text:
Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is part of the series on the
United States
Supreme Court
The Court
Decisions
Procedure
History
Court Building
Current membership
Chief Justice
John Roberts
Associate Justices
Anthony Kennedy
Clarence Thomas
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Stephen Breyer
Samuel Alito
Sonia Sotomayor
Elena Kagan
Neil Gorsuch
Retired Associate Justices
John Paul Stevens
Sandra Day O'Connor
David Souter
All members
List of all justices
by court
by seat
by time in office
by education
List of Chief Justices
List of Associate Justices
Specialty lists
All nominations
Unsuccessful nominations
Nominations late in presidency
Court demographics
Justices who served in Congress
Ideological leanings of justices
Court functionaries
Clerks
Reporter of Decisions
Marshal of the Court
Supreme Court Police
Other countries
Law Portal
v
t
e
The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court in the United States and the only court specifically established by the Constitution of the United States, implemented in 1789.
This article is concerned with the process and procedures used by the modern court. For general discussion of the court's jurisdiction and composition, see Supreme Court of the United States; for discussion of the court's present and historical accommodations, see United States Supreme Court building; for discussion of the history of the court, see History of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 Terms and sittings
2 The Court's authority to hear cases
2.1 Appellate jurisdiction
2.2 Original jurisdiction
3 Selection of cases
4 Hearing cases
4.1 Filing briefs
4.2 Oral arguments
5 Forming opinions
5.1 The conference: assignment of opinions
5.2 Circulating draft opinions and changing of views
5.2.1 Tied votes and lack of quorum
5.3 Announcement of opinions
6 Reporting and citation of cases
7 See also
8 Footnotes and references
9 External links
Terms and sittings[edit]
A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October, and continues until June or early July of the following year. Each term consists of alternating periods of approximately two weeks known as "sittings" and "recesses." Justices hear cases and deliver rulings during sittings; they discuss cases and write opinions during recesses.
The Court's authority to hear cases[edit]
Appellate jurisdiction[edit]
In nearly all of the cases heard by the Supreme Court, the Court exercises the appellate jurisdiction granted it by Article III of the Constitution. This authority permits the Court to review—and affirm or overturn—decisions made by lower courts and tribunals. Procedures for bringing cases before the Supreme Court have changed significantly over time. Today, cases are brought before the Supreme Court by one of several methods, of which the first two account for the overwhelming majority of cases decided:
By petition for a writ of certiorari, filed by a party to a case that has been decided by one of the United States courts of appeals or by the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces.
By petition for writ of certiorari with respect to a decision of one of the territorial or state courts, after all state appeals have been exhausted, where an issue of federal constitutional or statutory law is in question. The writ is usually issued to a state supreme court (including high courts of the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and American Samoa), but is occasionally issued to a state's intermediate appellate court for cases where the state supreme court denied certiorari or review and thereby refused to hear the appeal.
By petition for certiorari before judgment, which permits the Court to expedite a case pending before a United States court of appeals by accepting the case for review before the appellate court has decided it. However, Supreme Court Rule 11 provides that a case may be taken by the Court before judgment in a lower court "only upon a showing that the case is of such imperative public importance as to justify deviation from normal appellate practice and to require immediate determination in this Court."
By appeal from certain decisions of United States district courts in certain cases involving redistricting of congressional or state legislative districts, or when specifically authorized in a particular statute.
By a certified question or proposition of law from one of the United States Courts of Appeals, meaning that the Court of Appeals requests the Supreme Court to instruct it on how to decide the case. This procedure was once common but is now rarely invoked; the last certificate accepted for review was in 1981.
By petition for an "extraordinary writ" such as mandamus, prohibition, or habeas corpus. These writs are rarely granted by the Supreme Court though they are more frequently granted by lower courts.
Original jurisdiction[edit]
