State
Safana Katsina State
Sagbama Bayelsa State
Sakaba Kebbi State
Saki East Oyo State
Saki West Oyo State
Sandamu Katsina State
Sanga Kaduna State
Sapele Delta State
Sardauna Taraba State
Shagamu Ogun State
Shagari Sokoto State
Shanga Kebbi State
Shani Borno State
Shanono Kano State
Shelleng Adamawa State
Shendam Plateau State
Shinkafi Zamfara State
Shira Bauchi State
Shiroro Niger State
Shongom Gombe State
Shomolu Lagos State
Silame Sokoto State
Soba Kaduna State
Sokoto North Sokoto State
Sokoto South Sokoto State
Song Adamawa State
Southern Ijaw Bayelsa State
Suleja Niger State
Sule Tankarkar Jigawa State
Sumaila Kano State
Suru Kebbi State
Surulere Oyo State
Surulere Lagos State
Tafa Niger State
Tafawa Balewa Bauchi State
Tai Rivers State
Takai Kano State
Takum Taraba State
Talata Mafara Zamfara State
Tambuwal Sokoto State
Tangaza Sokoto State
Tarauni Kano State
Tarka Benue State
Tarmuwa Yobe State
Taura Jigawa State
Toungo Adamawa State
Tofa Kano State
Toro Bauchi State
Toto Nasarawa State
Chafe Zamfara State
Tsanyawa Kano State
Tudun Wada Kano State
Tureta Sokoto State
Udenu Enugu State
Udi Enugu State
Udu Delta State
Udung-Uko Akwa Ibom State [24]
Ughelli North Delta State
Ughelli South Delta State
Ugwunagbo Abia State
Uhunmwonde Edo State
Ukanafun Akwa Ibom State [25]
Ukum Benue State
Ukwa East Abia State
Ukwa West Abia State
Ukwuani Delta State
Umuahia North Abia State
Umuahia South Abia State
Umu Nneochi Abia State
Ungogo Kano State
Unuimo Imo State
Uruan Akwa Ibom State [26]
Urue-Offong/Oruko Akwa Ibom State [27]
Ushongo Benue State
Ussa Taraba State
Uvwie Delta State
Uyo Akwa Ibom State [28]
Uzo-Uwani Enugu State
Vandeikya Benue State
Wamako Sokoto State
Wamba Nasarawa State
Warawa Kano State
Warji Bauchi State
Warri North Delta State
Warri South Delta State
Warri South West Delta State
Wasagu/Danko Kebbi State
Wase Plateau State
Wudil Kano State
Wukari Taraba State
Wurno Sokoto State
Wushishi Niger State
Yabo Sokoto State
Yagba East Kogi State
Yagba West Kogi State
Yakuur Cross River State [1]
Obi Benue State
Obi Nasarawa State
Obi Ngwa Abia State
Obio/Akpor Rivers State
Obokun Osun State
Obot Akara Akwa Ibom State [29]
Obowo Imo State
Obubra Cross River State s" />
Yala Cross River State [1]
Yamaltu/Deba Gombe State
Yankwashi Jigawa State
Yauri Kebbi State
Yenagoa Bayelsa State
Yola North Adamawa State
Yola South Adamawa State
Yorro Taraba State
Yunusari Yobe State
Yusufari Yobe State
Zaki Bauchi State
Zango Katsina State
Zangon Kataf Kaduna State
Zaria Kaduna State
Zing Taraba State
Zurmi Zamfara State
Zuru Kebbi State
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "List of Local Government Areas in Cross River State". Archived from the original on 23 April 2015.
External links[edit]
Nigeria Congress
On Line Nigeria
Sustainable Urban Development and Good Governance in Nigeria
Thomas Brinkhoff: NIGERIA: Administrative Division (interactive map), in www.citypopulation.de
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Occipital neuralgia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Occipital neuralgia
Synonyms
C2 neuralgia, Arnold's neuralgia
Occipital neuralgia is a medical condition characterized by chronic pain in the lower neck, back of the head and behind the eyes. These areas correspond to the locations of the lesser and greater occipital nerves. Wrapped around the greater occipital nerve is the occipital artery, which can contribute to the neuralgia. The condition is also sometimes characterized by diminished sensation in the affected area.
Contents
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Causes
3 Diagnosis
4 Treatment
5 References
6 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
The main symptom of occipital neuralgia is chronic headache. The pain is commonly localized in the back and around or over the top of the head, sometimes up to the eyebrow or behind the eye. Because chronic headaches are a common symptom of numerous conditions, occipital neuralgia is often misdiagnosed at first, most commonly as tension headaches or migraines, leading to unsuccessful treatment attempts. Another symptom is sensitivity to light, especially when headaches occur.[citation needed]
Occipital neuralgia is characterized by severe pain that begins in the upper neck and back of the head. This pain is typically one-sided, although it can be on both sides if both occipital nerves have been affected. Additionally, the pain may radiate forward toward the eye as it follows the path of the occipital nerve(s). Individuals may notice blurred vision as the pain radiates near or behind the eye. The pain is commonly described as sharp, shooting, zapping, an electric shock, or stabbing. The bouts of pain are rarely consistent, but can occur frequently depending on the damage to the nerves. The amount of time the pain lasts typically varies each time the symptom appears; it may last a few seconds or be almost continuous. Occipital neuralgia can last for hours or for several days.
