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Bank of England £20 note
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Twenty pounds
(United Kingdom)
Value
£20
Width
149 mm
Height
80 mm
Security features
Raised print, metallic thread, watermark, microlettering, UV feature, holographic strip, see-through registration device
Paper type
Cotton
Years of printing
1725–1943; 1970–present
2007–present (current design)
Obverse
Design
Queen Elizabeth II
Design date
13 March 2007
Reverse
Design
Adam Smith
Design date
13 March 2007
The Bank of England £20 note is a banknote of the pound sterling. It is the second highest denomination of banknote issued by the Bank of England. The current cotton note, first issued in 2007, bears the image of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and the image of Scottish economist Adam Smith on the reverse. Starting in 2020, the current note will be phased out, to be replaced by a polymer note featuring a portrait of artist J. M. W. Turner in place of Smith.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Designs
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
£20 note, issued from London in 1934.
"Series D" £20 note, issued from 1970 to 1991.
Twenty pound notes were introduced by the Bank of England for the first time in 1725. The earliest notes were handwritten, and were issued to individuals as needed. These notes were written on one side only and bore the name of the payee, the date, and the signature of the issuing cashier. With the exception of the Restriction Period between 1797 and 1821 when the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars caused a bullion shortage, these notes could be exchanged in full, or in part, for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank. If redeemed in part, the banknote would be signed to indicate the amount that had been redeemed. From 1853 printed notes replaced handwritten notes, with the declaration "I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of twenty pounds" replacing the name of the payee. This declaration remains on Bank of England banknotes to this day. A printed signature of one of three cashiers appeared on the printed notes, though this was replaced by the signature of the Chief Cashier from 1870 onward.[1]
The right to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 when Britain stopped using the gold standard.[1] The twenty pound note ceased to be produced by the Bank of England in 1943, and it was not until 1970 with the introduction of the series D notes that the denomination reappeared. The predominantly purple series D notes were two-sided, with an image of Queen Elizabeth II appearing on one side, accompanied by an image of Saint George and the Dragon (all subsequent Bank of England notes also feature an image of the Queen) and an image of William Shakespeare appearing on the other. This note also had a security feature in the form of a 'windowed' metal thread. The thread is woven into the paper so that it forms a dashed line, yet appears as a single line when held up to the light. Series D notes were phased out in favour of the newer series E notes beginning in 1991. These notes were multicoloured (predominantly mauve-purple) and featured an image of scientist Michael Faraday on the back. Series E notes were replaced by a variant design from 1999 onwards. These are broadly similar to the earlier series E notes but feature Edward Elgar on the reverse.[2]
The current £20 note was introduced in 2007. It features a portrait of Scottish economist Adam Smith on the back as well as an illustration of workers in a pin factory.[3] The note features a number of security features in addition to the metallic thread: these include raised print, a watermark, microlettering, a holographic strip, a see-through register, and a colourful pattern which only appears under ultraviolet light.[4] In September 2015 the Bank of England announced that the next £20 note will be printed on polymer, rather than cotton paper.[5] This was followed by an announcement in April 2016 that Adam Smith will be replaced by artist J. M. W. Turner on the next £20 note, which will enter circulation by 2020.[6] Images on the reverse of the Turner note will include a 1799 self-portrait of Turner, a version of Turner's The Fighting Temeraire, the quote "Light is therefore colour" from an 1818 lecture by Turner, and a copy of Turner's signature as made on his will.[7]
Designs[edit]
Note
First issued
Last issued
Ceased to be
legal tender
Colour
Size
Design
Additional information
White 1725 1943 16 April 1945 Monochrome
Printed on one side only 211 × 133 mm
(may vary) Denomination discontinued from 1945 until 1970
Series D 9 July 1970 1991 19 March 1993 Predominantly purple 160 × 90 mm Front: Queen Elizabeth II
Back: William Shakespeare First £20 note to carry a portrait of a monarch and used a 'windowed' security thread (July 1984 onward)
Series E 5 June 1991 2000 28 February 2001 Multicoloured (predominantly mauve-purple) 149 × 80 mm Front: Queen Elizabeth II
Back: Michael Faraday Those notes issued from September 1993 have an additional denomination symbol £20 on each side
Series E (variant) 22 June 1999 2007 30 June 2010 Front: Queen Elizabeth II
Back: Edward Elgar
Series F 13 March 2007 Front: Queen Elizabeth II
Back: Adam Smith
Series G (polymer) By 2020 139 × 73 mm Front: Queen Elizabeth II
Back: J. M. W. Turner
Information taken from Bank of England website.[1][2]
See also[edit]
Bank of England note issues
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "A brief history of banknotes". Bank of England. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Withdrawn banknotes reference guide" (PDF). Bank of England. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "£20 Note (Adam Smith) – Design Features". Bank of England. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "£20 Note (Adam Smith) – Security Features". Bank of England. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Paper banknotes disappearing fast as £20 turns plastic". BBC News. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "J.M.W. Turner to appear on the next £20 banknote". Bank of England. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "The next £20 note". Bank of England. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
External links[edit]
Bank of England website
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text:
People's Choice Awards
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
People's Choice Awards
43rd People's Choice Awards
Sponsored by
Procter & Gamble (former, 1975–2017)
Country
United States
First awarded
March 3, 1975 (1975-03-03)
Website
http://peopleschoice.com
