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Fishsticks (South Park)
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"Fishsticks"
South Park episode
Episode no.
Season 13
Episode 5
Directed by
Trey Parker
Written by
Trey Parker
Production code
1305
Original air date
April 8, 2009
Guest appearance(s)
Jimmy Kimmel as himself (credited as "Francis Los Feliz")
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Eat, Pray, Queef" Next →
"Pinewood Derby"
South Park (season 13)
List of South Park episodes
"Fishsticks" is the fifth episode of the thirteenth season of the American animated television series South Park. The 186th overall episode of the series, it was originally broadcast on Comedy Central in the United States on April 8, 2009. In the episode, Jimmy writes a joke that becomes a national sensation, and Cartman tries to steal the credit while rapper Kanye West is the only person in the country who fails to get the joke, but cannot admit that he does not get it because he believes himself to be a genius.
The episode was written and directed by series co-creator Trey Parker, and was rated TV-MA L in the United States. The episode was conceived from a joke among Parker and fellow co-creator Matt Stone about a fish dressed as motorcycle daredevil Evel Knievel, which eventually turned into a joke about Kanye West not understanding a joke about why liking fishsticks made him a gay fish. The way Cartman tries to steal credit for the joke was inspired by real people Parker and Stone have worked with in the television business.
Parker provided the voice of West in the episode and during the song "Gay Fish", a parody of West's song "Heartless". "Fishsticks" received largely positive reviews, and generated a great deal of media attention when West wrote in a blog that the episode hurt his feelings, although he said it was funny and admitted that he needed to work on his ego problem. The episode also spoofed comedian Carlos Mencia, who praised the episode after it was broadcast.
According to Nielsen Media Research, "Fishsticks" was seen by more than 3.1 million households in its original broadcast, making it the most-watched Comedy Central production of the week. The episode received even further attention after West famously interrupted Taylor Swift during her acceptance speech at the September 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, after which Comedy Central replayed the episode four times back-to-back. "Fishsticks" was released on DVD and Blu-ray along with the rest of the thirteenth season on March 16, 2010.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Cultural references
4 Reception
5 Legacy
5.1 Coinye
6 Home release
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Jimmy works on writing jokes for his comedy routine while Cartman sits on his couch, eating potato chips. Jimmy comes up with a joke with almost no assistance from Cartman (he only helped Jimmy originate the joke by telling Jimmy he was hungry for something more substantial than fruit, and Jimmy suggested there might be some fishsticks in the freezer):
Jimmy: Do you like fishsticks?
Cartman: Yeah.
Jimmy: Do you like putting fishsticks in your mouth?
Cartman: Yeah.
Jimmy: What are you, a gay fish?
The joke, which plays on the similarity of the phrases "fishsticks" and "fish dicks" when spoken,[1][2] becomes a hit throughout South Park. When Cartman begins taking half credit for the joke, Kyle tells Jimmy he should stand up to Cartman. When Jimmy tells Cartman he feels he wrote most of the joke, Cartman fears Jimmy will try to take full credit and asks Kyle for advice on how to deal with Jimmy. Kyle instead says he believes Jimmy wrote the entire joke, and suggests that Cartman's ego is so big that he subconsciously remembers things incorrectly to make himself feel more important. This is supplemented by Cartman's flashbacks to the creation of the joke, which become more overblown and ridiculous as the episode goes on, showing him to truly believe that he deserves credit.
Meanwhile, the joke becomes a national sensation. Comedian Carlos Mencia goes on Conan O'Brien's show claiming credit for the joke. The joke is played on rapper Kanye West, who does not understand it. West grows angry when others say he does not get it, and will not allow anyone to explain it to him, because he claims to be a genius and "the voice of a generation". Kanye abducts Carlos Mencia, who admits he stole the joke to compensate for not being funny and claiming that his "dick don't work" in a parody of Viggo Mortensen's character Lalin in Carlito's Way, but Kanye doesn't believe him and beats him to death with the help of his hired thugs. Cartman and Jimmy go on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and claim they invented the joke, prompting Kanye to go after them. Jimmy confronts Cartman, asking how he can live with himself for taking credit for a joke he did not write. They are interrupted by Kanye, who threatens to kill them. By now, Cartman has not only convinced himself he wrote the whole joke without Jimmy's help, but believes he also saved his life from a black widow, slew a dragon, defeated an army of Jew robots, and has powers similar to the Human Torch. Cartman thinks he realizes what Kyle was trying to tell him, but he gets it completely backwards: Cartman believes that Jimmy's ego is the one that is twisted and Jimmy's ego trying to convince itself that he wrote the joke, while not accepting that Cartman wrote the whole thing, and Jimmy believes him. Kanye has an epiphany about his own massive ego and believes he finally understands the joke. However, he incorrectly thinks it means he is, in fact, a gay fish. The episode ends with Kanye donning a wetsuit and diving off the Santa Monica Pier into the ocean to embrace his new identity as a gay fish in the form of a music video, in which he happily swims around the sea, kissing and humping random fish.
However, in a deleted scene, West drowns and his body is picked up and discovered by the US coast guards.
Production[edit]
"Gay Fish", an original song featured in the episode "Fishsticks"

