text:
Fauna of California
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Coyotes live in every habitat in California, from the arid deserts in the south to foggy coastal regions in the north.[1]
The fauna of the State of California may be the most diverse in the United States of America. Of the Lower 48 conterminous states, California has the greatest diversity in climate, terrain and geology in general.[2] The state's six life zones are the lower Sonoran (desert); upper Sonoran (foothill regions and some coastal lands); transition (coastal areas and moist northeastern counties); and the Canadian, Hudsonian, and Arctic zones, comprising California's highest elevations. California’s diverse geography gives rise to dozens of different ecosystems, each of which has its own unique native plants and animals. California is a huge state, the 3rd largest in the U.S., and can range broadly in habitat type.[3]
Earth scientists typically divide California into eleven distinct geomorphic provinces with clearly defined boundaries. They are, from north to south, the Klamath Mountains, the Cascade Range, the Modoc Plateau, the Basin and Range, the Coast Ranges, the Central Valley, the Sierra Nevada, the Transverse Ranges, the Mojave Desert, the Peninsular Ranges, and the Colorado Desert. Here, the Los Angeles Basin, the Channel Islands, and the Pacific Ocean are treated as distinct regions.
Common animals that live throughout all the state include raccoons, weasels, otters, beavers, hawks, lizards, owls, coyotes, skunks, snakes, cougars, black bears, deers, squirrels and whales. As of 2013, there are 634 bird species on the California Birds Records Committee, ten of which are introduced species which are not native to the state. The California quail, the official state bird, has a breeding habit of mainly shrubby areas and open woodland. Another bird which winters in California is the American white pelican which is a large seabird, with a wingspan reaching up to 110 inches (280 cm).
Venomous spiders in California include Arizona recluse, baja recluse, chilean recluse, desert recluse, martha's recluse, russell's recluse, brown widow and western black widow.[4]
Contents
1 Northern California
1.1 Sierra Nevada
1.1.1 Lake Tahoe
1.2 Klamath Mountains
1.3 Big Sur
2 Southern California
2.1 Mojave Desert
2.2 Sonoran Desert
2.3 Colorado River
2.4 Californian Coast
2.4.1 Backyard wildlife
2.5 Channel Islands
3 Coastal California
4 See also
5 References
Northern California[edit]
The forests of Northern California are home to many animals, for instance the American black bear. There are between 25 000 and 35 000 black bears in the state.[5]
The forests in northern parts of California have an abundant fauna, which includes for instance the black-tailed deer, black bear, gray fox, cougar, bobcat, and Roosevelt elk. Garter snakes and rattlesnakes are common, as are such amphibians as the mudpuppy and redwood salamander. The kingfisher, chickadee, towhee, and hummingbird represent the bird life of this region. There are an estimated 1,750 wild horses in Northern California in 2013, according to the Bureau of Land Management.[6]
Sierra Nevada[edit]
Main article: Ecology of the Sierra Nevada
Mammals of the Canadian zone include the mountain weasel, snowshoe hare, Sierra chickaree, and several species of chipmunk. Conspicuous birds include the blue-fronted jay, Sierra hermit thrush, water ouzel, and Townsend solitaire. Birds become scarcer as one ascends to the Hudsonian zone, and the wolverine is now regarded as rare. Only one bird is native to the high Arctic region—the Sierra rosy finch—but others often visit, including the hummingbird and Clark nutcracker.
Principal mammals of this region are also visitors from other zones; the Sierra coney and white-tailed jackrabbit make their homes here. The bighorn sheep also lives in this mountainous terrain; the bighorn sheep was listed as endangered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Some animals in the Yosemite Valley include bobcats, mountain lions, ring-tailed cats, the Steller's jay, California ground squirrels and the American black bear.
Lake Tahoe[edit]
In terms of volume, the largest lake in California is Lake Tahoe, located on the California–Nevada border. The area in and around Lake Tahoe is filled with a huge diversity of animals and plants. Many mammals call the Lake Tahoe area home. Included among these are the yellow-bellied marmot, the Douglas squirrel or chickaree, golden-mantled ground squirrel, American martin, mule deer, black bear, coyote, raccoon, beaver, and porcupine.[7]
Birds in the region include American robin, bald eagle, California gull, Canada goose, dark-eyed junco, hairy woodpecker, mallard, mountain chickadee, red-tailed hawk, Steller's jay, western tanager, and yellow-headed blackbird.[8] The region has numerous venomous spiders, such as the black widow, brown recluse, tarantula, and hobo spider. The mountain yellow-legged frog is also living throughout the area. Fish species in the lake include Tahoe sucker, mountain whitefish, brown bullhead catfish, smallmouth bass, mosquitofish, and brown trout.[9]
Klamath Mountains[edit]
See also: Klamath Mountains (ecoregion)
The California sea lion ranges along all of the western coast and islands of California.
The vast forested Klamath Mountains in Northern California, coupled with a low rate of human settlement in the rugged remote terrain, makes for excellent habitat for a number of species. Mammal species include mountain lions, black bears, bobcats, lynx, raccoons, martens, fishers, beavers, grey fox, red fox, northern flying squirrel, and plentiful deer. Bird species include bald eagles, golden eagles, pileated woodpecker, band-tailed pigeon, several hawks including goshawks, several large owl species including the spotted owl, plus an extensive variety of additional species both plant and animal.[10]
The area has wolves. The 517,000-acre Trinity Alps Wilderness is the second largest designated wilderness in California and spans three national forest boundaries. Bears are very common, and it is recommended that hikers use bear bags or bear canister.[11] Salmon and steelhead runs occur in a number of rivers whose headwaters lie in the wilderness, including the Stuart Fork Trinity River, South Fork Salmon River, North Fork Trinity River and New River. Other fish species include king salmon, silver salmon, brown trout, rainbow trout, kokanee salmon, eastern brook trout, crappie, bluegill, catfish, large and smallmouth bass.
Big Sur[edit]
Big Sur is a region of the Central Coast of California where the Santa Lucia Mountains rise abruptly from the Pacific Ocean. Big Sur is home to a wide variety of animals. Mammals include bobcat, weasel, coyote, gray fox and puma. Sea lions, harbor seals, elephant seals, gray whales, sea otters, and several species of sharks can be spotted off the rocky coastline.[12]
Many varieties of seabirds and waterfowl also call it home, including seagulls, cormorants, willets, sandpipers, oystercatchers, guillemots and many others. Andrew Molera State Park has over 350 different species of birds. The peregrine falcon, brown pelican, Brandt's cormorant and other seabirds are very easy to see along the coast.[12] Three amphibians are found in the area: Arboreal salamander, California newt and western toad.
Southern California[edit]
California is home to dozens of species of lizards. The western fence lizard depicted is the most common in Southern California.[13]
The Sonoran Desert has more species of rattlesnakes (11) than anywhere else in the world.[14]
Southern California consists of one of the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumbering other major regions in the country. The region spans from Pacific Channel Islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains, through the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges with their peaks, into the large and small interior valleys, to the vast deserts of California.
Several varieties of rattlesnakes are indigenous to the region. While only the Pacific Northwest rattler makes its home in Northern California, almost a dozen rattlesnakes make their home in the deserts of Southern California, including the western diamondback and the Mojave rattlesnake. Birds in the region include the Anna's hummingbird, acorn woodpecker, northern flicker, California towhee, California vulture, red-tailed hawk and many more.
Mojave Desert[edit]
The Mojave Desert appears to have little in the way of wildlife but actually has large, diverse populations. The extremely warm desert environment has animals that have adapted to their environment with each filling an important niche in the desert ecosystem. Animals in the Mojave Desert include the Mohave rattlesnake, desert tortoise, glossy snake, common side-blotched lizard, California kingsnake, giant hairy scorpion, stripe tailed scorpion and the desert iguana.
Sonoran Desert[edit]
Mammals found in the deserts of the lower Sonoran zone include the jackrabbit, kangaroo rat, and opossum. The Texas night owl, roadrunner, cactus wren, and various species of hawk are common birds, and the sidewinder, desert tortoise, and horned toad represent the area's reptilian life. The upper Sonoran zone is home to such mammals as the antelope, brown-footed woodrat, and ring-tailed cat. Birds distinctive to this zone are the California thrasher, the American bushtit, and California condor.
Colorado River[edit]
The Colorado River is the longest river in the State of California. Many animals have made the Colorado River and surrounding Lower Colorado River Valley their home. Animals along the river include several species of snakes, scorpions, tarantula, yellow-headed blackbird, desert iguana, kit fox, bobcats and coyotes. Rivers and streams in the Colorado Basin were once home to 49 species of native fish, of which 42 are endemic.[15]
Engineering projects and river regulation have led to the extinction of four species and severe declines in the populations of 40 species. The bonytail chub, razorback sucker, Colorado pikeminnow, and humpback chub are among those considered the most at risk. All are unique to the Colorado River system and well adapted to the river's natural silty conditions and flow variations.[15]
Californian Coast[edit]
On the Californian Coast, many species of animals and plants can be found. The raccoon, skunk, opossum, and rat are 4 of the species. Large predators include the red fox, bobcat, coyote, American black bear, and the cougar. Wasps, the European honeybee, yellowjackets, flies, moths, and many other insects also live on the Californian coast. Marine life includes orcas and great white sharks. The gray fox is more common than its red cousin.
Backyard wildlife[edit]
Raccoons, opossums, skunks, and foxes are common in yards, along with insects, birds, lizards, and squirrels. Bobcats may appear near the wild-land borders, along with rattlesnakes, coyotes, cougars, and bears.
Channel Islands[edit]
The Channel Island fox is native to six of the eight Channel Islands of California. There are six subspecies of the fox, each unique to the island it lives on, reflecting its evolutionary history.
More than 2000 species of plants and animals can be found within the Channel Islands National Park, which consists of five out of the eight islands that compromise the California Channel Islands. Three mammals are endemic to the archipelago: the Channel Islands fox, the deer mouse and the Channel Islands spotted skunk. Introduced mammal species include feral pigs, cats, rats, deer, cattle, the Santa Cruz sheep, and the Catalina Island bison herd.[16]
Other mammals include the harvest mouse, the ground squirrel, and the ornate shrew. Other animals in the islands include island fence lizard, island scrub jay, harbor seal, California sea lion, island night lizard, barn owl, bald eagles, American kestrel, horned lark and meadowlark and California brown pelican. One hundred and forty-five of these species are unique to the islands and found nowhere else in the world. Marine life ranges from microscopic plankton to the endangered blue whale, the largest animal ever to live on earth.[16] The oceans surrounding the islands have a rich marine life, species include for instance orcas, swellshark, bat ray, California moray, great white shark and sea lions.
Coastal California[edit]
Play media
Dolphins by Anacapa Island.
Slipping into the waters off the coast of California, we have the California sea lion, which can grow up to seven feet long and hangs out in shallow ocean water, beaches and rocks. With its habitat in the open ocean, a less commonly seen animal is the northern elephant seal which can grow up to a massive 14 feet (4.3 metres) and has a population of just over 150,000.[3] The California ocean is home to six species of seals: Guadalupe fur seal, northern fur seal, northern sea lion, California sea lion, northern elephant seal and harbor seal.
California waters are also home to eleven species of dolphins, including the short-beaked common dolphin and the Pacific white-sided dolphin. A dozen species of whales live in California, including the killer whale and the gray whale. At least 34 species of sharks have been recorded off the California Coast, including the great white shark and tiger shark.[17]
See also[edit]
List of mammals of California
List of birds of California
List of amphibians of California
List of reptiles of California
California Floristic Province
List of California native plants
Fauna of the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Coyote Management Guidelines--UC IPM". Ipm.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Flora and fauna - California". City-data.com. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "California Fauna". Travelcalifornia.com. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
Jump up ^ George, David W. "Dangerously Venomous Spiders of the United States by State". Venombyte.com. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Black Bear Facts". Tahoewildbears.org. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "BLM Wild Horses & Burros, Bureau of Land Management, California". Blm.gov. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lake Tahoe California Wildlife, Animals - AllTrips". Alllaketahoe.com. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Lake Tahoe Basin - Lake Tahoe Vacation Guide". Tahoevacationguide.com. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Klamath National Forest - Home". Fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Klamath National Forest - Special Places". Fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Big Sur California : Vegetation and Wildlife : BigSur-Coastline.com". Bigsur-coastline.com. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Commonly Encountered California Lizards". Californiaherps.com. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rattlesnake facts". wc.pima.edu. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Colorado River Basin#CITEREFBenkeCushing2005
^ Jump up to: a b "Places To Go - Channel Islands National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Sharks Indigenous to Waters off the Pacific Coast Archived 2013-10-21 at the Wayback Machine.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Animals of California.
show
v
t
e
Wildlife of the United States by political division
States
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Federal district
Washington, D.C.
Insular areas
American Samoa
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands
show
v
t
e
State of California
Sacramento (capital)
Topics
Culture
Food
Music
Myth
Sports
Demographics
Earthquakes
Economy
Education
Environment
Geography
Climate
Ecology
Flora
Fauna
Government
Capitol
Districts
Governor
Legislature
Supreme Court
Healthcare
History
Law
National Historic Landmarks
National Natural Landmarks
NRHP listings
Politics
Congressional delegations
Elections
People
Protected areas
State Parks
State Historic Landmarks
Symbols
Transportation
Water
Index of articles
Regions
Antelope Valley
Big Sur
California Coast Ranges
Cascade Range
Central California
Central Coast
Central Valley
Channel Islands
Coachella Valley
Coastal California
Conejo Valley
Cucamonga Valley
Death Valley
East Bay (SF Bay Area)
East County (SD)
Eastern California
Emerald Triangle
Gold Country
Great Basin
Greater San Bernardino
Inland Empire
Klamath Basin
Lake Tahoe
Greater Los Angeles
Los Angeles Basin
Lost Coast
Mojave Desert
Mountain Empire
North Bay (SF)
North Coast
North Coast (SD)
Northern California
Owens Valley
Oxnard Plain
Peninsular Ranges
Pomona Valley
Sacramento Valley
Salinas Valley
San Fernando Valley
San Francisco Bay Area
San Francisco Peninsula
San Gabriel Valley
San Joaquin Valley
Santa Clara Valley
Santa Clara River Valley
Santa Clarita Valley
Santa Ynez Valley
Shasta Cascade
Sierra Nevada
Silicon Valley
South Bay (LA)
South Bay (SD)
South Bay (SF)
South Coast
Southern Border Region
Southern California
Transverse Ranges
Tri-Valley
Victor Valley
Wine Country
Metro regions
Metropolitan Fresno
Los Angeles metropolitan area
Greater Sacramento
San Bernardino-Riverside metropolitan area
San Francisco metropolitan area
San Diego–Tijuana
Counties
Alameda
Alpine
Amador
Butte
Calaveras
Colusa
Contra Costa
Del Norte
El Dorado
Fresno
Glenn
Humboldt
Imperial
Inyo
Kern
Kings
Lake
Lassen
Los Angeles
Madera
Marin
Mariposa
Mendocino
Merced
Modoc
Mono
Monterey
Napa
Nevada
Orange
Placer
Plumas
Riverside
Sacramento
San Benito
San Bernardino
San Diego
San Francisco
San Joaquin
San Luis Obispo
San Mateo
Santa Barbara
Santa Clara
Santa Cruz
Shasta
Sierra
Siskiyou
Solano
Sonoma
Stanislaus
Sutter
Tehama
Trinity
Tulare
Tuolumne
Ventura
Yolo
Yuba
Most populous
cities
Los Angeles
San Diego
San Jose
San Francisco
Fresno
Sacramento
Long Beach
Oakland
Bakersfield
Anaheim
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_California&oldid=850553298"
Categories:
Fauna of California
Lists of fauna of California
Natural history of California
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from October 2017
Webarchive template wayback links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 16 July 2018, at 15:46 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values: /wiki/Coyotes mw-redirect Coyotes

