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List of flag bearers for the United States at the Olympics
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United States at the
Olympics
Flag of the United States
IOC code
USA
NOC
United States Olympic Committee
Medals
Gold
1,118
Silver
897
Bronze
789
Total
2,804
Summer appearances
1896
1900
1904
1908
1912
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
Winter appearances
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Other related appearances
1906 Intercalated Games
This is a list of flag bearers who have represented United States at the Olympics. Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony and closing ceremony of the Olympic Games. Men and women from across the country and from a variety of sports have carried the flag at both the Summer Olympic Games and the Winter Olympic Games. More than half of those representing the teams at the Summer Olympics are track or field athletes, though that sport does account for the most competitors at the Games.
James Bickford, Norman Armitage, and Pat McDonald have all performed the duty twice. Several athletes born in other countries have carried the flag, including those from Norway, Ireland, Sudan, Germany, and Czechoslovakia.
Contents
[hide]
1 Firsts
2 Selection and reactions
3 Flag dipping
4 Foreign-born representatives
5 Other notes
6 List of flag bearers
7 See also
8 References
Firsts[edit]
US team manager[1] Matthew Halpin was the first to carry the flag at the 1906 Intercalated Games,[2] though that event is no longer considered by the International Olympic Committee to be part of Olympic history.[3] Ralph Rose became the first competitor to have the honor when he led the team out at the 1908 Summer Games,[2] the first official Olympic Games to feature a parade of nations.[4] The first woman to represent the United States was fencer Janice Romary in 1968, her sixth consecutive Summer Olympics.[5] Taffy Abel was the first person to represent the United States at the Winter Olympics when he was chosen to carry the flag at the inaugural Games in Chamonix in 1924.[2]
Irish-born Pat McDonald, one of the "Irish Whales", became the first athlete to be selected as the flag bearer twice when he performed his second duty in 1924.[2][6] In 1956 two other athletes led the U.S. team out for a second time, James Bickford at the Winter Olympics and Norman Armitage at the Summer Games.[2]
Selection and reactions[edit]
Lopez Lomong says he felt "blessed" to be selected as the 2008 flag bearer.
The flag bearers are chosen by a vote of the team captains of each sport.[7]
Athletes view their selection of flag bearer as a great honour:
"It's more than a dream. "I keep saying, I'm not sure if this is true or not true. I'm making the team and now I'm the first guy coming to the stadium and the whole world will be watching me carry the flag. There are no words to describe it."

"I feel happy, honored. I'm feeling so blessed to get an opportunity to present the United States of America, to present the United States flag in front of my team."
—  Lopez Lomong[7]
"I'm still shaking. I was incredibly surprised when Brian [Martin] told me, and I'm still trying to process it all. To be the person leading the U.S. team into the opening ceremony is just such a great honor."
—  Mark Grimmette in a statement released by the U.S. Olympic Committee[8]
Flag dipping[edit]
Ralph Rose competing at the 1908 Olympics after not dipping the flag in the opening ceremony
Olympic protocol is that the flag bearer dips their flag to the head of state as part of the parade. It has become tradition that the U.S. flag is not dipped, though the origins of this are surrounded by legend and are widely misreported:[9][10]
"The motives for the original refusal, the identity of the flag-bearer and the truth behind the quotation and other issues remain much murkier in the historical record than legend-tellers portray ... The evolution of this flag mythology reveals a great deal about the complex strains of early 20th century American nationalism."
—  Mark Dyreson, Pennsylvania State University sports historian[10]
The parade of nations was introduced at the 1906 Intercalated Games with Matthew Halpin as the U.S. flag bearer. Halpin gladly dipped the flag, noting that when he did so King George I of Greece "staked me to a smile that made me feel like I belonged".[11] The controversy began at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London where flag bearers were expected to dip the flag to Edward VII on two occasions. Research by the International Society of Olympic Historians concluded that the flag bearer was Ralph Rose and that he might not have dipped the flag to the British King on one of those occasions. Martin Sheridan is often attributed with the explanation of this supposed disrespect by stating at the time "This flag dips to no earthly king" but no evidence of this can be found.[11] Modern versions of the story describe how the Stars and Stripes have never been dipped during the parade of nations since 1908 but this is apocryphal. It has been dipped on three occasions since then: 1912, 1924, and 1932.[10]
The 1932 winter games were held in Lake Placid and, though head of state President Herbert Hoover would normally have greeted the parade of nations, the duty was passed to New York governor Franklin Roosevelt.[11] This was the last time that the flag was dipped at the Olympics as political forces intervened thereafter. The head of state awaiting the athletes at the 1936 Summer Games was Adolf Hitler, to whom the U.S. refused to lower their flag.[10] The 1940 Olympics were cancelled due to the onset of World War II and, in 1942, the United States Congress introduced the United States Flag Code which stated: "That no disrespect should be given to the flag of the United States of America, the flag should not be dipped to any person or thing."[11][12] However, since the Flag Code is legally unenforceable, it appears to be merely codified tradition.
Foreign-born representatives[edit]
Pat McDonald, the first athlete to carry the flag for the United States on two occasions and the first flag bearer born outside of the U.S.