Other symptoms of occipital neuralgia may include:[citation needed]
Aching, burning, and throbbing pain that typically starts at the base of the head and radiates to the scalp
Pain on one or both sides of the head
Pain behind the eye
Sensitivity to light
Sensitivity to sound
Slurred speech
Pain when moving the neck
Difficulty with balance and coordination
Tender scalp
Nausea and/or vomiting
Causes[edit]
Occipital neuralgia is caused by damage to the occipital nerves, which can arise from trauma (usually concussive), physical stress on the nerve, repetitive neck contraction, flexion or extension, or as a result of medical complications (such as osteochondroma, a benign bone tumour). A rare cause is a cerebrospinal fluid leak.[1] Another is radio frequency nerve ablation.[2] Rarely, occipital neuralgia may be a symptom of metastasis of certain cancers to the spine.[3] Among other cranial neuropathies, occipital neuralgia is also known to occur in patients with multiple sclerosis.[4] Hodgkins and other cancer survivors who have had radiation treatment to the neck also can develop this, sometimes many years later.
There are several areas that have the potential to cause injury from compression:
The space between the C1 and C2 vertebrae
The atlantoaxial ligament as the dorsal ramus emerges
The deep to superficial turn around the inferiolateral border of the obliquus capitis inferior muscle and its tight investing fascia
The deep side of semispinalis capitis, where initial piercing can involve entrapment in either the muscle itself or surrounding fascia
The superficial side of semispinalis capitis, where completion of nerve piercing muscle and its fascia again poses risk
The deep side of the trapezius as the nerve enters the muscle
The tendinous insertion of the trapezius at the superior nuchal line
The neurovascular intertwining of the greater occipital nerve and the occipital artery
Diagnosis[edit]
The diagnosis is established clinically through characteristic anamnestic information (mostly short attacks of an intense sharp, piercing or electrifying pain with propagation along the occipital nerve from the lateral neck and under/behind the ear towards the side of the head and the eye, with often longer lasting background pain) and sometimes supporting clinical features (positive Hoffmann's sign, Dysesthesia).
Treatment[edit]
There are a wide range of non-invasive treatments, including manipulation, physical therapy, rest, heat, anti-inflammatory medication, antidepressants, anti-convulsants, opioid and non-opioid analgesics, ketamine infusion therapy, and migraine prophylaxis medication. Alternatives include local nerve block, peripheral nerve stimulation, steroids, rhizotomy, phenol injections, and occipital cryoneurolysis. Less commonly, surgical neurolysis or microdecompression are used to treat the condition when conservative measures fail.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ansari, H.; Garza, I. (22 April 2012). "Occipital Neuralgia Secondary to a Spontaneous CSF Leak (P03.218)". Neurology. 78 (Meeting Abstracts 1): P03.218–P03.218. doi:10.1212/WNL.78.1_MeetingAbstracts.P03.218.
Jump up ^ Gazelka, Halena M; Knievel, Sarah; Mauck, W. David; Moeschler, Susan; Pingree, Matthew; Rho, Richard; Lamer, Tim (April 2014). "Incidence of neuropathic pain after radiofrequency denervation of the third occipital nerve". Journal of Pain Research: 195. doi:10.2147/JPR.S60925.
Jump up ^ Moulding, HD; Bilsky, MH (March 2010). "Metastases to the craniovertebral junction". Neurosurgery. 66 (3 Suppl): 113–8. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000365829.97078.B2. PMID 20173512.
Jump up ^ De Santi, L; Annunziata, P (February 2012). "Clin Neurol Neurosurg". 114 (2): 101–7. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2011.10.044.
Frei R. Large study: Frequent nausea worsens migraine severity. Pain Med News 2011;9(8):1– 20.
Liang, H. Occipital Neuralgia as a presenting symptom of gastic cancer metastasis. Imaging in Headache Medicine, April 2012. Saladin, Kenneth S. "Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Somatic Reflexes." Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. 12th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2012. N. pag. Print.
Stedman, Thomas Lathrop. Stedman's Medical Dictionary—27th Edition Illustrated in Color. 27th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000. 1206+. Print.
