text:
Scotty Grainger
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Scotty Grainger
Daniel Hall as Scotty Grainger
The Young and the Restless character
Portrayed by
Hannah and Jessica Gist (1993–94)
Joseph Tello (1993–94)
Gemini Barnett (1994)
Blair Redford (2005–06)
Daniel Hall (2017–)
(and child actors)
Duration
1991–94
2005–06
2017–
First appearance
1991
Created by
William J. Bell
Classification
Present; regular
Profile
Other names
Scott Grainger, Jr.
Occupation
Writer
Former Journalist for a British news service
Formerly worked for the justice department
Former College student working on masters in education
Teaching assistant
Residence
Genoa City, Wisconsin

Blair Redford as Scotty Grainger
[show]Family
Parents
Scott Grainger Sr.
Lauren Fenmore
Stepfather
Michael Baldwin
Half-brothers
Dylan Fenmore (legal)
Fenmore Baldwin
Grandparents
James Grainger
Neil Fenmore
Joanna Manning
Aunts
Christine Blair
Jill Abbott
First cousins
Phillip Chancellor III
Billy Abbott
Scott "Scotty" Grainger, Jr. is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless. He was played by actor Blair Redford from July 2005 until January 2006. In January 2017, Soap Opera Digest announced that Daniel Hall had been recast in the role.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Character History
1.1 Childhood
1.2 2005–06
1.3 2012
1.4 2017–
2 References
3 External links
Character History[edit]
Childhood[edit]
In 1989, Lauren Fenmore (Tracey E. Bregman) and Dr. Scott Grainger (Peter Barton) got married, but Sheila Carter (Kimberlin Brown) wanted Scott for herself. She drugged him in order to get herself pregnant, and she and Lauren were both pregnant by Scott at the same time. Scott then divorced Lauren out of obligation to Sheila. Then, Sheila miscarried, but she bought a baby off the black market, and she swapped the child with Lauren's newborn son. She "delivered" Scott Grainger Jr. in 1991, and Lauren raised Sheila's black market baby, Dylan, until he died from meningitis at the age of one year in 1992. Soon after, Sheila's mother, Molly Carter (Marilyn Alex), revealed the truth to Lauren and Scott. The couple were reunited with their son, and they got re-married in 1992. Unfortunately, Scott contracted a terminal illness in the same year, and he died shortly after. Lauren then moved to Los Angeles, and she took Scotty with her. Over the next few years, Lauren traveled the world. It was revealed during that time that Scotty spent his childhood in boarding school. Lauren returned to Genoa City in 2001 while Scotty was still in school.
2005–06[edit]
After her return, Lauren married Michael Baldwin (Christian LeBlanc) in 2005. Michael soon quizzed Lauren about her rarely mentioned son, Scotty, hopeful that he would attend the wedding, and they could finally meet, but Lauren was evasive. After a failed internet search, Michael's half-brother, Kevin Fisher (Greg Rikaart), called Scotty from Lauren's cell phone, and they traced the boy to Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Michael went to Canada to meet his future stepson, now a 24-year-old college student, working on his Masters in Education with a specialty in creative writing. Scotty, using "Scott" professionally, disclosed that he had never been back to Genoa City since he was a toddler. Still, Lauren visited him often during his stays in boarding school. Scott had always wondered why his mother was so secretive, but he gave up asking a long time ago. Not long after Michael returned to Genoa City, Lauren decided to tell Scott about her impending marriage, but Scott admitted that he had already met Michael. Lauren felt betrayed by Michael, but he later reminded her about how she disliked his family secrets.
After Lauren left Scott's apartment, Sheila Carter walked out of Scott's bedroom. Sheila was taking college courses, and Scott, who looked just like his father, was her tutor. Sheila gave Scott an idea for a novel. Unknown to him, the story was of Sheila and his mother's past, but Sheila made Lauren out to be the evil-doer who stole Sheila's baby when it was really the other way around. Meanwhile, Michael discovered Lauren and Sheila's history, and he visited "Sheila" in a Californian prison for the criminally insane. This woman was not Sheila, but "Sugar" (also played by Kimberlin Brown), who had plastic surgery to look like Sheila. She escaped from prison for two months before turning herself in. Scott came to Genoa City for his mother's wedding and Sheila followed him there in disguise. She soon hooked up with Kevin Fisher's abusive father, "Terrible Tom" Fisher (Roscoe Born).
Not realizing that Shelia was intent on murder, Tom was conned into joining her plot to get back at Lauren by planting a bomb on Lauren and Michael's honeymoon yacht. Lauren was presumed dead, but Tom saved her in time. He kept Lauren and Sheila captive until Lauren convinced him that Sheila was evil. John Abbott (Jerry Douglas) discovered that Lauren was being held hostage, and in his attempt to rescue her, Tom was fatally shot in 2006. Lauren and Sheila worked together to escape from the bomb shelter that they were being held in. Sheila left town after the shelter caved in, and she was severely hurt. Luckily, Lauren came out unscathed, and she reunited with Scott and Michael. Scott decided to stay in Genoa City with his mother, but he soon faded into the background. Several months later in 2006, Lauren revealed that Scott moved back to Toronto.
2012[edit]
When Daisy was freed from prison, Lauren felt extremely endangered. She was scared that Daisy would torture her and her family, so she decided to send Fenmore Baldwin, her son with Michael Baldwin to live with Scotty until the matter with Daisy is resolved.
2017–[edit]
By 2017 Scott was writing articles for a news service, and was working on a refugee project in a war zone. His mother, Lauren became concerned when she stopped hearing from him, then received a call that was disconnected. Lauren received word that the State Department believed that Scott was missing, although alive and possibly held captive. Scott had left for an interview, but he nor his driver had been heard from since. Lauren received another call from Scott which was again disconnected.