value: sup

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/United_States_of_America
mw-redirect
United States of America

values:
/wiki/Conterminous_United_States
mw-redirect
Conterminous United States

values:
/wiki/Earth_scientist
mw-redirect
Earth scientist

values:
/wiki/Geomorphic_province
mw-redirect
Geomorphic province

values:
/wiki/Coast_Ranges
mw-redirect
Coast Ranges

values:
/wiki/Chilean_recluse
mw-redirect
Chilean recluse

values:
/wiki/Desert_recluse
mw-redirect
Desert recluse

values:
/wiki/Brown_widow
mw-redirect
Brown widow

values:
/wiki/Western_black_widow
mw-redirect
Western black widow

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Water_ouzel
mw-redirect
Water ouzel

values:
/wiki/US_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service
mw-redirect
US Fish and Wildlife Service

values:
/wiki/Mountain_lions
mw-redirect
Mountain lions

values:
/wiki/Brown_recluse
mw-redirect
Brown recluse

values:
/wiki/California_coast
mw-redirect
California coast

values:
/wiki/Islands_of_California
mw-redirect
Islands of California

values:
/wiki/Golden_eagles
mw-redirect
Golden eagles

values:
/wiki/Bear_canister
mw-redirect
Bear canister

values:
/wiki/New_River_(California)
mw-redirect
New River (California)

values:
/wiki/King_salmon
mw-redirect
King salmon

values:
/wiki/Silver_salmon
mw-redirect
Silver salmon

values:
/wiki/Santa_Lucia_Mountains
mw-redirect
Santa Lucia Mountains

values:
/wiki/Channel_Islands_of_California
mw-redirect
Channel Islands of California

values:
/wiki/Western_diamondback
mw-redirect
Western diamondback

values:
/wiki/Mojave_rattlesnake
mw-redirect
Mojave rattlesnake

values:
/wiki/California_vulture
mw-redirect
California vulture

values:
/wiki/Mohave_rattlesnake
mw-redirect
Mohave rattlesnake

values:
/wiki/Giant_hairy_scorpion
mw-redirect
Giant hairy scorpion

values:
/wiki/Stripe_tailed_scorpion
mw-redirect
Stripe tailed scorpion

values:
/wiki/Horned_toad
mw-redirect
Horned toad

values:
/wiki/Endemic_species
mw-redirect
Endemic species

values:
/wiki/European_honeybee
mw-redirect
European honeybee

values:
/wiki/Great_white_sharks
mw-redirect
Great white sharks

values:
/wiki/Channel_Island_fox
mw-redirect
Channel Island fox

values:
/wiki/California_Channel_Islands
mw-redirect
California Channel Islands

values:
/wiki/Channel_Islands_fox
mw-redirect
Channel Islands fox

values:
/wiki/Island_fence_lizard
mw-redirect
Island fence lizard

values:
/wiki/Bald_eagles
mw-redirect
Bald eagles

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Dolphins-by-Anacapa-Island-CA.webm/352px--Dolphins-by-Anacapa-Island-CA.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:352px;height:200px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="11.218" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Dolphins-by-Anacapa-Island-CA.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Dolphins-by-Anacapa-Island-CA.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Original WebM file, 352 × 200 (1.14 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="352" data-height="200" data-bandwidth="1135248" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Dolphins-by-Anacapa-Island-CA.webm/Dolphins-by-Anacapa-Island-CA.webm.120p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 120P" data-transcodekey="120p.vp9.webm" data-width="212" data-height="120" data-bandwidth="211928" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Dolphins-by-Anacapa-Island-CA.webm/Dolphins-by-Anacapa-Island-CA.webm.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="282" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="244040" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Dolphins-by-Anacapa-Island-CA.webm/Dolphins-by-Anacapa-Island-CA.webm.180p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 180P" data-transcodekey="180p.vp9.webm" data-width="316" data-height="180" data-bandwidth="291584" data-framerate="30"/></video>

values:
/wiki/Northern_sea_lion
mw-redirect
Northern sea lion

values:
/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Wildlife of the United States

values: Wildlife of Alabama (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Arizona (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Wildlife_of_Arkansas
mw-redirect
Wildlife of Arkansas