Television/radio coverage
Network
CBS (1975–2017)
E! (2018)
The People's Choice Awards is an American awards show, recognizing the people and the work of popular culture, voted on by the general public. The show has been held annually since 1975[1][2] and is currently owned by E!.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Categories
3 Poll-based awards
4 Switch to online voting
5 Current categories
5.1 Television
5.2 Music
5.3 Digital
6 Ceremonies
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
The People's Choice Awards were created by Bob Stivers, who produced the first show in 1975.[3][4] The first awards recognized The Sting as Favorite Picture of 1974, Barbra Streisand as the year's Favorite Film Actress, and John Wayne as its Favorite Film Actor.[5] Ratings for the annual event peaked in 1977, when the third People's Choice Awards attracted 35.3 million viewers who witnessed Farrah Fawcett win the award for Favorite Female TV Star, Star Wars win as the Favorite Picture, and Streisand and Wayne win again in the Film Actress and Actor categories. So far, Ellen DeGeneres is the most awarded person with a total of 20 awards.[6]
In 1982, Stiver sold the People’s Choice Awards to Procter & Gamble Co. P&G broadcasting partner was CBS, . In April 2017, it was announced that NBCUniversal property E! had acquired the People's Choice Awards.[7] During P&G's ownership of the award show, it was the sole advertiser.[8] In December 2017, it was announced that the presentation would also move to November (with the 44th edition scheduled for November 11, 2018), so that it will no longer be part of the crowded January month of the traditional awards season. The ceremony will be televised by E! and its international affiliates.[9][10]
Categories[edit]
The award categories have varied over the years. For example, the 16th People's Choice Awards had categories including Favorite All-Around Movie (Batman), and both a Favorite Movie Actor (Tom Cruise) and a World Favorite Movie Actor (Dustin Hoffman). At the 23rd People's Choice Awards, Rob Reiner was named the People's Choice Awards Honoree. More recently, the 32nd People's Choice Awards (broadcast in January 2006) included categories such as Favorite On-Screen Match-Up (Vince Vaughn and Owen Wilson in Wedding Crashers), Favorite Leading Lady (Reese Witherspoon), Favorite Tour (U2), and an award named after a Procter & Gamble brand: Nice 'n Easy Fans Favorite Hair (Faith Hill). In 2008, the People's Choice Awards introduced a new category: Favorite Sci-Fi Show. The nominees were Stargate Atlantis, Battlestar Galactica and Doctor Who. Stargate Atlantis was the first recipient of the award.
Poll-based awards[edit]
In the 20th century, the awards were based on results from Gallup polls. Each year, Gallup took a survey of different categories for favorite actor, actress, movie, artist, television program or group. The scope was unlimited—the public could choose whomever or whatever it liked. The results of the annual survey were announced in the form of the People's Choice Awards. Since polls have margins of error, many years' awards have had ties in at least one category, when Gallup declared that the voting was so close that a single winner could not be chosen. For instance, in 2003, both Spider-Man and The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring were recognized as Favorite Motion Picture.
Switch to online voting[edit]
The winners of the 31st People's Choice Awards (on January 9, 2005) were decided by online voting rather than Gallup polls. The nominees submitted for Internet voting were selected using an unpublished process involving editors at Entertainment Weekly, the show's production team and a panel of pop culture fans.
The nominees for the 32nd People's Choice Awards were determined by the web research company Knowledge Networks, which took a nationally representative sample of men and women ages 18 to 54, with and without Internet access, to come up with the nominees. After being presented with a list of candidates determined by national ratings averages, box office grosses and album sales, they had the option to write in their favorites. Knowledge Networks recruits its panel by using a RDD phone recruitment method and provides a web TV and Internet access to households without Internet access enabling them to infer back to the entire population.
The nominees for the 2010 People's Choice Awards were determined by the media research company Visible Measures, which specializes in measuring Internet video audience behavior. The announcement of this partnership stated,
"For the first time ever, the People's Choice Awards has incorporated Internet video viewing data into the initial nominee selection process, depending on Visible Measures True Reach metrics to objectively measure online video popularity. [...] Visible Measures worked with the People's Choice Awards to determine each potential nominees' popularity on a True Reach basis, a unique measure of the total audience that has been exposed to an online video campaign – regardless of how widely the campaign spreads or where it appears. To measure True Reach, Visible Measures deploys a robust and patented set of technologies with the goal of capturing the universe of Internet video viewership data in near real-time."[11]
Current categories[edit]
The first ceremony in 1975 had 14 categories. In 2016, 65 categories were established.[12]
Television[edit]
Favorite TV Show
Favorite Network TV Comedy
Favorite Comedy TV Actor
Favorite Comedy TV Actress
Favorite Network TV Drama
Favorite Dramatic TV Actor
Favorite Dramatic TV Actress
Favorite Cable TV Comedy
Favorite Cable TV Drama
Favorite Cable TV Actor
Favorite Cable TV Actress
Favorite Premium Cable TV Show
Favorite Premium Cable TV Actor
Favorite Premium Cable TV Actress
Favorite TV Crime Drama
Favorite Crime Drama TV Actor
Favorite Crime Drama TV Actress
Favorite Network Sci-Fi/Fantasy Show
Favorite Cable Sci-Fi/Fantasy Show
Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy Actor
Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy Actress
Favorite Competition TV Show
Favorite Daytime TV Host
Favorite Daytime TV Hosting Team
Favorite Late Night Talk Show Host
Favorite Streaming Series
Favorite Actor in a New TV Series
Favorite Actress in a New TV Series
Favorite Animated TV Show
Favorite New TV Comedy
Favorite New TV Drama
Music[edit]
Favorite Male Artist
Favorite Female Artist
Favorite Band
Favorite Breakout Artist
Favorite Male Country Artist
Favorite Female Country Artist
Favorite Country Group
Favorite Pop Artist
Favorite Rock Artist
Favorite Alternative Artist
Favorite Hip-Hop Artist
Favorite R&B Artist