He was eventually rescued by Kevin Fisher.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ SOD (January 26, 2017). "Exclusive! Y&R Recasts Lauren’s Son". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
External links[edit]
Scotty Grainger profile - Soapcentral.com
[show]
v
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The Young and the Restless
Cast
Present cast members
Past cast members
Crew
William J. Bell
Lee Phillip Bell
Mal Young
Sally Sussman
Families
Newman
Abbott
Chancellor
Barber/Winters
Related articles
Genoa City
Storylines
The Bold and the Beautiful
Victor and Nikki
Nick and Sharon
J.T. and Colleen
Daniel and Lily
Devon and Hilary
"Nadia's Theme"
[hide]
v
t
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The Young and the Restless characters
[hide]
Present and future characters
Ashley Abbott
Billy Abbott
Jack Abbott
Jill Abbott
John Abbott
Johnny Abbott
Traci Abbott
Cane Ashby
Charlie Ashby
Mattie Ashby
Lily Winters
Colin Atkinson
Fenmore Baldwin
Michael Baldwin
Gloria Abbott Bardwell
Jeffrey Bardwell
Christine Blair
Mariah Copeland
Hilary Curtis
Lauren Fenmore
Kevin Fisher
Scotty Grainger
Devon Hamilton
Reed Hellstrom
Anita Lawson
Chloe Mitchell
Leslie Michaelson
Abby Newman
Chelsea Lawson
Christian Newman
Connor Newman
Faith Newman
Katie Newman
Nicholas Newman
Nikki Newman
Noah Newman
Sharon Newman
Summer Newman
Victor Newman
Victoria Newman
Stitch Rayburn
Barton Shelby
Phyllis Summers
Esther Valentine
Paul Williams
Neil Winters
[show]
Past characters
Kyle Abbott
Kelly Andrews
Genevieve Atkinson
Avery Bailey Clark
Eden Baldwin
Isabella Braña
Mackenzie Browning
Brad Carlton
Colleen Carlton
Daisy Carter
Sheila Carter
Chance Chancellor
Katherine Chancellor
Joe Clark
Matt Clark
Greg Foster
Dr. Snapper Foster
Sam Gibson
Diego Guittierez
Nathan Hastings
Jana Hawkes
J.T. Hellstrom
Brittany Hodges
Cole Howard
Diane Jenkins
Mamie Johnson
Leanna Love
Ronan Malloy
Dylan McAvoy
Tucker McCall
Ryan McNeil
Tyler Michaelson
Amber Moore
Adam Newman
Cassie Newman
Cassandra Rawlins
Gina Roma
Daniel Romalotti
Danny Romalotti
Luca Santori
Deacon Sharpe
Marisa Sierras
Rex Sterling
Heather Stevens
Grace Turner
Angelina Veneziano
Ian Ward
Sage Warner
Nina Webster
Patty Williams
Ricky Williams
Hope Wilson
Drucilla Winters
Malcolm Winters
Olivia Winters
[show]
Character lists
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Newman family
Abbott family
Chancellor family
Barber/Winters family
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Home Town (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Hometown (TV series).
Home Town
Starring
Ben Napier
Erin Napier
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
11
Release
Original network
HGTV
Original release
March 21, 2017 (2017-03-21) – present
External links
Website
Home Town is an American television series starring husband and wife team Ben and Erin Napier that premiered on March 21, 2017 on HGTV. The married couple restores Southern homes in Laurel, Mississippi.[1]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Shinners, Rebecca (January 22, 2016). "10 Reasons You Should Be Watching HGTV's Newest Show Home Town". Country Living. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website

This article about a television show originating in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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McCafé
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
McCafé
Type
Subsidiary
Industry
Restaurants
Founded
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia in 1993
Founder
Dick and Mac McDonald McDonald's restaurant concept;
Ray Kroc, McDonald's Corporation founder;
Ann Brown, McDonald's franchisee.
Headquarters
Oak Brook, Illinois, United States
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
James A. Skinner
(Chairman & CEO);
Ann Brown
Products
Coffee
Parent
McDonald's
Website
McDonald's McCafé Australia
McCafé is a coffee-house-style food and beverage chain, owned by McDonald's. Conceptualised and launched in Melbourne, Australia in 1993 by McDonald's Licensee Ann Brown,[1] and introduced to the public with help from McDonald's CEO Charlie Bell and then-Chairman and future CEO James Skinner, the chain reflects a consumer trend towards espresso coffees.[2]
Reports indicated that McCafé outlets generated 15% more revenue than a regular McDonald's and, by 2003, were the largest coffee shop brand in Australia and New Zealand.[3]
Contents
1 International expansion
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
International expansion[edit]
A cup of hot chocolate sold in Canada under the McCafé brand
A McCafé in Philippines
The first one in the United States opened in Chicago, Illinois, in May 2001 when there were about 300 worldwide.[4] In 2004 McCafé opened in Costa Rica and in France, and the next year, the concept was launched in Italy. In 2007, the chain expanded to Japan as part of McDonald's efforts to boost sales with healthier soup and sandwich offerings and reach out to new customers who favoured traditional coffee shops.[5] Despite being a relatively small part of McDonald's overall strategy, there are currently 1,300 worldwide.[6]
In June 2006 the very first McCafé in Bulgaria opened at the Mall of Sofia.
McCafé arrived In Paraguay in 2007.
