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A Raisin in the Sun
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For other uses, see A Raisin in the Sun (disambiguation).
A Raisin in the Sun
First-edition publication (Random House 1959)
Written by
Lorraine Vivian Hansberry
Characters
Walter Younger
Ruth Younger
Beneatha Younger
Travis Younger
Lena Younger (Mama)
George Murchison
Joseph Asagai
Karl Lindner
Mrs. Johnson
Moving Men
Date premiered
March 11, 1959 (1959-03-11)
Place premiered
Ethel Barrymore Theatre
Original language
English
Genre
Domestic tragedy
Setting
South Side, Chicago
A Raisin in the Sun is a play by Lorraine Hansberry that debuted on Broadway in 1959.[1] The title comes from the poem "Harlem" (also known as "A Dream Deferred"[2]) by Langston Hughes. The story tells of a black family's experiences in the Washington Park Subdivision of Chicago's Woodlawn neighborhood as they attempt to "better" themselves with an insurance payout following the death of the father. The New York Drama Critics' Circle named it the best play of 1959.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Litigation
3 Production and reception
4 Other versions
4.1 West End production, 1959
4.2 1961 film
4.3 1973 musical
4.4 1989 TV film
4.5 1996 BBC Radio Play
4.6 Broadway revival, 2004
4.7 2008 TV film
4.8 Royal Exchange, Manchester production, 2010
4.9 Broadway revival, 2014
4.10 2016 BBC Radio Play
4.11 Arena Stage revival, 2017
5 The Raisin Cycle
6 Cultural references
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Walter and Ruth Younger, their son Travis, along with Walter's mother Lena (Mama) and Walter's sister Beneatha, live in poverty in a dilapidated two-bedroom apartment on Chicago's south side. Walter is barely making a living as a limousine driver. Though Ruth is content with their lot, Walter is not and desperately wishes to become wealthy. His plan is to invest in a liquor store in partnership with Willy and Bobo, street-smart acquaintances of Walter's.
At the beginning of the play, Walter and Beneatha's father has recently died, and Mama is waiting for a life insurance check for $10,000. Walter has a sense of entitlement to the money, but Mama has religious objections to alcohol and Beneatha has to remind him it is Mama's call how to spend it. Eventually Mama puts some of the money down on a new house, choosing an all-white neighborhood over a black one for the practical reason that it happens to be much cheaper. Later she relents and gives the rest of the money to Walter to invest with the provision that he reserve $3,000 for Beneatha's education. Walter passes the money on to Willy's naive sidekick Bobo, who gives it to Willy, who absconds with it, depriving Walter and Beneatha of their dreams, though not the Youngers of their new home. Meanwhile, Karl Lindner, a white representative of the neighborhood they plan to move to, makes a generous offer to buy them out. He wishes to avoid neighborhood tensions over interracial population, which to the three women's horror Walter prepares to accept as a solution to their financial setback. Lena says that while money was something they try to work for, they should never take it if it was a person's way of telling them they weren't fit to walk the same earth as them.
While all this is going on, Beneatha's character and direction in life are being defined for us by two different men: Beneatha's wealthy and educated boyfriend George Murchison, and Joseph Asagai. Neither man is actively involved in the Youngers' financial ups and downs. George represents the "fully assimilated black man" who denies his African heritage with a "smarter than thou" attitude, which Beneatha finds disgusting, while dismissively mocking Walter's lack of money and education. Asagai patiently teaches Beneatha about her African heritage; he gives her thoughtfully useful gifts from Africa, while pointing out she is unwittingly assimilating herself into white ways. She straightens her hair, for example, which he characterizes as "mutilation."
When Beneatha becomes distraught at the loss of the money, she is upbraided by Joseph for her materialism. She eventually accepts his point of view that things will get better with a lot of effort, along with his proposal of marriage and his invitation to move with him to Nigeria to practice medicine.
Walter is oblivious to the stark contrast between George and Joseph: his pursuit of wealth can only be attained by liberating himself from Joseph's culture, to which he attributes his poverty, and rising to George's level, wherein he sees his salvation. Walter redeems himself and black pride at the end by changing his mind and not accepting the buyout offer, stating that the family is proud of who they are and will try to be good neighbors. The play closes with the family leaving for their new home but uncertain future.
