text:
Rebecca (given name)
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Rebekah
The Biblical Rebecca and Eliezer in a painting by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo.
Pronunciation
/rəˈbɛkə/ rə-BEK-ə
Gender
Female
Origin
Word/name
Hebrew
Meaning
"Moderator", To Tie, Noose, To Bind, Captivating, Strong Combatant, Hearty
Other names
Nickname(s)
Becky, Beckie, Bac,
Becks, Bex, Becs, Reba, Riva, Rebby, Reb
Related names
Becca, Becky, Reba
Rebecca or Rebekah (Hebrew: רִבְקָה (Rivkah)) is a feminine given name originating from the Hebrew language. The name comes from the verb רבק (rbq), meaning "to tie firmly"; Jones' Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names and the NOBS Study Bible Name List suggest the name means "snare", "noose", "tied up", "secured", and even "beautifully ensnaring".[1] W. F. Albright held that it meant "soil, earth".[2]
Rebecca was the wife of Isaac and the mother of Jacob and Esau in the Hebrew Bible.
Contents
[hide]
1 Spelling
2 Popularity
3 Nicknames and Variations
4 References
Spelling[edit]
The Latin Vulgate uses the spelling Rebecca exclusively[3] and it is followed by (ex. gr.) Wycliffe and the Bishops' Bible. In the Authorized Version of the 1600s, the spelling Rebekah is used in the Old Testament (Genesis) and the Latin "Rebecca" (representing Greek Bible Ῥεβέκκα) was retained in the New Testament (see Romans 9:10). So the earlier western spelling is “Rebecca,” but both spellings (Rebecca and Rebekah) are used in the influential King James Version. Both are current in the English-speaking world now.
Popularity[edit]
In the United Kingdom, a revival of Biblical names led to this name being ranked among the top 100 female names during the 1960s, the top 20 during the 1970s, and the top 10 during the 1980s; in 1995 it peaked as the 3rd most popular female name. A decline in popularity followed; it slid out of the top 10 in 2000 and by 2009 had fallen to 77th. In 2013, it was ranked 120th.
In the United States, the name was used beginning with the colonization of the Puritans in New England in the 17th century. The name Rebecca goes up and down in the popularity rankings, but has consistently ranked in the top 200 most popular names for girls since at least 1880 (the first year for which the Social Security Administration has documented baby name popularity). In the year 2011, the Social Security Administration ranked Rebecca at 148th in popularity. In 2013, it was ranked 178th.[4][5]
The name is also popular in other countries. In 2009, Rebeca was the 27th most popular name for baby girls in Romania.[6]
Nicknames and Variations[edit]
LePeka (Hawaiian)
Becca (English)
Bekky (English)
Becci (English)
Becka (English)
Beckah (English)
Beckaford (English)
Becki (English)
Beckie (English)
Beckii (English)
Becks (English)
Beck (English)
Becky (English)
Bec (English)
Becs (English)
Bek (English)
Beka (English)
Bekki (English)
Bex (English)
Bexy (English)
Beccie (English)
Beccy (English)
Rabqa (Arabic)
Rafqa (Arabic)
Reb (American)
Rea (American)
Réba (Magyar)
Rebeca (Spanish, Portuguese, Galician, Welsh, Romanian)
Rébecca, Rebeque (French)
Rebeccah (English)
Rebeccanne (English)
Rebeccanne (English)
Rebecca (English)
Rebecka (English, Swedish)
Rebeckah (English)
Rebeka (Czech, Hungarian, Polish)
Rebekah (Hebrew)
Rebekka (Danish, German, Icelandic, Norwegian, Finnish)
Ρεβέκκα (Revecca or Revekka) (Greek)
Rebekke, Rebbi (German)
Reva (English)
Reveica (Romanian)
Revekka (Russian)
Revka (Hebrew)
Revkah (Hebrew)
Revy (English)
Ribka (Bahasa Indonesia)
Rifka, Rheba, Riva, Rivah, Rivalee, Rivi, Rivy (Yiddish)
Rifke (Yiddish)
Ryfka (Polish)
Riva (Hebrew)
Rive (Hebrew)
Rivka, Rivqah (Hebrew)
رفقة، ريبيكا (Arabic)
Рэбека (Rebieka) (Belarusian)
রেবেকা (Rēbēkā) (Bengali)
Reveka (Bulgarian)
丽贝卡 (Lì bèi kǎ) (Chinese Simplified)
麗貝卡 (Lì bèi kǎ) (Chinese Traditional)
რებეკა (Rebeka) (Georgian)
Ρεβέκκα (Revékka) (Greek)
રેબેકા (Rēbēkā) (Gujarati)
רבקה (Hebrew)
रेबेका (Rēbēkā) (Hindi)
レベッカ (Rebekka) (Japanese)
ರೆಬೆಕ್ಕಾ (Rebekkā) (Kannada)
레베카 (Lebeka) (Korean)
Ребека (Rebeka) (Macedonian)
Ребекка (Ryebyekka) (Mongolian)
रेबेका (Rēbēkā) (Nepali)
ربکا (Persian)
Ребекка (Rebekka) (Russian)
Ребека (Rebeka) (Serbian)
ரெபேக்கா (Repēkkā) (Tamil)
రెబెక్కా (Rebekkā) (Telugu)
รีเบคก้า (Rī bekhk̂ā) (Thai)
Ребекка (Rebekka) (Ukrainian)
ربیکہ (Urdu)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Arie Uittenbogaard (2011), Meaning and etymology of the name Rebekah (Rebecca), Abarim Publications
Jump up ^ Albright, W. F. (14 December 2017). "The Name Rebecca". Journal of Biblical Literature. 39 (3/4): 165–166. doi:10.2307/3260210. JSTOR 3260210.
Jump up ^ "Latin Vulgate Bible with Douay-Rheims and King James Version Side-by-Side+Complete Sayings of Jesus Christ". Latinvulgate.com. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Mike. "Meaning, origin and history of the name Rebecca". Behind the Name. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
Jump up ^ OACT. "Popular Baby Names". Ssa.gov. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Mike. "Popular Names in Romania 2009". Behind the Name. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rebecca_(given_name)&oldid=843394007"
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text:
Prison Break (season 5)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Prison Break (season 5)
DVD cover
Starring
Wentworth Miller
Dominic Purcell
Sarah Wayne Callies
Paul Adelstein
Rockmond Dunbar
Robert Knepper
Amaury Nolasco
Mark Feuerstein
Inbar Lavi
Augustus Prew
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
9
Release
Original network
Fox
Original release
April 4 (2017-04-04) – May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 4
List of Prison Break episodes
The fifth season of Prison Break (also known as Prison Break: Resurrection[1]) is a limited event television series and the continuation of the original series created by Paul Scheuring that aired on Fox from 2005 to 2009. The season is produced by 20th Century Fox Television in association with Adelstein/Parouse Productions and Original Film. Paul Scheuring serves as showrunner, with himself, Marty Adelstein, Neal H. Moritz and Dawn Olmstead, Vaun Wilmott, Michael Horowitz and Nelson McCormick serving as executive producers. McCormick also serves as director.[2] The season premiered on April 4, 2017, and concluded on May 30, 2017, consisting of 9 episodes.[3]
Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell reprise their respective roles as Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows, while Sarah Wayne Callies, Amaury Nolasco, Paul Adelstein, Robert Knepper and Rockmond Dunbar also return from the original series. New cast additions include Mark Feuerstein, Inbar Lavi, Augustus Prew, Marina Benedict, Rick Yune and Steve Mouzakis. A pilot was ordered in August 2015 and the series was greenlit in January 2016. Production on the series began in April 2016 and filming took place in Vancouver and the Moroccan cities of Rabat, Casablanca, and Ouarzazate.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 Episodes
4 Production
4.1 Development
4.2 Writing
4.3 Casting
4.4 Filming
4.5 Music
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Ratings
6 Home media release
7 References
8 External links
Premise[edit]
Seven years after his apparent death, Michael Scofield resurfaces in the notorious Ogygia Prison in Sana'a, Yemen, under the name Kaniel Outis. As the country is engulfed by war, two of Michael's old friends, his brother Lincoln Burrows and fellow Fox River escapee Benjamin "C-Note" Franklin, risk their lives by traveling to Yemen to bring Michael home. Back in the United States, Michael's wife Sara, now remarried, is hunted by agents of an operative known as Poseidon, the one responsible for Michael's disappearance.