"Gay Fish" served a parody of Kanye West's "Heartless", particularly in its excessive use of Auto-Tune pitch audio processing.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Fishsticks" was written and directed by series co-creator Trey Parker. The concept for "Fishsticks" began when Parker, fellow co-creator Matt Stone, and actor Bill Hader attended a writers' retreat in Seattle, Washington and they visited a body of water where they could watch salmon jump. They started joking about a salmon wearing an outfit like the motorcycle daredevil Evel Knievel, which eventually reminded them of the music video for rapper Kanye West's song "Touch the Sky", in which West himself dresses like Knievel.[3][4] This led to them picturing a scene with West on a news program, angrily denying reports that he is a fish, shouting "No, I am not a salmon!"[3] During a four-hour ride in a car, Stone and Parker discussed the joke further, and eventually thought of the "fishsticks" joke that featured prominently in the final episode. The duo said they found it hilarious and told variations of the joke back and forth to each other for the rest of the ride. Stone said, "The van driver we hired was just so bummed because we just kept talking about fishsticks, 'You're a gay fish', over and over. We thought it was so funny, and just the fact that he didn't get it."[4]
Although the joke originally stemmed from Evel Knievel and not Kanye West, Parker and Stone said they realized West would probably be extremely humorless about the joke and not understand it, so they decided the episode should revolve mostly around him. After coming up with the idea, Parker and Stone waited a long time before they finally wrote the script because, Stone said, "It just seemed too dumb. Are we really going to do a whole episode about this?"[4] Stone said the jokes about Carlos Mencia were "just a complete afterthought" that came about during the writing process. During one scene in "Fishsticks", Cartman steals credit from Jimmy for a joke he did not write. This was inspired by people Parker and Stone have worked with in the television business who were present for discussions the duo had, then later claimed credit for the idea even though they had nothing to do with it. Stone said, "They truly believe they did it. That's the really sinister part. It's not where they're trying to steal part of the glory. ... They actually fully believe that they came up with it."[4]
Parker provided the voice of Kanye, both in the episode and in "Gay Fish", a full-length song featured at the end of the episode about West's realization that he actually is a gay fish.[5] Parker used a large amount of Auto-Tune pitch audio processing, which he had never used before. Parker said he eventually discovered he had to sing off-key on purpose in order to get the desired effect. Parker said, "You had to be a bad singer in order for that thing to actually sound the way it does."[3] The day after "Fishsticks" was broadcast, the full two-and-a-half minute version of the Kanye West spoof, "Gay Fish", was made available for download on South Park Studios, the official South Park website.[6] The site also featured T-shirts and hooded sweatshirts based on the episode. One featured Jimmy asking, "Do you like fishsticks?"[7] The other features text from Kanye West's whiteboard in the episode: "Fishsticks + Me = Gayfish".[8]
Cultural references[edit]
Carlos Mencia, stand-up comedian and former host of Mind of Mencia, is spoofed in "Fishsticks".
A Kanye West song in the episode about the fact that he is indeed a "gay fish" is a parody of the West song "Heartless",[1] from his 2008 recording 808s & Heartbreak and satirizes the rapper's usage of Auto-Tune pitch audio processing.[9] When West first confronts Cartman and Jimmy, Cartman mistakes him for Puff Daddy, another rapper and record producer.[1]
Carlos Mencia, host of the former Comedy Central show Mind of Mencia, is portrayed in "Fishsticks" as knowingly stealing credit for a joke he did not write; this is a reference to accusations other comedians have made that Mencia plagiarizes jokes from other people.[10][11] Mencia's death scene in the episode, as well as his claims that he uses a catheter to relieve himself, are a reference to Lalin, a character who uses a wheelchair in the 1993 crime film Carlito's Way.[10]
Talk show hosts Jimmy Kimmel, David Letterman, Conan O'Brien, Jay Leno[12] and Ellen DeGeneres were featured in the episode. [9] Kimmel is voiced by his real-life brother Jonathan Kimmel, who previously served as a writer and voice actor on South Park.[13]
During a fantasy sequence, Cartman says "flame on" and turns into a fiery, flying superhero; this is a reference to the Human Torch, a superhero and member of the Fantastic Four.[1]
Reception[edit]
In its original American broadcast, "Fishsticks" was watched by 3.1 million overall households, according to the Nielsen Media Research, making it the most-watched Comedy Central production of the week. It had over 1.2 million more household viewers than the second most-watched Comedy Central show that week, the April 8 episode of The Daily Show.[14] In June 2009, "Fishsticks" was announced to be the most watched South Park episode on South Park Studios, the official South Park website, which has all but 3 episodes of South Park to date available for viewing.[15]
Both Kanye West and Carlos Mencia responded within one day of the episode's original broadcast and said they enjoyed the parodies of themselves, although Kanye West said on his blog that his feelings were hurt.[10][16][17][18] After the episode was broadcast, Mencia wrote on his Twitter feed, "They just made fun of me on South Park. I thought it was hysterical. Catch the rerun." Dave Itzkoff, arts reporter for The New York Times, complimented Mencia for his response.[10] West wrote on his blog, "South Park murdered me last night and it's pretty damn funny. It hurts my feelings but what can you expect from South Park!" West thanked the South Park writers in his blog entry and acknowledged he has a problem with his ego, but said he was trying to change.[16] Parker and Stone said they were extremely surprised by West's reaction, and felt Mencia was treated far more harshly in the episode than West.[3][4] Parker said, "It was like, dude, we just said you were a gay fish. What are you talking about? It was so dumb."[3]
Kanye West, who was spoofed in "Fishsticks", wrote on his blog within one day of the episode that it was funny, although it hurt his feelings.
Simon Vozick-Levinson of Entertainment Weekly said the post was "a fascinating look at where Kanye's head is at these days", and complimented West for his "humility and honesty".[19] Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone said: "Many have tried, all have failed, but in the end it only took four animated children from Colorado to topple Kanye West's ego. ... One day, we'll all look back on this day and thank South Park for ushering in this historic moment in the life of Kanye."[20] Kerrie Mitchell of Entertainment Weekly suggested West's modest response was actually a marketing stunt to help sell his upcoming personal fragrance and energy drink. Mitchell wrote, "Did he just get the last laugh on South Park? Conspiracy!"[21] In response to the media coverage, West wrote another blog entry on April 10 claiming he had only seen part of the episode and found it funny, but he had been working on his arrogance problem for some time and that South Park did not lead to his "ego epiphany".[22][23] The next day, he said in another blog entry that while visiting The Cheesecake Factory restaurant, the manager brought him a plate of fishsticks as a joke.[22][24]
The episode received positive, if slightly mixed reviews. Ramsey Isler of IGN declared it the best episode of the season, calling it a "beautiful Kanye West spoof that was so well-timed, so hilarious and so spot-on" that it became a "phenomenon".[25] Ryan Brockington of the New York Post said of the episode, "Best. 'South Park.' Ever." He particularly praised the West song parody and the fact that "a simple running joke can hold a full episode; brilliant".[12] Carlos Delgado of If Magazine said the episode was "another South Park classic" which "takes full advantage of Cartman's monumental ego". Delgado, who gave the episode a B+ grade, described the West parody as "awesome" and the final scene with the "gay fish" West song as "spell binding".[26] TV Guide listed the episode at number five on the top ten television moments of the week.[11]
Travis Fickett of IGN said the episode included some good laughs but "never kicks into high gear" and said the themes might have worked better as subplots than a full episode: "'Fishsticks' is one of those episodes that typically occur around now in the South Park season. It's not great, not bad – hovering somewhere around amusing towards forgettable."[27] Sean O'Neal of The A.V. Club said he was disappointed by the episode and thought the message about celebrity self-delusion might have been better if it focused on only West or Mencia, rather than both. Although O'Neal liked the West song in the episode's final scene, O'Neal said "cramming (West and Mencia) together — even mixed in with Cartman's very funny fantasy sequences — felt too cobbled to me, and the time limits imposed by cutting back and forth between it all made the respective digs start to feel a little too one-note."[1]
Legacy[edit]
West's 2008 appearance at music festival Bonnaroo left many concertgoers angry; in the years afterward, attendees derided him as a "gay fish".[28]
On September 13, 2009 during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, Kanye West interrupted an acceptance speech from Taylor Swift by walking onto stage, grabbing the microphone and praising her fellow nominee, Beyoncé Knowles.[29][30] The incident received considerable press attention and drew further attention to "Fishsticks", which Comedy Central re-broadcast for two straight hours on September 15, 2009.[25][29]