Williamson et al. The Journal of Headache and Pain 2013, 1(Suppl 1):P65 http://www.thejournalofheadacheandpain.com/content/1/S1/P65
http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology_neurosurgery/specialty_areas/headache/conditions/occipital_neuralgia.html
External links[edit]
Classification
D
ICD-10: G52.8,[1] R51,[2] G44.847
ICD-9-CM: 723.8
https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Occipital-Neuralgia-Information-Page
hide
v
t
e
Headache (G43–G44, 339, 346)
Primary
ICHD 1
Migraine
Familial hemiplegic
Retinal migraine
ICHD 2
Tension
ICHD 3
Cluster
Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania
SUNCT
ICHD 4
Hemicrania continua
Thunderclap headache
Sexual headache
New daily persistent headache
Hypnic headache
Secondary
ICHD 5
Migralepsy
ICHD 7
Ictal headache
Post-dural-puncture headache
ICHD 8
Hangover
Medication overuse headache
ICHD 13
Trigeminal neuralgia
Occipital neuralgia
External compression headache
Cold-stimulus headache
Optic neuritis
Postherpetic neuralgia
Tolosa–Hunt syndrome
Other
Vascular
Jump up ^ "IHS - International Headache Society IHS vs. ICD-10". Retrieved 2007-10-12.
Jump up ^ "NCCH ID". Retrieved 2007-10-12.
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text:
Neapolitan ice cream
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Neapolitan ice cream
Block of Neapolitan ice cream
Alternative names
Harlequin ice cream
Place of origin
America
Main ingredients
Vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry ice cream
Variations
Historically, colours were of the Italian flag: green (pistachio or almond), white (vanilla), and red (cherry, actually pink)[1]
Cookbook: Neapolitan ice cream Media: Neapolitan ice cream
Neapolitan ice cream, sometimes known as harlequin ice cream,[2] is a flavor made up of three separate blocks of vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry ice cream arranged side by side in the same container (typically with no packaging in between). Some brands intermix the flavors more, though the separate flavors are still clearly visible.
Neapolitan ice cream was named in the late 19th century as a reflection of its presumed origins in the cuisine of the Italian city of Naples, and the many Neapolitan immigrants who brought their expertise in frozen desserts with them to the United States. Spumone was introduced to the United States in the 1870s as Neapolitan-style ice cream. Early recipes used a variety of flavors; however, the number of three molded together was a common denominator, to resemble the Italian flag (cf. insalata tricolore). More than likely, chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry became the standard for the reason that they were the most popular flavors in the United States at the time of introduction.[3]
It is the first flavor of ice cream to combine three different flavors. The first recorded recipe was created by head chef of the royal Prussian household Louis Ferdinand Jungius in 1839, who dedicated the recipe to Fürst Pückler.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Quotes from food historians
2 19th-century descriptions
3 Cake
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Quotes from food historians[edit]
Jenifer Harvey Lang, in Larousse Gastronomique: "Cosmopolitan slice. A slice of ice-cream cake made with mousse mixture and ordinary ice cream, presented in a small pleated paper case. Neapolitan ice cream consists of three layers, each of a different colour and flavour (chocolate, strawberry, and vanilla), moulded into a block and cut into slices. Neapolitan ice-cream makers were famous in Paris at the beginning of the 19th century, especially Tortoni, creator of numerous ice-cream cakes."[5]
John F. Mariani, in The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink: "Eighteenth century... confectioners' shops [were] very often run by Italians. Consequently ice creams were often called 'Italian ice creams' or 'Neapolitan ice creams' throughout the nineteenth century, and the purveying of such confections became associated with Italian immigrants."[6]
Stuart Berg Flexner, in I Hear America Talking: "Neapolitan ice cream, different flavoured layers frozen together....[was] being first being talked about in the 1870s."[7]
A cultural reference from The New York Times in 1887: "...in a dress of pink and white stripes, strongly resembling Neapolitan ice cream."[8]
19th-century descriptions[edit]
Tub of Neapolitan ice cream from the United Kingdom
1885 – "Neapolitan box" (A. B. Marshall, The Book of Ices)