Several foreign-born athletes have represented the United States at the opening ceremonies. Irishman Pat McDonald was the first in 1920 and he, at the age of 42, became the oldest Olympic track & field champion. Though he did not compete, he also went on to lead the U.S. team at the following Summer Olympics.[6]
Rolf Monsen, a multi-discipline Winter sports athlete born in Oslo, Norway, competed as an American in 1928 and 1932. He qualified for the 1936 Games and though an injury prevented him from taking part, he was still chosen to carry the flag.[13]
The American team at the 1936 Summer Games were led by Berlin-born, highly regarded gymnast Al Jochim.[2][14]
Olga Fikotová was a discus-thrower at the 1956 Summer Olympics and the only athlete to win a gold medal for her home country Czechoslovakia in that year. She began a much-publicised romance with American athlete Harold Connolly, much to the frustration of the Communist authorities. Fikotová was accused of being a traitor and the Czechoslovak Olympic Committee banned her from representing her country again. Now living in the U.S., she would go on to compete for her adopted country in the next four Summer Games. Despite not being able to replicate her success, Fikotová was chosen to lead the American team at the 1972 Games in Munich, West Germany.[15]
Lopez Lomong carried the flag at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China and became the fifth flag bearer to be born outside the United States.[2] As a teenager in war-torn Sudan, Lomong was one of several thousand boys brought to America as a refugee in 2001.[7] His selection came during a time when the U.S. and other Western countries had been critical of the Chinese government's close links with Sudan, a country accused of human rights violations and war crimes.[16]
Other notes[edit]
Godfrey Dewey, son of Melvil Dewey the inventor of Dewey Decimal Classification,[17] was the president of the Lake Placid Organizing Committee and was largely responsible for the successful candidature of Lake Placid for the 1932 Winter Olympics.[18] In addition to his role as the U.S. ski team manager he was chosen as the flag bearer for the 1928 Games in St. Moritz, Switzerland.[19]
List of flag bearers[edit]
List of flag bearers:[2]
Key
Born outside the United States
#
Event year
Season
Ceremony
Flag bearer
Sex
State/Country
Sport
62 2018 Winter Closing Diggins, JessicaJessica Diggins F Minnesota Cross-country skiing
61 2018 Winter Opening Hamlin, ErinErin Hamlin F New York Luge
60 2016 Summer Closing Biles, SimoneSimone Biles F Texas Gymnastics
59 2016 Summer Opening Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps M Maryland Swimming
58 2014 Winter Closing Chu, JulieJulie Chu F Connecticut Hockey
57 2014 Winter Opening Lodwick, ToddTodd Lodwick M Colorado Nordic combined
56 2012 Summer Closing Nellum, BryshonBryshon Nellum M California Athletics
55 2012 Summer Opening Zagunis, MarielMariel Zagunis F Oregon Fencing
54 2010 Winter Closing Demong, BillBill Demong M New York Nordic combined
53 2010 Winter Opening Grimmette, MarkMark Grimmette M Michigan Luge
52 2008 Summer Closing Lorig, KhatunaKhatuna Lorig F Georgia (country) Archery
51 2008 Summer Opening Lomong, LopezLopez Lomong M Sudan (now South Sudan) Athletics
50 2006 Winter Closing Cheek, JoeyJoey Cheek M North Carolina Speed skating
49 2006 Winter Opening Witty, ChrisChris Witty F Wisconsin Speed skating
48 2004 Summer Closing Hamm, MiaMia Hamm F Texas Women's soccer
47 2004 Summer Opening Staley, DawnDawn Staley F Pennsylvania Basketball
46 2002 Winter Closing Shimer, BrianBrian Shimer M Florida Bobsleigh
45 2002 Winter Opening Peterson, AmyAmy Peterson F Minnesota Short track speed skating
44 2000 Summer Closing Gardner, RulonRulon Gardner M Wyoming Wrestling
43 2000 Summer Opening Meidl, CliffCliff Meidl M California Canoeing
42 1998 Winter Closing Granato, CammiCammi Granato F Illinois Hockey
41 1998 Winter Opening Flaim, EricEric Flaim M Massachusetts Speed skating
40 1996 Summer Closing Matz, MichaelMichael Matz M Pennsylvania Equestrian
39 1996 Summer Opening Baumgartner, BruceBruce Baumgartner M New Jersey Wrestling
38 1994 Winter Closing Jansen, DanDan Jansen M Wisconsin Speed skating
37 1994 Winter Opening Myler, CammyCammy Myler F New York Luge
36 1992 Summer Closing Westbrook, PeterPeter Westbrook M Missouri Fencing
35 1992 Summer Opening Larrieu Smith, FrancieFrancie Larrieu Smith F California Athletics
34 1992 Winter Opening Koch, BillBill Koch M Vermont Cross-country skiing
33 1988 Summer Opening Ashford, EvelynEvelyn Ashford F Louisiana Athletics
32 1988 Winter Opening Nelson, LyleLyle Nelson M Idaho Biathlon
31 1984 Summer Opening Burke, EdEd Burke M California Athletics
30 1984 Winter Opening Masley, FrankFrank Masley M Delaware Luge
29 1980 Winter Opening Hamilton, ScottScott Hamilton M Ohio Figure skating
28 1976 Summer Opening Hall, GaryGary Hall M North Carolina Swimming
27 1976 Winter Opening Nelson, CindyCindy Nelson F Minnesota Alpine skiing
26 1972 Summer Opening Fikotová, OlgaOlga Fikotová F Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) Athletics
25 1972 Winter Opening Holum, DianneDianne Holum F Illinois Speed skating
24 1968 Summer Opening Romary, JaniceJanice Romary F California Fencing
23 1968 Winter Opening McDermott, TerryTerry McDermott M Michigan Speed skating
22 1964 Summer Opening O'Brien, ParryParry O'Brien M California Athletics
21 1964 Winter Opening Disney, BillBill Disney M Kansas Speed skating
20 1960 Summer Opening Johnson, RaferRafer Johnson M Texas Athletics
19 1960 Winter Opening McDermott, DonDon McDermott M New York Speed skating
18 1956 Summer Opening Armitage, NormanNorman Armitage M New York Fencing
17 1956 Winter Opening Bickford, JamesJames Bickford M New York Bobsleigh
16 1952 Summer Opening Armitage, NormanNorman Armitage M New York Fencing
15 1952 Winter Opening Bickford, JamesJames Bickford M New York Bobsleigh
14 1948 Summer Opening Craig, RalphRalph Craig M Michigan Athletics
13 1948 Winter Opening Heaton, JackJack Heaton M Connecticut Skeleton
12 1936 Summer Opening Jochim, AlAl Jochim M Germany Gymnastics
11 1936 Winter Opening Monsen, RolfRolf Monsen M Norway Cross-country skiing
10 1932 Summer Opening Taylor, MorganMorgan Taylor M Iowa Athletics
9 1932 Winter Opening Fiske, BillyBilly Fiske M Illinois Bobsleigh
8 1928 Summer Opening Houser, BudBud Houser M Missouri Athletics
