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Thermohaline circulation
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A summary of the path of the thermohaline circulation. Blue paths represent deep-water currents, while red paths represent surface currents.
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Thermohaline circulation
Thermohaline circulation (THC) is a part of the large-scale ocean circulation that is driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes.[1][2] The adjective thermohaline derives from thermo- referring to temperature and -haline referring to salt content, factors which together determine the density of sea water. Wind-driven surface currents (such as the Gulf Stream) travel polewards from the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, cooling en route, and eventually sinking at high latitudes (forming North Atlantic Deep Water). This dense water then flows into the ocean basins. While the bulk of it upwells in the Southern Ocean, the oldest waters (with a transit time of around 1000 years)[3] upwell in the North Pacific.[4] Extensive mixing therefore takes place between the ocean basins, reducing differences between them and making the Earth's oceans a global system. On their journey, the water masses transport both energy (in the form of heat) and matter (solids, dissolved substances and gases) around the globe. As such, the state of the circulation has a large impact on the climate of the Earth.
The thermohaline circulation is sometimes called the ocean conveyor belt, the great ocean conveyor, or the global conveyor belt. On occasion, it is used to refer to the meridional overturning circulation (often abbreviated as MOC). The term MOC is more accurate and well defined, as it is difficult to separate the part of the circulation which is driven by temperature and salinity alone as opposed to other factors such as the wind and tidal forces.[5] Moreover, temperature and salinity gradients can also lead to circulation effects that are not included in the MOC itself.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
1.1 Formation of deep water masses
1.2 Movement of deep water masses
1.3 Quantitative estimation
2 Gulf Stream
3 Upwelling
4 Effects on global climate
4.1 Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
5 See also
6 References
7 Other sources
8 External links
Overview[edit]
The global conveyor belt on a continuous-ocean map
The movement of surface currents pushed by the wind is fairly intuitive. For example, the wind easily produces ripples on the surface of a pond. Thus the deep ocean—devoid of wind—was assumed to be perfectly static by early oceanographers. However, modern instrumentation shows that current velocities in deep water masses can be significant (although much less than surface speeds). In general, ocean water velocities range from fractions of centimeters per second (in the depth of the oceans) to sometimes more than 1 m/s in surface currents like the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio.
In the deep ocean, the predominant driving force is differences in density, caused by salinity and temperature variations (increasing salinity and lowering the temperature of a fluid both increase its density). There is often confusion over the components of the circulation that are wind and density driven.[6][7] Note that ocean currents due to tides are also significant in many places; most prominent in relatively shallow coastal areas, tidal currents can also be significant in the deep ocean. There they are currently thought to facilitate mixing processes, especially diapycnal mixing.[8]
The density of ocean water is not globally homogeneous, but varies significantly and discretely. Sharply defined boundaries exist between water masses which form at the surface, and subsequently maintain their own identity within the ocean. But these sharp boundaries are not to be imagined spatially but rather in a T-S-diagram[clarification needed] where water masses are distinguished. They position themselves above or below each other according to their density, which depends on both temperature and salinity.
Warm seawater expands and is thus less dense than cooler seawater. Saltier water is denser than fresher water because the dissolved salts fill interstices between water molecules, resulting in more mass per unit volume. Lighter water masses float over denser ones (just as a piece of wood or ice will float on water, see buoyancy). This is known as "stable stratification" as opposed to unstable stratification (see Bruunt-Väisälä frequency)[clarification needed] where denser waters are located over less dense waters (see convection or deep convection needed for water mass formation). When dense water masses are first formed, they are not stably stratified, so they seek to locate themselves in the correct vertical position according to their density. This motion is called convection, it orders the stratification by gravitation. Driven by the density gradients this sets up the main driving force behind deep ocean currents like the deep western boundary current (DWBC).
The thermohaline circulation is mainly driven by the formation of deep water masses in the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean caused by differences in temperature and salinity of the water.
The great quantities of dense water sinking at high latitudes must be offset by equal quantities of water rising elsewhere. Note that cold water in polar zones sink relatively rapidly over a small area, while warm water in temperate and tropical zones rise more gradually across a much larger area. It then slowly returns poleward near the surface to repeat the cycle. The continual diffuse upwelling of deep water maintains the existence of the permanent thermocline found everywhere at low and mid-latitudes. This model was described by Henry Stommel and Arnold B. Arons in 1960 and is known as the Stommel-Arons box model for the MOC.[9] This slow upward movement is approximated to be about 1 centimeter (0.5 inch) per day over most of the ocean. If this rise were to stop, downward movement of heat would cause the thermocline to descend and would reduce its steepness.
