text:
Dog tag
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about identification tags worn by military personnel. For the identifying tag worn by pets, see Pet tag. For other uses, see Dog tag (disambiguation).
A pair of blank dog tags on a ball chain
"Dog tag" is an informal but common term for the type of identification tag worn by military personnel. The tags are primarily used for the identification of dead and wounded soldiers; they have personal information about the soldiers and convey essential basic medical information, such as blood type[1] and history of inoculations. The tags often indicate religious preference as well. Dog tags are usually fabricated from a corrosion-resistant metal. They commonly contain two copies of the information, either in the form of a single tag that can be broken in half or two identical tags on the same chain. This duplication allows one tag (or half-tag) to be collected from a soldier's body for notification and the second to remain with the corpse when battle conditions prevent it from being immediately recovered. The term "dog tags" arose because of their resemblance to animal registration tags.
Contents
1 History
1.1 American Civil War
1.2 Franco-Prussian War
1.3 First World War
1.4 World War II "Notched" tags
2 Non-military usage
2.1 Medical condition identification
2.2 Fashion
3 Variations by country
3.1 Austria
3.2 Australia
3.3 Belgium
3.4 Canada
3.5 China
3.6 Colombia
3.7 Cyprus
3.8 Denmark
3.9 East Germany
3.10 Ecuador
3.11 Estonia
3.12 Finland
3.13 France
3.14 Germany
3.15 Greece
3.16 Hungary
3.17 Iraq
3.18 Israel
3.19 Japan
3.20 Malaysia
3.21 Mexico
3.22 Netherlands
3.23 Norway
3.24 Poland
3.25 Rhodesia
3.26 Russian Federation
3.27 Singapore
3.28 South Africa
3.29 South Korea
3.30 South Vietnam
3.31 Soviet Union
3.32 Spain
3.33 Sweden
3.34 Switzerland
3.35 United Kingdom
3.36 United States
3.36.1 Religious designation
4 See also
5 Notes
6 External links
History[edit]
U.S. Army dogs tags from World War II
The earliest mention of an identification tag for soldiers comes in Polyaenus (Stratagems 1.17) where the Spartans wrote their names on sticks tied to their left wrists. A type of dog tag ("signaculum"), was given to the Roman legionnaire at the moment of enrollment.[2] The legionnaire "signaculum" was a lead disk with a leather string, worn around the neck,[3] with the name of the recruit and the indication of the legion of which the recruit was part. This procedure, together with enrolment in the list of recruits, was made at the beginning of a four-month probatory period ("probatio"). The recruit got the military status only after the oath of allegiance ("sacramentum"), at the end of "probatio", meaning that from a legal point of view the "signaculum" was given to a subject who was no longer a civilian, but not yet in the military.
In more recent times, dog tags were provided to Chinese soldiers as early as the mid-19th century. During the Taiping revolt (1851–66), both the Imperialists (i.e., the Chinese Imperial Army regular servicemen) and those Taiping rebels wearing a uniform wore a wooden dog tag at the belt, bearing the soldier's name, age, birthplace, unit, and date of enlistment.[4]
American Civil War[edit]
During the American Civil War from 1861–1865, some soldiers pinned paper notes[5] with their name and home address to the backs of their coats. Other soldiers stenciled identification on their knapsacks or scratched it in the soft lead backing of their army belt buckle.
Manufacturers of identification badges recognized a market and began advertising in periodicals. Their pins were usually shaped to suggest a branch of service, and engraved with the soldier's name and unit. Machine-stamped tags were also made of brass or lead with a hole and usually had (on one side) an eagle or shield, and such phrases as "War for the Union" or "Liberty, Union, and Equality". The other side had the soldier's name and unit, and sometimes a list of battles in which he had participated.[citation needed]
Franco-Prussian War[edit]
On a volunteer basis Prussian soldiers had decided to wear identification tags in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866.[6] However, many rejected dog tags as a bad omen for their lives. So until eight months after the Battle of Königgrätz, with almost 8,900 Prussian casualties, only 429 of them could be identified. With the formation of the North German Confederation in 1867 Prussian military regulations became binding for the militaries of all North German member states. With the Prussian Instruktion über das Sanitätswesen der Armee im Felde (i.e., instruction on the medical corps organisation of the army afield) issued on 29 April 1869[7] the identification tags (then called Recognitionsmarke; i.e. literally recognition mark) were obligatorily to be handed out to each soldier before marching afield. The Prussian Army issued identification tags for its troops at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. They were nicknamed Hundemarken (the German equivalent of "dog tags") and compared to a similar identification system instituted by the dog licence fee, adding tags to collars of those dogs whose owners paid the fee, in the Prussian capital city of Berlin at around the same time period.[8]
First World War[edit]
A World War I German army dog tag indicating Name, place of birth, battalion, unit and serial number
The British Army introduced identity discs in place of identity cards in 1907, in the form of aluminium discs, typically made at Regimental depots using machines similar to those common at fun fairs, the details being pressed into the thin metal one letter at a time.
Army Order 287 of September 1916 required the British Army provide all soldiers with two official tags, both made of vulcanised asbestos fibre (which were more comfortable to wear in hot climates) carrying identical details, again impressed one character at a time. The first tag, an octagonal green disc, was attached to a long cord around the neck. The second tag, a circular red disc, was threaded on a 6-inch cord suspended from the first tag. The first tag was intended to remain on the body for future identification, while the second tag could be taken to record the death.[9][10]
British and Empire/Commonwealth forces (Australia, Canada, and New Zealand) were issued essentially identical identification discs of basic pattern during the Great War, Second World War and Korea, though official identity discs were frequently supplemented by private-purchase items such as identity bracelets, particularly favoured by sailors who rightly believed the official discs were unlikely to survive long immersion in water.[11]
The U.S. Army first authorized identification tags in War Department General Order No. 204, dated December 20, 1906, which essentially prescribes the Kennedy identification tag:[12]
An aluminum identification tag, the size of a silver half dollar and of suitable thickness, stamped with the name, rank, company, regiment, or corps of the wearer, will be worn by each officer and enlisted man of the Army whenever the field kit is worn, the tag to be suspended from the neck, underneath the clothing, by a cord or thong passed through a small hole in the tab. It is prescribed as a part of the uniform and when not worn as directed herein will be habitually kept in the possession of the owner. The tag will be issued by the Quartermaster's Department gratuitously to enlisted men and at cost price to officers.
The army changed regulations on July 6, 1916, so that all soldiers were issued two tags: one to stay with the body and the other to go to the person in charge of the burial for record-keeping purposes. In 1918, the army adopted and allotted the serial number system, and name and serial numbers were ordered stamped on the identification tags. (Serial number 1 was assigned to enlisted man Arthur B. Crane of Chicago in the course of his fifth enlistment period.)
World War II "Notched" tags[edit]
One of the two identity discs issued by the South African Navy during World War II with rank, surname, initials, force number and religious affiliation
There is a recurring myth about the notch situated in one end of the dog tags issued to United States Army personnel during World War II, and up until the Vietnam War era. It was rumored that the notch's purpose was that, if a soldier found one of his comrades on the battlefield, he could take one tag to the commanding officer and stick the other between the teeth of the soldier to ensure that the tag would remain with the body and be identified.
In reality, the notch was used with the Model 70 Addressograph Hand Identification Imprinting Machine (a pistol-type imprinter used primarily by the Medical Department during World War II).[13][14] American dogtags of the 1930s through 1970s were produced using a Graphotype machine, in which characters are debossed into metal plates. Some tags are still debossed, using earlier equipment, and some are embossed (with raised letters) on computer-controlled equipment.
In the Graphotype process, commonly used commercially from the early 1900s through the 1980s, a debossing machine was used to stamp characters into metal plates; the plates could then be used to repetitively stamp such things as addresses onto paper in the same way that a typewriter functions, except that a single stroke of the printer could produce a block of text, rather than requiring each character to be printed individually. The debossing process creates durable, easily legible metal plates, well-suited for military identification tags, leading to adoption of the system by the American military. It was also realized that debossed tags can function the same way the original Graphotype plates do.
The Model 70 took advantage of this fact, and was intended to rapidly print all of the information from a soldier's dogtag directly onto medical and personnel forms, with a single squeeze of the trigger. However, this requires that the tag being inserted with the proper orientation (stamped characters facing down), and it was believed that battlefield stress could lead to errors. To force proper orientation of the tags, the tags are produced with a notch, and there is a locator tab inside the Model 70 which prevents the printer from operating if the tag is inserted with the notch in the wrong place (as it is if the tag is upside down).
This feature was not as useful in the field as had been hoped, however, due to adverse conditions such as weather, dirt and dust, water, etc. In addition, the Model 70 resembled a pistol, thus attracting the attention of snipers (who might assume that a man carrying a pistol was an officer).[citation needed] As a result, use of the Model 70 hand imprinter by field medics was rapidly abandoned (as were most of the Model 70s themselves), and eventually the specification that tags include the locator notch was removed from production orders. Existing stocks of tags were used until depleted, and in the 1960s it was not uncommon for a soldier to be issued one tag with the notch and one tag without. Notched tags are still in production, to satisfy the needs of hobbyists, film production, etc., while the Model 70 imprinter has become a rare collector's item.