Certain cases that have not been considered by a lower court may be heard by the Supreme Court in the first instance under what is termed original jurisdiction. The Supreme Court's authority in this respect is also derived from Article III of the Constitution, which states that the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction "in all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party." The original jurisdiction of the Court is set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1251. This statute provides further that, in the case of disputes between two or more states, the Supreme Court holds both original and exclusive jurisdiction and no lower court may hear such cases.
The number of original jurisdiction cases heard by the court is small; generally only one or two such cases are heard per term. Because the nine-member Supreme Court is not well-suited to conducting pretrial proceedings or trials, original jurisdiction cases accepted by the Court are typically referred to a well-qualified lawyer or lower-court judge to serve as special master, conduct the proceedings, and report recommendations to the Court. The Court then considers whether to accept the special master's report or whether to sustain any exceptions filed to the report.
Although jury trials are in theory possible in the Court's original jurisdiction cases, there has not been one since Georgia v. Brailsford in 1794.[1] In 1950, in the case United States v. Louisiana, the state of Louisiana moved for a jury trial, but the Court denied the motion, ruling that the suit was an equity action and not an action at law, and that therefore the Seventh Amendment guarantee of a jury trial did not apply. If a matter involving an action at law did come before the court, however, a jury would likely be empaneled and would hear the case alongside the justices of the Court.[2]
Selection of cases[edit]
Since the Judiciary Act of 1925 ("The Certiorari Act" in some texts), the majority of the Supreme Court's jurisdiction has been discretionary.[3] Each year, the court receives approximately 9,000–10,000 petitions for certiorari, of which less than 1% (approximately 80–100), are granted plenary review with oral arguments, and an additional 50 to 60 are disposed of without plenary review.[4][5]
The Court strictly enforces its requirements for the preparation and timely filing of certiorari petitions, in order to manage such a massive caseload. This occasionally results in harsh consequences, as Justice Thomas acknowledged in a 2007 opinion: "Just a few months ago, the Clerk, pursuant to this Court’s Rule 13.2, refused to accept a petition for certiorari submitted by Ryan Heath Dickson because it had been filed one day late ... Dickson was executed on April 26, 2007, without any Member of this Court having even seen his petition for certiorari. The rejected certiorari petition was Dickson’s first in this Court, and one can only speculate as to whether denial of that petition would have been a foregone conclusion."[6]
In theory, each Justice's clerks write a brief for the Justice outlining the questions presented, and offering a recommendation as to whether certiorari should be granted; in practice, most Justices (all of the current court, except Justices Alito and Gorsuch) have their clerks participate in the cert pool.[7][8][9]
During the Justices' regular conference, the Justices discuss the petitions, and grant certiorari in less than five percent of the cases filed. (During the 1980s and 1990s, the number of cases accepted and decided each term approached 150 per year; more recently, the number of cases granted has averaged well under 100 annually). Before each conference, the Chief Justice prepares a list of those petitions he believes have sufficient merit to warrant discussion. Any other Justice may also add a case to the "discuss list"; cases not designated for discussion by any Justice are automatically denied review. The Court or a Justice may also decide that a case be "re-listed" for discussion at a later conference; this occurs, for example, where the Court decides to request input from the Solicitor General of the United States on whether a petition should be granted.[10]
The votes of four Justices at Conference (see Rule of four) will suffice to grant certiorari and place the case on the court's calendar. If the Supreme Court grants certiorari (or the certified question or other extraordinary writ), then a briefing schedule is arranged for the parties to submit their briefs in favor of or against a particular form of relief. During this time, an individual or group having an interest in a case but not a party to the case may submit a motion to appear before the court as amicus curiae ("friend of the court"). Except for certain specific categories (such as lawyers for state and local governments) or where all parties to the case consent, it is in the Court's discretion whether such motions are granted.
The grant or denial of certiorari petitions by the Court are usually issued as one-sentence orders without explanation.
Cases that fall within the Court's original jurisdiction are initiated by filing a complaint directly with the Supreme Court, and normally are assigned to a special master appointed by the Court for the taking of evidence and making recommendations, after which the Court may accept briefs and hear oral arguments as in an appellate case.
Hearing cases[edit]
Filing briefs[edit]
