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Shema Yisrael
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For other uses, see Shema (disambiguation).
Shema Yisrael at the Knesset Menorah in Jerusalem
Shema Yisrael (or Sh'ma Yisrael; Hebrew: שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל; "Hear, [O] Israel") are the first two words of a section of the Torah, and is the title (sometimes shortened to simply Shema) of a prayer that serves as a centerpiece of the morning and evening Jewish prayer services. The first verse encapsulates the monotheistic essence of Judaism: "Hear, O Israel: the LORD our God, the LORD is one" (Hebrew: שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ יְהוָה אֶחָֽד׃), found in Deuteronomy 6:4, sometimes alternatively translated as "The LORD is our God, the LORD is one." Observant Jews consider the Shema to be the most important part of the prayer service in Judaism, and its twice-daily recitation as a mitzvah (religious commandment). It is traditional for Jews to say the Shema as their last words, and for parents to teach their children to say it before they go to sleep at night.
The term "Shema" is used by extension to refer to the whole part of the daily prayers that commences with Shema Yisrael and comprises Deuteronomy 6:4–9, 11:13-21, and Numbers 15:37–41. These sections of the Torah are read in the weekly Torah portions Va'etchanan, Eikev, and Shlach, respectively.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Content
2.1 Shema Yisrael
2.2 Baruch Shem
2.3 V'ahavta
2.4 V'haya im shamoa
2.5 Vayomer
2.6 Summary
3 Women and the Shema
4 Accompanying blessings
4.1 Shacharit
4.2 Maariv
5 Bedtime Shema
6 Other instances
6.1 Music
7 Divine Unity of the Shema in Hasidic philosophy
8 In Christianity
9 In Islam
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
Originally, the Shema consisted of only one verse: Deuteronomy 6:4 (see Talmud Sukkah 42a and Berachot 13b). The recitation of the Shema in the liturgy, however, consists of three portions: Deuteronomy 6:4–9, 11:13-21, and Numbers 15:37–41. The three portions are already mentioned in the Mishnah (Berachot 2:2). The three portions relate to central issues of Jewish belief. In the Mishnah (Berakhot 2:5) the reciting of the shema was linked with re-affirming a personal relationship with God's rule. Literally, reciting the shema was stated as "receiving the kingdom of heaven." ["Heaven" is a metaphor for God. The best texts of the Mishnah, Kaufmann and Parma, do not have the addition "yoke" that is found in later printed Mishnahs: "receive the {yoke of the} kingdom of Heaven." The original statement appears to have been "to receive the kingdom of Heaven"]
Additionally, the Talmud points out that subtle references to the Ten Commandments can be found in the three portions. As the Ten Commandments were removed from daily prayer in the Mishnaic period (70-200 CE), the Shema is seen as an opportunity to commemorate the Ten Commandments.
There are two larger-print letters in the first sentence ('ayin ע and daleth ד) which, when combined, spell "עד". In Hebrew this means "witness". The idea thus conveyed is that through the recitation or proclamation of the Shema one is a living witness testifying to the truth of its message. Modern Kabbalistic schools, namely that of the Ari, teach that when one recites the last letter of the word "'ecḥad'" (אחד), meaning "one", he is to intend that he is ready to "die into God".[citation needed]
Content[edit]
Shema Yisrael[edit]
The first paragraph of the Shema seen in a Tefillin scroll
The first, pivotal, words of the Shema are, in the original Hebrew: שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ יְהוָה אֶחָֽד׃, which can be transliterated: Sh'ma Yisra'el, YHWH 'eloheinu, YHWH 'eḥad.

Rabbinic Judaism teaches that the Tetragrammaton (י-ה-ו-ה), YHWH, is the ineffable and actual name of God, and as such is not read aloud in the Shema but is traditionally replaced with אדני, Adonai ("LORD"). For this reason, the Shema is recited aloud as:
Sh'ma Yisrael Adonai Eloheinu Adonai Eḥad - "Hear, O Israel: the LORD is our God, the LORD is One."
The literal word meanings are roughly as follows:
Sh'ma — listen, or hear and do (according to the Targum, accept)
Yisrael — Israel, in the sense of the people or congregation of Israel
Adonai — often translated as "LORD", it is read in place of the YHWH written in the Hebrew text; Samaritans say Shema, which is Aramaic for "the [Divine] Name" and is the exact equivalent of the Hebrew "ha-Shem", which Rabbinic Jews substitute for "Adonai" in a non-liturgical context such as everyday speech.[citation needed]
Eloheinu — the plural 1st person possessive of אֱלֹהִים Elohim, meaning “our God”.