Cast[edit]
Main articles: List of Prison Break characters and List of Prison Break minor characters
Main[edit]
Wentworth Miller as Michael Scofield / Kaniel Outis
Dominic Purcell as Lincoln Burrows
Sarah Wayne Callies as Sara Tancredi-Scofield
Paul Adelstein as Paul Kellerman
Rockmond Dunbar as Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin
Robert Knepper as Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell
Amaury Nolasco as Fernando Sucre
Mark Feuerstein as Jacob Anton Ness / Poseidon
Inbar Lavi as Sheba
Augustus Prew as David "Whip" Martin
Recurring[edit]
Rick Yune as Ja
Marina Benedict as Emily "A&W" Blake
Steve Mouzakis as Van Gogh
Amin El Gamal as Cyclops
Kunal Sharma as Sid
Numan Acar as Abu Ramal
Curtis Lum as Agent Kishida
Crystal Balint as Heather
Waleed Zuaiter as Mohammad al-Tunis
TJ Ramini as Cross
Akin Gazi as Omar
Christian Michael Cooper as Mike Scofield
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Prison Break episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
82
1 "Ogygia" Nelson McCormick Paul Scheuring April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04) 1AZM01 3.83[6]
T-Bag is released from incarceration just as he receives a picture of Michael in a new prison. T-Bag shows it to Lincoln, who finds the hidden word "Ogygia", which is a prison in Sana'a, Yemen. Lincoln informs Sara, who has been raising her and Michael's son, Mike, along with her husband, Jacob. She refuses to believe the news. However, Lincoln determines to travel to Yemen to be certain, asking help from C-Note, who has converted to Islam. Sucre offers to accompany Lincoln, who takes C-Note instead. The mysterious mercenaries who have been following and harassing Lincoln and Sara send Lincoln and C-Note's pictures to their contacts in Sana'a, where the duo overpowers the attackers and meets a contact, who trades their visit to Ogygia for Lincoln's United States passport. Lincoln learns that Michael's fake identity is Kaniel Outis, a dangerous terrorist affiliated with ISIL. Michael ignores Lincoln, claiming not to know him. Meanwhile, T-Bag is contacted by a physician offering him a prosthetic hand as functional as a natural one. The procedure works; and T-Bag learns that an anonymous person known only as Outis (Greek for "Nobody") funded the operation and insisted on him being the patient.
83
2 "Kaniel Outis" Maja Vrvilo Paul Scheuring April 11, 2017 (2017-04-11) 1AZM02 3.18[7]
Lincoln receives a message from Michael asking them to find the "Sheik of Light." Sheba, the contact, agrees to help decode the message in exchange for money. Sara receives the video recording of Michael and meets up with Kellerman at the State Department. He deduces that Michael was the mastermind of changing his identity. Later, he sends Sara footage of Michael killing a CIA official. Michael acquires pills to give to his cellmate, Ja, who is suffering from withdrawals in exchange for a cell phone and credit card, using them to send a message to Sara. Lincoln's team discovers that Mohammad El-Tunis, the Sheik, is a local electrical engineer trapped in an ISIL-controlled suburb with his daughter. They rescue the duo; and Mohammad is revealed to be the father of Sid, Michael's cellmate incarcerated for homosexuality. Mohammad gives Michael's team a signal to reveal that the escape plan is on. Sara receives Michael's message to get everyone to safety because "a storm is coming". The solitary inmates, including Abu Ramal, the local ISIL leader, are released into the general sector. Ramal and Michael are revealed to be close friends.
84
3 "The Liar" Maja Vrvilo Josh Goldin & Rachel Abramowitz April 18, 2017 (2017-04-18) 1AZM03 2.44[8]
Lincoln prepares for the escape by ordering forged passports. However, he and Sheba are caught by ISIL and Cyclops, who attempts to rape her until Lincoln frees himself and saves her. T-Bag runs into Sara, and tries to warn her about A&W and Van Gogh, two of Poseidon's henchmen, who may be following her trail. A&W and Van Gogh hack into her phone, later discovered by Sara, who deduces Kellerman's involvement. She asks T-Bag to investigate Kellerman. Cross, an inmate who refused to leave his brother, Muza, and participate in Michael's escape, warns Whip that Michael cannot be trusted. Michael obtains a gold watch from one of the guards, planting it on Ramal, so that he will be detained during the escape. Michael and Whip are revealed to have been working undercover for the CIA as Whip worries the line between Michael and Outis will be blurred. During the escape however, Ramal's party, Cross and Muza race to Michael's cell and are caught by the guards, leading to Muza's death and the recapture of Michael's team. Ramal vows to kill Michael in solitary while Michael uses the last remaining battery life on his cell phone to record a goodbye to Sara.
85
4 "The Prisoner's Dilemma" Guy Ferland Michael Horowitz April 25, 2017 (2017-04-25) 1AZM04 2.75[9]
ISIL continues advancing in Sana'a. Cross rallies the other prisoners to capture Ramal and use him as a bargaining chip. Michael convinces a reluctant Ramal to help them out as he is the one inside of the solitary cell with escape tools. Ramal, Michael, Ja and Whip are able to escape just as Cross and his followers break into solitary. Sid stabs Cross in the chest, joining Michael's party, which heads outside. They are all captured by ISIL. Ramal plans to behead Michael; but Lincoln intervenes and kills the jihadists while Whip kills Ramal. Michael and Lincoln share an emotional reunion as a news report on Ramal's death plays. Sid informs them that ISIL is now declaring war on them for Ramal's death. Meanwhile, T-Bag confronts Kellerman, who denies being Poseidon, an unknown rogue CIA agent criticizing the U.S. foreign policy. They are attacked by Poseidon operatives. T-Bag manages to escape; but Kellerman is killed by Van Gogh, who starts doubting Poseidon's cause. T-Bag pursues A&W and Van Gogh and takes photos of them meeting with Jacob.
86
5 "Contingency" Guy Ferland Vaun Wilmott May 2, 2017 (2017-05-02) 1AZM05 2.35[10]
Lincoln forces Michael to reveal the truth: Michael was contacted by Poseidon before his wedding with Sara; Poseidon revealed that Kellerman did not have any authority to exonerate Michael's team, offering legitimate exonerations in exchange for Michael faking his death, keeping the truth hidden from everyone and working for Poseidon, accepted by Michael. While Lincoln offers going to the airport and rendezvousing with C-Note's party, Michael decides to use the train station to leave Yemen. Cyclops deduces Michael's plan and takes ISIL, intercepting Michael's party, who escape to a facility where Ja ambushes ISIL. They escape the building; but Sid is killed by Cyclops, whom the team handcuffs to his corpse before proceeding to the airport. Meanwhile, C-Note's party arrives at the airport before ISIL attacks. C-Note and Sheba save a pilot, who agrees to fly them abroad. They board a plane; but the pilot decides to fly before Michael's party arrives, which Lincoln approves of on the phone. C-Note's party takes off while Michael's is chased by ISIL. In the meantime, T-Bag shows the pictures to Sara, who confronts Jacob, who later apparently proves his benevolence to her by having A&W and Van Gogh arrested.