Before oral arguments, the parties to a case file legal briefs outlining their arguments. An amicus curiae may also submit a brief in support of a particular outcome in the case if the Court grants it permission. Formal rules govern every aspect of these briefs; Chief Justice William Rehnquist described the rules thus:
The rules direct what information must be included in a brief, describe the size of paper and type of print, and limit the number of pages. Even the colors of the covers of the briefs are specified: the petitioner's brief must have a blue cover and the respondent's must have a red cover. The Court also often receives briefs from amici curiae (friends of the Court) in particular cases, and these must have a green cover. This color-coding comes in very handy when you have a stack of eight or ten briefs in a particular case and can locate the brief you want by its color without having to read the covers of each.[11]
Oral arguments[edit]
Thereafter, if the Court chooses to hold a hearing, each side has thirty minutes to present its case orally. In exceptional and controversial cases, however, the time limit may be extended. In the Court's early years, attorneys might argue a single case for hours or even days; but as the judicial workload increased, the time available for argument has been restricted. The late Chief Justice Rehnquist was noted for his especially strict enforcement of the argument time limits.
To file pleadings or to argue a case, an attorney must be a member of the bar of the Court. (The primary requirement for admission to the Bar is that the attorney must have been admitted to practice in the highest court of a state or territory for at least the past three years.) Justices are allowed to interrupt the attorney speaking in order to ask him or her questions, and particularly since the arrival of Justice Antonin Scalia in 1986, do so often.[12]
The Court began recording Oral Arguments in October 1955.[13] Beginning in October 2010, the Supreme Court began the practice of posting recordings and transcripts of the oral arguments made during the preceding week on Fridays on the Court's website.
In an interview for C-SPAN, former Justice Scalia, speaking for himself, noted that by the time the Justices hear oral arguments, having read the submissions by the parties and amici, it is "very rare, though not unheard of", for the discussion during the oral arguments to change his view of a case in which he has already made up his mind based on the submissions and his research about the case. However, he also made the point that it is "quite common" for him to go into Oral Arguments with his mind not made up yet, as the cases are usually very hard and difficult, and that in those situations a persuasive attorney can make the difference for him.[14]
Forming opinions[edit]
The conference: assignment of opinions[edit]
At the end of a week in which the Court has heard oral arguments, the Justices hold a conference to discuss the cases and vote on any new petitions of certiorari. The Justices discuss the points of law at issue in the cases. No clerks are permitted to be present, which would make it exceedingly difficult for a justice without a firm grasp of the matters at hand to participate.[15] At this conference, each justice—in order from most to least senior—states the basis on which he or she would decide the case, and a preliminary vote is taken.
Former Justice Scalia professed frustration that there is little substantive discussion,[16] while former Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote that this makes the conference more efficient.[17] The votes are tallied, and the responsibility for writing the opinion in the case is assigned to one of the justices; the most senior Justice voting in the majority (but always the Chief Justice if he is in the majority) makes the assignment, and can assign the responsibility to him- or herself.
Circulating draft opinions and changing of views[edit]
The justice writing the opinion for the court will produce and circulate a draft opinion to the other justices. Each justice's law clerks may be involved in this phase. In modern Supreme Court history only a few justices, such as former Justice Antonin Scalia, have regularly written their own first drafts.[18] Once the draft opinion has been reviewed, the remaining Justices may recommend changes to the opinion. Whether these changes are accommodated depends on the legal philosophy of the drafters as well as on how strong a majority the opinion garnered at conference. A justice may instead simply join the opinion at that point without comment.
Votes at conference are preliminary; while opinions are being circulated, it is not unheard of for a justice to change sides. A justice may be swayed by the persuasiveness (or lack thereof) of the opinion or dissent, or as a result of reflection and discussion on the points of law at issue.
