text:
El Clásico
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For other uses, see El Clásico (disambiguation).
El Clásico
Team kits
Locale
Spain
Teams
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Latest meeting
Real Madrid 2–0 Barcelona
Supercopa de España
(16 August 2017)
Next meeting
Real Madrid v Barcelona
La Liga
(23 December 2017)
Stadiums
Camp Nou (Barcelona)
Santiago Bernabéu (Real Madrid)
Statistics
Meetings total
Competitive matches: 235
Exhibition matches: 34
Total matches: 269
Most wins
Competitive matches: Real Madrid (95)
Exhibition matches: Barcelona (20)
Total matches: Barcelona (111)
Most player appearances
Manolo Sanchís (43)
Top scorer
Lionel Messi (25)[note 1]
Largest victory
Real Madrid 11–1 Barcelona
Copa del Rey
(19 June 1943)
El Clásico (Spanish pronunciation: [el ˈklasiko]; Catalan: El Clàssic,[1] pronounced [əɫ ˈkɫasik]; "The Classic") is the name given in football to any match between fierce rivals Real Madrid and FC Barcelona. Originally it referred only to those competitions held in the Spanish championship, but nowadays the term has been generalized, and tends to include every single match between the two clubs: UEFA Champions League, Copa del Rey, etc. Other than the UEFA Champions League Final, it is considered one of the biggest club football games in the world, and is among the most viewed annual sporting events.[2][3][4] The match is known for its intensity.[5]
The rivalry comes about as Madrid and Barcelona are the two largest cities in Spain, and they are sometimes identified with opposing political positions, with Real Madrid viewed as representing Spanish nationalism and Barcelona viewed as representing Catalan nationalism.[6] The rivalry is regarded as one of the biggest in world sport.[7][8][9] The two clubs are among the richest and most successful football clubs in the world; in 2014 Forbes ranked them the world's two most valuable sports teams.[3] Both clubs have a global fanbase; they are the world's two most followed sports teams on social media.[10][11]
Real Madrid leads the head to head results in competitive matches with 95 wins to Barcelona's 91, while Barcelona leads in total matches with 111 wins to Real Madrid's 99. Along with Athletic Bilbao, they are the only clubs in La Liga to have never been relegated.
Contents
[hide]
1 Rivalry
1.1 History
1.2 1943 Copa del Generalísimo semi-finals
1.3 Di Stéfano transfer
1.4 Final of the bottles
1.5 Luís Figo Transfer
1.6 Recent issues
2 Results
3 Records
3.1 Biggest wins (5+ goals)
3.2 Longest runs
3.2.1 Most consecutive wins
3.2.2 Most consecutive draws
3.2.3 Most consecutive matches without a draw
3.2.4 Longest undefeated runs
3.2.5 Longest undefeated runs in the league
3.2.6 Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal
3.2.7 Most consecutive games scoring
3.3 Goalscoring
3.3.1 Top goalscorers
3.3.2 Consecutive goalscoring
3.4 Most hat-tricks
3.5 Most assists
3.6 Most appearances[citation needed]
4 Players who played for both clubs
5 Honours
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Rivalry
History
Santiago Bernabéu, home of Real Madrid, hosted its first Clásico in 1948.
Camp Nou, home of FC Barcelona, hosted its first Clásico in 1958.
The conflict between Real Madrid and Barcelona has long surpassed the sporting dimension,[12][13] so that elections to the clubs' presidencies are strongly politicized.[14]
As early as the 1930s, Barcelona "had developed a reputation as a symbol of Catalan identity, opposed to the centralising tendencies of Madrid".[15][16] In 1936, when Francisco Franco started the Coup d'état against the democratic Second Spanish Republic, the president of Barcelona, Josep Sunyol, member of the Republican Left of Catalonia and Deputy to The Cortes, was arrested and executed without trial by Franco's troops[14] (Sunyol was exercising his political activities, visiting Republican troops north of Madrid).[15]
Barcelona was on top of the list of organizations to be purged by the National faction, just after communists, anarchists, and independentists.[14][17] During the Franco dictatorship, most citizens of Barcelona were in strong opposition to the fascist-like régime. Phil Ball, the author of Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football, says about the match; "they hate each other with an intensity that can truly shock the outsider".[18]
During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera and of Francisco Franco, all regional languages and identities in Spain were frowned upon and restrained. In this period, Barcelona gained their motto Més que un club (English: More than a club) because of its alleged connection to Catalan nationalist as well as to progressive beliefs.[19] During Franco's regime, however, Barcelona was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level, even giving two awards to him.[20] The links between senior Real Madrid representatives and the Francoist regime were undeniable;[14] for most of the Catalans, Real Madrid was regarded as "the establishment club", despite the fact that presidents of both clubs like Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra, suffered at the hands of Franco's supporters in the Spanish Civil War.[15][21][22]
The image for both clubs was further affected by the creation of Ultras groups, some of which became hooligans. In 1980, Ultras Sur was founded as a far-right-leaning Real Madrid ultras group, followed in 1981 by the foundation of the initially left-leaning and later on far-right, Barcelona ultras group Boixos Nois. Both groups became known for their violent acts,[14][23][24] and one of the most conflictive factions of Barcelona supporters, the Casuals, became a full-fledged criminal organisation.[25]
For many people, Barcelona is still considered as "the rebellious club", or the alternative pole to "Real Madrid's conservatism".[26][27] According to polls released by CIS (Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas), Real Madrid is the favorite team of most of the Spanish residents, while Barcelona stands in the second position. In Catalonia, forces of all the political spectrum are overwhelmingly in favour of Barcelona. Nevertheless, the support of the blaugrana club goes far beyond from that region, earning its best results among young people, sustainers of a federal structure of Spain and citizens with left-wing ideology, in contrast with Real Madrid fans which politically tend to adopt right-wing views.[28][29]
1943 Copa del Generalísimo semi-finals
On 13 June 1943, Real Madrid beat Barcelona 11–1 at home in the second leg of a semi-final of the Copa del Generalísimo, the Copa del Rey having been renamed in honour of General Franco.[30] The first leg, played at Barcelona's Les Corts stadium in Catalonia, had ended with Barcelona winning 3–0. Madrid complained about all the three goals that referee Fombona Fernández had allowed for Barcelona,[31] with the home supporters also whistling Madrid throughout, whom they accused of employing roughhouse tactics, and Fombona for allowing them to. A campaign began in Madrid. Barcelona player Josep Valle recalled: "The press officer at the DND and ABC newspaper wrote all sorts of scurrilous lies, really terrible things, winding up the Madrid fans like never before". While former Real Madrid goalkeeper Eduardo Teus, who admitted that Madrid had "above all played hard", wrote in a newspaper: "the ground itself made Madrid concede two of the three goals, goals that were totally unfair".[32]