It appears instructions that would confirm the notch's mythical use were issued at least unofficially by the Graves Registration Service during the Vietnam War to Army troops headed overseas.[15]
Dog tags are traditionally part of the makeshift battlefield memorials soldiers created for their fallen comrades. The casualty's rifle with bayonet affixed is stood vertically atop the empty boots, with the helmet over the rifle's stock. The dog tags hang from the rifle's handle or trigger guard.[16]
Non-military usage[edit]
Medical condition identification[edit]
Main article: Medical identification tag
Some tags (along with similar items such as MedicAlert bracelets) are used also by civilians to identify their wearers and specify them as having health problems that may
(a) suddenly incapacitate their wearers and render them incapable of providing treatment guidance (as in the cases of heart problems, epilepsy, diabetic coma, accident or major trauma) and/or
(b) interact adversely with medical treatments, especially standard or "first-line" ones (as in the case of an allergy to common medications) and/or
(c) provide in case of emergency ("ICE") contact information and/or
(d) state a religious, moral, or other objection to artificial resuscitation, if a first responder attempts to administer such treatment when the wearer is non-responsive and thus unable to warn against doing so. A DNR Signed by a physician is still required in some states.
Military personnel in some jurisdictions may wear a supplementary medical information tag.
Fashion[edit]
Dog tags have recently found their way into youth fashion by way of military chic. Originally worn as a part of a military uniform by youth wishing to present a tough or militaristic image, dog tags have since seeped out into wider fashion circles. They may be inscribed with a person's details, their beliefs or tastes, a favorite quote, or may bear the name or logo of a band or performer.
Since the late 1990s, custom dog tags have been fashionable amongst musicians (particularly rappers), and as a marketing give-away item. Numerous companies offer customers the opportunity to create their own personalized dog tags with their own photos, logos, and text. Even high-end jewelers have featured gold and silver dog tags encrusted with diamonds and other jewels.
Variations by country[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Austria[edit]
The Austrian Bundesheer utilized a single long, rectangular tag, with oval ends, stamped with blood group & Rh factor at the end, with ID number underneath. Two slots and a hole stamped beneath the nunicew the tag to be broken in half, and the long bottom portion has both the ID number and a series of holes which allows the tag to be inserted into a dosimeter. This has been replaced with a more conventional, wider and rounded rectangle which can still be halved, but lacks the dosimeter reading holes.
Australia[edit]
Australian dog tags, fitted with rubber dog tag silencers
The Australian Defence Force issues soldiers two tags of different shapes, one octagonal and one circular, containing the following information:
AS (denoting Australia, previously both AU and AUST have been used)
PMKeyS/Service number
First initial
Last name
Religious abbreviation (i.e. RC – Roman Catholic, NREL – No religion)
Blood group
The information is printed exactly the same on both discs. In the event of a casualty, the circular tag is removed from the body.
Belgium[edit]
Belgian Forces identity tags are, like the Canadian and Norwegian, designed to be broken in two in case of fatality; the lower half is returned to Belgian Defence tail, while the upper half remains on the body. The tags contain the following information:
Upper half:
Belgisch Leger (Belgian Army) and Date of Birth in DD/MM/YYYY format.
Surname with the addition of the first letter of given name.
Service number and blood group with RH factor and optionally religion.
Lower half: identical.
Example:
Belgisch Leger 01/01/1991
Surname J
1234567 O+ KATH
Canada[edit]
Canadian Forces ID Disk. Name and service number are redacted.
Canadian Forces identity discs (abbreviated "I discs") are designed to be broken in two in the case of fatality; the lower half is returned to National Defence Headquarters with the member's personal documents, while the upper half remains on the body. The tags contain the following information:[17]
Upper half:
Service Number (SN)
Initials and surname
Religion (or "NRE" if none) and blood group with RH factor
The legend "CDN FORCES CDN" (or for foreign nationals, the name of the country the individual represents)
The text "DO NOT REMOVE / NE PAS ENLEVER" on the reverse
Lower half: identical, except the reverse is blank.
Before the Service Number was introduced in the 1990s, military personnel were identified on the I discs (as well as other documents) by their Social Insurance Number.
China[edit]
The People's Liberation Army issues two long, rectangular tags. All information is stamped in Simplified Chinese:
Full name
Gender
Date of birth
RIC number
PLA's ID number
Blood type
Branch
PLA is introducing a two-dimensional matrix code on the second tag, the matrix code contains a link to the official database. This allows the inquirer get more details about the military personnel.[18]
Colombia[edit]
The Ejército Nacional de Colombia uses long, rectangular metal tags with oval ends tags stamped with the following information:
Family Name
First Name
Military ID Number
Blood Type
Branch of Service
Duplicate tags are issued. Often, tags are issued with a prayer inscribed on the reverse.
Cyprus[edit]
In Cyprus, identification tags include the following information:
Surname
First name
Service number (E.g., 11111/00/00B, where the first five digits are the ID, the second two are the year the soldier turned 18 years old, the last two digits are the year the soldier enlisted, and the letter is the enlistment group, either A or B)
Blood Group
Denmark[edit]
Danish military dog tag
The military of Denmark use dog tags made from small, rectangular metal plates. The tag is designed to be broken into two pieces each with the following information stamped onto it:
Personal identification number
Surname
First name
Additionally, the right hand side of each half-tag is engraved 'DANMARK', Danish for DENMARK.[19] Starting in 1985, the individual's service number (which is the same as the social security number) is included on the tag. In case the individual dies, the lower half-tag is supposed to be collected, while the other will remain with the corpse. In the army, navy, and air force but not in the national guard, the individual's blood type is indicated on the lower half-tag only, since this information becomes irrelevant if the individual dies. In 2009, Danish dog tags were discontinued for conscripts.[20]
East Germany[edit]
East German Erkennungsmarke (identification tag)
The Nationale Volksarmee used a tag nearly identical to that used by both the Wehrmacht and the West German Bundeswehr. The oval aluminum tag was stamped "DDR" (Deutsche Demokratische Republik) above the personal ID number; this information was repeated on the bottom half, which was intended to be broken off in case of death. Oddly, the tag was not worn, but required to be kept in a plastic sleeve in the back of the WDA identity booklet.
Ecuador[edit]
The Placas de identificación de campaña consists of two long, rectangular steel or aluminum tags with rounded corners and a single hole punched in one end. It is suspended by a US-type ball chain, with a shorter chain for the second tag. The information on the tag is:
Family Name & First Name
Identification Number
Blood Group, plus "RH" and "+" or "-"
Estonia[edit]
Estonian dog tags are designed to be broken in two. The dog tag is a metallic rounded rectangle suspended by a ball chain. Information consists of four fields:
National identification number
Nationality
Blood Group
Religion
Example:
39305231234
EST
A(II) Rh Pos (+)
NONE
Finland[edit]
Blank Finnish dog tag
In the Finnish Defence Forces, "tunnuslevy" or WWII term "tuntolevy" (Finnish for "Identification plate") is made of stainless steel and designed to be broken in two; however, the only text on it is the personal identification number and the letters SF (rarely FI), which stands for Suomi Finland, within a tower stamped atop of the upper half.
France[edit]
France issues either a metallic rounded rectangle (army) or disk (navy), designed to be broken in half, bearing family name & first name above the ID number.
Germany[edit]
Frontside of a German ID tag from 1961
German Bundeswehr ID tags are an oval-shaped disc designed to be broken in half. The two sides contain different information which are mirrored upside-down on the lower half of the ID tag. They feature the following information on segmented and numbered fields:
On the front:
Field 1: blank (provided for Gender but never used)
Field 2: DEU (for Deutschland) (GE (for Germany) only on older ID tags)
Field 3: Religious preference ("K" or "RK" for Roman Catholic, "E" or "EV" for Protestant, "O" for Christian Orthodox, "ISL" for Islamic, "JD" for Jewish, blank if no preference)
Field 4: Personenkennziffer (service number: birth date in DDMMYY format, dash, capitalized first letter of last name, dash, and five-digit number based on soldier's home military administrative district, number of persons with the mentioned last name initial and same birthday, and an error-checking number but without dashes), ex. 101281-S-455(-)6(-)8
On the back:
Field 5: Blood group (A, AB, B, 0)
Field 6: Rh factor (Rh+ or Rh-)
Field 7: Vaccination status ("T82" for Tetanus and year of basic immunization)
Fields 8–10: blank
Greece[edit]
In Greece, identification tags include the following information:
Surname
First name
Service number (where date of birth is included as "class")
Blood Group
Hungary[edit]
The Hungarian army dog tag is made out of steel, forming a 25×35 mm tag designed to split diagonally. Both sides contain the same information: the soldier's personal identity code, blood group and the word HUNGARIA. Some may not have the blood group on them. These are only issued to soldiers who are serving outside of the country. If the soldier should die, one side is removed and kept for the army's official records, while the other side is left attached to the body.
Iraq[edit]
The Saddam-era Iraqi Army utilized a single, long, rectangular metal tag with oval ends, inscribed (usually by hand) with Name and Number or Unit, and occasionally Blood Type.
Israel[edit]