Echad — the unified and cardinal number one אֶחָד
This first verse of the Shema relates to the kingship of God. The first verse, "Hear, O Israel: the LORD our God is one LORD," has ever been regarded as the confession of belief in the One God. Due to the ambiguity of the possible ways to translate this Hebrew language passage, there are several possible renderings:
"Hear, O Israel! Adonai is our God! Adonai is One!" and,
"Hear, O Israel! Adonai is our God – Adonai alone."
Many commentaries have been written about the subtle differences between the translations. There is an emphasis on the oneness of God and on the sole worship of God by Israel. There are other translations, though most retain one or the other emphases.
Baruch Shem[edit]
בָּרוּךְ שֵׁם כְּבוֹד מַלְכוּתוֹ לְעוֹלָם וָעֶד - "Blessed be the name of His glorious kingdom for ever and ever”
The second line is a rabbinic addition and is recited silently during congregational worship (except on Yom Kippur, when it is recited aloud). It was originally a liturgical response in use in the Temple when the name of God was pronounced and took the form of "Baruch shem k’vodo l’olam", "Blessed be His glorious name" (Psalm 72:19). However, in time the words, "malchuto" ("His kingdom") and "va’ed" ("for ever and ever") were added. "Malchuto" was introduced by the rabbis during Roman rule as a counter to the claim of divine honors by Roman emperors. "Va’ed" was introduced at the time of the Second Temple to contrast the view of the "minim" (sectarians) that there is no life after death.[1]
V'ahavta[edit]
The following verses are commonly referred to as the V'ahavta according to the first word of the verse immediately following the Shema, or in Classical Hebrew W'ahav'ta meaning "and you shall love...". They contain the command to love God with all one's heart, soul, and might (Deuteronomy 6:5). The Talmud emphasizes that you will, at some point, whether you choose to or not, and therefore uses "shall" - future tense - love God.[2]
Then verse 7 goes on to remind the community to remember all the commandments and to "teach them diligently to your children and speak of them when you sit down and when you walk, when you lie down and when you rise",[2] to recite the words of God when retiring or rising; to bind those words "on thy arm and thy head" (classically Jewish oral tradition interprets as tefillin), and to "inscribe them on the door-posts of your house and on your gates" (referring to mezuzah).
V'haya im shamoa[edit]
The passage following the "Shema" and "V'ahavta" relates to the issue of reward and punishment. It contains the promise of reward for serving God with all one's heart, soul, and might (Deut 11:13) and for the fulfillment of the laws. It also contains punishment for transgression. It also contains a repetition of the contents of the first portion -but this time spoken to the second person plural, (Whereas the first portion is directed to the individual Jew, this time it is directed to the whole community, all the Jews).
Vayomer[edit]
The third portion relates to the issue of redemption. Specifically, it contains the law concerning the tzitzit (Numbers 15:37-41) as a reminder that all laws of God are obeyed, as a warning against following evil inclinations and in remembrance of the exodus from Egypt. For the prophets and rabbis, the exodus from Egypt is paradigmatic of Jewish faith that God redeems from all forms of foreign domination. It can be found in the portion "Shlach Lecha" in the book of Numbers.
Summary[edit]
In summary, the content flows from the assertion of the oneness of God's kingship. Thus, in the first portion, there is a command to love God with all one's heart, soul and might and to remember and teach these very important words to the children throughout the day. Obeying these commands, says the second portion, will lead to rewards, and disobeying them will lead to punishment. To ensure fulfillment of these key commands, God also commands in the third portion a practical reminder, wearing the tzitzit, "that ye may remember and do all my commandments, and be holy unto your God."
The full content verse by verse, in Hebrew, English transliteration and English translation, can be found on the jewfaq.org website.[3]
The second line quoted, "Blessed be the Name of His glorious kingdom for ever and ever", was originally a congregational response to the declaration of the Oneness of God; it is therefore often printed in small font and recited in an undertone, as recognition that it is not, itself, a part of the cited Biblical verses. The third section of the Shema ends with Numbers 15:41, but traditional Jews end the recitation of the Shema by reciting the first word of the following blessing, Emet, or "Truth" without interruption.
Women and the Shema[edit]
Main article: Role of women in Judaism
In Orthodox Judaism, women are not required to recite the Shema (as a command from the Torah),[4] as with other time-bound requirements which might impinge on their traditional familial obligations, although they are obligated to pray at least once daily without a specific liturgy requirement and many fulfill that obligation through prayers like the Shema.
However, the practice among all Jews—women, men, and children—is to recite it.[5] The Mishnah[6] suggests that the time for recitation should not be more than 3rd hour, but if it is after that time, it should still be read, since it contains expressions of the unity of God, belief in a Creator etc.[7]
It is incumbent to teach children to recite the first verse, and subsequent paragraphs as soon as they are able to understand its meaning. Women are not time bound in its recitation and therefore are not required to say it within its time.
