text:
United Nations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Intergovernmental organization
For a list of United Nations member states, see Member states of the United Nations. For other uses, see United Nations (disambiguation) and UN (disambiguation).
United Nations
Five other official names[show]
Arabic:
الأمم المتحدة
Chinese:
联合国
French:
Organisation des Nations unies
Russian:
Организация Объединённых Наций
Spanish:
Organización de las Naciones Unidas
Flag
Emblem
Map showing the member states of the United Nations[a]
Headquarters
New York City (international territory)
Official languages
Arabic
Chinese
English
French
Russian
Spanish[2]
Type
Intergovernmental organization
Membership
193 member states
2 observer states
Leaders
• Secretary‑General
António Guterres
• Deputy Secretary-General
Amina J. Mohammed
• General Assembly President
Miroslav Lajčák
• Economic and Social Council President
Marie Chatardová
• Security Council President
Olof Skoog
Establishment
• UN Charter signed
26 June 1945 (73 years ago) (1945-06-26)
• Charter entered into force
24 October 1945 (72 years ago) (1945-10-24)
Website
www.un.org
www.un.int
This article contains Arabic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international co-operation and to create and maintain international order. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II with the aim of preventing another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City, and is subject to extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict. The UN is the largest, most familiar, most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world.[3]
The UN Charter was drafted at a conference between April–June 1945 in San Francisco, and was signed on 26 June 1945 at the conclusion of the conference;[4][5] this charter took effect on 24 October 1945, and the UN began operation. The UN's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies. The organization participated in major actions in Korea and the Congo, as well as approving the creation of the Israeli state in 1947. The organization's membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization in the 1960s, and by the 1970s its budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping. After the end of the Cold War, the UN took on major military and peacekeeping missions across the world with varying degrees of success.
The UN has six principal organs: the General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly); the Security Council (for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security); the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC; for promoting international economic and social co-operation and development); the Secretariat (for providing studies, information, and facilities needed by the UN); the International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ); and the UN Trusteeship Council (inactive since 1994). UN System agencies include the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, and UNICEF. The UN's most prominent officer is the Secretary-General, an office held by Portuguese politician and diplomat António Guterres since 2017. Non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the UN's work.
The organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001, and a number of its officers and agencies have also been awarded the prize. Other evaluations of the UN's effectiveness have been mixed. Some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development, while others have called the organization ineffective, corrupt, or biased.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Background
1.2 1942 "Declaration of United Nations" by the Allies of World War II
1.3 Founding
1.4 Cold War Era
1.5 Post-Cold War
2 Structure
2.1 General Assembly
2.2 Security Council
2.3 Secretariat
2.4 International Court of Justice
2.5 Economic and Social Council
2.6 Specialized agencies
3 Membership
3.1 Group of 77
4 Objectives
4.1 Peacekeeping and security
4.2 Human rights
4.3 Economic development and humanitarian assistance
4.4 Other
5 Funding
6 Evaluations, awards, and criticism
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
9.1 Citations
9.2 Bibliography
10 Further reading
11 External links
History
Main article: History of the United Nations
1943 sketch by Franklin Roosevelt of the UN original three branches: The Four Policemen, an executive branch, and an international assembly of forty UN member states.
Background
In the century prior to the UN's creation, several international treaty organizations and conferences had been formed to regulate conflicts between nations, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907.[6] Following the catastrophic loss of life in the First World War, the Paris Peace Conference established the League of Nations to maintain harmony between countries.[7] This organization resolved some territorial disputes and created international structures for areas such as postal mail, aviation, and opium control, some of which would later be absorbed into the UN.[8] However, the League lacked representation for colonial peoples (then half the world's population) and significant participation from several major powers, including the US, USSR, Germany, and Japan; it failed to act against the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Second Italo-Ethiopian War in 1935, the Japanese invasion of China in 1937, and German expansions under Adolf Hitler that culminated in the Second World War.[9]
1942 "Declaration of United Nations" by the Allies of World War II
Main article: Declaration by United Nations
The earliest concrete plan for a new world organization began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939.[10] The text of the "Declaration by United Nations" was drafted by President Franklin Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Roosevelt aide Harry Hopkins, while meeting at the White House, 29 December 1941. It incorporated Soviet suggestions, but left no role for France. "Four Policemen" was coined to refer to four major Allied countries, United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and Republic of China, which emerged in the Declaration by United Nations.[11] Roosevelt first coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries.[b] "On New Year's Day 1942, President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, Maxim Litvinov, of the USSR, and T. V. Soong, of China, signed a short document which later came to be known as the United Nations Declaration and the next day the representatives of twenty-two other nations added their signatures."[12] The term United Nations was first officially used when 26 governments signed this Declaration. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom, which Stalin approved after Roosevelt insisted.[13][14] By 1 March 1945, 21 additional states had signed.[15]
A JOINT DECLARATION BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS, CHINA, AUSTRALIA, BELGIUM, CANADA, COSTA RICA, CUBA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, EL SALVADOR, GREECE, GUATEMALA, HAITI, HONDURAS, INDIA, LUXEMBOURG, NETHERLANDS, NEW ZEALAND, NICARAGUA, NORWAY, PANAMA, POLAND, SOUTH AFRICA, YUGOSLAVIA
The Governments signatory hereto,
Having subscribed to a common program of purposes and principles embodied in the Joint Declaration of the President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister of Great Britain dated August 14, 1941, known as the Atlantic Charter,
Being convinced that complete victory over their enemies is essential to defend life, liberty, independence and religious freedom, and to preserve human rights and justice in their own lands as well as in other lands, and that they are now engaged in a common struggle against savage and brutal forces seeking to subjugate the world,
DECLARE:
Each Government pledges itself to employ its full resources, military or economic, against those members of the Tripartite Pact and its adherents with which such government is at war.
Each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto and not to make a separate armistice or peace with the enemies.
The foregoing declaration may be adhered to by other nations which are, or which may be, rendering material assistance and contributions in the struggle for victory over Hitlerism.
—  The Washington Conference 1941–1942
During the war, "the United Nations" became the official term for the Allies. To join, countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the Axis.[16]
Founding
The UN in 1945. In light blue, the founding members. In dark blue, protectorates and territories of the founding members.
The UN was formulated and negotiated among the delegations from the Allied Big Four (the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and China) at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in 1944.[17][18] After months of planning, the UN Conference on International Organization opened in San Francisco, 25 April 1945, attended by 50 governments and a number of non-governmental organizations involved in drafting the UN Charter.[4][5][19] "The heads of the delegations of the sponsoring countries took turns as chairman of the plenary meetings: Anthony Eden, of Britain, Edward Stettinius, of the United States, T. V. Soong, of China, and Vyacheslav Molotov, of the Soviet Union. At the later meetings, Lord Halifax deputized for Mister Eden, Wellington Koo for T. V. Soong, and Mister Gromyko for Mister Molotov."[20] The UN officially came into existence 24 October 1945, upon ratification of the Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council—France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the UK and the US—and by a majority of the other 46 signatories.[21]
The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented,[c] and the Security Council took place in London beginning 10 January 1946.[21] The General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the UN, and the facility was completed in 1952. Its site—like UN headquarters buildings in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi—is designated as international territory.[24] The Norwegian Foreign Minister, Trygve Lie, was elected as the first UN Secretary-General.[21]
Cold War Era
Dag Hammarskjöld was a particularly active Secretary-General from 1953 until his death in 1961.
Though the UN's primary mandate was peacekeeping, the division between the US and USSR often paralysed the organization, generally allowing it to intervene only in conflicts distant from the Cold War.[25] (A notable exception was a Security Council resolution in 1950 authorizing a US-led coalition to repel the North Korean invasion of South Korea, passed in the absence of the USSR.)[21][26] In 1947, the General Assembly approved a resolution to partition Palestine, approving the creation of the state of Israel. Two years later, Ralph Bunche, a UN official, negotiated an armistice to the resulting conflict.[27] In 1956, the first UN peacekeeping force was established to end the Suez Crisis;[28] however, the UN was unable to intervene against the USSR's simultaneous invasion of Hungary following that country's revolution.[29]
In 1960, the UN deployed United Nations Operation in the Congo (UNOC), the largest military force of its early decades, to bring order to the breakaway State of Katanga, restoring it to the control of the Democratic Republic of the Congo by 1964.[30] While travelling to meet rebel leader Moise Tshombe during the conflict, Dag Hammarskjöld, often named as one of the UN's most effective Secretaries-General,[31] died in a plane crash; months later he was posthumously awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[32] In 1964, Hammarskjöld's successor, U Thant, deployed the UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus, which would become one of the UN's longest-running peacekeeping missions.[33]
With the spread of decolonization in the 1960s, the organization's membership saw an influx of newly independent nations. In 1960 alone, 17 new states joined the UN, 16 of them from Africa.[28] On 25 October 1971, with opposition from the United States, but with the support of many Third World nations, the mainland, communist People's Republic of China was given the Chinese seat on the Security Council in place of the Republic of China that occupied Taiwan; the vote was widely seen as a sign of waning US influence in the organization.[34] Third World nations organized into the Group of 77 coalition under the leadership of Algeria, which briefly became a dominant power at the UN.[35] In 1975, a bloc comprising the USSR and Third World nations passed a resolution, over strenuous US and Israeli opposition, declaring Zionism to be racism; the resolution was repealed in 1991, shortly after the end of the Cold War.[36]
With an increasing Third World presence and the failure of UN mediation in conflicts in the Middle East, Vietnam, and Kashmir, the UN increasingly shifted its attention to its ostensibly secondary goals of economic development and cultural exchange.[37] By the 1970s, the UN budget for social and economic development was far greater than its peacekeeping budget.
Post-Cold War
Kofi Annan, Secretary-General from 1997 to 2006
After the Cold War, the UN saw a radical expansion in its peacekeeping duties, taking on more missions in ten years than it had in the previous four decades.[38] Between 1988 and 2000, the number of adopted Security Council resolutions more than doubled, and the peacekeeping budget increased more than tenfold.[39][40][41] The UN negotiated an end to the Salvadoran Civil War, launched a successful peacekeeping mission in Namibia, and oversaw democratic elections in post-apartheid South Africa and post-Khmer Rouge Cambodia.[42] In 1991, the UN authorized a US-led coalition that repulsed the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.[43] Brian Urquhart, Under-Secretary-General from 1971 to 1985, later described the hopes raised by these successes as a "false renaissance" for the organization, given the more troubled missions that followed.[44]
Though the UN Charter had been written primarily to prevent aggression by one nation against another, in the early 1990s the UN faced a number of simultaneous, serious crises within nations such as Somalia, Haiti, Mozambique, and the former Yugoslavia.[45] The UN mission in Somalia was widely viewed as a failure after the US withdrawal following casualties in the Battle of Mogadishu, and the UN mission to Bosnia faced "worldwide ridicule" for its indecisive and confused mission in the face of ethnic cleansing.[46] In 1994, the UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda failed to intervene in the Rwandan genocide amid indecision in the Security Council.[47]
Beginning in the last decades of the Cold War, American and European critics of the UN condemned the organization for perceived mismanagement and corruption.[48] In 1984, the US President, Ronald Reagan, withdrew his nation's funding from UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, founded 1946) over allegations of mismanagement, followed by Britain and Singapore.[49][50] Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Secretary-General from 1992 to 1996, initiated a reform of the Secretariat, reducing the size of the organization somewhat.[51][52] His successor, Kofi Annan (1997–2006), initiated further management reforms in the face of threats from the United States to withhold its UN dues.[52]
In the late 1990s and 2000s, international interventions authorized by the UN took a wider variety of forms. The UN mission in the Sierra Leone Civil War of 1991–2002 was supplemented by British Royal Marines, and the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 was overseen by NATO.[53]In 2003, the United States invaded Iraq despite failing to pass a UN Security Council resolution for authorization, prompting a new round of questioning of the organization's effectiveness.[54] Under the eighth Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, the UN has intervened with peacekeepers in crises including the War in Darfur in Sudan and the Kivu conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo and sent observers and chemical weapons inspectors to the Syrian Civil War.[55] In 2013, an internal review of UN actions in the final battles of the Sri Lankan Civil War in 2009 concluded that the organization had suffered "systemic failure".[56] One hundred and one UN personnel died in the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the worst loss of life in the organization's history.[57]