Dog tags of the Israel Defense Forces are designed to be broken in two. The information appears in three lines (twice):
Army identification number ("mispar ishi", literally: personal number. A seven-digit number that is different from the nine-digit identification number for citizens).
Last name
First Name
Another two dog tags are kept inside each military boot in order to identify dead soldiers.
Originally the IDF issued two circular aluminum tags (1948 – late 1950s) stamped in three lines with serial number, family name, and first name. The tags were threaded together through a single hole onto a cord worn around the neck.[citation needed]
Japan[edit]
Japan follows a similar system to the US Army for its Self Defence Force personnel, and the appearance of the tags is similar, although laser etched. The exact information order is as follows.
Ground Self-Defense Force
JAPAN GSDF
First name, last name
Identification number
Blood type
Maritime Self-Defense Force
First name, last name
Identification number
JAPAN MSDF
Blood type
Japan Air Self-Defense Force
First name, last name
Identification number
JAPAN ASDF
Blood type
Malaysia[edit]
Malaysian Armed Forces have two identical oval tags with this information:
NRIC number (The last digit is an odd number for a male soldier, and an even number for a female soldier.)
Service number
Full name
Blood type
Religion
Branch (e.g., TLDM)
If more information needed, another two oval wrist tags are provided. The term wrist tags can be used to refer to the bracelet-like wristwatch. The additional tags only need to be worn on the wrist, with the main tags still on the neck. All personnel are allowed to attach a small religious pendant or locket; this makes a quick identifiable reference for their funeral services.
Mexico[edit]
The Ejército de Mexico uses a single long, rectangular metal tag with oval ends, embossed with Name, serial number, and blood type plus Rh factor.
Netherlands[edit]
Military of the Netherlands identity tags, like the Canadian and Norwegian ones, are designed to be broken in two in case of a fatality; the lower end is returned to Dutch Defence Headquarters, while the upper half remains on the body. There is a difference in the Army and Airforce service number and the Navy service number:
Army number is made up of the date of birth in YY.MM.DD. format, for example 83.01.15, and a three-digit number, such as 123.
Navy number is made up out of random five- or six-digit numbers.
The tags contain the following information:
Upper half:
Name and family name
Service number
Nationality (NL) and religion
Blood group with RH factor
Lower half: identical.
Norway[edit]
Norwegian dog tags are designed to be broken in two like the Canadian version:
The top half contains the nationality, the eleven-digit birth number and the blood type.
The bottom half contains the nationality and birth number and has a hole so the broken-off half can be hung on a ring.
Poland[edit]
The first dog tags were issued in Poland following the order of the General Staff of December 12, 1920. The earliest design (dubbed kapala in Polish, more properly called "kapsel legitymacyjny" - meaning "identification cap") consisted of a tin-made 30×50 mm rectangular frame and a rectangular cap fitting into the frame. Soldiers' details were filled in a small ID card placed inside the frame, as well as on the inside of the frame itself. The dog tag was similar to the tags used by the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I. In case the soldier died, the frame was left with his body, while the lid was returned to his unit together with a note on his death. The ID card was handed over to the chaplain or the rabbi.
In 1928, a new type of dog tag was proposed by gen. bryg. Stanisław Rouppert, Poland's representative at the International Red Cross. It was slightly modified and adopted in 1931 under the name of Nieśmiertelnik wz. 1931 (literally, Immortalizer mark 1931). The new design consisted of an oval piece of metal (ideally steel, but in most cases aluminum alloy was used), roughly 40 by 50 millimeters. There were two notches on both sides of the tag, as well as two rectangular holes in the middle to allow for easier breaking of the tag in two halves. The halves contained the same set of data and were identical, except the upper half had two holes for a string or twine to go through. The data stamped on the dog tag from 2008 (wz. 2008) included:
Name
Surname
ID number (PESEL- Universal Electronic System for Registration of the Population)
"blank"
Blood Group
with the name of Polish Army "Siły Zbrojne RP" and Polish Emblem.
Rhodesia[edit]
The former Republic of Rhodesia used two WW2 British-style compressed asbestos fiber tags, a No. 1 octagonal (green) tag and a No. 2 circular (red) tag, stamped with identical information. The red tag was supposedly fireproof and the green tag rotproof. The following information was stamped on the tags: Number, Name, Initials, & Religion; Blood Type was stamped on reverse. The air force and BSAP often stamped their service on the reverse side above the blood group.[citation needed]
Russian Federation[edit]
Russian dog tag
The Russian Armed Forces use oval metal tags, similar to the dog tags of the Soviet Army. Each tag contains the title 'ВС РОССИИ' (Russian for 'Armed Forces of Russia') and the individual's alphanumeric number, as shown on the photo.
Singapore[edit]
The Singapore Armed Forces-issued dog tags are inscribed (not embossed) with up to four items:
NRIC number
Blood type
Religion
Drug allergies (if any; inscribed on the reverse)
The dog tags consist of two metal pieces, one oval with two holes and one round with one hole. A synthetic lanyard is threaded through both holes in the oval piece and tied around the wearer's neck. The round piece is tied to the main loop on a shorter loop.
South Africa[edit]
The former South African Defense Force used two long, rectangular stainless steel tags with oval ends, stamped with serial number, name and initials, religion, and blood type.[citation needed]
South Korea[edit]
The South Korean Army issues two long, rectangular tags with oval ends, stamped (in Korean lettering). The tags are worn on the neck with a ball chain. The tags contain the information listed below:
Branch (Army, Air Force, Navy, Marines)
Service Number; the first two digits state the starting year of service and the other eight digits state the specific unit of the person.
Name
Blood group followed by Rh factor
South Vietnam[edit]
The South Vietnamese Army used two American-style dog tags. Some tags added religion, e.g., Công Giáo for Catholic. They were stamped or inscribed with:
Name
SQ (Số Quân, i.e., Service number) a 2-digit year number, followed by a military serial number
LM (loại máu, i.e., Blood Group, no rH factor)
Soviet Union[edit]
During World War II, the Red Army did not issue metal dog tags to its troops. They were issued small ebony cylinders containing a slip of paper with a soldier's particulars written on it. These do not hold up as well as metal dog tags.[21] After World War II, the Soviet Army used oval metal tags, similar to today's dog tags of the Russian Armed forces. Each tag contains the title 'ВС СССР' (Russian for 'USSR Armed Forces') and the individual's alphanumeric number.
Spain[edit]
Issues a single metal oval, worn vertically, stamped "ESPAÑA" above and below the 3-slot horizontal break line. It is stamped in 4 lines with:
1st line – Religion
2nd line – left side = blood group, right side = any medical allergies (SI or NO)
3rd line – military service (ET, EA ...)
4th (longest) line = DNI military number.[citation needed]
Sweden[edit]
Swedish identification tag (1970s)
Swedish identification tags are designed to be able to break apart. The information on them was prior to 2010:
Personal identity number (twice, once in the upper part and once below)
Full name
Residence at birth
Blood type (only on some)
Swedish dog tags issued to Armed Forces personnel after 2010 are, for personal security reasons, only marked with a personal identity number.
During the Cold War, dog tags were issued to everyone, often soon after birth, since the threat of total war also meant the risk of severe civilian casualties. However, in 2010, the Government decided that the dog tags were not needed anymore.[citation needed]
Switzerland[edit]
Swiss Armed Forces ID tag is an oval shaped non reflective plaque, containing the following information:
Social insurance number
Surname
First name
Date of birth in DD.MM.YY format
On the back side the letters CH standing for (Confoederatio Helvetica) are engraved next to a Swiss cross.
United Kingdom[edit]
World War II fiber disc type of dog tag
The British Armed Forces currently utilise two circular non-reflecting stainless steel tags engraved with the "Big 6"[citation needed]:
Blood group
Service Number
Last name (Surname)
Initials
"M" for Male, "F" for Female
Religion (Abbreviated, e.g; R.C - Roman Catholic)
RAF (if in the Royal Air force. The RAF is the only service to mark tags on line 6)
The disks are suspended from one long chain (24 inches long) and one short chain (4.5 inches long)
During World War One and Two, service personnel were issued pressed fiber identity disks, one green octagonal shaped disc, and a red round disc (some army units issued a second red round disk to be attached to the service respirator). The identity disks were hand stamped with the surname, initials, service number and religion of the holder and if in the Royal Air Force, the initials RAF. The disks were worn around the neck on a 38" length of cotton cord, this was often replaced by the wearer with a leather bootlace. One tag was suspended below the main tag.
The fibre identity disks in the RAF were still in use in 1999.
From 1960 these were replaced with stainless steel ID tags on a green nylon cord, two circular and one oval. The oval was withdrawn around 1990.[citation needed]
United States[edit]
An American dog tag showing the recipient's last name, first name, Social Security number, blood type, and religion.
Tags are properly known as identification tags; the term "dog tags" has never been used in regulations.[22]
A persistent rumor is that debossed (imprinted with stamped in letters) dog tags were issued from World War II till the end of the Vietnam War and that currently the U.S. Armed Forces is issuing embossed (imprinted with raised letters) dog tags. In actuality, the U.S. Armed Forces issues dog tags with both types of imprinting, depending on the machine used at a given facility. The military issued 95% of their identification tags up until recently (within the past 10 years) with debossed text.[23]
The U.S. Armed Forces typically carry two identical oval dog tags containing:
U.S. Air Force (Format 1)
Last name, first name, middle initial[24]
Social Security number, followed by "AF" indicating branch of service[24]
Blood Group[24]
"blank"[24]