7 1928 Winter Opening Dewey, GodfreyGodfrey Dewey M Florida President of Lake Placid Organizing Committee
6 1924 Summer Opening McDonald, PatPat McDonald M Ireland Athletics
5 1924 Winter Opening Abel, TaffyTaffy Abel M Michigan Hockey
4 1920 Summer Opening McDonald, PatPat McDonald M Ireland Athletics
3 1912 Summer Opening Bonhag, GeorgeGeorge Bonhag M Massachusetts Athletics
2 1908 Summer Opening Rose, RalphRalph Rose M California Athletics & tug of war
1 1906 Summer Opening Halpin, MatthewMatthew Halpin M New York Team manager
See also[edit]
United States at the Olympics
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McGrath, Roger. These colors run: at the 1908 London Olympics, the Irish American Athletic Club brought home gold for the red, white, and blue. July 28, 2008. The American Conservative LLC. Accessed October 29, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h United States. Olympics at Sport-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Accessed October 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ What Events are Olympic? Olympics at Sport-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Accessed October 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ 1906 Athina Summer Games Olympics at Sport-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Accessed October 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Janice-Lee Romary, 79; fencer competed in 6 Olympic Games. June 5, 2007. Los Angeles Times. Accessed October 29, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Pat McDonald. Olympics at Sport-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Accessed October 26, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Former 'Lost Boy' Lomong chosen to carry U.S. flag. August 8, 2008. ESPN. Accessed October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Grimmette: Carrying flag 'great honor'. February 11, 2010. ESPN. Accessed October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Dyreson, Mark. To dip or not to dip the flag at the Olympics? Archived 2012-02-02 at the Wayback Machine. August 6, 2008. themorningcall.com. Accessed October 28, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Different Motives Sustained U.S. Flag-Dipping Refusal At Olympics, Historian Says. Pennsylvania State University. Accessed October 28, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mallon, Bill and Buchanan, Ian. To No Earthly King. September 1999. International Society of Olympic Historians. Accessed October 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Luckey, John. The United States Flag: Federal Law Relating to Display and Associated Questions. April 14, 2008. Accessed October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Rolf Monsen. Olympics at Sport-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Accessed October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Al Jochim. Olympics at Sport-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Accessed October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Willoughby, Ian. Olga Fikotová-Connolly: 1956 Olympic champion dubbed "traitor" in communist Czechoslovakia over romance with US athlete. May 1, 2008. Český rozhlas. Accessed October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Sudanese born athlete bears the US flag in Beijing. August 9, 2008. Sudan Tribune. Accessed October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Dr. Melvil Dewey Dead In Florida. December 27, 1931. The New York Times. Accessed October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bowen, Ezra. Hey—what Do You Say We Have An Olympics? December 3, 1962. Sports Illustrated. Accessed October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ 1932 Lake Placid Winter Games. Olympics at Sport-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Accessed October 29, 2011.
[show]
v
t
e
Lists of flag bearers for the competing nations of the Olympic Games
Africa
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea‑Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Americas
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Canada
Cayman Islands
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Virgin Islands
Historical: Netherlands Antilles
Asia
Afghanistan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Chinese Taipei
Tajikistan
Thailand
Timor‑Leste
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
Europe
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Historical: Bohemia
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Serbia and Montenegro
Soviet Union
West Germany
Yugoslavia
Oceania
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Federated States of Micronesia
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Historical: Australasia
Others
Independent Olympians
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Niagara (The Office)
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"Niagara"
The Office episode
Episode no.
Season 6
Episode 4/5
Directed by
Paul Feig
Written by
Greg Daniels
Mindy Kaling
Production code
604/605
Original air date
October 8, 2009
Running time
44 minutes
Guest appearance(s)
Linda Purl as Helene Beesly
Anna Camp as Penny Beesly
Kelen Coleman as Isabel Poreba
Tug Coker as Pete Halpert
Michelle Gunn as the hotel receptionist
Rick Overton as William Beesly
Robert Pine as Gerald Halpert
Blake Robbins as Tom Halpert
Bobby Ray Shafer as Bob Vance
Perry Smith as Betsy Halpert
Peggy Stewart as Sylvia
Episode chronology
← Previous
"The Promotion" Next →
"Mafia"
The Office (U.S. season 6)
List of The Office (U.S. TV series) episodes
"Niagara" is an hour-long episode of the sixth season of the U.S. comedy series The Office. It is the 4th and 5th episodes in the season's episode count and the 104th and 105th episode of the series overall. The episode was written by executive producer Greg Daniels and Mindy Kaling, and was directed by Paul Feig. It originally aired on October 8, 2009 on NBC in the United States.
The series—presented as if it were a real documentary—depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. The episode revolves around the wedding of Jim and Pam at Niagara Falls. Not all goes smoothly when Jim accidentally reveals Pam's pregnancy to all the guests, including Pam's very old-fashioned grandmother, and Andy injures his scrotum while dancing. Meanwhile, Michael and Dwight both try to hook up with women, with mixed results.