Barcelona fans were banned from traveling to Madrid. Real Madrid released a statement after the match which former club president (1985–1995) Ramón Mendoza explained, "The message got through that those fans who wanted to could go to El Club bar on Calle de la Victoria where Madrid's social center was. There, they were given a whistle. Others had whistles handed to them with their tickets." The day of the second leg, the Barcelona team were insulted and stones were thrown at their bus as soon as they left their hotel. Barcelona's striker Mariano Gonzalvo said of the incedent, "Five minutes before the game had started, our penalty area was already full of coins." Barcelona goalkeeper Lluis Miró rarely approached his line—when he did, he was armed with stones. As Francisco Calvet told the story, "They were shouting: Reds! Separatists!... a bottle just missed Sospedra that would have killed him if it had hit him. It was all set up."[33] Down in the Barcelona dugout, Ángel Mur who watched events unfold, stated, "When I took up my place on the bench, a policeman came up to me and said 'Today you're going to lose'... another armed police lieutenant spent the whole game calling me a Catalan dog and a red separatist. When I got up to treat an injured player, he grabbed me and told me to sit back down again. At which point, Piñeyro intervened." The policeman told the Barcelona president to shut up or he would be arrested.[34] Piñeyro was assaulted by Madrid fans.[35]
Real Madrid went 2–0 up within half an hour. The third goal brought with it a sending off for Barcelona's Benito García after he made what Calvet claimed was a "completely normal tackle". Madrid's José Llopis Corona recalled, "At which point, they got a bit demoralized," while Mur countered, "at which point, we thought: 'go on then, score as many as you want'." Madrid scored in minutes 31', 33', 35', 39', 43' and 44', as well as two goals ruled out for offside, made it 8–0. Basilo de la Morena had been caught out by the speed of the goals. At half-time, Barcelona's players decided that they were not going out for the second half. According to an interview Valle and Calvet gave to La Vanguardia in May 2000, a colonel appeared in the dressing room and said, "Go back out on to the pitch or you're all going to jail." Calvet later added an important detail when he told the story to his biographer Guillem Gómez, noting that when he questioned why there were not more police on duty given the atmosphere, he was told, "Shut up, obey, go out there and play... and lose!."[34] Juan Antonio Samaranch, former Spanish minister of sports and International Olympic Committee (IOC) president, wrote, "Barcelona did not exist and the same would have happened to any team. In that atmosphere and with a referee who wanted to avoid any complications, it was humanly impossible to play... If the azulgranas had played badly, really badly, the scoreboard would still not have reached that astronomical figure. The point is that they did not play at all." Both clubs were fined 2,500 pesetas by the Royal Spanish Football Federation and, although Barcelona appealed, it made no difference. Piñeyro resigned in protest, complaining of "a campaign that the press has run against Barcelona for a week and which culminated in the shameful day at Chamartín".[35][36]
The match report in the newspaper La Prensa described Barcelona's only goal as a "reminder that there was a team there who knew how to play football and that if they did not do so that afternoon, it was not exactly their fault".[34] Another newspaper called the scoreline "as absurd as it was abnormal".[31] According to football writer Sid Lowe, "There have been relatively few mentions of the game [since] and it is not a result that has been particularly celebrated in Madrid. Indeed, the 11–1 occupies a far more prominent place in Barcelona's history. This was the game that first formed the identification of Madrid as the team of the dictatorship and Barcelona as its victims."[31] Fernando Argila, Barcelona's reserve goalkeeper from the game, said, "There was no rivalry. Not, at least, until that game."[37]
Di Stéfano transfer
Alfredo Di Stéfano's controversial 1953 transfer to Real Madrid instead of Barcelona intensified the rivalry.
The rivalry was intensified during the 1950s when the clubs disputed the signing of Alfredo Di Stéfano. Di Stéfano had impressed both Barcelona and Real Madrid while playing for Los Millionarios in Bogotá, Colombia, during a players' strike in his native Argentina.[38] Both Real Madrid and Barcelona attempted to sign him and, due to confusion that emerged from Di Stéfano moving to Millonarios from River Plate following the strike, both clubs claimed to own his registration.[38] After intervention from FIFA representative Muñoz Calero, it was decided that both Barcelona and Real Madrid had to share the player in alternate seasons. Barcelona's humiliated president was forced to resign by the Barcelona board, with the interim board cancelling Di Stéfano's contract.[38] This ended the long struggle for Di Stéfano, as he moved definitively to Real Madrid.[38]
Di Stéfano became integral in the subsequent success achieved by Real Madrid, scoring twice in his first game against Barcelona. With him, Real Madrid won the initial five European Champions Cup competitions. The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice at the European Cup, Real Madrid winning in 1960 and Barcelona winning in 1961.
Final of the bottles
On 5 July 1968, Barcelona beat Real Madrid 1–0 in the Copa del Generalísimo final at the Santiago Bernabéu. Angry about the refereeing, Real Madrid supporters began throwing glass bottles at the referee and at Barcelona players in the last minutes of the match.[39] Antonio Rigo, referee of the final, was accused of being favourable towards Barcelona. He said of the incident, "After the final of 1968, I became more 'antimadridista', rather than a fan of Barcelona. But for a reason, I noticed that Madrid's 'hand' reached far and harmed me... Barça never offered me anything, not even a badge. However, Antonio Calderón, I think he was Real Madrid's manager, came to my room in the dugout before the game, and said 'I want to give you a good gift'. It was Madrid's custom of giving a golden watch. I guess it was conditioned on the victory of his team because I am still waiting for that gift."[39] Regarding the moments of two not-given penalties, he said, "I didn't see a penalty in Amancio, and Serena stumbled. Serena wanted to deceive me falling when he entered 7mm in the area." General Franco handed Barcelona the cup with the pitch full of bottles, hence the name.[40][41]
Luís Figo Transfer
Luís Figo's transfer from Barcelona to Real Madrid in 2000 resulted in a hate campaign by some of his former club's fans.