Religion[24]
U.S. Air Force (Format 2)
Last name[24]
First name and middle initial[24]
Social Security number, followed by "AF" indicating branch of service[24]
Blood Group[24]
Religion[24]
U.S. Marine Corps
Last name[25]
First and middle initials and suffix; blood group[25]
Social Security number with three/two/four format as follows:123 45 6789[25]
Branch ("USMC"); Gas mask size (S – small, M – medium, L – large)[25]
Religious preference, or medical allergy if red medical tag[25]
U.S. Navy
Last name, first name, middle initial
Social Security number with no dashes or spaces followed immediately by "USN", space, blood group
Religion
U.S. Army
Last name, First name middle initial
Dept of Defense ID Number (Social Security number discontinued NOV2015)[26][27]
Blood type
Religion
U.S. Coast Guard
Last name, first name, middle initial
Social Security number, no dashes or spaces, followed immediately by branch (i.e., 123456789USCG)
Blood group
Religion
Religious designation[edit]
During World War II, an American dog tag could indicate only one of three religions through the inclusion of one letter: "P" for Protestant, "C" for Catholic, or "H" for Jewish (from the word, "Hebrew"),[28] or (according to at least one source) "NO" to indicate no religious preference.[29] Army regulations (606-5) soon included X and Y in addition to P, C, and H: the X indicating any religion not included in the first three, and the Y indicating either no religion or a choice not to list religion.[30] By the time of the Vietnam War, some IDs spelled out the broad religious choices such as PROTESTANT and CATHOLIC, rather than using initials, and also began to show individual denominations such as "METHODIST" or "BAPTIST."[31] Tags did vary by service, however, such as the use of "CATH," not "CATHOLIC" on some Navy tags. For those with no religious affiliation and those who chose not to list an affiliation, either the space for religion was left blank or the words "NO PREFERENCE" or "NO RELIGIOUS PREF" (or the abbreviation "NO PREF") were included.[31]
Although American dog tags currently include the recipient's religion as a way of ensuring that religious needs will be met, some personnel have them reissued without religious affiliation listed—or keep two sets, one with the designation and one without—out of fear that identification as a member of a particular religion could increase the danger to their welfare or their lives if they fell into enemy hands. Some Jewish personnel avoided flying over German lines during WWII with ID tags that indicated their religion, and some Jewish personnel avoid the religious designation today out of concern that they could be captured by extremists who are anti-Semitic.[29][32] Additionally, when American troops were first sent to Saudi Arabia during the Gulf War there were allegations that some U.S. military authorities were pressuring Jewish military personnel to avoid listing their religions on their ID tags.[33]
See also[edit]
Medical tattoo, also known as a meat tag
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "U.S. Soldiers "tagged" for blood transfusion". Popular Science. February 1942. p. 71, canned by Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Il Giuramento romano". Imperium Romanum. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Southern, Dixon (1996). The Late Roman Army. Batsford. pp. 74–75.
Jump up ^ Heath I., Perry M. The Taping rebellion 1851-66; Men-at-arm series 275; Osprey 1994
Jump up ^ McCormick, David (2012). Inventing Military Dog Tags.
Jump up ^ Friedrich Loeffler (de), Das Preussische Militär-Sanitätswesen und seine Reform nach der Kriegserfahrung von 1866: 2 parts, Berlin: Hischwald, 1868 and 1869, pt. 1 'Die freiwillige Krankenpflege und die Genfer Convention vom 22. August 1864 nach der Kriegserfahrung von 1866', p. 63. No ISBN.
Jump up ^ Cf. Instruktion über das Sanitätswesen der Armee im Felde of 29 April 1869, Berlin: Mittler, 1869, article (§) 110. No ISBN.
Jump up ^ Law, Clive M. Article in Military Artifact, Service Publications
Jump up ^ "AO 287 - September 1916".
Jump up ^ "Identifying the Dead: a Short Study of the Identification Tags of 1914-1918".
Jump up ^ Catriona (11 November 2014). "Identity tags".
Jump up ^ Retired), Brigadier General Kennard R. Wiggins Jr (DE ANG (2015-09-07). Delaware in World War I. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781625855091.
Jump up ^ "Notch Purpose on Army Dog Tags".
Jump up ^ Mikkelson, Barbara (2 August 2007). "Notch for the Faint Hearted". Snopes.com. Retrieved 12 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Col. David G. Fitz-Enz (Ret.): Why A Soldier? A Signal Corpsman's Tour from Vietnam to the Moscow Hotline, page 166. Ballantine, 2000. ISBN 0-8041-1938-4
Jump up ^ Auerbach, Paul S. (2011). Auerbach's Wilderness Medicine. Cushing, Tracy A.,, Harris, N. Stuart (7th ed.). Saunders. p. 593. ISBN 9780323396097. OCLC 962414488.
Jump up ^ Canadian Forces Administrative Order 26-4 – Identity Discs Archived August 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Canadian Forces Finance & Corporate Services website
Jump up ^ http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2017-02-24/doc-ifyavvsk2994974.shtml. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Dog Tags - ORGINALE DANSKE DOGTAGS".
Jump up ^ "Original Danish Dog Tags". armytags.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 27 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Ash, Lucy (January 14, 2014). "Digging for their lives: Russia's volunteer body hunters". BBC News Online. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Cucolo, Ginger. "Dog Tags: History, Stories & Folklore of Military Identification". The Library of Congress Webcasts. The Library of Congress. Retrieved 30 March 2016. Never being called such in regulations, the “dog tag” has forever imprinted itself on the serving individual's mind and the tag they wear.
Jump up ^ "dog tag dog tags emboss embossing deboss debossing definition information".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "AFI 36-3103" (PDF). 18 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e United States Marine Corps (14 July 2000). "MCO P1070.12K" (PDF). United States Department of the Navy. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 9, 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2008.
Jump up ^ http://www.apd.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/p600_8_14.pdf
Jump up ^ Bushatz, Amy (8 December 2015). "In Major Change, Army Removes Social Security Numbers from Dog Tags". Military.com. Retrieved 8 December 2015. U.S. Army dog tags will no longer include soldiers’ Social Security numbers, the Army announced on Tuesday, ending a more than 40-year identification system
Jump up ^ www.history.navy.mil retrieved May 30, 2011 Archived May 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "Blitzkrieg Baby". Retrieved May 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ Non-commissioned officers guide, 4th edition, pg. 212.
^ Jump up to: a b www.mooremilitaria.com, retrieved May 30, 2011 Archived June 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "In Harm's Way - Los Angeles". Retrieved May 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ "US Civic Political" (PDF). ajcarchives.org. pp. 178–179. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dog tags (military identification).
"A Battlefield Souvenir?" – The Story of a Union Identity Disk in the Civil War´
Captain Richard W. Wooley. "A Short History of Identification Tags". Quartermaster Professional Bulletin, December, 1988. Retrieved 12 September 2007.
"Evaluation of the WWII German ID tag system" - Article on the weak points of WWII era German ID tags based on observations made during the recovery of missing soldiers.
Newsreports showing WWII German soldiers being exhumed with their identification tags
A guide for Reenactors and Collectors
show
v
t
e
Uniforms of the United States Army
Uniforms of the United States Armed Forces
Army
Marines
Navy
Air Force
Coast Guard
Uniforms
Combat
Army Combat Uniform (ACU) (2005–present)
Garrison
Army Service Uniform (ASU) (2008–present)
Formal
Army Mess Uniform
Exercise
Army Physical Fitness Uniform (APFU) (2014–present)
Special
Flight
Band
Cadet
Insignia
Branch insignia
I.D. Tag
Medals and ribbons
Tabs
Badges
Coat of Arms insignia
Shoulder patch (Left; Headquarters insignia) (Right; Former wartime headquarters insignia)
Overseas Service Bar
Service stripe
Beret flash
Rank ( Officer ) ( Warrant Officer ) ( Non-Commissioned Officer ) ( Enlisted )
Headgear
Berets
Boonie hat
Patrol cap
Cavalry Stetson
Garrison cap
Campaign hat
Peaked cap
Footwear
Army Combat Boot
Mountain Combat Boot
Modular Boot System
Jungle boot
Desert Combat Boot
Jump boot
Tanker boot
Armor
Interceptor Body Armor
(OTV
IOTV)
MICH Helmet
Modular Body Armor Vest (MBAV)
Enhanced Combat Helmet (ECH) (2011 - present)
Retired: PASGT Vest (1983 - 2003)
PASGT Helmet (1983 - 2004)
Advanced Combat Helmet (2004 - present)
M1 helmet (1942 - 1983)
M1C helmet (WWII Era)
M1917 Helmet (1917 - 1942) (WWI Era)
M-69 Fragmentation Protective Body Armor (Vietnam War Era)
M-1952A Fragmentation Protective Body Armor (Korean War Era)
Equipment
carrier
Load-Bearing Vest (LBV)
Modular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment (MOLLE)
Retired: Load-Bearing Equipment (LBE)
Load-Carrying Equipment (LCE)
Modern Load-Carrying Equipment (MLCE)
Retired
uniforms
Combat
OG-107 (1952–1989)
Battle Dress Uniform (BDU) (1981–2008)
Desert Battle Dress Uniform (DBDU) (1981–1992)
Desert Camouflage Uniform (DCU) (1993–2008)
MultiCam ACU variant (~2010 intermediate ACU pattern between UCP and OCP)
Garrison
Tan Service Uniform (1942–1956)
Green Service Uniform (1954–2015)
Formal
White Service Uniform (1902–2014)
Exercise
Physical Fitness Uniform (PFU) (–2003)
Army Improved Physical Fitness Uniform (IPFU) (2000–2017)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dog_tag&oldid=855502341"
Categories:
Identity documents
Military life
Militaria
Hidden categories:
Interlanguage link template link number
Webarchive template wayback links
Pages with citations lacking titles
Pages with citations having bare URLs
CS1 Danish-language sources (da)
Use American English from February 2014
All Wikipedia articles written in American English
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015
Articles needing additional references from June 2014
All articles needing additional references
Articles containing Russian-language text
Articles containing Spanish-language text
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
한국어
Italiano
עברית
Latviešu
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenčina
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
16 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 August 2018, at 19:45 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href title