"You must have a Neapolitan box for this ice and fill it up in three or four layers with different coloured and flavoured ice creams (a water ice may be used with the custards); for instance, lemon, vanilla, chocolate and pistachio. Mould in the patent ice cave for about 1½ to 2 hours, turn it out, cut it in slices, and arrange neatly on the dish, on a napkin or dish-paper."[9]
1894 – "Neapolitan Icey Cones" (Lizzie Heritage, Cassell's New Universal Cookery Book)
"These are prepared by putting ices of various kinds and colors into a mold known as a Neapolitan ice box, which, when set and turned out, is cut into slices suitable for serving. However small the pieces, the block should be cut so that each person gets some of each kind. They are generally laid on a lace paper on an ice plate. Four or five kinds are usually put in the mold, though three sorts will do. The following will serve as a guide in arranging: First, vanilla cream, then raspberry or cherry or currant water; coffee or chocolate in the middle; the strawberry cream, with lemon or orange or pineapple water to finish. A cream ice flavored with any liqueur, a brown bread cream flavored with brandy, with a couple of bright-colored water ices, form another agreeable mixture. Tea cream may be introduced into almost any combination unless coffee were used. Banana cream, pistachio, or almond cream with cherry water and damson or strawberry water are other options.
Freeze-dried Neapolitan ice cream, shown with air-tight foil partially unwrapped
"The Neapolitan Ice Spoon has a double use; ice bowl is for putting the mixture into the mold, and the handle is for leveling it. The boxes may be made of tin, which is less expensive than pewter. They are generally sold small enough to make single ices, but these are much more troublesome to prepare. After filling the molds, if there is no cave, 'bed' the ice in the usual way."[10]
Cake[edit]
In Australia there is a popular cake known as Neapolitan cake or marble cake, made with the same three colors of Neapolitan ice cream swirled through in a marble pattern, usually topped with pink icing.
See also[edit]
Food portal
List of ice cream flavors
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "This is popularly known as a mixture of creams moulded together, as vanilla, strawberry, and pistachio." Ida C Bailey Allen (1929). Mrs. Allen on Cooking, Menus, Service. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Company. p. 691.
Jump up ^ Kalil, Frederick (17 September 2012). "We all scream for..." Tufts Now. Medford, Massachusetts: Tufts University. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Jeri Quinzio, Geraldine M. Quinzio. "books.google.ru "Of Sugar and Snow: A History of Ice Cream Making"". Retrieved 2015-06-22.
Jump up ^ Jungius, Louis Ferdinand (1839). Vollständige und umfassende theoretisch-praktische Anweisung der gesamten Kochkunst. Berlin: G. Reimer.
Jump up ^ Lang, Jenifer Harvey (1988). Larousse Gastronomique. New York: Crown. p. 718. ISBN 0-517-57032-7.
Jump up ^ Mariani, John F. (1999). The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink. New York: Lebhar-Friedman. p. 163. ISBN 0-86730-784-6.
Jump up ^ Flexner, Stuart Berg (1979). I Hear America Talking. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 191. ISBN 0-671-24994-0.
Jump up ^ The New York Times; June 27 (1887). Thespians on a Frolic. p. 8.
Jump up ^ Marshall, A. B. (1885). The Book of Ices. p. 18.
Jump up ^ Heritage, Lizzie (1894). Cassell's New Universal Cookery Book. London: Cassell and Company. p. 967.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neapolitan ice cream.
Olver, Lynne (1999). "Food Timeline – history notes: ice cream & ice". Retrieved April 3, 2006.
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Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
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Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Synonyms
Stoneman Disease
The effects of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, a disease which causes damaged soft tissue to regrow as bone.
Specialty
Medical genetics
[edit on Wikidata]
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an extremely rare connective tissue disease. The disease is caused by a mutation of the body's repair mechanism, which causes fibrous tissue (including muscle, tendon, and ligament) to be ossified spontaneously or when damaged. In many cases, injuries can cause joints to become permanently frozen in place. Surgical removal of the extra bone growths has been shown to cause the body to "repair" the affected area with even more bone.
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Causes
2.1 Genetics
3 Diagnosis
4 Treatment
5 Epidemiology
6 History
7 Research
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