Rabbi Ephraim Greenblatt[5] approvingly cites the Rashba, who holds that the last set of Blessings are on the Shema, based on the rulings of Maimonides.
Conservative Judaism generally regards Jewish women as being obligated to recite the Shema at the same times as men.
Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism do not regard gender-related traditional Jewish ritual requirements as necessary in modern circumstances, including obligations for men but not women to pray specific prayers at specific times. Instead, both genders may fulfill all requirements.
Accompanying blessings[edit]
The Benedictions preceding and following the Shema are traditionally credited to the members of the Great Assembly. They were first instituted in the liturgy of the Temple in Jerusalem.
According to the Talmud, the reading of the Shema morning and evening fulfils the commandment "You shall meditate therein day and night". As soon as a child begins to speak, his father is directed to teach him the verse "Moses commanded us a law, even the inheritance of the congregation of Jacob" (Deut. 33:4), and teach him to read the Shema (Talmud, Sukkah 42a). The reciting of the first verse of the Shema is called "the acceptance of the yoke of the kingship of God" (kabalat ol malchut shamayim) (Mishnah Berachot 2:5). Judah ha-Nasi, who spent all day involved with his studies and teaching, said just the first verse of the Shema in the morning (Talmud Berachot 13b) "as he passed his hands over his eyes" which appears to be the origin of the Jewish custom to cover the eyes with the right hand whilst reciting the first verse.
The first verse of the Shema is recited aloud, simultaneously by the hazzan and the congregation, which responds with the rabbinically instituted Baruch Shem ("Blessed be the Name") in silence before continuing the rest of Shema. Only on Yom Kippur is this response said aloud. The remainder of the Shema is read in silence. Sephardim recite the whole of the Shema aloud, except the Baruch Shem. Reform Jews also recite the whole of the first paragraph of the Shema aloud.
Shacharit[edit]
During Shacharit, there are two blessing before the Shema and one thereafter.[8] These numbers, two before and one after, are based on the Mishnah Tractate Berachos, Chapter 11, which states: "In the morning one blesses two before and one after," though there is a question in Jewish law as to whether one recites these blessing on the Shema, or surrounding the Shema. The conclusion that has been drawn is that they are to be blessing surrounding the Shema, because the structure is similar to that of blessings of the Torah, and there is doubt as to whether such blessings would actually enhance the Shema.[9]
The two blessings that are recited before the Shema are Yotzer ohr and Ahava Rabbah/Ahavat Olam. The blessing after is known as Emet Vayatziv.
Maariv[edit]
During Maariv, there are two blessings before the Shema and two after.[10] The two before are HaMaariv Aravim and Ahavat Olam. The three after are Emet V'Emunah and Hashkiveinu. Ashkenazim add Baruch Hashem L'Olam outside of Israel on weekdays.
Overall, the three blessings in the morning and four in the evening which accompany the Shema sum to seven, in accordance with the verse in Psalms: "I praise You seven times each day for Your just rules."[11]
Bedtime Shema[edit]
Before going to sleep, the first paragraph of the Shema is recited. This is not only a commandment directly given in the Bible (in Deuteronomy 6:6–7), but is also alluded to from verses such as "Commune with your own heart upon your bed" (Psalms 4:4).
Some also have the custom to read all three paragraphs, along with a whole list of sections from Psalms, Tachanun, and other prayers. Altogether this is known as the K'riat Shema she-al ha-mitah. According to Arizal, reading this prayer with great concentration is also effective in cleansing one from sin. This is discussed in the Tanya.[12]
Other instances[edit]
The exhortation by the Kohen ("priest") in calling Israel to arms against an enemy (which does not apply when the Temple in Jerusalem is not standing) also includes Shema Yisrael. (Deuteronomy 20:3; Talmud Sotah 42a).
Rabbi Akiva patiently endured while his flesh was being torn with iron combs, and died reciting the Shema. He pronounced the last word of the sentence, Eḥad ("one") with his last breath (Talmud Berachot 61b). Since then, it has been traditional for Jews to say the Shema as their last words.
Roi Klein (d. 2006), a major in the IDF, said the Shema before jumping on a live grenade to save his fellow soldiers,[13] in accordance with the traditional Jewish practice of reciting the Shema when one believes one is going to die.
Music[edit]
Arnold Schoenberg used it as part of the story to his narrative orchestral work A Survivor from Warsaw (1947).
In Parade, a musical based on true events, the main character Leo Frank, wrongly accused of the murder of a child worker at the pencil factory he manages, recites the Shema Yisrael as a vigilante gang kidnap and hang him in the final scenes of the work.
Pop versions have been published by Mordechai ben David and Sarit Hadad.