The character Mrs. Johnson and a few scenes are often cut in reproductions. Mrs. Johnson is the Younger family's neighbor. She is nosy and loud, and cannot understand how the family can consider moving to a white neighborhood. Her lines are employed as comic relief, but Hansberry also uses this scene to mock those who are too scared to stand up for their rights.
Litigation[edit]
What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun?
“
”
Langston Hughes (1951)[3]
Experiences in this play echo a lawsuit (Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S. 32 (1940)), to which the playwright Lorraine Hansberry's family was a party when they fought to have their day in court because a previous class action about racially motivated restrictive covenants (Burke v. Kleiman, 277 Ill. App. 519 (1934)) had been similar to their situation. This case was heard prior to the passage of the Fair Housing Act (Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968), which prohibited discrimination in housing and created the Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity. The Hansberrys won their right to be heard as a matter of due process of law in relation to the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court held that the Hansberry defendants were not bound by the Burke decision because the class of defendants in the respective cases had conflicting goals, and thus could not be considered to be the same class.
Interestingly, the plaintiff in the first action in 1934 was Olive Ida Burke, who brought the suit on behalf of a property owners' association to enforce racial restrictions. Her husband, James Burke, later sold a house to Carl Hansberry (Lorraine's father) when he changed his mind about the validity of the covenant. Mr. Burke's decision may have been motivated by the changing demographics of the neighborhood, but it was also influenced by the Depression. The demand for houses was so low among white buyers that Mr. Hansberry may have been the only prospective purchaser available.[4]
Lorraine reflects upon the litigation in her book To Be Young, Gifted, and Black:
"Twenty-five years ago, [my father] spent a small personal fortune, his considerable talents, and many years of his life fighting, in association with NAACP attorneys, Chicago’s ‘restrictive covenants’ in one of this nation's ugliest ghettos. That fight also required our family to occupy disputed property in a hellishly hostile ‘white neighborhood’ in which literally howling mobs surrounded our house. ... My memories of this ‘correct’ way of fighting white supremacy in America include being spat at, cursed and pummeled in the daily trek to and from school. And I also remember my desperate and courageous mother, patrolling our household all night with a loaded German Luger (pistol), doggedly guarding her four children, while my father fought the respectable part of the battle in the Washington court."
The Hansberry house, a red-brick three-flat at 6140 S. Rhodes in Washington Park that they bought in 1937, was given landmark status by the Chicago City Council's Committee on Historical Landmarks Preservation in 2010.[5]
Production and reception[edit]
Scene from the play. Ruby Dee as Ruth, Claudia McNeil as Lena, Glynn Turman as Travis, Sidney Poitier as Walter, and John Fiedler as Karl Lindner.
With a cast in which all but one minor character is African-American, A Raisin in the Sun was considered a risky investment, and it took over a year for producer Philip Rose to raise enough money to launch it. There was disagreement with how it should be played, with focus on the mother or focus on the son. When the play hit New York, Poitier played it with the focus on the son and found not only his calling but an audience enthralled.[6]
After touring to positive reviews, the play premiered on Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on March 11, 1959. It transferred to the Belasco Theatre on October 19, 1959, and closed on June 25, 1960, after 530 total performances. Directed by Lloyd Richards, the cast comprised:
Sidney Poitier – Walter Lee Younger
Ruby Dee – Ruth Younger
Ivan Dixon – Joseph Asagai
Lonne Elder III – Bobo
John Fiedler – Karl Lindner
Louis Gossett – George Murchison
Claudia McNeil – Lena Younger
Diana Sands – Beneatha Younger
Glynn Turman – Travis Younger
Ed Hall – moving man
Douglas Turner – moving man
Ossie Davis later took over as Walter Lee Younger, and Frances Williams as Lena Younger.
Waiting for the curtain to rise on opening night, Hansberry and producer Rose did not expect the play to be a success, for it had already received mixed reviews from a preview audience the night before. Though it won popular and critical acclaim, reviewers argued about whether the play was "universal" or particular to African-American experience.[7] It was then produced on tour.