Formation of deep water masses[edit]
The dense water masses that sink into the deep basins are formed in quite specific areas of the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean. In the North Atlantic, seawater at the surface of the ocean is intensely cooled by the wind and low ambient air temperatures. Wind moving over the water also produces a great deal of evaporation, leading to a decrease in temperature, called evaporative cooling related to latent heat. Evaporation removes only water molecules, resulting in an increase in the salinity of the seawater left behind, and thus an increase in the density of the water mass along with the decrease in temperature. In the Norwegian Sea evaporative cooling is predominant, and the sinking water mass, the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), fills the basin and spills southwards through crevasses in the submarine sills that connect Greenland, Iceland and Great Britain which are known as the Greenland-Scotland-Ridge. It then flows very slowly into the deep abyssal plains of the Atlantic, always in a southerly direction. Flow from the Arctic Ocean Basin into the Pacific, however, is blocked by the narrow shallows of the Bering Strait.
Diagram showing relation between temperature and salinity for sea water density maximum and sea water freezing temperature.
In the Southern Ocean, strong katabatic winds blowing from the Antarctic continent onto the ice shelves will blow the newly formed sea ice away, opening polynyas along the coast. The ocean, no longer protected by sea ice, suffers a brutal and strong cooling (see polynya). Meanwhile, sea ice starts reforming, so the surface waters also get saltier, hence very dense. In fact, the formation of sea ice contributes to an increase in surface seawater salinity; saltier brine is left behind as the sea ice forms around it (pure water preferentially being frozen). Increasing salinity lowers the freezing point of seawater, so cold liquid brine is formed in inclusions within a honeycomb of ice. The brine progressively melts the ice just beneath it, eventually dripping out of the ice matrix and sinking. This process is known as brine rejection.
The resulting Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) sinks and flows north and east, but is so dense it actually underflows the NADW. AABW formed in the Weddell Sea will mainly fill the Atlantic and Indian Basins, whereas the AABW formed in the Ross Sea will flow towards the Pacific Ocean.
The dense water masses formed by these processes flow downhill at the bottom of the ocean, like a stream within the surrounding less dense fluid, and fill up the basins of the polar seas. Just as river valleys direct streams and rivers on the continents, the bottom topography constrains the deep and bottom water masses.
Note that, unlike fresh water, seawater does not have a density maximum at 4 °C but gets denser as it cools all the way to its freezing point of approximately −1.8 °C. This freezing point is however a function of salinity and pressure and thus -1.8 °C is not a general freezing temperature for sea water (see diagram to the right).
Movement of deep water masses[edit]
Formation and movement of the deep water masses at the North Atlantic Ocean, creates sinking water masses that fill the basin and flows very slowly into the deep abyssal plains of the Atlantic. This high-latitude cooling and the low-latitude heating drives the movement of the deep water in a polar southward flow. The deep water flows through the Antarctic Ocean Basin around South Africa where it is split into two routes: one into the Indian Ocean and one past Australia into the Pacific.
At the Indian Ocean, some of the cold and salty water from the Atlantic—drawn by the flow of warmer and fresher upper ocean water from the tropical Pacific—causes a vertical exchange of dense, sinking water with lighter water above. It is known as overturning. In the Pacific Ocean, the rest of the cold and salty water from the Atlantic undergoes haline forcing, and becomes warmer and fresher more quickly.
The out-flowing undersea of cold and salty water makes the sea level of the Atlantic slightly lower than the Pacific and salinity or halinity of water at the Atlantic higher than the Pacific. This generates a large but slow flow of warmer and fresher upper ocean water from the tropical Pacific to the Indian Ocean through the Indonesian Archipelago to replace the cold and salty Antarctic Bottom Water. This is also known as 'haline forcing' (net high latitude freshwater gain and low latitude evaporation). This warmer, fresher water from the Pacific flows up through the South Atlantic to Greenland, where it cools off and undergoes evaporative cooling and sinks to the ocean floor, providing a continuous thermohaline circulation.[10]
Hence, a recent and popular name for the thermohaline circulation, emphasizing the vertical nature and pole-to-pole character of this kind of ocean circulation, is the meridional overturning circulation.
Quantitative estimation[edit]
Direct estimates of the strength of the thermohaline circulation have been made at 26.5°N in the North Atlantic since 2004 by the UK-US RAPID programme.[11] By combining direct estimates of ocean transport using current meters and subsea cable measurements with estimates of the geostrophic current from temperature and salinity measurements, the RAPID programme provides continuous, full-depth, basinwide estimates of the thermohaline circulation or, more accurately, the meridional overturning circulation.
The deep water masses that participate in the MOC have chemical, temperature and isotopic ratio signatures and can be traced, their flow rate calculated, and their age determined. These include 231Pa / 230Th ratios.