87
6 "Phaecia" Kevin Tancharoen Michael Horowitz May 9, 2017 (2017-05-09) 1AZM06 2.37[11]
Michael's party confronts Omar, who alerts ISIL; but they overpower ISIL and force Omar's compliance, heading to Phaecia, a human settlement in the desert capable of sending Michael's party abroad. A&W and Van Gogh are released on bail and convince a NSA insider to help track down Michael, whose party stops at a gas station, where Michael uses the internet to contact an unknown person in Portland, Maine, sending him a picture of his tattoos on his palms. Van Gogh alerts ISIL, who attack the gas station and kill Omar. Whip kills the ISIL operatives. Michael's party continues in the desert before learning about Cyclops chasing them. Michael takes one of the cars and lures Cyclops to a trap, where Michael blinds Cyclops' remaining eye but he is able to wound Michael with a poisoned blade. Ja helps the others find Phaecia, where they use fireworks to lead Michael to them, who falls unconscious after arriving. A&W and Van Gogh find Michael's contact, revealed to be an Elvis impersonator. Meanwhile, Agent Kishida replaces Kellerman's position, assigned to investigate his death.
88
7 "Wine Dark Sea" Kevin Tancharoen Vaun Wilmott May 16, 2017 (2017-05-16) 1AZM07 2.41[12]
Ja decides to stay in Phaecia while the others leave on a boat to Crete, Greece. Lincoln calls Sara and tells her about Michael's condition. She informs Jacob and goes to Crete by plane. She reunites with Michael and heals him. He reveals that Jacob is Poseidon, having framed the former for the murder of the CIA official. Sara returns to the U.S. to secure Mike, whom she entrusts to her friend; but they are captured by Jacob and his operatives. Michael reunites with Sucre on board the commercial ship upon which he is working. The captain learns about Outis and alerts the authorities. Navy SEALs are dispatched to kill Michael. Sucre formulates a plan to force the SEALs away, which causes a frustrated Jacob to have a missile fired at the ship, which explodes just after Michael's party jumps overboard. Meanwhile, Kellerman's successor, Kishida, confronts A&W and Van Gogh for their clandestine operation, leading to the former's murder.
89
8 "Progeny" Nelson McCormick Michael Horowitz May 23, 2017 (2017-05-23) 1AZM08 1.90[13]
Michael's party is rescued by a fishing boat that takes them to Marseille, France, where Michael contacts Sara, deduces their situation, and decides to go to the U.S., using Lincoln's conflict with Luca Abruzzi, John Abruzzi's son, over a botched smuggling operation to their advantage. Michael and Lincoln enlist C-Note and Sheba's help in disposing of Luca and his gang, then convincing C-Note and later Sheba to leave the conflict. They proceed with the plan of taking down 21-Void and rescuing Sara and Mike, culminating in a lake house in Michigan, where Michael reunites with Mike but realizes that it was a ruse used by Jacob to lure him, and A&W confronts them, with an unknown person getting shot. Lincoln is found by Luca outside the house, and is shot. Meanwhile, Whip, whose real identity is David Martin, is sent to Chicago by Michael, meeting T-Bag, revealed to be his father. The analyst Theroux is revealed to be a 21-Void agent, and Van Gogh expresses disdain for Jacob's methods and vows to leave 21-Void when the job with Michael is done.
90
9 "Behind the Eyes" Nelson McCormick Paul Scheuring May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) 1AZM09 2.30[14]
Van Gogh is revealed to be the one shot by A&W, having become skeptical of Michael's involvement in Gaines' murder. Mortally wounded, Van Gogh gives up Mike's location to Sara. As Jacob works to brainwash Mike, Michael gathers his allies, including Blue Hawaii, to bring down Jacob. A wounded Lincoln escapes the hospital and ensures Luca's arrest by the FBI. Michael enacts a plan where he lures Jacob and A&W to a warehouse to recreate Gaines' murder and prove Jacob's involvement. During the attempt, Whip is shot by A&W and dies before T-Bag kills her and is arrested. Michael succeeds in proving Jacob's involvement and both are arrested. At the same time, Lincoln and Sara rescue Mike and capture Theroux. With the evidence planted by Michael and Theroux's testimony, Michael is exonerated and his identity as Michael Scofield is restored. He refuses an offer to join the CIA and returns to a normal life with Sara and Mike. Jacob is sent to Fox River State Penitentiary, where he ends up with T-Bag as his cellmate, as requested by Michael. The other inmates cheer T-Bag on as he attacks Jacob.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
On January 12, 2015, at the 2015 Winter TCA Press Tour, Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell revealed the possibility that Fox was interested in bringing back Prison Break, with Miller stating: "We actually floated the idea to Fox very casually and they seemed very not casual about this interest. They seemed to think there was something there." Purcell concluded by adding, "It's something that Fox is, as Wentworth said, potentially excited about."[15]
On January 17, 2015, Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Gary Newman made it clear that they would love to bring Prison Break back for another run, although Fox had nothing to report. Newman himself stated, "There's some speculation in the press at Prison Break and we've made it clear at the studio that we'd bring Prison Break back at the studio [...] It's the perfect event series. But at the moment, we have nothing else to report."[16]
On June 2, 2015, it was reported that a limited series revival of Paul Scheuring's Prison Break was in development at Fox.[17]
On August 6, 2015, Fox confirmed a 10-episode order for the revival. The limited series is a sequel to the original series, taking place several years later, and features Miller and Purcell reprising their roles as well as the return of other original characters. Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Dana Walden herself stated that Prison Break has performed particularly well internationally and on SVOD platforms such as Netflix.[18] Walden added that: "a logical and believable explanation to why the characters are alive and still moving around the world [...]" Walden said. "The brothers and some of the iconic characters will be back, and it will address some questions that were set up at the end of the series for a new audience."[19]
On January 15, 2016, Fox officially ordered the revival to series,[20] with the episode order revised to nine episodes, though Fox declined to announce how many episodes the series will run.[21] The original producing team of creator Paul Scheuring, Neal Moritz, Marty Adelstein and Dawn Olmstead were all confirmed as to return for the event series as executive producers, with Scheuring writing and serving as showrunner.[20]
Writing[edit]
On August 7, 2015, it was announced that creator and executive producer Paul Scheuring would be writing the first episode as well as a style/tone bible for other writers to follow.[22]
Casting[edit]
On January 15, 2016, stars Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell were confirmed to be reprising their roles as brothers Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows.[23]
On February 22, 2016, it was reported that Mark Feuerstein would play Scott Ness (later changed to Jacob Ness), the husband of Dr. Sara Tancredi, a Professor of Economics (game theory) at Cornell who has been described as, "dubious of the government but still has a bit of fight in him when it comes to taking them on."[24] Additionally, on February 22, 2016, it was confirmed that Sarah Wayne Callies was in talks to reprise her role in the follow-up along with Robert Knepper, Rockmond Dunbar and Amaury Nolasco, although there were no deals in place with any of them at that time.[25]
On March 9, 2016, Augustus Prew, Rick Yune and Steve Mouzakis were cast for "heavily recurring roles". Prew plays "funny, crazy and pretty damn sharp" Whip; Yune plays Ja, who is described as a "Korean identity thief, who disheveled appearance belies his genius"; and Mouzakis plays Van Gogh, "a bad-ass nut-job".[26] On March 9, 2016, Sarah Wayne Callies was confirmed to be returning as Sara Tancredi.[27] On March 16, 2016, Amin El Gamal was cast in a recurring role, playing Cyclops.[28]
On March 17, 2016, it was announced that original stars Robert Knepper, Amaury Nolasco and Rockmond Dunbar would be reprising their respective roles as T-Bag, Sucre and C-Note, respectively.[29] On March 21, 2016, Paul Adelstein was confirmed to be reprising his role as Paul Kellerman.[30] On March 21, 2016, Inbar Lavi, Marina Benedict and Kunal Sharma were cast in major recurring roles.[31] Lavi plays Sheba, an operator/fixer/activist who becomes involved with Burrows.[32] Benedict is A&W, "a crazed and fearless villainess who is unconcerned about her physical well-being but ruthless and efficient in completing her deadly goals", and Sharma plays Sid, a man in prison.[31] On April 22, 2016, it was announced that Faran Tahir would play Jamil, whom Tahir describes as "a man who has an inner conflict which again is something I love experimenting with."[33]