values:
/wiki/Dog_tag_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Dog tag (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

values: /wiki/File:Dogtags.jpg internal Enlarge

attrs: class style

value: b

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Second_World_War
mw-redirect
Second World War

values:
/wiki/U.S._War_Department
mw-redirect
U.S. War Department

values: Edit section: World War II "Notched" tags

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)

values:
/wiki/Graves_Registration_Service
mw-redirect
Graves Registration Service

values: Edit section: Medical condition identification

values:
/wiki/In_case_of_emergency
mw-redirect
In case of emergency

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/Canadian_Forces
mw-redirect
Canadian Forces

values:
/wiki/National_Defence_Headquarters
mw-redirect
National Defence Headquarters

values:
/wiki/Simplified_Chinese
mw-redirect
Simplified Chinese

values:
/wiki/Blood_Group
mw-redirect
Blood Group

values:
/wiki/Military_of_Denmark
mw-redirect
Military of Denmark

values: Personal identification number (Denmark)

values:
/wiki/Deutsche_Demokratische_Republik
mw-redirect
Deutsche Demokratische Republik

values:
/wiki/Military_of_Hungary
mw-redirect
Military of Hungary

values:
/wiki/Teudat_Zehut
mw-redirect
Teudat Zehut

values: National Registration Identity Card Number (Malaysia)

values:
/wiki/Military_of_the_Netherlands
mw-redirect
Military of the Netherlands

values:
/wiki/Army_number
mw-redirect
Army number

values:
/wiki/Rhesus_blood_group_system
mw-redirect
Rhesus blood group system

values: Stanisław Rouppert (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/International_Red_Cross
mw-redirect
International Red Cross

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/NRIC_number
mw-redirect
NRIC number

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)

values: padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:#595959; border:1px solid #DDD;

values:
/wiki/Royal_Air_force
mw-redirect
Royal Air force

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values: Gottfried Friedrich Franz Loeffler (page does not exist)

values:
noprint
font-size:85%; font-style: normal;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/962414488

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/962414488

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.armytags.dk/tegn.php?id=0

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.armytags.dk/tegn.php?id=0

values: commons:Category:Dog tags (military identification)

values:
nofollow
http://findthemia.blogspot.com/
external text

values: Uniforms of the United States Armed Forces

values: Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps

values:
*_Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces
**_Army
**_Marines
**_Navy
**_Air_Force
**_Coast_Guard

values:
/wiki/Army_Mess_Uniform
mw-redirect
Army Mess Uniform

values: United States Army Band Uniform (page does not exist)

values: United States Army Cadet Uniform (page does not exist)

values: Awards and decorations of the United States Army

values: United States Army officer rank insignia

values:
/wiki/Warrant_Officer_(United_States)
mw-redirect
Warrant Officer (United States)

values: United States Army enlisted rank insignia

values:
/wiki/Outer_Tactical_Vest
mw-redirect
Outer Tactical Vest

values: Modular Integrated Communications Helmet

values: Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops

values: M-69 Fragmentation Protective Body Armor (page does not exist)

values: M-1952A Fragmentation Protective Body Armor (page does not exist)

values: All-purpose Lightweight Individual Carrying Equipment

values: United States Army uniforms in World War II

values: Physical Fitness Uniform (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Interlanguage link template link number

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Pages with citations lacking titles

values: Category:Pages with citations having bare URLs

values: Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)

values: Category:Use American English from February 2014

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2014

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles containing Russian-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Dog_tag
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Dog_tag&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: الصفيحة المعدنية للكلب – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: پلاک جنگی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: דסקית זיהוי – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Militārais identifikācijas žetons – Latvian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Жетон военнослужащего – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: ด็อกแท็ก – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Ідентифікаційний жетон військовослужбовця – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: 军人身份确认牌 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Dog_tag rootpage-Dog_tag skin-vector action-view