Gulf Stream[edit]
Main article: Gulf Stream
Benjamin Franklin's map of the Gulf Stream
The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension towards Europe, the North Atlantic Drift, is a powerful, warm, and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates at the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean. The process of western intensification causes the Gulf Stream to be a northward accelerating current off the east coast of North America.[12] At about 40°0′N 30°0′W / 40.000°N 30.000°W / 40.000; -30.000, it splits in two, with the northern stream crossing to northern Europe and the southern stream recirculating off West Africa. The Gulf Stream influences the climate of the east coast of North America from Florida to Newfoundland, and the west coast of Europe. Although there has been recent debate, there is consensus that the climate of Western Europe and Northern Europe is warmer than it would otherwise be due to the North Atlantic drift,[13][14] one of the branches from the tail of the Gulf Stream. It is part of the North Atlantic Gyre. Its presence has led to the development of strong cyclones of all types, both within the atmosphere and within the ocean. The Gulf Stream is also a significant potential source of renewable power generation.[15][16]
Upwelling[edit]
Main article: Upwelling
All these dense water masses sinking into the ocean basins displace the older deep water masses that were made less dense by ocean mixing. To maintain a balance, water must be rising elsewhere. However, because this thermohaline upwelling is so widespread and diffuse, its speeds are very slow even compared to the movement of the bottom water masses. It is therefore difficult to measure where upwelling occurs using current speeds, given all the other wind-driven processes going on in the surface ocean. Deep waters have their own chemical signature, formed from the breakdown of particulate matter falling into them over the course of their long journey at depth. A number of scientists have tried to use these tracers to infer where the upwelling occurs.
Wallace Broecker, using box models, has asserted that the bulk of deep upwelling occurs in the North Pacific, using as evidence the high values of silicon found in these waters. Other investigators have not found such clear evidence. Computer models of ocean circulation increasingly place most of the deep upwelling in the Southern Ocean,[17] associated with the strong winds in the open latitudes between South America and Antarctica. While this picture is consistent with the global observational synthesis of William Schmitz at Woods Hole and with low observed values of diffusion, not all observational syntheses agree. Recent papers by Lynne Talley at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Bernadette Sloyan and Stephen Rintoul in Australia suggest that a significant amount of dense deep water must be transformed to light water somewhere north of the Southern Ocean.
Effects on global climate[edit]
The thermohaline circulation plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in regulating the amount of sea ice in these regions, although poleward heat transport outside the tropics is considerably larger in the atmosphere than in the ocean.[18] Changes in the thermohaline circulation are thought to have significant impacts on the Earth's radiation budget. Insofar as the thermohaline circulation governs the rate at which deep waters are exposed to the surface, it may also play an important role in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. While it is often stated that the thermohaline circulation is the primary reason that Western Europe is so temperate, it has been suggested that this is largely incorrect, and that Europe is warm mostly because it lies downwind of an ocean basin, and because of the effect of atmospheric waves bringing warm air north from the subtropics.[19] However, the underlying assumptions of this particular analysis have likewise been challenged.[20]
Large influxes of low-density meltwater from Lake Agassiz and deglaciation in North America are thought to have led to a shifting of deep water formation and subsidence in the extreme North Atlantic and caused the climate period in Europe known as the Younger Dryas.[21]
Shutdown of thermohaline circulation[edit]
Main article: Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
See also: Deglaciation and Cold blob (North Atlantic)
In 2005, British researchers noticed that the net flow of the northern Gulf Stream had decreased by about 30% since 1957. Coincidentally, scientists at Woods Hole had been measuring the freshening of the North Atlantic as Earth becomes warmer. Their findings suggested that precipitation increases in the high northern latitudes, and polar ice melts as a consequence. By flooding the northern seas with lots of extra fresh water, global warming could, in theory, divert the Gulf Stream waters that usually flow northward, past the British Isles and Norway, and cause them to instead circulate toward the equator. If this were to happen, Europe's climate would be seriously impacted.[22][23][24]
Downturn of AMOC (Atlantic meridional overturning circulation), has been tied to extreme regional sea level rise.[25]
In 2013, an unexpected significant weakening of the THC led to one of the quietest Atlantic hurricane seasons observed since 1994. The main cause of the inactivity was caused by a continuation of the spring pattern across the Atlantic basin.
See also[edit]
Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) (in regard to "sea surface temperature")
Climate change
Contourite
Downwelling
Halothermal circulation
Hydrothermal circulation
Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
Upwelling
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rahmstorf, S (2003). "The concept of the thermohaline circulation" (PDF). Nature. 421 (6924): 699. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..699R. PMID 12610602. doi:10.1038/421699a.
Jump up ^ Lappo, SS (1984). "On reason of the northward heat advection across the Equator in the South Pacific and Atlantic ocean". Study of Ocean and Atmosphere Interaction Processes. Moscow Department of Gidrometeoizdat (in Mandarin): 125–9.
Jump up ^ The global ocean conveyor belt is a constantly moving system of deep-ocean circulation driven by temperature and salinity; What is the global ocean conveyor belt?
Jump up ^ Primeau, F (2005). "Characterizing transport between the surface mixed layer and the ocean interior with a forward and adjoint global ocean transport model". Journal of Physical Oceanography. 35 (4): 545–64. Bibcode:2005JPO....35..545P. doi:10.1175/JPO2699.1.
Jump up ^ Wunsch, C (2002). "What is the thermohaline circulation?". Science. 298 (5596): 1179–81. PMID 12424356. doi:10.1126/science.1079329.
Jump up ^ Wyrtki, K (1961). "The thermohaline circulation in relation to the general circulation in the oceans". Deep-Sea Research. 8 (1): 39–64. Bibcode:1961DSR.....8...39W. doi:10.1016/0146-6313(61)90014-4.