In July 2016, it was revealed that William Fichtner would not be reprising his role as Alexander Mahone.[34] Robert Knepper told Digital Spy that "[writer] Paul Scheuring loves Bill Fichtner and I love Bill Fichtner. He's a brilliant actor – but Paul honestly said to me, 'I don't know what to do with that character'. He didn't want to just bring everybody back, so that the audience go, 'Oh, look, it's Bill Fichtner again!' – he honestly thought, 'I'm not sure where to do that in the plot.' So if someday there's another chapter of this, maybe then Bill will be back. But I think the characters that are there, each of our moments that we have, are key to the storytelling, which is how it should be."[34]
Filming[edit]
Production on the season began in April 7, 2016, in Vancouver, once Miller and Purcell completed filming for Legends of Tomorrow.[35] Filming concluded in Vancouver on July 11, 2016.[36] On June 1, 2016, Dominic Purcell was almost killed on set in Morocco, after an iron bar used as a set piece had fallen onto his head, which caused a broken nose and a head injury. Purcell was immediately airlifted from Marrakesh to Casablanca for treatment where he recovered. Filming of the series was not substantially disrupted due to the accident.[37][38][39]
Music[edit]
Composer Ramin Djawadi stated that he would definitely like to return and work on the new season of Prison Break, after learning of the news of the possible revival, to which further stated, "I literally just heard it, so it's news for me. It's very exciting because the show was such a good show but nobody has contacted me at this point." Djawadi later added, "Most likely, if my schedule allows - that show was very close to me. I loved all the people involved. I thought it was an incredible show. Absolutely."[40] In June 2016, it was confirmed that Djawadi would return as composer for season five.[41]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 55% based on 29 reviews, with an average score of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Prison Break recaptures some of its old urgency in its return, but familiar faces and frenetic action aren't enough to make up for a plot that manages to bore while beggaring belief."[42] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 48 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[43]
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Ogygia" April 4, 2017 1.5/5 3.83[6] 0.8 1.86 2.3 5.68[44]
2 "Kaniel Outis" April 11, 2017 1.1/4 3.18[7] 0.9 1.84 2.0 5.01[45]
3 "The Liar" April 18, 2017 0.9/3 2.44[8] 0.8 1.76 1.7 4.20[46]
4 "The Prisoner's Dilemma" April 25, 2017 0.9/3 2.75[9] N/A N/A N/A N/A
5 "Contingency" May 2, 2017 0.8/3 2.35[10] 0.7 1.51 1.5 3.86[47]
6 "Phaecia" May 9, 2017 0.9/3 2.37[11] 0.6 1.33 1.5 3.70[48]
7 "Wine Dark Sea" May 16, 2017 0.9/4 2.41[12] 0.7 1.41 1.6 3.81[49]
8 "Progeny" May 23, 2017 0.7/3 1.90[13] 0.7 1.60 1.4 3.50[50]
9 "Behind the Eyes" May 30, 2017 0.9/3 2.30[14] 0.7 1.54 1.6 3.83[51]
Home media release[edit]
The event series was released on Blu-ray and DVD on June 27, 2017. Special features include a behind-the-scenes featurette, "A Return Home: The Making of Prison Break Event Series".[52]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McCreesh, Louise (March 6, 2017). "The Prison Break revival officially has a title – as show writers reveal why there are only nine episodes in the new series". Digital Spy. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ROBERT KNEPPER, ROCKMOND DUNBAR AND AMAURY NOLASCO RETURN TO PRISON BREAK". 20th Century Fox. March 11, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (January 11, 2017). "Prison Break, Making History Premiere Dates Announced by Fox". TVLine. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Calcuttawala, Zainab (April 7, 2016). "American Show "Prison Break" to Film in Rabat, Casablanca, Ouarzazate". Morocco World News. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (March 11, 2015). "Sarah Wayne Callies To Reprise ‘Prison Break’ Role In Fox Event Series". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 5, 2017). "'NCIS' and 'The Middle' adjust up: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 12, 2017). "‘The Middle’ adjusts up: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 19, 2017). "‘The Middle’ adjusts up: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 26, 2017). "‘The Mick’ and ‘Agents of SHIELD’ adjust up, ‘iZombie’ adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 3, 2017). "‘NCIS’ and ‘The Middle’ adjust up, ‘Prison Break’ adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 10, 2017). "‘The Voice’ adjusts up, ‘iZombie’ adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 17, 2017). "‘NCIS’ finale and ‘Bull’ adjust up, ‘The Middle’ adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 24, 2017). "‘Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up, ‘iZombie’ adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 1, 2017). "‘America’s Got Talent’ adjusts up, ‘Imaginary Mary’ adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bricker, Tierney (January 12, 2015). "Fox "Definitely" Interested in Prison Break's Return, Wentworth Miller Reveals". E!. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (March 17, 2016). "'Prison Break': Robert Knepper, Rockmond Dunbar Returning for Revival". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (June 2, 2015). "Prison Break Limited Series In Development at Fox". TVLine. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rose, Lacey (August 6, 2015). "Fox Chiefs on 'Prison Break' Revival, 'Empire' Impact and Planned Turnaround". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 6, 2015). "‘Prison Break’ Sequel Limited Series A Go At Fox". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b O'Connell, Michael (January 15, 2016). "Fox Greenlights 'Prison Break' Event Series, Orders '24' Spinoff Pilot 'Legacy'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich, Matt (January 15, 2016). "Prison Break Revival Is Officially a Go: Updates on Cast, International Setting". TVLine. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Plumb, Ali (August 7, 2015). "Prison Break Sequel Series Confirmed By Fox". Empire. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (January 15, 2016). "‘Prison Break’ Event Series with Original Cast & Producers Officially Greenlit at Fox". Variety. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bryant, Jacob (February 22, 2016). "TV News Roundup: Michael Raymond-James Back on ‘Once Upon a Time’; Mark Feuerstein Joins ‘Prison Break’". Variety. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 22, 2016). "‘Prison Break’: Mark Feuerstein Joins Fox Event Series". Deadline.com. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (March 9, 2016). "Prison Break Revival: Augustus Prew, Rick Yune Join Cast". TVLine. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Birnbaum, Debra (March 9, 2016). "Sarah Wayne Callies Joins Fox’s ‘Prison Break’ Revival". Variety. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (March 16, 2016). "‘Ray Donovan’ Casts Richard Brake; ‘Prison Break’ Adds Amin El Gamal". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (January 15, 2016). "‘Prison Break’ Revival Bringing Back More Original Stars". Variety. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (March 21, 2016). "Paul Adelstein Returning to Fox’s ‘Prison Break’ Revival". Variety. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Petski, Denise (March 21, 2016). "‘Prison Break’: Inbar Lavi, Marina Benedict & Kunal Sharma Join Fox Event Series". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (March 21, 2016). "Prison Break Revival: The Last Ship's Inbar Lavi to Recur on Fox Event Series". TVLine. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Faran Tahir cast as newest member of TV serial ‘Prison Break’". The Express Tribune. April 17, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Jeffrey, Morgan; McCabe, Joseph (July 25, 2016). "Prison Break: Here's the REAL reason that Mahone isn't back for the revival". Digital Spy. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Roffman, Marisa (August 11, 2015). "'Prison Break's' Dominic Purcell Vows Reboot Will Be "Amazing"". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Current Productions: April 29, 2016" (PDF). Directors Guild of Canada, BC District Council. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Purcell, Dominic (June 1, 2016). "Dominic Purcell: I'm good". Instagram. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 3, 2016). "Dominic Purcell Injured On Set Of Fox's Prison Break, Production Not Impacted". Deadline.com. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Prison Break star Dominic Purcell almost killed on set after iron bar falls on his head". News.com.au. June 4, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Debnath, Neela (July 24, 2015). "Prison Break season 5: Ramin Djawadi says he would 'absolutely' return to the show". Daily Express. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ @PBWritersRoom (June 2, 2016). "Yes! Ramin is back, so expect some cool new music." (Tweet). Retrieved April 2, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Prison Break: Season 5 (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Prison Break: Season 5 reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 20, 2017). "'iZombie' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 26, 2017). "6 shows double, led by 'Designated Survivor': Week 30 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 4, 2017). "'Designated Survivor' makes more big gains: Week 31 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 22, 2017). "'Modern Family,' 'Big Bang' gain the most, 10 shows double: Week 33 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 27, 2017). "'Designated Survivor,' 'Big Bang Theory' finale lead week 34's broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 2, 2017). "'Modern Family,' 'Designated Survivor' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 8, 2017). "'Empire' and 'Bull' season finales lead week 36’s broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 14, 2017). "'Lucifer' and 'Prison Break' finales get good bumps: Broadcast Live +7 ratings for May 29-June 4". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (May 24, 2017). "Prison Break - Fox Official Press Release: 'The Event Series' and Blu 'Collector's Set'". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
Prison Break on IMDb
Prison Break at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Prison Break
Seasons
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
Episodes
"Pilot"
"Allen"
"Cute Poison"
"English, Fitz or Percy"
"Riots, Drills and the Devil"
"Manhunt"
"Rendezvous"
"Bolshoi Booze"
" Disconnect"
"The Killing Box"
"John Doe"
"The Message"
"Chicago"
"Panama"
"Fin Del Camino"
"Scylla"
"Breaking & Entering"
"Shut Down"
"Eagles & Angels"
"Safe & Sound"
"Blow Out"
"Five the Hard Way"
"The Price"
"Greatness Achieved"
"The Legend"
"Quiet Riot"
"Selfless"
"Ogygia"
"Kaniel Outis"
"The Liar"
"The Prisoner's Dilemma
Characters
Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell
Brad Bellick
Lincoln Burrows
Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin
Paul Kellerman
Alexander Mahone
Michael Scofield
Fernando Sucre
Sara Tancredi
Minor characters
Cast members
Universe
Fox River State Penitentiary
Penitenciaría Federal de Sona
The Company
Other media
The Final Break (movie)
Proof of Innocence
The Conspiracy
Soundtracks
Seasons 1 & 2
Seasons 3 & 4
Related
Awards and nominations
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prison_Break_(season_5)&oldid=803385578"
Categories:
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text:
Illuminated manuscript
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In the strictest definition of illuminated manuscript, only manuscripts with gold or silver, like this miniature of Christ in Majesty from the Aberdeen Bestiary (folio 4v), would be considered illuminated.
The decoration of this page from a French Book of Hours, c. 1400, includes a miniature, initials and borders
An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the text is supplemented with such decoration as initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations. In the strictest definition, the term refers only to manuscripts decorated with gold or silver; but in both common usage and modern scholarship, the term refers to any decorated or illustrated manuscript from Western traditions. Comparable Far Eastern and Mesoamerican works are described as painted. Islamic manuscripts may be referred to as illuminated, illustrated or painted, though using essentially the same techniques as Western works. This article covers the technical, social and economic history of the subject; for an art-historical account, see miniature.
The earliest surviving substantive illuminated manuscripts are from the period 400 to 600, produced in the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths and the Eastern Roman Empire. The significance of these works lies not only in their inherent artistic and historical value, but also in the maintenance of a link of literacy offered by non-illuminated texts. Had it not been for the monastic scribes of Late Antiquity, most literature of Greece and Rome would have perished in Europe. As it was, the patterns of textual survivals were shaped by their usefulness to the severely constricted literate group of Christians. Illumination of manuscripts, as a way of aggrandizing ancient documents, aided their preservation and informative value in an era when new ruling classes were no longer literate, at least in the language used in the manuscripts.
The majority of surviving manuscripts are from the Middle Ages, although many survive from the Renaissance, along with a very limited number from Late Antiquity. The majority of these manuscripts are of a religious nature. However, especially from the 13th century onward, an increasing number of secular texts were illuminated. Most illuminated manuscripts were created as codices, which had superseded scrolls. A very few illuminated manuscript fragments survive on papyrus, which does not last nearly as long as vellum or parchment. Most medieval manuscripts, illuminated or not, were written on parchment (most commonly of calf, sheep, or goat skin), but most manuscripts important enough to illuminate were written on the best quality of parchment, called vellum.
Beginning in the late Middle Ages manuscripts began to be produced on paper.[1] Very early printed books were sometimes produced with spaces left for rubrics and miniatures, or were given illuminated initials, or decorations in the margin, but the introduction of printing rapidly led to the decline of illumination. Illuminated manuscripts continued to be produced in the early 16th century, but in much smaller numbers, mostly for the very wealthy. Manuscripts are among the most common items to survive from the Middle Ages; many thousands survive. They are also the best surviving specimens of medieval painting, and the best preserved. Indeed, for many areas and time periods, they are the only surviving examples of painting.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Techniques
2.1 Text
2.2 The process of illumination
2.3 Use of color in illuminated manuscripts
2.4 Paints
2.5 Gilding
3 Patrons of illumination
4 Gallery
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
7.1 Images (mostly)
7.2 Resources
7.3 Modern
History[edit]
Main article: History of miniature (illuminated manuscript)
Art historians classify illuminated manuscripts into their historic periods and types, including (but not limited to) Late Antique, Insular, Carolingian manuscripts, Ottonian manuscripts, Romanesque manuscripts, Gothic manuscripts, and Renaissance manuscripts. There are a few examples from later periods. The type of book that was most often heavily and richly illuminated, sometimes known as a "display book", varied between periods. In the first millennium, these were most likely to be Gospel Books, such as the Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells. The Romanesque period saw the creation of many huge illuminated complete Bibles – one in Sweden requires three librarians to lift it. Many Psalters were also heavily illuminated in both this and the Gothic period. Single cards or posters of vellum, leather or paper were in wider circulation with short stories or legends on them about the lives of saints, chivalry knights or other mythological figures, even criminal, social or miraculous occurrences; popular events much freely used by story tellers and itinerant actors to support their plays. Finally, the Book of Hours, very commonly the personal devotional book of a wealthy layperson, was often richly illuminated in the Gothic period. Other books, both liturgical and not, continued to be illuminated at all periods. The Byzantine world also continued to produce manuscripts in its own style, versions of which spread to other Orthodox and Eastern Christian areas. See Medieval art for other regions, periods and types. Reusing parchments by scraping the surface and reusing them was a common practice; the traces often left behind of the original text are known as palimpsests.