values:
/wiki/Wildlife_of_California
mw-redirect
Wildlife of California

values: Wildlife of Colorado (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Connecticut (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Delaware (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Florida (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Georgia (U.S. state) (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Hawaii (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Illinois (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Indiana (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Kansas (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Kentucky (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Wildlife_of_Louisiana
mw-redirect
Wildlife of Louisiana

values: Wildlife of Maryland (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Massachusetts (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Michigan (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Minnesota (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Mississippi (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Montana (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Nebraska (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Wildlife_of_Nevada
mw-redirect
Wildlife of Nevada

values: Wildlife of New Hampshire (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of New Jersey (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of New Mexico (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of New York (state) (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of North Dakota (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Oklahoma (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Wildlife_of_Oregon
mw-redirect
Wildlife of Oregon

values: Wildlife of Pennsylvania (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Rhode Island (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of South Carolina (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of South Dakota (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Tennessee (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Wildlife_of_Texas
mw-redirect
Wildlife of Texas

values:
/wiki/Wildlife_of_Utah
mw-redirect
Wildlife of Utah

values: Wildlife of Vermont (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Virginia (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Washington (state) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Wildlife_of_West_Virginia
mw-redirect
Wildlife of West Virginia

values: Wildlife of Wisconsin (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Wyoming (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Washington, D.C. (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of American Samoa (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of Puerto Rico (page does not exist)

values: Wildlife of the United States Virgin Islands

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: List of National Historic Landmarks in California

values: List of National Natural Landmarks in California

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in California

values: United States congressional delegations from California

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles_Area
mw-redirect
Greater Los Angeles Area

values: San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2017

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Fauna_of_California
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Fauna_of_California rootpage-Fauna_of_California skin-vector action-view