text:
History of social work
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Social work has its roots in the attempts of society at large to deal with the problem of poverty and inequality. Social work is intricately linked with the idea of charity work; but must be understood in broader terms. The concept of charity goes back to ancient times, and the practice of providing for the poor has roots in all major world religions,[1] but the modern social work profession and program has its roots in 19th century philanthropy.
Contents
[hide]
1 Pre-modern antecedents
2 Modern development
2.1 Poverty relief
2.2 Private philanthropy
2.3 Social action
2.4 Further Development
3 Medical Social Work
4 State Welfare
5 Today
6 Links
7 References
Pre-modern antecedents[edit]
Even before the rise of modern European states, the church was providing social services. When Constantine I legalized the Christian Church in the 4th century, the newly legitimised church set up burial societies, poorhouses, homes for the aged, shelter for the homeless, hospitals, and orphanages.[2][3][4] These were often funded, at least in part, from grants from the Empire.[5]
By 580 AD the church had a system for circulating consumables to the poor: associated with each parish was a diaconium or office of the deacon. Monasteries also often served as comprehensive social service agencies, acting as hospitals, homes for the aged, orphanages, travelers' aid stations.
During the Middle Ages, the Christian church had vast influence on European society and charity was considered to be a responsibility and a sign of one’s piety. This charity was in the form of direct relief (for example, giving money, food, or other material goods to alleviate a particular need), as opposed to trying to change the root causes of poverty. As there was no effective bureaucracy below city government that was capable of large scale charitable activities, the clergy carried out this role until the Early Modern Period.
Modern development[edit]
It was not until the emergence of industrialization and urbanization that the informal helping systems of the church and family began to be replaced by social welfare services.
The practice and profession of social work has a relatively modern and scientific origin,[6] and is generally considered to have developed out of three strands. The first was individual casework, a strategy pioneered by the Charity Organisation Society in the mid-19th century. The second was social administration, which included various forms of poverty relief. Statewide poverty relief could be said to have its roots in the English Poor Laws of the 17th century, but was first systematized through the efforts of the Charity Organisation Society. The third consisted of social action - rather than engaging in the resolution of immediate individual requirements, the emphasis was placed on political action working through the community and the group to improve their social conditions and thereby alleviate poverty. This approach was developed originally by the settlement house movement.[7]
This was accompanied by a less easily defined movement; the development of institutions to deal with the entire range of social problems. All had their most rapid growth during the nineteenth century, and laid the foundational basis for modern social work, both in theory and in practice.[8]
Professional social work originated in 19th century England, and had its roots in the social and economic upheaval wrought by the Industrial Revolution, in particular the societal struggle to deal with the resultant mass urban-based poverty and its related problems. Because poverty was the main focus of early social work, it was intricately linked with the idea of charity work.[8] (Today, it is common for social workers to find themselves dealing with consequences arising from other social problems such as racism, sexism, homophobia, and discrimination based on age or on physical or mental disability.)
Poverty relief[edit]
The Poor Laws in the aftermath of the Black Death (pictured), when labour was in short supply, were concerned with making the able bodied work.[9](also see: Sturdy beggar)
With the decline of feudalism in 16th century England, the indigent poor came to be seen as a more direct threat to the social order.[10] As they were often not associated to a particular feudal manor, the government moved towards the formation of an organized poverty relief system to care for them.
The origins of the English Poor Law system can be traced as far back as late medieval statutes dealing with beggars and vagrancy but it was only during the Tudor period that the Poor Law system became codified. Monasteries, the primary source of poor relief, were dissolved by the Tudors Reformation causing poor relief to move from a largely voluntary basis to a compulsory tax that was collected at a parish level.[11] Early legislation was concerned with vagrants and making the able-bodied work, especially while labour was in short supply following the Black Death.
The first complete code of poor relief was made in the Act for the Relief of the Poor 1597 and some provision for the "deserving poor" was eventually made in the Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601.[12] It created a system administered at parish level,[13] paid for by levying local rates on rate payers.[14] Relief for those too ill or old to work, the so-called 'impotent poor', was in the form of a payment or items of food ('the parish loaf') or clothing also known as outdoor relief. Some aged people might be accommodated in parish alms houses, though these were usually private charitable institutions. Meanwhile, able-bodied beggars who had refused work were often placed in Houses of Correction or even subjected to beatings to mend their attitudes.[15]
As populations grew in Colonial America, almhouses were built to house vulnerable people with no other support, including people with a long term illness or older people without families. The first recorded Almshouse was built in 1713 near Philadelphia by William Penn, and was only open to Quakers. A second one was built nearby in 1728, this time with public money. In 1736 New York opened the Poor House of the City of New York (later renamed Bellevue Hospital) and in 1737 New Orleans opened the Saint John's Hospital to serve the poor of the city.[16]
The Poor Law Amendment Act completely overhauled the existing system in Britain[17] and established a Poor Law Commission to oversee the national operation of the system.[18] This included the forming together of small parishes into Poor Law Unions[19] and the building of workhouses in each union for the giving of poor relief. Although the aim of the legislation was to reduce costs to rate payers, one area not reformed was the method of financing of the Poor Law system which continued to be paid for by levying a "poor rate"[20] on the property owning middle classes.
Although the Poor Law Amendment Act did not ban all forms of outdoor relief,[21] it stated that no able-bodied person was to receive money or other help from the Poor Law authorities except in a workhouse. Conditions in workhouses were to be made harsh to discourage people from claiming. Workhouses were to be built in every parish and, if parishes were too small, parishes could group together to form Workhouse Unions. The Poor Law Commissioners were to be responsible for overseeing the implementation of the Act.
Private philanthropy[edit]
Social work involves ameliorating social problems such as poverty and homelessness.
The 19th century saw a great leap forward in technological and scientific achievement. There was also a great migration to urban areas throughout the Western world, which led to many social problems. This galvanised the socially active, prosperous middle and upper classes to search for ways to ameliorate the physical and spiritual conditions of the poor underclasses.[22] This was coupled with a religious revival, and many Protestant mission efforts (urban missions), attempted to resolve the problems inherent in large cities like poverty, prostitution, disease, and other afflictions. A new philosophy of "scientific charity" emerged, which stated charity should be "secular, rational and empirical as opposed to sectarian, sentimental, and dogmatic.[23]"
During this time, rescue societies were initiated to find more appropriate means of self-support for women involved in prostitution.[citation needed] State-built Mental asylums were built from the 1840s to assist in taking care of the mentally ill.
Most historians identify the Charity Organization Society, founded by Helen Bosanquet and Octavia Hill in London in 1869,[24] as the pioneering organization of the social theory that led to the emergence of social work as a professional occupation.[7] COS had its main focus on individual casework. It supported the concept of self-help and limited government intervention to deal with the effects of poverty. The organisation claimed to use "scientific principles to root out scroungers and target relief where it was most needed".[25]
Octavia Hill pioneered many aspects of social work. Portrait by John Singer Sargent, 1898
Alsager Hay Hill was prominent from its foundation, acting as honorary secretary of the council until July 1870, and as an active member of the council until 1880.[26] Hill also worked as an almoner to the Society for the Relief of Distress in the East of London. He campaigned about the many flaws in the poor laws and urged for a more scientific classification of paupers. His 1867 pamphlet, on Our Unemployed, was one of the earliest attempts to highlight the problem of systemic unemployment; he suggested a national system of labour registration. In 1871, Hill pioneered a system of labour exchanges in England, establishing 'The Employment Inquiry Office and Labour Registry,'. There, Hill advised applicants for assistance, and founded and edited Labour News to improve communication between masters and men seeking work.[27]
Octavia Hill is regarded by many as the founder of modern social work. She was a moving force behind the development of social housing, and her early friendship with John Ruskin enabled her to put her theories into practice with the aid of his initial investment. She believed in self-reliance, and made it a key part of her housing system that she and her assistants knew their tenants personally and encouraged them to better themselves. She was opposed to municipal provision of housing, believing it to be bureaucratic and impersonal. Under her guidance, the Charity Organisation Society organised charitable grants and pioneered a home-visiting service that formed the basis for modern social work.
A Marylebone slum in the nineteenth century.
She also provided housing for the poor; after being improved her properties were let to those on intermittent and low incomes. At the heart of the Octavia Hill system was the weekly visit to collect rent. From the outset, Hill conceived this as a job for women only. She and her assistants, including Emma Cons combined the weekly rent collection with checking every detail of the premises and getting to know the tenants personally, acting as early social workers.[28] At first Hill believed, "Voluntary workers are a necessity. They are better than paid workers, and can be had in sufficient numbers."[29] Later, she found it expedient to maintain a paid workforce.[28]
Hill's principles were summed up in an article of 1869: "Where a man persistently refuses to exert himself, external help is worse than useless." She was an outspoken critic of the principles of "outdoor relief" or the Speenhamland system of poor relief as operated by various Poor Law Boards. Because these systems did not encourage recipients to work, she regarded them as "a profligate use of public funds."[30] Under her methods, personal responsibility was encouraged. She insisted on dealing with arrears promptly; she appointed reliable caretakers; she took up of references on prospective tenants, and visited them in their homes; she paid careful attention to allocations and the placing of tenants, with regard to size of families and the size and location of the accommodation to be offered; and she made no rules that could not be properly enforced.[30]
Social action[edit]
Toynbee Hall settlement house, Whitechapel was founded in 1884 as part of the Settlement movement. Pictured here in 1902.
A stress on social action that developed in the 1880s, was pioneered by the Settlement house movement.[31] This Movement (creating integrated mixed communities of rich and poor) grew directly out of Octavia Hill's work. Her colleagues Samuel and Henrietta Barnett, founded Toynbee Hall, Oxford House[32] in 1884 in Bethnal Green as the first university-sponsored settlement. Another early organization was Mansfield House Settlement, also in east London.
The settlement was named after Arnold Toynbee, an economic historian who's intellectual work laid the foundations of the movement. Toynbee was actively involved in improving the living conditions of the labourer. He read for workers in large industrial centres and encouraged the creation of trade unions and co-operatives. A focal point of his commitment was the slum of Whitechapel, in east London, where he helped to establish public libraries for the working class population. Toynbee also encouraged his students to offer free courses for working class audiences in their own neighbourhoods.
In America, the settlement movement was established by Jane Addams, a young medical student, and Ellen Gates Starr after Addams visited Toynbee Hall and was impressed by the system. She founded Chicago's Hull House in 1889, which focused on providing education and recreational facilities for European immigrant women and children.[32] By 1913, there were 413 settlements in 32 states.[33] The house was both a community service centre and a social research program. Precursors to modern social work arose at Hull House as health professionals began to work with social determinants of poor health.[16]
Bohemian immigrant youth at the Lessie Bates Davis Neighborhood House in 1918 in East St. Louis, Illinois.
The concept of the Settlement house movement was to bring upper and middle class students into lower-class neighbourhoods, not only to provide education and social aid, but to actually live and work together with their inhabitants. This soon inspired a worldwide movement of university settlements. The idea was to help members of the future elite understand the problems of wider society; this was especially important at a time when class divisions were much stronger, social mobility was minimal, and the living conditions of the poor were completely unknown to many members of the upper class.[34]
The settlement movement focused on the causes of poverty through the "three Rs" - Research, Reform, and Residence. They provided a variety of services including educational, legal, and health services. These programs also advocated changes in social policy. Workers in the settlement movement immersed themselves in the culture of those they were helping. There were basic commonalities in the movement. These institutions were more concerned with societal causes for poverty, especially the changes that came with industrialization, rather than personal causes which their predecessors believed were the main reason for poverty. The settlement movement believed that social reform was best pursued and pushed for by private charities.[31]
The movement gave rise to many social policy initiatives and innovative ways of working to improve the conditions of the most excluded members of society. Participating universities settled students in slums to live and work alongside the poor local people. Settlement houses focused on education, savings, sports, and arts. The Poor Man's Lawyer service came about because a barrister volunteered his time and encouraged his friends to do the same. In general, the settlement movement, and settlement houses in particular, were "...a foundation for social work practice in this country".[35]
One important participant in the scheme was the philanthropist Charles Booth who published his study Life and Labour of the People in London in 1889 while working at Toynbee Hall. The study was the first systematic attempt at gathering comprehensive statistics and mapping poverty and influenced both social research and the fight against poverty for decades afterwards.
Further Development[edit]
Poverty in towns, slum dwellers in Dublin, Ireland circa 1901.