Kanye West referenced this episode in his song "Gorgeous" from the 2010 album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy where he says "choke a South Park writer with a fishstick".[31] He similarly referenced the episode on his album Watch the Throne in the song "Made in America" when he says "South Park had them all laughin'/ Now all my niggas designing and we all swaggin'."
Following a controversial 2008 performance at music festival Bonnaroo, many concertgoers have since sprayed graffiti around the festival grounds, as well as making signs, deriding the rapper as a "gay fish."[28]
Coinye[edit]
A cryptocurrency called Coinye was created in January 2014. Under legal pressure, the developers had to change the logo from resembling West to resembling "a half-man-half-fish hybrid" instead.[32]
Home release[edit]
"Fishsticks", along with the thirteen other episodes from South Park's thirteenth season, were released on a three-disc DVD set and two-disc Blu-ray set in the United States on March 16, 2010. The sets included brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode,[33] a collection of deleted scenes, and a special mini-feature Inside Xbox: A Behind-the-Scenes Tour of South Park Studios, which discussed the process behind animating the show with Inside Xbox host Major Nelson.[34]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e O'Neal, Sean (2009-04-08). "South Park: Season 13: Episode 5: "Fishsticks"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
Jump up ^ Burchby, Casey (March 16, 2010). "South Park: The Complete Thirteenth Season". DVD Talk. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Parker, Trey (November 2010). South Park: The Complete Thirteenth Season: "Fishsticks" (Audio commentary)|format= requires |url= (help) (Blu-ray Disc). Paramount Home Entertainment.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Stone, Matt (November 2010). South Park: The Complete Thirteenth Season: "Fishsticks" (Audio commentary)|format= requires |url= (help) (Blu-ray Disc). ParamountHome Entertainment.
Jump up ^ "FAQ – South Park Studios – April 2009". South Park Studios. 2009-04-10. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
Jump up ^ "News: The Gay Fish Song". South Park Studios. 2009-04-09. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "southpark: Do You Like Fishsticks?". Zazzle. 2009-04-08. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
Jump up ^ "southpark: Fishsticks + Me = Gayfish". Zazzle. 2009-04-08. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
^ Jump up to: a b Barrett, Annie (2009-04-09). ""South Park": Kanye West is a gay fish, yo". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2010-11-08. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Itzkoff, Dave (2009-04-09). "Carlos Mencia Responds to "South Park"". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "Top Moments: Scantily Clad Cops, Bad Pick-Up Lines, and Other Rites of Spring". TV Guide. 2009-04-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Brockington, Ryan (2009-04-09). "Kanye West Is Not a Gay Fish". New York Post. Archived from the original on 2010-11-08. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
Jump up ^ "FAQ – South Park Studios – August 2009". South Park Studios. 2009-08-06. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (2009-04-14). "WWE RAW and Nora Roberts Tribute bookend cable top 20, Rescue Me premieres". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on 2010-11-06. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
Jump up ^ "FAQ – South Park Studios – June 2009". South Park Studios (Official). 2009-06-05. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
^ Jump up to: a b West, Kanye (2009-04-09). "kanYe West: Blog". KanyeUniverseCity.com (official website). Archived from the original on 2009-04-11. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
Jump up ^ Montgomery, James (2009-04-09). "Kanye West Responds – Humbly! – To 'South Park' 'Fish Sticks' Slam". MTV. Archived from the original on November 8, 2010. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
Jump up ^ Dobuzinskis, Alex (2009-04-10). "Kanye West feels "murdered" by South Park swipe". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2010-11-08. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
Jump up ^ Vozick-Levinson, Simon (2009-04-09). "Kanye West responds to "South Park" mockery". Entertainment Weekly.
Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (2009-04-09). "Kanye West Admits to Getting "Murdered" by "South Park," Promises to Deflate Ego". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Kerrie (2009-04-10). "Kanye West: Master of humility or marketing genius?". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2009-04-12. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
^ Jump up to: a b Montgomery, James (2009-04-13). "Kanye West Says "South Park" Didn't Cause His "Ego Epiphany"". MTV News. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
Jump up ^ West, Kanye (2009-04-10). "kanYe West: Blog". KanyeUniversityCity.com (official website). Archived from the original on 2009-04-15. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
Jump up ^ West, Kanye (2009-04-09). "kanYe West: Blog". KanyeUniversityCity.com (official website). Archived from the original on 2009-04-13. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
^ Jump up to: a b Isler, Ramsey (November 25, 2009). "South Park: Season 13 Review". IGN. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Delgado, Carlos (2009-04-09). ""TV Review: South Park – Season 13 – "Fishsticks"". If Magazine.
Jump up ^ Fickett, Travis (2009-04-09). "South Park: "Fishsticks" Review". IGN. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Kyle Kramer (June 14, 2014). "People Are Really Into Calling Kanye a Gay Fish at Bonnaroo and They Really Need to Stop". Vice. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Vary, Adam B. (2009-09-14). ""South Park" Kanye West "gay fish" episode to re-air". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2009-09-16.
Jump up ^ Vozick-Levinson, Simon (2009-09-13). "Kanye West interrupts Taylor Swift's VMAs moment: What was he thinking?". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2009-09-16.
Jump up ^ Vozcik-Levinson, Simon (November 12, 2010). "Kanye West's 'My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Adi Robertson (10 January 2014). "Coinye responds to Kanye complaint, says currency now based on 'half-man half-fish hybrid'". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2014-01-10. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Foster, Dave (December 14, 2009). "South Park Season 13 (R1/US BD) in March". DVD Times. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Liebman, Martin (March 5, 2010). "South Park: The Complete Thirteenth Season Blu-ray Review". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Fishsticks
"Fishsticks" Full episode at South Park Studios
"Fishsticks" Episode guide at South Park Studios
"Fishsticks" on IMDb
"Fishsticks" at TV.com
"Gay Fish (Long Version)" at South Park Studios
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Norwich Airport
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This article is about the civil airport. For the military base which existed on the site before 1963, see RAF Horsham St Faith. For other uses, see Norwich Airport (disambiguation).
Norwich Airport
Entrance to the Norwich Airport passenger terminal
IATA: NWI
ICAO: EGSH
Summary
Airport type
Public
Owner
Regional & City Airports
Operator
Norwich Airport Limited
Serves
Norwich, Norfolk
Opened
1970
Built
1940
Elevation AMSL
117 ft / 36 m
Coordinates
52°40′33″N 001°16′58″E / 52.67583°N 1.28278°E / 52.67583; 1.28278Coordinates: 52°40′33″N 001°16′58″E / 52.67583°N 1.28278°E / 52.67583; 1.28278
Website
norwichairport.co.uk
Map
NWI/EGSH
Location in Norfolk
Runways
Direction
Length
Surface
m
ft
09/27 1,841 6,040 Asphalt/concrete
Statistics (2016)
Passengers
506,007
Passenger change 15-16
10.1%
Aircraft Movements
37,190
Movements change 15-16
3.2%
Sources: UK AIP at NATS[1]
Statistics from the UK Civil Aviation Authority[2]
Norwich Airport (IATA: NWI, ICAO: EGSH), until early 2017 Norwich International Airport, is a minor international airport in the City of Norwich within Norfolk, England 2.8 NM (5.2 km; 3.2 mi) north of the city centre and on the edge of the city's suburbs at Hellesdon. In 2014 Norwich Airport was the 29th busiest airport in the UK and busiest in the East Anglia region.[2]
Norwich Airport has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P723) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction. Along with a long history of flights to Amsterdam Airport Schiphol via KLM Cityhopper (formerly KLM UK), it offers flights to various destinations in the United Kingdom and Europe. Besides the commercial flights, charter operators also operate out of Norwich. Bristow Helicopters, DanCopter and Babcock Mission Critical Services Offshore fly crews to North Sea gas rigs and SaxonAir operates executive, private aircraft and helicopter charter flights.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 RAF Horsham St Faith
1.2 Civil Airport
1.3 Recent Developments
2 Facilities
3 Airlines and destinations
3.1 Based operators
4 Accidents and incidents
5 Statistics
6 Access
6.1 Bus
6.2 Road
6.3 Rail
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External links
History[edit]
The first Norwich Airport was set up on a former First World War aerodrome on Mousehold Heath under what is now the Heartsease housing estate. It opened in 1933, and was used by Boulton & Paul for aircraft test flying and other recreational activities. This fell into disuse in the early part of the Second World War, and by the end of it had been too built upon to be used again.