Favorite Album
Favorite Song
Favorite Music Icon
Digital[edit]
Favorite Social Media Celebrity
Favorite Social Media Star
Favorite Mobile Game
Favorite Video Game
Favorite YouTube Star
The DailyMail.com Seriously Popular Award
CBS.com's Favorite Digital Obsession
Ceremonies[edit]
#
Date
Host
#
Date
Host
#
Date
Host
1st March 3, 1975 Army Archerd
Richard Crenna 21st March 5, 1995 Tim Daly
Annie Potts 41st January 7, 2015 Anna Faris
Allison Janney
2nd February 19, 1976 Jack Albertson 22nd March 10, 1996 Brett Butler 42nd January 6, 2016 Jane Lynch
3rd February 10, 1977 Dick Van Dyke 23rd January 12, 1997 Don Johnson
Roma Downey 43rd January 18, 2017 Joel McHale
4th February 20, 1978 24th January 11, 1998 Reba McEntire
Ray Romano
5th March 7, 1979 Army Archerd
Dick Van Dyke 25th January 13, 1999 Ray Romano
6th January 24, 1980 Mariette Hartley
Bert Parks 26th January 9, 2000 Don Johnson
Cheech Marin
7th March 8, 1981 Army Archerd
Lee Remick 27th January 7, 2001 Kevin James
8th March 18, 1982 Army Archerd
John Forsythe 28th January 13, 2002
9th March 17, 1983 Dick Van Dyke 29th January 12, 2003 Tony Danza
10th March 15, 1984 Andy Williams 30th January 11, 2004 Charlie Sheen
Jon Cryer
11th March 12, 1985 John Forsythe 31st January 9, 2005 Jason Alexander
Malcolm Jamal Warner
12th March 13, 1986 John Denver 32nd January 10, 2006 Craig Ferguson
13th March 14, 1987 Dick Van Dyke 33rd January 9, 2007 Queen Latifah
14th March 13, 1988 Carl Reiner 34th January 8, 2008
15th August 23, 1989 Michael Landon
Michele Lee 35th January 7, 2009
16th March 11, 1990 Valerie Harper
Fred Savage
Army Archerd
Barbara Mandrell 36th January 6, 2010
17th March 11, 1991 Burt Reynolds 37th January 5, 2011
18th March 17, 1992 Kenny Rogers 38th January 11, 2012 Kaley Cuoco
19th March 17, 1993 John Ritter
Jane Seymour 39th January 9, 2013
20th March 8, 1994 Paul Reiser 40th January 8, 2014 Beth Behrs
Kat Dennings
See also[edit]
People's Choice Awards India
People's Choice Awards Australia
People's Choice Podcast Awards
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stillman, Josh (October 9, 2012). "Kaley Cuoco to host People's Choice Awards". CNN. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lee, Chris (December 19, 2007). "People's Choice Awards: Strike Leaves Little Choice". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bob Stivers; Producer of Celebrity Specials for TV". Los Angeles Times. February 20, 1988. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bob Stivers, 66, Dies; Produced TV Specials". The New York Times. February 20, 1988. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Past Nominees & Winners: 1975". People's Choice. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards 2017: Complete Winners List". Us Weekly. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
Jump up ^ Horgan, Richard (8 April 2017). "Procter & Gamble Says Goodbye to the People's Choice Awards". Adweek. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Brunsman, Barrett J. (April 6, 2017). "Here's why P&G just sold the People's Choice Awards program". Cincinnati Business Courier. Archived from the original on 2017-04-10. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (2017-12-14). "People's Choice Awards Sets Premiere Date For Inaugural Telecast On E!". Deadline. Retrieved 2017-12-14.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (2017-04-06). "People's Choice Awards Moves From CBS To E!". Deadline. Retrieved 2017-12-14.
Jump up ^ "Visible Measures Selected as Internet Video Measurement Partner for People's Choice Awards 2010". Shoot. October 29, 2009. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Motaski, Lauren (November 3, 2015). "People's Choice Awards 2016 Nominees Are Out". CBS. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
External links[edit]
Official website
"People's Choice Awards: You showed up? Here's a trophy!" from Entertainment Weekly
A 35th Anniversary article from The Hollywood Reporter
[show]
v
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People's Choice Awards
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
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2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
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[show]
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Wind Music Awards (ITA)
MTV Italian Music Awards
Edison Awards (NLD)
Grammis Awards (SWE)
Melodifestivalen (SWE)
Premio Nacional de Música (SPA)
LOS40 Music Awards(SPA)
Dansk Melodi Grand Prix (DNK)
Melodi Grand Prix (NOR)
Meteor Music Awards (IRL)
Choice Music Prize (IRL)
Russian Music Awards (RUS)
ZAI Awards/Aurel Awards (SK)
Anděl Awards (CZ)
BBC Music Awards (UK)
A Dal (HU)
Estonian Music Awards
[show]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Choice_Awards&oldid=830383083"
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Hayman Fire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Hayman Fire
The Hayman Fire (brown area in center of image), between the Kenosha Mountains (upper left) and Pikes Peak (lower right)
Location
Douglas, Jefferson, Park, and Teller counties, Colorado
Statistics
Date(s)
June 8 - July 18, 2002
Burned area
138,114 acres (558.93 km2)[1]
Cause
arson
Land use
forest, rural
Fatalities
6
Perpetrator(s)
Terry Barton
The forest fire Hayman Fire started on June 8, 2002, 35 miles (56 km) northwest of Colorado Springs, Colorado and 95 miles (153 km) southwest of Denver, Colorado and became the largest wildfire in the state's recorded history at over 138,114 acres. See: Colorado wildfires
Hundreds of firefighters fought the fast-moving fire, which caused nearly $40 million in firefighting costs, burned 133 homes, 138,114 acres, and forced the evacuation of 5,340 people.
Smoke could be seen and smelled across the state from Vail, 108 miles (174 km) northwest, to Burlington, 188 miles (303 km) east, and from Broomfield, 50 miles (80 km) north, to Walsenburg, 130 miles (210 km) south.
The Hayman Fire burned from June 8th, 2002, until it was classified as contained on July 18, 2002.[2] The cause of the wildfire was found to be arson.[3]
When then-Governor Bill Owens responded to a reporter’s question following an aerial tour of the fires ("What does it look like up there?"), Owens said "It looks as if all of Colorado is burning today."[4] Many western slope residents blamed Owens for driving away tourists with the press's truncated version of the quote ("All of Colorado is burning.")[5] The ‘’’Hayman Fire’’’ was named for a mining ghost town near Tappan Gulch.[6]
Contents
1 Fatalities
2 Criminal prosecutions
3 Images of fire damage
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Fatalities[edit]