By the beginning of the 20th century, these different organizations with their diverse intellectual underpinnings were beginning to coalesce into modern social work. Foundations were established to examine the root causes of social problems such as poverty, and social workers became more professional and scientific in their methodology. The Quaker philanthropist and chocolate manufacturer Joseph Rowntree believed that social evils could be tackled by systematic research, and to that end founded the Joseph Rowntree Foundation in 1904.[36] Rowntree wanted to tackle the root causes of social problems, rather than treating their symptoms. His Memorandum of 1904 stated: "I feel that much of the current philanthropic effort is directed to remedying the more superficial manifestations of weakness or evil, while little thought or effort is directed to search out their underlying causes ... [seek] to search out the under-lying causes of weakness or evil in the community, rather than ... remedying their more superficial manifestations."[37]
Rowntree's son, Seebohm Rowntree, carried out a series of seminal surveys into poverty in the city of York that greatly influenced public and governmental attitudes towards poverty and deprivation. His first York study of 1899 (this was followed up in 1935 and 1951) was a comprehensive survey into the living conditions of the poor in York during which investigators visited every working class home. This amounted to the detailed study of 11,560 families or 46,754 individuals.[38] The results of this study were published in 1901 in his book Poverty, A Study of Town Life and claimed that 27.84 percent of the total population of York lived below the poverty line.[39]
Rowntree defined the poverty line in terms of a minimum weekly sum of money "necessary to enable families... to secure the necessaries of a healthy life", including fuel and light, rent, food, clothing, and household and personal items. This was quantified using scientific methods that hadn't been applied to the study of poverty before. For example, he consulted leading nutritionists of the period to discover the minimum calorific intake and nutritional balance necessary before people got ill or lost weight. He then surveyed the prices of food in York to discover what the cheapest prices in the area for the food needed for this minimum diet were and used this information to set his poverty line.
In analysing the results of the investigation he found that people at certain stages of life, for example in old age and early childhood, were more likely to be in abject poverty, living below the poverty line, than at other stages of life. From this he formulated the idea of the poverty cycle[40] in which some people moved in and out of absolute poverty during their lives. Rowntree's argument that poverty was the result of low wages went against the traditionally held view that the poor were responsible for their own plight.[41]
The differing approaches to social work often led to heated debates. In the early 20th century, Mary Richmond of the Charity Organization Society (COS) and Jane Addams of the Settlement House Movement engaged in a public dispute over the optimal approach; whether the problem should be tackled with COS' traditional, scientific method that focused on efficiency and prevention, or whether the Settlement House Movement's immersion into the problem, blurring the lines of practitioner and client, was superior.[42]
Even as schools of social work opened and formalized processes for social work began to be developed, the question "is social work a profession?" lingered. In 1915, at the American National Conference of Charities and Corrections, Dr. Abraham Flexner spoke on the topic "Is Social Work a Profession?" He contended that it was not because it lacked specialized knowledge and specific application of theoretical and intellectual knowledge to solve human and social problems.[43] This led to the professionalization of social work, concentrating on case work and the scientific method.
Medical Social Work[edit]
Jane Addams (1860–1935) was a founder of the U.S. Settlement House movement and is considered one of the early influences on professional social work in the United States.
The first professional medical social workers in England were called hospital almoners, and were based in medical institutions. The Royal Free Hospital, London hired Mary Stewart as the first almoner in 1895. Her role was to assess people requesting treatment at the hospital to ensure that they were considered "deserving enough" of the free treatment. The role soon developed to cover the provision of other social programs, and by 1905 other hospitals had created similar roles. By this time, the Hospital Almoners Council had been formed to oversee the new profession.[16]
The first professional medical social workers to be hired in the United States were Garnet Pelton (6 months) and Ida Cannon (40 years), in 1905 at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Dr. Richard Clarke Cabot was a key advocate in the creation of the role, as he believed there to be a link between tuberculosis and sanitary conditions. Both Pelton and Cannon had trained as nurses before taking up the role. After graduating from Simmons College in 1907, Cabot was in charge of the outpatient ward of the hospital, and together with the newly created social workers, they redefined the way in which health and wellbeing was managed. The economic, social, family and psychological conditions that underpinned many of the conditions that patients presented with were recognised for the first time. Social workers would work in a complementary relationship with doctors, the former concentrating on physiological health, and the latter on social health. In addition to this, he saw that social work could improve medicine by providing a critical perspective on it while working alongside it in an organisational setting.
This approach soon spread through other American hospitals, and in 1911, there were 44 social work departments in 14 different cities. Two years later, the number of social work departments had grown to 200. After 1905, most social workers were trained as nurses. The American Association of Hospital Social Workers was set up in 1918 to increase the links between formal education and hospital practice. In 1929 there were ten university courses in medical social work. Around this time, psychiatry and psychology began to compete with social work as the complementary discourse to medicine in hospitals. Social work practice adapted to this by aligning itself more closely with psychoanalytic ideas, and became less concerned with living conditions and social health. While this detracted from the social concerns, it added a more scientific basis to dealing with patients, and challenging behaviours were more likely to be seen as a mental dysfunction than poor moral character.[16] The increase of social spending after World War Two saw another rise in the number of social workers.
State Welfare[edit]
William Beveridge's Beveridge Report of 1942 laid the foundations for the welfare state.
As the problem of poverty moved up the public agenda, it became increasingly clear that laissez-faire economic policies were not working and that governments had to take proactive measures to reduce poverty, rather than leave the task to privately run organizations. The principles of classical liberalism were being increasingly challenged by downturns in economic growth, a growing perception of the evils of poverty, unemployment and relative deprivation present within modern industrial cities, and the agitation of organized labour. New liberals began to adapt the old language of liberalism to confront these difficult circumstances, which they believed could only be resolved through a broader and more interventionist conception of the state.[44] A liberal convert to greater government intervention was Thomas Hill Green, who believed that the state should foster and protect the social, political and economic environments in which individuals will have the best chance of acting according to their consciences. The state should intervene only where there is a clear, proven and strong tendency of a liberty to enslave the individual.[45]
This strand began to coalesce into the social liberalism movement at the turn of the twentieth century in Britain.[46] In their view, the poverty, squalor, and ignorance in which many people lived made it impossible for freedom and individuality to flourish. In the early 1900s, the Liberals under H.H. Asquith introduced various reforms, including health insurance, unemployment insurance, and pensions for elderly workers, thereby laying the groundwork for the future British welfare state.[47]
William Beveridge, often called the 'architect of the welfare state', was pivotal in framing the debate about social work in the context of state welfare provision. His 1942 report on Social Insurance and Allied Services,[48] known commonly as the Beveridge Report, identified five "Giant Evils" in society: squalor, ignorance, want, idleness, and disease, and went on to propose widespread reform to the system of social welfare to mitigate these problems.[49] The report proved very popular with a war-weary public, and went on to form the basis to the post-war expansion of the Welfare State and the creation of the National Health Service, a free at the point of delivery healthcare provider.
Today[edit]
Currently, social work is known for its critical and holistic approach to understanding and intervening in social problems. This has led, for example, to the recognition of poverty as having a social and economic basis rooted in social policies rather than representing a personal moral defect. This trend also points to another historical development in the evolution of social work: once a profession engages in social control, it is directed at social and personal empowerment.
This is not to say that modern social workers do not engage in social control (consider, for example, child protection workers), and many, if not most, social workers likely would agree that there is an ongoing tension between these forces within the profession. For example, see the debate between structural social work and humanistic social work.[50]
Links[edit]
History of social work timeline
References[edit]
Social Welfare and Social Work portal
Jump up ^ "Religion". Middle School Lesson Plans. Global Envision. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
Jump up ^ Alexander Clarence Flick (1919). The Rise of the Mediaeval Church and Its Influence on the Civilisation of Western Europe from the First to the Thirteenth Century.
Jump up ^ Kalantzis (2006). The Historical Evolution of Social Medicine in Byzantium (330-1453 AD)
Jump up ^ C. Gilleard (2007) Ageing & Society — Old age in Byzantine society (2007), 27: 623-642, Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ Burckhardt, Jacob (1967). The Age of Constantine the Great. Random House (Vintage). ISBN 0-520-04680-3.
Jump up ^ Huff, Dan. "Chapter I. Scientific Philanthropy (1860-1900)". The Social Work History Station. Boise State University. Retrieved 2008-02-20. External link in |work= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Lymbery. "The History and Development of Social Work" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b Popple, Philip R. and Leighninger, Leslie. Social Work, Social Welfare, American Society.Boston:Allyn&Bacon,2011.Print
Jump up ^ "Five Hundred Years of English Poor Laws, 1349–1834:Regulating the Working and Nonworking Poor" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-07-22. Akron Law Review 30 (1996): 73–128
Jump up ^ http://www.socialworkdegreeguide.com/faq/what-is-the-history-of-the-social-work-profession
Jump up ^ "The 1601 Elizabethan Poor Law". Victorianweb.org. 2002-11-12. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
Jump up ^ Peter Higginbotham. "www.workhouses.org.uk". www.workhouses.org.uk. Retrieved 2010-12-20.
Jump up ^ "The Old Poor Law 1795–1834". Historyhome.co.uk. 2009-01-19. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
Jump up ^ "A Short Explanation of the English Poor Law". Mdlp.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
Jump up ^ "The 1601 Elizabethan Poor Law". Victorianweb.org. 2002-11-12. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gehlert, S. in Gehlert, S. and T.A. Browne (2006). Chapter Two: The Conceptual Underpinnings of social work in health care. Handbook of Health Social Work. New Jersey:WILEY
Jump up ^ "Changing attitudes towards poverty after 1815". Victorianweb.org. 2002-11-12. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
Jump up ^ "The Poor Law Commission". Victorianweb.org. 2002-11-12. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
Jump up ^ "Administrative Units Typology | Status definition: Poor Law Union". Visionofbritain.org.uk. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
Jump up ^ "Savings on the poor rates made by the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act". Victorianweb.org. 2002-09-17. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
Jump up ^ "The National Archives Learning Curve | Victorian Britain | Caring Nation". Learningcurve.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
Jump up ^ "Social Work History". University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 2007-12-21. Retrieved 2008-02-20.
Jump up ^ Huff, Dan. "Chapter I.2 Missionaries & Volunteers". The Social Work History Station. Boise State University. Retrieved 2008-02-20. External link in |work= (help)
Jump up ^ "1800s". Family Action: About Us. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Rees, Rosemary (2001). Poverty and Public Health 1815-1949. London: Heinemann.
Jump up ^ Hill, Alsager Hay (DNB12). Wikisource.
Jump up ^ "History in the making". Construction News. 5 September 1996. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Darley, Gillian, "Hill, Octavia (1838–1912)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 1 November 2010
Jump up ^ Mann, Peter H., "Octavia Hill: An Appraisal", The Town Planning Review, Vol. 23, No. 3 (October 1952), pp. 223–37
^ Jump up to: a b Wyatt, R.J. (2000). Octavia Hill and The Crown Estate – a Continuing Legacy?, The Crown Estate p. 3
^ Jump up to: a b Huff, Dan. "Chapter II. Settlements (1880-1900)". The Social Work History Station. Boise State University. Retrieved 2008-02-20. External link in |work= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Victor J. Danilov (26 September 2013). "Social Activists". Famous Americans: A Directory of Museums, Historic Sites, and Memorials. Scarecrow Press. pp. 356–357. ISBN 978-0-8108-9186-9.
Jump up ^ Husock, H. (1993). "Bringing back the settlement house". Public Welfare, 51(4).
Jump up ^ Alfred Marshall, "On Arnold Toynbee", ed. John K. Whitaker, Marshall Studies Bulletin 6 (1996): 45–48.
Jump up ^ Reyes, J. M. (2008). Common space, safe place: Lived experiences of former settlement house participants from the West Town and Humboldt Park neighborhoods of Chicago Dissertation Abstract International, 69(5), 1682A. (UMI No. AAI3314871) Retrieved July 13, 2009, from Dissertations and Theses Database.
Jump up ^ History of JRF on official website
Jump up ^ JRF's Our heritage page
Jump up ^ Briggs, Asa, Social Thought and Social Action, page 25.
Jump up ^ Rowntree, B S: "Poverty: A Study in Town Life", page 298. Macmillian and CO., 1901
Jump up ^ Searle, G R: "A New England?", page 196. Oxford University Press, 2004
Jump up ^ Joseph Rowntree Foundation Centenary: Poverty
Jump up ^ Parker-Oliver, Debra; Demiris, George (April 2006). "Social Work Informatics: A New Specialty". Social Work. National Association of Social Workers. 51 (2): 127–134. PMID 16858918. doi:10.1093/sw/51.2.127. Retrieved 2008-02-19.
Jump up ^ "From Charitable Volunteers to Architects of Social Welfare: A Brief History of Social Work". University of Michigan. Retrieved 2007-02-20.
Jump up ^ Eatwell, Roger; Wright, Anthony (1999). Contemporary political ideologies. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9780826451736.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, P. P., “T. H. Green and State Action: Liquor Legislation’, History of Political Thought, 6 (1985), 517–50. Reprinted in A. Vincent, ed., The Philosophy of T. H. Green (Aldershot: Gower, 1986), pp. 76–103
Jump up ^ Adams, Ian (2001). Political Ideology Today (Politics Today). Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0719060206.
Jump up ^ Heywood, p. 61.
Jump up ^ Beveridge, William. "Social Insurance and Allied Services". British Library. BL. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Brian Abel‐Smith, "The Beveridge report: Its origins and outcomes." International Social Security Review (1992) 45#1‐2 pp 5-16.
Jump up ^ Payne, M. (2011). Humanistic Social Work: Core Principles in Practice. Chicago: Lyceum, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_social_work&oldid=800451361"
Categories:
Social work
History of social sciences
Hidden categories:
CS1 errors: external links
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Azərbaycanca
Deutsch
Français
日本語
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 September 2017, at 16:45.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: sup