The Millennium Summit was held in 2000 to discuss the UN's role in the 21st century.[58] The three day meeting was the largest gathering of world leaders in history, and culminated in the adoption by all member states of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), a commitment to achieve international development in areas such as poverty reduction, gender equality, and public health. Progress towards these goals, which were to be met by 2015, was ultimately uneven. The 2005 World Summit reaffirmed the UN's focus on promoting development, peacekeeping, human rights, and global security.[59] The Sustainable Development Goals were launched in 2015 to succeed the Millennium Development Goals.[60]
In addition to addressing global challenges, the UN has sought to improve its accountability and democratic legitimacy by engaging more with civil society and fostering a global constituency.[61] In an effort to enhance transparency, in 2016 the organization held its first public debate between candidates for Secretary-General.[62] On 1 January 2017, Portuguese diplomat António Guterres, who previously served as UN High Commissioner for Refugees, became the ninth Secretary-General. Guterres has highlighted several key goals for his administration, including an emphasis on diplomacy for preventing conflicts, more effective peacekeeping efforts, and streamlining the organization to be more responsive and versatile to global needs.[63]
Structure
Main article: United Nations System
The UN system is based on five principal organs: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the Secretariat, and the International Court of Justice.[64] A sixth principal organ, the Trusteeship Council, suspended operations in 1994, upon the independence of Palau, the last remaining UN trustee territory.[65]
Four of the five principal organs are located at the main UN Headquarters in New York City.[66] The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague, while other major agencies are based in the UN offices at Geneva,[67] Vienna,[68] and Nairobi.[69] Other UN institutions are located throughout the world. The six official languages of the UN, used in intergovernmental meetings and documents, are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.[70] On the basis of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, the UN and its agencies are immune from the laws of the countries where they operate, safeguarding the UN's impartiality with regard to the host and member countries.[71]
Below the six organs sit, in the words of the author Linda Fasulo, "an amazing collection of entities and organizations, some of which are actually older than the UN itself and operate with almost complete independence from it".[72] These include specialized agencies, research and training institutions, programmes and funds, and other UN entities.[73]
The UN obey the Noblemaire principle, which is binding on any organization that belongs to the UN system. This principle calls for salaries that will draw and keep citizens of countries where salaries are highest, and also calls for equal pay for work of equal value independent of the employee's nationality.[74][75] In practice, the ICSC takes reference to the highest-paying national civil service.[76] Staff salaries are subject to an internal tax that is administered by the UN organizations.[74][77]
Principal organs of the United Nations [78]
v
t
e
UN General Assembly
— Deliberative assembly of all UN member states — UN Secretariat
— Administrative organ of the UN — International Court of Justice
— Universal court for international law —
May resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states or suggestions to the Security Council (UNSC);
Decides on the admission of new members, following proposal by the UNSC;
Adopts the budget;
Elects the non-permanent members of the UNSC; all members of ECOSOC; the UN Secretary General (following his/her proposal by the UNSC); and the fifteen judges of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Each country has one vote.
Supports the other UN bodies administratively (for example, in the organization of conferences, the writing of reports and studies and the preparation of the budget);
Its chairperson – the UN Secretary General – is elected by the General Assembly for a five-year mandate and is the UN's foremost representative.
Decides disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction;
Issues legal opinions;
Renders judgement by relative majority. Its fifteen judges are elected by the UN General Assembly for nine-year terms.
UN Security Council
— For international security issues — UN Economic and Social Council
— For global economical and social affairs — UN Trusteeship Council
— For administering trust territories (currently inactive) —
Responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security;
May adopt compulsory resolutions;
Has fifteen members: five permanent members with veto power and ten elected members.
Responsible for co-operation between states as regards economic and social matters;
Co-ordinates co-operation between the UN's numerous specialized agencies;
Has 54 members, elected by the General Assembly to serve staggered three-year mandates.
Was originally designed to manage colonial possessions that were former League of Nations mandates;
Has been inactive since 1994, when Palau, the last trust territory, attained independence.
General Assembly
Main article: United Nations General Assembly
Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet general secretary, addresses the UN General Assembly in December 1988.
The General Assembly is the main deliberative assembly of the UN. Composed of all UN member states, the assembly meets in regular yearly sessions, but emergency sessions can also be called.[79] The assembly is led by a president, elected from among the member states on a rotating regional basis, and 21 vice-presidents.[80] The first session convened 10 January 1946 in the Methodist Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations.[21]
When the General Assembly votes on important questions, a two-thirds majority of those present and voting is required. Examples of important questions include recommendations on peace and security; election of members to organs; admission, suspension, and expulsion of members; and budgetary matters.[81] All other questions are decided by a majority vote. Each member country has one vote. Apart from approval of budgetary matters, resolutions are not binding on the members. The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security that are under consideration by the Security Council.[79]
Draft resolutions can be forwarded to the General Assembly by its six main committees:[82]
First Committee (Disarmament and International Security)
Second Committee (Economic and Financial)
Third Committee (Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural)
Fourth Committee (Special Political and Decolonization)
Fifth Committee (Administrative and Budgetary)
Sixth Committee (Legal)
As well as by the following two committees:
General Committee – a supervisory committee consisting of the assembly's president, vice-president, and committee heads.
Credentials Committee – responsible for determining the credentials of each member nation's UN representatives.
Security Council
Main article: United Nations Security Council
Colin Powell, the US Secretary of State, demonstrates a vial with alleged Iraqi chemical weapon probes to the UN Security Council on Iraq war hearings, 5 February 2003
The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among countries. While other organs of the UN can only make "recommendations" to member states, the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member states have agreed to carry out, under the terms of Charter Article 25.[83] The decisions of the Council are known as United Nations Security Council resolutions.[84]
The Security Council is made up of fifteen member states, consisting of five permanent members—China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and ten non-permanent members elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly (with end of term date)—Bolivia (term ends 2018), Egypt (2017), Ethiopia (2018), Italy (2018), Japan (2017), Kazakhstan (2018), Senegal (2017), Sweden (2018), Ukraine (2017), Uruguay (2017).[85] The five permanent members hold veto power over UN resolutions, allowing a permanent member to block adoption of a resolution, though not debate. The ten temporary seats are held for two-year terms, with five member states per year voted in by the General Assembly on a regional basis.[86] The presidency of the Security Council rotates alphabetically each month.[87]
Secretariat
Main articles: United Nations Secretariat and Secretary-General of the United Nations
The UN Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, assisted by the Deputy Secretary-General and a staff of international civil servants worldwide.[88] It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by UN bodies for their meetings. It also carries out tasks as directed by the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies.[89]
The current Secretary-General, António Guterres
The Secretary-General acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the UN. The position is defined in the UN Charter as the organization's "chief administrative officer".[90] Article 99 of the charter states that the Secretary-General can bring to the Security Council's attention "any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security", a phrase that Secretaries-General since Trygve Lie have interpreted as giving the position broad scope for action on the world stage.[91] The office has evolved into a dual role of an administrator of the UN organization and a diplomat and mediator addressing disputes between member states and finding consensus to global issues.[92]
The Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly, after being recommended by the Security Council, where the permanent members have veto power. There are no specific criteria for the post, but over the years it has become accepted that the post shall be held for one or two terms of five years.[93] The current Secretary-General is António Guterres, who replaced Ban Ki-moon in 2017.
Secretaries-General of the United Nations[94]
No.
Name
Country of origin
Took office
Left office
Note
1 Trygve Lie Norway 2 February 1946 10 November 1952 Resigned
2 Dag Hammarskjöld Sweden 10 April 1953 18 September 1961 Died in office
3 U Thant Burma 30 November 1961 31 December 1971
4 Kurt Waldheim Austria 1 January 1972 31 December 1981
5 Javier Pérez de Cuéllar Peru 1 January 1982 31 December 1991
6 Boutros Boutros-Ghali Egypt 1 January 1992 31 December 1996
7 Kofi Annan Ghana 1 January 1997 31 December 2006
8 Ban Ki-moon South Korea 1 January 2007 31 December 2016
9 António Guterres Portugal 1 January 2017 –
International Court of Justice
Main article: International Court of Justice
The court had ruled that Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia in 2008 did not violate international law
The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in The Hague, in the Netherlands, is the primary judicial organ of the UN. Established in 1945 by the UN Charter, the Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The ICJ is composed of 15 judges who serve 9-year terms and are appointed by the General Assembly; every sitting judge must be from a different nation.[95][96]
It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague, sharing the building with the Hague Academy of International Law, a private centre for the study of international law. The ICJ's primary purpose is to adjudicate disputes among states. The court has heard cases related to war crimes, illegal state interference, ethnic cleansing, and other issues.[97] The ICJ can also be called upon by other UN organs to provide advisory opinions.[95]
Economic and Social Council
Main article: United Nations Economic and Social Council
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social co-operation and development. ECOSOC has 54 members, which are elected by the General Assembly for a three-year term. The president is elected for a one-year term and chosen amongst the small or middle powers represented on ECOSOC. The council has one annual meeting in July, held in either New York or Geneva. Viewed as separate from the specialized bodies it co-ordinates, ECOSOC's functions include information gathering, advising member nations, and making recommendations.[98][99] Owing to its broad mandate of co-ordinating many agencies, ECOSOC has at times been criticized as unfocused or irrelevant.[98][100]
ECOSOC's subsidiary bodies include the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, which advises UN agencies on issues relating to indigenous peoples; the United Nations Forum on Forests, which co-ordinates and promotes sustainable forest management; the United Nations Statistical Commission, which co-ordinates information-gathering efforts between agencies; and the Commission on Sustainable Development, which co-ordinates efforts between UN agencies and NGOs working towards sustainable development. ECOSOC may also grant consultative status to non-governmental organizations;[98] by 2004, more than 2,200 organizations had received this status.[101]
Specialized agencies
Main article: List of specialized agencies of the United Nations
The UN Charter stipulates that each primary organ of the United Nations can establish various specialized agencies to fulfil its duties.[102] Some best-known agencies are the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Food and Agriculture Organization, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), the World Bank, and the World Health Organization (WHO). The UN performs most of its humanitarian work through these agencies. Examples include mass vaccination programmes (through WHO), the avoidance of famine and malnutrition (through the work of the WFP), and the protection of vulnerable and displaced people (for example, by UNHCR).[103]
Organizations and specialized agencies of the United Nations
No.
Acronym
Agency
Headquarters
Head
Established in
1 FAO Food and Agriculture Organization Rome, Italy José Graziano da Silva 1945
2 IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna, Austria Yukiya Amano 1957
3 ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization Montreal, Quebec, Canada Fang Liu 1947
4 IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development Rome, Italy Kanayo F. Nwanze 1977
5 ILO International Labour Organization Geneva, Switzerland Guy Ryder 1946 (1919)
6 IMO International Maritime Organization London, United Kingdom Kitack Lim 1948
7 IMF International Monetary Fund Washington, D.C., United States Christine Lagarde 1945 (1944)
8 ITU International Telecommunication Union Geneva, Switzerland Houlin Zhao 1947 (1865)
9 UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Paris, France Audrey Azoulay 1946
10 UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna, Austria Li Yong 1967
11 UNWTO World Tourism Organization Madrid, Spain Taleb Rifai 1974
12 UPU Universal Postal Union Bern, Switzerland Bishar Abdirahman Hussein 1947 (1874)
13 WBG World Bank Group Washington, D.C., United States Jim Y. Kim 1945 (1944)
14 WFP World Food Programme Rome, Italy Ertharin Cousin 1963
15 WHO World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland Tedros Adhanom 1948
16 WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization Geneva, Switzerland Francis Gurry 1974
17 WMO World Meteorological Organization Geneva, Switzerland Petteri Taalas (Secretary-General)
Michel Jarraud (President) 1950 (1873)
Membership
Main article: Member states of the United Nations
Map of the current UN member states by their dates of admission.[104]
1945 (original members)
1946–1959
1960–1989
1990–present
non-member observer states
With the addition of South Sudan 14 July 2011,[105] there are 193 UN member states, including all undisputed independent states apart from Vatican City.[106][d] The UN Charter outlines the rules for membership:
Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states that accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations.
The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. Chapter II, Article 4.[107]