For unknown reasons, children born with FOP have deformed big toes, possibly missing a joint or simply presenting with a notable lump at the minor joint. The first "flare-up" that leads to the formation of FOP bones usually occurs before the age of 10. The bone growth progresses from the top downward, just as bones grow in fetuses. A child with FOP will typically develop bones starting at the neck, then on the shoulders, arms, chest area and finally on the feet.
Specifically, ossification is typically first seen in the dorsal, axial, cranial and proximal regions of the body. Later the disease progresses in the ventral, appendicular, caudal and distal regions of the body.[1] However, it does not necessarily occur in this order due to injury-caused flare-ups. Often, the tumor-like lumps that characterize the disease appear suddenly. This condition causes loss of mobility to affected joints, including inability to fully open the mouth limiting speech and eating. Extra bone formation around the rib cage restricts the expansion of lungs and diaphragm causing breathing complications.
Since the disease is so rare, the symptoms are often misdiagnosed as cancer or fibrosis. This leads physicians to order biopsies, which can exacerbate the growth of these lumps.[2] However, those born with FOP tend to have malformed toes or thumbs which help distinguish this disorder from other skeletal problems.[3]
The median age of survival is 40 years with proper management. However, delayed diagnosis, trauma and infections can decrease life expectancy.[4]
Causes[edit]
FOP is caused by an autosomal dominant allele on chromosome 2q23-24.[5] The allele has variable expressivity, but complete penetrance. Most cases are caused by spontaneous mutation in the gametes; most people with FOP cannot or choose not to have children. A similar but less catastrophic disease is fibrous dysplasia, which is caused by a post-zygotic mutation.
A mutation in the gene ACVR1 (also known as activin-like kinase 2 (ALK2)) is responsible for the disease.[6] ACVR1 encodes activin receptor type-1, a BMP type-1 receptor. The mutation causes substitution of codon 206 from arginine to histidine in the ACVR1 protein.[7][8] This substitution causes abnormal activation of ACVR1, leading to the transformation of connective tissue and muscle tissue into a secondary skeleton. This causes endothelial cells to transform to mesenchymal stem cells and then to bone.[9]
Genetics[edit]
DNA sequencing electropherograms of a typical FOP patient being compared to other 2 patients
FOP is an autosomal dominant disorder. Thus, children of an affected heterozygous parent and a homozygous recessive parent have a 50% chance of being affected. Two affected individuals can produce unaffected children. The homozygous dominant phenotype is more severe than the heterozygous phenotype.[10]
The gene that causes ossification is normally deactivated after a fetus's bones are formed in the womb, but in patients with FOP, the gene keeps working. Aberrant bone formation in patients with FOP occurs when injured connective tissue or muscle cells at the sites of injury or growth incorrectly express an enzyme for bone repair during apoptosis (self-regulated cell death), resulting in lymphocytes containing excess bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) provided during the immune system response. The bone that results occurs independently of the normal skeleton, forming its own discrete skeletal elements. These elements, however, can fuse with normal skeletal bone.[11] Interestingly, the diaphragm, tongue, and extra-ocular muscles are spared in this process, as well as cardiac and smooth muscle.[1] Since the incorrect enzyme remains unresolved within the immune response, the body continues providing the incorrect BMP4-containing lymphocytes. BMP4 is a product that contributes to the development of the skeleton in the normal embryo.[12]
DNA sequencing electropherograms of a typical FOP patient can differ when being compared to two other patients. The ACVR1 gene encodes a bone morphogenic protein (BMP) receptor; this gene is mutated in FOP. This protein is responsible for growth and development of bone and muscles. Scientists theorize that a mutation in the ACVR1 changes the shape of the receptor and disrupts certain mechanisms that control the receptor's activity. There is a certain molecule, otherwise known as a ligand, that binds at the site to cause this reaction to activate with which it forms a complex. Due to the mutation, however, the bind site is modified and no longer stops the reaction.[13] The end result is an overgrowth of bone and cartilage and fusion of joints.[14]