In Pi, Max Cohen and Lenny Meyer can be seen reciting the first three verses of the Shema.
In The Shoes of the Fisherman, Anthony Quinn, as the fictional Pope Kiril, explores the back streets of Rome disguised as a simple priest, and recites the Shema at the bedside of a dying Roman Jew.
Reggae singer Matisyahu recites the Shema in his songs "Got no water" and "Tel Aviv'n".
Yaakov Shwekey in his "Shema Yisrael," used the story of Rabbi Eliezer Silver's saving Jewish children hidden in Christian monasteries following the Holocaust by reciting the first line of the Shema.
Singer Justin Bieber says the Shema before each public performance with his manager Scooter Braun, who is Jewish.[14]
Divine Unity of the Shema in Hasidic philosophy[edit]
See also: Jewish philosophy, Kabbalah, and Hasidic philosophy
Schneur Zalman of Liadi articulated Divine Unity in Hasidic philosophy
The second section of the Hasidic text the Tanya, by Schneur Zalman of Liadi (Shaar Hayichud Vehaemunah-Gate of Unity and Faith), brings the mystical Panentheism of the founder of Hasidism, the Baal Shem Tov, into philosophical explanation. It explains the Hasidic interpretation of God's Unity in the first two lines of the Shema, based upon their interpretation in Kabbalah. The emphasis on Divine Omnipresence and immanence lies behind Hasidic joy and dveikut, and its stress on transforming the material into spiritual worship. In this internalisation of Kabbalistic ideas, the Hasidic follower seeks to reveal the Unity and hidden holiness in all activities of life.
Medieval, rationalist Jewish philosophers (exponents of "Hakirah"-rational "investigation" from first principles in support of Judaism), such as Maimonides, describe Biblical Monotheism to mean that there is only one God, and His essence is a unique, simple, infinite Unity. Jewish mysticism gives a deeper explanation, by distinguishing between God's essence and emanation. In Kabbalah and especially Hasidism, God's Unity means that there is nothing independent of His essence. The new doctrine in Lurianic Kabbalah of God's Tzimtzum ("Withdrawal"), received different interpretations after Isaac Luria, from the literal to the metaphorical. To Hasidism and Schneur Zalman, it is unthinkable for the "Withdrawal" of God that "makes possible" Creation, to be taken literally. Tzimtzum only relates to the Ohr Ein Sof ("Infinite Light"), not the Ein Sof (Divine essence) itself. God's true infinity is revealed in both complementary infinitude (infinite light) and finitude (finite light). The "Withdrawal" was only a concealment of the Infinite Light into the essence of God, to allow the latent potentially finite light to emerge after the Tzimtzum. God Himself remains unaffected ("For I, the Lord, I have not changed" Malachi 3:6). His essence was One, alone, before Creation, and still One, alone, after Creation, without any change. As the Tzimtzum was only a concealment, therefore God's Unity is Omnipresent. In the Baal Shem Tov's new interpretation, Divine Providence affects every detail of Creation. The "movement of a leaf in the wind" is part of the unfolding Divine presence, and is a necessary part of the complete Tikkun (Rectification in Kabbalah). This awareness of the loving Divine purpose and significance of each individual, awakens mystical love and awe of God.
Schneur Zalman explains that God's Unity has two levels, that are both paradoxically true. The main text of Kabbalah, the Zohar, describes the first verse of the Shema ("Hear Israel, the Lord is God, the Lord is One") as the "Upper level Unity", and the second line ("Blessed be the Name of the Glory of His Kingdom forever") as the "Lower level Unity". Schneur Zalman gives the Hasidic explanation of this. In Kabbalah, all Creation is dependent on the immanent, potentially finite, "Light that Fills all Worlds", that each Creation receives continually. All is bittul-nullified to the light, even though in our realm this complete dependence is hidden. From this perspective, of God knowing the Creation on its own terms, Creation exists, but the true essence of anything is only the Divine spark that continuously recreates it from nothing. God is One, as nothing has any independent existence without this continual flow of Divine Will to Create. This is the Lower Level Unity.