text:
Meals on Wheels
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the film, see Wheels on Meals.
Meals on Wheels is a program that delivers meals to individuals at home who are unable to purchase or prepare their own meals. The name is often used generically to refer to home-delivered meals programs, not all of which are actually named "Meals on Wheels". Because they are housebound, many of the recipients are the elderly, and many of the volunteers are also elderly but able-bodied and able to drive automobiles.
Research shows that home-delivered meal programs significantly improve diet quality, increase nutrient intakes, reduce food insecurity and improve quality-of-life among the recipients.[1][2] The programs also reduce government expenditures by reducing the need of recipients to use hospitals, nursing homes or other expensive community-based services.
Delivery of Thanksgiving dinner to a Meals on Wheels recipient
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 United Kingdom (1943)
1.2 Australia (1953)
1.3 United States (1954)
1.4 Canada (1963)
1.5 Ireland (1971)
2 Modern programmes
2.1 United Kingdom
2.2 Canada
2.3 Ireland
2.3.1 Longford
2.3.2 Other areas
2.4 United States
2.4.1 MOWAAF study on hunger
2.4.2 2017 proposed budget cuts
3 Impact
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
Meals on Wheels originated in the United Kingdom during the Blitz, when many people lost their homes and therefore the ability to cook their own food. The Women's Volunteer Service for Civil Defence (WVS, later WRVS) provided food for these people. The name "Meals on Wheels" derived from the WVS's related activity of bringing meals to servicemen. The concept of delivering meals to those unable to prepare their own evolved into the modern programmes that deliver mostly to the housebound elderly, sometimes free, or at a small charge.[3][4][5]
United Kingdom (1943)[edit]
The first home delivery of a meal on wheels following World War II was made by the WVS in Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, England in 1943.[clarification needed] Many early services used old prams to transport the meals, using straw bales, and even old felt hats, to keep the meals warm in transit.[3][citation needed]
This type of service requires many volunteers with an adequate knowledge of basic cooking to prepare the meals by a set time each day. The majority of local authorities in the United Kingdom have now moved away from freshly cooked food delivery, and towards the supply of frozen pre-cooked reheatable meals.[6]
Australia (1953)[edit]
Doris Taylor MBE founded Meals on Wheels in South Australia in 1953, and in 1954 the first meal was served from the Port Adelaide kitchen.[7] The first meals were delivered to eight elderly Port Adelaide residents on 9 August 1954.[8][9]
In New South Wales, Meals on Wheels was started in March 1957 by the Sydney City Council. In the first week, 150 meals were served for inner city dwellers; these were cooked in the Town Hall kitchen.[4]
Organised on a regional basis, in Australia Meals on Wheels is a well established, active and thriving group of organisations. The history of a small sample of some of the organisations includes: New South Wales,[4][10] Queensland,[11][12] South Australia,[13][14][15] Western Australia[16] and Victoria.[17]
In 2012, the Queensland branch of Meals on Wheels was a recipient of the Queensland Greats Awards.[18]
United States (1954)[edit]
National
Established in 1974,[19] the oldest and largest national organization is Meals on Wheels America, which supports more than 5,000 community-based senior nutrition organizations across the country.[20] By providing funding, leadership, education and advocacy support, Meals on Wheels America empowers its local member programmes to provide services to their communities.[20] With local programmes, they galvanize the resources of local community organizations, businesses, donors, sponsors and more than two million volunteers – bolstered by supplemental funding from the Older Americans Act – into a national safety net for seniors.[21]
Currently, they are located in Arlington, Virginia[22] and headed by President and CEO Ellie Hollander.
Pennsylvania
The first home-delivered meal programme in the United States began in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in January 1954. At the request of the Philadelphia Health & Welfare Council, and funded by a grant from the Henrietta Tower Wurtz Foundation, Margaret Toy, a social worker in Philadelphia's Lighthouse Community Center, pioneered a programme to provide nourishment that met the dietary needs of homebound seniors and other "shut-ins" in the area who otherwise would have to go hungry. As is the case today, many participants were people who did not require hospitalization, but who simply needed a helping hand in order to maintain their independence. Most of the volunteers were high school students, who were dubbed "Platter Angels." The "Platter Angels" would prepare, package, and deliver food to the elderly and disabled through their community. The daily delivery consisted of one nutritionally balanced hot meal to eat at lunch time, and a dinner consisting of a cold sandwich and milk along with varying side dishes.
Ohio
Columbus, Ohio, was the second city in the U.S. to establish a community based meals programme. Building on the model set forth in Philadelphia, a federation of women's clubs went through the town to inform themselves of possible participants for a meal service. In Columbus, all of the meals were prepared by local restaurants and delivered by taxi cabs during the week. On weekends, high school students filled the posts.
New York
The city of Rochester, New York, began its home-delivered meal programme in 1958. It was originally a pilot project initiated by the New York Department of Health and administered by the Visiting Nurse Service. The Bureau of Chronic Diseases and Geriatrics of the New York Department of Health underwrote the costs.
California
Also in the late 1950s, a group of concerned women in San Diego, California recognised that isolated seniors were in need of regular meals and human contact. What was to become Meals-on-Wheels Greater San Diego, Inc. started in 1960, and has served area seniors for 50 years. When the national association, Meals on Wheels Association of America (MOWAA), sought guidance with the parameters to be used in the evaluation process for locally-run agencies, Meals-on-Wheels Greater San Diego was used as a model to help define the benchmark for successful operations, and "set the standard" for approval. The mission of Meals-on-Wheels Greater San Diego, Inc. is to support the independence and well-being of seniors. A private, not-for-profit corporation, Meals-on-Wheels San Diego strives to keep seniors independent in their own homes by delivering meals to those who are unable to adequately meet their own nutritional needs. Often, the availability of this service enables seniors to avoid seeking institutional alternatives. From modest beginnings, Meals-on-Wheels has grown into one of the largest senior service programmes in Southern California. Meals-on-Wheels is currently the only organization in the area home-delivering two meals a day, for seven days a week (including holidays), and providing modified diets to seniors, age 60 and older, throughout San Diego County. In 2009, agency-wide, 82 staff members supported over 2,200 volunteers who donated their time to home-deliver 450,000 meals to approximately 2,000 seniors throughout San Diego County. Debbie Case is the CEO and President of Meals-on-Wheels Greater San Diego.[23]
Another California Meals On Wheels programme is Meals On Wheels West (MOWW), which has been delivering services to home-bound individuals in their homes since April 1974. The agency has since grown from an organization that served 8 clients in one city to one that provides meals and companionship to 396 individuals in 6 of Los Angeles County’s coastal communities by 2010. In 2010 alone, over 3,000 volunteers delivered more than 86,000 meals. Begun as a programme of the Westside Ecumenical Conference, MOWW attained its own non-profit status in 1994. The CEO since 1987, RoseMary Regalbuto’s, first challenge upon arrival at MOWW was to eliminate the waiting list by increasing the number of routes and clients served. Since then, no eligible clients have been made to wait for services. When Mrs. Regalbuto took the helm, MOWW was only serving Santa Monica. Due to her leadership, the agency now serves Santa Monica, Topanga, Pacific Palisades, Malibu and parts of Marina Del Rey. In 2010, 93% of MOWW clients stated that MOWW was a major factor in their ability to remain in their own homes. 88% of clients reported that the daily contact with Meals On Wheels West volunteers was important to them, and 50% stated the volunteers were the only visitors during the day. 70% of volunteers stay with the organization for more than 5 years, which allows for significant lasting connections with clients.[24]