In 2000, Real Madrid's then-presidential candidate, Florentino Pérez, offered Barcelona's vice-captain Luís Figo $2.4 million just to sign an agreement binding him to Madrid if he won the elections. If the player broke the deal, he would have to pay Pérez $30 million in compensation. When his agent confirmed the deal, Figo denied everything, insisting, "I'll stay at Barcelona whether Pérez wins or loses." He accused the presidential candidate of "lying" and "fantasizing". He told Barcelona teammates Luis Enrique and Pep Guardiola he was not leaving and they conveyed the message to the Barcelona squad.[42]
On 9 July, Sport ran an interview in which he said, "I want to send a message of calm to Barcelona's fans, for whom I always have and always will feel great affection. I want to assure them that Luís Figo will, with absolute certainty, be at the Camp Nou on the 24th to start the new season... I’ve not signed a pre-contract with a presidential candidate at Real Madrid. No. I'm not so mad as to do a thing like that."[42]
The only way Barcelona could prevent Figo's transfer to Real Madrid was to pay the penalty clause, $30 million. That would have effectively meant paying the fifth highest transfer fee in history to sign their own player. Barcelona's new president, Joan Gaspart, called the media and told them, "Today, Figo gave me the impression that he wanted to do two things: get richer and stay at Barça." Only one of them happened. The following day, 24 July, Figo was presented in Madrid and handed his new shirt by Alfredo Di Stéfano. His buyout clause was set at $180 million. Gaspart later admitted, "Figo's move destroyed us."[43]
On his return to Barcelona in a Real Madrid shirt, banners with "Judas", "Scum" and "Mercenary" were hung around the stadium. Thousands of fake 10,000 peseta notes had been printed and emblazoned with his image, were among the missiles of oranges, bottles, cigarette lighters, even a couple of mobile phones were thrown at him.[44] In his third season with Real Madrid, the 2002 Clásico at Camp Nou produced one of the defining images of the rivalry. Figo was mercilessly taunted throughout; missiles of coins, a knife, a whisky bottle, were raining down from the stands, mostly from areas populated by the Boixos Nois where he had been taking a corner. Among the debris was a pig's head.[45][46]
Recent issues
During the last three decades, the rivalry has been augmented by the modern Spanish tradition of the Pasillo, where one team is given the guard of honor by the other team, once the former clinches the La Liga trophy before El Clásico takes place. This has happened in three occasions. First, during El Clásico that took place on 30 April 1988, where Real Madrid won the championship on the previous round. Then, three years later, when Barcelona won the championship two rounds before El Clásico on 8 June 1991.[47] The last pasillo, and most recent, took place on 7 May 2008, and this time Real Madrid had won the championship.[48]
The two teams met again in the UEFA Champions League semi-final in 2002, with Real Madrid winning 2–0 in Barcelona and a 1–1 draw in Madrid. The match was dubbed by Spanish media as the "Match of the Century".[49]
In 2005, Ronaldinho became the second Barcelona player, after Diego Maradona in 1983, to receive a standing ovation from Real Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu.
While El Clásico is regarded as one of the fiercest rivalries in world football, there have been rare moments when fans have shown praise for a player on the opposing team. In 1980, Laurie Cunningham was the first Real Madrid player to receive applause from Barcelona fans at Camp Nou; after excelling during the match, and with Madrid winning 2–0, Cunningham left the field to a standing ovation from the locals.[50][51] On 26 June 1983, during the second leg of the Copa de la Liga final at the Santiago Bernabéu in Madrid, having dribbled past the Real Madrid goalkeeper, Barcelona star Diego Maradona ran towards an empty goal before stopping just as the Madrid defender came sliding in an attempt to block the shot and crashed into the post, before Maradona slotted the ball into the net.[50] The manner of Maradona's goal led to many Madrid fans inside the stadium start applauding.[50][52] In November 2005, Ronaldinho became the second Barcelona player to receive a standing ovation from Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu.[50] After dribbling through the Madrid defence twice to score two goals in a 3–0 win, Madrid fans paid homage to his performance with applause.[53][54] On 21 November 2015, Andrés Iniesta became the third Barcelona player to receive applause from Real Madrid fans while he was substituted during a 4–0 away win, with Iniesta scoring Barça's third.[55]
A 2007 survey by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas showed that 32% of the Spanish population supported Real Madrid, while 25% supported Barcelona. In third place came Valencia, with 5%.[56] According to a poll performed by Ikerfel in 2011, Barcelona is the most popular team in Spain with 44% of preferences, while Real Madrid is second with 37%. Atlético Madrid, Valencia and Athletic Bilbao complete the top five.[57] Both clubs have a global fanbase and are the world's two most followed sports teams on social media—on Facebook, as of March 2016, Barcelona has 91 million fans, Real Madrid has 87 million fans.[10][58]
Barcelona's Lionel Messi and Real Madrid midfielder Lassana Diarra in a 2011 Clásico.
The rivalry intensified in 2011 where, due to the final of the Copa Del Rey and the meeting of the two in the UEFA Champions League, Barcelona and Real Madrid were scheduled to meet each other four times in 18 days. Several accusations of unsportsmanlike behaviour from both teams and a war of words erupted throughout the fixtures which included four red cards. Spain national team coach Vicente del Bosque stated that he was "concerned" that due to the rising hatred between the two clubs, that this could cause friction in the Spain team.[59]
In recent years, the rivalry has been "encapsulated" by the rivalry between Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi.[60] Following the star signings of Neymar and Luis Suárez to Barcelona, and Gareth Bale and Karim Benzema to Madrid, the rivalry has been expanded to a battle of the clubs attacking trios, "BBC" (Bale, Benzema, Cristiano) against "MSN" (Messi, Suárez, Neymar).[61]
Results
Main article: List of El Clásico matches
As of 16 August 2017[62]
Matches
Wins
Draws
Goals
Home Wins
Home Draws
Away Wins
M
B
M
B
M
B
M
B
M
B
La Liga
174 72 69 33 284 277 52 49 15 18 20 20
Copa del Rey
33 12 14 7 64 63 5 7 5 2 3 5
Copa de la Liga
6 0 2 4 8 13 0 1 2 2 0 1
Supercopa de España
14 8 4 2 30 18 6 4 1 1 2 0
Champions League
8 3 2 3 13 10 1 1 2 1 2 1
All competitions
235
95
91
49
399
381
64
61
25
24
27
27
Friendly / Other
34 4 20 10 44 86 3 11 4 6 1 8
All matches
269
99
111
59
443
467
67
72
29
30
28
35
Records
Biggest wins (5+ goals)
10 Real Madrid 11–1 Barcelona 19 June 1943 Copa del Rey
7 Barcelona 7–0 Real Madrid 1 November 1913 Exhibition
6 Real Madrid 8–2 Barcelona 3 February 1935 La Liga
Barcelona 7–1 Real Madrid 18 February 1920 Exhibition
5 Barcelona 7–2 Real Madrid 24 September 1950 La Liga