In relation to God's essence, Creation affects no change or withdrawal. All Creation takes place "within" God. "There is nothing but God". The ability to create can only come from the infinite Divine essence, represented by the Tetragrammaton name of God. However, "It is not the essence of the Divine, to create Worlds and sustain them", as this ability is only external to the Infinite essence. Creation only derives from God's revelatory "speech" (as in Genesis 1), and even this is unlike the external speech of Man, as it too remains "within" God. From this upper perspective of God knowing Himself on His own terms, Creation does not exist, as it is as nothing in relation to God's essence. This Monistic Acosmism is the "Upper Level Unity", as from this perspective, only God exists.[15]
In Christianity[edit]
See also: Christian views on the Old Covenant
The Shema is one of the Old Testament sentences quoted in the New Testament. The Gospel of Mark 12:29-31 mentions that Jesus of Nazareth considered the opening exhortation of the Shema to be the first of his two greatest commandments and linked with a second (based on Leviticus 19:18b): "The first of all the commandments is, Hear, O Israel; The Lord our God is one Lord: And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength: this is the first commandment. And the second is like, namely this, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself." In Luke 10:25-27 the Shema is also linked with Leviticus 19:18, only by the questioner, before Jesus' agreement. The verses Deuteronomy 6:5 and Leviticus 19:18b both begin with ve'ahavta, "and you shall love." In Luke's Gospel it appears that this connection between the two verses was already part of cultural discussion or practice.
Theologians Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch noted that "the heart is mentioned first (in Deuteronomy 6:5), as the seat of the emotions generally and of love in particular; then follows the soul (nephesh) as the centre of personality in man, to depict the love as pervading the entire self-consciousness; and to this is added, "with all the strength," i.e. of body and soul".[16]
The Shema has also been incorporated in Christian liturgy, and is discussed in terms of the Trinity.[17] The Anglican Book of Common Prayer in use in Canada since 1962, has included the Shema in its Summary of the Law.[18] Since 2012, when the Anglican Use version of the BCP was adapted for use in Canada, it has been recited by Roman Catholics as well.
The Orthodox Church of the Culdees utilize the Shema in the Daily Services.[19]
In Islam[edit]
The words used in the Shema prayer are similar to the words of Sura 112 (Al-Tawhid or Monotheism) in Quran. The words "أَحَدٌ" in Arabic is identical to the word "אֶחָד" in Hebrew.
Arabic: قُلْ هُوَ اللَّهُ أَحَدٌ - Qul Huwa 'Llāhu ʾAḥad ("Say, He is Allah the One")
Hebrew: :שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל יהוה אֱלֹהֵינוּ יהוה אֶחָד - Sh'ma Yisra'el YHWH Eloheinu YHWH Eḥad
See also[edit]
Profession (religious)
Tawhid
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "OzTorah » Blog Archive » Baruch Shem: The 2nd line of the Shema – Ask the Rabbi". www.oztorah.com.
^ Jump up to: a b The Complete Hebrew Bible (Tanach) based on JPS 1917 Hebrew-English translation Deuteronomy 6, accessed 29 November 2015
Jump up ^ "Judaism 101: Shema". www.jewfaq.org.
Jump up ^ [Mishnah Berurah, O.C. 106:1 §7]
^ Jump up to: a b [Shailos and Teshuvos, Rav Ephraim Greenblatt, Rabbavot Ephraim, Vol. 1, (O.C) §52]
Jump up ^ Mishnah, Berachos 1:2 http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Berakhot.1.2/en/Open_Mishnah?lang=bi
Jump up ^ Mishnah, Berachos 1:2 http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Berakhot.1.2/en/Open_Mishnah?lang=bi
Jump up ^ Mishnah, Berachos 1:4 http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Berakhot.1.4/en/Open_Mishnah?lang=bi
Jump up ^ With all your heart: the Shema in Jewish worship, practice and life By Meir Levin, ISBN 1-56871-215-4, page 207-12
Jump up ^ Mishnah, Berachos 1:4 http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Berakhot.1.4/en/Open_Mishnah?lang=bi
Jump up ^ Psalms 119:164 http://www.sefaria.org/Psalms.119.164/he/Tanach_with_Ta'amei_Hamikra?lang=bi
Jump up ^ "[Otzar770 - Book page view]". otzar770.com.
Jump up ^ Lubotzky, Asael (2016). From the Wilderness and Lebanon. Koren Publishers Jerusalem. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-1592644179.
Jump up ^ "Justin Bieber: Tween Evangelist?". 9 February 2011 – via Huff Post.
Jump up ^ English translation and commentary on the second section of Tanya: Shaar Hayichud Vehaemunah-Gate of Unity and Faith from Chabad.org. Retrieved Oct. 2009
Jump up ^ Keil and Delitzsch Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament on Deuteronomy 6, accessed 6 November 2015
Jump up ^ See Brian J. Wright, "Deuteronomy 6:4 and the Trinity: How Can Jews and Christians Both Embrace the 'Echad' of the Shema?" https://www.academia.edu/12230043/Deuteronomy_6_4_and_the_Trinity_How_Can_Jews_and_Christians_Both_Embrace_the_Echad_of_the_Shema
Jump up ^ "The Order for the Administration of The Lord’s Supper or Holy Communion". 7 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Liturgical BCP Prayer, “THE SHAMA” A Prayer of Christendom and of the Culdees – Orthodox Church of the Culdees(Celtic), Home of the Priory of Salem, TCAWW, and Watchman News". christsassembly.com.