Oregon
Meals on Wheels People was founded in 1969 in Portland, Oregon and currently produces 5,000 hot, nutritious meals five days each week which are delivered to 34 senior centers throughout Multnomah County, Washington County and Clark County. The Meals are served at noon to seniors in center dining rooms or sent out as Meals on Wheels to frail, homebound elderly.[25] Meals on Wheels People continues to expand to other locations, such as the Edwards Community Center in Aloha, Oregon where, in partnership with Edwards Center Inc. and Washington County Disabled, Aging and Veterans Services people over 60 years of age may receive hot lunches, alongside veterans and adults with developmental disabilities thereby providing new community connections for several groups that might otherwise become isolated.[26]
Ypsilanti, Michigan
Ypsilanti Meals on Wheels was a programme idea that originated from the city of Ypsilanti’s Mayor’s Council on Aging. As a result of the Council’s recommendation in the spring of 1973, the City Council agreed to appropriate $8000 to a meal delivery programme to begin on July 1, 1973. Pastor William Bingham, pastor of the First Baptist Church of Ypsilanti and a member of the mayor’s Council on Aging, became the first Executive Director. Volunteers prepared meals in the kitchen of the First Baptist Church. Meal service began on January 14, 1974 to 16 homebound individuals. As time passed and the demand grew, Ypsilanti meals on Wheels purchased vans and equipped them with refrigerators and microwave ovens. Up until that time, volunteers had picked up cold meals, prepared at Eastern Michigan University, and heated them at each stop. Today, Ypsilanti meals on Wheels owns four vans and delivers approximately 200 hot meals each day, Monday through Friday. Drivers pick up the meals at Eastern Michigan University Hoyt Conference center and pack them into insulated containers that maintain the appropriate temperature until the delivery of the last meal.[27]
Canada (1963)[edit]
Brampton
Brampton, Ontario is the first city in Canada to deliver meals to seniors in need. In the spring of 1963, Ruby Cuthbert, a nurse, implemented the Meals on Wheels programme with the support of the local Soroptimist Club. Later, the Auxiliary group from Peel Memorial Hospital took over the responsibility and Brampton Meals on Wheels (BMOW) started with six meals a day.[citation needed]
Calgary
Meals on Wheels was formed in response to a plea from the Hospital Chaplaincy Committee of the Calgary Presbytery of the United Church. In 1965, a study was undertaken by the Presbyterian United Church Women into the needs of the elderly living alone and those being discharged from hospitals with no help available during their convalescence. On November 30, 1965 the Calgary Church Women's Community Care was incorporated and in 1976 the name was officially changed to "Calgary Meals on Wheels". In addition to the United Church, the Anglican, Baptist, Catholic and Presbyterian Churches supported the movement while interested volunteers and service clubs answered the call for help and proved to be the backbone of the fledgling organization. The United Way and the City of Calgary have also played a vital role in the success of this community service. On 15 November 1965 the first meal service started serving eight clients. By 1982 the number of clients had increased to in excess of 380 per day, requiring a move to a larger centre. In 2005, Calgary Meals on Wheels celebrated its 40th Anniversary, (having never missed a meal delivery in its 40-year history), and delivered to some 1,900 clients, plus services to several unique programmes. The organisation is governed by a Board of Directors, all of whom are volunteers. A pool of some 750 volunteers donate just under 75,000 hours of time a year to deliver meals five days a week within Calgary city limits.[28]
Edmonton
The first meals were delivered on 21 April 1969 for $0.65 each. There was one route on the south side with a total of three meals.[29]
Fredericton
Meals on Wheels of Fredericton, New Brunswick began in 1967. They currently serve over 40,000 meals per year to about 300 clients. The organization will be celebrating 50 years of service in 2017.[30]
Halifax
Meals on Wheels began in Nova Scotia in 1969, with three volunteers delivering six meals in Halifax.[31]
Vancouver
Since 1967, the Health and Home Care Society of BC has operated the Meals on Wheels programme in Vancouver and Richmond.[32]
Winnipeg
Meals on Wheels was originally created as a side project of The Home Welfare Association. A 1961 study recommended the establishment of a Meals on Wheels delivery service for people who were unable to prepare meals for themselves, such as the elderly and infirm. A three-year pilot project was started and they delivered the first meals on 30 June 1965. In 1981 the Home Welfare Association chapter was officially closed when the name was changed to Meals on Wheels of Winnipeg, Inc.[33]
Ireland (1971)[edit]
Longford
The first meals were delivered in Longford, a small county town in the Midlands. They were delivered by County Longford Social Services, organised by Sister Calasanctius of the local Convent of Mercy and the local hospital's medical officer Dr Gerard McDonagh. The meals were distributed from a mobile kitchen for which funds had been raised by the local children. The fundraising had been organised by the Longford News (local newspaper) editor Derek Cobbe.
Some of the first meals were delivered by a volunteer driver, the late Pat Hourican, with volunteer helper the late Sr. Bonaventure. The mobile kitchens were built by a local businessman, Noel Hanlon, at his ambulance factory in the town. The vans had specially fitted gas cookers provided by the ambulance factory to keep the dinners warm. Meals were delivered then to some 400 people around Longford, mostly elderly or disabled, and were free of charge, supported by small grants and locally collected funds.
Modern programmes[edit]
Today, Meals on Wheels programmes generally operate at the county level or smaller. Programmes vary widely in their size, service provided, organisation, and funding.
There are Meals on Wheels programmes in Australia,[34] Canada,[35][36] Ireland,[37] the United Kingdom and the United States. The National Association of Care Catering[38] are a great source of information on UK Meals on Wheels services. The Meals On Wheels Association of America (MOWAA)[39] is a national association for senior nutrition programmes headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia, but each programme operates independently.
Most Meals on Wheels programmes deliver meals hot and ready-to-eat, but some deliver cold meals in containers ready to microwave. Others supply deep-frozen meals. Some warm-meal programmes provide an additional frozen meal during the days prior to a weekend or holiday, when there would be no delivery. Depending on the programme, meals may be delivered by paid drivers or by volunteers. In addition to providing nutrition to sustain the health of a client, a meal delivery by a Meals on Wheels driver or volunteer also serves as a safety check and a source of companionship for the client.
Most clients of Meals on Wheels programmes are elderly, but others who are unable to shop or cook for themselves (as well as their pets) are generally eligible for assistance. In the United States, programmes receiving federal funding may not serve people less than 60 years old. US Federally funded programmes may only request voluntary contributions from clients, while other programmes often charge a moderate fee for service. Regardless of their sources of funding, eligibility for most programmes is determined solely by medical need, with financial need and actual ability to pay not making a difference either way.
United Kingdom[edit]
In the county of Suffolk, the programme is referred to as "Community Meals".[40] "Meals on Wheels" services are provided for those who have been assessed to have difficulty cooking for themselves. Community Meals services can comprise daily hot meals, chilled meals or a weekly or fortnightly delivery of frozen meals. Traditional hot deliveries are cooked in a central kitchen then transported to the service user.
Support to the elderly is also provided by WRVS (formerly named Women’s Royal Voluntary Service).
National Association of Care Catering Community Meals Week is a national event aiming to increase visibility of Community Meals Services.[41] In October 2008, Camilla, The Duchess of Cornwall assisted in Meals on Wheels Week activities.[42]
Increasingly in the UK, commercial rather than voluntary or local authorities organisations are providing the meals. For example, some Local Authorities have stopped providing hot meals and are instead delivering frozen pre-cooked meals.[43] Other variations include using Apetito, who operate a "Chefmobil"[44] service which regenerates meals en route,[45] and Apetito subsidiary Wiltshire Farm Foods, which operates a Meals on Wheels alternative service for those who do not meet assessment criteria.[46]