The Muslim World and in particular the Iberian Peninsula, with their traditions of literacy uninterrupted by the Middle Ages, were instrumental in delivering ancient classic works to the growing intellectual circles and universities of Western Europe all through the 12th century, as books were produced there in large numbers and on paper for the first time in Europe, and with them full treatises on the sciences, especially astrology and medicine where illumination was required to have profuse and accurate representations with the text.
The Gothic period, which generally saw an increase in the production of these beautiful artifacts, also saw more secular works such as chronicles and works of literature illuminated. Wealthy people began to build up personal libraries; Philip the Bold probably had the largest personal library of his time in the mid-15th century, is estimated to have had about 600 illuminated manuscripts, whilst a number of his friends and relations had several dozen.
Illuminated manuscripts housed in the 16th-century Ethiopian Orthodox church of Ura Kidane Mehret, Zege Peninsula, Lake Tana, Ethiopia
Up to the 12th century, most manuscripts were produced in monasteries in order to add to the library or after receiving a commission from a wealthy patron. Larger monasteries often contained separate areas for the monks who specialized in the production of manuscripts called a scriptorium. Within the walls of a scriptorium were individualized areas where a monk could sit and work on a manuscript without being disturbed by his fellow brethren. If no scriptorium was available, then “separate little rooms were assigned to book copying; they were situated in such a way that each scribe had to himself a window open to the cloister walk.”[2] The separation of these monks from the rest of the cloister indicates just how revered these monks were within their society.
By the 14th century, the cloisters of monks writing in the scriptorium had almost fully given way to commercial urban scriptoria, especially in Paris, Rome and the Netherlands.[3] While the process of creating an illuminated manuscript did not change, the move from monasteries to commercial settings was a radical step. Demand for manuscripts grew to an extent that the Monastic libraries were unable to meet with the demand, and began employing secular scribes and illuminators.[4] These individuals often lived close to the monastery and, in certain instances, dressed as monks whenever they entered the monastery, but were allowed to leave at the end of the day. In reality, illuminators were often well known and acclaimed and many of their identities have survived.[5]
First, the manuscript was “sent to the rubricator, who added (in red or other colors) the titles, headlines, the initials of chapters and sections, the notes and so on; and then – if the book was to be illustrated – it was sent to the illuminator.”[2] In the case of manuscripts that were sold commercially, the writing would “undoubtedly have been discussed initially between the patron and the scribe (or the scribe’s agent,) but by the time that the written gathering were sent off to the illuminator there was no longer any scope for innovation.”[6]
Techniques[edit]
The author of a manuscript at his writing desk. 14th Century
Illumination was a complex and frequently costly process. It was usually reserved for special books: an altar Bible, for example. Wealthy people often had richly illuminated "books of hours" made, which set down prayers appropriate for various times in the liturgical day.
In the early Middle Ages, most books were produced in monasteries, whether for their own use, for presentation, or for a commission. However, commercial scriptoria grew up in large cities, especially Paris, and in Italy and the Netherlands, and by the late 14th century there was a significant industry producing manuscripts, including agents who would take long-distance commissions, with details of the heraldry of the buyer and the saints of personal interest to him (for the calendar of a Book of hours). By the end of the period, many of the painters were women, perhaps especially in Paris.
Text[edit]
In the making of an illuminated manuscript, the text was usually written first. Sheets of parchment or vellum, animal hides specially prepared for writing, were cut down to the appropriate size. After the general layout of the page was planned (e.g., initial capital, borders), the page was lightly ruled with a pointed stick, and the scribe went to work with ink-pot and either sharpened quill feather or reed pen.
The script depended on local customs and tastes. The sturdy Roman letters of the early Middle Ages gradually gave way to scripts such as Uncial and half-Uncial, especially in the British Isles, where distinctive scripts such as insular majuscule and insular minuscule developed. Stocky, richly textured blackletter was first seen around the 13th century and was particularly popular in the later Middle Ages. Palaeography is the study of historical handwritten scripts, and codicology the related study of other physical aspects of manuscript codexes.
One of the most important features in the production of an illuminated manuscript is the amount of time that was spent in the pre-production stages outlining the work. Prior to the days of such careful planning, “A typical black-letter page of these Gothic years would show a page in which the lettering was cramped and crowded into a format dominated by huge ornamented capitals that descended from uncial forms or by illustrations.”[7] To prevent such poorly made manuscripts and illuminations from occurring a script was typically supplied first, “and blank spaces were left for the decoration. This pre-supposes very careful planning by the scribe even before he put pen to parchment.” If the scribe and the illuminator were separate labors the planning period allowed for adequate space to be given to each individual.
The process of illumination[edit]
A common process of manuscripts illumination from the creation of the quire to the binding
ILLUMINATION EXECUTION
I. Graphite powder dots create the outline II. Silverpoint drawings are sketched III. Illustration is retraced with ink IV. The surface is prepared for the application of gold leaf V. Gold leaf is laid down VI. Gold leaf is burnished to make it glossy and reflective VII. Decorative impressions are made to adhere the leaf VIII. Base colors are applied IX. Darker tones are used to give volume X. Further details are drawn XI. Lighter colors are used to add particulars XII. Ink borders are traced to finalize the illumination
A 13th-century manuscript illumination, the earliest known depiction of Thomas Becket's assassination
The following steps outline the detailed labor involved to create the illuminations of one page of a manuscript:
Silverpoint drawing of the design were executed
Burnished gold dots applied
The application of modulating colors
Continuation of the previous three steps in addition to the outlining of marginal figures
The penning of a rinceaux appearing in the border of a page
The final step, the marginal figures are painted[8]
The illumination and decoration was normally planned at the inception of the work, and space reserved for it. However, the text was usually written before illumination began. In the Early Medieval period the text and illumination were often done by the same people, normally monks, but by the High Middle Ages the roles were typically separated, except for routine initials and flourishes, and by at least the 14th century there were secular workshops producing manuscripts, and by the beginning of the 15th century these were producing most of the best work, and were commissioned even by monasteries. When the text was complete, the illustrator set to work. Complex designs were planned out beforehand, probably on wax tablets, the sketch pad of the era. The design was then traced or drawn onto the vellum (possibly with the aid of pinpricks or other markings, as in the case of the Lindisfarne Gospels). Many incomplete manuscripts survive from most periods, giving us a good idea of working methods.
At all times, most manuscripts did not have images in them. In the early Middle Ages, manuscripts tend to either be display books with very full illumination, or manuscripts for study with at most a few decorated initials and flourishes. By the Romanesque period many more manuscripts had decorated or historiated initials, and manuscripts essentially for study often contained some images, often not in color. This trend intensified in the Gothic period, when most manuscripts had at least decorative flourishes in places, and a much larger proportion had images of some sort. Display books of the Gothic period in particular had very elaborate decorated borders of foliate patterns, often with small drolleries. A Gothic page might contain several areas and types of decoration: a miniature in a frame, a historiated initial beginning a passage of text, and a border with drolleries. Often different artists worked on the different parts of the decoration.
Use of color in illuminated manuscripts[edit]
While the use of gold is by far one of the most captivating features of illuminated manuscripts, the bold use of varying colors provided multiple layers of dimension to the illumination. From a religious perspective, "the diverse colors wherewith the book is illustrated, not unworthily represent the multiple grace of heavenly wisdom."[2] While religious authors view themselves as instilling a part of God's vast glory on the work, many illustrations can be linked to "the history of the texts that were required to be illustrated and the needs and tastes of the readers of those manuscripts."[9] Color brought the images on the page to life and captivated the readers. Without color the impact of the image would have been completely lost.