RAF Horsham St Faith[edit]
Main article: RAF Horsham St Faith
The current site, formerly known as Royal Air Force Station Horsham St Faith, or more commonly RAF Horsham St Faith, was first developed in 1939 and officially opened on 1st June 1940 as a Royal Air Force (RAF) bomber station. In September 1942 Horsham St. Faith was made available to the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) for use by the Eighth Air Force. The USAAF designated the airfield as Station 123 (HF).
The airfield was transferred to RAF Fighter Command on 10th July 1945 when it was occupied by four Gloster Meteor Squadrons. RAF Horsham St. Faith was a front-line RAF station for many years, and its squadrons participated in many post-war exercises. The station was deactivated on 1st August 1963.
Civil Airport[edit]
Control tower at Norwich International Airport.
The RAF left Horsham on 24th March 1967. Over the following two years the major part of the airfield and buildings were sold to Norwich City and Norfolk County Council, a small part being retained by the Ministry of Defence (MoD). Norwich Airport Ltd., under ownership of the county and city councils, developed the modern day Norwich International Airport, with the main terminal opening in 1988. In 1971 the airport began operations with charter flights[3], with airline Air Anglia creating a base at the airfield offering flights all over northwestern Europe. Their route to Amsterdam is still operated today with KLM Cityhopper.
Most of the World War II buildings used by the USAAF remain, although converted for a variety of purposes. Two of the five large pre-war hangars are still being used for aircraft maintenance. One of the other three has been converted into an aviation academy, the remaining two have been converted for commercial use by Air Livery and KLM UK Engineering. The original control tower still exists although the top has been restored and a new tower has been built adjacent to the present main runway. Other wartime buildings now form part of the airport industrial estate (owned by the county and city councils) and are intermingled with many newer structures. Adjacent to the airport terminal building opened by the Queen Mother, there is a memorial display relating to the USAAF, consisting of photographs, paintings, and a plaque commemorating the American use of the airfield. Firside Junior School's Year 6 class refurbished the memorial in July 2014, in partnership with the Eighth in the East group.
The airport also has the City of Norwich Aviation Museum to the north of the site, commemorating the airfield's history as a military airfield and development as a civil airport through the years, with many civil and military aircraft on display - many of which served from the aerodrome at some point in their lifetime.
The former RAF accommodation blocks situated towards Old Catton were until 1993 used by the University of East Anglia as accommodation for students; known to students as "Fifers Lane" halls, these have since been demolished and the site redeveloped as housing. The remaining MoD property—airmen's married quarters—continued to be used for nearby RAF stations, but due to the closure of these stations, the housing has been sold to private buyers.
Whilst most runways and taxiways from the military airfield remain, only one runway is primarily used, to avoid takeoffs and landings over built-up areas: east–west Runway 09/27, which was extended eastwards by the RAF in 1956 to 1841 metres long. The old 04/22 runway is no longer used for takeoffs or landings, but is used for parking and taxiing of aircraft.
In 1999, the new corporate identity was launched as Norwich International Airport, kept until April 2017.
In March 2004, the city and county councils sold 80.1% of Norwich Airport Ltd. to Omniport[4] whilst retaining the remaining 19.9%. Omniport has also acquired 100% of Norwich Airport Travel Ltd. Since the sale to Omniport the airport has become one of the UK hubs for budget airline Flybe and the number of flights and destinations served have rapidly increased. In 2005 a £3.5M terminal expansion programme began.
In 2009, during filming of the BBC show Top Gear, operations from the airport appeared to be disrupted when a caravan, adapted into an airship and flown by James May, drifted overhead the airport, infringing its controlled airspace. In reality, the event occurred after much pre-planning between the airport authorities and the BBC; and scenes showing the airship in the airfield boundary were actually filmed after it had lifted off from the airfield to satisfy the requirements of the film crew.[5]
In 2007, the airport introduced its Airport Development Fee (ADF). All passengers over 16 departing from the airport pay a fee of £10.[6] The airport was sold by the majority stakeholders of Omniport to the Rigby Group PLC in 2014, who integrated the airport as part of Regional & City Airports in April 2017.[7]
Recent Developments[edit]
Norwich International Airport announced in 2015 that four new routes were being considered for Department for Transport (DfT) funding. The routes being considered included: Dublin Airport (Flybe, double daily return weekdays, single return weekends), Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport (Flybe, daily return), Newcastle Airport (Links Air, double daily weekday return), and Exeter Airport (Flybe, daily return). Links Air proposed a start date of 1st September 2016, but the airline was put into liquidation.[8][9] In November 2015 it was announced that bids for routes to Newcastle and Exeter had been successful, with the inaugural flight to the latter on 24th March 2016, operated by Flybe.[10] Flybe also confirmed plans to operate summer sun and winter ski routes from Norwich Airport as part of a 5-year deal with the Regional & City Airports (RCA) group. From May 2016, one of Flybe's 118-seat Embraer ERJ-195 aircraft began operating multi-weekly flights from Norwich to Alicante and Málaga. In addition, with effect from its Winter 2016 programme Flybe will also introduce Geneva as a new route from Norwich.[11][12][13]
In 2016 an engine test facility opened on site, as well as the KLM UK Engineering Academy, opening on 18th April 2017 but an official opening ceremony on 5th August.
On 6th July 2017, Managing Director Richard Pace announced a 30-year vision to treble passenger numbers at the airport. The plans include raising annual passenger numbers to 930,000 by 2030, and 1.4 million by 2045; forging new routes to Paris Charles de Gaulle and Dublin to boost the choice of worldwide destinations; constructing a 100-acre business park for both aviation and non-aviation companies - it was originally frozen by investors in 2015 waiting for the new Northern Distributor Road to be completed (due March 2018); extending the Runway 27/09 by 500 metres and building new taxiways to boost capacity and allow larger aircraft to operate to the airport. Another 10-year ambition is seeking permission to allow flights to fly until up to 1:30 AM (currently, the curfew is put in place at 11:00 PM) for four nights a week. Pace says the new Northern Distributor Road is "unlocking the potential for the site to generate growth for the region and the airport," and "the masterplan sets out the vision for the future development of Norwich Airport and its continued vital role in supporting our region’s [East Anglia's] economy."[14]
Facilities[edit]
The airport has one runway (designated 09/27), 1,841 m (6,040 ft) in length. A smaller 1,285 m (4,216 ft) runway (designated 04/22) was closed in 2006, and is now used as a taxiway and parking area for decommissioned aircraft. The airport has nine parking stands for commercial aircraft.
Airlines and destinations[edit]
Airlines
Destinations
Aurigny Seasonal: Guernsey
BH Air Seasonal: Burgas
BMI Regional Aberdeen
Eastern Airways Aberdeen
Seasonal charter: Verona, Venice, Friedrichshafen
Enter Air Seasonal charter: Pajala[15]
Flybe Alicante, Málaga, Exeter
Seasonal: Jersey.
KLM
operated by KLM Cityhopper Amsterdam
Loganair Aberdeen (begins 15 October 2017),[16] Durham Tees Valley (begins 15 October 2017),[17] Edinburgh, Manchester
Seasonal: Jersey
Thomson Airways
operated by Sunwing Airlines Tenerife–South
Seasonal: Corfu, Gran Canaria, Heraklion (begins 1 May 2018),[18] Ibiza, Menorca, Palma de Mallorca, Paphos, Rhodes
Based operators[edit]
Operators based at Norwich are CHC Scotia, Babcock MCS Offshore,[19] Bristow Helicopters,[20][21] NHV Helicopters,[22] SaxonAir Charter & SaxonAir Flight Support and the East Anglian Air Ambulance.[23] Former operators include Air Anglia and (from 1980) their successor Air UK and KLM UK.
Accidents and incidents[edit]
On 12th December 1973 a Dassault Falcon 20 of Fred. Olsen Airtransport suffered a bird strike on takeoff from Runway 27. Both engines failed and the aircraft made an emergency landing in a field. All three crew members were injured but the passengers sustained no injuries. The aircraft was written off.[24]
On 25th October 1974 a Cessna 310 dived into the ground while on final approach, killing the pilot. The Cessna's nose pitched down and the wings rolled over; the loss of control was caused by the uncommanded retraction of the starboard flap, caused by the failure of the drive mechanism.[25]
On 04th May 2012, a KLM Fokker 70 flying from Teesside to Amsterdam suffered an engine failure, causing the pilots to shut it down. The aircraft was diverted to Norwich, where at 11:05am it made an emergency landing, taxiing to an empty runway for an integrated emergency plan to be activated. All 45 people on board were unharmed.[26]
