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List of CBS television affiliates (by U.S. state)
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For a list of stations sorted alphabetically by city of license, see List of CBS television affiliates (table).
CBS is an American broadcast television television network owned by CBS Corporation, which originated as a radio network in September 1927, and expanded into television in July 1941. As of March 2015[update], the network currently has 16 owned-and-operated stations, and current affiliation agreements with 222 other television stations.[1]
This article is a listing of current CBS affiliates in the continental United States and U.S. possessions (including subchannel affiliates, satellite stations and select low-power translators), arranged alphabetically by state, and based on the station's city of license and followed in parentheses by the Designated Market Area if it differs from the city of license. There are links to and articles on each of the stations, describing their histories, local programming and technical information, such as broadcast frequencies.
The station's advertised channel number follows the call letters. In most cases, this is their virtual channel (PSIP) number.
Stations listed in boldface are owned and operated by CBS through its subsidiary CBS Television Stations (excluding owned-and-operated stations of The CW or independent stations owned by the group, unless the station simulcasts a co-owned CBS O&O station via a digital subchannel).
Contents
[hide]
1 United States
1.1 Alabama
1.2 Alaska
1.3 Arizona
1.4 Arkansas
1.5 California
1.6 Colorado
1.7 Connecticut
1.8 Delaware
1.9 District of Columbia
1.10 Florida
1.11 Georgia
1.12 Hawaii
1.13 Idaho
1.14 Illinois
1.15 Indiana
1.16 Iowa
1.17 Kansas
1.18 Kentucky
1.19 Louisiana
1.20 Maine
1.21 Maryland
1.22 Massachusetts
1.23 Michigan
1.24 Minnesota
1.25 Mississippi
1.26 Missouri
1.27 Montana
1.28 Nebraska
1.29 Nevada
1.30 New Hampshire
1.31 New Jersey
1.32 New Mexico
1.33 New York
1.34 North Carolina
1.35 North Dakota
1.36 Ohio
1.37 Oklahoma
1.38 Oregon
1.39 Pennsylvania
1.40 Rhode Island
1.41 South Carolina
1.42 South Dakota
1.43 Tennessee
1.44 Texas
1.45 Utah
1.46 Vermont
1.47 Virginia
1.48 Washington
1.49 West Virginia
1.50 Wisconsin
1.51 Wyoming
2 CBS stations outside the United States
2.1 Bermuda
2.2 Guam
2.3 Puerto Rico
2.4 St. Vincent and the Grenadines
2.5 U.S. Virgin Islands
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
United States[edit]
Alabama[edit]
Birmingham – WIAT 42
Dothan – WTVY 4
Huntsville – WHNT-TV 19
Mobile – WKRG-TV 5
Selma (Montgomery) – WAKA 8
Alaska[edit]
Some CBS programming is broadcast on the Alaska Rural Communications Service (ARCS).
Anchorage – KTVA 11
Fairbanks – KXDF-CD 13
Juneau – KXLJ-LD 24
Ketchikan – KUBD 4
Kodiak – KUBD-LP 11
Sitka – KTNL-TV 13
Arizona[edit]
Phoenix – KPHO-TV 5
Tucson – KOLD-TV 13
Yuma – KSWT 13
Arkansas[edit]
Eureka Springs (Fayetteville) – KXNW-DT3 34.3 (relays KFSM-TV)
Fort Smith – KFSM-TV 5
Little Rock – KTHV 11
Jonesboro – KJNB-LD2 39.2/KJNE-LD2 42.2
California[edit]
Bakersfield – KBAK-TV 29
Palm Springs – KESQ-DT2 42.2/KPSP-CD 38
Chico – KHSL-TV 12
Eureka – KJRW 17
Fresno – KGPE-TV 47
Los Angeles – KCBS-TV 2
Monterey – KION-TV 46
San Diego – KFMB-TV 8
San Francisco – KPIX-TV 5
Santa Maria – KCOY-TV 12
Stockton (Sacramento) – KOVR 13
Colorado[edit]
Colorado Springs – KKTV 11
Denver – KCNC-TV 4
Durango – KREZ-TV 6 (satellite of KRQE-TV, Albuquerque, New Mexico)
Grand Junction – KREX-TV 5
Montrose – KREY-TV 10 (satellite of KREX-TV)
Connecticut[edit]
Hartford – WFSB 3
Delaware[edit]
none
District of Columbia[edit]
Washington, D.C. – WUSA 9
Florida[edit]
Fort Myers – WINK-TV 11
High Springs (Gainesville) – WGFL-TV 28
Jacksonville – WJAX-TV 47
Miami – WFOR-TV 4
Orlando – WKMG-TV 6
Panama City – WECP-LD 18/WJHG-DT3 7.3[2]
St. Petersburg – WTSP-TV 10
West Palm Beach – WPEC 12
Georgia[edit]
Atlanta – WGCL-TV 46
Augusta – WRDW-TV 12
Columbus – WRBL 3
Macon – WMAZ-TV 13
Savannah – WTOC-TV 11
Thomasville (Tallahassee, Florida) – WCTV 6
Valdosta (Albany) – WSWG 44 (semi-satellite of WCTV)
Hawaii[edit]
Hilo - KHBC-DT2 13.2 (satellite of KGMB)
Honolulu – KGMB 5
Wailuku – KOGG-DT2 13.2 (satellite of KGMB)
Idaho[edit]
Boise – KBOI-TV 2
Idaho Falls – KIDK 3
Lewiston – KLEW-TV 3
Twin Falls – KMVT 11
Illinois[edit]
Champaign – WCIA 3
Chicago – WBBM-TV 2