In addition, there are two non-member observer states of the United Nations General Assembly: the Holy See (which holds sovereignty over Vatican City) and the State of Palestine.[108] The Cook Islands and Niue, both states in free association with New Zealand, are full members of several UN specialized agencies and have had their "full treaty-making capacity" recognized by the Secretariat.[109]
Group of 77
Main article: Group of 77
The Group of 77 at the UN is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the UN. Seventy-seven nations founded the organization, but by November 2013 the organization had since expanded to 133 member countries.[110] The group was founded 15 June 1964 by the "Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries" issued at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The group held its first major meeting in Algiers in 1967, where it adopted the Charter of Algiers and established the basis for permanent institutional structures.[111]
Objectives
Peacekeeping and security
Main articles: United Nations peacekeeping and List of United Nations peacekeeping missions
Bolivian "Blue Helmet" at an exercise in Chile, 21 October 2002
The UN, after approval by the Security Council, sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states. These soldiers are sometimes nicknamed "Blue Helmets" for their distinctive gear.[112][113] The peacekeeping force as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988.[114]
In September 2013, the UN had peacekeeping soldiers deployed on 15 missions. The largest was the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), which included 20,688 uniformed personnel. The smallest, United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP), included 42 uniformed personnel responsible for monitoring the ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir. UN peacekeepers with the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) have been stationed in the Middle East since 1948, the longest-running active peacekeeping mission.[115]
A study by the RAND Corporation in 2005 found the UN to be successful in two out of three peacekeeping efforts. It compared efforts at nation-building by the UN to those of the United States, and found that seven out of eight UN cases are at peace, as compared with four out of eight US cases at peace.[116] Also in 2005, the Human Security Report documented a decline in the number of wars, genocides, and human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit circumstantial, that international activism—mostly spearheaded by the UN—has been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict in that period.[117] Situations in which the UN has not only acted to keep the peace but also intervened include the Korean War (1950–53) and the authorization of intervention in Iraq after the Gulf War (1990–91).[118]
UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus was established in 1974 following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.
The UN has also drawn criticism for perceived failures. In many cases, member states have shown reluctance to achieve or enforce Security Council resolutions. Disagreements in the Security Council about military action and intervention are seen as having failed to prevent the Bangladesh genocide in 1971,[119] the Cambodian genocide in the 1970s,[120] and the Rwandan genocide in 1994.[121] Similarly, UN inaction is blamed for failing to either prevent the Srebrenica massacre in 1995 or complete the peacekeeping operations in 1992–93 during the Somali Civil War.[122] UN peacekeepers have also been accused of child rape, soliciting prostitutes, and sexual abuse during various peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,[123] Haiti,[124] Liberia,[125] Sudan and what is now South Sudan,[126] Burundi, and Ivory Coast.[127] Scientists cited UN peacekeepers from Nepal as the likely source of the 2010–13 Haiti cholera outbreak, which killed more than 8,000 Haitians following the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[128]
In addition to peacekeeping, the UN is also active in encouraging disarmament. Regulation of armaments was included in the writing of the UN Charter in 1945 and was envisioned as a way of limiting the use of human and economic resources for their creation.[83] The advent of nuclear weapons came only weeks after the signing of the charter, resulting in the first resolution of the first General Assembly meeting calling for specific proposals for "the elimination from national armaments of atomic weapons and of all other major weapons adaptable to mass destruction".[129] The UN has been involved with arms-limitation treaties, such as the Outer Space Treaty (1967), the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (1968), the Seabed Arms Control Treaty (1971), the Biological Weapons Convention (1972), the Chemical Weapons Convention (1992), and the Ottawa Treaty (1997), which prohibits landmines.[130] Three UN bodies oversee arms proliferation issues: the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission.[131]
Human rights
One of the UN's primary purposes is "promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion", and member states pledge to undertake "joint and separate action" to protect these rights.[102][132]
Eleanor Roosevelt with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Spanish, 1949
In 1948, the General Assembly adopted a Universal Declaration of Human Rights, drafted by a committee headed by American diplomat and activist Eleanor Roosevelt, and including the French lawyer René Cassin. The document proclaims basic civil, political, and economic rights common to all human beings, though its effectiveness towards achieving these ends has been disputed since its drafting.[133] The Declaration serves as a "common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations" rather than a legally binding document, but it has become the basis of two binding treaties, the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.[134] In practice, the UN is unable to take significant action against human rights abuses without a Security Council resolution, though it does substantial work in investigating and reporting abuses.[135]
In 1979, the General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, followed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989.[136] With the end of the Cold War, the push for human rights action took on new impetus.[137] The United Nations Commission on Human Rights was formed in 1993 to oversee human rights issues for the UN, following the recommendation of that year's World Conference on Human Rights. Jacques Fomerand, a scholar of the UN, describes this organization's mandate as "broad and vague", with only "meagre" resources to carry it out.[138] In 2006, it was replaced by a Human Rights Council consisting of 47 nations.[139] Also in 2006, the General Assembly passed a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,[140] and in 2011 it passed its first resolution recognizing the rights of LGBT people.[141]
Other UN bodies responsible for women's rights issues include United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, a commission of ECOSOC founded in 1946; the United Nations Development Fund for Women, created in 1976; and the United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women, founded in 1979.[142] The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, one of three bodies with a mandate to oversee issues related to indigenous peoples, held its first session in 2002.[143]
Economic development and humanitarian assistance
Millennium Development Goals[144]
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Achieve universal primary education
Promote gender equality and empower women
Reduce child mortality
Improve maternal health
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
Ensure environmental sustainability
Develop a global partnership for development
Another primary purpose of the UN is "to achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character".[132] Numerous bodies have been created to work towards this goal, primarily under the authority of the General Assembly and ECOSOC.[145] In 2000, the 192 UN member states agreed to achieve eight Millennium Development Goals by 2015.[146]
The UN Development Programme (UNDP), an organization for grant-based technical assistance founded in 1945, is one of the leading bodies in the field of international development. The organization also publishes the UN Human Development Index, a comparative measure ranking countries by poverty, literacy, education, life expectancy, and other factors.[147][148] The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), also founded in 1945, promotes agricultural development and food security.[149] UNICEF (the United Nations Children's Fund) was created in 1946 to aid European children after the Second World War and expanded its mission to provide aid around the world and to uphold the Convention on the Rights of the Child.[150][151]
Three former directors of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme read the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated, 1980
The World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund (IMF) are independent, specialized agencies and observers within the UN framework, according to a 1947 agreement. They were initially formed separately from the UN through the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944.[152] The World Bank provides loans for international development, while the IMF promotes international economic co-operation and gives emergency loans to indebted countries.[153]
In Jordan, UNHCR remains responsible for the Syrian refugees and the Zaatari refugee camp
The World Health Organization (WHO), which focuses on international health issues and disease eradication, is another of the UN's largest agencies. In 1980, the agency announced that the eradication of smallpox had been completed. In subsequent decades, WHO largely eradicated polio, river blindness, and leprosy.[154] The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), begun in 1996, co-ordinates the organization's response to the AIDS epidemic.[155] The UN Population Fund, which also dedicates part of its resources to combating HIV, is the world's largest source of funding for reproductive health and family planning services.[156]
Along with the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the UN often takes a leading role in co-ordinating emergency relief.[157] The World Food Programme (WFP), created in 1961, provides food aid in response to famine, natural disasters, and armed conflict. The organization reports that it feeds an average of 90 million people in 80 nations each year.[157][158] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), established in 1950, works to protect the rights of refugees, asylum seekers, and stateless people.[159] UNHCR and WFP programmes are funded by voluntary contributions from governments, corporations, and individuals, though the UNHCR's administrative costs are paid for by the UN's primary budget.[160]
Other
Since the UN's creation, over 80 colonies have attained independence. The General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples in 1960 with no votes against but abstentions from all major colonial powers. The UN works towards decolonization through groups including the UN Committee on Decolonization, created in 1962.[161] The committee lists seventeen remaining "Non-Self-Governing Territories", the largest and most populous of which is Western Sahara.[162]
Beginning with the formation of the UN Environmental Programme (UNEP) in 1972, the UN has made environmental issues a prominent part of its agenda. A lack of success in the first two decades of UN work in this area led to the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which sought to give new impetus to these efforts.[163] In 1988, the UNEP and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), another UN organization, established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which assesses and reports on research on global warming.[164] The UN-sponsored Kyoto Protocol, signed in 1997, set legally binding emissions reduction targets for ratifying states.[165]
The UN also declares and co-ordinates international observances, periods of time to observe issues of international interest or concern. Examples include World Tuberculosis Day, Earth Day, and the International Year of Deserts and Desertification.[166]
Funding
Top 25 contributors to the United Nations budget for 2016[167]
Member state
Contribution
(% of UN budget)
United States
22.000
Japan
9.680
China
7.921
Germany
6.389
France
4.859
United Kingdom
4.463
Brazil
3.823
Italy
3.748
Russia
3.088
Canada
2.921
Spain
2.443
Australia
2.337
South Korea
2.039
Netherlands
1.482
Mexico
1.435
Saudi Arabia
1.146
Switzerland
1.140
Turkey
1.018
Sweden
0.956
Argentina
0.892
Belgium
0.885
Norway
0.849
Poland
0.841
India
0.737
Other member states
12.908
The UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from member states. The General Assembly approves the regular budget and determines the assessment for each member. This is broadly based on the relative capacity of each country to pay, as measured by its gross national income (GNI), with adjustments for external debt and low per capita income.[168] The two-year budget for 2012–13 was $5.512 billion in total.[169]
The Assembly has established the principle that the UN should not be unduly dependent on any one member to finance its operations. Thus, there is a "ceiling" rate, setting the maximum amount that any member can be assessed for the regular budget. In December 2000, the Assembly revised the scale of assessments in response to pressure from the United States. As part of that revision, the regular budget ceiling was reduced from 25% to 22%.[170] For the least developed countries (LDCs), a ceiling rate of 0.01% is applied.[168] In addition to the ceiling rates, the minimum amount assessed to any member nation (or "floor" rate) is set at 0.001% of the UN budget ($55,120 for the two year budget 2013–2014).[171]
A large share of the UN's expenditure addresses its core mission of peace and security, and this budget is assessed separately from the main organizational budget.[172] The peacekeeping budget for the 2015–16 fiscal year was $8.27 billion, supporting 82,318 troops deployed in 15 missions around the world.[115] UN peace operations are funded by assessments, using a formula derived from the regular funding scale that includes a weighted surcharge for the five permanent Security Council members, who must approve all peacekeeping operations. This surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less developed countries. In 2017, the top 8 providers of assessed financial contributions to UN peacekeeping operations were the United States (28.47%), China (10.25%), Japan (9.68%), Germany (6.39%), France (6.28%), United Kingdom (5.77%), Russian Federation (3.99%) and Italy (3.75%).[173]
Special UN programmes not included in the regular budget, such as UNICEF and the World Food Programme, are financed by voluntary contributions from member governments, corporations, and private individuals.[174][175]
Evaluations, awards, and criticism
Main articles: Reform of the United Nations and Reform of the United Nations Security Council
See also: Criticism of the United Nations
The 2001 Nobel Peace Prize to the UN—diploma in the lobby of the UN Headquarters in New York City
A number of agencies and individuals associated with the UN have won the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of their work. Two Secretaries-General, Dag Hammarskjöld and Kofi Annan, were each awarded the prize (in 1961 and 2001, respectively), as were Ralph Bunche (1950), a UN negotiator, René Cassin (1968), a contributor to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the US Secretary of State Cordell Hull (1945), the latter for his role in the organization's founding. Lester B. Pearson, the Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs, was awarded the prize in 1957 for his role in organizing the UN's first peacekeeping force to resolve the Suez Crisis. UNICEF won the prize in 1965, the International Labour Organization in 1969, the UN Peace-Keeping Forces in 1988, the International Atomic Energy Agency (which reports to the UN) in 2005, and the UN-supported Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in 2013. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees was awarded in 1954 and 1981, becoming one of only two recipients to win the prize twice. The UN as a whole was awarded the prize in 2001, sharing it with Annan.[176]