Jump up ^ Schmidt, G., 2005, Gulf Stream slowdown?, RealClimate
Jump up ^ Eden, Carsten (2012). Ocean Dynamics. Springer. p. 177. ISBN 978-3-642-23449-1.
Jump up ^ Stommel, H., & Arons, A. B. (1960). On the abyssal circulation of the world ocean. – I. Stationary planetary flow patterns on a sphere. Deep Sea Research (1953), 6, 140-154.
Jump up ^ United Nations Environment Programme / GRID-Arendal, 2006, [1]. Potential Impact of Climate Change
Jump up ^ "RAPID: monitoring the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26.5N since 2004".
Jump up ^ National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (2009). Investigating the Gulf Stream Archived 3 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. North Carolina State University Retrieved 6 May 2009
Jump up ^ Hennessy (1858). Report of the Annual Meeting: On the Influence of the Gulf-stream on the Climate of Ireland. Richard Taylor and William Francis. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Satellites Record Weakening North Atlantic Current Impact". NASA. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
Jump up ^ The Institute for Environmental Research & Eductation. Tidal.pdf Retrieved on 28 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Jeremy Elton Jacquot. Gulf Stream's Tidal Energy Could Provide Up to a Third of Florida's Power Retrieved 21 September 2008
Jump up ^ Marshall, John; Speer, Kevin (26 February 2012). "Closure of the meridional overturning circulation through Southern Ocean upwelling". Nature Geoscience. 5 (3): 171–180. Bibcode:2012NatGe...5..171M. doi:10.1038/ngeo1391.
Jump up ^ Trenberth, K; Caron, J (2001). "Estimates of Meridional Atmosphere and Ocean Heat Transports". Journal of Climate. 14 (16): 3433–43. Bibcode:2001JCli...14.3433T. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3433:EOMAAO>2.0.CO;2.
Jump up ^ Seager,R., 2006, The Source of Europe's Mild Climate, American Scientist
Jump up ^ Rhines and Hakkinen, 2003, Is the Oceanic Heat Transport in the North Atlantic Irrelevant to the Climate in Europe? ASOF Newsletter
Jump up ^ Broecker, WS (2006). "Was the Younger Dryas Triggered by a Flood?". Science. 312 (5777): 1146–8. PMID 16728622. doi:10.1126/science.1123253.
Jump up ^ Garrison, Tom (2009). Oceanography: An Invitation to Marine Science (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 582. ISBN 9780495391937.
Jump up ^ Bryden, H.L.; H.R. Longworth; S.A. Cunningham (2005). "Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25° N". Nature. 438 (7068): 655–657. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..655B. PMID 16319889. doi:10.1038/nature04385.
Jump up ^ Curry, R.; C. Mauritzen (2005). "Dilution of the northern North Atlantic in recent decades". Science. 308: 1772–1774. Bibcode:2005Sci...308.1772C. PMID 15961666. doi:10.1126/science.1109477.
Jump up ^ Jianjun Yin; Stephen Griffies (25 March 2015). "Extreme sea level rise event linked to AMOC downturn". CLIVAR.
Other sources[edit]
Apel, JR (1987). Principles of Ocean Physics. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-058866-8.
Gnanadesikan, A.; R. D. Slater; P. S. Swathi; G. K. Vallis (2005). "The energetics of ocean heat transport". Journal of Climate. 18 (14): 2604–16. Bibcode:2005JCli...18.2604G. doi:10.1175/JCLI3436.1.
Knauss, JA (1996). Introduction to Physical Oceanography. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-238155-9.
"Potential Impact of Climate Change". United Nations Environment Programme / GRID-Arendal. 2006.
Rahmstorf, S (2006). "Thermohaline Ocean Circulation" (PDF). In Elias, S. A. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Sciences. Elsevier Science. ISBN 0-444-52747-8.
External links[edit]
Ocean Conveyor Belt
THOR FP7 projects http://www.eu-thor.eu investigates on the topic "Thermohaline overturning- at risk?" and the predictability of changes of the THC. THOR is financed by the 7th Framework Programme of the European Commission.