External links[edit]
Media related to Shema Yisrael at Wikimedia Commons
Jewish Encyclopedia: Shema
Recitation of the Shema Yisrael
Explanation of the Shema by Rabeinu Bachya
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Westfield World Trade Center
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Westfield World Trade Center
The portion of the mall inside the Oculus
Location
United States
Coordinates
40°42′40.58″N 74°0′42.84″W / 40.7112722°N 74.0119000°W / 40.7112722; -74.0119000Coordinates: 40°42′40.58″N 74°0′42.84″W / 40.7112722°N 74.0119000°W / 40.7112722; -74.0119000
Address
185 Greenwich Street, Manhattan, New York 10007
Opening date
August 16, 2016
Management
Westfield Corporation
Owner
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Architect
Santiago Calatrava
No. of stores and services
150+
No. of floors
2
Public transit access
New York City Subway:
N, R, and W at Cortlandt Street
2, 3, 4, 5, A, C, J, and Z at Fulton Street
E at World Trade Center
PATH: NWK–WTC and HOB–WTC at World Trade Center
MTA Regional Bus Operations: M55
Website
wtc.westfield.com
Rebuilding of the
World Trade Center
One WTC
Construction
In popular culture
2–7 WTC
2
3
4
5
7
Other elements
Liberty Park
National September 11 Memorial & Museum
Performing Arts Center
Transportation Hub
Vehicular Security Center
Westfield World Trade Center
St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church
v
t
e
Westfield World Trade Center is a shopping center at the World Trade Center complex in Manhattan, New York, that is operated and managed by Westfield Corporation. The mall opened on August 16, 2016 as the largest shopping complex in Manhattan.
Contents
1 Original mall (1975–2001)
1.1 September 11 attacks
2 Current mall (2016–present)
3 References
4 External links
Original mall (1975–2001)[edit]
Map of the original mall prior to its destruction on September 11, 2001.
The Mall at the World Trade Center was an indoor underground shopping mall that was located in the concourse area of the original World Trade Center complex. Most of the mall was located underneath 4 and 5 World Trade Center, as well as under the Austin J. Tobin Plaza. Completed in 1975, it was the largest shopping mall in New York City, and was managed by the Westfield Group. The main entrance was located on the south side of 4 World Trade Center facing Liberty Street with escalators going down into the concourse. The other entrance was located on the east side of 5 World Trade Center facing Church Street. The mall was also accessible from the lobbies of the Twin Towers. The mall served as the point of access or transfer to the Chambers Street–World Trade Center subway station on the A, C, and E trains. PATH trains intersected in the basement levels, which were located under the mall. There were around 80 stores, including Sam Goody, Victoria's Secret, Gap, Duane Reade, and the Warner Bros. Studio Store. Thousands of people traveled through the mall daily.
The mall damaged by the collapse of the Twin Towers.
In August 2001, the Port Authority of New York & New Jersey leased the mall to the Westfield Group. After the purchase, Westfield was planning a massive renovation and expansion of the mall, and was going to rename it Westfield Shoppingtown World Trade Center in 2002.
September 11 attacks[edit]
A commonly reported story of eyewitnesses inside the mall at 8:46 a.m. (EDT) when American Airlines Flight 11 struck the North Tower is of fireballs fed by flaming jet fuel shooting down the elevator shafts and bursting out of the elevators inside the lobby with many of the fireballs reaching as far as the mall itself.
As stated in the 9/11 Commission Report:
"The Port Authority's on-site commanding police officer was standing in the concourse when a fireball exploded out of the North Tower lobby, causing him to dive for cover."[1]
Survivor Allison Summers described the conditions in the mall right after the terrorist attack:
"I had almost reached the [Cortlandt Street] Uptown 1 and 9 station when there was an enormous explosion. The building shook. I heard people say, 'Oh, no.' Some, not many, were screaming. ... I looked ahead past Banana Republic, past Citibank to the plaza outside. At that moment, there was a terrifying tidal wave of smoke filling the doorway. It began to shoot forward. The smoke had this enormous momentum that started to come towards us, as if it had a will of its own. We ran. We ran together past the Coach store. We ran to get out of the path of this enormous wave of smoke. It was like we were being chased. All the people on the concourse ran. We turned right, heading toward the PATH trains. As we ran, shop assistants were calling in doorways, 'What happened? What happened?' But we were running so fast we couldn't answer them and they ran with us. Some people were crying; some people were screaming. We moved as one body. No one pushed and no one shoved. We all had the same intention: to get out of the building."[2]
Shortly after the first impact, water began spraying into the mall from broken pipes or activated sprinkler systems. As Erik Ronningen describes:
"I drag my body down through the decimated main lobby [of the North Tower], through a waterfall from the Mall ceiling, and wade the darkened Mall corridor through 75 yards [69 m] of ankle-deep water to Tower Two."[3]
The mall itself played an important role during the attacks, because the people who were evacuating the Twin Towers couldn't exit outside onto the plaza because of falling debris, so they traveled through the mall, and exited through either 4 or 5 World Trade Center.