October 2011 saw a Hairy Bikers series, Meals on Wheels, air on BBC Two. The series fronted a campaign with BBC Learning to save local 'meals on wheels' services around the UK.[47]
Canada[edit]
Halifax Meals on Wheels in Nova Scotia currently operate 68 programmes across the province; more than 600 volunteers serve an estimated 3400 meals a week. In Halifax, the service is partially funded by the municipality. The United Way also provides funding, depending on how much the programmes need. Organizations such as nursing homes and hospitals provide many of the meals; others come from restaurants and private homes. The programme isn't just for the elderly; people of any age who live alone often call when they're recovering after a recent hospital stay and are unable to cook for themselves. Other users of Meals on Wheels are people with disabilities such as multiple sclerosis who use the programme to help them through a rough time when cooking becomes too difficult. In 1996, 56.7% of clients in Halifax used the service for less than three months.[31]
There are dozens of independent meals on wheels in Montreal, one of the largest and most innovative is the unique intergenerational Santropol Roulant, an organisation operated mainly by young volunteers in central Montreal neighbourhoods. Deliveries are done on foot, by bicycle and by hybrid car in some outlying routes.[48]
Ireland[edit]
Longford[edit]
Currently (2016) vans are still used to deliver meals around Longford by County Longford Social Services, a registered charity - 4 vans deliver to all areas of County Longford, but the meals are now hot soup and chilled main course and dessert - recipients have microwave ovens for reheating the dinners. Meals are provided 7 days per week, 365 days per year. Unfortunately there is now a small charge (€4 per meal) due to reduction in grant aid, but there is still local support with fundraising and over 25 volunteer drivers and helpers. There are 4 employees (2 full-time and 2 part-time) with more people on various employment schemes, and the Social Services Council also provides a subsidised chiropody service and a patient transport service to help people maintain their mobility and independence. This is supported by a pre-owned fashion shop in Longford, "Change of A Dress", mainly run by volunteers.
Other areas[edit]
A study by Trinity College Dublin[49] published in 2008 on behalf of the National Council on Ageing and Older People found most of Ireland served by Meals on Wheels services (or centre-based alternatives) since the 1980s, over half being registered charities. Half of the services are noted to be parish-only, with many more serving a slightly larger area: the report notes only 5% of providers serve "a significant proportion of their county" (but they do not mention the longest-running service in Longford, which serves the whole county).
United States[edit]
The Meals on Wheels Association of America (MOWAA) is headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia. MOWAA is the oldest and largest organization in the United States representing those who provide meal services to seniors in need, specifically those at risk of or experiencing hunger. MOWAA is a non-profit organization working toward the social, physical, nutritional and economic betterment of vulnerable Americans by providing the tools and information its programmes need to make a difference in the lives of others.[39] In 2016, Meals on Wheels provided approximately 218 million meals to 2.5 million Americans.[50][51] Approximately 500,000 of the recipients are veterans.[50] The annual meal cost is $2,765.[52]
Citymeals-on-Wheels serves the New York City area.[53] In 2008, Citymeals delivered over 2.1 million meals to 17,713 frail aged in every borough of New York City. In addition, over 1,500 volunteers collectively spent 62,000 hours visiting and delivering meals to New York’s frail aged. Gael Greene and James Beard founded Citymeals-on-Wheels in 1981 after reading a newspaper article about homebound elderly New Yorkers with nothing to eat on weekends and holidays. They rallied their friends in the restaurant community, raising private funds as a supplement to the government-funded weekday meal delivery programme. Twenty five years ago their first efforts brought a Christmas meal to 6,000 frail aged.
In 2007, the MOWAA Foundation commissioned a study on hunger (see next section). In 2009, MOWAA partnered with The Mission Continues,[54] an organization which addresses the needs of veterans who have served the United States.
Specialty Meals on Wheels programmes, such as "Kosher Meals on Wheels", also exist to service niche clientele.[citation needed]
MOWAAF study on hunger[edit]
The Meals On Wheels Association of America Foundation (MOWAAF),[55] recognizing that hunger is a serious threat facing millions of seniors in the United States, determined that understanding of the problem is a critical first step to developing remedies.[56] In 2007, MOWAAF, underwritten by the Harrah's Foundation, commissioned a research study entitled The Causes, Consequences and Future of Senior Hunger in America.[57] The report was released at a hearing of the U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging in March 2008 in Washington, D.C.
The study found that in the United States, over 5 million seniors, (11.4% of all seniors), experience some form of food insecurity, i.e. were marginally food insecure. Of these, about 2.5 million are at-risk of hunger, and about 750,000 suffer from hunger due to financial constraints. Some groups of seniors are more likely to be at-risk of hunger. Relative to their representation in the overall senior population, those with limited incomes, under age 70, African-Americans, Hispanics, never-married individuals, renters, and persons living in the southern United States are all more likely to be at-risk of hunger. While certain groups of seniors are at greater-risk of hunger, hunger cuts across the income spectrum. For example, over 50% of all seniors who are at-risk of hunger have incomes above the poverty threshold. Likewise, it is present in all demographic groups. For example, over two-thirds of seniors at-risk of hunger are caucasian. There are marked differences in the risk of hunger across family structure, especially for those seniors living alone, or those living with a grandchild. Those living alone are twice as likely to experience hunger compared to married seniors. One in five senior households with a grandchild, but no adult child, present is at risk of hunger, compared to about one in twenty households without a grandchild present. Seniors living in non-metropolitan areas are as likely to experience food insecurity as those living in metropolitan areas, suggesting that food insecurity cuts across the urban-rural continuum.[58]
2017 proposed budget cuts[edit]
In March 2017, President Donald Trump's proposed budget would make cuts to block grants that go towards spending on Meals on Wheels.[51] Defending these cuts, director of the Office of Management and Budget Mick Mulvaney said that "Meals on Wheels sounds great" but that the program is one of many that is "just not showing any results."[2][51]
Impact[edit]
A 2013 review study on the impact of home-delivered meal programs found that "all but two studies found home-delivered meal programs to significantly improve diet quality, increase nutrient intakes, and reduce food insecurity and nutritional risk among participants. Other beneficial outcomes include increased socialization opportunities, improvement in dietary adherence, and higher quality of life."[1][2] The study concluded, "Home-delivered meal programs improve diet quality and increase nutrient intakes among participants. These programs are also aligned with the federal cost-containment policy to rebalance long-term care away from nursing homes to home- and community-based services by helping older adults maintain independence and remain in their homes and communities as their health and functioning decline."[1][2]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meals on Wheels.
Food portal
Food preferences in older adults and seniors
Meals on Wheels Association of America
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Zhu, Huichen; An, Ruopeng (2013-04-01). "Impact of home-delivered meal programs on diet and nutrition among older adults: a review". Nutrition and Health. 22 (2): 89–103. ISSN 0260-1060. PMID 24916974. doi:10.1177/0260106014537146. Archived from the original on 2017-03-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Analysis | Meals on Wheels is ‘not showing any results’ only if you ignore all these results". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2017-03-16. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