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Naomi Scott
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Naomi Scott
Scott in July 2016
Born
Naomi Grace Scott
(1993-05-06) 6 May 1993 (age 24)
Hounslow, London, England
Occupation
Actress, singer
Years active
2008–present
Spouse(s)
Jordan Spence (m. 2014)
Website
naomiscottmusic.com
Naomi Grace Scott (born 6 May 1993) is an English actress and singer. She is known for starring as Kimberly Hart, the Pink Ranger, in the 2017 Power Rangers movie and co-starring as Maddy Shannon in the science-fiction drama series Terra Nova. Scott also starred as Mohini "Mo" Banarjee in the Disney Channel original movie Lemonade Mouth, and as Megan in TV series Life Bites. She is set to play Princess Jasmine in the live-action remake of Aladdin.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Personal life
2 Career
3 Filmography
4 Discography
4.1 Extended plays
4.2 Singles
4.3 Other appearances
4.4 Music videos
5 Awards and nominations
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Personal life[edit]
Scott was born on 6 May 1993 in London, England. Her mother, Usha Joshi, is a Ugandan of Gujarati Indian descent and emigrated to England at a young age, and her father, Christopher Scott, is English.[2][3] Scott also has an older brother, Joshua.[4] Both her parents are pastors at the Bridge Church, Woodford in Redbridge, northeast London.[5] Scott has participated in missionary and outreach work.[2] In June 2014, she married English footballer Jordan Spence after four years of dating.[6][7]
Career[edit]
Scott began her singing career with the Bridge Church Youth Band. She attended Davenant Foundation School and performed regularly in school musical and drama productions. She was later discovered by British pop singer Kéllé Bryan from the all-girl band Eternal, who signed her as a client. She went to work with British songwriters and producers Xenomania.[2]
Her first major acting role was a Disney Channel UK series Life Bites. In 2010, she was cast as Mohini "Mo" Banarjee in the 2011 Disney Channel original movie Lemonade Mouth, her first role in an American production.[8] That same year, she was cast as Maddy Shannon, in the science-fiction series Terra Nova which premiered in September 2011 on Fox.[9] The series was not renewed for a second season.[10] In 2013, Scott appeared in the music video for the song "Hurricane", by her Lemonade Mouth co-star Bridgit Mendler. In August 2014, she independently released her debut EP Invisible Division.[11] Scott was cast as Ryoko in Ridley Scott's The Martian. She filmed her scenes but they were removed from the final cut.[12] In October 2015, she was cast in a co-leading role as Kimberly Hart, the Pink Ranger, in Power Rangers (2017), the film adaptation of the TV series of the same name. The movie was released on 24 March 2017, and earned Scott her first Teen Choice Award nomination.[13] In July 2017, Scott was cast as Princess Jasmine in a live-action remake of Aladdin.[14][15]
Filmography[edit]
Film roles
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2013 Modern/Love Harper Short film
2013 Our Lady of Lourdes Lourdes Short film
2014 Hello, Again Maura Short film
2015 The 33 Escarlette Sepulveda
2015 The Martian Ryoko Scenes cut; extended version only[16]
2017 Power Rangers Kimberly Hart/Pink Ranger
2019 Aladdin Princess Jasmine Post-Production[15]
Television roles
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2008–2009 Life Bites Megan Main role, 11 episodes
2011 Lemonade Mouth Mohini "Mo" Banarjee Television film
2011 Terra Nova Maddy Shannon Main role, 13 episodes
2013 By Any Means Vanessa Velasquez Episode: "3"
2015–2016 Lewis Sahira Desai Recurring role (season 9)
Discography[edit]
Extended plays[edit]
List of EPs
Title
Details
Invisible Division[11]
Release date: 25 August 2014
Format: Digital download
Label: Independent
Promises[17]
Release date: 5 August 2016
Format: Digital download
Label: Independent
Singles[edit]
As main artist
Title
Year
Album
"Motions"[18]
2014 Invisible Division
"Lover's Lies"[19]
2016 Promises
"Vows"[20]
2017 Non-album single
As featured artist
List of singles, with selected chart positions
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Album
US
[21]
US
Heat
[21]
UK
[22]
"Breakthrough"
(among Lemonade Mouth cast)
2011 88 11 200 Lemonade Mouth
"Fall From Here"[23]
(Nick Brewer featuring Naomi Scott)
2014 — — — Four Miles Further
"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory.
Other appearances[edit]
Title
Year
Other artist(s)
Album
"She's So Gone"
2011 N/A Lemonade Mouth
"More Than a Band"
Lemonade Mouth cast
"Livin' on a High Wire"
Music videos[edit]
List of music videos, showing year released and director
Title
Year
Director
Notes
"Motions" 2014 Peter Szewczyk[24]
"Fall From Here" Matthew Walker[25] Featured artist; Nick Brewer's music video
"Lover's Lies" 2017 Daniel Cummings[26]
"Vows" Naomi Scott[27]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Nominated work
Award
Category
Result
Ref.
2017 Power Rangers Teen Choice Awards Choice Sci-Fi Movie Actress Nominated [28]
Notes[edit]
A^ : "She's So Gone" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 3 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "'Aladdin': Disney Casts Will Smith, Mena Massoud, Naomi Scott". Variety. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "NAOMI SCOTT 'Mohini (Mo) Banarjee'". Disney Channel Medianet. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Barker, Lynn (11 April 2011). "Lemonade Mouth Actors Talk Music and More!". Kidz World. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Leadership - The Bridge Church".
Jump up ^ "The Bridge Church Woodford". Archived from the original on 7 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "@NaomiScott, love you more..." Jordan Spence on Twitter.
Jump up ^ "<3". naomiscottmusic on Instagram.