Ann Dow, 50, suffered a fatal asthma attack on the evening of June 10, 2002 when heavy smoke from the fire drifted over the Dows' home south of Florissant. She quickly lapsed into unconsciousness and paramedics could not revive her. Her death certificate lists the cause as "acute asthma attack due to or as a consequence of smoke inhalation."
Five firefighters died from injuries sustained from a June 21, 2002 traffic accident en route to the Hayman fire from Oregon: Zach Zigich, Retha Shirley, Jacob Martindale, Danial Rama, and Bart Bailey. They are listed in the memorial to fallen firefighters on the Wildland Firefighter Foundation's website.
Criminal prosecutions[edit]
A forestry technician with the U.S. Forest Service, Terry Barton, set the fire in a campfire ring during a total burn ban triggered by a National Weather Service red flag warning. Barton's claim that she was attempting to burn a letter from her estranged husband was disputed by one of her teenage daughters who testified that a psychology teacher had told Ms. Barton to write her feelings in a letter and burn it.[7] Many locals believe she set the fire on purpose so she could stay home and fight a local Colorado fire instead of being called to fight fires in other states, such as Arizona or California. This would enable her to be with her kids that summer. According to radio talk show host Glenn Sacks, investigators also speculated that Barton started the fire so she could be a hero for putting it out and saving the forest.[8] The fire quickly spread out of the campfire ring and eventually torched over 138,000 acres (560 km2) and burned across four different counties. A federal grand jury indicted Barton on four felony counts of arson.[9]
Barton pleaded guilty to two charges: setting fire to federal forest land and lying to investigators[10] and was given a six-year sentence in federal prison. U.S. District Judge Richard Matsch refused, however, to impose the $14 million restitution asked for by prosecutors, saying he would not sentence her to a "life of poverty." Additionally, the State of Colorado sentenced Barton to 12 years in prison to run concurrently with the 6-year federal sentence. The state sentence was overturned on appeal, however, on grounds that the presiding judge had "the appearance of prejudice" because smoke from the fire had motivated him to voluntarily leave his home for one night.[11] In March 2008, Barton was re-sentenced by a different judge to 15 years of probation and 1,000 hours community service.[12]
The fire she ignited resulted directly in the death of one civilian, $39.1 million in suppression costs, the destruction of 133 homes with total private property losses valued at $40.4 million,[13] and indirectly led to the death of five firefighters.[14] Several insurance companies filed a $7 million suit against the government in the fall of 2008, claiming that Barton was negligent in her duties. In November, Judge Wiley Daniel ruled that the government was not responsible for Barton's actions because she was acting as an angry spouse and not as a government worker.[15]
Images of fire damage[edit]
Fire damage as seen looking towards Turkey Rock
Complete burn as seen from roadway
The damage to areas in the burn area varied greatly, as shown in this photo. The furthest hill burned completely, the middle hill was substantially burned, and the close hill relatively unburned.
In many areas the fire burned so hot that it reduced ground cover to bare soil
See also[edit]
Rodeo-Chediski Fire of 2002, a concurrent large wildfire in Arizona
Healthy Forests Initiative, a federal law passed after the severe wildfires of 2002
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Graham, Russell T., ed. (2003). Hayman Fire Case Study. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-114. Ogden, UT: U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station.
Jump up ^ "Hayman Fire Incident Information". fs.fed.us. 2002-07-20. Retrieved 2010-05-28.
Jump up ^ "Legal Troubles Not Over For Terry Barton". TheDenverChannel.com. 2002-12-11. Retrieved 2006-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Fears May Be Outpacing Reality in Colorado Fires". New York Times. 2002-06-16. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
Jump up ^ "The backcountry business". Summit Daily News. 2003-08-06. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
Jump up ^ Huspeni, Dennis (2008-03-28). "Hayman fire-starter resentenced". Gazette.com. Retrieved 2012-06-27.
Jump up ^ Sink, Mindy (2003-06-03). "Added Term In Forest Fire". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-05-21.
Jump up ^ "When in Trouble, Blame a Man--Colorado Arsonist Terry Barton's Smart Strategy". "iFeminists.com". 2002-07-02. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Forest worker indicted for starting wildfire". CNN.com. 2002-06-19. Archived from the original on 2006-12-22. Retrieved 2006-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Barton Pleads Guilty In Hayman Fire Case", TheDenverChannel.com, December 7, 2002. Accessed May 20, 2007
Jump up ^ "Prison Sentence Tossed Out For Hayman Firestarter". "TheDenverChannel.com". 2004-12-16. Retrieved 2004-12-16.
Jump up ^ "Hayman fire starter won't serve state jail time". "The Denver Post". 2008-03-27. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
Jump up ^ "Social and Economic Issues of the Hayman Fire", USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-114. 2003, 2003. Accessed July 1, 2012
Jump up ^ "Wildland Firefighter Memorial". "Wildland Firefighter Foundation". 2002.
Jump up ^ Carmona, Felicia (2008-11-26). "Feds not liable in Hayman fire". "The Denver Post".
External links[edit]
The Hayman Fire Report
Wildland Firefighter Foundation list of fallen firefighters
maps of the Hayman Fire, Park County Bulletin
The National Forest Foundation's Conservation and Restoration Plan for the Hayman Burn Area
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hayman_Fire&oldid=848258500"
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2022 FIFA World Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 29 August 2018.
Jump to navigation Jump to search
2022 FIFA World Cup
كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2022
Kaʾs al-ʿālam li-kurrat al-qadam 2022
Qatar 2022
Bid logo
Tournament details
Host country
Qatar
Dates
21 November – 18 December
Teams
32 (from 5 or 6 confederations)
Venue(s)
8 or 12 (in 5 or 8 host cities)
← 2018
2026 →