To mark the UN's 70th anniversary – Budapest, 2015
Since its founding, there have been many calls for reform of the UN but little consensus on how to do so. Some want the UN to play a greater or more effective role in world affairs, while others want its role reduced to humanitarian work. There have also been numerous calls for the UN Security Council's membership to be increased, for different ways of electing the UN's Secretary-General, and for a UN Parliamentary Assembly. Jacques Fomerand states the most enduring divide in views of the UN is "the North–South split" between richer Northern nations and developing Southern nations. Southern nations tend to favour a more empowered UN with a stronger General Assembly, allowing them a greater voice in world affairs, while Northern nations prefer an economically laissez-faire UN that focuses on transnational threats such as terrorism.[177]
After World War II, the French Committee of National Liberation was late to be recognized by the US as the government of France, and so the country was initially excluded from the conferences that created the new organization. The future French president Charles de Gaulle criticized the UN, famously calling it a machin ("contraption"), and was not convinced that a global security alliance would help maintain world peace, preferring direct defence treaties between countries.[178] Throughout the Cold War, both the US and USSR repeatedly accused the UN of favouring the other. In 1953, the USSR effectively forced the resignation of Trygve Lie, the Secretary-General, through its refusal to deal with him, while in the 1950s and 1960s, a popular US bumper sticker read, "You can't spell communism without U.N."[179] In a sometimes-misquoted statement, President George W. Bush stated in February 2003 (referring to UN uncertainty towards Iraqi provocations under the Saddam Hussein regime) that "free nations will not allow the UN to fade into history as an ineffective, irrelevant debating society."[180][181][182] In contrast, the French President, François Hollande, stated in 2012 that "France trusts the United Nations. She knows that no state, no matter how powerful, can solve urgent problems, fight for development and bring an end to all crises... France wants the UN to be the centre of global governance."[183] Critics such as Dore Gold, an Israeli diplomat, Robert S. Wistrich, a British scholar, Alan Dershowitz, an American legal scholar, Mark Dreyfus, an Australian politician, and the Anti-Defamation League consider UN attention to Israel's treatment of Palestinians to be excessive.[184] In September 2015, Saudi Arabia's Faisal bin Hassan Trad has been elected Chair of the UN Human Rights Council panel that appoints independent experts,[185] a move criticized by human rights groups.[186][187]
Since 1971, the Republic of China (Taiwan) has been excluded from the UN and since then has always been rejected in new applications. Citizens of this country are also not allowed to enter the buildings of the United Nations with the passport of Taiwan. In this way, critics agree that the UN is failing its own development goals and guidelines. This criticism also brought pressure from the People's Republic of China, which regards the territories administered by Taiwan as their own territory.[188][189]
Critics have also accused the UN of bureaucratic inefficiency, waste, and corruption. In 1976, the General Assembly established the Joint Inspection Unit to seek out inefficiencies within the UN system. During the 1990s, the US withheld dues citing inefficiency and only started repayment on the condition that a major reforms initiative was introduced. In 1994, the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) was established by the General Assembly to serve as an efficiency watchdog.[190] In 1994, former Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the UN to Somalia Mohamed Sahnoun published "Somalia: The Missed Opportunities",[191] a book in which he analyses the reasons for the failure of the 1992 UN intervention in Somalia, showing that, between the start of the Somali civil war in 1988 and the fall of the Siad Barre regime in January 1991, the UN missed at least three opportunities to prevent major human tragedies; when the UN tried to provide humanitarian assistance, they were totally outperformed by NGOs, whose competence and dedication sharply contrasted with the UN's excessive caution and bureaucratic inefficiencies. If radical reform was not undertaken, warned Mohamed Sahnoun, then the UN would continue to respond to such crisis with inept improvization.[192] In 2004, the UN faced accusations that its recently ended Oil-for-Food Programme—in which Iraq had been allowed to trade oil for basic needs to relieve the pressure of sanctions—had suffered from widespread corruption, including billions of dollars of kickbacks. An independent inquiry created by the UN found that many of its officials had been involved, as well as raising "significant" questions about the role of Kojo Annan, the son of Kofi Annan.[193]
In evaluating the UN as a whole, Jacques Fomerand writes that the "accomplishments of the United Nations in the last 60 years are impressive in their own terms. Progress in human development during the 20th century has been dramatic and the UN and its agencies have certainly helped the world become a more hospitable and livable place for millions."[194] Evaluating the first 50 years of the UN's history, the author Stanley Meisler writes that "the United Nations never fulfilled the hopes of its founders, but it accomplished a great deal nevertheless", citing its role in decolonization and its many successful peacekeeping efforts.[195] The British historian Paul Kennedy states that while the organization has suffered some major setbacks, "when all its aspects are considered, the UN has brought great benefits to our generation and ... will bring benefits to our children's and grandchildren's generations as well."[196]
See also
United Nations portal
International relations portal
International relations
List of current Permanent Representatives to the United Nations
Model United Nations
United Nations in popular culture
United Nations television film series
World Summit on the Information Society
List of country groupings
List of multilateral free-trade agreements
United Nations Memorial Cemetery
Notes
Jump up ^ This map does not represent the view of its members or the UN concerning the legal status of any country,[1] nor does it accurately reflect which areas' governments have UN representation. This map shows partially recognized states such as Kosovo or Taiwan as part of their claiming governments (Serbia and China respectively)
Jump up ^ Roosevelt suggested the name as an alternative to the name "Associated Powers." The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, accepted it, noting that the phase was used by Lord Byron in the poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (Stanza 35).
Jump up ^ Poland had not been represented among the fifty nations at the San Francisco conference due to the reluctance of the Western superpowers to recognize its post-war communist government. However, the Charter was later amended to list Poland as a founding member, and Poland ratified the Charter on 16 October 1945.[22][23]
Jump up ^ For details on Vatican City's status, see Holy See and the United Nations.
References
Citations
Jump up ^ "The World Today" (PDF). Retrieved 18 June 2009. The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country
Jump up ^ Official Languages, www.un.org. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/international-organization/, www.nationalgeographic.org. Retrieved 27 April 2017
^ Jump up to: a b "Charter of the United Nations|United Nations". www.un.org. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "History of the United Nations|United Nations". www.un.org. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007, p. 5.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007, p. 8.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007, p. 10.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007, pp. 13–24.
Jump up ^ Hoopes & Brinkley 2000, pp. 1–55.
Jump up ^ Urquhart, Brian (16 July 1998). "Looking for the Sheriff". New York Review of Books. Retrieved 14 February 2007.
Jump up ^ "1942: Declaration of The United Nations". United Nations. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Roll, David (4 January 2013). The Hopkins Touch: Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler. pp. 172–175. Retrieved 13 November 2014. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Sherwood 1948, pp. 447–453.
Jump up ^ Osmańczyk 2004, p. 2445.
Jump up ^ Schlesinger 2003.
Jump up ^ Bohlen, C.E. (1973). Witness to History, 1929–1969. New York. p. 159.
Jump up ^ Video: Allies Study Post-War Security Etc. (1944). Universal Newsreel. 1944. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "San Francisco – the birthplace of the United Nations". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "1945: The San Francisco Conference". United Nations. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "UN Milestones 1941-1950". www.un.org. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Grant 2009, pp. 25–26.
Jump up ^ "Poland and the United Nations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009, pp. 149–151.
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, p. 35.
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, pp. 58–59.
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, pp. 51–54.
^ Jump up to: a b "UN Milestones 1951-1960". www.un.org. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, pp. 114.
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, pp. 115–134.
Jump up ^ See Meisler, p. 76; Kennedy, p. 60; Fasulo, pp. 17, 20
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, pp. 127–128, 134.
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, pp. 156–157.
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, pp. 195–197.
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, pp. 208–210.
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, pp. 204–226, 213, 220–221.
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, pp. 167–168, 224–225.
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, p. 286.
Jump up ^ "Is China contributing to the United Nations' mission?". CSIS China Power.
Jump up ^ Fasulo, p. 43; Meisler, p. 334
Jump up ^ Renner, Michael. "Peacekeeping Operations Expenditures: 1947–2005" (PDF). Global Policy Forum.
Jump up ^ Meisler, pp. 252–56
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, pp. 264–277.
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, p. 334.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007, pp. 66–67.
Jump up ^ For quotation "worldwide ridicule", see Meisler, p. 293; for description of UN missions in Somalia and Bosnia, see Meisler, pp. 312–29.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007, p. 104.
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, pp. 226–227.
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, pp. 234–237.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Paul (6 August 1996). "Jean Gerard, 58, Reagan Envoy Who Led U.S. to Leave Unesco". New York Times. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, pp. 285–286.
^ Jump up to: a b "Are UN reforms just reshuffling of the deck?". New Straits Times. 16 January 1998. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007, pp. 110–111.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007, p. 111.
Jump up ^ Smith-Spark, Laura (8 October 2013). "Syria: Chemical weapons team faces many dangers, says UN chief Ban". CNN. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "UN failed during final days of Lankan ethnic war: Ban Ki-moon". FirstPost. Press Trust of India. 25 September 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "UN Milestones 2001-2010". www.un.org. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "UN summit agenda; The largest gathering of world leaders in history meets in New York to discuss the role of the United Nations in the 21st century". BBC News. 7 December 2000. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
Jump up ^ "2005 World Summit Outcome" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sustainable Development Goals". Un.org. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Communicating to a global constituency: UN Day in Paris". unu.edu. United Nations University. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Falk, Pamela. "Can U.N. regain trust with an experiment in transparency?". www.cbsnews.com. CBS News. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Guterres, António. "U.N. SECRETARY-GENERAL ANTÓNIO GUTERRES: MY VISION FOR REVITALIZING THE UNITED NATIONS". Newsweek.com. Newsweek. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, pp. 3–4.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, p. 8.
Jump up ^ "United Nations Visitors Centre". United Nations. 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "United Nations Office at Geneva". United Nations Office at Geneva. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to the United Nations Office at Vienna!". United Nations Office at Vienna. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to the United Nations Office at Nairobi". United Nations Office at Nairobi. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "General Assembly of the United Nations – Rules of Procedure". UN Department for General Assembly. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Jerusalem Court: No Immunity for UN Employee for Private Acts—Diplomatic/Consular Law and Sovereign Immunity in Israel". Diplomaticlaw.com. 23 March 2009. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, p. 4.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, pp. 4–7.
^ Jump up to: a b Salaries, United Nations website
Jump up ^ ILO: Noblemaire principle, Judgement 986, consideration 7, and Judgment 831, Consideration 1.
Jump up ^ The Noblemaire principle, ICSC
Jump up ^ Americans Working at the U.N, World, New York Times, 28 September 2009
Jump up ^ "UN Charter: Chapter III". United Nations. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Fomerand 2009, pp. 131–133.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, pp. 69–70.
Jump up ^ "General Assembly of the United Nations: Rules of Procedure: XII – Plenary Meetings". United Nations. Retrieved 4 December 2013. Decisions of the General Assembly on important questions shall be made by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting. These questions shall include: recommendations with respect to the maintenance of international peace and security, the election of the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the election of the members of the Economic and Social Council, the election of members of the Trusteeship Council in accordance with paragraph 1 c of Article 86 of the Charter, the admission of new Members to the United Nations, the suspension of the rights and privileges of membership, the expulsion of Members, questions relating to the operation of the trusteeship system, and budgetary questions.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, pp. 70–73.
^ Jump up to: a b "United Nations Charter: Chapter V". United Nations. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, pp. 39–43.
Jump up ^ "Members of the United Nations Security Council". United Nations. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, pp. 40–41.
Jump up ^ "Security Council Presidency in 2017". United Nations. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, p. 21.
Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009, p. 285.
Jump up ^ "United Nations Charter: Chapter XV". United Nations. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, pp. 31–32.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007, pp. 59–62.
Jump up ^ "Appointment Process". United Nations. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Former Secretaries-General". United Nations. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Fomerand 2009, p. 183.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, pp. 100–101.
Jump up ^ "The Court". International Court of Justice. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fomerand 2009, pp. 103–104.