The episode was met with positive reviews from critics and fans. Although not all television critics reacted positively to Andy's dancing injury sub-plot, "Niagara" has nonetheless come to be considered a classic episode of the series. In a poll conducted by OfficeTally, the episode was named the second best episode of the series after the second-season finale, "Casino Night." The episode was viewed by 9.42 million households with a 4.8 rating/12% share in the 18–49 demographic making it the second highest viewed episode of the season after "The Delivery."
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Production
3 Cultural references
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam (Jenna Fischer) head up to Niagara Falls for their wedding and the rest of the office follows them. Michael (Steve Carell) and Dwight (Rainn Wilson) seek women to hook up with while Andy (Ed Helms) pursues Erin (Ellie Kemper). Kevin (Brian Baumgartner) and Oscar (Oscar Nunez) meet Pam's sister Penny (Anna Camp), who accidentally offends Oscar by thinking Kevin was his boyfriend Gil. Pam's mother Helene (Linda Purl) is visibly disturbed at the fact that Pam's father, and Helene's ex-husband, William (Rick Overton) has come to the wedding with his new girlfriend who is half his own age.
Pam's grandmother, "Meemaw" (played by Peggy Stewart), is a woman of conservative morals, so everyone is told not to mention Pam's pregnancy. At the rehearsal dinner, Jim gives a moving toast to his soon-to-be wife. However, he finishes by saying that everyone but Pam will drink to the toast "for obvious reasons". Meemaw questions this remark, and after fumbling through several weak excuses Jim finally admits that Pam is pregnant. Meemaw then decides not to attend the wedding out of moral outrage. Michael later visits Meemaw in her hotel room. Despite his indelicate approach to the subject of sex, he establishes an instant rapport with Meemaw and convinces her to attend the wedding.
Andy hosts a dance party in his room later that night, with the office staff attending. Andy punctures his scrotum trying to do a split. The guests rouse Pam, the only sober person, to take him to the hospital. Pam reluctantly agrees, but Andy still whines throughout the drive to the hospital.
Michael and Dwight try their luck with women at the bar. Dwight, despite embarrassing both of them, is successful in getting Pam's friend Isabel (Kelen Coleman) to spend the night with him. Michael spends the night alone in the ice machine room as he had failed to make a reservation in advance.
Prior to the ceremony, Pam accidentally tears her veil and tearfully phones Jim. They meet in private, where Pam expresses shame at her appearance due to being pregnant. Pam is visibly uplifted when Jim cuts his tie in half in an effort to console her, and says she regrets inviting their families and the office staff. They run away from the church together.
While everyone in the church wonders where they went, Michael and Helene begin to bond over their failed relationships. Dwight callously rebuffs Isabel's attempts at further contact. The rest of the office staff grow impatient, bickering about their right to take their gifts back.
Michael leads the office in the JK Wedding Entrance Dance
Jim and Pam finally return to the church after an hour with no explanation of their absence, and the ceremony begins. The guests interrupt the ceremony by recreating the dance routines featured in the JK Wedding Entrance Dance. Jim and Pam react with uncharacteristic good humor, having already been married on board the Maid of the Mist IV ferry boat by the ship's captain, below the falls. Jim explains to the camera that he had prepared the ferry marriage in advance after seeing the video, predicting the guests might imitate it.
When Kevin leaves his only pair of shoes in the care of hotel staff, the management decides to incinerate them as a health hazard, and he replaces them with Kleenex tissue boxes. The end of the episode shows Kevin soothing his feet in the ice machine. While he speaks to the camera crew, Helene is seen pulling Michael into her hotel room.
Production[edit]
The episode was written by developer and executive producer of The Office Greg Daniels and Mindy Kaling, who plays Kelly Kapoor on the show. It was directed by Paul Feig, his 13th directing credit for the series.[1] The episode was initially assigned to Mindy Kaling, but executive producer Greg Daniels said he was interested in contributing.[2] The scene in which Jim cuts his tie off took seven takes and was written by Greg Daniels.[3] In the original draft, the wedding was supposed to take place on the "Booze Cruise".[4] The dance sequence during the wedding was choreographed by the same person who worked on "Cafe Disco" with all of the dancing pairs having 45-minute practice sessions to get their moves down. John Krasinski and Jenna Fischer made a surprise trip to the Niagara Falls area with a small crew in order to film the scene with their actual wedding vows, and Krasinski was feeling ill during the filming but insisted they do multiple takes even as he was getting soaked with water. Brian Baumgartner's parents were on the Maid of the Mist boat where the marriage scene was filmed. They were visiting friends from Rochester, NY, and came into town to be extras.
Cultural references[edit]
The dance down the church aisle to Chris Brown's "Forever" is based on the popular 2009 YouTube viral video, "JK Wedding Entrance Dance",[5] in which a young couple (JK, standing for "Jill and Kevin") dance down the aisle to the song along with their wedding party. Pam mentions that the song was specifically put on a "Do Not Play List", but was choreographed by the wedding guests and office workers regardless. The song played during Andy's party is Kardinal Offishall's "Numba 1 (Tide is High)" featuring Rihanna. Dwight is shown wearing the Three Wolf Moon T-shirt, made famous by humorous reviews on Amazon, before going out to the hotel bar with Michael to pick up women, commenting that "it's suggestive to women, because of howling during sex."[6]
Reception[edit]
In its original American broadcast, "Niagara" was viewed by an estimated 9.42 million households, with a 4.8 rating and a 12 share in the 18–49 demographic coming second in its timeslot after Grey's Anatomy.[7] Greg Daniels and Mindy Kaling received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for their work on "Niagara" at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards, but lost to Modern Family's Steven Levitan and Christopher Lloyd for their work on the pilot episode.[8]
The episode received positive reviews from critics. The episode ranked 24th on BuddyTV's list of best 50 episodes of 2009 with them saying "It wasn't easy, but they did it all, creating a goofy, joyful, and special day for Jim and Pam that brought tears to our eyes."[9] Dan Phillip of IGN gave the episode an 8.3 saying calling it "Impressive" and "The episode certainly could have delivered more in terms of creativity and high comedy, but it still contained a great deal of entertainment."[10] Despite that, he said the episode failed in comparison to "Phyllis' Wedding".[10] "Niagara" was voted the second highest rated out of 115 from the series, according to a poll at the fansite, OfficeTally.[11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Office: Niagara, Pt. 2: Writers, Directors, and Crew on". Tv.com. Archived from the original on 2009-10-12. Retrieved 2010-12-14.