In August 2008, McDonald's expanded their McCafé concept to South Africa, where the McDonald's franchise is already a household name and one of the largest fast-food chains in the country.[7] At the end of 2009 McCafé drinks were available at McDonald's restaurants in the United States. McCafé opened in El Salvador on July 6, 2010, located in McDonald's restaurants in the Zona Rosa and Próceres Boulevard with the goal of providing the aroma, flavor and texture of 100% Salvadorian gourmet coffee.
McCafé opened in Madrid, Spain on June 28, 2008, located in McDonald's Montera restaurants.
In 2011 McDonald's started expansion of McCafé in Ukraine. There are 6 McCafés in Kiev, 1 in Lviv, 1 in Odesa, 1 in Dnipropetrovsk and 1 in Kharkiv as of January, 2014.
In July 2010 the McCafé added real fruit smoothies to their drink list. In November 2010 they added mocha and hot chocolate to their drink list. In July 2011 they added Frozen Strawberry Lemonade and the Mango Pineapple Smoothie to the U.S. menu.
On November 7, 2011, McDonald's Canada launched McCafé across the nation after being available only in select stores prior to this announcement.[8] With the introduction of McCafé in Canada, participating McDonald's stores have added mocha, cappuccino, espresso, americano, latte, iced latte, iced mocha and hot chocolate to their menus.[9] With McCafé, McDonald's is now in direct competition with Coffee Time, Country Style, Second Cup, Starbucks, Tim Hortons, and Timothy's in the Canadian coffee market.
On June 16, 2012, McDonald's launched the first McCafé Malaysia in Kota Damansara, with a few others subsequently opening in the Bandar Utama, Subang Jaya, Titiwangsa, and Taman Connaught outlets - all currently located in Klang Valley as well as in Greenlane, Birch House, IJM Promenade and Penang International Airport - all in Penang.
In Turkey, McCafé operates under the name "McD Café". The first coffee shop opened in July 2012 at Sabiha Gökçen Airport. As of April 2016, there are 8 Mcd Cafés on the Asian side of Istanbul, 6 on the European side, 3 in Antalya, 2 each in Adana and Kocaeli, and one each in Afyonkarahisar, Aksaray, Ankara and Kırşehir.
In December 2012, McDonald's announced that it would be bringing the McCafé brand and line of products to all of the McDonald's restaurants in the United Kingdom. This would include the addition of iced frappés, iced fruit smoothies and a rebranding of the standard McDonald's coffee to "McCafé."
On October 14, 2013, McDonald's launched the first McCafé India in the South Mumbai area in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
McDonald's introduced a coffee line called "McCafé" nationwide in the United States.[10] In August 2014, the company announced it was going to start to selling its coffee for home brewing in supermarkets across the United States.[11] Manufactured and distributed in partnership with Kraft Foods, the coffee is currently available in prepackaged bags and K-Cups.[12]
In December 2015, McDonald's Canada opened its first standalone McCafe store in Toronto Union Station's newly built York concourse area.[13]
On March 20, 2018, the first McCafé was opened in Minsk, Belarus. Another one has opened its doors on June 24, 2018. It's planned to open one more McCafé in Minsk until the end of 2018.
See also[edit]
Coffee portal
List of coffeehouse chains
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "McDonald's Opens First McCafe in U.S." Entrepreneur.com. 2001-05-14. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
Jump up ^ Danielle Veldre (2002-07-01). "McDonald's Brews Strong Push into Cafe Market". B&T. Archived from the original on August 11, 2005. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
Jump up ^ Bruce Horovitz (2003-05-20). "It's Back to Basics for McDonald's". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
Jump up ^ Chris Rugaber (2001-04-30). "McDonald's Opens McCafe". The Motley Fool. Archived from the original on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
Jump up ^ Kanako Takahara (2007-08-30). "McCafe Aims for Slice of Coffee Shop Pie". Japan Times. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
Jump up ^ "McDonald's Q1 2008 Earnings Call Transcript". Seeking Alpha. 2008-04-22. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
Jump up ^ "McDonald's".
Jump up ^ "McDonald's® Canada accelerates beverage growth strategy with national launch of McCafé® brand".
Jump up ^ "McCafé® Canada Product Page".
Jump up ^ "McDonald's brews up anti-coffee snob ad blitz". Reuters. 2008-09-19. Archived from the original on 2008-09-20.
Jump up ^ "We're Lovin' McCafe: McDonald's to Sell Coffee in Supermarkets". nbcnews.com.
Jump up ^ "McCafé at Home :: McDonalds.com". www.mcdonalds.com.
Jump up ^ "McDonalds opens Canada's first standalone McCafe at Toronto's Union Station | Metro News". metronews.ca. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
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Bethlehem Steel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the current soccer club, see Bethlehem Steel FC. For the early 20th century American soccer club, see Bethlehem Steel F.C. (1907–30). For the Brooklyn based indie rock band, see Bethlehem Steel (band).
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Bethlehem Steel Corporation
Former type
Private
Industry
Steel, shipbuilding, mining
Fate
Bankruptcy
Successor
ArcelorMittal
(2006–present)
Mittal Steel Company
(2005–2006)
International Steel Group
(2003–2005)
Founded
1857 (roots), 1899 (Bethlehem Steel Company, original company), 1904 (Bethlehem Steel Corporation, new company)
Defunct
2003; 14 years ago (2003)
Headquarters
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Subsidiaries
Bethlehem Steel Company and Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation
The Bethlehem Steel Corporation (commonly called Bethlehem Steel) was a steel and shipbuilding company that began operations in 1904 and was America's second-largest steel producer and largest shipbuilder.