Jump up ^ "About ECOSOC". ECOSOC. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, pp. 153–155.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, p. 156.
^ Jump up to: a b "United Nations Charter: Chapter IX". United Nations. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, pp. 171–177.
Jump up ^ "Growth in United Nations membership, 1945–present". United Nations.
Jump up ^ "UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd Member State". United Nations. 28 June 2006. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "United Nations Member States". United Nations. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charter of the United Nations: Chapter II". United Nations. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Non-member States". United Nations. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Repertory of Practice". United Nations. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Member States of the Group of 77". Retrieved 7 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "About the G77". Group of 77. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, p. 52.
Jump up ^ Coulon 1998, p. ix.
Jump up ^ Nobel Prize. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1988". Retrieved 3 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "United Nations Peacekeeping Operations". United Nations. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "The UN's Role in Nation Building: From the Congo to Iraq" (PDF). RAND Corporation. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Human Security Report 2005". Human Security Centre. Archived from the original on 28 July 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007, p. 56.
Jump up ^ Ball 2011, p. 46.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007, p. 187.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007, pp. 102–105.
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, pp. 294–311.
Jump up ^ Lynch, Colum (16 December 2004). "U.N. Sexual Abuse Alleged in Congo". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "UN troops face child abuse claims". BBC News. 30 November 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Aid workers in Liberia accused of sex abuse". The New York Times. 8 May 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Holt, Kate (4 January 2007). "UN staff accused of raping children in Sudan". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Peacekeepers 'abusing children'". BBC News. 28 May 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Watson, Ivan; Vaccarello, Joe (10 October 2013). "U.N. sued for 'bringing cholera to Haiti,' causing outbreak that killed thousands". CNN. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Resolutions Adopted by the General Assembly During its First Session". United Nations. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, pp. 188–189.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, pp. 189–190.
^ Jump up to: a b "United Nations Charter: Chapter I". United Nations. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007, pp. 178–182.
Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009, p. 377.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007, pp. 185, 188.
Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009, pp. 70, 73.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007, p. 192.
Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009, p. 347.
Jump up ^ "UN creates new human rights body". BBC News. 15 March 2006. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions: Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Jordans, Frank (17 June 2011). "U.N. Gay Rights Protection Resolution Passes, Hailed As 'Historic Moment'". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009, pp. 57, 194, 341.
Jump up ^ "United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues". United Nations. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "We Can End Poverty". United Nations. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007, pp. 143–144.
Jump up ^ "The UN Millennium Development Goals". United Nations. Retrieved 4 May 2007.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, pp. 169–170, 172.
Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009, pp. 341–342.
Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009, p. 126.
Jump up ^ "About UNICEF: Who we are: Our History". UNICEF. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "About UNICEF: Who We Are". UNICEF. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "About Us–United Nations". The World Bank. 30 June 2003. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009, pp. 175, 191–192.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, pp. 176–177.
Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009, pp. 199–200.
Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009, p. 368.
^ Jump up to: a b Fasulo 2004, p. 183.
Jump up ^ "Our Work". World Food Programme. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "About Us". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009, pp. 348, 398.
Jump up ^ "The United Nations and Decolonization". United Nations. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Non-Self-Governing Territories". United Nations. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007, pp. 160–162.
Jump up ^ "Organizations". Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, p. 179.
Jump up ^ "United Nations Observances". United Nations. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Assessment of Member States' advances to the Working Capital Fund for the biennium 2016-2017 and contributions to the United Nations regular budget for 2016". UN Secretariat. 28 December 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fifth Committee Approves Assessment Scale for Regular, Peacekeeping Budgets, Texts on Common System, Pension Fund, as it Concludes Session (Press Release)". United Nations. 22 December 2006. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Regular Budget 2012–2013" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, p. 117.
Jump up ^ Weiss & Daws 2009, p. 682.
Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004, p. 115.
Jump up ^ "Financing peacekeeping. United Nations Peacekeeping". www.un.org.
Jump up ^ "Where Your Money Goes". World Food Programme. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Overall funding trends". UNICEF. 21 January 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "All Nobel Peace Prizes". Nobel Prize. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009, p. civ.
Jump up ^ Gerbet, Pierre (1995). "Naissance des Nations Unies". Espoir (in French) (102). Archived from the original on 10 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, pp. 72–73, 82.
Jump up ^ Greene, David L. (14 February 2003). "Bush implores U.N. to show 'backbone'". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Singh, Jasvir (2008). Problem of Ethicity: Role of United Nations in Kosovo Crisis. Unistar Books. p. 150. ISBN 9788171427017. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Normand, Roger; Zaidi, Sarah (13 February 2003). Human Rights at the UN: The Political History of Universal Justice. Indiana University Press. p. 455. ISBN 0253000114. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "France's role at the UN". Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
Jump up ^
For Gold, see Gold, p. 20
For Wistrich, see Wistrich, p. 487
For Dershowitz, see Dershowitz, Alan. The Case for Peace: How the Arab-Israeli Conflict Can Be Resolved. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005.
For Dreyfus, see "Don't be lynch mob, lawyers urge U.N.." Archived 10 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine. JTA. 8 July 2009.
For Anti-Defamation League, see "ADL: UN Human Rights Council Resolution Reveals 'Cancerous Bias' Against Israel." Archived 2 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. ADL. 7 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "UK helped Saudi Arabia get UN human rights role through 'secret deal' to exchange votes, leaked documents suggest". The Independent. 30 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.N. Watchdog Slams 'Scandalous' Choice of Saudi Arabia to Head Human Rights Panel". Yahoo News. 21 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "When Beheading Won't Do the Job, the Saudis Resort to Crucifixion ". The Atlantic. 24 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Lee, David Tawei. "The United Nations Needs to Treat Taiwan Fairly". The National Interest. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Moody, John (14 July 2017). "UN tours open to terror and thug states - but not Taiwan". Fox News. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Reddy, Shravanti (29 October 2002). "Watchdog Organization Struggles to Decrease UN Bureaucracy". Global Policy Forum. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
Jump up ^ USIP Press Books, October 1994, ISBN 978-1-878379-35-1
Jump up ^ Book Review by Gail M. Gerhart in Foreign Affairs, March/April 1995 [1]
Jump up ^ "Q&A: Oil-for-food scandal". BBC News. 7 September 2005. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009, pp. cviii.
Jump up ^ Meisler 1995, p. 339.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007, p. 290.
Bibliography
Ball, Howard (2011). Genocide: A Reference Handbook. Contemporary World Issues. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-488-7.
Coulon, Jocelyn (1998). Soldiers of Diplomacy: The United Nations, Peacekeeping, and the New World Order. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-0899-2.
Fasulo, Linda (2004). An Insider's Guide to the UN. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10155-3.
Fomerand, Jacques (2009). The A to Z of the United Nations. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5547-2.
Gold, Dore (2004). Tower of Babble: How the United Nations Has Fueled Global Chaos. New York: Crown Forum. ISBN 978-1-4000-5475-6.
Grant, Thomas D. (2009). Admission to the United Nations: Charter Article 4 and the Rise of Universal Organization. Legal Aspects of International Organization. 50. Leiden, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-900417363-7. ISSN 0924-4883.
Hoopes, Townsend; Brinkley, Douglas (2000) [1997]. FDR and the Creation of the U.N. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08553-2.
Kennedy, Paul (2007) [2006]. The Parliament of Man: The Past, Present, and Future of the United Nations. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-70341-6.
Manchester, William; Reid, Paul (2012). The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill. Volume 3: Defender of the Realm, 1940–1965. New York: Little Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-54770-3.
Meisler, Stanley (1995). United Nations: The First Fifty Years. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-87113-616-9.
Mires, Charlene (2013). Capital of the World: The Race to Host the United Nations. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-0794-4.
Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2004). Mango, Anthony, ed. Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements. 4. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-93924-9.
Schlesinger, Stephen C. (2003). Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations: A Story of Super Powers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-3324-3.
Sherwood, Robert E. (1948). Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History. New York: Harper and Brothers.
Weiss, Thomas G.; Daws, Sam, eds. (2009) [2007]. The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-956010-3.
Wistrich, Robert S. (2010). A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6097-9.
Further reading
Lowe, Vaughan; Roberts, Adam; Welsh, Jennifer; Zaum, Dominik, eds. (2008). The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953343-5.
Roberts, Adam; Kingsbury, Benedict, eds. (1994). United Nations, Divided World: The UN's Roles in International Relations (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-827926-6.
External links
Find more aboutUnited Nationsat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Official websites
Official website of The United Nations
The United Nations Regional Information Centre (UNRIC)
United Nations Volunteers
United Nations Documentation Research Guide
Official YouTube channel (English)
Other
Searchable archive of UN discussions and votes
United Nations Association of the UK – independent policy authority on the UN
Website of the Global Policy Forum, an independent think tank on the UN
UN Watch – NGO monitoring UN activities
Works by or about United Nations at Internet Archive
Works by United Nations at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
hide
v
t
e
United Nations
António Guterres, Secretary-General
Amina J. Mohammed, Deputy Secretary-General
Miroslav Lajčák, General Assembly President
United Nations System
United Nations Charter
Preamble
Principal organs
Security Council
Members
Secretariat
Secretary-General
Deputy Secretary-General
Under-Secretary-General
General Assembly
President
Economic and Social Council
International Court of Justice
statute
Trusteeship Council
Secretariat Offices
and Departments
Headquarters
Envoy on Youth
Spokesperson for the Secretary-General
Geneva
Palace of Nations
Nairobi
Vienna
Economic and Social Affairs
Political Affairs
Public Information
Dag Hammarskjöld Library
Safety and Security
Palestinian Rights
Peacekeeping Operations
Internal Oversight
Legal Affairs
Developing Countries
Sport for Development and Peace
Disarmament Affairs
Outer Space Affairs
Partnerships
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
UN organizations by location
United Nations Office for Developing Countries
Sexual Violence in Conflict
Programmes and
specialized agencies
Culture of peace
FAO
ICAO
IFAD
ILO
IMO
ITC
IPCC
IAEA
MINURSO
UNIDO
ITU
UNAIDS
SCSL
UNCTAD
UNCITRAL
UNCDF
UNDG
UNDP
UNDPI
UNDPKO
peacekeeping
UNEP
OzonAction
UNEP/GRID-Arendal
UNEP-WCMC
UNESCO
UNFIP
UNFPA
UN-HABITAT
OHCHR
UNHCR
UNHRC
UNICEF
UNICRI
UNIDIR
UNITAR
UN-Oceans
UNODC
UNOPS
UNOSAT
UNRISD
UNRWA
UNSSC
UNU
UNU-OP
UNU-CRIS
UNV
UN Women
UNWTO
UPU
WFP
WHO
WIPO
WMO
Members / observers
Full members
Founding members
UNSC Permanent members
Observers
European Union
History
League of Nations
Four Policemen
Declaration by United Nations
Peacekeeping missions
history
timeline
Enlargement
Resolutions
Security Council vetoes
General Assembly
66th
67th
Security Council
Cyprus
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Lebanon
Nagorno-Karabakh
North Korea
Palestine
Syria
Western Sahara
Elections
Secretary-General (2016)
International Court of Justice 2011
General Assembly President (2016)
Security Council (2016)
Related
Bretton Woods system
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
Criticism
Delivering as One
Flag
Honour Flag
Four Nations Initiative
Genocide Convention
UN Global Compact
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
International Criminal Court
International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World
International Years
UN laissez-passer
Military Staff Committee
Official languages
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
Peacekeeping
Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules)
Treaty Series
UN Day
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Millennium Declaration
Summit
Development Goals
Security Council veto power
UN reform
Security Council reform
UN Art Collection
UN Memorial Cemetery Korea
Other
Outline
UN television film series (1964–1966)
In popular culture
show
v
t
e
Relations of the United Nations with its member states
Americas
Brazil
Canada
Mexico
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Asia
Afghanistan
People's Republic of China
India
Indonesia
Iraq
Israel and Palestine
Japan
Kazakhstan
Korea
Lebanon
Malaysia
Pakistan
Philippines
Russia
Singapore
Europe
Albania
Armenia
Azerbaijan
France
Germany
Kazakhstan
Luxembourg
Poland
Russia
Serbia
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Oceania
Australia
Fiji
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
New Zealand
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Others
Holy See
European Union
Former members
Republic of China
German Democratic Republic
Soviet Union
Ukrainian SSR
Yugoslavia
show
v
t
e
Secretaries-General of the League of Nations and the United Nations
League of Nations
(1919–1945)
James Eric Drummond (United Kingdom)
Joseph Louis Anne Avenol (France)
Seán Lester (Irish Free State)