Paints[edit]
The medieval artist's palette was broad; a partial list of pigments is given below. In addition, unlikely-sounding substances such as urine and earwax were used to prepare pigments.[10]
Color
Source(s)
Red
Insect-based colors, including:
Carmine, also known as cochineal, where carminic acid from the Dactylopius coccus insect is mixed with an aluminum salt to produce the dye;
Crimson, also known as kermes, extracted from the insect Kermes vermilio; and
Lac, a scarlet resinous secretion of a number of species of insects.
Chemical- and mineral-based colors, including:
Red lead, chemically lead tetroxide, Pb3O4, found in nature as the mineral minium, or made by heating white lead;
Vermilion, chemically mercury sulfide, HgS, and found in nature as the mineral cinnabar;
Rust, chemically hydrated ferric oxide, Fe2O3·n H2O, or iron oxide-rich earth compounds.
Yellow
Plant-based colors, such as:
Weld, processed from the Reseda luteola plant;
Turmeric, from the Curcuma longa plant; and
Saffron, rarely due to cost, from the Crocus sativus.
Mineral-based colors, including:
Ochre, an earth pigment that occurs as the mineral limonite; and
Orpiment, chemically arsenic trisulfide, As2S3.
Green
Verdigris, chemically cupric acetate, Cu(OAc)2·(H2O)2, made historically by boiling copper plates in vinegar;
Malachite, a mineral found in nature, chemically basic copper carbonate, Cu2CO3·(OH)2; and
China green, a plant-based pigment extracted from buckthorn (Rhamnus tinctoria, R. utilis) berries.
Blue
Plant-based substances such as:
Woad, produced from the leaves of the plant Isatis tinctoria;
Indigo, derived from the plant Indigofera tinctoria; and
Turnsole, also known as folium, a dyestuff prepared from the plant Crozophora tinctoria.
Chemical- and mineral-based colors, including:
Ultramarine, made from the minerals lapis lazuli or azurite; and
Smalt, now known as cobalt blue.
White
White lead, chemically basic lead carbonate, 2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2, and historically made by corroding sheets of lead with vinegar, and covering that with decaying matter, such as dung, to provide the necessary carbon dioxide for the chemical reaction; and
Chalk, chemically calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
Black
Carbon, from sources such as lampblack, charcoal, or burnt bones or ivory;
Sepia, from the ink produced by the cuttlefish, usually for an escape mechanism; and
Iron gall ink, where in medieval times iron nails would be boiled in vinegar; the resulting compound would then be mixed with an extract of oak apple (oak galls).
Gold
Gold leaf, gold hammered extremely thin, or gold powder, bound in gum arabic or egg; the latter is called shell gold.
Silver
Silver, either silver leaf or powdered, as with gold; and
Tin leaf, also as with gold.
Gilding[edit]
The 11th century Tyniec Sacramentary was written with gold on purple background.
An illuminated manuscript is not considered illuminated unless one or many illuminations contained gold foil or was brushed with gold specks, a process known as burnishing. The inclusion of gold on an illumination alludes to many different possibilities for the text. If the text is of religious nature the gold is a sign of exalting the text. In the early centuries of Christianity, “Gospel manuscripts were sometimes written entirely in gold.”[11] Aside from adding flashy decoration to the text, scribes during the time considered themselves to be praising God with their use of gold. In one particular instance, “The life of Christ executed on gold backgrounds with much greater richness in the midst of innumerable scenes of the chase, tourneys, games and grotesque subjects.”[12] Furthermore, gold was used if a patron who had commissioned a book to be written wished to display the vastness of his riches. Eventually, the addition of gold to manuscripts became so frequent, “that its value as a barometer of status with the manuscript was degraded.”[13] During this time period the price of gold had become so cheap that its inclusion in an illuminated manuscript accounted for only a tenth of the cost of production.[14] By adding richness and depth to the manuscript, the use of gold in illuminations created pieces of art that are still valued today.
The application of gold leaf or dust to an illumination is a very detailed process that only the most skilled illuminators can undertake and successfully achieve. The first detail an illuminator considered when dealing with gold was whether to use gold leaf or specks of gold that could be applied with a brush. When working with gold leaf the pieces would be hammered and thinned until they were “thinner than the thinnest paper.”[14] The use of this type of leaf allowed for numerous areas of the text to be outlined in gold. There were several ways of applying gold to an illumination one of the most popular included mixing the gold with stag’s glue and then “pour it into water and dissolve it with your finger.”[15] Once the gold was soft and malleable in the water it was ready to be applied to the page. Illuminators had to be very careful when applying gold leaf to the manuscript for fear ruining the color already placed in the illumination. Gold leaf is able to “adhere to any pigment which had already been laid, ruining the design, and secondly the action of burnishing it is vigorous and runs the risk of smudging any painting already around it.” The careless implementing of gold could ruin the labor already placed in the illumination and thus cause the entire folio to be discarded.
Patrons of illumination[edit]
Monasteries produced manuscripts for their own use; heavily illuminated ones tended to be reserved for liturgical use in the early period, while the monastery library held plainer texts. In the early period manuscripts were often commissioned by rulers for their own personal use or as diplomatic gifts, and many old manuscripts continued to be given in this way, even into the Early Modern period. Especially after the book of hours became popular, wealthy individuals commissioned works as a sign of status within the community, sometimes including donor portraits or heraldry: "In a scene from the New Testament, Christ would be shown larger than an apostle, who would be bigger than a mere bystander in the picture, while the humble donor of the painting or the artist himself might appear as a tiny figure in the corner."[9][16][17] The calendar was also personalized, recording the feast days of local or family saints. By the end of the Middle Ages many manuscripts were produced for distribution through a network of agents, and blank spaces might be reserved for the appropriate heraldry to be added locally by the buyer.
Displaying the amazing detail and richness of a text, the addition of illumination was never an afterthought. The inclusion of illumination is twofold, it added value to the work, but more importantly it provides pictures for the illiterate members of society to "make the reading seem more vivid and perhaps more credible.”[18]
Gallery[edit]
The illuminated letter P in the Malmesbury Bible. The script is blackletter, also known as Gothic script.
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, in a medieval illuminated manuscript.
A monk-cellarer tasting wine from a barrel while filling a jug. From Li Livres dou Santé by Aldobrandino of Siena (France, late 13th century).
The Book of Dimma, an 8th-century Irish pocket Gospel Book.
Georgian Adysh Gospels, 897
Jewish Illuminated manuscript of the Haggadah for Passover (14th century).
The Pentecost, from an illuminated Catholic liturgical manuscript, c.1310-1320.
The marriage of Girart to Bertha from the Roman de Girart de Roussillon, c. 1450
An illuminated capital letter P in a Bible of 1407, Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England
Armenian manuscript of 1053. Work of Johannes.
15th century Flemish illumination depicting Alexander the Great’s third victory over Darius
Founders' and benefactors' book of Tewkesbury Abbey, early 16th century
The Rochefoucauld Grail, about 1315
Battle of Ménfő, in the Hungarian Chronicon Pictum of 1360
Ethiopian, Illuminated Manuscript, 18th century, Princeton University Art Museum
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The untypically early 11th century Missal of Silos is from Spain, near to Muslim paper manufacturing centres in Al-Andaluz. Textual manuscripts on paper become increasingly common, but the more expensive parchment was mostly used for illuminated manuscripts until the end of the period.
^ Jump up to: a b c Putnam A.M., Geo. Haven. Books and Their Makers During The Middle Ages. Vol. 1. New York: Hillary House, 1962. Print.
Jump up ^ De Hamel, 45
Jump up ^ De Hamel, 57
Jump up ^ De Hamel, 65
Jump up ^ De Hamel, Christopher. Medieval Craftsmen: Scribes and Illuminations. Buffalo: University of Toronto, 1992. p. 60.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Donald M. The Art of Written Forms: The Theory and Practice of Calligraphy. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc, 1969. Print.