The Bethlehem Steel roots trace back to 1857 with the establishment of the Bethlehem Iron Company; the Bethlehem Iron Company (also known as Bethlehem Iron Works or simply Bethlehem Iron) was established as the Saucona Iron Company and ceased operations in 1901. However, the Bethlehem Steel legacy began in 1899 with the formation of the first Bethlehem Steel, the Bethlehem Steel Company which was two years before the Bethlehem Iron Company ceased operations. The Bethlehem Steel Company (also known as Bethlehem Steel Works) leased all properties from the Bethlehem Iron Company from 1899 to 1901 and assumed ownership of all properties from the Bethlehem Iron Company after the Bethlehem Iron Company ceased operations.
The Bethlehem Steel Company became the primary subsidiary company of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation in 1904. The Bethlehem Steel Company is the first Bethlehem Steel while the Bethlehem Steel Corporation is the second Bethlehem Steel; both companies existed simultaneously after 1904, but the Bethlehem Steel Company was eventually merged into the Bethlehem Steel Corporation in the 1960s.
The Bethlehem Steel Corporation (using the Bethlehem Steel Company) and the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, which was also a Bethlehem Steel Corporation subsidiary, were two of the most powerful symbols of American industrial manufacturing leadership. Their demise is often cited as one of the most prominent examples of the U.S. economy's shift away from industrial manufacturing, its failure to compete with cheap foreign labor, and management's penchant for short-term profits.
After a decline in the American steel industry and other problems leading to the company's bankruptcy in 2001, the Bethlehem Steel Corporation was dissolved and the remaining assets sold to International Steel Group in 2003; Bethlehem Steel Corporation did not merge with/into International Steel Group.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Roots: the Bethlehem Iron Company
1.1.1 Establishment
1.1.2 Growth
1.2 The first company: the Bethlehem Steel Company
1.2.1 Establishment and involvement with the Bethlehem Iron Company
1.2.2 Operating as a subsidiary of the United States Shipbuilding Company
1.3 The second company: the Bethlehem Steel Corporation
1.3.1 Establishment and early growth
1.3.2 1930s and 1940s
1.3.3 1950s and 1960s
1.3.4 1970s through 1990s
1.3.5 Closing and bankruptcy
2 Shipyards
3 Freight cars
4 Influence on American landmarks
5 Gallery
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Notes
7.2 Bibliography
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
Roots: the Bethlehem Iron Company[edit]
Bethlehem Steel Works, a watercolor by Joseph Pennell, depicting Bethlehem Iron Company in May 1881
Establishment[edit]
The Saucona Iron Company was established by Augustus Wolle.[1] The Panic of 1857, a national financial crisis, halted further organization of the company and construction of the works. Eventually, the organization was completed, the site moved elsewhere in South Bethlehem, and the company's name was changed to the Bethlehem Rolling Mill and Iron Company.[1] On June 14, 1860, the board of directors of the fledgling company elected Alfred Hunt president.[1]
On May 1, 1861, the company's title was changed again, this time to the Bethlehem Iron Company.[1] Construction of the first blast furnace began on July 1, 1861, and it went into operation on January 4, 1863. The first rolling mill was built between the spring of 1861 and the summer of 1863, with the first railroad rails being rolled on September 26. A machine shop, in 1865, and another blast furnace, in 1867, were completed. During its early years, the company produced rails for the rapidly expanding railroads and armor plating for the US Navy.
Growth[edit]
The Bethlehem Steel plant, photographed circa 1896 by William H. Rau
Although the company continued to prosper during the early 1880s, its share of the rail market began to decline in the face of competition from growing Pittsburgh-based firms such as the Carnegie Steel Company. The nation's decision to rebuild the United States Navy with steam-driven, steel-hulled warships reshaped Bethlehem Iron Company's destiny.
Following the American Civil War, the Navy quickly downsized after the end of hostilities, as national energies were redirected toward settling the West and rebuilding the war-ravaged South. Almost no new ordnance was produced, and new technology was neglected. By 1881, international incidents highlighted the poor condition of the U.S. fleet and the need to rebuild it to protect U.S. trade and prestige.
In 1883, Secretary of the Navy William E. Chandler and Secretary of the Army Robert Todd Lincoln appointed Lt. William Jaques to the Gun Foundry Board. Jaques was sent on several fact-finding tours of European armament makers and on one of these trips he formed business ties with the firm of Joseph Whitworth of Manchester, England. He returned to America as Whitworth's agent and, in 1885, was granted an extended furlough to pursue this personal interest.
Jaques was aware that the U.S. Navy would soon solicit bids for the production of heavy guns and other products such as armor that would be needed to further expand the fleet. Jaques contacted the Bethlehem Iron Company with a proposal to serve as an intermediary between it and the Whitworth Company, so that Bethlehem could erect a heavy-forging plant to produce ordnance. In 1885, John Fritz, accompanied by Bethlehem Iron Company directors Robert H. Sayre, E.P. Wilbur, William Thurston, and Joseph Wharton, met with Jaques in Philadelphia. In early 1886, a contract between Bethlehem Iron and the Whitworth Company had been executed.
In spring 1886, Congress passed a naval appropriations bill that authorized the construction of two armored second-class battleships, one protected cruiser, and one first-class torpedo boat, and the complete rebuilding and modernization of two Civil War-era monitors. The two second-class battleships (the USS Texas and the USS Maine) would have both large-caliber guns (12-inch and 10-inch respectively) and heavy armor plating. Bethlehem secured both the forging and armor contracts on June 28, 1887.