Chicago - WMEU-CD 48.3 (Simulcast of WBBM-TV)
Freeport (Rockford) – WIFR-LD 23
Peoria – WMBD-TV 31
Rock Island (Quad Cities) – WHBF-TV 4
Springfield – WCIX 49.2 (simulcast of WCIA)
Indiana[edit]
Bloomington (Indianapolis) – WTTV 4[3][4]
Evansville – WEVV-TV 44
Fort Wayne – WANE-TV 15
Kokomo – WTTK 29 (satellite of WTTV)[3]
South Bend – WSBT-TV 22
Terre Haute – WTHI-TV 10
West Lafayette – WLFI-TV 18
Iowa[edit]
Cedar Rapids – KGAN 2
Des Moines – KCCI 8
Mason City (Rochester, Minnesota) – KIMT 3
Sioux City – KMEG-TV 14
Kansas[edit]
Ensign (Dodge City) – KBSD-DT 6 (satellite of KWCH-DT)
Goodland – KBSL-DT 10 (satellite of KWCH-DT)
Hays – KBSH-DT 7 (satellite of KWCH-DT)
Hutchinson (Wichita) – KWCH-DT 12
Pittsburg (Joplin, Missouri) – KOAM-TV 7
Topeka – WIBW-TV 13
Kentucky[edit]
Bowling Green – WNKY-DT2 40.2
Hazard – WYMT-TV 57 (semi-satellite of WKYT-TV)
Lexington – WKYT-TV 27
Louisville – WLKY-TV 32
Louisiana[edit]
Alexandria – KALB-DT2 5.2
Baton Rouge – WAFB 9
Lafayette – KLFY-TV 10
Lake Charles -- KSWL-LD 17
Monroe – KNOE-TV 8
New Orleans – WWL-TV 4
Shreveport – KSLA 12
Maine[edit]
Bangor – WABI-TV 5
Portland – WGME-TV 13
Presque Isle – WAGM-TV 8
Maryland[edit]
Baltimore – WJZ-TV 13
Salisbury – WBOC-TV 16
Massachusetts[edit]
Boston – WBZ-TV 4
Springfield – WSHM-LD 3.5 (semi-satellite of WFSB/Hartford, Connecticut)
Michigan[edit]
Alpena – WBKB-TV 11
Bay City – WNEM-TV 5
Cadillac – WWTV 9
Detroit – WWJ-TV 62
Escanaba – WJMN-TV 3 (satellite of WFRV-TV, Green Bay, Wisconsin)
Kalamazoo – WWMT 3
Lansing – WLNS-TV 6
Sault Ste. Marie – WWUP-TV 10 (satellite of WWTV)
Minnesota[edit]
Chisholm – KRII-DT2 11.2 (simulcast of KBJR-DT2)
Mankato – KEYC-TV 12
Minneapolis – WCCO-TV 4
Walker – KCCW-TV 12 (satellite of WCCO-TV)
Mississippi[edit]
Biloxi – WLOX-DT2 13.2
Columbus – WCBI-TV 4
Cleveland (Greenville) – WXVT-LD
Hattiesburg – WHLT 22
Jackson – WJTV 12
Meridian – WMDN 24
Missouri[edit]
Cape Girardeau (Paducah, Kentucky) – KFVS-TV 12
Hannibal (Quincy, Illinois) – KHQA-TV 7
Jefferson City – KRCG 13
Kansas City – KCTV 5
Kirksville (Ottumwa, Iowa) – KTVO-DT2 3.2
St Joseph – KCJO-LD 30 / KNPN-LD2 26.2
St. Louis – KMOV 4
Springfield – KOLR 10
Montana[edit]
Billings – KTVQ 2
Bozeman – KBZK 7 (satellite of KXLF-TV)
Butte – KXLF-TV 4
Glendive – KXGN-TV 5
Great Falls – KRTV 3
Helena – KXLH-LP 9 (satellite of KRTV)
Kalispell – KAJJ-CA 18 (repeater of KPAX-TV)
Missoula – KPAX-TV 8
Nebraska[edit]
Grand Island – KGIN 11 (satellite of KOLN-TV)
Lincoln – KOLN 10
North Platte – KNPL-LD 10
Omaha – KMTV-TV 3
Scottsbluff – KSTF-TV 10 (satellite of KGWN-TV, Cheyenne, Wyoming)
Nevada[edit]
Las Vegas – KLAS-TV 8
Reno – KTVN 2
New Hampshire[edit]
none
New Jersey[edit]
none
New Mexico[edit]
Albuquerque – KRQE 13
Roswell – KBIM-TV 10 (satellite of KRQE)
Las Cruces - KDBC-TV 4
New York[edit]
Binghamton – WBNG-TV 12
Buffalo – WIVB-TV 4
Carthage (Watertown) – WWNY-TV 7
Elmira – WENY-DT2 36.2
New York City – WCBS-TV 2
Rochester – WROC-TV 8
Schenectady – WRGB 6
Syracuse – WTVH 5
Utica - WKTV-DT2 2.2
North Carolina[edit]
Charlotte – WBTV 3
Goldsboro (Raleigh–Durham) – WNCN 17
Greensboro – WFMY-TV 2
Greenville – WNCT-TV 9
Wilmington – WWAY-DT2 3.2
North Dakota[edit]
Bismarck – KXMB-TV 12
Dickinson – KXMA-TV 2 (semi-satellite of KXMB-TV)
Fargo – KXJB-LD 30/KVLY-TV 11.2
Minot – KXMC-TV 13
Williston – KXMD-TV 11 (semi-satellite of KXMC-TV)
Ohio[edit]
Cincinnati – WKRC-TV 12
Columbus – WBNS-TV 10
Dayton – WHIO-TV 7
Lima – WOHL-CD2 35.2 / WLMO-LP 38
Shaker Heights (Cleveland) – WOIO 19
Toledo – WTOL-TV 11
Youngstown – WKBN-TV 27
Oklahoma[edit]
Oklahoma City – KWTV-DT 9
Tulsa – KOTV-DT 6
Oregon[edit]
Bend – KBNZ-LD 7
Coos Bay – KCBY 11 (satellite of KVAL-TV)
Eugene – KVAL-TV 13
Medford – KTVL 10
Portland – KOIN 6
Roseburg – KPIC 4 (satellite of KVAL-TV)
Pennsylvania[edit]
Altoona – WTAJ-TV 10
Erie – WSEE-TV 35
Harrisburg – WHP-TV 21
Philadelphia – KYW-TV 3
Pittsburgh – KDKA-TV 2
Scranton – WYOU 22
Rhode Island[edit]
Providence – WPRI-TV 12
South Carolina[edit]
Charleston – WCSC-TV 5
Columbia – WLTX 19
Florence – WBTW 13
Spartanburg – WSPA-TV 7
South Dakota[edit]
Florence – KDLO-TV 3 (satellite of KELO-TV)
Rapid City – KCLO-TV 15 (satellite of KELO-TV)
Reliance – KPLO-TV 6 (satellite of KELO-TV)
Sioux Falls – KELO-TV 11
Tennessee[edit]
Chattanooga – WDEF-TV 12
Jackson – WBBJ-DT3 7.3
Johnson City (Tri-Cities, Tennessee-Virginia) – WJHL-TV 11
Knoxville – WVLT-TV 8