A Raisin in the Sun was the first play written by a black woman to be produced on Broadway, as well as the first with a black director (Lloyd Richards).[8]
Hansberry noted that her play introduced details of black life to the overwhelmingly white Broadway audiences, while director Richards observed that it was the first play to which large numbers of black people were drawn.[8] Frank Rich, in The New York Times stated that A Raisin in the Sun "changed American theater forever."[9]
In 1960 A Raisin In The Sun was nominated for four Tony Awards:
Best Play – written by Lorraine Hansberry; produced by Philip Rose, David J. Cogan
Best Actor in Play – Sidney Poitier
Best Actress in a Play – Claudia McNeil
Best Direction of a Play – Lloyd Richards
Other versions[edit]
West End production, 1959[edit]
Some five months after its Broadway opening, Hansberry's play appeared in London's West End, playing at the Adelphi Theatre from August 4, 1959. As on Broadway, the director was Lloyd Richards, and the cast was as follows:
Kim Hamilton – Ruth Younger
John Adan – Travis Younger
Earle Hyman – Walter Lee Younger
Olga James – Beneatha Younger
Juanita Moore – Lena Younger
Bari Johnson – Joseph Asagai
Scott Cunningham – George Murchison
Meredith Edwards – Karl Lindner
Lionel Ngakane – Bobo
The play was presented (as before) by Philip Rose and David J. Cogan, in association with the British impresario Jack Hylton.
1961 film[edit]
Main article: A Raisin in the Sun (1961 film)
In 1961, a film version of A Raisin in the Sun was released featuring its original Broadway cast of Sidney Poitier, Ruby Dee, Claudia McNeil, Diana Sands, Ivan Dixon, Louis Gossett, Jr. and John Fiedler. Hansberry wrote the screenplay, and the film was directed by Daniel Petrie. It was released by Columbia Pictures and Ruby Dee won the National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress. Both Poitier and McNeil were nominated for Golden Globe Awards, and Petrie received a special "Gary Cooper Award" at the Cannes Film Festival.
1973 musical[edit]
Main article: Raisin (musical)
A musical version of the play, Raisin, ran on Broadway from October 18, 1973, to December 7, 1975. The book of the musical, which stayed close to the play, was written by Hansberry's former husband, Robert Nemiroff. Music and lyrics were by Judd Woldin and Robert Brittan. The cast included Joe Morton (Walter Lee), Virginia Capers (Momma), Ernestine Jackson (Ruth), Debbie Allen (Beneatha) and Ralph Carter (Travis, the Youngers' young son). The show won the Tony Award for Best musical.
1989 TV film[edit]
In 1989 the play was adapted into a TV film for PBS' American Playhouse series, starring Danny Glover (Walter Lee) and Esther Rolle (Mama), with Kim Yancey (Beneatha), Starletta DuPois (Ruth), and John Fiedler (Karl Lindner). This production received three Emmy Award nominations, but all were for technical categories. Bill Duke directed the production, while Chiz Schultz produced. This production was based on an off-Broadway revival produced by the Roundabout Theatre.
1996 BBC Radio Play[edit]
On 3 March 1996 the BBC broadcast a production of the play by director/producer Claire Grove, with the following cast:[10]
Claire Benedict – Mama
Ray Shell – Walter Lee
Pat Bowie – Ruth
Lachelle Carl – Beneatha
Garren Givens – Travis
Akim Mogaji – Joseph Asagai
Ray Fearon – George Murchison
John Sharion – Karl Lindner
Dean Hill – Bobo
Broadway revival, 2004[edit]
A revival ran on Broadway at the Royale Theatre from April 26, 2004, to July 11, 2004[11] at the Royale Theatre with the following cast:
Sean Combs – Walter Lee Younger
Audra McDonald – Ruth Younger
Phylicia Rashad – Lena Younger
Sanaa Lathan – Beneatha Younger
Bill Nunn – Bobo
David Aaron Baker – Karl Lindner
Lawrence Ballard – moving man
Teagle F. Bougere – Joseph Asagai
Frank Harts – George Murchison
Billy Eugene Jones – moving man
Alexander Mitchell – Travis Younger
The director was Kenny Leon with David Binder and Vivek Tiwary producers.