Jump up ^ Wesley, Tommy (14 April 2011). "Meet the Girls of Lemonade Mouth: Naomi Scott". Retrieved 17 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Lachonis, Jon (11 January 2011). "FOX Unleashes Terra Nova Promo Pics". Retrieved 17 April 2011. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Terra Nova Cancelled by Fox - Ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Invisible Division - EP". iTunes. 30 May 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Jimmy Kimmel (host) Naomi Scott (guest). Naomi Scott on Being in The Martian with Matt Damon. Clip from "Dave Chappelle, Naomi Scott, Music from Weezer". Jimmy Kimmel Live!. Season 15. Episode 38. 21 March 2017. ABC. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Perry, Spencer (8 October 2015). "Naomi Scott is the Pink Ranger in Lionsgate's Power Rangers Reboot!". comingsoon.net.
Jump up ^ Perry, Spencer (15 July 2017). "Disney's Live-Action Aladdin Cast Revealed!". comingsoon.net.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Aladdin': Disney Announces Live-Action Cast Including Will Smith As Genie". Access Hollywood.
Jump up ^ Jimmy Kimmel (host) Naomi Scott (guest). Naomi Scott on Being in The Martian with Matt Damon. Archived from the original on March 23, 2017. Clip from "Dave Chappelle, Naomi Scott, Music from Weezer". Jimmy Kimmel Live!. Season 15. Episode 38. March 21, 2017. ABC. Archived from the original on March 24, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Promises - EP". iTunes. 30 May 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Introducing… Naomi Scott with Her Brand New Single 'Motions'". Maximum Pop Magazine. 13 May 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Naomi Scott notes her 'Lover's Lies' on new single [405 Premiere]". The Four oh Five. 13 May 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Vows - Single by Naomi Scott on Apple Music". Itunes.apple.com. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Billboard Chart History: Bridgit Medler". Billboard. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "UK Singles Chart - Breakthrough". UK Charts. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Premiere: Nick Brewer and Naomi Scott in 'Fall From Here' music video". Digital Spy. 13 May 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Naomi Scott 'Motions' by Peter Szewczyk". Promo News. 30 May 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nick Brewer - Fall From Here ft. Naomi Scott". VEVO. 30 May 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Naomi Scott - Lover's Lies". VEVO. 19 February 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Naomi Scott - Vows". VEVO. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Teen Choice 2017 Award Nominees Include A Few Duds". Screen Rant. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Naomi Scott.
Official website
Naomi Scott on Twitter
Naomi Scott on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 229382224
LCCN: no2011134247
ISNI: 0000 0003 6502 3564
BNF: cb16524794b (data)
MusicBrainz: 65fc5739-3562-46a0-8b69-1d1f64941a8b
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naomi_Scott&oldid=826686027"
Categories:
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21st-century English actresses
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text:
Clarence Ray Allen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other people named Clarence Allen, see Clarence Allen (disambiguation).
For the basketball player see Ray Allen
Clarence Ray Allen
Born
(1930-01-16)January 16, 1930
Blair, Oklahoma, United States
Died
January 17, 2006(2006-01-17) (aged 76)
San Quentin State Prison in San Quentin, California, United States
Criminal penalty
Life imprisonment
Execution by lethal injection
Criminal status
Executed on January 17, 2006
Conviction(s)
Burglary, Murder – 1978
Murder (3 counts) – 1980
Clarence Ray Allen (January 16, 1930 – January 17, 2006) was an American criminal who was executed by lethal injection at San Quentin State Prison in California for the murders of three people. At age 76 in 2006, he became the second-oldest inmate to be executed in the United States since 1976, after John B. Nixon, who was executed in Mississippi in December 2005 at age 77.
Pro-death penalty activists cite Allen's actions as a reason to support capital punishment in the United States. He was already serving a life sentence for one murder when he was convicted of organizing the killing of three more people.
While in prison, Allen then acknowledged his Native American Choctaw heritage. He also claimed to be deaf, blind and severely disabled, requiring a wheelchair for mobility. He did not know any sign language to communicate with hearing people. During his execution, he was able to walk from his wheelchair to the death podium unassisted. In addition, he appeared to be looking straight at his family prior to receiving the first dose of drugs during his lethal injection procedure. Allen had a confirmed advanced case of type 2 diabetes, and he suffered a perhaps related heart attack on September 2, 2005. His lawyers declared that "he presents absolutely no danger at this point, as incapacitated as he is. There's no legitimate state purpose served by executing him. It would be gratuitous punishment." They argued that his execution would constitute cruel and unusual punishment and requested that he be granted clemency by California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, which was subsequently refused.