The evolution of the justices' views during the circulation of draft opinions can change the outcome of the case; an opinion that begins as a majority opinion can become a dissenting opinion, and vice versa. At the conference for Planned Parenthood v. Casey, Justice Kennedy is said to have initially voted with Chief Justice Rehnquist, but then changed his mind, feeling unable to join Rehnquist's draft opinion.[19] While working for the Justice Department, present-day Chief Justice John Roberts—a former Rehnquist law clerk—wrote an analysis of Wallace v. Jaffree[20] in which he indicated his belief (based on the length and structure) that Rehnquist's dissent had started out as an opinion for the court, but lost its majority; similar speculation is often heard of Justice O'Connor's dissent in Kelo v. New London.[21] Justice Kennedy is known within the Court for changing his mind subsequent to the conference, and Justice Thomas is known for having the tendency to lose a majority.[22] Justices may change sides at any time prior to the handing down of the Court's opinion. Generally, the Court's decision is the opinion which a majority (five or more) of justices have joined. In rare instances, the Court will issue a plurality opinion in which four or fewer Justices agree on one opinion, but the others are so fractured that they cannot agree on a position. In this circumstance, in order to determine what the decision is lawyers and judges will analyze the opinions to determine on which points a majority agrees. An example of a case decided by a plurality opinion is Hamdi v. Rumsfeld.
A justice voting with the majority may write a concurring opinion; this is an opinion where the justice agrees with the majority holding itself, but where he or she wishes to express views on the legal elements of the case that are not encompassed in the majority opinion. Justices who do not agree with the decision made by the majority may also submit dissenting opinions, which may give alternative legal viewpoints. Dissenting opinions carry no legal weight or precedent, but they can set the argument for future cases. John Marshall Harlan's dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson set down for the majority opinion later in Brown v. Board of Education.
After granting a writ of certiorari and accepting a case for review, the justices may decide against further review of the case. For example, the Court may feel the case presented during oral arguments did not present the constitutional issues in a clear-cut way, and that adjudication of these issues is better deferred until a suitable case comes before the court. In this event the writ of certiorari is "dismissed as improvidently granted" (DIG)—saying, in effect that the Court should not have accepted the case. As with the granting or denial of cert, this dismissal is customarily made using a simple per curiam decision without explanation.[23]
Customarily, justices who were not seated at the time oral arguments were heard by the Supreme Court do not participate in the formulation of an opinion. Likewise, a justice leaving the Court prior to the handing down of an opinion does not take part in the Court's opinion. Should the composition of the Court materially affect the outcome of a pending case, the justices will likely elect to reschedule the case for rehearing.
Tied votes and lack of quorum[edit]
If not all of the nine justices vote on a case, or the Court has a vacancy, then a tied vote is possible. If this occurs, then the decision of the court below is affirmed, but the case is not considered to be binding precedent. The effect is a return to the status quo ante. No opinions (or voting alignments) are issued in such a case, only the one-sentence announcement that "[t]he judgment is affirmed by an equally divided Court." Omega S.A. v. Costco Wholesale Corp. is an example of such a case. The court tries to avoid such rulings when possible: After the retirement of Justice O'Connor in 2006 three cases would have ended with a tie. All cases were reargued to allow the newly appointed Samuel Alito to cast a decisive vote.
A quorum of justices to hear and decide a case is six. If, through recusals or vacancies, fewer than six justices can participate in a case, and a majority of qualified justices determines that the case cannot be heard in the next term, then the decision of the court below is affirmed as if the Court had been equally divided on the case. An exception exists when this situation arises in one of the now-rare cases brought directly to the Supreme Court on appeal from a United States District Court; in this situation, the case is referred to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the corresponding circuit for a final decision there by either the Court of Appeals sitting en banc, or a panel consisting of the three most senior active circuit judges.[24]
Announcement of opinions[edit]
Throughout the term, but mostly during the last months of the term—May, June, and, if necessary, July—the Court announces its opinions. The decision of the Court is subsequently published, first as a slip opinion, and subsequently in the United States Reports. In recent years, opinions have been available on the Supreme Court's website and other legal websites on the morning they are announced. Since recording devices have been banned inside the courtroom, the fastest way for decisions of landmark cases to reach the press is through the Running of the Interns.[25]