The 2022 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be the 22nd edition of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. It is scheduled to take place in Qatar in 2022. This will be the first World Cup ever to be held in the Arab world and the first in a Muslim-majority country. This will be the first World Cup held entirely in geographical Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan (the 2018 competition in Russia featured one geographically Asian venue, Yekaterinburg). In addition the tournament will be the last to involve 32 teams, with an increase to 48 teams scheduled for the 2026 tournament.
This will also mark the first World Cup not to be held in May, June, or July; the tournament is instead scheduled for late November until mid-December.[1] It is to be played in a reduced timeframe of around 28 days, with the final being held on 18 December 2022, which is also Qatar National Day.[2]
Accusations of corruption have been made relating to how Qatar won the right to host the event. A FIFA internal investigation and report cleared Qatar of any wrongdoing, but the chief investigator Michael J. Garcia has since described FIFA's report on his inquiry as "materially incomplete and erroneous".[3] On 27 May 2015, Swiss federal prosecutors opened an investigation into corruption and money laundering related to the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 World Cups.[4][5] On 6 August 2018, former FIFA president Sepp Blatter claimed that Qatar had used "black ops", suggesting that the bid committee had cheated to win the hosting rights.[6] Qatar has faced strong criticism due to the treatment of foreign workers involved in preparation for the World Cup, with Amnesty International referring to "forced labour" and stating that workers have been suffering human rights abuses, despite worker welfare standards being drafted in 2014.[7]
Contents
1 Host selection
2 Possible expansion
3 Qualification
3.1 Qualified teams
4 Venues
5 Schedule
6 Controversies
6.1 Migrant workers, slavery allegations and deaths
6.2 Move to November and December
6.3 Bidding corruption allegations
7 Sponsorship
8 Broadcasting rights
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Host selection[edit]
Main articles: 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids and Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup bid
The bidding procedure to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups began in January 2009, and national associations had until 2 February 2009 to register their interest.[8] Initially, eleven bids were made for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, but Mexico later withdrew from proceedings,[9][10] and Indonesia's bid was rejected by FIFA in February 2010 after the Indonesian Football Association failed to submit a letter of Indonesian government guarantee to support the bid.[11] Indonesian officials had not ruled out a bid for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, until Qatar took the 2022 cup. During the bidding process, all non-UEFA nations gradually withdrew their 2018 bids, thus making the UEFA nations ineligible for the 2022 bid.
In the end, there were five bids for the 2022 FIFA World Cup: Australia, Japan, Qatar, South Korea and the United States. The twenty-two member FIFA Executive Committee convened in Zürich on 2 December 2010 to vote to select the hosts of both tournaments.[12] Two FIFA executive committee members were suspended before the vote in relation to allegations of corruption regarding their votes.[13] The decision to host the 2022 World Cup in Qatar, which was graded as having "high operational risk",[14] generated criticism from media commentators.[15] It has been criticised as many to be part of the FIFA corruption scandals.[16]
The voting patterns were as follows:[17]
2022 FIFA bidding (majority 12 votes)
Bidders
Votes
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Round 4
Qatar 11 10 11 14
United States 3 5 6 8
South Korea 4 5 5 Eliminated
Japan 3 2 Eliminated
Australia 1 Eliminated
There have been allegations of bribery and corruption in the selection process involving members of FIFA's executive committee. These allegations are being investigated by FIFA. (See § Bidding corruption allegations, below.)
Qatar is the smallest nation by area ever to have been awarded a FIFA World Cup – the next smallest by area is Switzerland, host of the 1954 FIFA World Cup, which is more than three times as large as Qatar and only needed to host 16 teams instead of the current 32.
Possible expansion[edit]
On 12 April 2018, CONMEBOL requested that FIFA expand the 2022 FIFA World Cup from 32 to 48 teams, four years before the 2026 FIFA World Cup as initially planned. FIFA President Gianni Infantino expressed willingness to consider the request.[18] However, the FIFA congress rejected the request shortly before the beginning of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Infantino said the global football governing body would not discuss the possibility of having a 48-team World Cup, and that they would first discuss the matter with the host country.[19]
Qualification[edit]
The qualification process for the 2022 World Cup has not yet been announced. All FIFA member associations, of which there are currently 211, are eligible to enter qualification. Qatar, as hosts, qualified automatically for the tournament. However, Qatar is obliged by the AFC to participate in the Asian qualifying stage as the first two rounds also act as qualification for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup. If they reach the final stage, their choice on whether to continue with World Cup qualifying is subject to FIFA approval. If the hosts choose not to compete, the next-ranked team will advance instead.[20] For the first time after the initial two tournaments of 1930 and 1934, the World Cup will be hosted by a country whose national team has never played a finals match before.[21]
The allocation of slots for each confederation was discussed by the FIFA Executive Committee on 30 May 2015 in Zürich after the FIFA Congress.[22] The committee decided that the same allocation as 2014 would be kept for the 2018 and 2022 tournaments:[23]
CAF (Africa): 5
AFC (Asia): 4.5 (not including host nation)
UEFA (Europe): 13
CONCACAF (North and Central America and Caribbean): 3.5
OFC (Oceania): 0.5
CONMEBOL (South America): 4.5
The qualifying draw is scheduled to take place in July 2019.[24]
Qualified teams[edit]
Team
Qualified as
Qualified on
Previous appearances in tournament1
Previous best
performance
Qatar Host nation 2 December 2010 None (debut) —
1 Bold indicates champion for that year. Italic indicates host for that year.
Venues[edit]