Contents
[hide]
1 Murder of Mary Sue Kitts
2 Execution at Fran's Market
3 Legal proceedings
4 Execution
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Murder of Mary Sue Kitts[edit]
In 1974, Allen plotted the burglary of Fran's Market, a Fresno area supermarket, owned by Ray and Fran Schletewitz, whom Allen had known for years. The plot involved his son, Roger Allen, as well as Ed Savala, Carl Mayfield, and Charles Jones. Mayfield and Jones worked for Clarence Ray Allen in his security guard business as well as part of a burglary enterprise allegedly operated by Allen. As part of the burglary plot against Fran's Market, he arranged for someone to steal a set of door and alarm keys from the market owner's son, Bryon Schletewitz, age 19, while Schletewitz was swimming in Allen's pool. Allen then arranged a date between Schletewitz and Mary Sue Kitts (his son Roger's girlfriend) for the evening, during which time the burglary took place. The burglary netted $500 in cash and $10,000 in money orders from the store's safe. Following the commission of the burglary, Kitts told Bryon Schletewitz that Allen had committed the crime, which she knew as she had helped Allen cash money orders that had been stolen from the store.[1]
Schletewitz confronted Roger Allen, informing him that he had been told of the crime by Kitts, and Roger Allen admitted the crime. When Roger Allen told his father Clarence of Bryon's accusation, Clarence Allen stated that they (Schletewitz and Kitts) would have to be "dealt with." He enlisted three employees of his security firm, Charles Jones, Carl Mayfield, and Lee Furrow. According to an opinion filed on May 6, 2004 in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals:
Allen called a meeting at his house and told Jones, Mayfield, and Furrow that Kitts had been talking too much and should be killed. Allen called for a vote on the issue of Kitts's execution. The vote was unanimous because those present feared what would happen if they did not go along with Allen's plan. Allen had previously told his criminal accomplices that he would kill snitches and that he had friends and connections to do the job for him even if he were in prison. He had also referred to himself as a Mafia hitman and stated that the "secret witness program" was useless because a good lawyer could always discover an informant's name and address. Allen kept a newspaper article about the murder of a man and woman in Nevada, and claimed he had "blown them in half" with a shotgun.[2]
Allen then ordered the murder of Kitts by Lee Furrow. After an unsuccessful attempt to poison her with cyanide capsules, Allen called Furrow to learn if he had killed Kitts. Furrow told Allen he was in the process of strangling her and Allen replied, "do it." After killing Kitts, Furrow threw her body into the Friant-Kern Canal. The body has never been found.
Execution at Fran's Market[edit]
While in Folsom Prison, Allen conspired with fellow inmate Billy Ray Hamilton to murder the various witnesses who had testified against him, including Bryon Schletewitz. Allen intended to obtain a new trial, where there would be no witnesses to testify to his acts.
After Hamilton was paroled from Folsom Prison, he carried out Allen's orders. On September 5, 1980, Hamilton and his girlfriend, Connie Barbo, went to Fran's Market, east of Fresno, California. Bryon Schletewitz, the son of the market's owner, worked at the market. There, Hamilton murdered Schletewitz and fellow employees Josephine Rocha, 17, and Douglas White, 18, with a sawed-off shotgun and wounded two other people, Joe Rios and Jack Abbott.[3] Hamilton shot Schletewitz at near point-blank range in the forehead and then killed Rocha and White after forcing them to lie on the floor of the store. Rios, also an employee of the market, was shot as well but raised his arm as Hamilton fired on him and this action undoubtedly saved his life. The other wounded survivor, Abbott, was a neighbor who heard the shotgun blasts, came to the market to investigate, and was also shot by Hamilton. Abbott returned fire and wounded Hamilton, who escaped from the scene.
Five days after the events at Fran's Market, Hamilton was arrested while attempting to rob a liquor store. On his person was found a "hit list" with the names and addresses of the witnesses who testified against Allen at his trial for Kitts' murder; Bryon Schletewitz was on the list.
Legal proceedings[edit]
In 1980, the California Attorney General filed charges against Allen and prosecuted the trial in Glenn County, California, due to a change of venue. The trial lasted 23 days, and 58 witnesses were called to testify. Ultimately, the jury convicted Allen of triple murder and conspiracy to murder eight witnesses.
As special circumstances making Allen eligible for the death penalty, the jury also found that Allen had previously been convicted of murder, had committed multiple murders, and had murdered witnesses in retaliation for their prior testimony and to prevent future testimony. During a seven-day penalty phase, the Attorney General introduced evidence of Allen's career orchestrating violent robberies in the Central Valley, including ten violent crimes and six prior felony convictions. The jury returned a unanimous verdict of death, and the Glenn County Superior Court sentenced Allen on November 22, 1980.
In 1987, the California Supreme Court affirmed Allen's death sentence. Associate Justice Joseph Grodin's opinion referred to Allen's crimes as "sordid events" with an "extraordinarily massive amount" of aggravating evidence. In a dissenting opinion, California Supreme Court Justice Broussard stated that the prosecutor influenced the jury by telling them that "if you conclude that aggravating evidence outweighs the mitigating evidence, you shall return a death sentence," while the law does not mandate a death sentence in such a situation. According to Justice Broussard, this led to a lack of freedom for the jury to make a "normative decision."