The play won two 2004 Tony Awards: Best Actress in a Play (Phylicia Rashad) and Best Featured Actress in a Play (Audra McDonald), and was nominated for Best Revival of a Play and Best Featured Actress in a Play (Sanaa Lathan).
2008 TV film[edit]
Main article: A Raisin in the Sun (2008 film)
In 2008, Sean Combs, Phylicia Rashad and Audra McDonald starred in a television film directed by Kenny Leon. The film debuted at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival and was broadcast by ABC on February 25, 2008. McDonald received an Emmy nomination for her portrayal of Ruth.[12] According to Nielsen Media Research, the program was watched by 12.7 million viewers and ranked #9 in the ratings for the week ending March 2, 2008.[13]
Royal Exchange, Manchester production, 2010[edit]
In 2010 Michael Buffong directed a widely acclaimed production at the Royal Exchange Theatre in Manchester,[14] described by Dominic Cavendish in The Daily Telegraph as – “A brilliant play, brilliantly served.”.[15] Michael Buffong, Ray Fearon and Jenny Jules all won MEN Awards. The cast were: –
Jenny Jules – Ruth Younger
Ray Fearon – Walter Lee Younger
Tracy Ifeachor – Beneatha Younger
Starletta DuPois (who played Ruth in the 1989 film) – Lena Younger
Damola Adelaja – Joseph Asagai
Simon Combs – George Murchison
Tom Hodgkins – Karl Lindner
Ray Emmet Brown – Bobo/Moving Man
Broadway revival, 2014[edit]
A second revival ran on Broadway from April 3, 2014, to June 15, 2014, at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre.[16][17] The play won three 2014 Tony Awards: Best Revival of a Play, Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Play (Sophie Okonedo) and Best Direction of a Play (Kenny Leon).[18]
Denzel Washington – Walter Lee Younger
Sophie Okonedo – Ruth Younger
LaTanya Richardson Jackson – Lena Younger
Anika Noni Rose – Beneatha Younger
Stephen McKinley Henderson – Bobo
David Cromer – Karl Lindner
Keith Eric Chappelle – moving man
Sean Patrick Thomas – Joseph Asagai
Jason Dirden – George Murchison
Billy Eugene Jones – moving man
Bryce Clyde Jenkins – Travis Younger
2016 BBC Radio Play[edit]
On 31 January 2016 the BBC broadcast a new production of the play by director/producer Pauline Harris. This version restores the character of Mrs Johnson and a number of scenes that were cut from the Broadway production and subsequent film, with the following cast:[19]
Danny Sapani – Walter Lee Younger
Dona Croll – Lena Younger
Nadine Marshall – Ruth Younger
Lenora Crichlow – Beneatha Younger
Segun Fawole – Travis Younger
Jude Akwudike – Bobo/Asagai
Cecilia Noble – Mrs. Johnson
Sean Baker – Karl Lindner
Richard Pepple – George Murchinson
Arena Stage revival, 2017[edit]
The play opened April 6, 2017, at Arena Stage in Washington, D.C., directed by Tazewell Thompson, with the following cast:[20]
Will Cobbs – Walter Lee Younger
Lizan Mitchell – Lena Younger
Dawn Ursula – Ruth Younger
Joy Jones – Beneatha Younger
Jeremiah Hasty – Travis Younger
Mack Leamon – Bobo/Asagai
Thomas Adrian Simpson – Karl Lindner
Keith L. Royal Smith – George Murchinson
The Raisin Cycle[edit]
The 2010 Bruce Norris play Clybourne Park depicts the white family that sold the house to the Youngers. The first act takes place just before the events of A Raisin in the Sun, involving the selling of the house to the African American family; the second act takes place 50 years later.[21]
The 2013 play by Kwame Kwei-Armah entitled Beneatha's Place follows Beneatha after she leaves with Asagai to Nigeria and, instead of becoming a doctor, becomes the Dean of Social Sciences at a respected (unnamed) California University.[22]
The two above plays were referred to by Kwei-Armah as "The Raisin Cycle" and were produced together by Baltimore's Center Stage in the 2012–2013 season.[23]
Cultural references[edit]
Season 1, Episode 3 of Strangers with Candy is based around a school production of A Raisin in the Sun, and features an excerpt from the 1961 movie as well as Stephen Colbert reciting "A Dream Deferred" just before the closing credits.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Internet Broadway Database. "A Raisin in the Sun | Ethel Barrymore Theatre (3/11/1959 – 10/17/1959)". IBDB. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
Jump up ^ "A Dream Deferred (by Langston Hughes)". Cswnet.com. 1996-06-25. Archived from the original on 2014-01-08. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
Jump up ^ "Transcript: Langston Hughes and His Poetry – presentation by David Kresh (Journeys and Crossings, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Kamp, Allen R. "The History Behind Hansberry v. Lee," 20 U.S. Davis L. Rev. 481 (1987).