Most of the cases of FOP were results of a new gene mutation: these people had no history of this particular disorder in their family. There are some cases which have shown people inheriting the mutation from one affected parent.[14]
Diagnosis[edit]
Outbreaks may be measurable clinically by elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase.[15]
Treatment[edit]
There is no cure or approved treatment for FOP.[16] Attempts to surgically remove the bone result in explosive bone growth.[17] While under anesthesia, people with FOP may encounter difficulties with intubation, restrictive pulmonary disease, and changes in the electrical conduction system of the heart.[18] Activities that increase the risk of falling or soft tissue injury should be avoided, as even minor trauma may provoke heterotopic bone formation.[19]
Epidemiology[edit]
As of 2017, approximately 800 cases of FOP have been confirmed worldwide making FOP one of the rarest diseases known.[16] The estimated incidence of FOP is 0.5 cases per million people and affects all races.[16]
History[edit]
Medical reports describing individuals affected by FOP date back as far as the seventeenth century.[16] FOP was originally called myositis ossificans progressiva and was thought to be caused by muscular inflammation (myositis) that caused bone formation.[16] The disease was renamed by Victor A. McKusick in 1970 following the discovery that soft tissue other than muscles (e.g., ligaments) were also affected by the disease process.[16]
The best known FOP case is that of Harry Eastlack (1933–1973). His condition began to develop at the age of ten, and by the time of his death from pneumonia in November 1973, six days before his 40th birthday, his body had completely ossified, leaving him able to move only his lips. Eastlack only lived to meet one other person with his same disease.
Eastlack donated his body to science. His skeleton is now at the Mütter Museum in Philadelphia, and has proven to be an invaluable source of information in the study of FOP.
Research[edit]
Clinical trials of isotretinoin, etidronate with oral corticosteroids, and perhexiline maleate have failed to demonstrate effectiveness, though the variable course of the disease and small prevalence induces uncertainty.[15]
A handful of pharmaceutical companies focused on rare disease are currently in varying stages of investigation into different therapeutic approaches for FOP.
In August 2015, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Office of Orphan Products Development granted La Jolla Pharmaceuticals orphan drug designation for two novel compounds for FOP. The compounds are small-molecule kinase inhibitors designed to selectively block ACVR1 (ALK2).[20]
In August 2015, Clementia Pharmaceuticals also began the enrollment of children (ages 6 and above) into its Phase II clinical trial investigating palovarotene for the treatment of FOP.[21] Preclinical studies demonstrated that palovarotene, a retinoic acid receptor gamma agonist, blocked abnormal bone formation in animal models via inhibition of secondary messenger systems in the BMP pathway.[22] Clementia licensed palovarotene from Roche Pharmaceuticals, which previously evaluated the compound in more than 800 individuals including healthy volunteers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Palovarotene received Fast Track designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and orphan designations for the treatment of FOP from both the FDA and the European Medicines Agency (EMA).[21]
In September 2015, Regeneron announced new insight into the mechanism of disease involving the activation of the ACVR1 receptor by activin A. In 2016, the company initiated a phase 1 study of its activin antibody, REGN 2477, in healthy volunteers; a phase 2 trial in FOP patients is planned for 2017.[23]
Another potential therapeutic approach involves allele-specific RNA interference that targets mutated mRNA for degradation while preserving normal ACVR1 gene expression.[24]
Further investigation into the mechanisms of heterotopic bone formation in FOP could aid in the development of treatments for other disorders involving extra-skeletal bone formation.
See also[edit]
International FOP Association
Osteogenesis imperfecta, a condition characterized by bones breaking unusually easily, caused by mutations in genes related to those responsible for FOP.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Frederick S. Kaplan, MD, Martine Le Merrer, MD, PhD, Professor of Genetics, David L. Glaser, MD, Robert J. Pignolo, MD, PhD, Robert Goldsby, MD, Joseph A. Kitterman, MD, Jay Groppe, PhD, and Eileen M. Shore, PhD