The first five proposed venues for the World Cup were unveiled at the beginning of March 2010. The stadiums aim to employ cooling technology capable of reducing temperatures within the stadium by up to 20 °C (36 °F), and the upper tiers of the stadiums will be disassembled after the World Cup and donated to countries with less developed sports infrastructure.[25] Qatar aims to build the stadiums with the highest sustainability and environmental standards. The stadiums will be equipped with cooling systems that are environmentally friendly overcoming the challenging environmental nature of the country. The plan is to build Zero Waste stadiums using environmentally friendly materials, harmless equipment, and ecologically sustainable solutions through the implementation of renewable and low energy solutions.[26] Qatar aspires to be compliant and certified by the Global Sustainability Assessment System (GSAS) for all the world cup stadiums. All of the five stadium projects launched have been designed by German architect Albert Speer & Partners.[27] Leading football clubs in Europe wanted the World Cup to take place from 28 April to 29 May rather than the typical June and July staging, due to concerns about the heat.[28]
A report released on 9 December 2010 quoted FIFA President Sepp Blatter as stating that other nations could host some matches during the World Cup. However, no specific countries were named in the report.[29] Blatter added that any such decision must be taken by Qatar first and then endorsed by FIFA's executive committee.[30] Prince Ali bin Al Hussein of Jordan told the Australian Associated Press that holding games in Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, and possibly Saudi Arabia would help to incorporate the people of the region during the tournament.[31]
According to a report released in April 2013 by Merrill Lynch, the investment banking division of Bank of America, the organisers in Qatar have requested FIFA to approve a smaller number of stadiums due to the growing costs.[32] Bloomberg.com said that Qatar wishes to cut the number of venues to eight or nine from the twelve originally planned.[33]
Although as of April 2017, FIFA had yet to finalise the number of stadiums Qatar must have ready in five years' time, Qatar's Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy said it expected there would be eight.[34][35]
Lusail
Al Khor
Al Rayyan
Al Wakrah
Lusail Iconic Stadium Al-Bayt Stadium Ahmed bin Ali Stadium Al Wakrah Stadium
Capacity: 86,250
(under construction) Capacity: 60,000
(under construction)[36] Capacity: 44,740
(Expanded for World Cup)[37] Capacity: 40,000
(under construction)[38]
Lusail
Doha
Al-Khor
Al-Wakrah
Al-Rayyan
Cities in Qatar being used
Foundation
Ras Abu Aboud
Khalifa
Al Thumama
Stadiums in Doha
Doha
Khalifa International Stadium Qatar Foundation Stadium Ras Abu Aboud Stadium Al Thumama Stadium
Capacity: 40,000
(upgraded)[39] Capacity: 45,350
(under construction)[40] Capacity: 40,000
(planned)[41] Capacity: 40,000
(under construction)[42]
Schedule[edit]
The final draw is scheduled to take place in April 2022.[24]
Controversies[edit]
Main article: List of 2022 FIFA World Cup controversies
A number of groups and media outlets have expressed concern over the suitability of Qatar to host the event,[43][44] with regard to interpretations of human rights, particularly worker conditions, the rights of fans in the LGBT community because the status of homosexuality is illegal in Qatar,[44][45][46][47] climatic conditions and accusations of Qatar for supporting terrorism both diplomatically and financially.[48] Hassan Abdulla al Thawadi, chief executive of the Qatar 2022 World Cup bid, said the Muslim state would also permit alcohol consumption during the event,[49][50] drinking in public is not permitted as Qatar's legal system is based on Sharia.[51]
The selection of Qatar as the host country has been controversial; FIFA officials were accused of corruption and allowing Qatar to "buy" the World Cup,[52] the treatment of construction workers was called into question by human rights groups,[53] and the high costs needed to make the plans a reality were criticised. The climate conditions caused some to call hosting the tournament in Qatar infeasible, with initial plans for air-conditioned stadiums giving way to a potential date switch from summer to winter. Sepp Blatter, who was FIFA President when Qatar was selected, later remarked that awarding the World Cup to Qatar was a "mistake" because of the extreme heat.[54][55]
Migrant workers, slavery allegations and deaths[edit]
The issue of migrant workers' rights has also attracted attention, with an investigation by The Guardian newspaper claiming that many workers are denied food and water, have their identity papers taken away from them, and that they are not paid on time or at all, making some of them in effect slaves. The Guardian has estimated that up to 4,000 workers may die due to lax safety and other causes by the time the competition is held.[53] These claims are based upon the fact that 522 Nepalese[56] workers and over 700 Indian[57] workers have died since 2010, when Qatar's bid as World Cup's host was won, about 250 Indian workers dying each year.[58] Given that there are half a million Indian workers in Qatar, the Indian government says that is quite a normal number of deaths.[58] In the United Kingdom, in any group of half a million 25- to 30-year-old men, an average of 300 die each year, a higher rate than among Indian workers in Qatar.[58]
In 2015, a crew of four journalists from the BBC were arrested and held for two days after they attempted to report on the condition of workers in the country.[59] The reporters had been invited to visit the country as guests of the Government of Qatar.[59]
The Wall Street Journal reported in June 2015 the International Trade Union Confederation's claim that over 1,200 workers had died while working on infrastructure and real-estate projects related to the World Cup, and the Qatar Government's counter-claim that none had.[60] The BBC later reported that this often-cited figure of 1,200 workers having died in World Cup construction in Qatar between 2011 and 2013 is not correct, and that the 1,200 number is instead representing deaths from all Indians and Nepalese working in Qatar, not just of those workers involved in the preparation for the World Cup, and not just of construction workers.[58] Most Qatar nationals avoid doing manual work or low-skilled jobs; additionally, they are given preference at the workplace.[61] Michael van Praag, president of Royal Dutch Football Association, requested the FIFA Executive Committee to pressure Qatar over those allegations to ensure better workers' conditions. He also stated that a new vote on the attribution of the World Cup to Qatar would have to take place if the corruption allegations were to be proved.[62]