In 2005, the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals found that Allen's trial counsel had been inadequate, and the evidence against him was largely the testimony of Allen's several accomplices, who painted him as the mastermind who forced them by threats and scare tactics to commit robberies and murders. However the court denied rehearing in Allen's case. In her opinion for the panel, Judge Kim McLane Wardlaw concluded:
Evidence of Allen's guilt is overwhelming. Given the nature of his crimes, sentencing him to another life term would achieve none of the traditional purposes underlying punishment. Allen continues to pose a threat to society, indeed to those very persons who testified against him in the Fran's Market triple-murder trial here at issue, and has proven that he is beyond rehabilitation. He has shown himself more than capable of arranging murders from behind bars. If the death penalty is to serve any purpose at all, it is to prevent the very sort of murderous conduct for which Allen was convicted.
Deputy California Attorney General Ward Campbell stated in an interview:
Well, Mr. Allen has cited his age, the length of time on death row, claims about innocence, errors at his trial. We found and told the governor we found all those reasons to be unpersuasive given the nature of his crime, which was in fact a direct attack on the criminal justice system perpetrated by a man whom Society thought to be safe from. They thought they were safe from him because he was behind bars and yet he continued to perpetrate these types of crimes and none of the factors that they cite now overshadow or outbalance those reasons for now executing the judgment of the people of the State of California.
On January 13, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger refused to grant Allen clemency, stating that "his conduct did not result from youth or inexperience, but instead resulted from the hardened and calculating decisions of a mature man." Schwarzenegger also cited a poem in which Allen glorified his actions, where Allen wrote, "We rob and steal and for those who squeal are usually found dying or dead."
On January 15, 2006, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals denied Allen's claim that executing an aged or infirm person was cruel and unusual punishment, observing that his mental acuity was unimpaired and that he had been fifty years of age when he arranged the murders from prison. Judge Kim Wardlaw writing for the panel of judges Susan Graber, Richard Clifton, and herself:
His age and experience only sharpened his ability to coldly calculate the execution of the crime. Nothing about his current ailments reduces his culpability and thus they do not lessen the retributive or deterrent purposes of the death penalty.
The United States Supreme Court declined to hear the case, albeit over the dissent of Justice Stephen Breyer, who stated: "I believe that in the circumstances he raises a significant question as to whether his execution would constitute 'cruel and unusual punishment.'"
Execution[edit]
Wikinews has related news: Clarence Ray Allen is executed
Allen was executed by lethal injection on January 17, 2006, the day after his 76th birthday, at California's San Quentin State Prison. He became the second-oldest inmate to be executed in the United States since 1976 (John B. Nixon of Mississippi was executed in 2005 at age 77) and, as of 2018, the last inmate executed in California. Allen was assisted in the death chamber by four correctional officers, though a media observer stated that he was clearly moving under his own power. To the surprise of everyone present, the warden indicated that he needed an additional injection of the lethal potassium in order to stop his surprisingly healthy heart. Allen wrote in his final statement, which was read immediately following the execution, "My last words will be 'Hoka hey, it's a good day to die. Thank you very much. I love you all. Goodbye.'"
Allen died with an eagle feather on his chest. He was wearing a medicine bag around his neck, and a beaded headband. He was visited shortly before the execution by two Native American spiritual advisers.
Allen died at 12:38 a.m. Approximately 250 death penalty opponents gathered for a candlelight vigil outside the walls of San Quentin. His last meal consisted of Buffalo steak and frybread (both are traditional Native American dishes) as well as a bucket of KFC white-meat-only chicken, sugar-free pecan pie, sugar-free walnut ice cream, and whole milk. The ice-cream was left out to thaw for one hour, which Allen turned into a milkshake by hand.
Correctional Officers familiar with Clarence Ray Allen stated that he often walked without assistance and was also able to read his mail.[1]
See also[edit]
Biography portal
California portal
Law portal
Capital punishment debate
Capital punishment in California
Capital punishment in the United States
John David Duty
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Jim Doyle (January 12, 2006). "Double life of a Death Row killer". The San Francisco Chronicle. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Unsigned (May 6, 2004). "ALLEN v. WOODFORD: Clarence Ray ALLEN, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Jeanne S. WOODFORD, Warden, of the California State Prison at San Quentin, Respondent-Appellee. No. 01-99011". FindLaw.
Jump up ^ Bill McEwen, Tim Eberly and John Ellis (January 17, 2006). "Fresno killer Allen put to death; U.S. Supreme Court refuses to intervene in 1980 triple murder". The Fresno Bee. [dead link]
References[edit]
San Francisco Chronicle After Williams, a new dilemma for governor Next: Gravely ill and blind man, 75, scheduled to die Jim Doyle December 14, 2005
Office of the Governor Press release: Governor Schwarzenegger Denies Clemency to Convicted Murderer Clarence Ray Allen January 13, 2006
FindLaw ALLEN v. WOODFORD - Clarence Ray ALLEN, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Jeanne S. WOODFORD, Warden, of the California State Prison at San Quentin, Respondent-Appellee. January 24, 2005
External links[edit]
The People v. Clarence Ray Allen (42 C3d 1222) – California Supreme Court (Dec. 31, 1986)
Clarence Allen at The Malefactor's Register
Clarence Ray Allen at the Clark County, Indiana Prosecutor's Office

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