Memphis – WREG-TV 3
Nashville – WTVF 5
Texas[edit]
Abilene – KTAB-TV 32
Amarillo – KFDA-TV 10
Austin – KEYE-TV 42
Beaumont – KFDM 6
Bryan – KBTX-TV 3 (semi-satellite of KWTX-TV)
Corpus Christi – KZTV 10
El Paso – KDBC-TV 4
Fort Worth – KTVT 11
Harlingen (Brownsville) – KGBT-TV 4
Houston – KHOU 11
Laredo – KYLX-LP 13
Lubbock – KLBK-TV 13
Nacogdoches (Tyler) – KYTX 19
Odessa – KOSA-TV 7
San Angelo – KLST 8
San Antonio – KENS 5
Sherman – KXII 12
Victoria – KXTS-LD 41
Waco – KWTX-TV 10
Wichita Falls – KAUZ-TV 6
Utah[edit]
Salt Lake City – KUTV 2
Vermont[edit]
Burlington – WCAX-TV 3
Virginia[edit]
Charlottesville – WCAV 19
Harrisonburg – WSVF-CD2 43.2/WHSV-DT2 3.2[2]
Norfolk – WTKR 3
Richmond – WTVR-TV 6
Roanoke – WDBJ 7
Washington[edit]
Pasco (Kennewick) – KEPR-TV 19
Seattle – KIRO-TV 7
Spokane – KREM 2
Yakima – KIMA-TV 29
West Virginia[edit]
Huntington – WOWK-TV 13
Lewisburg (Bluefield–Beckley) – WVNS-TV 59
Moorefield - W50BD-D¹ 50
Parkersburg – WIYE-LD 47[2]
Weston (Clarksburg) – WDTV 5
Wheeling – WTRF-TV 7
¹ W50BD-D is a translator licensed to Valley Television Cooperative, Inc. which rebroadcasts CBS programming from Tegna Media's WUSA-TV in Washington, D.C.
Wisconsin[edit]
Green Bay – WFRV-TV 5
La Crosse – WKBT-DT 8
Madison – WISC-TV 3
Milwaukee – WDJT-TV 58
Superior (Duluth, Minnesota) - KBJR-DT2 6.2
Wausau – WSAW-TV 7
Wyoming[edit]
Casper – KGWC-TV 14
Cheyenne – KGWN-TV 5
Lander – KGWL-TV 5 (satellite of KGWC)
Rock Springs – KGWR-TV 13 (satellite of KGWC)
CBS stations outside the United States[edit]
Bermuda[edit]
Hamilton – ZBM-TV 9
Guam[edit]
Hagatna – KUAM-DT2 8.2
Puerto Rico[edit]
San Juan - W10DB-D¹ 10.1
¹ W10DB-D is a translator licensed to TV Red Puerto Rico, which rebroadcasts CBS programming from "CBS Puerto Rico", a cable-only feed of Lilly Broadcasting's WSEE-TV in Erie, Pennsylvania.
St. Vincent and the Grenadines[edit]
Kingstown – ZBG-TV 9
U.S. Virgin Islands[edit]
Charlotte Amalie – WMNS-LP 22
See also[edit]
List of CBS television affiliates (table)
List of former CBS television affiliates
Lists of ABC television affiliates
Lists of CBS television affiliates
Lists of NBC television affiliates
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Stations for Network - CBS". RabbitEars. Retrieved March 20, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Three Gray stations sign CBS affiliations". TVNewsCheck. NewsCheck Media. July 17, 2012. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b WTTV switched to CBS on January 1, 2015; the station sold the affiliation rights to its former CW affiliation to outgoing CBS affiliate WISH-TV. ([1])
Jump up ^ "Tribune Sells Indianapolis CW Affiliation to Media General" ([2])
External links[edit]
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Chauffeur
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the type of French criminal, see Chauffeur (criminal).
A chauffeur in Japan standing next to a Nissan Fuga.
A chauffeur is a person employed to drive a passenger motor vehicle, especially a luxury vehicle such as a large sedan or limousine. A woman employed to drive a passenger motor vehicle is a chauffeuse.
Originally, such drivers were often personal employees of the vehicle owner, but now in many cases specialist chauffeur service companies or individual drivers provide both driver and vehicle for hire, although there are service companies that just provide the driver.
Contents
1 History
2 Scope
3 Training
4 Dress
5 Notable chauffeurs
5.1 In fiction
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The term chauffeur comes from the French term for stoker because the earliest automobiles,[1] like their railroad and sea vessel counterparts, were steam-powered and required the driver to stoke the engine. Early petrol/gasoline-powered motor cars, before the advent of electric ignition, were ignited by 'hot tubes' in the cylinder head which had to be pre-heated before the engine would start. Hence the term chauffeur which, in this context, means something like "heater-upper". The chauffeur would prime the hot tubes at the start of a journey, after which the natural compression cycle of the engine would keep them at the correct temperature. The chauffeur also maintained the car, including routine maintenance and cleaning, and had to be a skilled mechanic to deal with breakdowns and tyre punctures en route, which were very common in the earliest years of the automobile.