On 14th May 2014 a KLM Boeing 737-700 en route from Manchester to Amsterdam Schiphol reported an electrical fault and fumes in the cockpit. The aircraft was diverted to Norwich Airport, where the 114 passengers landed without incident.[27]
On 20th March 2016, a fire broke out in the roof of one of the Air Livery and KLM UK Engineering hangars, containing two aircraft - a Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 - full of fuel at 9:43am. The fire was out twelve hours later, with no one hurt due to the rapid response of the fire service.[28]
On 26th November 2016, KLM Flight 1511 reported smoke in the cockpit and declared an emergency two minutes before landing from Amsterdam. The Fokker 70 landed safely with none of the 54 people on board hurt.[29]
Statistics[edit]
Busiest routes to and from Norwich (2016)[30]
Rank
Airport
Total
passengers
Change
2015 / 16
1 Amsterdam 143,361 0.7%
2 Aberdeen 42,389 16.2%
3 Manchester 25,847 6.7%
4 Edinburgh 25,838 11.7%
5 Exeter 22,359 New route
6 Alicante 13,486 0.0%
7 Málaga 12,502 0.0%
8 Tenerife–South 8,848 53.8%
9 Jersey 3,920 41.4%
10 Guernsey 1,362 109.2%
Access[edit]
Bus[edit]
KonectBus operates a Park and Ride service from a stop a 2-minute walk from the terminal, connecting the airport with Norwich city centre, six days a week (excluding Sundays) every 10–20 minutes. The first bus departs Norwich Airport at 06:35 and the last at 19:05.[31]
Road[edit]
Norwich Airport is situated adjacent to the A140 road, Cromer Road, which runs from Ipswich to Norwich and on to the seaside town of Cromer; this also provides easy road access to Norwich city centre. The entrance to the airport is at the intersection of Amsterdam Way and Cromer Road. The Norwich Northern Distributor Road will link the airport to the A47 road, Great Yarmouth and Fakenham (as well as Norwich itself), reducing the need to use the congested outer ring road and providing faster and better connections to other parts of the county and country. Part of this road will sever the end of the disused Runway 28 as it snakes its way up to the A1067 Fakenham Road.
Rail[edit]
Norwich Airport does not have a railway station; the nearest is Norwich railway station approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) away.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NATS - AIS - Home".
^ Jump up to: a b "Data and analysis".
Jump up ^ "About Us – Norwich Airport Website". Norwich Airport. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
Jump up ^ Omniport Website
Jump up ^ Eastern Daily Press video retrieved 1 December 2009[dead link]
Jump up ^ Norwich Airport Development Fee Retrieved 4 January 2012
Jump up ^ Eastern Daily Press report Retrieved 11 June 2014
Jump up ^ Routes that have applied for start-up aid retrieved 24 October 2015
Jump up ^ "News".
Jump up ^ "flyBe Adds New UK Routes in S16".
Jump up ^ "Flybe - Corporate - Media - News archive - FLYBE CONFIRMS NEW PARTNERSHIP WITH REGIONAL & CITY AIRPORTS 151008".
Jump up ^ Davies, Phil (8 October 2015). "Flybe strikes deal with owner of Exeter and Norwich airports". travelweekly.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "News".
Jump up ^ Shields, Mark. "Revealed: Norwich Airport’s 30-year vision to treble passenger numbers and forge worldwide links". Eastern Daily Press. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
Jump up ^ http://www.newmarketholidays.co.uk
Jump up ^ http://www.edp24.co.uk/business/loganair-will-revive-north-east-flight-from-norwich-airport-in-move-to-appeal-to-energy-industry-1-5138612
Jump up ^ http://www.edp24.co.uk/business/loganair-will-revive-north-east-flight-from-norwich-airport-in-move-to-appeal-to-energy-industry-1-5138612
Jump up ^ https://www.norwichairport.co.uk/new-summer-2018-crete/
Jump up ^ "Babcock MCS Offshore". babcockinternational.com. Babcock International Group. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Bristow Group. "Offshore Helicopter Transportation - Helicopter Transport Services – Helicopter Transportation Services - bristowgroup.com". Bristow Group.
Jump up ^ "DanCopter celebrates successful first year of Shell contract".
Jump up ^ http://www.nhv.be/operations/offshore.aspx
Jump up ^ East Anglian Air Ambulance
Jump up ^ "Avions Marcel Dassault Fan Jet Falcon LN-FOE Report on the accident near Norwich Airport, Norfolk on 12 December 1974" (PDF). London: Accidents Investigation Branch. 1974. p. 1. ISBN 0-11-511417-3.
Jump up ^ G-APTK accident report
Jump up ^ Freezer, David. "Engine failure sees plane forced into emergency landing at Norwich International Airport". Eastern Daily Press. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Norwich Airport alert: KLM plane flies out after emergency landing". BBC News. 2014-05-14. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Dominic. "Flight lands safely at Norwich Airport after declaring emergency when smoke reported in cockpit". Eastern Daily Press. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Dominic. "Flight lands safely at Norwich Airport after declaring emergency when smoke reported in cockpit". Eastern Daily Press. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
Jump up ^ "Airport Data 2016". UK Civil Aviation Authority. 3 March 2017. Tables 12.1(XLS) and 12.2 (XLS). Retrieved 16 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Route 501: Norwich Park & Ride". Retrieved 15 July 2016.
Bibliography[edit]
Freeman, Roger A. (1978) Airfields of the Eighth: Then and Now. After the Battle ISBN 0-900913-09-6
Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-89201-092-4.
USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers—1908 to present
www.controltowers.co.uk Horsham St Faith
External links[edit]
Media related to Norwich Airport at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
RAF Bomber Command History of Horsham St Faith
458th Bombardment Group website
City of Norwich Aviation Museum website
United Kingdom portal
Aviation portal
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text:
Gleaming the Cube
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Gleaming the Cube
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Graeme Clifford
Produced by
Lawrence Turman
David Foster
Written by
Michael Tolkin
Starring
Christian Slater
Steven Bauer
Music by
Jay Ferguson
Cinematography
Reed Smoot
Edited by
John Wright
Production
company
Gladden Entertainment
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
January 13, 1989 (1989-01-13)
Running time
100 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$10 million
Box office
$2,777,280
Gleaming the Cube (also known as A Brother's Justice and Skate or Die) is an American film released in 1989. It featured Christian Slater as Brian Kelly, a 16-year-old skateboarder investigating the death of his adopted Vietnamese brother.
The skating technical advisor for the film was original Z-Boy Stacy Peralta. Among the skateboarders who appear in the film as stunt skaters are Mike McGill, "Gator" Mark Rogowski, Rodney Mullen, Rich Dunlop, Eric Dressen, Lance Mountain, Mike Vallely, Chris Black, Ted Ehr, Natas Kaupas, Chris Borst, and Steve Saiz. Tony Hawk (Buddy) and Tommy Guerrero (Sam), then members of the Bones Brigade, appear in the film as members of Brian's skate crew. Future lead singer of The Aquabats and creator of Yo Gabba Gabba!, Christian Jacobs, also appears in the film as Gremic.
The film received a moderate release in the United States from 20th Century Fox (in 469 theaters). Although the film had a relatively low box office turnout, it garnered a significant cult following[2] after its theatrical release, through basic cable replays on networks such as USA and the burgeoning VHS (and later DVD) market, as well as among skateboarders.
The title of the film refers to the cryptic question "Have you ever gleemed [sic] inside a cube?" that Garry Scott Davis (GSD) asked Neil Blender in an interview in the December 1983 issue of Thrasher magazine.[3] In the film, Christian Slater’s character defines “gleaming the cube” as “pushing your limits to the edge.” The DVD contains an easter egg; by highlighting the skateboard on the main menu, viewers can watch a short featurette entitled “What Does Gleaming the Cube Mean?”.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Locations
4 Cultural references
5 Legacy
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Brian Kelly is an underachieving high school student in Orange County, California. An avid skateboarder along with many of his friends, Brian is frequently at odds with his parents for his increasingly reckless behavior, which has landed him in jail on more than one occasion. The only person in the family Brian can relate to is his adopted Vietnamese brother Vinh, who works as a shipping clerk for the Vietnamese Anti-Communist Relief Fund (VACRF), an organization whose stated purpose is to send medical supplies to Vietnam.
When Vinh discovers a suspicious error in VACRF's shipping records, he brings it to his boss Colonel Trac, who dismisses the matter as a clerical error. But when Vinh tries to investigate further, Colonel Trac abruptly fires him. Determined to find out the truth, Vinh sneaks into Westpac Medical Supplies (WMS), the warehouse responsible for VACRF's shipping, but is apprehended by the warehouse's owner, Ed Lawndale. He is then taken to a local motel and interrogated by Lawndale and Bobby Nguyen, another of Colonel Trac's employees. When Colonel Trac himself arrives at the motel, it is revealed that he and Lawndale are conspirators in a scheme to smuggle illegal weapons and ammunition to Vietnam. Convinced that Vinh poses no threat to their operation, Trac intends to set him free, but unfortunately Vinh dies from being strangled by Nguyen. The next morning, a housekeeper enters the room and finds Vinh's body hanging from a noose, purposely made to look like he committed suicide.