Between 1888 and 1892, the Bethlehem Iron Company completed the first U.S. heavy-forging plant. It was designed by John Fritz with the assistance of Russell Wheeler Davenport, who had entered Bethlehem's employ in 1888. By autumn 1890, Bethlehem Iron was delivering gun forging to the U.S. Navy and was completing facilities to provide armor plating.[2]
During the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, a structure that was designed to make the world marvel received its giant axle from Bethlehem Iron. The world's first Ferris wheel needed enough steel to assemble a 140-foot tower to support an all-steel wheel, altogether making a 264-foot (80 m) structure. The iron made in Bethlehem Steel's blast furnaces was responsible for the world's largest single piece of cast iron that had ever been made up to that time.[3]
In 1898, Frederick Taylor joined Bethlehem Steel as a management consultant in order to solve an expensive machine shop capacity problem. Taylor and Maunsel White, with a team of assistants, applied a series of management principles established by Taylor and that later would be known as scientific management to increase mass production.
The Bethlehem Iron Company was very successful and profitable. The corporate ownership of the Bethlehem Iron Company believed that it can be even more profitable. To accomplish that goal, the corporate ownership of the Bethlehem Iron Company switched to steel production- the steel production became known as a new company called Bethlehem Steel Company.
The first company: the Bethlehem Steel Company[edit]
Establishment and involvement with the Bethlehem Iron Company[edit]
In 1899, the Bethlehem Steel Company was established, this is the first company to carry the name Bethlehem Steel. The Bethlehem Steel Company (also known as Bethlehem Steel Works) was incorporated to take over all liabilities of the Bethlehem Iron Company.[4][5][6] The ownership of both companies was identical, thus it was originally thought that the Bethlehem Iron Company was renamed Bethlehem Steel Company, though it is not the case. The Bethlehem Iron Company and the Bethlehem Steel Company are both separate companies with the exact same ownership. The Bethlehem Steel Company leased the properties that were owned by the Bethlehem Iron Company, even though both companies had the same ownership.
In 1901, Charles M. Schwab, who is unrelated to the stockbroker Charles R. Schwab (using a syndicate from J.P. Morgan Chase & Co.) purchased the Bethlehem Steel Company.[7][8] During this time, the company's lease with the Bethlehem Iron Company came to an end (canceled) as the Bethlehem Steel Company gained control of all properties from the Bethlehem Iron Company; the Bethlehem Iron Company ceased operations.[9]
Operating as a subsidiary of the United States Shipbuilding Company[edit]
Schwab transferred his ownership of the Bethlehem Steel Company to the United States Steel Corporation (U.S. Steel), the company he was president of. However this was brief as Schwab repurchased Bethlehem Steel Company and then sold it to the United States Shipbuilding Company. The United States Shipbuilding Company as well owned Bethlehem Steel Company under a brief time. The United States Shipbuilding Company was in turmoil; its subsidiaries including the Bethlehem Steel Company contributed to the United States Shipping Company's problems. Schwab again became involved with Bethlehem Steel Company, however through the parent company, the United States Shipping Company. [10] [11]
The United States Shipping Company planned in 1903 to reorganize as the Bethlehem Steel and Shipbuilding Company, this would be the second company to use the name Bethlehem Steel. However, the United States Shipbuilding Company was not reorganized as the Bethlehem Steel and Shipbuilding Company and instead a new plan was drawn up for a new company to be formed to replace the United States Shipbuilding Company and this new company would take the "Bethlehem Steel and Shipbuilding Company" name. The new plan would be executed in 1904 but the new company did not take the "Bethlehem Steel and Shipbuilding Company" name. Instead, the new company which would replace the United States Shipping Company took the name Bethlehem Steel Corporation.[12]
The second company: the Bethlehem Steel Corporation[edit]
Establishment and early growth[edit]
In 1904, the Bethlehem Steel Corporation was formed, this is the new company replacing the United States Shipbuilding Company; the new company did not use the name "Bethlehem Steel and Shipbuilding Company". The Bethlehem Steel Corporation was formed by Schwab, who had recently resigned from U.S. Steel and by Joseph Wharton who founded the Wharton School of Business in Philadelphia. Schwab became the first president and first chairman of its board of directors of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation.[citation needed].
After its formation, the Bethlehem Steel Corporation purchased the Bethlehem Steel Company and the remaining subsidiaries from the United States Shipbuilding Company; the Bethlehem Steel Corporation did not purchase the United States Shipbuilding Company.[13][14] The Bethlehem Steel Company became a subsidiary of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation, though the Bethlehem Steel Company also had subsidiaries of their own. The Bethlehem Steel Corporation becomes the second company to use the name Bethlehem Steel. The Bethlehem Steel Corporation became the second largest steel provider in the United States with the help of the subsidiary Bethlehem Steel Company which was the first Bethlehem Steel. Both the Bethlehem Steel Company and the Bethlehem Steel Corporation existed simultaneously after 1904. However, the Bethlehem Steel Company was eventually merged into the Bethlehem Steel Corporation in the 1960s.
The Bethlehem Steel Corporation installed the gray rolling mill and producing the first wide-flange structural shapes to be made in America. These shapes were partly responsible for ushering in the age of the skyscraper and establishing Bethlehem Steel as the leading supplier of steel to the construction industry.[citation needed]
In the early 1900s, the corporation branched out from steel, with iron mines in Cuba and shipyards around the country. In 1913, it acquired the Fore River Shipbuilding Company of Quincy, Massachusetts, thereby assuming the role of one of the world's major shipbuilders. In 1917, it incorporated its shipbuilding division as Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, Limited. In 1922, it purchased the Lackawanna Steel Company, which included the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad as well as extensive coal holdings.[15]
1930s and 1940s[edit]
Construction of two warships: HMS Calder as USS Formoe (DE-58) and USS Foss on the right
6", 10", 12", and 14" naval guns being assembled at a Bethlehem Steel facility
During World War I and World War II, Bethlehem Steel was a major supplier of armor plate and ordnance to the U.S. armed forces, including armor plate and large-caliber guns for the Navy.