Current mall (2016–present)[edit]
View from inside the Oculus in 2017.
Westfield World Trade Center has roughly 365,000 square feet (33,900 m2) of retail space, which once again makes it the largest shopping mall in Manhattan. Although the new mall is only spread over roughly one-half of the original mall's footprint (due to the new space required for the below-grade National September 11 Memorial & Museum), the mall is double-level, whereas the original mall was a single level. Three additional levels will exist above-grade on the lower floors of 2 and 3 World Trade Center, while 4 World Trade Center currently houses four above-grade levels. The World Trade Center station's headhouse, the Oculus, also houses a large amount of retail space.[4]
Second basement level
According to developer Larry Silverstein, whose firm Silverstein Properties was replaced by Westfield Corporation as the developer:
The design we have developed with the Port Authority calls for not only rebuilding the retail space that was lost on 9/11, but going above and beyond what was there before. We want to create a real destination for visitors and shoppers, a center that will share many of the attributes of the city’s great retail hubs.[4]
Construction on the One World Trade Center portion of the mall began in 2007. In February 2012, Westfield Corporation entered an agreement with the Port Authority, which owns the rest of the World Trade Center site, to jointly own and manage the mall. At the same time, Westfield began marketing space in the mall and opened a leasing office in 7 World Trade Center.[5] In December 2013, the Port Authority sold its remaining stake in the retail development to Westfield.[6] This also brings retail at the World Trade Center to Westfield's complete control. The mall was 80% leased as of June 2014[update].[7]
The mall opened on August 16, 2016, with a concert headlined by John Legend and Leslie Odom Jr.,[8][9] the opening of a food court[10] and stores such as Pandora[11] and Apple.[9] In total, there were sixty stores in the mall when it opened, and even more have opened since.[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Emergency Preparedness and Response
Jump up ^ "New York Metro - World Trade Center Attack". Nymag.com. 2002-09-11. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Be well. Practice big medicine". Bigmedicine.ca. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
^ Jump up to: a b "Retail || About the WTC || World Trade Center ||". Wtc.com. Retrieved 2012-12-16.
Jump up ^ Coleman, Steve. "WORLD-CLASS RETAIL COMING TO WORLD TRADE CENTER UNDER JOINT VENTURE BETWEEN PORT AUTHORITY & WESTFIELD GROUP". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "PORT AUTHORITY SELLS REMAINING INTEREST IN THE WORLD TRADE CENTER RETAIL PROJECT TO THE WESTFIELD GROUP". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Keiko Morris (8 June 2014). "Westfield's Underground Mall at World Trade Center Draws Marquee Retailers". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Rogers, Katie (2016-08-17). "John Legend Performs at Westfield World Trade Center Opening". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kirby, Jen (2016-08-16). "Here's a Look at the World Trade Center Mall That's Reopening Today". Daily Intelligencer. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
Jump up ^ Diez, Patty (2016-08-17). "Westfield World Trade Center Mall Now Open With New Dining Options". Eater NY. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
Jump up ^ "PANDORA Jewelry Opens New Store at Westfield World Trade Center". Yahoo Finance. 2016-08-18. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Westfield World Trade Center.