The opinion of the Court is usually signed by the author; occasionally, the Supreme Court may issue an unsigned opinion per curiam. The practice of issuing a single opinion of the Court was initiated during the tenure of Chief Justice John Marshall during the early 19th century. This custom replaced the previous practice under which each Justice, whether in the majority or the minority, issued a separate opinion. The older practice is still followed by appellate courts in many common law jurisdictions outside the United States.
Reporting and citation of cases[edit]
For more specific details on how cases are cited, see case citation.
Supreme Court decisions are typically cited as in the following example: "Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)." The court citation consists of the names of the opposing parties; the volume number; "U.S." (signifying United States Reports, the official reporter of Supreme Court decisions); the page number on which the decision begins; and the year in which the case was decided. The names of the opposing parties are listed in the format "Petitioner v. Respondent" or "Appellant v. Appellee." The Reporter of Decisions is responsible for publication of the Court's rulings. Two other widely used citation formats exist: the Supreme Court Reporter and the Lawyers' Edition, corresponding to two privately published collections of decisions. Citations to cases in the Supreme Court Reporter would be structured as follows: Snowden v. Hughes, 64 S. Ct. 397 (1944). Citations to cases in the Lawyers' Edition would be as follows: Snowden v. Hughes, 88 L. Ed. 497 (1944). Judicial opinions often use the citation from all three sources (the United States Reports, Supreme Court Reporter, and Lawyers' Edition), as seen here: Martin v. Texas, 200 U.S. 316, 26 S. Ct. 338, 50 L. Ed. 497 (1906). Since the 1930s, prior to publication of the decisions in these reporters, they are available from the United States Law Week (U.S.L.W.). In more recent years, opinions have been available electronically soon after they appeared on commercial sites such as Lexis or Westlaw, on Internet sites such as FindLaw and on the Court's own website.[26]
The Reporter of Decisions is the court official responsible for the publication of the Court's opinions and orders. The current Reporter of Decisions is Christine Luchok Fallon.
Decisions of the Supreme Court are precedents that bind all lower courts, both federal and state. The Supreme Court generally respects its own precedents, but has in some cases overturned them.
See also[edit]
Supreme Court Case Selections Act
Footnotes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Georgia v. Brailsford, Powell & Hopton , 3 U.S. 1 (1794).
Jump up ^ United States v. Louisiana , 399 U.S. 699 (1950).
Jump up ^ Scalia, Antonin. "Originalism: The Lesser Evil". University of Cincinnati Law Review. 57: 849, 850. Archived from the original on February 21, 2006; Rehnquist, William H. (September 27, 2001). Remarks by Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist (Speech). Lecture at the Faculty of Law of the University of Guanajuato, Mexico.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Lazarus, Edward (June 14, 1998). "Closed Chambers". Booknotes (Interview). Interview with Brian Lamb. C-SPAN.
Jump up ^ "The Justices' Caseload" (PDF). Supreme Court of the United States.
Jump up ^ Bowles v. Russell , 551 U.S. 205 (2007).
Jump up ^ Mauro, Tony (October 21, 2005). "Roberts Dips Toe Into Cert Pool". Law.com. Regarding the picking of cases, see generally, Rehnquist, William H. (2001). The Supreme Court (2nd ed.). New York: Knopf. pp. 224–238. ISBN 9780375409431.
Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam (September 25, 2008). "A Second Justice Opts Out of a Longtime Custom: The 'Cert. Pool'". The New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam (May 1, 2017). "Gorsuch, in sign of independence, is out of Supreme Court's clerical pool". New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Thompson, David C.; Wachtell, Melanie F. (2009). "An Empirical Analysis of Supreme Court Certiorari Petition Procedures". George Mason University Law Review. 16 (2): 237, 241. SSRN 1377522  .
Jump up ^ Rehnquist, William H. (September 27, 2001). Remarks by Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist (Speech). Lecture at the Faculty of Law of the University of Guanajuato, Mexico; cf. "Part VII. Practice and Procedure. Rule 33. Document Preparation: Booklet Format; 8 1/2- by 11-Inch Paper Format". Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States. Supreme Court of the United States. April 19, 2013 – via Legal Information Institute, Cornell University.
Jump up ^ Talbot, Margaret (March 28, 2005). "Supreme Confidence: The Jurisprudence of Justice Antonin Scalia". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on September 3, 2005 – via New America Foundation. In his early years on the Court, Scalia's exuberant questioning was not well received by his colleagues ... In Scalia's first oral argument he asked so many questions that Powell whispered, 'Do you think he knows that the rest of us are here?' The other Justices have since caught up with Scalia. Now all of them—with the exception of Clarence Thomas—are garrulous Linder, Doug. "Justices Brennan & Scalia Debate Creation-Science". On a bench lined with solemn gray figures who often sat as silently as pigeons on a railing, Scalia stood out like a talking parrot.
