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Epiphyseal plate
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Epiphyseal plate
Radiogram of distal tibia (left) and fibula (right) showing two epiphyseal plates.
Light micrograph of epiphyseal plate showing the hypertrophic zone with its typical chondrocytes, matrix and three zones: maturation (top), degenerative (middle) and provisional calcification (bottom).
Details
Identifiers
Latin
lamina epiphysialis
MeSH
D006132
TA
A02.0.00.020
FMA
75427
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
The epiphyseal plate (or epiphysial plate, physis, or growth plate) is a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. It is the part of a long bone where new bone growth takes place; that is, the whole bone is alive, with maintenance remodeling throughout its existing bone tissue, but the growth plate is the place where the long bone grows longer (adds length).
The plate is found in children and adolescents; in adults, who have stopped growing, the plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line. This replacement is known as epiphyseal closure or growth plate fusion.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Development
1.2 Histology
2 Clinical significance
3 Other animals
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Structure[edit]
Development[edit]
Endochondral ossification is responsible for the initial bone development from cartilage in utero and infants and the longitudinal growth of long bones in the epiphyseal plate. The plate's chondrocytes are under constant division by mitosis. These daughter cells stack facing the epiphysis while the older cells are pushed towards the diaphysis. As the older chondrocytes degenerate, osteoblasts ossify the remains to form new bone. In puberty increasing levels of estrogen, in both females and males, leads to increased apoptosis of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate.[1] Depletion of chondrocytes due to apoptosis leads to less ossification and growth slows down and later stops when the entire cartilage have become replaced by bone, leaving only a thin epiphyseal scar which later disappears.[2]
Histology[edit]
The growth plate has a very specific morphology in having a zonal arrangement.
Epiphyseal plate zone (from epiphysis to diaphysis)
Description
Zone of reserve Quiescent chondrocytes are found at the epiphyseal end
Zone of proliferation Chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis under influence of growth hormone
Zone of maturation and hypertrophy Chondrocytes stop mitosis, and begin to hypertrophy by accumulating glycogen, lipids, and alkaline phosphatase
Zone of calcification Chondrocytes undergo apoptosis. Cartilagenous matrix begins to calcify.
Zone of ossification Osteoclasts and osteoblasts from the diaphyseal side break down the calcified cartilage and replace with mineralized bone tissue.
[3]
A mnemonic for remembering the names of the epiphyseal plate growth zones is "Real People Have Career Options," standing for: Resting zone, Proliferative zone, Hypertrophic cartilage zone, Calcified cartilage zone, Ossification zone.[4] The growth plate is clinically relevant in that it is often the primary site for infection, metastasis, fractures and the effects of endocrine bone disorders.[citation needed]
Masson Goldner trichrome stain of rabbit epiphysial plate.
Clinical significance[edit]
Defects in the development and continued division of epiphyseal plates can lead to growth disorders. The most common defect is achondroplasia, where there is a defect in cartilage formation. Achondroplasia is the most common cause of dwarfism.
Salter–Harris fractures are fractures involving epiphyseal plates and hence tend to interfere with growth, height or physiologic functions [5].
Osgood-Schlatter disease results from stress on the epiphyseal plate in the tibia, leading to excess bone growth and a painful lump at the knee.
Other animals[edit]
John Hunter studied growing chickens. He observed bones grew at the ends and thus demonstrated the existence of the epiphyseal plates. Hunter is considered the "father of the growth plate".[6]
See also[edit]
Human development (biology)
Salter–Harris fracture
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Zhong, M; Carney, DH; Boyan, BD; Schwartz, Z (January 2011). "17β-Estradiol regulates rat growth plate chondrocyte apoptosis through a mitochondrial pathway not involving nitric oxide or MAPKs". Endocrinology. 152 (1): 82–92. doi:10.1210/en.2010-0509. PMID 21068162.
Jump up ^ "Skeletal System / Bone Development and Growth". Archived from the original on 2008-07-09. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
Jump up ^ Ovalle, William K.; Nahirney, Patrick C. (2007). Netter's essential histology : with Student consult online access (1st ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 9781929007868.
Jump up ^ "Medical Mnemonics". Archived from the original on 2012-04-20.
Jump up ^ Mirghasemi, Alireza; Mohamadi, Amin; Ara, Ali Majles; Gabaran, Narges Rahimi; Sadat, Mir Mostafa (November 2009). "Completely displaced S-1/S-2 growth plate fracture in an adolescent: case report and review of literature". Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 23 (10): 734–738. doi:10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181a23d8b. ISSN 1531-2291. PMID 19858983.
Jump up ^ "Growth Plate (Physeal) Fractures". EMedicine.com. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
External links[edit]
Normal bones at GetTheDiagnosis.org, showing the development of epiphyseal plates for different ages and bones.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epiphyseal plate.
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Central Bank of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about an Indian commercial bank. For India's central bank, see Reserve Bank of India.
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Central Bank of India
Native name
सेन्ट्रल बैंक ऑफ़ इंडिया