In March 2016, Amnesty International accused Qatar of using forced labour and forcing the employees to live in poor conditions and withholding their wages and passports. It accused FIFA of failing to stop the stadium being built on "human right abuses". Migrant workers told Amnesty about verbal abuse and threats they received after complaining about not being paid for up to several months. Nepali workers were even denied leave to visit their family after the 2015 Nepal earthquake. [63]
In October 2017, the International Trade Union Confederation said that Qatar has signed an agreement to improve the situation of more than 2 million migrant workers in the country. According to the ITUC, the agreement provided for establishing substantial reforms in labour system, including ending the Al-Kafala system. The ITUC also stated that the agreement would positively affect the general situation of workers, especially of those who work on the 2022 FIFA World Cup infrastructure projects. The workers will no longer need their employer's permission to leave the country or change their jobs.[64]
Move to November and December[edit]
Owing to the climate in Qatar, concerns were expressed over holding the World Cup in its traditional timeframe of June and July. In October 2013, a task force was commissioned to consider alternative dates and report after the 2014 World Cup in Brazil.[65] On 24 February 2015, the FIFA Task Force proposed that the tournament be played from late November to late December 2022,[66] to avoid the summer heat between May and September and also avoid clashing with the 2022 Winter Olympics in February and Ramadan in April.[67][68]
The notion of staging the tournament in November is controversial since it would interfere with the regular season schedules of some domestic leagues around the world. Commentators have noted the clash with the Western Christmas season is likely to cause disruption, whilst there is concern about how short the tournament is intended to be.[69] FIFA executive committee member Theo Zwanziger said that awarding the 2022 World Cup to Qatar's desert state was a "blatant mistake".[70] Frank Lowy, chairman of Football Federation Australia, said that if the 2022 World Cup were moved to November and thus upset the schedule of the A-League, they would seek compensation from FIFA.[71] Richard Scudamore, chief executive of the Premier League, stated that they would consider legal action against FIFA because a move would interfere with the Premier League's popular Christmas and New Year fixture programme.[72] On 19 March 2015, FIFA sources confirmed that the 2022 World Cup final would be played on 18 December.[73]
Bidding corruption allegations[edit]
See also: Garcia Report
Qatar has faced growing pressure over its hosting of the World Cup in relation to allegations over the role of former top football official Mohammed bin Hammam played in securing the bid.[74] A former employee of the Qatar bid team alleged[year needed] that several African officials were paid $1.5 million by Qatar.[75] She retracted her claims, but later said she was coerced to do so by Qatari bid officials.[76][77] More suspicions emerged[to whom?] in March 2014 when it was discovered[by whom?] that disgraced former CONCACAF president Jack Warner and his family were paid almost $2 million from a firm linked to Qatar's successful campaign. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is investigating Warner and his alleged links to the Qatari bid.[78]
Five of FIFA's six primary sponsors, Sony, Adidas, Visa, Hyundai and Coca-Cola, have called upon FIFA to investigate the claims.[79][80] The Sunday Times published bribery allegations based on a leak of millions of secret documents.[81] Jim Boyce, Vice President of FIFA, has gone on record stating he would support a re-vote to find a new host if the corruption allegations are proven.[82][83] FIFA completed a lengthy investigation into these allegations and a report cleared Qatar of any wrongdoing. Despite the claims, the Qataris insist that the corruption allegations are being driven by envy and mistrust while Sepp Blatter said it is fueled by racism in the British media.[84][85]
In the 2015 FIFA corruption case, Swiss officials, operating under information from the United States Department of Justice, arrested many senior FIFA officials in Zurich, Switzerland. They also seized physical and electronic records from FIFA's main headquarters. The arrests continued in the United States where several FIFA officers were arrested and FIFA buildings raided. The arrests were made on the information of at least a $150 million (USD) corruption and bribery scandal.[86]
On 7 June 2015, Phaedra Almajid, the former media officer for the Qatar bid team, claimed that the allegations would result in Qatar not hosting the World Cup.[87] In an interview published on the same day, Domenico Scala, the head of FIFA's Audit and Compliance Committee, stated that "should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar and Russia came only because of bought votes, then the awards could be cancelled."[88][89]
Sponsorship[edit]
FIFA partners
FIFA World Cup sponsors
Adidas[90]
Coca-Cola[91]
Hyundai–Kia[92]
Qatar Airways[93]
Visa[94]
Anheuser-Busch InBev[95]
Vivo[96]
Broadcasting rights[edit]
Albania – RTSH[97]
Armenia – ARMTV[97]
Australia – SBS[98]
Austria – ORF[97]
Azerbaijan – İTV[97]
Belarus – BTRC[97]
Belgium – VRT, RTBF[97]
Bosnia and Herzegovina – BHRT[97]
Brazil – Rede Globo, SporTV[99]
Bulgaria – BNT[97]
Canada – CTV, TSN, RDS[100]
Caribbean – International Media Content, SportsMax[101]
China – CCTV[102]
Croatia – HRT[97]
Cyprus – CyBC[97]
Czech Republic – ČT[97]
Estonia – ERR[97]
Europe – European Broadcasting Union (37 countries)[97]
France - TF1[103], beIN Sports[103]
Germany – ARD, ZDF[104]
Georgia – GPB[97]
Hungary – MTVA[97]
Iceland – RÚV[97]
Ireland – RTÉ[97]
Israel – IPBC[97]
Kosovo – RTK[97]
Latvia – LTV[97]
Lithuania – LRT[97]
Luxembourg – RTL Group[97]
Macedonia – MRT[97]
Malta – PBS[97]
Mexico – Televisa, TV Azteca[97]
Middle East and North Africa - beIN Sports[105]
Moldova – TRM[97]
Montenegro – RTCG[97]
Netherlands – NOS[97]
New Zealand – Sky Sport[106]
Poland – TVP[97]
Portugal – RTP[107]
Romania – TVR[97]
Serbia – RTS[97]
Slovakia – RTVS[108]
Sweden – SVT, TV4[109]
Switzerland - SRF[97]
Turkey – TRT[97]
Ukraine – UA:PBC[97]
United Kingdom – BBC, ITV[110]
United States – Fox Sports,[111] Telemundo Deportes[112]
See also[edit]
2020s portal
Middle East portal
2021 FIFA Confederations Cup
2026 FIFA World Cup
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
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2022 FIFA World Cup is located in Qatar