value: p

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

value: span

values:
/wiki/Constantine_I
mw-redirect
Constantine I

values:
/wiki/Early_Modern_Period
mw-redirect
Early Modern Period

values:
/wiki/Charity_Organisation_Society
mw-redirect
Charity Organisation Society

values:
/wiki/Settlement_house
mw-redirect
Settlement house

values:
/wiki/English_Poor_Law
mw-redirect
English Poor Law

values:
/wiki/Protestant_Reformation
mw-redirect
Protestant Reformation

values:
/wiki/Elizabethan_Poor_Law_(1601)
mw-redirect
Elizabethan Poor Law (1601)

values:
/wiki/Impotent_poor
mw-redirect
Impotent poor

values:
/wiki/House_of_Correction
mw-redirect
House of Correction

values:
/wiki/Colonial_America
mw-redirect
Colonial America

values:
/wiki/Bellevue_Hospital
mw-redirect
Bellevue Hospital

values:
/wiki/Poor_Law_Unions
mw-redirect
Poor Law Unions

values:
/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act
mw-redirect
Poor Law Amendment Act

values:
/wiki/Workhouse_Unions
mw-redirect
Workhouse Unions

values:
/wiki/Poor_Law_Commissioners
mw-redirect
Poor Law Commissioners

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Mental_asylum
mw-redirect
Mental asylum

values:
/wiki/Mentally_ill
mw-redirect
Mentally ill

values: portrait of a Victorian woman of middle age facing the artist, head slightly to the right

values:
/wiki/Labour_exchange
mw-redirect
Labour exchange

values: Victorian photograph of the exterior of a London slum property

values:
/wiki/Samuel_Augustus_Barnett
mw-redirect
Samuel Augustus Barnett

values:
/wiki/Charles_Booth_(philanthropist)
mw-redirect
Charles Booth (philanthropist)

values:
/wiki/Organized_labour
mw-redirect
Organized labour

values:
/wiki/Herbert_Henry_Asquith
mw-redirect
Herbert Henry Asquith

values:
/wiki/Liberal_reforms
mw-redirect
Liberal reforms

values:
/wiki/Unemployment_insurance
mw-redirect
Unemployment insurance

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
http://workhouses.org/
external text

values:
/wiki/The_Crown_Estate
mw-redirect
The Crown Estate

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16858918

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fsw%2F51.2.127

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/History_of_social_work
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Histoire du travail social en France – French

values: 社会福祉の年表 – Japanese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-History_of_social_work rootpage-History_of_social_work skin-vector action-view