Jump up ^ "Lorraine Hansberry House". Chicago Landmarks. City of Chicago. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Poitier, Sidney (2000). The Measure of a Man (First ed.). San Francisco: Harper. pp. 148–158. ISBN 978-0-06-135790-9.
Jump up ^ Robin Bernstein, "Inventing a Fishbowl: White Supremacy and the Critical Reception of Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun", Modern Drama 42(1): 16–27.
^ Jump up to: a b Corley, Cheryl, "'A Raisin in the Sun', Present at the Creation", National Public Radio, March 11, 2002.
Jump up ^ Rich, Frank, "Theater: 'Raisin in Sun,' Anniversary in Chicago", The New York Times, October 5, 1983.
Jump up ^ A Raisin in the Sun
Jump up ^ Internet Broadway Database. "A Raisin in the Sun | Royale Theatre (4/26/2004 – 7/11/2004)". IBDB. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
Jump up ^ "Chenoweth, Dench, Linney, McDonald, Rashad Nominated for Emmy Awards". Playbill. Archived from the original on 2012-10-25.
Jump up ^ Ginia Bellafante, "Raisin in the Sun: A Tale of Race and Family and a $10,000 Question", The New York Times, February 25, 2008.
Jump up ^ "A Raisin in the Sun". theguardian.com. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
Jump up ^ "A Raisin in the Sun review". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
Jump up ^ Playbill Vault. "A Raisin in the Sun". Playbill Vault. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
Jump up ^ Gioia, Michael. "Tony-Winning Revival of 'A Raisin in the Sun' Plays Final Performance Tonight"[permanent dead link] playbill.com, June 15, 2014
Jump up ^ Purcell, Carey. "'Gent's Guide', 'All The Way', 'Hedwig And the Angry Inch', 'Raisin in the Sun 'Win Top Prizes at 68th Annual Tony Awards" Archived 2014-06-12 at the Wayback Machine. playbill.com, June 8, 2014
Jump up ^ [1], BBC, January 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ Brantley, Ben, "Good Defenses Make Good Neighbors," The New York Times, February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Paul Harris, Legit Review: ‘Beneatha’s Place’, http://variety.com/2013/legit/reviews/legit-review-beneathas-place-1200488433/
Jump up ^ David Zurawik, "Baltimore's Center Stage looks very good in PBS documentary on 'Raisin' cycle", "The Baltimore Sun", October 25, 2013, http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-10-25/entertainment/bal-baltimore-center-stage-pbs-raisin-cycle-20131018_1_sun-revisited-kwame-kwei-armah-raisin-cycle
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Raisin in the Sun.
Theatre portal
1950s portal
African-American portal
Discrimination portal
A Raisin in the Sun at the Internet Broadway Database
A Raisin in the Sun at Theatricalia.com
Listen to the play online
EDSITEment's lesson Raisin in the Sun the Quest for the American Dream
Text to Text: ‘'A Raisin in the Sun'’ and ‘'Discrimination in Housing Against Nonwhites Persists Quietly'’ from The New York Times
[show]
v
t
e
Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun
Performances
A Raisin in the Sun (1961 film)
Raisin (musical)
A Raisin in the Sun (2008 film)
Related
Clybourne Park
Hansberry v. Lee
[show]
v
t
e
Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play
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List of countries by proven oil reserves
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A map of world oil reserves according to OPEC, January 2014
Trends in proven oil reserves in top five countries, 1980–2013 (data from US Energy Information Administration)
This is a list of countries by proven oil reserves. Proven reserves are those quantities of petroleum which, by analysis of geological and engineering data, can be estimated, with a high degree of confidence, to be commercially recoverable from a given date forward from known reservoirs and under current economic conditions.