Jump up ^ "The Office wedding episode Q&A with Mindy Kaling". OfficeTally. Retrieved 2010-12-14.
Jump up ^ "The Office wedding episode Q&A with Mindy Kaling". OfficeTally. Retrieved 2010-12-14.
Jump up ^ "The Office wedding episode Q&A with Mindy Kaling". OfficeTally. Retrieved 2010-12-14.
Jump up ^ YouTube video of the real wedding Jim and Pam's was based on
Jump up ^ "The Office: Niagara". OfficeTally. Retrieved 2010-12-14.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert. "Thursday broadcast finals: The Office, Bones, Grey’s, Supernatural up; Community, Private Practice down a tick". Tvbythenumbers.com. Archived from the original on 2010-03-23. Retrieved 2010-12-14.
Jump up ^ Stelter, Brian (2010-08-30). "'Modern Family' and 'Mad Men' Win at Emmys". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
Jump up ^ BuddyTV. "BuddyTV Slideshow | TV's 50 Best Episodes of 2009". Buddytv.com. Retrieved 2010-12-14.
^ Jump up to: a b Dan Phillips (2009-10-09). "The Office: "Niagara" Review – TV Review at IGN". Tv.ign.com. Retrieved 2010-12-14.
Jump up ^ "All-Time Fan Favorite Poll, 2010". OfficeTally. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
External links[edit]
"Niagara" at NBC.com
"Niagara" on IMDb
"Niagara (1)" at TV.com
"Niagara (2)" at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
The Office (U.S.) episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"Diversity Day"
"Health Care"
"The Alliance"
"Basketball"
"Hot Girl"
Season 2
"The Dundies"
"Sexual Harassment"
"Office Olympics"
"The Fire"
"Halloween"
"The Fight"
"The Client"
"Performance Review"
"Email Surveillance"
"Christmas Party"
"Booze Cruise"
"The Injury"
"The Secret"
"The Carpet"
"Boys and Girls"
"Valentine's Day"
"Dwight's Speech"
"Take Your Daughter to Work Day"
"Michael's Birthday"
"Drug Testing"
"Conflict Resolution"
"Casino Night"
Season 3
"Gay Witch Hunt"
"The Convention"
"The Coup"
"Grief Counseling"
"Initiation"
"Diwali"
"Branch Closing"
"The Merger"
"The Convict"
"A Benihana Christmas"
"Back from Vacation"
"Traveling Salesmen"
"The Return"
"Ben Franklin"
"Phyllis' Wedding"
"Business School"
"Cocktails"
"The Negotiation"
"Safety Training"
"Product Recall"
"Women's Appreciation"
"Beach Games"
"The Job"
Season 4
"Fun Run"
"Dunder Mifflin Infinity"
"Launch Party"
"Money"
"Local Ad"
"Branch Wars"
"Survivor Man"
"The Deposition"
"Dinner Party"
"Chair Model"
"Night Out"
"Did I Stutter?"
"Job Fair"
"Goodbye, Toby"
Season 5
"Weight Loss"
"Business Ethics"
"Baby Shower"
"Crime Aid"
"Employee Transfer"
"Customer Survey"
"Business Trip"
"Frame Toby"
"The Surplus"
"Moroccan Christmas"
"The Duel"
"Prince Family Paper"
"Stress Relief"
"Lecture Circuit"
"Blood Drive"
"Golden Ticket"
"New Boss"
"Two Weeks"
"Dream Team"
"Michael Scott Paper Company"
"Heavy Competition"
"Broke"
"Casual Friday"
"Cafe Disco"
"Company Picnic"
Season 6
"Gossip"
"The Meeting"
"The Promotion"
"Niagara"
"Mafia"
"The Lover"
"Koi Pond"
"Double Date"
"Murder"
"Shareholder Meeting"
"Scott's Tots"
"Secret Santa"
"The Banker"
"Sabre"
"The Manager and the Salesman"
"The Delivery"
"St. Patrick's Day"
"New Leads"
"Happy Hour"
"Secretary's Day"
"Body Language"
"The Cover-Up"
"The Chump"
"Whistleblower"
Season 7
"Nepotism"
"Counseling"
"Andy's Play"
"Sex Ed"
"The Sting
"Costume Contest"
"Christening"
"Viewing Party"
"WUPHF.com"
"China"
"Classy Christmas"
"Ultimatum"
"The Seminar"
"The Search"
"PDA"
"Threat Level Midnight"
"Todd Packer"
"Garage Sale"
"Training Day"
"Michael's Last Dundies"
"Goodbye, Michael"
"The Inner Circle"
"Dwight K. Schrute, (Acting) Manager"
"Search Committee"
Season 8
"The List"
"The Incentive"
"Lotto"
"Garden Party"
"Spooked"
"Doomsday"
"Pam's Replacement"
"Gettysburg"
"Mrs. California"
"Christmas Wishes"
"Trivia"
"Pool Party"
"Jury Duty"
"Special Project"
"Tallahassee"
"After Hours"
"Test the Store"
"Last Day in Florida"
"Get the Girl"
"Welcome Party"
"Angry Andy"
"Fundraiser"
"Turf War"
"Free Family Portrait Studio"
Season 9
"New Guys"
"Roy's Wedding"
"Andy's Ancestry"
"Work Bus"
"Here Comes Treble"
"The Boat"
"The Whale"
"The Target"
"Dwight Christmas"
"Lice"
"Suit Warehouse"
"Customer Loyalty"
"Junior Salesman"
"Vandalism"
"Couples Discount"
"Moving On"
"The Farm"
"Promos"
"Stairmageddon"
"Paper Airplane"
"Livin' the Dream"
"A.A.R.M."