Barcelona 6–1 Real Madrid 19 May 1957 Copa del Rey
Real Madrid 6–1 Barcelona 18 September 1949 La Liga
Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid 21 April 1935
Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid 25 March 1945
Real Madrid 5–0 Barcelona 5 October 1953
Real Madrid 0–5 Barcelona 17 February 1974
Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid 8 January 1994
Real Madrid 5–0 Barcelona 7 January 1995
Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid 29 November 2010
Longest runs
Most consecutive wins
Games
Club
Period
6 Barcelona 25 January 1948 – 15 January 1949
6 Real Madrid 30 September 1962 – 28 February 1965
5 Real Madrid 5 March 1933 – 3 February 1935
5 Barcelona 13 December 2008 – 29 November 2010
Most consecutive draws
Games
Period
3 11 September 1991 – 7 March 1992
3 1 May 2002 – 20 April 2003
Most consecutive matches without a draw
Games
Period
18 25 January 1948 – 21 November 1954
17 23 November 1960 – 19 March 1967
14 4 December 1977 – 4 June 1983
12 19 May 1957 – 27 April 1960
10 5 March 1933 – 28 January 1940
Longest undefeated runs
Games
Club
Period
14 Real Madrid 31 January 1931 – 3 February 1935
13 Barcelona 1 November 1917 – 3 June 1928
Longest undefeated runs in the league
Games
Club
Period
7 (6 Wins) Barcelona 13 December 2008 – 10 December 2011
7 (5 Wins) Real Madrid 31 January 1932 – 3 February 1935
6 (6 Wins) Real Madrid 30 September 1962 – 28 February 1965
6 (4 Wins) Barcelona 11 May 1997 – 13 October 1999
6 (3 Wins) Barcelona 28 November 1971 – 17 February 1974
5 (4 Wins) Barcelona 30 March 1947 – 15 January 1949
5 (3 Wins) Barcelona 11 May 1975 – 30 January 1977
Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal
Games
Club
Period
5 Barcelona 3 April 1972 – 17 February 1974
3 Barcelona 10 January 1914 – 7 March 1916
3 Real Madrid 29 June 1974 – 11 May 1975
3 Barcelona 29 November 2009 – 29 November 2010
Most consecutive games scoring
Games
Club
Period
23 Barcelona 27 April 2011 – 13 August 2017
18 Real Madrid 3 May 2011 – 22 March 2015
17 Barcelona 27 November 1982 – 31 January 1987
14 Real Madrid 15 February 1959 – 21 January 1962
14 Real Madrid 5 December 1990 – 16 December 1993
13 Real Madrid 1 December 1946 – 23 November 1952
13 Real Madrid 22 April 1962 – 9 April 1968
12 Barcelona 26 March 1916 – 26 April 1926
11 Barcelona 11 September 1991 – 7 May 1994
10 Barcelona 30 January 1997 – 13 October 1999
Goalscoring
Top goalscorers
Players in bold players are still active
Player
Club
La Liga
Copa
Super Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total
Lionel Messi Barcelona 16 — 6 — 2 25[note 1]
Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 14 2 2 — — 18
Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 8 5 4 — — 17
Raúl Real Madrid 11 — 3 — 1 15
César Barcelona 12 2 — — — 14
Francisco Gento Real Madrid 10 2 — — 2 14
Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 9 2 — — 3 14
Santillana Real Madrid 9 2 — 1 — 12
Hugo Sánchez Real Madrid 8 — 2 — — 10
Juanito Real Madrid 8 — — 2 — 10
Josep Samitier Barca / Real 4 6 — — — 10
Estanislao Basora Barcelona 8 1 — — — 9
Jaime Lazcano Real Madrid 8 — — — — 8
Karim Benzema Real Madrid 6 1 1 — — 8
Iván Zamorano Real Madrid 4 2 2 — — 8
Eulogio Martínez Barcelona 2 5 — — 1 8
Luis Suárez Barcelona 2 4 — — 2 8
Santiago Bernabéu Real Madrid — 8 — — — 8
Consecutive goalscoring
Player
Club
Consecutive matches
Total goals in the run
Start
End
Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 6 7 2011–12 Copa del Rey (1st leg) 2012–13 La Liga (7th round)
Iván Zamorano Real Madrid 5 5 1992–93 La Liga (20th Round) 1993 Supercopa de España (2nd leg)
Simón Lecue Real Madrid 4 5 1935–36 La Liga (7th Round) 1939–40 La Liga (9th Round)
Ronaldinho Barcelona 4 5 2004–05 La Liga (12th Round) 2005–06 La Liga (31st Round)
Giovanni Barcelona 4 4 1997 Supercopa de España (1st leg) 1997–98 La Liga (28th Round)
Lionel Messi is the all-time top scorer in El Clásico history with 25 goals.
Most hat-tricks
Five players have been able to score more than one hat trick: Jaime Lazcano, Santiago Bernabéu, Paulino Alcántara, Lionel Messi and Ferenc Puskás have all scored two hat-tricks in El Clásico history (2).
Most assists
Lionel Messi has delivered the most assists in El Clásico history (13).[citation needed]
Most appearances[citation needed]
Players in bold are still active
Appearances
Player
Club
43 Manuel Sanchís Real Madrid
42 Francisco Gento Real Madrid
42 Xavi Barcelona
37 Fernando Hierro Real Madrid
37 Raúl Real Madrid
37 Iker Casillas Real Madrid
35 Andrés Iniesta Barcelona
34 Lionel Messi Barcelona
34 Sergio Ramos Real Madrid
Players who played for both clubs
Javier Saviola was the most recent player to transfer between the two rivals, in 2007.
Barcelona then Madrid
1902: Alfonso Albéniz
1906: José Quirante
1911: Alfonso Albéniz
1911: Arsenio Comamala
1913: Walter Rozitsky
1930: Ricardo Zamora (via Espanyol)
1932: Josep Samitier
1950: Alfonso Navarro
1961: Justo Tejada
1962: Evaristo
1965: Fernand Goyvaerts
1988: Bernd Schuster
1990: Luis Milla
1992: Nando
1994: Michael Laudrup
1995: Miquel Soler (via Sevilla)
2000: Luís Figo
2000: Albert Celades (via Celta Vigo)
2002: Ronaldo (via Inter Milan)
2007: Javier Saviola
Madrid then Barcelona
1905: Luciano Lizarraga
1939: Hilario (via Valencia)
1961: Jesús María Pereda (via Real Valladolid, then Sevilla)
1965: Lucien Muller
1980: Lorenzo Amador (via Hércules)
1994: Gheorghe Hagi (via Brescia)
1994: Julen Lopetegui (via Logroñés)
1995: Robert Prosinečki (via Real Oviedo)
1996: Luis Enrique
1999: Dani García (via Mallorca)
2000: Alfonso Pérez (via Real Betis)
2004: Samuel Eto'o (via Mallorca)
From Barcelona to Madrid 17
From Barcelona to another club before Madrid 4
Total 21
From Madrid to Barcelona 3
From Madrid to another club before Barcelona 9
Total 12
Total Switches 33
Honours
The rivalry reflected in El Clásico matches comes about as Real Madrid and Barcelona are the most successful football clubs in Spain. As seen below, Barcelona leads Real Madrid 90–87 in terms of official overall trophies.[63] While the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is recognised as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup, it was not organised by UEFA. Consequently, UEFA does not consider clubs' records in the Fairs Cup to be part of their European record.[64] However, FIFA does view the competition as a major honour.[65]
Real Madrid
Competition
Barcelona
Domestic
33 La Liga (Primera División) 24
19 Copa del Rey 29
10 Supercopa de España 12
1 Copa Eva Duarte (defunct) 3
1 Copa de la Liga (defunct) 2
64 Aggregate 70
European and Worldwide
12 UEFA Champions League 5
— UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (defunct) 4
2 UEFA Europa League —
4 UEFA Super Cup 5
— Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (defunct) 3
3 UEFA / CONMEBOL Intercontinental Cup (defunct) —
2 FIFA Club World Cup 3
23 Aggregate 20
87 Total Aggregate 90
Note: FC Barcelona won the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup three times, but it doesn't count towards their UEFA European Record.
See also
Association football portal
Madrid derby
Derbi barceloní
Major football rivalries
Nationalism and sport
Sports rivalry
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b Includes a goal scored in the 2017 International Champions Cup.