Some statistics on this page are disputed and controversial. Different sources (OPEC, CIA World Factbook, oil companies) give different figures. Some of the differences reflect different types of oil included. Different estimates may or may not include oil shale, mined oil sands or natural gas liquids.
Map of countries with proven oil reserves - according to U.S. EIA (start of 2017)
Because proven reserves include oil recoverable under current economic conditions, nations may see large increases in proven reserves when known, but previously uneconomic deposits become economic to develop. In this way, Canada's proven reserves increased suddenly in 2003 when the oil sands of Alberta were seen to be economically viable. Similarly, Venezuela's proven reserves jumped in the late 2000s when the heavy oil of the Orinoco was judged economic.
Contents
[hide]
1 Countries
2 Different sources
3 See also
4 References
Countries[edit]
Reserves amounts are listed in millions of barrels (MMbbl).
Proven reserves (millions of barrels)
U.S. EIA (start of 2017)[1]
OPEC (end of 2015)[2]
BP (end of 2015)[3]
Other
Country
Rank
Reserves
Rank
Reserves
Rank
Reserves
Source/Date
Reserves
Venezuela (see: Oil reserves in Venezuela) 1 300,878 1 300,878 1 300,900
Saudi Arabia (see: Oil reserves in Saudi Arabia) 2 266,455 2 266,455 2 266,600
Canada (see: Oil reserves in Canada) 3 169,709 26 4,118[4] 3 172,200 Natural Resources Canada, end 2014[5] 171,000
Iran (see: Oil reserves in Iran) 4 158,400 3 158,400 4 157,800
Iraq (see: Oil reserves in Iraq) 5 142,503 4 142,503 5 143,100
Kuwait (see: Oil reserves in Kuwait) 6 101,500 5 101,500 7 101,500
UAE (see: Oil reserves in the United Arab Emirates) 7 97,800 6 97,800 8 97,800
Russia (see: Oil reserves in Russia) 8 80,000 7 80,000 6 102,400
Libya (see: Oil reserves in Libya) 9 74,000 8 74,363 9 78,400
United States (see: Oil reserves in the United States) 10 39,230 10 36,685 10 55,000 ENI, end of 2015[6] 43,629
Nigeria (see: Oil reserves in Nigeria) 11 37,062 9 37,062 11 37,100
Kazakhstan 12 30,000 11 30,000 12 30,000
China 13 25,620 13 25,132 14 18,500
Qatar 14 25,244 12 25,244 13 25,244
Brazil 15 12,999 14 16,184 15 13,000 ENI, end of 2015[6] 16,848
Algeria 16 12,200 15 12,200 17 12,200
Angola 17 / 18 8,273 17 9,524 16 12,700
Ecuador 17 / 18 8,273 18 8,273 19 / 20 8,000
Mexico (see: Oil reserves in Mexico) 19 7,640 16 9,711 18 10,800 PEMEX[7] Start of 2015 9.700
Azerbaijan 20 7,000 19 7,000 21 7,000
Norway 21 6,611 33 5,139 19 / 20 8,000
Oman 22 5,373 21 5,306 23 5,300
India 23 4,621 20 5,680 22 5,680 ENI, end of 2015[6] 5,692
Sudan/South Sudan 24 5,000 32 5,000 24 Sudan 1,500 / S. Sudan 3,500
Vietnam 25 / 26 4,400 24 / 25 4,400 25 4,000
Egypt 25 / 26 4,400 24 / 25 4,400 29 3,500
Malaysia 27 3,600 28 3,750 27 / 28 3,600 ENI, end of 2015[6] 5,542
Indonesia 28 3,230 29 3,230 27 / 28 3,600 ENI, end of 2015[6] 3,497
Yemen 29 3,000 30 3,000
United Kingdom 30 2,564 30 2,755 31 2,800 UK Oil & Gas Authority, end 2015[8] 2,618
Syria 31 / 32 2,500 31 2,500 32 2,500