After the funeral, Brian finds the same list of medical supplies Vinh was investigating in their room, but written in Vietnamese. While looking for someone to translate it, he encounters Bobby Nguyen who immediately begins to follow him. When Nguyen stops to use a pay phone, Brian slips unnoticed into the backseat of his car. In a secluded area, Nguyen meets with Trac and Lawndale and attempts to extort them for $50,000 and plane ticket to Bangkok in exchange for information on Brian. A struggle ensues, and Nguyen is inadvertently shot to death by Lawndale. When Trac and Lawndale depart, Brian flees to notify the police. However, when they arrive at the scene, the authorities find no trace of the crime. Brian confides in Detective Al Lucero, believing that his brother did not commit suicide. While skeptical, Lucero offers to do what he can to help.
As Brian's suspicion of Colonel Trac continues to grow, he decides to reach out to Trac's daughter Tina, a fellow high school student and Vinh's ex-girlfriend. After an image makeover, Brian asks her out on a date and the two become closer. He accompanies Tina to one of VACRF's social functions, where he notices Lawndale and learns of his connection to Trac and WMS. Following in his brother's footsteps, Brian sneaks into Lawndale's warehouse and successfully uncovers a cache of weapons in a shipping crate.
Taking matters into his own hands, Brian causes an explosion at the warehouse and plants evidence to incriminate Trac, but Lucero immediately suspects Brian and admonishes him for the act. However, the incident causes Trac to panic and send his wife and daughter away to his brother's house, for their own safety. A distressed Tina spends the night with Brian and discovers a lighter belonging to her father in Brian's room, leading Brian to explain all his suspicions to her. Tina angrily confronts her father about the conspiracy, who is shamed by his involvement and contacts Lawndale to remove himself from the operation. In response, Lawndale begins to target Brian directly, sending a group of Vietnamese motorcyclists to run him down on the street. The police manage to apprehend the bikers and, with the aid of an interpreter, Lucero is able to confirm Lawndale's role in the attack.
Meanwhile, Brian visits his friend Yabbo, who builds a newer, faster skateboard for Brian and rallies the rest of the skateboarding clique. Brian and the police both converge upon Colonel Trac's house, where Lawndale takes Tina hostage at gunpoint. When Trac tries to wrestle the gun away, Brian crashes into the room through the window, but Lawndale shoots and kills Trac before making his escape in a stolen police car. A chaotic chase ensues, with Brian, Lucero, and the entire skateboarding crew eventually cornering Lawndale. As Lawndale prepares to shoot him, Brian soars into the air on his skateboard and knocks him out, injuring himself in the process. At the hospital, Brian tries to comfort Tina in the wake of her father's death and suggests that they go back to school together, implying that their relationship will continue. The film ends with Brian and Lucero visiting Vinh's grave before driving away.
Cast[edit]
Christian Slater as Brian Kelly
Steven Bauer as Al Lucero
Richard Herd as Ed Lawndale
Le Tuan as Colonel Trac
Min Luong as Tina Trac
Art Chudabala as Vinh Kelly
Ed Lauter as Mr. Kelly
Micole Mercurio as Mrs. Kelly
Peter Kwong as Bobby Nguyen
Max Perlich as Yabbo
Tony Hawk as Buddy
Christian Jacobs as Gremic
Renowned stuntman Buddy Joe Hooker makes a cameo at the start of the chase scene's freeway segment as the driver whose Corvette gets sideswiped
Locations[edit]
The Anaheim motel in the movie, the "Atomic Age Lodge," was in reality the Stovall's Cosmic Age Lodge on Harbor Boulevard, across the street from the then-Disneyland parking lot. It was one of a group of Stovall's hotels in the area with a "Space Age" theme (the others being Stovall's Apollo Inn and Stovall's Space Age Lodge and the Inn Of Tomorrow). The Cosmic Age was demolished in the late 1990s to make room for Disney California Adventure. The others have been remodeled and no longer have the space theme.
Most of the school scenes were filmed at Woodbridge High in Irvine, California.
The video store, pool hall, and Brian trying to find a translator scenes were filmed along Bolsa Avenue between Magnolia St. and Ward St. in Garden Grove
The Pizza Hut where Tony Hawk's character works stands at Lincoln and Tustin Avenues in the city of Orange
Some introductory scenes were filmed at John Wayne Airport (Orange County, California) before major renovation work on the terminal.
The hill scene was filmed on 17th Street between Patton and Leland in San Pedro, California.
The arcade scene was filmed at Tons Of Fun in the Norwichtown Mall.
The car chase scene near the end of the movie was filmed on West Seaside Way between the 500 to 700 block in Long Beach, California.
Brian's ferry ride was from Balboa Island to the Balboa Peninsula where on his bike he met his skateboarding friends at the Balboa Fun Zone in Newport Beach.
Cultural references[edit]
In the Simpsons episode "Lemon of Troy", Bart and a young Shelbyville boy skate past a female doppelganger of Groundskeeper Willy, who screams after them, "Slow down, ya sidewalk surfin, cube gleamers!" The movie is referenced again in the episode "To Surveil with Love" when Ned Flanders tells Bart to "Stop gleaming that cube!" as he is watching Bart skateboard down the sidewalk.
In the Season 2 premiere of Robot Chicken, Christian Slater plays a skater named Skater McGee, who gets kids to try an incredibly hard trick called the "Monster Cookie Pinwheel". When asked by the skaters what a Monster Cookie Pinwheel is, Skater McGee replies with, "A monster cookie pinwheel is when you skate up to a locomotives cow catch, you 360 punk buster to the second car, do a lemonade hand stand on the third car, a whipping-post ollie to the fourth car, a demon stomper on the fifth car, and a gleaming the cube off the sixth car, before dismounting the train."
A reference to "gleaming the cube" was also made in season 3 of the show The Goldbergs when Erica asked Barry's friend Jeff, "What does that even mean?" as he took off on his skateboard.
The 2010 skateboarding video game Skate 3 featured a mission with a name parodying the movie's title, Teaming the Kube, the Kube being an area in the game.
A season two episode of the Netflix original series Voltron: Legendary Defender makes a word-play reference to the film. Episode four is titled "Greening the Cube."
The film is referenced in the dialogue in The Lego Batman Movie.
Legacy[edit]
Professional skateboarder Stevie Williams has stated in an online interview that Slater's character in the film was his first skateboarding influence.[4]
Skateboarding figure Tony Hawk, in a 2008 interview with Slater, revealed that he is continually asked if Slater actually skated in the film. Hawk has remained in contact with Slater well beyond the production of the film.[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=gleamingthecube.htm
Jump up ^ He Bolin (22 June 2009). "Skateboarding out of the shadows". China Daily. China Daily Information Co (CDIC). Retrieved 24 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Scott Davis, Gary (December 1983). "Steep Slopes". Thrasher. Vol. 3 no. 12. San Francisco, California: High Speed Productions Inc. p. 8. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Blair Alley (28 February 2012). "30TH ANNIVERSARY INTERVIEWS: STEVIE WILLIAMS PT 1". Transworld Skateboarding. Bonnier Corporation. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
Jump up ^ RIDEChannel (interview by Tony Hawk) (6 June 2012). "Christian Slater and Tony Hawk discuss Gleaming the Cube - Dissent". YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
External links[edit]
Gleaming the Cube on IMDb
Gleaming the Cube at Box Office Mojo
Gleaming the Cube at Rotten Tomatoes
Origin of Gleaming the Cube film title in the December 1983 issue of Thrasher
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gleaming_the_Cube&oldid=800200476"
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Ob River
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Ob (disambiguation).
Ob (Обь)
River
Near Barnaul
Country
Russia
Regions
Altai Krai, Novosibirsk Oblast, Tomsk Oblast, Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Yamalia
Tributaries
- left Katun River, Anuy River, Charysh River, Aley River, Parabel River, Vasyugan River, Irtysh River, Northern Sosva River
- right Biya River, Berd River, Inya River, Tom River, Chulym River, Ket River, Tym River, Vakh River, Pim River, Kazim River
Cities
Biysk, Barnaul, Novosibirsk, Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut
Primary source
Katun River
- location Belukha Mountain, Altai Republic
- elevation 2,300 m (7,546 ft)
- coordinates 49°45′0″N 86°34′0″E / 49.75000°N 86.56667°E / 49.75000; 86.56667
Secondary source
Biya River
- location Lake Teletskoye, Altai Republic
- elevation 434 m (1,424 ft)
- coordinates 51°47′11″N 87°14′49″E / 51.78639°N 87.24694°E / 51.78639; 87.24694
Source confluence
Near Biysk
- elevation 195 m (640 ft)
- coordinates 52°25′54″N 85°01′26″E / 52.43167°N 85.02389°E / 52.43167; 85.02389
Mouth
Gulf of Ob
- location Ob Delta, Yamalia
- elevation 0 m (0 ft)
- coordinates 66°32′02″N 71°23′41″E / 66.53389°N 71.39472°E / 66.53389; 71.39472Coordinates: 66°32′02″N 71°23′41″E / 66.53389°N 71.39472°E / 66.53389; 71.39472
Length
3,650 km (2,268 mi)
Basin
2,972,497 km2 (1,147,688 sq mi)
Discharge
for Salekhard
- average 12,475 m3/s (440,550 cu ft/s) [1]
- max 40,200 m3/s (1,419,650 cu ft/s)
- min 2,360 m3/s (83,343 cu ft/s)
Map of the Ob River watershed
The Ob River (Russian: Обь, IPA: [opʲ]), also Ob', is a major river in western Siberia, Russia, and is the world's seventh-longest river. It forms at the confluence of the Biya and Katun Rivers which have their origins in the Altay Mountains. It is the westernmost of the three great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Yenisei River and the Lena River).