Only the very wealthy could afford the first automobiles, and they generally employed chauffeurs rather than driving themselves. A 1906 article in The New York Times reported that "...the chauffeur problem to-day is one of the most serious that the automobilist has to deal with.", and complained that "...young men of no particular ability, who have been earning from $10 to $12 a week, are suddenly elevated to salaried positions paying from $25 to $50..." and recommended the re-training of existing coach drivers.[2]
Scope[edit]
While the term may refer to anybody who drives for a living, it usually implies a driver of an elegant passenger vehicle such as a horse-drawn carriage, luxury sedan, motor coach, or especially a limousine; those who operate buses or non-passenger vehicles are generally referred to as "drivers". In some countries, particularly developing nations where a ready supply of labor ensures that even the middle classes can afford domestic staff and among the wealthy,[3] the chauffeur may simply be called the "driver".
People currently sometimes employ chauffeurs full-time to drive themselves in their own personal vehicles, yet there are also professional services offering limousines or rental cars[4] driven by chauffeurs. This is very similar to but more luxurious than taking a taxicab. A variety of benefits are cited for using chauffeurs, including convenience, productivity and time savings,[5] and driving safety for businesspeople and seniors.[6] Insurance costs for luxury vehicles are often lower if the designated driver is a chauffeur.[7]
The legal requirements to be a chauffeur vary depending on the local jurisdiction and class of vehicle. In some cases, a simple permit is all that is required, but in others an additional professional license with certain minimum standards in areas such as: age, health, driving experience, criminal record, local geographic knowledge,[8] training attended.[9]
Training[edit]
In addition to the minimum legal requirements, limousine companies often require their chauffeurs to undergo specific extra training.[10] These courses may involve evasive driving or defensive driving techniques, the proper methods to ensure safety in the most extreme conditions such as inclement weather, a flat tire at high speeds, or other exterior influences for loss of vehicular control, etc. Most companies also have their own courses as to what they expect from their chauffeurs. Chauffeurs may be taught proper etiquette for use when they are in presence of their clientele. They may also be trained for services to the client beyond the car itself, such as for a personal valet or bodyguard. Many companies and local licensing agencies currently require random drug screening[11] – in the United States this was especially the case after professional ice hockey player Vladimir Konstantinov's career-ending injuries when his recently hired chauffeur, Richard Gnida, already serving a license suspension for drunken driving, lost control of their limousine and crashed, seriously injuring Konstantinov and his other passengers.[12][13]
Dress[edit]
In many places (or at times in the past), proper physical presence is presented by the chauffeur at all times. This usually includes a well-groomed individual, conservatively dressed in a clean and crisply pressed black or dark suit or tuxedo, dress shirt, and appropriately matching tie, with black leather gloves and freshly polished matching footwear. In some areas, such as Japan, white gloves are the norm. Some companies have complete uniforms for their chauffeurs, and some require that hats be worn as part of the uniform. Some companies do not keep strictly to this standard, and there is wide variation globally throughout the transportation industry.
Notable chauffeurs[edit]
William Grover-Williams, chauffeur to William Orpen
Julius Schreck, chauffeur to Adolf Hitler from 1926 to 1936
Kay Summersby, chauffeur to Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force Dwight D. Eisenhower
Roosevelt Zanders, drove Fidel Castro, Richard Nixon, Winston Churchill, Eleanor Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, and many others[14]
In fiction[edit]
Aloysius "Nosey" Parker
Thomas Watkins
Driving Miss Daisy
Frank Martin, driver in The Transporter series of films
Bitterman (Ted Ross), chauffeur for Arthur Bach (Dudley Moore) in the 1981 film Arthur
Tom Branson, chauffeur turned son-in-law of Lord Grantham in Downton Abbey
Alfred Pennyworth, Bruce Wayne's tireless valet, assistant, butler, chauffeur, confidant, best friend, and surrogate father figure
Bailey, chauffeur to the Crosswire family in Arthur
Female chauffeur in "Desert Rose"
Atra Mixta, Mikazuki Augus' childhood friend and chauffeuse in the second season of Mobile Suit Gundam: Iron-Blooded Orphans
Kato the chauffeur and assistant to The Green Hornet
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ""...but it simply means what we call "fireman", or what the English call "stoker"...", Letter to NYT, 1902" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "CHAUFFEURS LORD IT OVER THEIR EMPLOYERS; Big Salaries Turn the Heads of Automobile Drivers. THEY SCORN MENIAL WORK Garage Managers Also Have Trouble with Them -- A Better Class Being Turned Out by the Schools". The New York Times. 12 August 1906. Retrieved 12 December 2016 – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ Konigsberg, Eric. "Once Around the Block, James, and Pick Me Up After My Nap". The New York Times, January 24, 2007, pg. B7. Accessed 14 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Stern, Linda. "Hey, Look, Boss: No Hands!" Newsweek, October 1, 2007. Accessed 14 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Villano, Matt. "A Chauffeur Role That Tries Harder". The New York Times, September 17, 2007. Accessed 14 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Too Old To Drive?" The Rachael Ray Show, October 10, 2007. Accessed 14 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Sanger, David E. [1], The New York Times, September 23, 2010, accessed October 31, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Becoming a licensed taxi or private hire driver", Transport for London
Jump up ^ FAQ Archived May 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine., NYC Taxi and Limousine Commission
Jump up ^ Becker, Mark. "Operators Abroad Attempt to Establish Uniformity in Chauffeur Training". Limousine, Charter, and Tour Magazine. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Fletcher, Scott. "Limousine Clients Deserve Drug-free Chauffeurs". Limousine, Charter, and Tour Magazine. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Freep.com "Thirty-two laws took effect in 1999 amid mounting evidence that thousands of people with suspended or revoked licenses were driving, despite numerous alcohol-related convictions and serious traffic violations."