References
Jump up ^ "El clàssic es jugarà dilluns". El Punt. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Stevenson, Johanthan (12 December 2008). "Barca & Real renew El Clasico rivalry". BBC Sport. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million-A-Year Deal With Barcelona". Forbes. Retrieved 1 October 2014
Jump up ^ Benjamin Morris. "Is Messi vs. Ronaldo Bigger Than The Super Bowl?". FiveThirtyEight.
Jump up ^ El Clasico: Real Madrid Vs Barcelona • Fights, Fouls, Dives & Red Cards
Jump up ^ "Castilian Oppression v Catalan Nationalism – "El Gran Classico"". Footballblog.co.uk. 2 September 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "AFP: Barcelona vs Real Madrid rivalry comes to the fore". Google.com. 14 April 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Rookwood, Dan (28 August 2002). "The bitterest rivalry in world football". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ "El Clasico: When stars collide". FIFA.com. Retrieved 21 October 2014
^ Jump up to: a b "Barça, the most loved club in the world". Marca. Retrieved 8 May 2015
Jump up ^ Ozanian, Mike. "Barcelona becomes first sports team to have 50 million Facebook fans". Forbes.com.
Jump up ^ Palomares, Cristina The quest for survival after Franco: moderate Francoism and the slow journey, p.231
Jump up ^ Cambio 16, 6–12, Enero 1975 p.18
^ Jump up to: a b c d e McNeill, Donald (1999) Urban change and the European left: tales from the new Barcelona p.61
^ Jump up to: a b c Burns, Jimmy, 'Don Patricio O’Connell: An Irishman and the Politics of Spanish Football' in "Irish Migration Studies in Latin America" 6:1 (March 2008), p. 44. Available online pg. 3,pg. 4. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Ham, Anthony p. 221
Jump up ^ Vázquez Montalbán (1992) Barcelonas, ch.4 'La Ben Plantada' p. 109
Jump up ^ Ball, Phil (21 April 2002). "Mucho morbo". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Ball, Phil p. 88
Jump up ^ "Franco recibió dos medallas del Barça" (in Spanish). Diario AS. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "El deporte en la guerra civil" (in Spanish). EL CULTURAL. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Rafael Sánchez Guerra" (in Spanish). elpueblodeceuta.es. 30 June 2009. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Ultra Sur | El Centrocampista - Spanish Football and La Liga News in English". El Centrocampista. 27 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Dos Manzanas (14 June 2011). "Tres Boixos Nois detenidos por agredir a una mujer transexual en Barcelona". Dos manzanas. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "La mafia de boixos nois se especializó en atracar a narcos - Sociedad - El Periódico". Elperiodico.com. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Great similarities between Barcelona and Celtic". vavel.com. 21 April 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "FourFourTwo's 50 Biggest Derbies in the World, No.2: Barcelona vs Real Madrid". fourfourtwo.com. 29 April 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "La izquierda es culé y la derecha, merengue, según el CIS" (in Spanish). LaVanguardia.com. 20 July 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "¿Del Madrid o del Barça?" (in Spanish). elpais.com. 23 February 2003. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Real Madrid v Barcelona: six of the best 'El Clásicos'". London: The Telegraph. 9 December 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sid Lowe: Fear and loathing in La Liga.. Barcelona vs Real Madrid" p. 67. Random House. 26 September 2013
Jump up ^ "Sid Lowe: Fear and loathing in La Liga.. Barcelona vs Real Madrid" p. 68. Random House. 26 September 2013
Jump up ^ "Sid Lowe: Fear and loathing in La Liga.. Barcelona vs Real Madrid" p. 70. Random House. 26 September 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c Lowe, Sid. p. 72
^ Jump up to: a b Spaaij, Ramn (2006). Understanding football hooliganism: a comparison of six Western European football clubs. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5629-445-8. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Lowe, Sid. p. 73
Jump up ^ "Sid Lowe: Fear and loathing in La Liga.. Barcelona vs Real Madrid" p. 77. Random House. 26 September 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c d "BBC SPORT | Football | Alfredo Di Stefano: Did General Franco halt Barcelona transfer?". BBC News. 7 July 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Antonio Rigo: "The final of the bottles made me Antimadridista"". AS (Spanish). 11 October 2005.
Jump up ^ "Barca take the cup of "the final of the bottles"". Sport (Spanish). 4 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "1968. The "Bottle Final": Barça wins the Spanish Cup at the Bernabéu amidst a tense atmosphere". FCBarcelona. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Lowe, Sid. p. 344
Jump up ^ "Sid Lowe: Fear and loathing in La Liga.. Barcelona vs Real Madrid" p. 345, 346. Random House. 26 September 2013
Jump up ^ Lowe, Sid. p. 339
Jump up ^ Lowe, Sid. p. 338
Jump up ^ Jefferies, Tony (27 November 2002). "Barcelona are braced for a stiff penalty". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ Deportes. "(Spanish)". 20minutos.es. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Real Madrid v. Barcelona: A Glance Back at Past Pasillos | Futfanatico: Breaking Soccer News". Futfanatico. 5 December 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Real win Champions League showdown". BBC News. 11 December 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Applauding the enemy", FIFA.com, 15 February 2014
Jump up ^ "Real Madrid vs Barcelona: El-Clasico Preview", The Independent, 17 January 2012,
Jump up ^ "30 years since Maradona stunned the Santiago Bernabéu". FC Barcelona. Retrieved 2 October 2014
Jump up ^ "Rampant Ronaldinho receives standing ovation". BBC News. 11 December 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Real Madrid 0 Barcelona 3: Bernabeu forced to pay homage as Ronaldinho soars above the galacticos". The Independent. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Real Madrid Fans Applaud Barcelona's Andres Iniesta In 'El Clasico'". NESN. 21 November 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "CIS Mayo 2007" (PDF) (in Spanish). Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. May 2007. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "España se pasa del Madrid al Barcelona" (in Spanish). www.as.com. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Facebook fan pages". FanPageList.com. Retrieved 31 March 2016
Jump up ^ Sapa-DPA (29 April 2011). "Del Bosque concerned over Real-Barca conflict - SuperSport - Football". SuperSport. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Bate, Adam (25 October 2013). "Fear and Loathing". Sky Sports. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "El club de los 100: MSN 91-88 BBC". Marca. 24 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Real Madrid vs Barcelona: El Clasico Stats and Head to Head Record". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 6 January 2015
Jump up ^ Copa Eva Duarte (Defunct) is not listed as an official title by the UEFA, but it is considered as such by the RFEF, as it is the direct predecessor of the Supercopa de España
Jump up ^ "UEFA Europa League: History: New format provides fresh impetus". UEFA. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Classic Football: Clubs: FC Barcelona". FIFA. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
"Classic Football: Clubs: AS Roma". FIFA. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Real Madrid-FC Barcelona rivalry.
Ball, Phill (2003). Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football. WSC Books Limited. ISBN 0-9540134-6-8.
Farred, Grant (2008). Long distance love: a passion for football. Temple University Press. ISBN 1-59213-374-6.
Lowe, Sid (2013). Fear and Loathing in La Liga: Barcelona vs Real Madrid. Random House. ISBN 9780224091800.