^ Jump up to: a b History, UK Meals on Wheels. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c Meals on Wheels: History and general information Archived 2008-11-21 at the Wayback Machine., NSW Meals on Wheels Association Inc. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ The History of Meals on Wheels in the U.S., Meals On Wheels Association of America (MOWAA). Retrieved 2008-10-10.
Jump up ^ "Modernisation of the Community Meals Service" Archived 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine., Walsall Council, UK. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
Jump up ^ Greg Crafter, Taylor, Doris Irene (1901 - 1968) Archived 2008-08-16 at the Wayback Machine., Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 16, Melbourne University Press, 2002, pp 364-365.
Jump up ^ Prepared in a Nissen hut donated by the Le Messurier family, the meals were cooked and delivered by 11 volunteer helpers, an example since followed by thousands of caring, community-minded South Australians throughout the State. Doris Taylor was an inspiration to many; paralysed from the age of 11 after a childhood accident, she spent her life using a wheelchair. Doris had the vision to imagine volunteers supporting housebound members of their community by home-delivering a nourishing meal, and the determination and passion to make it happen. For the 15 years from the birth of Meals on Wheels in South Australia to her death in 1968, Doris Taylor remained the inspiration and the driving force behind the organisation. Today, Doris’s dream of helping the elderly, housebound and disabled remain at home a long as possible has grown into a team of 10,000 volunteers who prepare, drive and deliver meals to 5,000 clients across South Australia. For more information about Meals on Wheels in South Australian, visit http://www.mealsonwheelssa.org.au Archived 2008-09-27 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Cudmore M., 1996, A Meal a Day, South Australia, Gillingham Printers
Jump up ^ Meals on Wheels Oral History, City of Sydney. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
Jump up ^ History Archived 24 July 2008 at Archive.is, Queensland Meals on Wheels. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
Jump up ^ History Archived 2008-07-19 at the Wayback Machine., Joomla Meals on Wheels, Retrieved 2008-10-10.
Jump up ^ History Archived 2008-09-28 at the Wayback Machine., South Australian Meals on Wheels, Retrieved 2008-10-10.
Jump up ^ History Archived 2008-07-20 at the Wayback Machine., Port Lincoln Meals on Wheels. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
Jump up ^ Meals on Wheels Archived 2008-07-27 at the Wayback Machine., SA Memory, State Library of South Australia. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
Jump up ^ "Enjoying Life & Supporting Independence". Meals on Wheels Western Australia. Archived from the original on 2016-04-27. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
Jump up ^ History, Victorian Meals on Wheels. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
Jump up ^ "2012 Queensland Greats recipients". Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Brand New: New Logo and Identity for Meals on Wheels America by Duffy & Partners". www.underconsideration.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2016-01-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "About Meals on Wheels America". www.mealsonwheelsamerica.org. Archived from the original on 2016-01-09. Retrieved 2016-01-12.
Jump up ^ "About Meals on Wheels". www.mealsonwheelsamerica.org. Archived from the original on 2016-01-09. Retrieved 2016-01-12.
Jump up ^ "Contact". Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Meals-on-Wheels San Diego Archived 2010-03-10 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
Jump up ^ Meals On Wheels West Archived 2011-11-20 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Meals-on-Wheels People Archived 2015-02-20 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 2015-02-20.
Jump up ^ Eric Apalategui. "Free lunches come to Aloha". Beaverton Valley Times. Archived from the original on 2015-02-20. Retrieved Feb 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ypsilanti Meals on Wheels". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ More information about Calgary Meals on Wheels can be found at "Welcome to Calgary Meals on Wheels" Archived 2009-02-07 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "About Meals on Wheels". Edmonton Meals on Wheels. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Fredericton Meals on Wheels » About". Archived from the original on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Halifax Meals on Wheels Archived 2011-06-08 at the Wayback Machine., Retrieved 2008-11-16.
Jump up ^ Health and Home Care Society of B.C. Archived 2009-02-13 at the Wayback Machine., Canada.
Jump up ^ The Early Years: Meals as a Side Project[permanent dead link], Meals on Wheels of Winnipeg, Retrieved 2008-10-10.
Jump up ^ Main Australian Meals on Wheels site Archived 2008-10-12 at the Wayback Machine., Retrieved 2008-10-10.
Jump up ^ Canadian Meals on Wheels and Senior Meal Programmes, Retrieved 2008-10-10.
Jump up ^ Meals on Wheels of Winnipeg Archived 2009-08-16 at the Wayback Machine., Retrieved 2008-10-10.
Jump up ^ 2016, Meals on Wheels Longford. "Meals on Wheels Longford". www.mealsonwheelslongford.ie. Archived from the original on 2016-05-31. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
Jump up ^ The U.K. National Association of Care Catering Archived 2008-09-21 at the Wayback Machine., Retrieved 2008-10-10.
^ Jump up to: a b The Meals On Wheels Association of America (MOWAA), Retrieved 2008-10-10.
Jump up ^ Community Meals Archived 2008-11-21 at the Wayback Machine., Suffolk County Council, UK.
Jump up ^ Community Meals on Wheels Week Archived 2009-06-10 at the Wayback Machine., National Association of Care Catering.
Jump up ^ The Duchess delivers meals on wheels to an elderly Ballater resident Archived 2008-12-10 at the Wayback Machine., 6 October 2008, princeofwales.gov.uk
Jump up ^ Ian Mason Meals on wheels changes hard to swallow Archived 2011-05-20 at the Wayback Machine., 18 July 2008, Richmond and Twickenham Times. richmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk. Retrieved on 2009-07-07.
Jump up ^ "Chefmobil" Archived 2009-07-22 at the Wayback Machine., apetito.com
Jump up ^ Meals On Wheels - Hot Provision Archived 2009-06-01 at the Wayback Machine., apetito.com
Jump up ^ How Wiltshire Farm Foods differs from Meals on Wheels Archived 2010-01-07 at the Wayback Machine., wiltshirefarmfoods.com.
Jump up ^ "Meals on Wheels – Shows". Hairy Bikers. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Santropol Roulant". Santropol Roulant. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Role and Future Development of the Meals-on-Wheels Service for Older People in Ireland" (PDF). National Council on Ageing and Older People. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-10-23. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
^ Jump up to: a b "Trump budget: Meals on Wheels cutback prompts backlash". BBC News. 2017-03-17. Archived from the original on 2017-03-17. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Trump’s Cuts to Meals on Wheels Could Hurt Veterans, Raise Health-Care Costs". Bloomberg.com. 2017-03-17. Archived from the original on 2017-03-17. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
Jump up ^ Fottrell, Quentin. "This is how much it costs ‘Meals on Wheels’ to feed one elderly person for a year". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 2017-03-16. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
Jump up ^ Citymeals-on-Wheels Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine., New York. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
Jump up ^ About Us Archived 2011-05-28 at the Wayback Machine., The Mission Continues. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
Jump up ^ Meals On Wheels Association of America Foundation (MOWAAF)
Jump up ^ Understanding Senior Hunger, Meals On Wheels Association of America, www.mowaa.org
Jump up ^ Ziliak, Gundersen and Haist. (2007) The Causes, Consequences and Future of Senior Hunger in America Archived 2008-12-06 at the Wayback Machine., University of Kentucky Center for Poverty and Research, Lexington, KY. (88pages. 2MB.)
Jump up ^ Excerpt from "The Causes, Consequences and Future of Senior Hunger in America", Executive Summary, pp.i-ii
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meals_on_Wheels&oldid=799877434"
Categories:
Welfare agencies
Food- and drink-related organizations
Hunger relief organizations
Disability organizations
Queensland Greats
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Webarchive template archiveis links
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from July 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Use dmy dates from September 2017
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Deutsch
Français
Nederlands
Edit links
This page was last edited on 10 September 2017, at 10:32.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: b