Uganda 31 / 32 2,500
Argentina 33 2,185 32 2,380 33 2,400 Argentine Petroleum Institute[9] 2,330
Colombia 34 2,002 33 2,308 34 2,300
Gabon 35 2,000 34 2,000 35 2,000
Congo, Republic of the (Brazzaville) 36 1,600 36 1,600
Australia 37 1,821 27 3,982 26 4,000 Geoscience Australia[10] end of 2014 4,002
Chad 38 1,500 37 1,500
Brunei 39 / 40 1,100 35 1,100 39 / 40 1,100
Equatorial Guinea 39 / 40 1,100 39 / 40 1,100
Peru 41 473 38 1,400 ENI, end of 2015[6] 1,489
Trinidad and Tobago 42 243 41 700 ENI, end of 2015[6] 830
Ghana (see: Oil reserves in Ghana) 43 660
Turkmenistan 44 / 45 600 36 600 42 / 46 600
Romania 44 / 45 600 42 / 46 600
Uzbekistan 46 594 37 594 42 / 46 600
Italy 47 557 42 / 46 600 ENI, end of 2015[6] 595
Denmark 48 491 38 511 42 / 46 600 ENI, end of 2015[6] 550
Tunisia 49 425 47 / 48 400
Thailand 50 396 47 / 48 400
Ukraine 51 395 39 395
Turkey 52 389 ENI, end of 2015[6] 284
Pakistan 53 350 ENI, end of 2015[6] 236
Bolivia 54 211 ENI, end of 2015[6] 210
Cameroon 55 200
Belarus 56 198 40 198
Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Kinshasa) 57 180
Albania 58 168
Papua New Guinea 59 159 ENI, end of 2015[6] 158
Chile 60 / 61 150
Niger 60 / 61 150
Spain 60 / 61 150
Germany 62 145 ENI, end of 2015[6] 229
Philippines 63 / 64 139
Myanmar 63 / 64 139
Poland 65 138 ENI, end of 2015[6] 151
Bahrain 66 125
Cuba (see: Oil reserves in Cuba) 67 124 ENI, end of 2015[6] 124
Netherlands 68 113 ENI, end of 2015[6] 141
Ivory Coast 69 100
Suriname 70 83.9
Guatemala 71 83.1
France 72 72.4
Serbia 73 77.5
Croatia 74 71.0
New Zealand 75 56.9
Japan 76 44.1
Austria 77 43.0
Kyrgyzstan 78 40.0
Georgia 79 35.0
Bangladesh 80 28.0
Hungary 81 25.1 ENI, end of 2015[6] 35
Mauritania 82 20.0
Bulgaria 83 / 85 15.0
Czech Republic 83 / 85 15.0
South Africa 83 / 85 15.0
Israel 86 12.7 ENI, end of 2015[6] 12
Lithuania 87 / 88 12.0
Tajikistan 87 / 88 12.0
Greece 89 10.0
Slovakia 90 9.00
Benin 91 8.00
Belize 92 6.70
Taiwan 93 2.38
Barbados 94 2.08
Jordan 95 1.00 ENI, end of 2015[6] 1
Morocco 96 0.68
Ethiopia 97 0.43
Afghanistan 0 US Geological Survey[11] 80
World total
1,726,685
1,481,526
1,697,600
Different sources[edit]
Sources sometimes differ on the volume of proven oil reserves. The differences sometimes result from different classes of oil included, and sometimes result from different definitions of proven.
Comparison of proven oil reserves from some widely used sources (billions of barrels, as of 31 Dec. 2014/1 Jan. 2015)
Source
Canada
Iran
Russia
Saudi Arabia
United States
Venezuela
BP[12] 172.9 157.8 103.2 267.0 48.5 298.3
OPEC[13] 4.2[4] 157.5 80.0 266.6 36.5 300.0
US Central Intelligence Agency[14] 171.0 157.8 103.2 268.3 36.5 298.4
US Energy Information Administration[15] 172.5 157.8 80.0 268.3 39.9 298.4
See also[edit]
List of countries by oil production
List of countries by oil consumption
List of countries by natural gas proven reserves
References[edit]
Jump up ^ U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, accessed 3 Sept. 2016.