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Cold War (1985–1991)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Alliances in 1980
Part of a series on the
History of the Cold War
Origins of the Cold War
World War II
(Hiroshima and Nagasaki)
War conferences
Eastern Bloc
Western Bloc
Iron Curtain
Cold War (1947–1953)
Cold War (1953–1962)
Cold War (1962–1979)
Cold War (1979–1985)
Cold War (1985–1991)
Frozen conflicts
Timeline · Conflicts
Historiography
Cold War II
The Cold War period of 1985–1991 began with the rise of Mikhail Gorbachev as leader of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev was a revolutionary leader for the USSR, as he was the first to promote liberalization of the political landscape (Glasnost) and capitalist elements into the economy (Perestroika); prior to this, the USSR had been strictly prohibiting liberal reform and maintained an inefficient centralized economy. The USSR, despite facing massive economic difficulties, was involved in a costly arms race with the United States under President Ronald Reagan. Regardless, the USSR began to crumble as liberal reforms proved difficult to handle and capitalist changes to the centralized economy were badly transitioned and caused major problems. The Cold War came to an end when the last war of Soviet occupation ended in Afghanistan, the Berlin Wall came down in Germany, and a series of mostly peaceful revolutions swept the Soviet Bloc states of eastern Europe in 1989.
Contents
[hide]
1 Thaw in relations
2 Revolt spreads through Communist Europe
3 End of the Cold War and the Beginning of a New World Order
4 Legacy
5 Timeline of related events
6 See also
7 Footnotes
8 References
9 External links
Thaw in relations[edit]
After the deaths of three successive elderly Soviet leaders since 1982, the Soviet Politburo elected Gorbachev Communist Party General Secretary in March 1985, marking the rise of a new generation of leadership. Under Gorbachev, relatively young reform-oriented technocrats, who had begun their careers in the heyday of "de-Stalinization" under reformist leader Nikita Khrushchev, rapidly consolidated power, providing new momentum for political and economic liberalization, and the impetus for cultivating warmer relations and trade with the West.
Reagan and Gorbachev during their first summit meeting in the beach house
On the Western front, President Reagan's administration had taken a hard line against the Soviet Union. Under the Reagan Doctrine, the Reagan administration began providing military support to anti-communist armed movements in Afghanistan, Angola, Nicaragua and elsewhere.
A major breakthrough came in 1985-87, with the successful negotiation of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF). The INF Treaty of December 1987, signed by Reagan and Gorbachev, eliminated all nuclear and conventional missiles, as well as their launchers, with ranges of 500–1,000 kilometres (310–620 mi) (short-range) and 1,000–5,500 kilometres (620–3,420 mi) (intermediate-range). The treaty did not cover sea-launched missiles. By May 1991, after on-site investigations by both sides, 2700 missiles had been destroyed.[1][2]
The Reagan administration also persuaded the Saudi Arabian oil companies to increase oil production.[3] This led to a three-times drop in the prices of oil, and oil was the main source of Soviet export revenues.[3] Following the USSR's previous large military buildup, President Reagan ordered an enormous peacetime defense buildup of the United States Military; the Soviets did not respond to this by building up their military because the military expenses, in combination with collectivized agriculture in the nation, and inefficient planned manufacturing, would cause a heavy burden for the Soviet economy. It was already stagnant and in a poor state prior to the tenure of Mikhail Gorbachev who, despite significant attempts at reform, was unable to revitalise the economy.[4] In 1985, Reagan and Gorbachev held their first of four "summit" meetings, this one in Geneva, Switzerland. After discussing policy, facts, etc., Reagan invited Gorbachev to go with him to a small house near the beach. The two leaders spoke in that house well over their time limit, but came out with the news that they had planned two more (soon three more) summits.
The second summit took place the following year, in 1986 on October 11, in Reykjavík, Iceland. The meeting was held to pursue discussions about scaling back their intermediate-range ballistic missile arsenals in Europe. The talks came close to achieving an overall breakthrough on nuclear arms control, but ended in failure due to Reagan's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative and Gorbachev's proposed cancellation of it. Nonetheless, cooperation continued to increase and, where it failed, Gorbachev reduced some strategic arms unilaterally.
Fundamental to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Gorbachev policy initiatives of Restructuring (Perestroika) and Openness (Glasnost) had ripple effects throughout the Soviet world, including eventually making it impossible to reassert central control over Warsaw Pact member states without resorting to military force.
Play media
United States President Ronald Reagan delivers a speech at the Berlin Wall in June 1987, in which he called for Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev to "Tear Down This Wall!". Famous passage begins at 11:10 into this video.
On June 12, 1987, Reagan challenged Gorbachev to go further with his reforms and democratization by tearing down the Berlin Wall. In a speech at the Brandenburg Gate next to the wall, Reagan stated:
General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union, Central and South-East Europe, if you seek liberalization, come here to this gate; Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall![5]
While the aging communist European leaders kept their states in the grip of "normalization", Gorbachev's reformist policies in the Soviet Union exposed how a once revolutionary Communist Party had become moribund at the very center of the system. Facing declining revenues due to declining oil prices and rising expenditures related to the arms race and the command economy, the Soviet Union was forced during the 1980s to take on significant amounts of debt from the Western banking sector.[6] The growing public disapproval of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, and the socio-political effects of the Chernobyl accident in Ukraine increased public support for these policies. By the spring of 1989, the USSR had not only experienced lively media debate, but had also held its first multi-candidate elections. For the first time in recent history, the force of liberalization was spreading from West to East.
Revolt spreads through Communist Europe[edit]
Main article: Revolutions of 1989
Grassroots organizations, such as Poland's Solidarity movement, rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases. In February 1989 the Polish government opened talks with opposition, known as the Polish Round Table Agreement, which allowed elections with participation of anti-Communist parties in June 1989. Also in 1989 the Communist government in Hungary started to negotiate organizing of competitive elections which took place in 1990. In Czechoslovakia and East Germany, mass protests unseated entrenched Communist leaders. The Communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled, in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising. Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania, on behalf of the opposition, to prevent bloodshed.[7] The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, which symbolized the collapse of European Communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe.
The collapse of the European governments with Gorbachev's tacit consent inadvertently encouraged several Soviet republics to seek greater independence from Moscow's rule. Agitation for independence in the Baltic states led to first Lithuania, and then Estonia and Latvia, declaring their independence. Disaffection in the other republics was met by promises of greater decentralization. More open elections led to the election of candidates opposed to Communist Party rule.
In an attempt to halt the rapid changes to the system, a group of Soviet hard-liners represented by Vice-President Gennady Yanayev launched a coup overthrowing Gorbachev in August 1991. Russian President Boris Yeltsin rallied the people and much of the army against the coup and the effort collapsed. Although restored to power, Gorbachev's authority had been irreparably undermined. In September, the Baltic states were granted independence. On December 1, Ukraine withdrew from the USSR. On December 26, 1991 the USSR officially dissolved, breaking up into fifteen separate nations.