Official website
ICSC article describing buy-out
The Mall on Labelscar
Original floor directory/map graphics downloaded from the Port Authority of NY/NJ
The New WTC Media Center - The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
show
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t
e
New York City's World Trade Center
First WTC
(1973–2001)
Construction
Towers
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Windows on the World
Mall
The Bathtub
Tenants
One
Two
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Art
Bent Propeller
The Sphere
The World Trade Center Tapestry
World Trade Center Plaza Sculpture
Ideogram
Sky Gate, New York
Major events
February 13, 1975 fire
February 26, 1993 bombing
January 14, 1998 robbery
September 11, 2001 attacks
Collapse
Timeline
Victims
Aftermath
Deutsche Bank Building
St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church
Second WTC
(2001–present)
Site, towers,
and structures
One
Construction
Two
Three
Four
Five
Seven
Performing Arts Center
Vehicular Security Center
Liberty Park
St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church
Westfield Mall
Artwork (ONE: Union of the Senses)
Rapid transit
PATH stations
Transportation Hub
New York City Subway stations
Chambers Street – WTC / Park Place (2, 3, A, C, and E trains)
Cortlandt Street (N, R, and W trains)
Cortlandt Street (1 train)
Fulton Street (2, 3, 4, 5, A, C, J, and Z trains)
Fulton Center
Corbin Building
Dey Street Passageway
9/11 memorials
9/11 Tribute Museum
National September 11 Memorial & Museum
Competition
Memory Foundations
Tribute in Light
America's Response Monument
Empty Sky
Relics from original WTC
The Sphere
Cross
Survivors' Staircase
People
Minoru Yamasaki
Emery Roth & Sons
Larry Silverstein
Austin J. Tobin
David Childs
Michael Arad
THINK Team
Daniel Libeskind
Leslie E. Robertson
Other
Park51
Project Rebirth
Take Back The Memorial
West Street pedestrian bridges
In popular culture
Film
Music
9/11-related media
featuring One WTC
10048 ZIP code
Former: IFC
Former: Twin Towers 2
Brookfield Place
Brookfield Place
200 Liberty Street
225 Liberty Street
200 Vesey Street
250 Vesey Street
Winter Garden Atrium
New York Mercantile Exchange
show
v
t
e
Shopping malls in the New York metropolitan area
New York
New York City
Atlantic Terminal
Bay Plaza Shopping Center
Bronx Terminal Market
Brookfield Place
East River Plaza
Gateway Center
Hylan Plaza
Kings Plaza
Manhattan Mall
Queens Center
Queens Place
Rego Center
The Shops at Atlas Park
The Shops at Columbus Circle
Staten Island Mall
South Street Seaport
Westfield World Trade Center
Long Island
Americana Manhasset
Broadway Mall
Green Acres Mall
The Mall at Oyster Bay
Mall at The Source
Roosevelt Field
Smith Haven Mall
Tanger Outlets at the Arches
Tanger Outlets Riverhead
Walt Whitman Shops
Westfield South Shore
Westfield Sunrise
Hudson Valley
City Center at White Plains
Cross County Shopping Center
Galleria at Crystal Run
The Galleria at White Plains
Jefferson Valley Mall
Hudson Valley Mall
Newburgh Mall
Palisades Center
Poughkeepsie Galleria
The Shops at Nanuet
The Source at White Plains
The Westchester
South Hills Mall
Westchester's Ridge Hill
Woodbury Common Premium Outlets
New Jersey
American Dream Meadowlands
Bridgewater Commons
Brunswick Square
Center City Mall
Elizabeth Center
Fashion Center
Forrestal Village
Freehold Raceway Mall
The Grove at Shrewsbury
Ledgewood Mall
Livingston Mall
The Mall at Mill Creek
The Mall at Short Hills
The Mills at Jersey Gardens
Manalapan EpiCentre
MarketFair Mall
Menlo Park Mall
Monmouth Mall
Seacourt Pavilion
Newport Centre
Ocean County Mall
The Outlets at Bergen Town Center
Paramus Park
Phillipsburg Mall
Pier Village
The Plaza at Harmon Meadow
Quaker Bridge Mall
Rockaway Townsquare
Seaview Square Mall
The Shops at Riverside
Westfield Garden State Plaza
Willowbrook Mall
Woodbridge Center
Connecticut
Brass Mill Center
Connecticut Post Mall
Danbury Fair
Hawley Lane Mall
North Haven Mall
New Haven Galleria
SoNo Collection
Stamford Town Center
Westfield Meriden
Westfield Trumbull
Pennsylvania
Carbon Plaza Mall
Lehigh Valley Mall
The Marketplace at Steamtown
The Outlets at Sands Bethlehem
The Promenade Shops at Saucon Valley
South Mall
Stroud Mall
Westgate Mall
Whitehall Mall
Italic text indicates unbuilt malls
show
v
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Westfield Shopping Centers in the United States
California (Northern)
Galleria at Roseville
Metreon †
Oakridge
San Francisco Centre
Valley Fair
California (Southern)
Century City
Culver City
Fashion Square
Horton Plaza
Mission Valley
North County
Palm Desert
Plaza Bonita
Promenade
Santa Anita
Topanga
UTC
Valencia Town Center
Connecticut
Meriden
Trumbull
Florida
Brandon
Broward
Citrus Park
Countryside
Sarasota Square
Siesta Key
Illinois
Old Orchard
Maryland
Annapolis
Montgomery
Wheaton
New Jersey
Garden State Plaza
New York
South Shore
Sunrise
World Trade Center ‡
Fulton Center ‡
Washington
Southcenter
† Managed with no ownership interest, owned by Starwood Capital Group. Does not carry the Westfield brand.
‡ Managed with no ownership interest. World Trade Center space is owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and the Fulton Center space is owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westfield_World_Trade_Center&oldid=844597322"
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