value: p

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Civil_Defence
mw-redirect
Civil Defence

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Sydney_City_Council
mw-redirect
Sydney City Council

values:
/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia
mw-redirect
Arlington, Virginia

values:
/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania
mw-redirect
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

values:
/wiki/San_Diego,_California
mw-redirect
San Diego, California

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)

values: National Association of Care Catering (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Camilla,_The_Duchess_of_Cornwall
mw-redirect
Camilla, The Duchess of Cornwall

values:
/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin
mw-redirect
Trinity College Dublin

values:
/wiki/Non-profit_organization
mw-redirect
Non-profit organization

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)

values:
/wiki/U.S._Senate
mw-redirect
U.S. Senate

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: Food preferences in older adults and seniors

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0260-1060

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24916974

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mowaa.org/Page.aspx?pid=225

values:
/wiki/Melbourne_University_Press
mw-redirect
Melbourne University Press

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.mealsonwheelssa.org.au

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.qmow.org/about_qmow/history

values:
/wiki/Queensland_Government
mw-redirect
Queensland Government

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.meals-on-wheels.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mealsonwheelswest.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mealsonwheelspeople.org

values:
nofollow
http://ymow.org/about/history/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mealsonwheels.com

values:
nofollow
http://mealsonwheelsedmonton.org/about/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.carebc.ca/meals.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mealsonwheels.org.au

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mealswinnipeg.com

values:
nofollow
http://www.mealsonwheelslongford.ie/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mowaa.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.thenacc.co.uk/events/show/66

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.santropolroulant.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.citymeals.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mowaa.org/Page.aspx?pid=216

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mowaa.org/Page.aspx?pid=281

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Food- and drink-related organizations

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Webarchive template archiveis links

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2017

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Meals_on_Wheels
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Meals_on_Wheels rootpage-Meals_on_Wheels vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view