End of the Cold War and the Beginning of a New World Order[edit]
After the end of the Revolutions of 1989, Gorbachev and President Bush Sr. met on the neutral island of Malta to discuss the events of the year, the withdrawal of the Soviet military from Eastern Europe, and the future course of their relationship. After their discussions, the two leaders publicly announced they would work together for German reunification, the normalization of relations, the resolution of Third World conflicts, and the promotion of peace and democracy (referred to by President Bush as a "New World Order".)[8]
Between the Malta Summit and the Dissolution of the Soviet Union negotiations on several arms control agreements began, resulting in agreements such as START I and the Chemical Weapons Convention. Additionally, the United States, still believing the Soviet Union would continue to exist in the long term, began to take steps to create a positive long-term relationship.[9]
This new relationship was demonstrated by the joint American-Soviet opposition to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The Soviet Union voted in the United Nation's Security Council to authorize the use of military force against its former Middle Eastern ally.[10]
Several conflicts in third world nations (i.e. Cambodia, Angola, Nicaragua) related to the Cold War would come to an end during this era of cooperation, with both the Soviet Union and the United States working together to pressure their respective proxies to make peace with one another. Overall, this detente which accompanied the final twilight of the Cold War would help bring about a relatively more peaceful world.[11]
As a consequence of the Revolutions of 1989 and the adoption of a foreign policy based on non-interference by the Soviet Union, the Warsaw Pact was dissolved and Soviet troops began withdrawing back to the Soviet Union, completing their withdrawal by the mid-1990s.[12][13]
Legacy[edit]
There is a fundamental difference in how former communist countries managed during the first quarter of the century after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Countries such as the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Slovakia experienced economic reconstruction, growth and fast integration with EU and NATO while their eastern neighbors usually created hybrids of free market oligarchy system, post-communist corrupted administration and dictatorship. The territory behind the EU and NATO borders gradually to a greater or lesser extent returned to economic and military dependency on Russia.
Russia and the other Soviet successor states have faced a chaotic and harsh transition from a command economy to free market capitalism following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. A large percentage of the population currently lives in poverty. GDP growth also declined, and life expectancy dropped sharply. Living conditions also declined in some other parts of the former Eastern bloc.
Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev and U.S. President Reagan signing the INF Treaty, 1987.
In addition, the poverty and desperation of the Russians, Ukrainians and allies of post–Cold War have led to the sale of many advanced Cold War-developed weapons systems, especially very capable modern upgraded versions, around the globe. World-class tanks (T-80/T-84), jet fighters (MiG-29 and Su-27/30/33), surface-to-air missile systems (S-300P, S-300V, 9K332 and Igla) and others have been placed on the market in order to obtain some much-needed cash. This poses a possible problem for western powers in coming decades as they increasingly find hostile countries equipped with weapons which were designed by the Soviets to defeat them. The post–Cold War era saw a period of unprecedented prosperity in the West, especially in the United States, and a wave of democratization throughout Latin America, Africa, and Central, South-East and Eastern Europe.
Sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein expresses a less triumphalist view, arguing that the end of the Cold War is a prelude to the breakdown of Pax Americana. In his essay "Pax Americana is Over," Wallerstein argues, “The collapse of communism in effect signified the collapse of liberalism, removing the only ideological justification behind US hegemony, a justification tacitly supported by liberalism’s ostensible ideological opponent.”[14]
Some historians, including professor of history John Lewis Gaddis, argue that Reagan combined a policy of militancy and operational pragmatism to bring about the most significant improvement in Soviet-American relations since the end of World War II. This bloc, known as the ‘Reagan Victory School’ constitutes a different historiographical perspective to the end of the Cold War.
Space exploration has petered out in both the United States and Russia without the competitive pressure of the space race. Military decorations have become more common, as they were created, and bestowed, by the major powers during the near 50 years of undeclared hostilities.
Timeline of related events[edit]
Ethiopian tanks pass a Communist memorial in Addis Ababa during the Ethiopian Civil War, 1991
January 20, 1985 – Ronald Reagan is sworn in for a second term as President of the United States
March 10, 1985 – General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Konstantin Chernenko dies
March 11, 1985 – Soviet Politburo member Mikhail Gorbachev becomes the General Secretary of the Communist Party
March 24, 1985 – Major Arthur D. Nicholson, a US Army Military Intelligence officer is shot to death by a Soviet sentry in East Germany. He is listed as the last US casualty in the Cold War.
April 26, 1986 - The Chernobyl Disaster
January 1987 – Gorbachev introduces the policy of demokratizatsiya in the Soviet Union
March 4, 1987 – In a televised address, Reagan takes full responsibility for the Iran-Contra Affair
June 12, 1987 – "Tear down this wall" speech by Reagan in West Berlin
December 8, 1987 – The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty is signed in Washington, D.C.
February 12, 1988 – Hostile rendezvous off coast of Crimea in Black Sea when the Soviet frigate Bezzavetnyy rammed the American missile cruiser USS Yorktown[15]
February 20, 1988 – The regional soviet of Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan decides to be part of Armenia, but the Kremlin refuses to do it.[16] The following Nagorno-Karabakh War would be the first of the internal conflicts in the Soviet Union that would become the post-Soviet separatist conflicts
August 8, 1988 – 8888 Uprising in Burma
August 17, 1988 – Pakistani president Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq dies
August 20, 1988 – End of Iran–Iraq War
September 17, 1988 – Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea; first time since 1976 that both Soviet Union and the United States participate; it is also the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and its satellite states
October 5, 1988 – Chilean president Augusto Pinochet is defeated in a nationwide referendum
January 20, 1989 – George H. W. Bush becomes president of the United States
February 1989 – End of Soviet war in Afghanistan
June 3, 1989 – Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini dies
June 4, 1989 – Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 in Beijing, People's Republic of China
June 4, 1989 – Solidarity's decisive victory in the first partially free parliamentary elections in post-war Poland sparks off a succession of anti-communist Revolutions of 1989 across Central, later South-East and Eastern Europe
August 14, 1989 – South African president Pieter Willem Botha resigns in reaction to the implementation of Tripartite Accord
August 23, 1989 – Soviet Politburo member Alexander Yakovlev denounces the secret protocols of the Hitler-Stalin Pact
August 24, 1989 – Tadeusz Mazowiecki becomes the Prime Minister of Poland forming the first non-communist government in the Communist bloc
November 9, 1989 – Fall of the Berlin Wall
December 2–3, 1989 – Malta Summit between Bush and Gorbachev, who said, "I assured the President of the United States that I will never start a hot war against the USA."