United Nations
(since 1945)
Gladwyn Jebb1 (United Kingdom)
Trygve Lie (Norway)
Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden)
U Thant (Burma)
Kurt Waldheim (Austria)
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (Peru)
Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt)
Kofi Annan (Ghana)
Ban Ki-moon (South Korea)
António Guterres (Portugal)
Related
United Nations Secretariat
Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations
Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations
U.N. Secretary General Memoirs
1 Provisional Secretary-General prior to the election of Trygve Lie.
show
Links to related articles
show
v
t
e
International organizations
Intergovernmental
organizations
Non-cultural IGOs
International Criminal Court
International Monetary Fund
International Seabed Authority
Inter-Parliamentary Union
Interpol
New Development Bank
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
United Nations
World Bank Group
World Trade Organization
Cultural IGOs
Commonwealth of Nations
Community of Portuguese Language Countries
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
show
v
t
e
Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize
1901–1925
1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy
1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat
1903 Randal Cremer
1904 Institut de Droit International
1905 Bertha von Suttner
1906 Theodore Roosevelt
1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault
1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer
1909 A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant
1910 International Peace Bureau
1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried
1912 Elihu Root
1913 Henri La Fontaine
1914
1915
1916
1917 International Committee of the Red Cross
1918
1919 Woodrow Wilson
1920 Léon Bourgeois
1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange
1922 Fridtjof Nansen
1923
1924
1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes
1926–1950
1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann
1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde
1928
1929 Frank B. Kellogg
1930 Nathan Söderblom
1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler
1932
1933 Norman Angell
1934 Arthur Henderson
1935 Carl von Ossietzky
1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas
1937 Robert Cecil
1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944 International Committee of the Red Cross
1945 Cordell Hull
1946 Emily Balch / John Mott
1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee
1948
1949 John Boyd Orr
1950 Ralph Bunche
1951–1975
1951 Léon Jouhaux
1952 Albert Schweitzer
1953 George Marshall
1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1955
1956
1957 Lester B. Pearson
1958 Georges Pire
1959 Philip Noel-Baker
1960 Albert Lutuli
1961 Dag Hammarskjöld
1962 Linus Pauling
1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies
1964 Martin Luther King Jr.
1965 UNICEF
1966
1967
1968 René Cassin
1969 International Labour Organization
1970 Norman Borlaug
1971 Willy Brandt
1972
1973 Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger
1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō
1975 Andrei Sakharov
1976–2000
1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan
1977 Amnesty International
1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin
1979 Mother Teresa
1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles
1983 Lech Wałęsa
1984 Desmond Tutu
1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1986 Elie Wiesel
1987 Óscar Arias
1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces
1989 Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
1990 Mikhail Gorbachev
1991 Aung San Suu Kyi
1992 Rigoberta Menchú
1993 Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk
1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat
1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat
1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta
1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams
1998 John Hume / David Trimble
1999 Médecins Sans Frontières
2000 Kim Dae-jung
2001–present
2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan
2002 Jimmy Carter
2003 Shirin Ebadi
2004 Wangari Maathai
2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei
2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus
2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2008 Martti Ahtisaari
2009 Barack Obama
2010 Liu Xiaobo
2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman
2012 European Union
2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai
2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
2016 Juan Manuel Santos
2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
show
v
t
e
2001 Nobel Prize laureates
Chemistry
William Standish Knowles (United States)
Ryōji Noyori (Japan)
Karl Barry Sharpless (United States)
Literature
V. S. Naipaul (Trinidad & Tobago/United Kingdom)
Peace
United Nations
Kofi Annan (Ghana)
Physics
Eric Allin Cornell (United States)
Wolfgang Ketterle (Germany)
Carl Wieman (United States)
Physiology or Medicine
Leland H. Hartwell (United States)
Tim Hunt (United Kingdom)
Paul Nurse (United Kingdom)
Economic Sciences
George Akerlof (United States)
Michael Spence (United States)
Joseph Stiglitz (United States)
Nobel Prize recipients
1990
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
2000
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
show
v
t
e
International years proclaimed by the United Nations
Human Rights (1968)
Women (1975)
The Child (1979)
Disabled Persons (1981)
Youth (1985)
Peace (1986)
Shelter for the Homeless (1987)
Space (1992)
Family (1994)
Tolerance (1995)
Older Persons (1999)
Culture of Peace (2000)
Volunteers (2001)
Mobilization against Racism (2001)
Rice (2004)
Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (2004)
Microcredit (2005)
Physics (2005)
Deserts and Desertification (2006)
Polar (2007–2008)
Languages (2008)
The Potato (2008)
Sanitation (2008)
Planet Earth (2008)
Astronomy (2009)
Natural Fibres (2009)
Biodiversity (2010)
Youth (2010–2011)
Forests (2011)
Chemistry (2011)
People of African Descent (2011)
Cooperatives (2012)
Water Cooperation (2013)
Crystallography (2014)
Light (2015)
Soil (2015)
Pulses (2016)
Sustainable Tourism for Development (2017)
Indigenous Languages (2019)
Moderation (2019)
Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (2019)
show
v
t
e
Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)
Members
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Nauru
New Zealand
Niue
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Associate members
French Polynesia
New Caledonia
Observers
Commonwealth of Nations
East Timor
Tokelau
United Nations
Wallis and Futuna
Guam
American Samoa
Northern Mariana Islands
Asian Development Bank
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
Dialogue partners
Canada
China
Cuba
European Union
France
India
Indonesia
Italy
Japan
Korea
Malaysia
Philippines
Spain
Thailand
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
Meetings
45th
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BIBSYS: 90058028
BNE: XX89609
BNF: cb118650631 (data)
GND: 333-5
HDS: 26469
ISNI: 0000 0001 2331 7789
LCCN: n79021345
NDL: 00288555
NKC: kn20010711348
NLA: 35561510
SELIBR: 133482
SUDOC: 026395258
ULAN: 500354403
VIAF: 144904638
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations&oldid=853689044"
Categories:
United Nations
Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty
Organizations awarded Nobel Peace Prizes
Organizations based in New York City
Organizations established in 1945
1945 establishments in the United States
Hidden categories:
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles with short description
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Good articles
Use British English Oxford spelling from February 2014
Use dmy dates from July 2018
Articles containing Arabic-language text
Articles containing Chinese-language text
Articles containing French-language text
Articles containing Russian-language text
Articles containing Spanish-language text
Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters
Use dmy dates from February 2014
Articles with Internet Archive links
Articles with LibriVox links
Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
AC with 14 elements
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikinews
Wikiquote
Wikivoyage
Languages
Адыгэбзэ
Адыгабзэ
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
አማርኛ
Аҧсшәа
العربية
Aragonés
Armãneashti
Arpetan
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
Avañe'ẽ
Авар
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Basa Banyumasan
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
भोजपुरी
Bikol Central
Bislama
Български
Boarisch
བོད་ཡིག
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Буряад
Català
Чӑвашла
Cebuano
Čeština
ChiShona
Cymraeg
Dansk
Davvisámegiella
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
Diné bizaad
Dolnoserbski
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Estremeñu
Euskara
فارسی
Fiji Hindi
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Furlan
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Gàidhlig
Galego
贛語
ગુજરાતી
गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
한국어
Hausa
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hornjoserbsce
Hrvatski
Ido
Ilokano
বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Interlingue
Ирон
IsiXhosa
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Kalaallisut
ಕನ್ನಡ
Kapampangan
Къарачай-малкъар
ქართული
Қазақша
Kernowek
Kinyarwanda
Kiswahili
Коми
Kreyòl ayisyen
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Ladino
Лезги
ລາວ
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Ligure
Limburgs
Lingála
La .lojban.
Lumbaart
Magyar
मैथिली
Македонски
Malagasy
മലയാളം
Malti
मराठी
მარგალური
مصرى
مازِرونی
Bahasa Melayu
Baso Minangkabau
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Mirandés
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nāhuatl
Nederlands
नेपाली
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Napulitano
Нохчийн
Nordfriisk
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Novial
Occitan
Олык марий
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Pälzisch
پنجابی
Papiamentu
پښتو
Patois
ភាសាខ្មែរ
Piemontèis
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Qaraqalpaqsha
Qırımtatarca
Română
Rumantsch
Runa Simi
Русиньскый
Русский
Саха тыла
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ
Gagana Samoa
संस्कृतम्
Sardu
Scots
Seeltersk
Shqip
Sicilianu
සිංහල
Simple English
سنڌي
SiSwati
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Soomaaliga
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Taqbaylit
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Türkmençe
Удмурт
Українська
اردو
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
Vèneto
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
Võro
Walon
文言
Winaray
Wolof
吴语
Xitsonga
ייִדיש
Yorùbá
粵語
Zazaki
Žemaitėška
中文
डोटेली
Kabɩyɛ
Lingua Franca Nova
200 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 August 2018, at 10:55 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This is a good article. Follow the link for more information.