Jump up ^ "Ex-Wings Limo Driver Arrested". CBS News. Associated Press. July 2, 1999. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
Jump up ^ "Roosevelt S. Zanders, Stars' Chauffeur, Dies at 81", The New York Times, 1995
External links[edit]
Look up chauffeur in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Media related to Chauffeurs at Wikimedia Commons
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2018 College Football Playoff National Championship
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (September 2017)
2018 College Football Playoff National Championship
AP Coaches CFP
TBA TBA TBA
AP Coaches CFP
TBA TBA TBA
Date
January 8, 2018
Season
2017
Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Location
Atlanta, Georgia
National anthem
Zac Brown Band
Referee
Big Ten Conference
Halftime show
Kendrick Lamar
United States TV coverage
Network
ESPN/ESPN Radio/ESPN Deportes
Announcers
Chris Fowler, Kirk Herbstreit, Maria Taylor and Tom Rinaldi (ESPN)
Sean McDonough, Todd Blackledge, Holly Rowe and Ian Fitzsimmons (ESPN Radio)
College Football Playoff National Championship
< 2017 2019 >
The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship is a college football bowl game that will determine the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season. It will be played at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia on January 8, 2018. As part of a three-year rotation, the game will be played between the winners of two semi-final bowl games which will be played on January 1, 2018: the Rose Bowl Game, and the Sugar Bowl. The participants in these two games will be determined following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 2018 College Football Playoff
3 Game summary
4 Broadcasting
5 Notes
6 See also
7 References
Background[edit]
Mercedes-Benz Stadium was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4, 2015.[1]
2018 College Football Playoff[edit]
Semifinals 2018 Championship Game
January 1 – Sugar Bowl
1 Clemson
4 Alabama
January 8 –
January 1 – Rose Bowl
2 Oklahoma
3 Georgia

Game summary[edit]
[show]Scoring summary
Quarter
Time
Drive
Team
Scoring information
Score
Plays
Yards
TOP
TBD
TBD
"TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football.
Broadcasting[edit]
The game will be televised nationally by ESPN. On December 19, 2017, the network announced that its broadcast would feature a live performance by Kendrick Lamar during the halftime show. This performance is separate from the event proper at Mercedes-Benz Stadium (which will feature a traditional halftime show with the marching bands of the participating teams), and will originate from Centennial Olympic Park.[2]
Notes[edit]
December 2–3, 2017 – Selection Weekend
January 5, 2018 – The National Football Foundation (NFF) to announce the newest College Football Hall of Fame class.
See also[edit]
College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Alex Scarbrough (November 4, 2015). "Atlanta, Santa Clara and New Orleans land CFP title games for 2018-20". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kendrick Lamar to Perform at College Football Playoff Title Game". Billboard. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
[show]
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2017–18 NCAA football bowl game season
New Mexico (Dec. 16)
Las Vegas (Dec. 16)
Camellia (Dec. 16)
Cure (Dec. 16)
New Orleans (Dec. 16)
Boca Raton (Dec. 19)
Frisco (Dec. 20)
Gasparilla (Dec. 21)
Famous Idaho Potato (Dec. 22)
Bahamas (Dec. 22)
Armed Forces (Dec. 23)
Birmingham (Dec. 23)
Dollar General (Dec. 23)
Hawaii (Dec. 24)
Quick Lane (Dec. 26)
Heart of Dallas (Dec. 26)
Cactus (Dec. 26)
Independence (Dec. 27)
Pinstripe (Dec. 27)
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Foster Farms (Dec. 27)
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Holiday (Dec. 28)
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Sun (Dec. 29)
Music City (Dec. 29)
Arizona (Dec. 29)
Fiesta (Dec. 30)
Liberty (Dec. 30)
Orange (Dec. 30)
TaxSlayer (Dec. 30)
Citrus (Jan. 1)
Outback (Jan. 1)
Peach (Jan. 1)
College Football Playoff games: Rose (semifinal) (Jan. 1)
Sugar (semifinal) (Jan. 1)
National Championship Game (Jan. 8)
All-Star Games
East–West Shrine Game (Jan. 20)
NFLPA Collegiate Bowl (Jan. 20)
Senior Bowl (Jan. 27)
[show]
v
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College Football Playoff
Championships
Overview
College Football Playoff National Championship
Games
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
Semifinal Bowls
Rose
2014 (Jan 2015)
2017 (Jan 2018)
Sugar
2014 (Jan 2015)
2017 (Jan 2018)
Orange
2015 (Dec 2015)
2018
Cotton
2015 (Dec 2015)
2018
Peach
2016 (Dec 2016)
2019
Fiesta
2016 (Dec 2016)
2019
Other
List of College Football Playoff games
New Year's Six
College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy
NCAA Division I FBS champions
Mythical national championship
Plus-One system
Power Five conferences
Championship games for each season are played in January of the following year
[show]
v
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2017–18 NCAA Division I championships
Baseball
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Bowling
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Football (FBS) †
Football (FCS)
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† Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship
[show]
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NCAA Football Championship Games
Division I
FBS
2007*
2008*
2009*
2010*
2011*
2012*
2013*
2014*
2015*
2016*
2017*
2018*
I-A
1993 Sugar Bowl*
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1995 Orange Bowl*
1996 Fiesta Bowl*
1997 Sugar Bowl*
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2000 Sugar Bowl*
2001 Orange Bowl*
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2003 Fiesta Bowl*
2004 Sugar Bowl*
2005 Orange Bowl*
2006 Rose Bowl*
FCS
2006
2007
2008
2009
2011*
2012*
2013*
2014*
2015*
2016*
2017*
2018*
I-AA
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
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1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Division II
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Division III
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
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2000
2001
2002
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Games played in January are denoted by an asterisk
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Categories:
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Mens rea
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Mens rea (/ˈmɛnz ˈriːə/; Law Latin for "guilty mind"[1][2][3]) is the mental element of a person's intention to commit a crime or knowledge that one's action or lack of action would cause a crime to be committed. It is a necessary element of many crimes.
The standard common law test of criminal liability is expressed in the Latin phrase actus reus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea, i.e. "the act is not culpable unless the mind is guilty". In jurisdictions with due process, there must be both actus reus ("guilty act") and mens rea for a defendant to be guilty of a crime (see concurrence). As a general rule, someone who acted without mental fault is not liable in criminal law. Exceptions are known as strict liability crimes.