"Finale"
Webisodes
The Accountants
Kevin's Loan
The Outburst
Blackmail
Subtle Sexuality
The Mentor
The 3rd Floor
The Podcast
The Girl Next Door
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niagara_(The_Office)&oldid=804354897"
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Unified Thread Standard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Unified Thread Standard (UTS) defines a standard thread form and series—along with allowances, tolerances, and designations—for screw threads commonly used in the United States and Canada. It is the main standard for bolts, nuts, and a wide variety of other threaded fasteners used in these countries. It has the same 60° profile as the ISO metric screw thread, but the characteristic dimensions of each UTS thread (outer diameter and pitch) were chosen as an inch fraction rather than a millimeter value. The UTS is currently controlled by ASME/ANSI in the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Basic profile
3 Designation
4 Gauging
5 Tolerance classes
6 Related standards
7 See also
8 Notes
8.1 Bibliography
9 External links
Origins[edit]
See the "History of standardization" section of the screw thread article.
Basic profile[edit]
The basic profile of all UTS threads is the same as that of all ISO metric screw threads. Only the commonly used values for Dmaj and P differ between the two standards.
Each thread in the series is characterized by its major diameter Dmaj and its pitch, P. UTS threads consist of a symmetric V-shaped thread. In the plane of the thread axis, the flanks of the V have an angle of 60° to each other. The outermost 1⁄8 and the innermost 1⁄4 of the height H of the V-shape are cut off from the profile.
The pitch P is the distance between thread peaks. For UTS threads, which are single-start threads, it is equal to the lead, the axial distance that the screw advances during a 360° rotation. UTS threads do not usually use the pitch parameter; instead a parameter known as threads per inch (TPI) is used, which is the reciprocal of the pitch.
The relationship between the height H and the pitch P is found using the following equation where θ {\displaystyle \theta } is half the included angle of the thread, in this case 30 degrees:[1]
H = 1 2 tan  θ ⋅ P = 3 2 ⋅ P ≈ 0.866 ⋅ P {\displaystyle H={\frac {1}{2\tan \theta }}\cdot P={\frac {\sqrt {3}}{2}}\cdot P\approx 0.866\cdot P}
or
P = 2 tan  θ ⋅ H = 2 3 ⋅ H ≈ 1.155 ⋅ H {\displaystyle P=2\tan \theta \cdot H={\frac {2}{\sqrt {3}}}\cdot H\approx 1.155\cdot H}
In an external (male) thread (e.g., on a bolt), the major diameter Dmaj and the minor diameter Dmin define maximum dimensions of the thread. This means that the external thread must end flat at Dmaj, but can be rounded out below the minor diameter Dmin. Conversely, in an internal (female) thread (e.g., in a nut), the major and minor diameters are minimum dimensions, therefore the thread profile must end flat at Dmin but may be rounded out beyond Dmaj.
The minor diameter Dmin and effective pitch diameter Dp are derived from the major diameter and pitch as
D min = D maj − 2 ⋅ 5 8 ⋅ H = D maj − 5 3 8 ⋅ P ≈ D maj − 1.082532 ⋅ P D p = D maj − 2 ⋅ 3 8 ⋅ H = D maj − 3 3 8 ⋅ P ≈ D maj − 0.649519 ⋅ P {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}D_{\text{min}}&=D_{\text{maj}}-2\cdot {\frac {5}{8}}\cdot H=D_{\text{maj}}-{\frac {5{\sqrt {3}}}{8}}\cdot P\approx D_{\text{maj}}-1.082532\cdot P\\D_{\text{p}}&=D_{\text{maj}}-2\cdot {\frac {3}{8}}\cdot H=D_{\text{maj}}-{\frac {3{\sqrt {3}}}{8}}\cdot P\approx D_{\text{maj}}-0.649519\cdot P\end{aligned}}}
Designation[edit]
The standard designation for a UTS thread is a number indicating the nominal (major) diameter of the thread, followed by the pitch measured in threads per inch. For diameters smaller than 1⁄4 inch, the diameter is indicated by an integer number defined in the standard; for all other diameters, the inch figure is given.
This number pair is optionally followed by the letters UNC, UNF or UNEF if the diameter-pitch combination is from the coarse, fine, or extra fine series, and may also be followed by a tolerance class.