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values: FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022 – Afrikaans

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values: كأس العالم 2022 – Arabic

values: Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2022 – Aragonese

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values: Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2022 – Asturian

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values: ২০২২ ফিফা বিশ্বকাপ – Bangla

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values: Чэмпіянат свету па футболе 2022 – Belarusian

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values: Чэмпіянат сьвету па футболе 2022 году – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

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values: Световно първенство по футбол 2022 – Bulgarian

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values: Svjetsko prvenstvo u nogometu 2022. – Bosnian

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values: Copa del Món de Futbol de 2022 – Catalan

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values: Mistrovství světa ve fotbale 2022 – Czech

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values: 2022. aasta jalgpalli maailmameistrivõistlused – Estonian

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values: Παγκόσμιο Κύπελλο Ποδοσφαίρου 2022 – Greek

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values: Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2022 – Spanish

values: 2022ko Munduko Futbol Txapelketa – Basque

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values: جام جهانی فوتبال ۲۰۲۲ – Persian

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values: Coupe du monde de football de 2022 – French

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values: Hūnua ua kīʻaha FIFA mai 2022 – Hawaiian

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values: Ֆուտբոլի աշխարհի առաջնություն 2022 – Armenian

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values: २०२२ फीफा विश्व कप – Hindi

values: Svjetsko prvenstvo u nogometu - Katar 2022. – Croatian

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values: Campionato mondiale di calcio 2022 – Italian

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values: Футболдан 2022 жылғы әлем біріншілігі – Kazakh

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values: Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2022) – Latin

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values: 2022. gada FIFA Pasaules kauss – Latvian

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values: XXII pasaulio futbolo čempionatas – Lithuanian

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values: 2022-es labdarúgó-világbajnokság – Hungarian

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values: Светско првенство во фудбал 2022 – Macedonian

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values: Wereldkampioenschap voetbal 2022 – Dutch

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values: Futbol boʻyicha jahon chempionati 2022 – Uzbek

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values: Mistrzostwa Świata w Piłce Nożnej 2022 – Polish

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values: Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal 2022 – Romanian

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values: Piluta Hayt'ay Pachantin Kupa 2022 – Quechua

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values: Чемпионат мира по футболу 2022 – Russian

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values: Majstrovstvá sveta vo futbale 2022 – Slovak

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values: Светско првенство у фудбалу 2022. – Serbian

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values: Jalkapallon maailmanmestaruuskilpailut 2022 – Finnish

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values: Världsmästerskapet i fotboll 2022 – Swedish

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values: Pandaigdigang Kopa ng Futbol 2022 – Tagalog

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values: 2022 உலகக்கோப்பை காற்பந்து – Tamil

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values: ฟุตบอลโลก 2022 – Thai

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values: Чемпіонат світу з футболу 2022 – Ukrainian

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values: 2022ء فیفا عالمی کپ – Urdu

values: Giải vô địch bóng đá thế giới 2022 – Vietnamese

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