In civil law, it is usually not necessary to prove a subjective mental element to establish liability for breach of contract or tort, for example. But if a tort is intentionally committed or a contract is intentionally breached, such intent may increase the scope of liability and the damages payable to the plaintiff.
In some jurisdictions, the terms mens rea and actus reus have been replaced by alternative terminology. In Australia, mens rea is now called "fault elements" or "mental elements" and actus reus is now called "physical elements" or "external elements". The point of the changes was to replace Latin with plain English.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Levels of mens rea
2 Modes of culpability
2.1 England and Wales
2.2 Scotland
2.3 United States
2.3.1 State criminal law
2.3.1.1 Model Penal Code
2.3.2 Federal criminal law
2.4 Canada
2.5 Australia
2.6 India
3 Ignorance of the law and mens rea
4 Subjective and objective tests
5 Relevance of motive
6 Intention
7 Recklessness (United States: "willful blindness")
8 Criminal negligence
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Levels of mens rea[edit]
Under the traditional common law, the guilt or innocence of a person relied upon whether he had committed the crime (actus reus), and whether he intended to commit the crime (mens rea). However, many modern penal codes have created levels of mens rea called modes of culpability, which depend on the surrounding elements of the crime: the conduct, the circumstances, and the result, or what the Model Penal Code calls CAR (conduct, attendant circumstances, result). The definition of a crime is thus constructed using only these elements rather than the colorful language of mens rea:[6]
Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought.
—  18 U.S.C. §1111 (traditional common law)
A person commits an offense if he:
(1) intentionally or knowingly causes the death of an individual
—  portion of Texas Penal Code §19.02 (modern offense element)
The traditional common law definitions and the modern definitions approach the crime from different angles.
In the traditional common law approach, the definition includes:
actus reus: unlawful killing of a human being;
mens rea: malice aforethought.
Modern law approaches the analysis somewhat differently. Homicide is a "results" crime in that it forbids any "intentional" or "knowing" conduct that results in the death of another human being. "Intentional" in this sense means the actor possessed a "purpose" or "desire" that his or her objective (i.e. death of another human being) be achieved. "Knowing" means that the actor was aware or practically certain that the death would result. Thus, the actus reus and mens rea of homicide in a modern criminal statute can be considered as follows:
actus reus: any conduct resulting in the death of another individual;
mens rea: intent or knowledge that the conduct would result in the death.
In the modern approach, the attendant circumstances tend to replace the traditional mens rea, indicating the level of culpability as well as other circumstances. For example, the crime of theft of government property would include as an attendant circumstance that the property belong to the government.[6]
Modes of culpability[edit]
The levels of mens rea and the distinction between them vary between jurisdictions. Although common law originated from England, the common law of each jurisdiction with regard to culpability varies as precedents and statutes vary.
England and Wales[edit]
Direct intention: the actor has a clear foresight of the consequences of his actions, and desires those consequences to occur. It's his aim or purpose to achieve this consequence (death).
Oblique intention: the result is a virtually certain consequence or a 'virtual certainty' of the defendant's actions, and that the defendant appreciates that such was the case.[7][8][9]
Knowingly: the actor knows, or should know, that the results of his conduct are reasonably certain to occur.
Recklessness: the actor foresees that particular consequences may occur and proceeds with the given conduct, not caring whether those consequences actually occur or not.[10][11][12]
Criminal negligence: the actor did not actually foresee that the particular consequences would flow from his actions, but a reasonable person, in the same circumstances, would have foreseen those consequences.
Scotland[edit]
Intention: the accused willingly committed a criminal act entirely aware of his actions and their consequences. Necessary for murder and for assault.
Recklessness: the accused was aware the criminal act could be potentially dangerous but did not give a second thought to its consequences, for example involuntary culpable homicide.
United States[edit]
State criminal law[edit]
The vast majority of criminal prosecutions in the United States are carried out by the component states in accordance with the laws of the state in question. Historically, the states (with the partial exception of civil-law Louisiana) applied common law rules of mens rea similar to those extant in England, but over time American understandings of common law mens rea terms diverged from those of English law and from each other. By the late 1950s to early 1960s, the common law of mens rea was widely acknowledged to be a slippery, vague, and confused mess.[13] This was one of several factors that led to the development of the Model Penal Code.
Model Penal Code[edit]
Since its publication in 1957, the formulation of mens rea set forth in the Model Penal Code has been highly influential throughout the US in clarifying the discussion of the different modes of culpability.[13] The following levels of mens rea are found in the MPC:
Strict liability: the actor engaged in conduct and his mental state is irrelevant. Under Model Penal Code Section 2.05, this mens rea may only be applied where the forbidden conduct is a mere violation, i.e. a civil infraction.
Negligently: a "reasonable person" would be aware of a "substantial and unjustifiable risk" that his conduct is of a prohibited nature, will lead to a prohibited result, and/or is under prohibited attendant circumstances, and the actor was not so aware but should have been.
Recklessly: the actor consciously disregards a "substantial and unjustifiable risk" that his conduct is of a prohibited nature, will lead to a prohibited result, and/or is of a prohibited nature.
Knowingly: the actor is practically certain that his conduct will lead to the result, or is aware to a high probability that his conduct is of a prohibited nature, or is aware to a high probability that the attendant circumstances exist.
Purposefully: the actor has the "conscious object" of engaging in conduct and believes or hopes that the attendant circumstances exist.
Except for strict liability, these classes of mens rea are defined in Section 2.02(2) of the MPC.
Federal criminal law[edit]
Since the federal government of the United States does not have a generalized police power like that of the states, the scope of its criminal statutes is necessarily circumscribed. Ordinary prosecutions are the province of the states, and only crimes of special federal import are pursued by the federal government. Consequently, Title 18 of the United States Code does not use the aforementioned culpability scheme but relies instead on more traditional definitions of crimes taken from common law. For example, malice aforethought is used as a requirement for committing capital murder.[14]
Canada[edit]
The Supreme Court of Canada has found that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees a minimum requirement for the mental state of various crimes. For example, the crime of murder must include a mental requirement of at least subjective foresight of death. For crimes where imprisonment is a sanction, there is a requirement of at least a defence of due diligence.