Example: #6-32 UNC 2B (major diameter: 0.1380 inch, pitch: 32 tpi)
Unified Screw Threads — UNC, UNF and UNEF[2]:1816
Major diameter
(inch \ mm)
Thread density (d, threads per inch) and thread pitch (p)
Preferred cutting tap drill size
Coarse (UNC)
Fine (UNF)
Extra fine (UNEF)
d (TPI)
p (inch \ mm)
d (TPI)
p (inch \ mm)
d (TPI)
p (inch \ mm)
Coarse
Fine
Extra fine
#0 0.0600 \ 1.5240 None 80 0.012500 \ 0.3175 None 3⁄64 in
#1 0.0730 \ 1.8542 64 0.015625 \ 0.3969 72 0.013888 \ 0.3528 None #53 #53
#2 0.0860 \ 2.1844 56 0.017857 \ 0.4536 64 0.015625 \ 0.3969 None #50 #50
#3 0.0990 \ 2.5146 48 0.020833 \ 0.5292 56 0.017857 \ 0.4536 None #47 #45
#4 0.1120 \ 2.8448 40 0.025000 \ 0.6350 48 0.020833 \ 0.5292 None #43 #42
#5 0.1250 \ 3.1750 40 0.025000 \ 0.6350 44 0.022727 \ 0.5773 None #38 #37
#6 0.1380 \ 3.5052 32 0.031250 \ 0.7938 40 0.025000 \ 0.6350 None #36 #33
#8 0.1640 \ 4.1656 32 0.031250 \ 0.7938 36 0.027778 \ 0.7056 None #29 #29
#10 0.1900 \ 4.8260 24 0.041667 \ 1.0583 32 0.031250 \ 0.7938 None #25 #21
#12 0.2160 \ 5.4864 24 0.041667 \ 1.0583 28 0.035714 \ 0.9071 32 0.031250 \ 0.7938 #16 #14 3⁄16 in
1⁄4 0.2500 \ 6.3500 20 0.050000 \ 1.2700 28 0.035714 \ 0.9071 32 0.031250 \ 0.7938 #7 #3 7⁄32 in
5⁄16 0.3125 \ 7.9375 18 0.055556 \ 1.4111 24 0.041667 \ 1.0583 32 0.031250 \ 0.7938 F I 9⁄32 in
3⁄8 0.3750 \ 9.5250 16 0.062500 \ 1.5875 24 0.041667 \ 1.0583 32 0.031250 \ 0.7938 5⁄16 in Q 11⁄32 in
7⁄16 0.4375 \ 11.1125 14 0.071428 \ 1.8143 20 0.050000 \ 1.2700 28 0.035714 \ 0.9071 U 25⁄64 in Y
1⁄2 0.5000 \ 12.7000 13 0.076923 \ 1.9538 20 0.050000 \ 1.2700 28 0.035714 \ 0.9071 27⁄64 in 29⁄64 in 15⁄32 in
9⁄16 0.5625 \ 14.2875 12 0.083333 \ 2.1167 18 0.055556 \ 1.4111 24 0.041667 \ 1.0583 31⁄64 in 1⁄2 in 33⁄64 in
5⁄8 0.6250 \ 15.8750 11 0.090909 \ 2.3091 18 0.055556 \ 1.4111 24 0.041667 \ 1.0583 17⁄32 in 9⁄16 in 37⁄64 in
3⁄4 0.7500 \ 19.0500 10 0.100000 \ 2.5400 16 0.062500 \ 1.5875 20 0.050000 \ 1.2700 21⁄32 in 11⁄16 in 45⁄64 in
7⁄8 0.8750 \ 22.2250 9 0.111111 \ 2.8222 14 0.071428 \ 1.8143 20 0.050000 \ 1.2700 49⁄64 in 51⁄64 in 53⁄64 in
1 1.0000 \ 25.4000 8 0.125000 \ 3.1750 12(*) 0.083333 \ 2.1167 20 0.050000 \ 1.2700 7⁄8 in 59⁄64 in 61⁄64 in
(*) For many years non-standard 1-inch 14-tpi nuts and bolts have been widely used instead of standard-sized 1-inch 12-tpi fasteners; consequently 1″-14 fasteners are easier to find and less expensive than 1″-12 fasteners. After several decades 1″-14 fasteners have now come to be commonly referred to as "Standard Fine Thread" or "UNF". Though technically incorrect (the UNF standard specifies 1″-12), size 1″-14 is universally accepted as standard for fine-threaded 1-inch fasteners, and "1-inch 14-tpi NF" has become established as a "common use" term, or "a genericized brand name/standard". In other words, the 1″-12 standard has lacked effective enforcement for a long enough time (many decades) to give generic trademark–like status to 1-inch 14-tpi fasteners.
The following formula is used to calculate the major diameter of a numbered screw greater than or equal to 0: Major diameter = Screw # × 0.013 in + 0.060 in. For example, a number 10 calculates as: #10 × 0.013 in + 0.060 in = 0.190 in major diameter. To calculate the major diameter of "aught" size screws count the number of extra zeroes and multiply this number by .013 in and subtract from 0.060 in. For example, the major diameter of a 0000 screw thread is 0.060 in − (3 × 0.013 in) = 0.060 in − 0.039 in = 0.021 in.
The number series of machine screws has been extended downward to include #00-90 (0.047 in = 0.060 in − 0.013 in) and #000-120 (0.034 in = 0.060 in − 2 × 0.013 in) screws;[3] however, the main standard for screws smaller than #0 is ANSI/ASME standard B1.10 Unified Miniature Screw Threads. This defines a series of metric screws named after their major diameters in millimetres, from 0.30 UNM to 1.40 UNM. Preferred sizes are 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 mm, with additional defined sizes halfway between.[2]:1861 The standard thread pitch is approximately 1/4 of the major diameter. The thread form is slightly modified to increase the minor diameter, and thus the strength of screws and taps. The major diameter still extends to within 1/8H of the theoretical sharp V, but the total depth of the thread is reduced 4% from 5/8H = 5/8 cos(30°) P ≈ 0.541P to 0.52P.[2]:1858–1859 This increases the amount of the theoretical sharp V which is cut off at the minor diameter by 10% from 0.25H to 7/8 − 0.52∕cos(30°) ≈ 0.27456H.