Jump up ^ Obamuyide HA, Ogunlade SO. A Tumour for which Surgery will do more harm than good: A Case Report of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2015;22(1):83-8.
Jump up ^ "Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva". Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications. Retrieved 2013-12-12.
Jump up ^ "Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva with minor unilateral hallux anomaly in a sporadic case from Northern Tanzania with the common ACVR1c.617G>A mutation". The Pan African Medical Journal. 22. doi:10.11604/pamj.2015.22.299.8032.
Jump up ^ Feldman, G. "A recurrent mutation in the BMP type I receptor ACVR1 ( HSC'13) causes inherited and sporadic fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Shore EM; Xu M; Feldman GJ; et al. (2006). "A recurrent mutation in the BMP type I receptor ACVR1 causes inherited and sporadic fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva". Nat. Genet. 38 (5): 525–527. doi:10.1038/ng1783. PMID 16642017.
Jump up ^ News Release of FOP's Cause Archived 2012-01-13 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "ACVR1R206H receptor mutation causes fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva by imparting responsiveness to activin A". stm.sciencemag.org.
Jump up ^ Dinther; et al. (2010). "ALK2 R206H mutation linked to fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva confers constitutive activity to the BMP type I receptor and sensitizes mesenchymal cells to BMP-induced osteoblast differentiation and bone formation". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 25: 091211115834058–35. doi:10.1359/jbmr.091110. PMID 19929436.
Jump up ^ Cummings, Michael R. "Human Heredity: Principles and Issues". Cengage Learning, 2011, 2009. p.77
Jump up ^ Shore Eileen M.; Kaplan Frederick S. (2008). "Insights from a Rare Genetic Disorder of Extra-Skeletal Bone Formation, Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)". Bone. 43 (3): 427–43. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2008.05.013. PMC 2601573  . PMID 18590993.
Jump up ^ Kierszenbaum, Abraham (2002). Histology and cell biology. New York: Mosby. ISBN 978-0-323-01639-1.
Jump up ^ "AVCR1",Genetics Home Reference, U.S. National Library of Medicine, August 2007. Accessed February 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva",Genetics Home Reference, U.S. National Library of Medicine, August 2007. Accessed February 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Hiroshi Kitoh; et al. (2013). "Perhexiline maleate in the treatment of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: an open-labeled clinical trial". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 8: 163. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-8-163.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Martelli A, Santos AR Jr (2014). "Cellular and morphological aspects of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Lessons of formation, repair, and bone bioengineering". Organogenesis (Review). 10 (3): 303–11. doi:10.4161/org.29206. PMID 25482313.
Jump up ^ American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (May 2006). "Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)". orthoinfo.aaos.org. Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
Jump up ^ Newton, M.C.; Allen, P.W.; Ryan, D.C. "Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva". British Journal of Anaesthesia. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ http://www.ifopa.org/treatment-guidelines.html
Jump up ^ "La Jolla Pharmaceutical Company Receives Orphan Drug Designation for Two Novel Compounds for Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva". Business Wire. August 18, 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Clementia Pharmaceuticals Expands Ongoing Phase 2 Study to Include Children with Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)". PRNewswire. August 25, 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Pipeline". www.clementiapharma.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Regeneron SEC Form 10-K" (PDF). Reuters. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-12.
Jump up ^ J. W. Lowery; V. Rosen (2012). "Allele-Specific RNA Interference in FOP Silencing the FOP gene". Gene Therapy. 19 (701–702): 701–702. doi:10.1038/gt.2011.190.
Further reading[edit]
Cohen, MM; Howell, RE (October 1999). "Etiology of fibrous dysplasia and McCune-Albright syndrome". International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery. 28 (5): 366–71. doi:10.1016/s0901-5027(99)80085-x. PMID 10535539.
External links[edit]
Classification
V · T · D
ICD-10: M61.1
ICD-9-CM: 728.11
OMIM: 135100
MeSH: D009221
DiseasesDB: 8732
External resources
eMedicine: derm/609