Jump up ^ "About the Oyez Project". Oyez Project. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Scalia, Antonin (June 19, 2009). "Justice Antonin Scalia" (PDF) (Interview). Interview with Susan Swain. C-SPAN. Retrieved November 6, 2010. [I]t is probably quite rare, although not unheard of, that oral argument will change my mind. But it is quite common that I go in with my mind not made up. I mean a lot of these cases are very close, and you go in on the knife's edge. Persuasive counsel can make the difference. There are things you can do with oral argument that cannot be done in a brief. You can convey the relative importance of your various points.
Jump up ^ Rehnquist, William H. (2001). The Supreme Court (2nd ed.). New York: Knopf. p. 253. ISBN 9780375409431.
Jump up ^ Lazarus, Edward (2005). Closed Chambers. New York: Penguin. p. 285. ISBN 9780143035275. to call our discussion of a case a conference is really something of a misnomer. It's much more a statement of the views of each of the nine justices.
Jump up ^ Rehnquist, William H. (2001). The Supreme Court (2nd ed.). New York: Knopf. pp. 254–58. ISBN 9780375409431.
Jump up ^ Lazarus, Edward (2005). Closed Chambers. New York: Penguin. p. 271. ISBN 9780143035275.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Zimmerman, Carol (March 18, 2004). "Justice Blackmun's Papers Reveal Near Overturn of Roe". Catholic Herald. Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on April 19, 2004.
Jump up ^ Roberts, memo to Fred F. Fielding, June 4, 1985.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Claeys, Eric (June 24, 2005). "Did O'Connor Lose the Majority?". SCOTUSblog. Archived from the original on August 22, 2006.
Jump up ^ See Tushnet, Mark V. (2005). A Court Divided: The Rehnquist Court and the Future of Constitutional Law. New York: Norton. ISBN 9780393058680.
Jump up ^ Savage, David G. (January 2002). "Adarand Didn't Add Up: Lawyers Now Wonder Which Affirmative Action Case Court Will Take". ABA Journal. American Bar Association. 88: 26. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ U.S.C. Title 28, Section 1; U.S.C. Title 28, Section 2109.
Jump up ^ Kessler, Robert. "Why Aren't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again?". The Atlantic. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Opinions". Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
External links[edit]
Court Rules from the U.S. Supreme Court website
2010 rules from the U.S. Supreme Court website
2013 rules from the U.S. Supreme Court website
2013 rule revisions from the U.S. Supreme Court website (with "clerk comments" that clarify what's changing for 2013 and why)
[hide]
v
t
e
Supreme Court of the United States
The Court
Lists of cases
Procedures
Supreme Court Building
Court demographics
Ideological leanings
Appointment and confirmation
Current members
Chief Justice
John Roberts
Associate Justices
Anthony Kennedy
Clarence Thomas
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Stephen Breyer
Samuel Alito
Sonia Sotomayor
Elena Kagan
Neil Gorsuch
Retired Justices
John Paul Stevens
Sandra Day O'Connor
David Souter
Current nominations
No vacancies
History
Jay Court (1789–1795)
Rutledge Court (1795)
Ellsworth Court (1796–1800)
Marshall Court (1801–1835)
Taney Court (1836–1864)
Chase Court (1864–1873)
Waite Court (1874–1888)
Fuller Court (1888–1910)
White Court (1910–1921)
Taft Court (1921–1930)
Hughes Court (1930–1941)
Stone Court (1941–1946)
Vinson Court (1946–1953)
Warren Court (1953–1969)
Burger Court (1969–1986)
Rehnquist Court (1986–2005)
Roberts Court (2005–present)
Lists of justices
and nominees
Chief justices
Associate justices
All justices
court
seat
education
time in office
timelines
Justices who served in Congress
All nominations
Unsuccessful nominations
Nominations near end of presidency
Statutes affecting
Court size
Judiciary Act of 1789
Judiciary Act of 1801
Judiciary Act of 1802
Seventh Circuit Act of 1807
Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837
Tenth Circuit Act of 1863
Judicial Circuits Act of 1866
Judiciary Act of 1869
Court functionaries
Clerk
Marshal
Supreme Court Police
Reporter of Decisions
Lists of law clerks
Chief Justice
Seat 1
Seat 2
Seat 3
Seat 4
Seat 6
Seat 8
Seat 9
Seat 10
All
Former locations
Old City Hall, Philadelphia
Old Supreme Court Chamber, U.S. Capitol
Old Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol
Related
United States Solicitor General
United States Reports
Lawyers' Edition
Amicus curiae
Article III, U.S. Constitution
Original jurisdiction
Burial places of justices
The Court in fiction
Other countries
Law Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Procedures_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=827586021"
Categories:
United States procedural law
Supreme Court of the United States
United States appellate procedure
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from May 2014
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 25 February 2018, at 16:06.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: Seal of the United States Supreme Court.svg