December 25, 1989 – Execution of Nicolae Ceauşescu
December 29, 1989 – Václav Havel assumes the presidency of Czechoslovakia at the conclusion of Velvet Revolution
January 13, 1990 – End of Stasi, the secret police of East Germany
January 22, 1990 - the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, the ruling party of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, collapses during its congress, ending the one party system in the country
March 15, 1990 – Inauguration of Gorbachev as the first President of the Soviet Union
April 12, 1990 - The republic of Slovenia within Yugoslavia holds its first multi-party elections
April 22-23 and May 6-7, 1990 - the republic of Croatia within Yugoslavia holds its first multi-party elections
April 25, 1990 – Violeta Chamorro is sworn in as president of Nicaragua, ending the Sandinista rule and the Contras insurgency
May 22, 1990 – South and North Yemens are unified
July 13, 1990 – The 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union announces the end of its monopoly of power
August 2, 1990 – Beginning of Gulf War
September 12, 1990 – The Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany is signed in Moscow
October 3, 1990 – Official reunification of Germany
November 6, 1990 – Hungary become the first Soviet Bloc country to join the Council of Europe
November 11, 1990 - The republic of Macedonia within Yugoslavia holds its first multi-party elections
November 18, 1990 - The republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina within Yugoslavia holds its first multiparty elections
November 19, 1990 – NATO and Warsaw Pact sign the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
November 28, 1990 – Margaret Thatcher falls from power as UK Prime Minister; John Major takes office
December 9, 1990 - The republic of Montenegro within Yugoslavia holds its first multi-party elections
December 9-23, 1990 - The republic of Serbia within Yugoslavia holds its first multi-party elections
December 22, 1990 – Lech Wałęsa becomes president of Poland; Polish government-in-exile ends
December 23, 1990 - Slovenia holds an independence referendum resulting in a majority of Slovenians voting in favour of Slovenia seeking independence from Yugoslavia
January 1991 – Money transfers from the Czech budget to Slovakia are stopped, beginning the process that would lead to Velvet Divorce
February 28, 1991 – End of Gulf War
May 19, 1991 - Croatia holds an independence referendum resulting in a majority of Croatians voting in favour of Croatia seeking independence from Yugoslavia
May 29, 1991 – End of Eritrean War of Independence in Ethiopia
June 27, 1991 – Beginning of the Yugoslav Wars in Slovenia
June 28, 1991 – The last Comecon council session take place in Budapest; the organization decides to dissolve itself
July 1, 1991 – End of the Warsaw Pact
July 10, 1991 – Boris Yeltsin becomes president of Russia
July 31, 1991 – Ratification of START I treaty between United States and the Soviet Union
August 19, 1991 – Beginning of the Soviet Union coup d'état attempt
August 21, 1991 – End of the Soviet Union coup d'état attempt
August 24, 1991 – Gorbachev resigns from the post of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
September 6, 1991 – The Soviet Union recognizes the independence of the Baltic States
September 8, 1991 - The Republic of Macedonia holds an independence referendum resulting in a majority of Macedonians voting in favour of Macedonia seeking independence from Yugoslavia
November 6, 1991 – End of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Soviet KGB
December 8, 1991 – The Belavezha Accords are signed by the leaders of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, sealing the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the creation of CIS
December 25, 1991 – Gorbachev resigns as Soviet President and the post is abolished; the red Soviet flag is lowered from the Moscow Kremlin, and in its place the flag of the Russian Federation is raised.
December 26, 1991 – The Supreme Soviet recognizes the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
December 31, 1991 – All Soviet Institutions cease operation.
See also[edit]
History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)
History of the United States (1980–1991)
Post-Communism
Reagan Doctrine
Timeline of events in the Cold War
Solidarity
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Lynn E. Davis, "Lessons of the INF Treaty." Foreign Affairs 66.4 (1988): 720-734. in JSTOR
Jump up ^ CQ Press (2012). Guide to Congress. SAGE. pp. 252–53. ISBN 9781452235325.
^ Jump up to: a b Gaidar, Yegor. "Public Expectations and Trust towards the Government: Post-Revolution Stabilization and its Discontents". Retrieved 2008-03-15.
Jump up ^ Gaidar, Yegor (2007-10-17). Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia (in Russian). Brookings Institution Press. pp. 190–210. ISBN 5-8243-0759-8.
Jump up ^ "Reagan's 'tear down this wall' speech turns 20". USA Today. 2007-06-12. Retrieved 2008-03-20.
Jump up ^ Leebaert, Derek (2002). The Fifty-Year Wound. New York, USA: Little, Brown and Company. p. 595.
Jump up ^ Garthof, Raymond L. "The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War" (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1994).
Jump up ^ "1989: Malta summit ends Cold War". British Broadcasting Corporation. 1989-12-03. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
Jump up ^ Arjen Molen (2015-09-14), Cold War - Conclusions 1989-1991 - Part 24/24, retrieved 2018-03-31
Jump up ^ "S/RES/678(1990) - E". undocs.org. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Michael (December 15, 2011). "Peace in the Post-Cold War World". The Atlantic. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bohlen, Celestine (February 26, 1991). "Warsaw Pact Agrees to Dissolve Its Military Alliance by March 31". The New York Times. p. 1,10. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Marshall, Tyler (April 1, 1993). "Few Russian Troops Remain in Ex-Satellite States: Military: Of an estimated 600,000 in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s, only about 113,000 haven't gone home". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wallerstein, Immanuel. "Pax Americana is Over"
Jump up ^ (in English) 1988 soviet ramming USS Yorktown CG 48 in black sea (video)
Jump up ^ Soviet Union Defiance in the Streets, Time, March 07, 1988
References[edit]
Ball, S. J. The Cold War: An International History, 1947–1991 (1998). British perspective
Beschloss, Michael, and Strobe Talbott. At the Highest Levels:The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (1993)
Bialer, Seweryn and Michael Mandelbaum, eds. Gorbachev's Russia and American Foreign Policy (1988)
Brzezinski, Zbigniew (1983). Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–1981. New York City: FSG. ISBN 0374236631.
Edmonds, Robin. Soviet Foreign Policy: The Brezhnev Years (1983)
Gaddis, John Lewis. The Cold War: A New History (2005)
Gaddis, John Lewis. The United States and the End of the Cold War: Implications, Reconsiderations, Provocations (1992)
Gaddis, John Lewis. Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War (1987)
Gaddis, John Lewis, and Walter LaFeber. America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–1992 7th ed. (1993)
Garthoff, Raymond. The Great Transition:American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War (1994)
Hogan, Michael ed. The End of the Cold War. Its Meaning and Implications (1992) articles from Diplomatic History online at JSTOR
Kyvig, David ed. Reagan and the World (1990)
Leffler, Melvyn P. (2007). For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN 0374531420.
Matlock, Jack F. Autopsy of an Empire (1995) by US ambassador to Moscow
Mower, A. Glenn Jr. Human Rights and American Foreign Policy: The Carter and Reagan Experiences (1987),
Powaski, Ronald E. The Cold War: The United States and the Soviet Union, 1917–1991 (1998)
Shultz, George P. Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (1993)
Sivachev, Nikolai and Nikolai Yakolev, Russia and the United States (1979), by Soviet historians
Smith, Gaddis. Morality, Reason and Power:American Diplomacy in the Carter Years (1986)
Wilson, James Graham (2014). The Triumph of Improvisation: Gorbachev's Adaptability, Reagan's Engagement, and the End of the Cold War. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801452295.
External links[edit]
Cold War International History Project: The End of the Cold War
Cold War Files: The End of the Cold War
Jeffrey W. Knopf "Did Reagan Win the Cold War?"
Cold War Air Museum: Aircraft from this period of the Cold War
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