values: mw-indicator-good-star mw-indicator

values: mw-indicator-pp-default mw-indicator

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: class style

values: shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/United_Nations_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
United Nations (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/UN_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
UN (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: class id href

values: list-style: none none; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: inherit; display: none;

values: padding-top:0.25em; border: none; padding: 0;

values: display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;

values:
/wiki/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations
mw-redirect
Emblem of the United Nations

values: display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;

values: Map showing the member states of the United Nations[a]

values: Official languages of the United Nations

values:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

values: United Nations General Assembly observers

values: Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations

values: President of the United Nations General Assembly

values: United Nations Economic and Social Council

values: President of the United Nations Security Council

values:
nofollow
https://www.un.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.un.int

values:
mbox-text plainlist
vertical-align:middle; font-size:95%;

values: background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000;width: 22em;

values: United Nations Conference on International Organization

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: International Committee of the Red Cross

values:
/wiki/Big_Four_(World_War_II)
mw-redirect
Big Four (World War II)

values:
/wiki/Edward_Stettinius
mw-redirect
Edward Stettinius

values:
/wiki/International_territory
mw-redirect
International territory

values: United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine

values:
/wiki/Moise_Tshombe
mw-redirect
Moise Tshombe

values: United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus

values: United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379

values: United Nations Transition Assistance Group

values:
/wiki/Apartheid_in_South_Africa
mw-redirect
Apartheid in South Africa

values: United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda

values: Secretary-General's Internal Review Panel on United Nations Action in Sri Lanka

values: Alleged war crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War

values: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

values: Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations

values: position:absolute; right:0; top:0; margin:0 5px;

values: padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:10px; text-align:center; position:relative; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/File:UN_General_Assembly_hall.jpg
image
UN General Assembly hall

values:
/wiki/Relative_majority
mw-redirect
Relative majority

values: United Nations Security Council resolution

values: Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council

values: United Nations Security Council veto power

values: List of members of the United Nations Security Council

values: List of specialized agencies of the United Nations

values:
/wiki/General_Assembly_First_Committee
mw-redirect
General Assembly First Committee

values: United Nations General Assembly Second Committee

values: United Nations General Assembly Third Committee

values:
/wiki/United_Nations_Fourth_Committee
mw-redirect
United Nations Fourth Committee

values: United Nations General Assembly Fifth Committee

values: United Nations General Assembly Sixth Committee (Legal)

values: United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War

values: Permanent Court of International Justice

values: United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: International Civil Aviation Organization

values:
/wiki/Montreal,_Quebec
mw-redirect
Montreal, Quebec

values: International Fund for Agricultural Development

values: United Nations Industrial Development Organization

values: World Intellectual Property Organization

values:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
font-size:90%; text-align:left;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #5B92E5; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #008080; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00A24F; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #346733; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FDE910; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

values: List of United Nations peacekeeping missions

values: United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan

values: United Nations Truce Supervision Organization

values:
/wiki/UN_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus
mw-redirect
UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus

values:
/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_Genocide
mw-redirect
1971 Bangladesh Genocide

values: United Nations General Assembly resolution

values: Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

values: Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

values: Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission

values: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

values: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

values: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

values: United Nations Commission on Human Rights

values: Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

values: United Nations Commission on the Status of Women

values: United Nations Development Fund for Women

values: background:#f3f9ff; padding-left:7px; padding-bottom:7px; float:right; border:1px dashed #aaa; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em;

values: List of countries by Human Development Index

values:
/wiki/Syrian_refugees
mw-redirect
Syrian refugees

values:
/wiki/River_blindness
mw-redirect
River blindness

values: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS

values:
/wiki/UN_Population_Fund
mw-redirect
UN Population Fund

values: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

values: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

values:
/wiki/UN_Environmental_Programme
mw-redirect
UN Environmental Programme

values: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

values:
/wiki/International_observance
mw-redirect
International observance

values: International Year of Deserts and Desertification

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:9.8em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; height:1.25em; width: 9.75em; padding: 0 0 0 2em; z-index: 10;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:4.3em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:3.5em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:2.8em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:2.2em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:2em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:1.7em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:1.4em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:1.3em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:1.1em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:1em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:0.9em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:0.7em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:0.6em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:0.5em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:0.4em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:0.3em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: position: absolute; background-color: rgb(206, 223, 242); width:5.7em; height: 1.25em; margin: 0 0 0 0; z-index: 0;

values: border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#c0c0c0; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-align:left; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;

values:
/wiki/Least_developed_country
mw-redirect
Least developed country

values:
/wiki/Russian_Federation
mw-redirect
Russian Federation

values: Reform of the United Nations Security Council

values:
/wiki/Global_security
mw-redirect
Global security

values:
/wiki/Republic_of_China
mw-redirect
Republic of China

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China
mw-redirect
People's Republic of China

values: United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: List of current Permanent Representatives to the United Nations

values: List of multilateral free-trade agreements

values:
/wiki/Partially_recognized_states
mw-redirect
Partially recognized states

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values: The site requires a paid subscription to access this page.

values:
nofollow
external text
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/904903.stm

values:
nofollow
http://visit.un.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.unog.ch/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.unvienna.org/unov/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.unon.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.un.org/en/sc/members/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.un.org/en/sc/presidency/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.un.org/sg/appointment.shtml