values: Lists of United States Supreme Court cases

value: li

values: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

values:
plainlist
padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;text-align:left

values: List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition

values: List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by seat

values: List of United States Supreme Court Justices by time in office

values: List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court Justices

values: List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States

values: Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States

values: List of people nominated to U.S. Supreme Court in last year of presidency

values: Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States

values: List of United States Supreme Court Justices who also served in Congress

values: Ideological leanings of U.S. Supreme Court justices

values: Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States

values: Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States

values: Marshal of the United States Supreme Court

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: thin solid #aaa

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/United_States_federal_courts
mw-redirect
United States federal courts

values:
/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Constitution of the United States

values: Edit section: The Court's authority to hear cases

values: Article Three of the United States Constitution

values:
/wiki/Writ_of_certiorari
mw-redirect
Writ of certiorari

values: United States v. Louisiana (1950) (page does not exist)

values: Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

values:
/wiki/Amici_curiae
mw-redirect
Amici curiae

values: Edit section: The conference: assignment of opinions

values: Edit section: Circulating draft opinions and changing of views

values:
/wiki/Kelo_v._New_London
mw-redirect
Kelo v. New London

values: Edit section: Tied votes and lack of quorum

values:
/wiki/Slip_opinion
mw-redirect
Slip opinion

values: Edit section: Reporting and citation of cases

values: Supreme Court of the United States Reporter of Decisions

values:
/wiki/Supreme_Court_Reporter
mw-redirect
Supreme Court Reporter

values:
nofollow
external text
//ssrn.com/abstract=1377522

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.oyez.org/about

values: Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States

values:
navbox-image
10
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Chief Justice)

values: List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 1)

values: List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)

values: List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 3)

values: List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 4)

values: List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 6)

values: List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 8)

values: List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 9)

values: List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 10)

values: Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States

values: List of burial places of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

values: Supreme Court of the United States in fiction

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Supreme Court of the United States

values: Category:United States appellate procedure

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Procedures_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States rootpage-Procedures_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States skin-vector action-view