Jump up ^ OPEC, Annual Statistical Bulletin 2016
Jump up ^ BP, Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2016.
Jump up ^ OPEC does not include mined oil sand.
Jump up ^ Oil Resources, Natural Resources Canada, 16 Feb. 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t ENI, World Oil and Gas Review, 2016.
Jump up ^ 20150909%20Reservas%20al%201%20de%20enero%202015_e.pd...[permanent dead link] , PEMEX, accessed 1 Sept 2016
Jump up ^ Oil and Gas reserves and Resources, UK Oil & Gas Authority, 5 Aug. 2016.
Jump up ^ Instituto Argentino del Petróleo y el Gas – Reservas comprobadas de petróleo, en miles de m3 (proven reserves as of 2013)
Jump up ^ Geoscience Australia, Oil, accessed 3 Sept. 2016. (crude oil + condensate).
Jump up ^ "Minerals in Afghanistan" (PDF). USGS Minerals gov. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
Jump up ^ BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2015
Jump up ^ OPEC Statistical Bulletin, 2015.
Jump up ^ World Factbook, US Central Intelligence Agency, 2015.
Jump up ^ US Reserves: Curde Oil and Lease Condensate, US EIA.
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text:
List of medical abbreviations: Latin abbreviations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The main discussion of these abbreviations in the context of drug prescriptions and other medical prescriptions is at List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions. Some of these abbreviations are best not used, as marked and explained here.
Abbrev.
Meaning
Latin (or New Latin) origin
a.c. before meals ante cibum
a.d., ad, AD right ear auris dextra
a.m., am, AM morning ante meridiem
a.s., as, AS left ear auris sinistra
a.u., au, AU both ears together or each ear aures unitas or auris uterque
b.d.s, bds, BDS 2 times a day bis die sumendum
b.i.d., bid, bd twice a day / twice daily / 2 times daily bis in die
gtt., gtt drop(s) gutta(e)
h., h hour hora
h.s., hs at bedtime or half strength hora somni
ii two tablets duos doses
iii three tablets trēs doses
n.p.o., npo, NPO nothing by mouth / not by oral administration nil per os
o.d., od, OD once a day
right eye omne in die
oculus dexter
o.s., os, OS left eye oculus sinister
o.u., ou, OU both eyes oculus uterque
p.c. after food post cibum
p.m., pm, PM afternoon or evening post meridiem
p.o., po, PO orally / by mouth / oral administration per os / nonstandard form per orem
p.r., pr, PR rectally per rectum
p.r.n., prn, PRN as needed, (also Pertactin - a key antigen of ac.Pertussis vaccine) pro re nata
q. every quaque
q.1.d., q1d every day quaque die
q.1.h., q1h every hour quaque hora
q.2.h., q2h every 2 hours quaque secunda hora
q.4.h., q4h every 4 hours quaque quarta hora
q.6.h., q6h every 6 hours quaque sexta hora
q.8.h., q8h every 8 hours quaque octava hora
q.a.m., qAM, qam every morning quaque ante meridiem
q.d., qd every day / daily quaque die
q.h.s., qhs every night at bedtime quaque hora somni
q.d.s, qds, QDS 4 times a day quater die sumendum
q.i.d, qid 4 times a day quater in die
q.h., qh every hour, hourly quaque hora
q.o.d., qod every other day / alternate days quaque altera die
q.p.m., qPM, qpm every afternoon or evening quaque post meridiem
q.s., qs a sufficient quantity (enough) quantum sufficiat
Rx, Rx, , ℞ prescription recipe
Sig., S. directions signa
Stat. immediately, with no delay, now statim
t.d.s, tds, TDS 3 times a day ter die sumendum
t.i.d., tid 3 times a day ter in die
u.d., ud as directed ut dictum
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