Australia[edit]
Mens rea needs to be proved by prosecution from offence to offence. If it is a common law offence, mens rea is found out by relevant precedent (DPP v Morgan [1976] AC 182). Where the offence is in legislation, the requisite mens rea is found by interpreting the intention of the legislation.[15][16] They must intend to commit the full offence.[17]
India[edit]
Mens Rea in the Indian Penal Code 1860 sets out the definition of offences, the general conditions of liability, the conditions of exemptions from liability and punishments for the respective offences. Legislatures had not used the common law doctrine of mens rea in defining these crimes. However, they preferred to import it by using different terms indicating the required evil intent or mens rea as an essence of a particular offence.[18]
Guilt in respect to almost all offences created under the IPC is fastened either on the ground of intention, knowledge or reason to believe. Almost all the offences under the IPC are qualified by one or other words such as ‘wrongful gain or loss’, ‘dishonesty’, ‘fraudulently’, ‘reason to believe’, ‘criminal knowledge or intention’, ‘intentional cooperation’, ‘voluntarily’, ‘malignantly’, ‘wantonly’, ‘maliciously’. All these words indicate the blameworthy mental condition required at the time of commission of the offence, nowhere found in the IPC, its essence is reflected in almost all the provisions of the Indian Penal Code 1860. Every offence created under the IPC virtually imports the idea of criminal intent or mens rea in some form or other.[19]
Ignorance of the law and mens rea[edit]
The general rule under common law is that "ignorance of the law or a mistake of law is no defense to criminal prosecution."[20][21] In some cases, courts have held if knowledge of a law, or the intent to break a law, is a material element of an offense a defendant may use ignorance as a defense to willfulness if his misunderstanding is in good faith:
The proliferation of statutes and regulations has sometimes made it difficult for the average citizen to know and comprehend the extent of the duties and obligations imposed by the tax laws. . . . [T]he Court almost 60 years ago interpreted the statutory term "willfully" as used in federal criminal tax statutes as carving out an exception to the traditional rule."[22]
Crimes like tax evasion are specific intent crimes and require intent to violate the law as an element of the offense.[23] In R. v. Klundert, for example, the Ontario Court of Appeal found as follows:
"[55] Section 239(1)(d) is part of an Act which is necessarily and notoriously complex. It is subject to ongoing revision. No lay person is expected to know all the complexities of the tax laws. It is accepted that people will act on the advice of professionals and that the advice will often turn on the meanings to be given to provisions in the Act that are open to various interpretations. Furthermore, it is accepted that one may legitimately structure one’s affairs so as to minimize tax liability. Considered in this legislative context, I have no difficulty in holding that a mistake or ignorance as to one’s liability to pay tax under the Act may negate the fault requirement in the provision, regardless of whether it is a factual mistake, a legal mistake, or a combination of both."
Not all offenses require specific intent, and a misreading, even in good faith, may not excuse the criminal conduct.[24] A good-faith belief that a law is unjust or unconstitutional is no excuse,[25] but "reasonable compliance upon an official statement of law, afterward determined to be invalid or erroneous" does not constitute a criminal act.[26]
However, a law must be worded as such, that it affords that a reasonable person who is not an attorney is able to comprehend the specific acts that the law prohibits. Otherwise, the statute may be struck down as unconstitutional pursuant to the Vagueness doctrine.
Subjective and objective tests[edit]
The test for the existence of mens rea may be:
(a) subjective, where the court must be satisfied that the accused actually had the requisite mental element present in his or her mind at the relevant time (for purposely, knowingly, recklessly etc) (see concurrence);
(b) objective, where the requisite mens rea element is imputed to the accused, on the basis that a reasonable person would have had the mental element in the same circumstances (for negligence); or
(c) hybrid, where the test is both subjective and objective.
The court will have little difficulty in establishing mens rea if there is actual evidence – for instance, if the accused made an admissible admission. This would satisfy a subjective test. But a significant proportion of those accused of crimes make no such admissions. Hence, some degree of objectivity must be brought to bear as the basis upon which to impute the necessary component(s). It is always reasonable to assume that people of ordinary intelligence are aware of their physical surroundings and of the ordinary laws of cause and effect (see causation). Thus, when a person plans what to do and what not to do, he will understand the range of likely outcomes from given behaviour on a sliding scale from "inevitable" to "probable" to "possible" to "improbable". The more an outcome shades towards the "inevitable" end of the scale, the more likely it is that the accused both foresaw and desired it, and, therefore, the safer it is to impute intention. If there is clear subjective evidence that the accused did not have foresight, but a reasonable person would have, the hybrid test may find criminal negligence. In terms of the burden of proof, the requirement is that a jury must have a high degree of certainty before convicting, defined as "beyond a reasonable doubt" in the United States and "sure" in the United Kingdom.[27][28][29] It is this reasoning that justifies the defenses of infancy, and of lack of mental capacity under the M'Naghten Rules, an alternate common law rule (e.g., Durham test), and one of various statutes defining mental illness as an excuse. Moreover, if there is an irrebuttable presumption of doli incapax - that is, that the accused did not have sufficient understanding of the nature and quality of his actions – then the requisite mens rea is absent no matter what degree of probability might otherwise have been present.[30] For these purposes, therefore, where the relevant statutes are silent and it is for the common law to form the basis of potential liability, the reasonable person must be endowed with the same intellectual and physical qualities as the accused, and the test must be whether an accused with these specific attributes would have had the requisite foresight and desire.
In English law, s8 Criminal Justice Act 1967 provides a statutory framework within which mens rea is assessed. It states:[31]
A court or jury, in determining whether a person has committed an offense,
(a) shall not be bound in law to infer that he intended or foresaw a result of his actions by reasons only of its being a natural and probable consequence of those actions; but
(b) shall decide whether he did intend or foresee that result by reference to all the evidence, drawing such inferences from the evidence as appear proper in the circumstances.