The Gulf of Ob is the world's longest estuary.
Contents
1 Names
2 Geography
3 Human use
4 Pollution
5 Tributaries
6 Cities
7 Bridges
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Names[edit]
The internationally known name of the river is based on the Russian name Обь (Obʹ). Possibly from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hā́p-, "river, water" (compare Vedic áp-, Persian āb, Tajik ob, and Pashto obə, "water"). Katz (1990)[2] proposes Komi ob 'river' as the immediate source of derivation for the Russian name. Katz' proposal of a common Finno-Ugric root, loaned early on from a pre-Indo-Iranian source related to Sanskrit ambhas- 'water' is deemed improbable by Rédei (1992),[3] who prefers to analyze this as a later loan from a descendant of the non-nasal root form *Hā́p-.
The Ob is known to the Khanty people as the As (the source of the name "Ostyak"), Yag, Kolta and Yema; to the Nenets people as the Kolta or Kuay; and to the Siberian Tatars as the Umar or Omass.
Geography[edit]
The Ob forms 25 km (16 mi) southwest of Biysk in Altai Krai at the confluence of the Biya and Katun rivers. Both these streams have their origin in the Altay Mountains, the Biya issuing from Lake Teletskoye, the Katun, 700 kilometres (430 mi) long, bursting out of a glacier on Mount Byelukha.
The Ob's entire main course is within Russia, though its tributaries extend into Kazakhstan, China and Mongolia. The river splits into more than one arm, especially after joining the large Irtysh tributary at about 69° E. (Originating in China, the Irtysh is actually longer than the Ob from source to the point of their confluence.) From the source of the Irtysh to the mouth of the Ob, the river flow is the longest in Russia at 4,248 kilometers (2,640 mi). Other noteworthy tributaries are: from the east, the Tom, Chulym, Ket, Tym and Vakh rivers; and, from the west and south, the Vasyugan, Irtysh (with the Ishim and Tobol rivers), and Sosva Rivers.
The Ob zigzags west and north until it reaches 55° N, where it curves round to the northwest, and again north, wheeling finally eastwards into the Gulf of Ob, a 1,000-kilometre-long (620-mile) bay of the Kara Sea, separating the Yamal Peninsula from the Gydan Peninsula.
The combined Ob-Irtysh system, the fourth-longest river system of Asia (after Yenisei, and China's Yangzi and Yellow rivers), is 5,410 kilometres (3,360 mi) long, and the area of its basin 2,990,000 square kilometres (1,150,000 sq mi). The river basin of the Ob consists mostly of steppe, taiga, swamps, tundra, and semi-desert topography. The floodplains of the Ob are characterized by many tributaries and lakes. The Ob is ice-bound at southern Barnaul from early in November to near the end of April, and at northern Salekhard, 150 km (93 mi) above its mouth, from the end of October to the beginning of June. The Ob River crosses several climatic zones. The upper Ob valley, in the south, grows grapes, melons and watermelons, whereas the lower reaches of the Ob are Arctic tundra. The most comfortable climate for the rest on the Ob are Biysk, Barnaul, and Novosibirsk.
Yenisei and Ob (right) flow into Kara Sea
Human use[edit]
The Ob River in Barnaul
A section of the Ob River
The Ob provides irrigation, drinking water, hydroelectric energy, and fishing (the river hosts more than 50 species of fish). There are several hydroelectric power plants along the Ob river, the largest being Novosibirskaya GES[4] rated at 460 MW.
The navigable waters within the Ob basin reach a total length of 15,000 km (9,300 mi). The importance of navigation in the Ob basin for transportation was particularly great before the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway, since, despite the general south-to-north direction of the flow of Ob and most of its tributaries, the width of the Ob basin provided for (somewhat indirect) transportation in the east-west direction as well. Until the early 20th century, a particularly important western river-port was Tyumen, located on the Tura River, a tributary of the Tobol. Reached by an extension of the Ekaterinburg-Perm railway in 1885, and thus obtaining a rail link to the Kama and Volga rivers in the heart of Russia, Tyumen became an important railhead for some years until the railway extended further east. In the eastern reaches of the Ob basin, Tomsk on the Tom River functioned as an important terminus.
Tyumen had its first steamboat in 1836, and steamboats have navigated the middle reaches of the Ob since 1845. The first steamboat on the Ob, Nikita Myasnikov's Osnova, was launched in 1844; the early starts were difficult, and it was not until 1857 that steamboat shipping started developing in the Ob system in a serious way. Steamboats started operating on the Yenisei in 1863, on the Lena and Amur in the 1870s. In 1916 there were 49 steamers on the Ob; 10 on the Yenisei.
In an attempt to extend the Ob navigable system even further, a system of canals, utilizing the Ket River, 900 km (560 mi) long in all, was built[by whom?] in the late 19th-century to connect the Ob with the Yenisei, but soon abandoned as being uncompetitive with the railway.
The Trans-Siberian Railway, once completed, provided for more direct, year-round transportation in the east-west direction. But the Ob river-system still remained important for connecting the huge expanses of Tyumen Oblast and Tomsk Oblast with the major cities along the Trans-Siberian route, such as Novosibirsk or Omsk. In the second half of the 20th century, construction of rail links to Labytnangi, Tobolsk, and the oil and gas cities of Surgut, and Nizhnevartovsk provided more railheads, but did not diminish the importance of the waterways for reaching places still not served by the rail.
A dam built near Novosibirsk in 1956 created the then-largest artificial lake in Siberia, called Novosibirsk Reservoir.
From the 1960s through 1980s Soviet engineers and administrators contemplated a gigantic project to divert some of the waters of Ob and Irtysh to Kazakhstan and the Soviet Central Asian republics, replenishing the Aral Sea as well. The project never left the drawing board, abandoned in 1986 for economic and environmental considerations.[5][6]
Pollution[edit]
In its early years of operation, the Mayak plant released vast quantities of radioactively contaminated water into several small lakes near the plant. These lakes drain into the Techa River, whose waters ultimately flow into the Ob River near the end of its path.[7]
Tributaries[edit]
The Irtysh is the major tributary of the Ob. The larger tributaries along its course are:
from the West
from the East
Peschanaya
Anuy River
Charysh River
Aley River
Barnaulka
Kasmala
Shegarka
Chaya River
Parabel River
Vasyugan River
Yugan River
Salym River
Irtysh
Sosva River
Schuchya
Synya River
Chumysh River
Berd River
Inya River
Tom River
Chulym River
Ket River
Tym River
Kievsky Egan
Vakh River
Vatinsky Egan
Tromyogan River
Pim River
Lyamin River
Kazim River
Polui River
In addition, the Nadym River and the Pur River flow into the Gulf of Ob and the Taz River into the Taz Estuary, a side arm of the Gulf of Ob.
Cities[edit]
Cities along the river include:
Barnaul
Kamen-na-Obi
Novosibirsk (Russia's third largest city and Siberia's number one)
Kolpashevo
Langepas
Megion
Nizhnevartovsk
Surgut
Khanty-Mansiysk
Beryozovo
Labytnangi
Salekhard
Bridges[edit]
From a confluence to a source:
Surgut Bridge
Railway bridge in Surgut
Shegarsky bridge
The bridge of "northern bypass" of Novosibirsk
Dimitrov bridge in Novosibirsk
First railway bridge across the Ob (Trans-Siberian Railway)
Communal (October) bridge in Novosibirsk
Metro bridge in Novosibirsk – longest Metro Bridge in the world
Olovozavodskoy Bridge
Komsomol railway bridge in Novosibirsk
The bridge above the lock of Novosibirskaya HPP
Railway bridge in Kamen-na-Obi
Communal bridge (railway, automobile) in Barnaul
New bridge in Barnaul
See also[edit]
List of rivers of Russia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ob River at Salekhard". River Discharge Database. Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment. 2010-02-13. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
Jump up ^ Katz, Hartmut. Zum Flußnamen Ob. — Specimena Sibirica III, pp. 93–95. Wien.
Jump up ^ Rédei, Károly. Szófejtések. — Nyelvtudományi Közlemenyek 93, pp. 125–135.
Jump up ^ "Location of Novosibirskaya GES". Google Maps. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Douglas R. Weiner, "A Little Corner of Freedom: Russian Nature Protection from Stalin to Gorbachev". University of California Press, 1999. ISBN 0-520-23213-5. p. 415
Jump up ^ Michael H. Glantz, "Creeping Environmental Problems and Sustainable Development in the Aral Sea...". ISBN 0-521-62086-4. p. 174
Jump up ^ www-ns.iaea.org/downloads/rw/projects/emras-aquatic-techa.pdf
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ob". Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ob River.
The Top Ten: Longest Rivers of the World
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 4117965-1
VIAF: 245687245
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ob_River&oldid=854309128"
Categories:
Ob River
Rivers of Altai Krai
Rivers of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Rivers of Novosibirsk Oblast
Rivers of Tomsk Oblast
Rivers of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Geography of Siberia
North Asia
Drainage basins of the Kara Sea
Hidden categories:
Coordinates on Wikidata
Geobox usage tracking for river type
Articles containing Russian-language text
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2017
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
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/wiki/Ob_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Ob (disambiguation)