Type
Public
Traded as
BSE: 532885
NSE: CENTRALBK
Industry
Banking, Financial services
Founded
21 December 1911; 105 years ago (1911-12-21)
Headquarters
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Key people
Shri. Rajeev Rishi, Chairman & Managing Director
Revenue
₹25,887.89 crore (US$4.0 billion)(2016)[1]
Operating income
₹2,643 crore (US$410 million)(2016)[1]
Net income
₹-1,418.19 crore (US$−220 million) (2016)[1]
Total assets
₹305,466.09 crore (US$48 billion) (2016)[1]
Number of employees
37,685 (2016)[1]
Capital ratio
10.41% (2016)[1]
Website
www.centralbankofindia.co.in
Central Bank of India, a government-owned bank, is one of the oldest and largest commercial banks in India. It is based in Mumbai which is the financial capital of India and capital city of state of Maharashtra.[2] The bank has 4730 branches, 5319 ATM's and 4 extension counters across 27 Indian states and three Union Territories. At present, Central Bank of India has overseas office at Nairobi, Hong Kong and a joint venture with Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, and the Zambian government. The Zambian government holds 40 per cent stake and each of the banks has 20 per cent. Recently it has also opened a representative office at Nairobi in Kenya.
Central bank of India is one of 20 Public Sector banks in India to get recapitalisation [3] finance from the government over the next 24 months.
Central Bank of India has approached the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for permission to open representative offices in five more locations - Singapore, Dubai, Doha and London.[4]
As on 31 March 2015, the bank's reserves and surplus stood at ₹ 283030 million. Its total business at the end of the last fiscal amounted to ₹ 45,05,390(approx) million.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early-20th century
1.2 Post-World War II
2 See also
3 Citations and references
4 External links
History[edit]
The Central Bank of India was established on 21 December 1911 by Sir Sorabji Pochkhanawala with Sir Pherozeshah Mehta as Chairman,[5] and claims to have been the first commercial Indian bank completely owned and managed by Indians.[citation needed]
Early-20th century[edit]
By 1918 it had established a branch in Hyderabad. A branch in nearby Secunderabad followed in 1925.[citation needed]
In 1923, it acquired the Tata Industrial Bank in the wake of the failure of the Alliance Bank of Simla. The Tata bank, established in 1917, had opened a branch in Madras in 1920 that became the Central Bank of India, Madras.[citation needed]
Central Bank of India was instrumental in the creation of the first Indian exchange bank, the Central Exchange Bank of India, which opened in London in 1936. However, Barclays Bank acquired Central Exchange Bank of India in 1938.[6]
Also before World War II, Central Bank of India established a branch in Rangoon. The branch's operations concentrated on business between Burma and India, and especially money transmission via telegraphic transfer. Profits derived primarily from foreign exchange and margins. The bank also lent against land, produce, and other assets, mostly to Indian businesses.[7]
Post-World War II[edit]
In 1963, the revolutionary government in Burma nationalized Central Bank of India's operations there, which became People's Bank No. 1.[8]
In 1969, the Indian Government nationalized the bank on 19 July, together with 13 others.
In the 1980s the managers of the London branches of Central Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, and Union Bank of India were caught up in a fraud in which they made dubious loans to the Bangladeshi jute trader Rajender Singh Sethia. The regulatory authorities in England and India forced all three Indian banks to close their London branches.
Central Bank of India was one of the first banks in India to issue credit cards in the year 1980 in collaboration with MasterCard. Central Bank of India announces that the financial results for the year ended 2013-Total Business Rs. 402000 Cr. Net Profit-Rs. 1015 Cr.
On 1 August 2013, Central Bank of India appoints new CMD Rajiv Rishi, who was previously ED of Indian Bank and General Manager of OBC and Raj Kumar Goyal as the new ED of the bank. On 1 November of the same year, the bank open its second representative office in Hong Kong.
See also[edit]
Indian banking
List of banks in India
Citations and references[edit]
Citations
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Annual Report of Central Bank of India" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Central Bank of India. Central Bank of India (19 April 2011). Retrieved on 31 march 2014.
Jump up ^ "18 govt banks to be recapitalised". Business-standard.com. 18 February 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Central Bank of India to expand overseas". Rediff.com. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Central Bank IPO to open on 24 July". The Hindu. Chennai, Tamil Nadu India. 14 July 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
Jump up ^ Raychaudhuri et al., eds. (1983), Vol. 2, p.782.
Jump up ^ Turnell (2009), pp.116-7.
Jump up ^ Turnell (2009), p.226.
References
Raychaudhuri, Tappan, Irfan Habib, & Dharma Kumar, eds. (1983) The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 2, c.1751-c.1970. (CUP Archive). ISBN 9780521228022
Turnell, Sean (2009) Fiery Dragons: Banks, Moneylenders and Microfinnance in Burma. (NAIS Press). ISBN 9788776940409
External links[edit]
Central Bank of India Official website
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values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: সেন্ট্রাল ব্যাঙ্ক অফ ইন্ডিয়া – Bangla

values: सेण्ट्रल बैंक ऑफ़ इण्डिया – Hindi

values: सेंट्रल बँक ऑफ इंडिया – Marathi

values: Центральный банк Индии – Russian

values: இந்திய மத்திய வங்கி – Tamil

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Central_Bank_of_India rootpage-Central_Bank_of_India vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view