Under s8(b) therefore, the jury is allowed a wide latitude in applying a hybrid test to impute intention or foresight (for the purposes of recklessness) on the basis of all the evidence.
Relevance of motive[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
One of the mental components often raised in issue is that of motive. If the accused admits to having a motive consistent with the elements of foresight and desire, this will add to the level of probability that the actual outcome was intended (it makes the prosecution case more credible). But if there is clear evidence that the accused had a different motive, this may decrease the probability that he or she desired the actual outcome. In such a situation, the motive may become subjective evidence that the accused did not intend, but was reckless or willfully blind.[citation needed]
Motive cannot be a defense.[32] If, for example, a person breaks into a laboratory used for the testing of pharmaceuticals on animals, the question of guilt is determined by the presence of an actus reus, i.e. entry without consent and damage to property, and a mens rea, i.e. intention to enter and cause the damage. That the person might have had a clearly articulated political motive to protest such testing does not affect liability. If motive has any relevance, this may be addressed in the sentencing part of the trial, when the court considers what punishment, if any, is appropriate.[citation needed]
Intention[edit]
Main article: Intention (criminal law)
Recklessness (United States: "willful blindness")[edit]
Main articles: Recklessness (law) and Willful blindness
In such cases, there is clear subjective evidence that the accused foresaw but did not desire the particular outcome. When the accused failed to stop the given behavior, he took the risk of causing the given loss or damage. There is always some degree of intention subsumed within recklessness. During the course of the conduct, the accused foresees that he may be putting another at risk of injury: A choice must be made at that point in time. By deciding to proceed, the accused actually intends the other to be exposed to the risk of that injury. The greater the probability of that risk maturing into the foreseen injury, the greater the degree of recklessness and, subsequently, sentence rendered. For example, at common law, an unlawful homicide committed recklessly would ordinarily constitute the crime of voluntary manslaughter. One committed with "extreme" or "gross" recklessness as to human life would constitute murder, sometimes defined as "depraved heart" or "abandoned and malignant heart" murder.[33]
Criminal negligence[edit]
Main article: Criminal negligence
Here, the test is both subjective and objective. There is credible subjective evidence that the particular accused neither foresaw nor desired the particular outcome, thus potentially excluding both intention and recklessness. But a reasonable person with the same abilities and skills as the accused would have foreseen and taken precautions to prevent the loss and damage being sustained. Only a small percentage of offences are defined with this mens rea requirement. Most legislatures prefer to base liability on either intention or recklessness and, faced with the need to establish recklessness as the default mens rea for guilt, those practising in most legal systems rely heavily on objective tests to establish the minimum requirement of foresight for recklessness.
See also[edit]
Actus reus
Animus nocendi
Command responsibility
Henry de Bracton
Morissette v. United States (1952)
Flores-Figueroa v. United States (2009)
Voluntas necandi
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Elizabeth A. Martin, ed. (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860756-3.
Jump up ^ Black's Law Dictionary, p. 889 (5th ed. 1979).
Jump up ^ Barron's Law Dictionary, p. 289 (2d ed. 1984).
Jump up ^ Brent Fisse, "Howard's Criminal Law" (1990) 12-13.
Jump up ^ Meyers v R [1997] HCA 43, High Court (Australia).
^ Jump up to: a b Dubber (2002), p. 46.
Jump up ^ R v Nedrick [1986] 1 WLR 1025
Jump up ^ R v Woollin [1998]
Jump up ^ R v Matthews & Alleyne [2004]
Jump up ^ R v Cunningham [1957]
Jump up ^ R v G & R [2003]
Jump up ^ R v Caldwell [1982]
^ Jump up to: a b Dubber (2002), pp. 60-80.
Jump up ^ Dubber (2002), p. 55.
Jump up ^ He Kaw Teh v R [1985] HCA 43, (1985) 157 CLR 523 (11 July 1985), High Court (Australia).
Jump up ^ CTM v R [2008] HCA 25, (2008) 236 CLR 440, High Court (Australia).
Jump up ^ Knight v R [1992] HCA 56, (1992) 175 CLR 495, High Court (Australia).
Jump up ^ "INDIAN PENAL CODE" (PDF). Human Resource Development Institute.
Jump up ^ "12_CHAPTER v" (PDF). Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET.
Jump up ^ Cheek v. United States, 498 U.S. 192 (1991)
Jump up ^ Ostrowski v Palmer [2004] HCA 30
Jump up ^ Cheek, at 199-200
Jump up ^ Cheek, at 194
Jump up ^ People v. Marrero, 507 N.E.2d 1068 (N.Y. 1987)
Jump up ^ Cheek, at 205-7
Jump up ^ State v. Godwin, 31 S.E. 221 (N.C. 1898)
Jump up ^ In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970)
Jump up ^ R v Majid [2009] EWCA Crim 2563
Jump up ^ Crown Bench Book: Directing the Jury. Judicial Studies Board. 2010.
Jump up ^ In re Devon T., 584 A.2d 1287 (Md. Court App. 1991)
Jump up ^ Criminal Justice Act 1967 (c.80)
Jump up ^ Hessick, Carrisa (2006). "Motive's Role in Criminal Punishment". Southern California Law Review. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ California Penal Code §§ 188-199
Further reading[edit]
Dubber, Markus D. (2002). Criminal Law: Model Penal Code. Foundation Press.
External links[edit]
Criminal Responsibility and Intent
Mens Rea: The Need for a Meaningful Intent Requirement in Federal Criminal Law: Hearing before the Over-Criminalization Task Force of 2013 of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, July 19, 2013.
[hide]
v
t
e
English criminal law
Classes of crimes
Common law
Indictable
Either way
Summary
Regulatory
Lesser included
Elements of crimes
Actus reus
Causation
Mens rea
Intention (criminal law)
Intention in English law
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