The number series of machine screws once included more odd numbers and went up to #16 or more. Standardization efforts in the late 19th and the early part of the 20th century reduced the range of sizes considerably. Now, it is less common to see machine screws larger than #14, or odd number sizes other than #1, #3 and #5. Even though #14 and #16 screws are still available, they are not as common as sizes #0 through #12.[citation needed]
Sometimes "special" diameter and pitch combinations (UNS) are used, for example a 0.619 in (15.7 mm) major diameter with 20 threads per inch. UNS threads are rarely used for bolts, but rather on nuts, tapped holes, and threaded ODs. Because of this UNS taps are readily available.[4][5] Most UNS threads have more threads per inch than the correlating UNF or UNEF standard, therefore they are often the strongest thread available.[6] Because of this they are often used in applications where high stresses are encountered, such as machine tool spindles[7] or automotive spindles.[8]
Gauging[edit]
A screw thread gauging system comprises a list of screw thread characteristics that must be inspected to establish the dimensional acceptability of the screw threads on a threaded product and the gauge(s) which shall be used when inspecting those characteristics.
Currently this gauging UTS is controlled by:
ASME/ANSI B1.2-1983 Gauges And Gauging For Unified Inch Screw Threads
This Standard provides essential specifications and dimensions for the gauges used on Unified inch screw threads UN [unified] and UNR [external threads only] thread form, and covers the specifications and dimensions for the thread gauges and measuring equipment listed in Tables 1 and 2. The basic purpose and use of each gauge are also described.
ASME/ANSI B1.3-2007 Screw Thread Gauging Systems for Acceptability: Inch and Metric Screw Threads (UN, UNR, UNJ, M, and MJ)
(a) This Standard presents screw thread gauging systems suitable for determining the acceptability of Unified [UN], UNR [external threads only], UNJ [internal and external threads], M, and MJ screw threads on externally and internally threaded products. It establishes the criteria for screw thread acceptance when a gauging system is used. (b) A screw thread gauging system comprises a list of screw thread characteristics that must be inspected to establish the dimensional acceptability of the screw threads on a threaded product and the gauge(s) which shall be used when inspecting those characteristics. (c) Federal Government Use. When this Standard is approved by the Department of Defense and federal agencies and is incorporated into Federal Standard-H28/20 [FED-STD-H28/20], Screw Thread Standards for Federal Services, Section 20, the use of this Standard by the federal government is subject to all the requirements and limitations of Federal Standard-H28/20 [FED-STD-H28/20]. These standards provide essential specifications and dimensions for the gauges used on Unified inch screw threads (UN, UNR, UNJ thread form) on externally and internally threaded products. It also covers the specifications and dimensions for the thread gauges and measuring equipment. The basic purpose and use of each gauge are also described. It also establishes the criteria for screw thread acceptance when a gauging system is used.
Tolerance classes[edit]
A classification system exists for ease of manufacture and interchangeability of fabricated threaded items. Most (but certainly not all) threaded items are made to a classification standard called the Unified Screw Thread Standard Series. This system is analogous to the fits used with assembled parts.
Class 1 threads are loosely fitting threads intended for ease of assembly or use in a dirty environment.
Class 2 threads are the most common. They are designed to maximize strength considering typical machine shop capability and machine practice.
Class 3 threads are used for closer tolerances.
Class 4 thread fit are even tighter than a Class 3.
Class 5 fit is not a loose thread. It is an interference thread, used on items like spring shackles on an automobile.
The letter suffix "A" or "B" denotes whether the threads are external or internal, respectively. Classes 1A, 2A, 3A apply to external threads; Classes 1B, 2B, 3B apply to internal threads.
Thread class refers to the acceptable range of pitch diameter for any given thread. The pitch diameter is indicated as Dp in the figure shown above. There are several methods that are used to measure the pitch diameter. The most common method used in production is by way of a go/no go gauge.
Related standards[edit]
ASME/ANSI B1.1 – 2003 Unified Inch Screw Threads, UN & UNR Thread Form
ASME/ANSI B1.10M – 2004 Unified Miniature Screw Threads
ASME/ANSI B1.15 – 1995 Unified Inch Screw Threads, UNJ Thread Form
See also[edit]
British standard pipe thread
British Standard Whitworth
ISO metric screw thread
List of drill and tap sizes
List of screw drives
National pipe thread
Nut (hardware)
William Sellers
United States Standard thread
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Oberg et al. 2000, p. 1706.
^ Jump up to: a b c Oberg, Erik (2012). Machinery's Handbook (29th ed.). New York: Industrial Press. ISBN 0-8311-2900-X.
Jump up ^ #00-90 and #000-120 screws for sale
Jump up ^ McMaster-Carr, p. 2520, retrieved 2009-08-28
Jump up ^ McMaster-Carr, p. 2501, retrieved 2009-08-28
Jump up ^ Schwaller 2004, p. 55.
Jump up ^ Special connections, retrieved 2009-08-28 .
Jump up ^ Hub components (PDF), retrieved 2009-08-29 .
Bibliography[edit]
Ryffel, Henry H., et al. (eds) (1988), Machinery's Handbook (23rd ed.), New York: Industrial Press, ISBN 978-0-8311-1200-4 CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) .
Schwaller, Anthony E. (2004), Total Automotive Technology (4th ed.), Cengage Learning, ISBN 978-1-4018-2476-1 .
External links[edit]
Unified Screw Threads with Tolerances
Unified Coarse/Fine diameters and tap drill sizes (US units)
Unified Coarse/Fine tap drill sizes (US units)
Imperial Metric fastening size conversion charts
International Thread Standards
Conversion chart Whitworth/BSF/AF and metric
Spanner Jaw Sizes Additional information and spanner jaw size table.
Unified Screw Threads Series
ASME B1.1-2003 Unified Inch Screw Threads, (UN and UNR Thread Form)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unified_Thread_Standard&oldid=812571229"
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