In the 1930s, the company made the steel sections and parts for the Golden Gate Bridge and built for Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF), a new oil refinery in La Plata City, Argentina, which was the tenth-largest in the world. During World War II, as much as 70 percent of airplane cylinder forgings, one-quarter of the armor plate for warships, and one-third of the big cannon forgings for the U.S armed forces were turned out by Bethlehem Steel.[citation needed]
Bethlehem Steel ranked seventh among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts.[16] Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation's 15 shipyards produced a total of 1,121 ships, more than any other builder during the war and nearly one-fifth of the U.S. Navy's two-ocean fleet. It employed as many as 180,000 persons, the bulk of the company's total employment of 300,000.
Eugene Grace was president of Bethlehem Steel from 1916 to 1945, and chairman of the board from 1945 until his retirement in 1957. Eugene Grace orchestrated Bethlehem Steel's wartime efforts. In 1943, he promised President Roosevelt one ship per day, and exceeded the commitment by 15 ships.[17]
The war effort drained Bethlehem of much of its male workforce. The company hired female employees to guard and work on the factory floor or in the company offices. After the war, the female workers were promptly fired in favor of their male counterparts.[18]
On Liberty Fleet Day, September 27, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt was present at the launching of the first Liberty ship SS Patrick Henry at Bethlehem's Fairfield (Baltimore) yard. Also launched that same day was the Liberty SS James McKay at Sparrows Point and the Emergency vessel SS Sinclair Superflame at Fore River in Quincy, Massachusetts.
1950s and 1960s[edit]
BETHCON HVAC ducting
When peacetime came, the plant continued to supply a wide variety of structural shapes for the construction trades. Galvanized sheet steel under the name BETHCON was widely produced for use as duct work or spiral conduit. [19]
Additionally, the company produced forged products for defense, power generation, and steel-producing companies. [20]
From 1949 to 1952, Bethlehem Steel had a contract with the federal government of the United States to roll uranium fuel rods for nuclear reactors in Bethlehem Steel's Lackawanna, New York, plant. Workers were not aware of the dangers of the heavy metals they were rolling and were not given protective equipment. (Some workers have since attempted to receive compensation under a 2000 radiation-exposure law. The law required the Labor Department to compensate workers up to $150,000 if they developed cancer later in life, if their work history involved enough radiation exposure to significantly increase their cancer risk. The Bethlehem Steel workers have not been awarded this compensation because the radiation dose involved in processing fresh uranium fuel is low, and produces a small risk relative to the baseline risk.[21][22] The larger danger in processing uranium is chemical poisoning from the heavy metal, which does not produce cancer.)[23]
The steel industry in the U.S. prospered during and after World War II, while the steel industries in Germany and Japan lay devastated by Allied bombardment. Bethlehem Steel's high point came in the 1950s, as the company began manufacturing 23 million tons per year. In 1958, the company's president, Arthur B. Homer, was the highest-paid U.S. business executive. The firm built its largest plant, at Burns Harbor, Indiana, between 1962 and 1964.
The late 1960s offered a harbinger of the troubled times to come. In 1967, the company lost its bid to provide the steel for the original World Trade Center. The contracts, a single one of which was for 50,000 tons of steel, went to competitors in Seattle, St. Louis, New York and Illinois.[24]
1970s through 1990s[edit]
Bethlehem Steel plant on Lake Erie in Buffalo, New York, 1973
The U.S. advantage lasted about two decades, during which the U.S. steel industry operated with little foreign competition. But eventually, the foreign firms were rebuilt with modern techniques such as continuous casting, while profitable U.S. companies resisted modernization. Bethlehem experimented with continuous casting but never fully adopted the practice.
Meanwhile, the average age of the Bethlehem workforce was increasing, and the ratio of retirees to workers was rising, meaning that the value created by each worker had to cover a greater portion of pension costs than before. Former top manager Eugene Grace had failed to adequately invest in the company's pension plans during the 1950s. When the company was at its peak, the pension payments that should have been made were not. As a result, the company encountered difficulty when it faced rising pension costs and diminishing profits.[25]
By the 1970s, imported foreign steel was generally cheaper than domestically produced steel.[26] The company faced growing competition from mini-mills, smaller-scale operations that could sell steel at lower prices.
In 1982, Bethlehem reported a loss of US$1.5 billion and shut down many of its operations. Profitability returned briefly in 1988, but restructuring and shutdowns continued through the 1990s.[18]
In the mid-1980s, demand for the plant's structural products began to diminish, and new competition entered the marketplace. Lighter construction styles, in part due to lower-height construction styles (i.e., low-rise buildings), did not require the heavy structural grades produced at the Bethlehem plant.
In 1991, Bethlehem Steel Corporation discontinued coal mining (under the name BethEnergy). Bethlehem Steel exited the railroad car business in 1993.
At the end of 1995, it closed steel-making at the main Bethlehem plant. After roughly 140 years of metal production at its Bethlehem, Pennsylvania plant, Bethlehem Steel Corporation ceased its Bethlehem operations.
The Bethlehem Steel Corporation ceased shipbuilding activities in 1997 in an attempt to preserve its steel-making operations. The Bethlehem Steel Corporation would file for bankruptcy in 2001 and dissolve in 2003.