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.un.org/sg/formersgs.shtml

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.icj-cij.org/en

values:
nofollow
http://www.un.org/en/member-states/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://legal.un.org/repertory/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.g77.org/doc/members.html

values:
nofollow
http://www.g77.org/doc/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.humansecurityreport.info/
external text

values:
/wiki/The_Huffington_Post
mw-redirect
The Huffington Post

values:
nofollow
https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.wfp.org/our-work

values:
nofollow
external text
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4232629.stm

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0924-4883

values: The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill

values: -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em;

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values:
nofollow
https://www.unric.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://research.un.org/en/docs

values:
nofollow
http://www.undemocracy.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.una.org.uk/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.globalpolicy.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.unwatch.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://librivox.org/author/4193

values: Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations

values: Statute of the International Court of Justice

values: Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth

values: Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General

values: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

values: United Nations Department of Political Affairs

values: United Nations Department of Public Information

values: United Nations Department for Safety and Security

values: United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights

values: United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations

values: United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States

values: United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace

values: United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs

values: United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs

values: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

values: List of United Nations organizations by location

values: United Nations Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict

values: United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara

values: United Nations Commission on International Trade Law

values: United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP)

values: United Nations Human Settlements Programme

values: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

values: United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute

values: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research

values: United Nations Institute for Training and Research

values: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

values: United Nations Office for Project Services

values: United Nations Research Institute For Social Development

values: Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions

values: List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions

values: List of resolutions at the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly

values: List of resolutions at the sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly

values: List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Cyprus

values: List of United Nations resolutions concerning Iran

values: List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iraq

values: List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel

values: List of United Nations resolutions relating to Lebanon

values: List of United Nations Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

values: List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea

values: List of United Nations resolutions concerning Palestine

values: List of United Nations resolutions concerning Syria

values: List of United Nations resolutions concerning Western Sahara

values: United Nations Secretary-General selection

values: United Nations Secretary-General selection, 2016

values: International Court of Justice judges election, 2011

values: United Nations General Assembly presidential election, 2016

values: United Nations Security Council election, 2016

values: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

values: Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice

values: Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible expanded navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Template:United Nations' relations with its Member States

values: Template talk:United Nations' relations with its Member States

values: Trinidad and Tobago and the United Nations

values: Israel, Palestine, and the United Nations

values: Federated States of Micronesia and the United Nations

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Template talk:LN and UN Secretaries-General

values:
/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Anne_Avenol
mw-redirect
Joseph Louis Anne Avenol

values:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Community of Portuguese Language Countries

values: Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

values: Template talk:Nobel Peace Prize laureates

values: Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant

values: Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood

values: Nansen International Office for Refugees

values:
/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr,_1st_Baron_Boyd-Orr
mw-redirect
John Boyd Orr, 1st Baron Boyd-Orr

values: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

values: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War

values: Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs

values:
/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize
mw-redirect
2004 Nobel Peace Prize

values: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences

values: International Year of Shelter for the Homeless

values: International Year for the Culture of Peace

values: International Year of Mobilization against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance

values: International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition

values: International Year for People of African Descent

values: International Year of Water Cooperation (page does not exist)

values: International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development

values: International Year of Indigenous Languages (page does not exist)

values: International Year of Moderation (page does not exist)

values: International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (page does not exist)

values: Template talk:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/333-5

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000123317789

values:
nofollow
external text
https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35561510

values:
nofollow
external text
https://libris.kb.se/auth/133482

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/026395258

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/144904638

values: Category:Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty

values: Category:Organizations awarded Nobel Peace Prizes

values: Category:Organizations based in New York City

values: Category:Organizations established in 1945

values: Category:1945 establishments in the United States

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles with short description

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Use British English Oxford spelling from February 2014

values: Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text

values: Category:Articles containing French-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Russian-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text

values: Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters

values: Category:Use dmy dates from February 2014

values: Category:Articles with Internet Archive links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values:
/wiki/United_Nations
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Лъэпкъ Зэгуэтхэр, ЛъЗ – Kabardian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd
display: none;

values: Дунэе Лъэпкъ Организацие – Adyghe

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ady
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values: የተባበሩት መንግሥታት ድርጅት – Amharic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values: Еидгылоу Амилаҭқәа Рорганизациа – Abkhazian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ab
display: none;

values: الأمم المتحدة – Arabic

values: Organización d'as Nacions Unitas – Aragonese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup
display: none;

values: Organisacion de les Nacions unies – Arpitan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frp
display: none;

values: ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ – Assamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values: Organización de les Naciones Xuníes – Asturian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gn
display: none;

values: Цолъарал Миллатазул ГІуцІи – Avaric

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-av
display: none;

values: Birləşmiş Millətlər Təşkilatı – Azerbaijani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: بیرلشمیش میلتلر قورومو – South Azerbaijani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: জাতিসংঘ – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa – Basa Banyumasan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms
display: none;

values: Берләшкән Милләттәр Ойошмаһы – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values: Арганізацыя Аб’яднаных Нацый – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Арганізацыя Аб’яднаных Нацыяў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: यूनाइटेड नेशंस – Bhojpuri

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bi
display: none;

values: Организация на обединените нации – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNO
UNO – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bar
display: none;

values: མཉམ་འབྲེལ་རྒྱལ་ཚོགས། – Tibetan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values: Нэгэдэһэн Үндэһэтэнэй Байгуулга – Russia Buriat

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr
display: none;

values: Organització de les Nacions Unides – Catalan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Пĕрлешнĕ Нацисен Организацийĕ – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-se
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values: އެކުވެރި ދައުލަތްތައް – Divehi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dv
display: none;

values: Nahasdzáán Bikáaʼgi Kéyah Naaznilgo Ałhidadiidzooígíí – Navajo

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb
display: none;

values: Ühinenud Rahvaste Organisatsioon – Estonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Οργανισμός Ηνωμένων Εθνών – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: Organización de las Naciones Unidas – Spanish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ext
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: سازمان ملل متحد – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hif
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values: Organizazion des Nazions Unidis – Friulian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fur
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gv
display: none;

values: Na Dùthchannan Aonaichte – Scottish Gaelic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values: Organización das Nacións Unidas – Galician

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gan
display: none;

values: સંયુક્ત રાષ્ટ્રસંઘ – Gujarati

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values: संयुक्त राश्ट्रसंघटना – Goan Konkani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gom
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ha
display: none;

values: Միավորված ազգերի կազմակերպություն – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: संयुक्त राष्ट्र – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-id
display: none;

values: Organisation del Nationes Unite – Interlingua

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values: Organisation del Unit Nationes – Interlingue

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ie
display: none;

values: Иугонд Нациты Организаци – Ossetic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values: Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite – Italian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: האומות המאוחדות – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values:
https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN
FN – Kalaallisut
kl
kl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kl
display: none;

values: ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pam
display: none;

values: Бирлешген Миллетлени Организациясы – Karachay-Balkar

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-krc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: გაერთიანებული ერების ორგანიზაცია – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Біріккен Ұлттар Ұйымы – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values: Ӧтувтчӧм Войтыръяслӧн Котыр – Komi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kv
display: none;

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONI
ONI – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Бириккен Улуттар Уюму – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lad
display: none;

values: Садхьанвай миллетрин тешкилат – Lezghian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lez
display: none;

values: ສະຫະປະຊາຊາດ – Lao

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values: Jungtinių Tautų Organizacija – Lithuanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: Organizzaçion d'e Naçioin Unïe – Ligurian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values: Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́ – Lingala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ln
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values: Egyesült Nemzetek Szervezete – Hungarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घ – Maithili

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mai
display: none;

values: Обединети нации – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values: ഐക്യരാഷ്ട്രസഭ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mt
display: none;

values: संयुक्त राष्ट्रे – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: გოართოიანაფილი ერეფიშ ორგანიზაცია – Mingrelian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values: متحد ملل سازمان – Mazanderani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn
display: none;

values: Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu – Malay

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-min
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values: Ourganizaçon de las Naciones Ounidas – Mirandese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl
display: none;

values: Нэгдсэн Үндэстний Байгууллага – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: ကုလသမဂ္ဂ – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values: संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ – Newari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Organizzazione d"e Nazzione Aunite – Neapolitan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nap
display: none;

values: Вовшахтоьхна Къаьмнийн Кхоллам – Chechen

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Dei sameinte nasjonane – Norwegian Nynorsk

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nov
display: none;

values: Organizacion de las Nacions Unidas – Occitan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values: Иктыш ушнышо Наций-влак Организаций – Eastern Mari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values: ମିଳିତ ଜାତିସଂଘ – Odia

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pap
display: none;

values: ملگري ملتونه – Pashto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

values: Yunaitid Nieshan – Jamaican Creole English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jam
display: none;

values: អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ – Khmer

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-km
display: none;

values: Organisassion dle Nassion Unìe – Piedmontese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values: Organizacja Narodów Zjednoczonych – Polish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Organização das Nações Unidas – Portuguese

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: Birlesken Milletler Sho'lkemı – Kara-Kalpak

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa
display: none;

values: Birleşken Milletler Teşkilâtı – Crimean Turkish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-crh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Organisaziun da las Naziuns unidas – Romansh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rm
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Орґанізація Зъєдиненых Націй – Rusyn

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rue
display: none;

values: Организация Объединённых Наций – Russian

values: Холбоһуктаах Нациялар Тэрилтэлэрэ – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values: ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ – Santali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sat
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sm
display: none;

values: संयुक्तराष्ट्रसङ्घः – Sanskrit

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sa
display: none;

values:
https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU
ONU – Sardinian
sc
sc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-stq
display: none;

values: Organizata e Kombeve të Bashkuara – Albanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values: එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: گڏيل قومون – Sindhi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ss
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Organizacija združenih narodov – Slovenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values: نەتەوە یەکگرتووەکان – Central Kurdish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Организација уједињених нација – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: ஐக்கிய நாடுகள் அவை – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kab
display: none;

values: Берләшкән Милләтләр Оешмасы – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: ఐక్యరాజ్య సమితి – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: สหประชาชาติ – Thai

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: Созмони Милали Муттаҳид – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tk
display: none;

values: Огазеяськем Нациослэн Организацизы – Udmurt

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-udm
display: none;

values: Організація Об'єднаних Націй – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: اقوام متحدہ – Urdu

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: بىرلەشكەن دۆلەتلەر تەشكىلاتى – Uyghur

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU
ONU – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values: Ühtenzoittud Rahvahiden Organizacii – Veps

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro
display: none;

values: Organizåcion des Nåcions uneyes – Walloon

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ts
display: none;

values: פאראייניגטע פעלקער – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values: Jongtėniu Tautū Uorganėzacėjė – Samogitian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

values: संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ – Doteli

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-dty badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-United_Nations rootpage-United_Nations skin-vector action-view