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hatnote navigation-not-searchable

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Location name (local name)

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values: Country/Countries in which the site lies

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Regions in which the site lies

values: Major tributaries observed as the river flows

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/wiki/Northern_Sosva_River
mw-redirect
Northern Sosva River

values: Major left tributaries observed as the river flows

values: Major right tributaries observed as the river flows

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Major settlements which lie in the site

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Source elevation above sea level (ASL)

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: Secondary source source elevation above sea level (ASL)

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Secondary source geographic coordinates

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Mouth elevation above sea level (ASL)

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Drainage basin/catchment area/watershed

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/wiki/Altay_Mountains
mw-redirect
Altay Mountains

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mw-redirect
Pashto language

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/wiki/Khanty_people
mw-redirect
Khanty people

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/wiki/Mount_Byelukha
mw-redirect
Mount Byelukha

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/wiki/Chulym_River_(Ob)
mw-redirect
Chulym River (Ob)

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/wiki/Sosva_River_(Sverdlovsk_Oblast)
mw-redirect
Sosva River (Sverdlovsk Oblast)

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/wiki/Ob-Yenisei_Canal
mw-redirect
Ob-Yenisei Canal

values: The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2017)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

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/wiki/Salym_River
mw-redirect
Salym River

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/wiki/Pur_River_(Russia)
mw-redirect
Pur River (Russia)

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/wiki/Olovozavodskoy_Bridge
mw-redirect
Olovozavodskoy Bridge

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external text
http://www.nytud.hu/nyk/reg/093.pdf,

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external text
https://goo.gl/maps/3MCD7ru2FDN2

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values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

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external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4117965-1

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external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/245687245

values: Category:Rivers of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug

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https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Afrikaans
af
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https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysyry_Ovi
Ysyry Ovi – Guarani
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https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Bosnian
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https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Breton
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https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi
Obi – Catalan
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values: Ob' (suba sa Rusya, lat 66,75, long 69,50) – Cebuano

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https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Czech
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https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Ob
Afon Ob – Welsh
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https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Danish
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https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – German
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https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Estonian
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https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obo
Obo – Esperanto
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https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Basque
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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – French
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https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Western Frisian
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values: ओब नदी – Hindi

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https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Upper Sorbian
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https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Croatian
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https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Ob
Sungai Ob – Indonesian
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https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Icelandic
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https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Swahili
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https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obius
Obius – Latin
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https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oba
Oba – Latvian
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https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C4%97
Obė – Lithuanian
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https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ob
ob – Lojban
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https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Hungarian
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https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Ob
Sungai Ob – Malay
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https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Norwegian
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https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Norwegian Nynorsk
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Ob – Uzbek
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https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Low German
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https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Polish
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https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Ob
Rio Ob – Portuguese
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https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi
Obi – Romanian
ro
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Obi mayu – Quechua
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https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob_River
Ob River – Scots
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https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Saterland Frisian
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https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Sicilian
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https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Slovenian
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https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Serbo-Croatian
sh
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https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Finnish
fi
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https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob
Ob – Swedish
sv
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https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi_Nehri
Obi Nehri – Turkish
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https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salog_Ob
Salog Ob – Waray
war
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