Closing and bankruptcy[edit]
The site of the former Bethlehem Steel plant, which is now the Sands Casino
Despite the closing of its local operations, the Bethlehem Steel Corporation tried to reduce the impact on the Lehigh Valley area with plans to revitalize the south side of Bethlehem. It hired consultants to develop conceptual plans on the reuse of the massive property. The consensus was to rename the 163 acres (66 ha) site Bethlehem Works and to use the land for cultural, recreational, educational, entertainment and retail development. The National Museum of Industrial History, in association with the Smithsonian Institution and the Bethlehem Commerce Center, consisting of 1,600 acres (650 ha) of prime industrial property, would be erected on the site along with a casino and large retail and entertainment complex.
Inexpensive steel imports and the failure of management to innovate, embrace technology, and improve labor conditions contributed to Bethlehem's demise.
In 2001, the Bethlehem Steel Corporation filed for bankruptcy. In 2003, the company was dissolved and its assets, including its six massive plants, were acquired by the International Steel Group; the Bethlehem Steel Corporation did not merge with/into International Steel Group. International Steel Group was acquired by Mittal Steel in 2005, which merged with Arcelor to become ArcelorMittal in 2006. Since the Bethlehem Steel Corporation was dissolved instead of being merged into International Steel Group, the former company is not part of the former International Steel Group heritage, the former Mittal Steel's heritage and the current ArcelorMittal's heritage.[original research?]
In 2007, the Bethlehem property was sold to Sands BethWorks, and plans to build a casino where the plant once stood were drafted. Construction began in fall 2007; the casino was completed in 2009. The casino had difficulty finding structural steel for construction due to a global steel shortage and pressure to build Pennsylvania's tax-generating casinos. 16,000 tons of steel were needed to build the $600 million complex.[27]
The site of the company's original plant in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, is home to SteelStacks, an arts and entertainment district. The plant's five blast furnaces were left standing and serve as a backdrop for the new campus. SteelStacks currently features the ArtsQuest Center, a contemporary performing arts center, the Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem, a gambling emporium, and new studios for PBS member station WLVT-TV (channel 39).[28] The area also includes three outdoor music venues – Levitt Pavilion, a free music venue featuring lawn seating for up to 2,500 people, Air Products Town Square at Steelstacks, and PNC Plaza, which hosts concerts featuring well-known artists.[29] Levitt Pavilion and the Sands Casino Resort are connected via the Hoover-Mason Trestle linear park.
In 2012, Bethlehem Steel, a three-piece indie rock band, named itself after the company to honor it.[30]
In 2016, a warehouse being used as a recycling facility that was part of the Lackawanna Bethlehem Steel Complex caught fire and burned down on November 9th.[31]
USS Massachusetts was built at Bethlehem Steel's Fore River Shipyard during World War II.
Shipyards[edit]
Main article: Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation
Fore River Shipyard – Massachusetts
Bethlehem Sparrows Point Shipyard in Sparrows Point, Maryland (now Barletta Industries Sparrows Point Shipyard and Industrial Complex)
Alameda Shipyard – California
Pier 70 in San Francisco – California (formerly "U.S. Iron Works", now BAE Systems San Francisco Ship Repair)
Mariner Harbor, Staten Island, New York – active for the World War II years and beyond[32]
*Bethlehem Pennsylvania Shipyards, Inc., Beaumont, Texas (1948–1989) The Beaumont Yard was one of the major sources of offshore drilling rigs built in the United States with seventy–two (72) offshore rigs built at the yard.[33] Seventy-one Type C1 ships were built during World War II by Pennsylvania Shipyards, Inc.[34] The shipyard dated back to 1917 owned by the Beaumont Shipbuilding and Drydock Company (1917–1922). Pennsylvania Shipbuilding Company owned and operated the yard from 1922 to 1948. After Bethlehem Steel ownership (1948–1989), the yard was owned by Trinity Industries from 1989 to 1994.
Freight cars[edit]
From 1923 to 1991, Bethlehem Steel was one of the world's leading producers of railroad freight cars through their purchase of the former Midvale Steel and Ordnance Company, whose railcar division was at Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Despite its status as a major integrated steel maker, Bethlehem Steel Freight Car Division pioneered the use of aluminum in freight car construction. The Johnstown plant was purchased from Bethlehem Steel through a management buyout in 1991, creating Johnstown America Industries.
Influence on American landmarks[edit]
The company manufactured the steel for many of the country's most prominent landmarks:
Bridges:
George Washington Bridge
Golden Gate Bridge
Peace Bridge
Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge; Staten Island tower.[35]
Buildings:
Alcatraz Island
Chrysler Building
Empire State Building (Bethlehem supplied some very large structurals only. Building was built by the American Bridge Division of US Steel, using steel manufactured by US Steel.[citation needed])
Madison Square Garden
Merchandise Mart
One Chase Manhattan Plaza 53,000-ton steel frame.[36]
Rockefeller Center
Waldorf Astoria
Dams:
Bonneville Dam
Grand Coulee Dam
Hoover Dam
Railways:
San Francisco Municipal Railway
Bethlehem Steel fabricated the largest electric generator shaft in the world, produced for General Electric in the 1950s. It also supplied the steel used for the Wonder Wheel in Coney Island.
Gallery[edit]
1936 specimen stock certificate #0000
Bethlehem Steel Corporation's flagship manufacturing facility in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
"Bethlehem 177" railway gun on display at Museu Militar Conde de Linhares, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
The Burns Harbor, Indiana, plant built by Bethlehem Steel
The Sparrows Point Industrial Complex, one of Bethlehem's primary steel making and shipbuilding plants
Demolition of part of the original facility in Bethlehem in 2007
Blast furnace A at the flagship plant in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 2009.