[hide]
v
t
e
Myopathy (M60–M63, 728.0–3,8)
Pain
Myalgia
Fibromyalgia
Inflammation
Myositis
Pyomyositis
Lytic
Muscle weakness
Rhabdomyolysis
Muscle atrophy/Amyotrophy
Other
Myositis ossificans
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Compartment syndrome
Anterior
Diastasis of muscle
Diastasis recti
Muscle spasm
Authority control
NDL: 01187166
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values: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

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values: ICD-10 Chapter XIII: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue

values: List of ICD-9 codes 710–739: diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue

values: Anterior compartment syndrome of the lower leg

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values: خلل التنسج الليفي المعظم المترقي – Arabic

values: Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva – Czech

values: Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva – German

values: Fibrodisplasia osificante progresiva – Spanish

values: Progresa ostiĝa fibrodisplazio – Esperanto

values: فیبرودیسپلازی استخوانی‌شونده پیشرونده – Persian

values: Fibrodysplasie ossifiante progressive – French

values: 진행성 골화성 섬유이형성증 – Korean

values: Fibrodisplazija ossificans progressiva – Croatian

values: Fibrodisplasia ossificante progressiva – Italian

values: Progresējošā osificējošā fibrodisplāzija – Latvian

values: Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva – Limburgish

values: ഫൈബ്രോഡിസ്‌പ്ലാസിയ ഓസിഫിക്കൻസ് പ്രോഗ്രെസ്സിവ – Malayalam

values: Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva – Dutch

values: 進行性骨化性線維異形成症 – Japanese

values: Postępujące kostniejące zapalenie mięśni – Polish

values: Fibrodisplasia ossificante progressiva – Portuguese

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