Jump up ^ Calkins, Robert G. "Stages of Execution: Procedures of Illumination as Revealed in an Unfinished Book of Hours." International Center of Medieval Art 17.1 (1978): 61–70. JSTOR.org. Web. 17 April 2010. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/766713>
^ Jump up to: a b "Manuscript." http://arts.jrank.org/pages/9716/Manuscript.html. Web. 17 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Iberian manuscripts (pigments) Archived 29 March 2003 at Archive.is
Jump up ^ De Hamel, Christopher. The British Library Guide to Manuscript Illumination: History and Techniques. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2001. Print,52.
Jump up ^ Brehier, Louis. “Illuminated Manuscripts.” The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol.9. New York: Robert Appelton Company, 1910. 17 April 2010 http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09620a.htm
Jump up ^ De Hamel, Christopher. Medieval Craftsmen: Scribes and Illuminations. Buffalo: University of Toronto, 1992. Print,49.
^ Jump up to: a b Brehier, Louis. “Illuminated Manuscripts.” The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol.9. New York: Robert Appelton Company, 1910. 17 April 2010 http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09620a.htm, page 45.
Jump up ^ Blondheim, D.S. "An Old Portuguese Work on Manuscript Illumination." The Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series 19.2 (1928): 97–135. JSTOR. Web. 17 April 2010. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/1451766>.
Jump up ^ Hamel, Christopher de (29 December 2001). The British Library Guide to Manuscript Illumination: History and Techniques (1 ed.). University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. p. 20. ISBN 0-8020-8173-8.
Jump up ^ "Heraldry". Glossary for Illuminated Manuscripts. British Library. n.d. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Jones, Susan. "Manuscript Illumination in Northern Europe". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/manu/hd_manu.htm (October 2002)
Further reading[edit]
Bland, David. A History of Book Illustration: The Illuminated Manuscript and the Printed Book (London: Faber & Faber, 1958)
Coleman, Joyce, Mark Cruse, and Kathryn A. Smith, eds. The Social Life of Illumination: Manuscripts, Images, and Communities in the Late Middle Ages (Series: Medieval Texts and Cultures in Northern Europe, vol. 21. Turnhout: Brepols Publishing, 2013). xxiv + 552 pp online review
De Hamel, Christopher. A History of Illuminated Manuscript (Phaidon, 1986)
De Hamel, Christopher. Medieval Craftsmen: Scribes and Illuminations. Buffalo: University of Toronto, 1992.
Lazaris, Stavros. "L’illustration des disciplines médicales dans l’Antiquité : hypothèses, enjeux, nouvelles interprétations", in: La Collezione di testi chirurgici di Niceta (Firenze, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Plut. 74.7). Tradizione medica classica a Bisanzio, M. Bernabò (ed.), Roma, 2010, p. 99-109 [1].
Lazaris, Stavros. "L’image paradigmatique: des Schémas anatomiques d’Aristote au De materia medica de Dioscoride", Pallas, 93 (2013), p. 131-164 [2].
Lazaris, Stavros. "Art et science vétérinaire à Byzance: Formes et fonctions de l’image hippiatrique". Turnhout: Brepols, 2010 [3]
Morgan, Nigel J., Stella Panayotova, and Martine Meuwese. Illuminated Manuscripts in Cambridge: A Catalogue of Western Book Illumination in the Fitzwilliam Museum and the Cambridge Colleges (London : Harvey Miller Publishers in conjunction with the Modern Humanities Association. 1999- )
Rudy, K.M. Piety in Pieces: How Medieval Readers Customized their Manuscripts (Open Book Publishers, 2016)
Wieck, Roger. "Folia Fugitiva: The Pursui of the Illuminated Manuscript Leaf". The Journal of the Walters Art Gallery, Vol. 54, 1996.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Illuminated manuscripts.
Images (mostly)[edit]
Medieval Illuminated Manuscripts Digitized illuminated manuscripts from the Dutch Royal Library
Museum of the Book, The Hague. Thematic introduction, with many examples illustrated
Project from Cambridge University – colored numbers are links to good images from various collections; good for finding images of specific subjects quickly
Illuminated Manuscripts in the J. Paul Getty Museum – Los Angeles
Portal to manuscripts in French public collections huge databases, in French
Illuminating the Manuscript Leaves Digitized illuminated manuscripts from the University of Louisville Libraries
[4] Digitized illuminated manuscript from Kathrine Zipista
Medieval and Renaissance manuscripts, including lavishly decorated Books of Hours, Vulgates, and Medicinal Texts, 12 - 17th century, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries
Illuminated Manuscripts digital collection from the Ball State University Digital Media Repository
Spanish Chant Manuscript – A collection of Spanish illuminated manuscripts from the UBC Library Digital Collections
Digitized Illuminated Manuscripts – Complete sets of high-resolution archival images of entire manuscripts from the collection of the Walters Art Museum
Manuscripts of Lichfield Cathedral - Digital facsimile of the St Chad Gospels, 2010. Includes the ability to overlay images captured with 13 different bands of light, historical images (starting in 1887), multispectral visualizations, sixteen interactive 3D renderings, and sixteen interactive RTI renderings for revealing dry-point writing. University of Oklahoma
Historical Image Overlays - See how an illuminated manuscript ages
Resources[edit]
UCLA Library Special Collections collection of Medieval and Renaissance manuscripts
Digital Scriptorium
British Library, catalogue of illuminated manuscripts
Collection of illuminated manuscripts. From the Koninklijke Bibliotheek and Museum Meermanno-Westreenianum in The Hague.
On-line demonstration of the production of an illuminated manuscript from the Fitzwilliam, Cambridge
On-line demonstration of the production of an illuminated manuscript from the BNF, Paris. Text in French, but mostly visual.
Nancy Ross, Resources for English Illuminated Manuscripts.
British Library, Glossary of Manuscript Terms, adapted from Michelle Brown, Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts: A Guide to Technical Terms (1994), ISBN 0-89236-217-0
Herbert, J. A. (1911), Illuminated Manuscripts, online book.
Illuminated Manuscripts', Book by John W. Bradley, from Project Gutenberg
CORSAIR. Thousands of digital images from the Morgan Library's renowned collection of medieval and Renaissance manuscripts
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Illuminated Manuscripts". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Diringer, David. The Book Before Printing: Ancient, Medieval and Oriental. New York: Dover Publications, Inc, 1982. Print.
Greenia, George D. "The Politics of Piety: Manuscript Illumination and Narration in the Cantigas of De Santa Maria." Hispanic Review 61.3 (1993): 325–44. JSTOR. Web. 17 April 2010. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/475069>.
3D for Presenting Illuminated Manuscripts - Explains 3D modeling for the 8th-century illuminated St Chad Gospels
ABC of Medieval Manuscripts Sandra Hindman, AbeBooks.com
Beginner's Guide to Medieval Manuscripts Sandra Hindman, AbeBooks.com
Modern[edit]
The Saint John's Bible: an illuminated Bible project
Ellen Frank Illumination Arts Foundation: the art of illumination
Illumination Documentary produced by Full Focus About St John’s Abby Illuminated Bible Project
Making Manuscripts video by the Getty Museum
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values: تذهيب – Arabic

values: Ілюмінаваны рукапіс – Belarusian

values: Илюстрован ръкопис – Bulgarian

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluminura
Iluminura – Portuguese
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values: Иллюминированная рукопись – Russian

values: Илуминирани рукописи – Serbian

values: Iluminacija (manuskript) – Serbo-Croatian

values: เอกสารตัวเขียนสีวิจิตร – Thai

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezhip
Tezhip – Turkish
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values: 泥金裝飾手抄本 – Chinese

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