The Levitt Pavilion at SteelStacks, the former Bethlehem Steel site, is being prepared for a show.
Former Bethlehem Steel Company Headquarters Building, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, October 2011
Projectile shop in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Former Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation headquarters in San Francisco
One of the few buildings that have been preserved
See also[edit]
Companies portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bethlehem Steel.
List of steel producers
Alfred Hunt
Allentown (song)
Asa Packer
Charles M. Schwab
Eugene Grace
Henry Noll
Joseph Wharton
Lackawanna Steel Company
List of preserved historic blast furnaces
Martin Tower
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Davis (1877), "Bethlehem Iron Company", History of Northampton County, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia and Reading: Peter Fritts, Chapter XLV, p. 212–213
Jump up ^ Garn, Andrew (1999). Bethlehem Steel. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 14. ISBN 1-56898-197-X.
Jump up ^ Larson, Erik (2003), The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America, New York, USA: Crown, ISBN 978-0-609-60844-9, p. 193.
Jump up ^ Chilton Company, "Iron Age", Volume 63 (1899).
Jump up ^ Henry Varnum Poor, "Poor's Manual of Railroads", Volume 33.
Jump up ^ Andrew Garn, "Bethlehem Steel", 1999 Biography (1999).
Jump up ^ Robert T. Swaine, "The Cravath firm and its predecessors, 1819-1947," Volume 1 (1948).
Jump up ^ Andrew Garn, "Bethlehem Steel", 1999 Biography (1999).
Jump up ^ Andrew Garn, "Bethlehem Steel", 1999 Biography (1999).
Jump up ^ Robert T. Swaine, "The Cravath firm and its predecessors, 1819-1947," Volume 1 (1948).
Jump up ^ Andrew Garn, "Bethlehem Steel", 1999 Biography (1999).
Jump up ^ Robert T. Swaine, "The Cravath firm and its predecessors, 1819-1947," Volume 1 (1948).
Jump up ^ Robert T. Swaine, "The Cravath firm and its predecessors, 1819-1947," Volume 1 (1948).
Jump up ^ Andrew Garn, "Bethlehem Steel", 1999 Biography (1999).
Jump up ^ "Bethlehem Steel to Buy Lackawanna, in $60,000,000 Deal", New York Times, May 12, 1922.
Jump up ^ Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p. 619
Jump up ^ Loomis, Carol J.; Tkaczyk, Christopher (2004-04-05). "The Sinking Of Bethlehem Steel A hundred years ago one of the 500's legendary names was born. Its decline and ultimate death took nearly half that long. A FORTUNE autopsy". CNN Money. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Bethlehem Steel, The People Who Built America. YouTube. 5 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilating, Volume 56. Advertisement. Dec. 1959: 111. Google Books. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
Jump up ^ "Forging America: The History of Bethlehem Steel", The Morning Call, Allentown, Pennsylvania, Morning Call Supplement, 2003. A detailed history of the company by journalists of the Morning Call staff.
Jump up ^ "Heroes Of The Cold War Out In The Cold". CBS. CBS News. 2006-06-19. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
Jump up ^ "Radiation Exposure for Uranium Industry Workers". Retrieved 2010-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Uranium – U".
Jump up ^ "Contracts Totaling $74,079,000 Awarded for the Trade Center". The New York Times. January 24, 1967.
Jump up ^ Loomis, Carol J.; Tkaczyk, Christopher (2004-04-05). "The Sinking Of Bethlehem Steel A hundred years ago one of the 500's legendary names was born. Its decline and ultimate death took nearly half that long. A FORTUNE autopsy". CNN. Archived from the original on 2014-05-29.
Jump up ^ Henretta, James A.; Edwards, Rebecca; Self, Robert O. (2011). America's History Vol. 2 (Seventh ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 925. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Assad, Matt (2007-06-27). "BethWorks Says Beam Me Up: Project Officials Scurrying to Get Steel to Bethlehem Steel Site in Time". The Morning Call. redorbit.com. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
Jump up ^ "PBS39".
Jump up ^ "Artsquest".
Jump up ^ Kohn, Daniel "The Leap from Buffalo to Brooklyn Brought Bethlehem Steel to Their Solid Sound". Village Voice. Retrieved December 15, 2015
Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Eli (2016-11-09). "Fire Engulfs Former Bethlehem Steel Factory in New York". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-11-09.
Jump up ^ Three Quarters Of A Century: The George W. Rogers Construction Company, George W. Rogers
Jump up ^ "Drilling Rigs Built in U.S. Shipyards". ShipbuildingHistory.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bethlehem Steel Company, Beaumont, Texas". Shipbuilding.com. Archived from the original on January 2, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gay Talese: The Bridge: The Building of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, p.52. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, (2003) ISBN 0802776442
Jump up ^ NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission
Bibliography[edit]
Hall, P. J. (1915). "History of South Bethlehem, Pa." Semi-centennial, the borough of South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1865–1915. Quinlan Printing Co. pp. 12–13.
Further reading[edit]
Warren, Kenneth. Bethlehem Steel: Builder and Arsenal of America. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008. ISBN 0-8229-4323-9
External links[edit]
Beyond Steel: An Archive of Lehigh Valley Industry and Culture
Bethlehem Steel Corporation and Bethlehem Ship Corporation photograph collection at Hagley Museum and Library
Photos of the abandoned plant in Bethlehem Pennsylvania
Corporate website (Internet Archive snapshot from 2000-12-03)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bethlehem_Steel&oldid=815535606"
Categories:
Bethlehem Steel
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Ironworks and steel mills in Pennsylvania
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