text:
Who Loves You (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Who Loves You"
Single by The Four Seasons
from the album Who Loves You
B-side
"Who Loves You" (Disco version)
Released
2 August 1975
Format
7"
Recorded
July 1975
Genre
Rock, disco
Length
4:04 (single version)
4:22 (album version)
Label
Warner/Curb
Songwriter(s)
Bob Gaudio-Judy Parker
Producer(s)
Bob Gaudio
The Four Seasons singles chronology
"Hickory"
(1974) "Who Loves You"
(1975) "December 1963 (Oh, What a Night)"
(1975)
"Hickory"
(1974) "Who Loves You"
(1975) "December 1963 (Oh, What a Night)"
(1975)
Vinyl 45
"Who Loves You" is the title song of a 1975 album by The Four Seasons. It was composed by Bob Gaudio and Judy Parker and produced by Gaudio. It reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in November 1975.[1][2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Song information
2 Charts
2.1 Weekly charts
2.2 Year-end charts
3 Other versions
4 Pop-culture references
5 References
Song information[edit]
After their release from Philips, the group signed with Motown and released one album and three singles for the organization in 1972 and 1973. All Motown recordings failed to chart in the U.S. and the company dropped the band.[2] In August, "Who Loves You" entered the Hot 100 as Frankie Valli's "Swearin' to God" was sliding off the chart.
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1975-76)
Peak
position
Australia KMR 16
Canada RPM Top Singles[4]* ( 20 )
Canada RPM Adult Contemporary[5]* ( 12 )
UK (OCC) 6
US Billboard Hot 100[6] 3
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[7] 7
US Cash Box Top 100[8] 7
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1975)
Rank
Australia[9] 185
Canada RPM Top Singles[10] 70
UK[11] 95
US (Joel Whitburn's Pop Annual)[12] 44
(* - Canadian RPM chart data incomplete for late 1975)
Other versions[edit]
There were three versions of "Who Loves You" released in the United States: the one on the Who Loves You album is four minutes, 20 seconds long and begins with a short percussion section before the start of the vocals.[13] The A-side of the single has a 4-minute 4 second version which starts with an unusual "fade-in" beginning, starting with the first word of the lyrics; the B-side (labeled "Who Loves You (disco version)") is the same as the A-side, with the instrumental break done twice and the song ending sooner.[14]
Although the Four Seasons' trademark falsetto is present on "Who Loves You", Valli's vocal performance on the recording is limited to singing lead on the verses.[2]
For a record from a group so long without any hit records, "Who Loves You" was a tremendous success. Released in August 1975, the single spent 20 weeks on the Hot 100 (longer than any Four Seasons single before) and managed to stay on the chart until the beginning of 1976.[15]
This song is edited heavily and included as the closing number for the musical Jersey Boys. The second verse and instrumental break is completely omitted, and instead of the fade out, a loud, high-pitched ending chord is sung by the full company. However, the Original Broadway Cast Recording includes the instrumental break.
Pop-culture references[edit]
Often used as bumper music by late night radio talk show host Art Bell when he hosted Coast to Coast AM in the 1990s.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn, The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits (5th edition), Billboard Books 1992 ISBN 0-8230-8280-6
^ Jump up to: a b c Fred Bronson, The Billboard Book of Number One Hits (3rd edition), Billboard Books 1992 ISBN 0-8230-8298-9
Jump up ^ Dean, Maury (2003). Rock N' Roll Gold Rush. Algora. p. 285. ISBN 0-87586-207-1.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/19751101.html Adult Contemporary Music Chart, November 1, 1975]
Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, November 1, 1975
Jump up ^ "Forum - 1970 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on 2017-03-05. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". collectionscanada.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ http://www.uk-charts.top-source.info/top-100-1978.shtml
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1999). Pop Annual. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. ISBN 0-89820-142-X.
Jump up ^ Four Seasons, Who Loves You LP (Warner Bros. Records 1975)
Jump up ^ Four Seasons, "Who Loves You" single, Warner Bros. 8122, 1975
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn, Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955–1993, Billboard Books 1994 ISBN 0-89820-105-5
[hide]
v
t
e
The Four Seasons
Frankie Valli
Tommy DeVito
Bob Gaudio
Nick Massi
Charles Calello
Joe Long
Gerry Polci
Albums
Sherry & 11 Others (1962)
The 4 Seasons Greetings (1962)
Big Girls Don't Cry and Twelve Others (1963)
The 4 Seasons Sing Ain't That a Shame and 11 Others (1963)
Golden Hits of the 4 Seasons (1963)
Dawn (1964)
Rag Doll (1964)
Born to Wonder (1964)
Stay and Other Great Hits (1964)
The 4 Seasons Sing Big Hits by Burt Bacharach... Hal David... Bob Dylan (1965)
4 Seasons Entertain You (1965)
Lets Hang On (1965)
Working My Way Back to You (1965)
On Stage with The Four Seasons (1965)
New Gold Hits (1967)
Edizione D'Oro (Gold Edition) (1968)
The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette (1969)
Half and Half (1970)
Chameleon (1972)
Who Loves You (1975)
Helicon (1977)
The Very Best of Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons (2002)
Singles
"Bermuda"
"Sherry"
"Big Girls Don't Cry"
"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town"
"Walk Like a Man"
"Ain't That a Shame"
"Candy Girl"
"New Mexican Rose"
"Dawn (Go Away)"
"Stay"
"Ronnie"
"Rag Doll"
"Alone (Why Must I Be Alone)"
"Save It for Me"
"Sincerely"
"Big Man in Town"
"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus"
"Bye, Bye, Baby (Baby Goodbye)"
"Since I Don't Have You"
"Girl Come Running"
"The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)"
"Let's Hang On!"
"Don't Think Twice"
"Working My Way Back to You"
"Opus 17 (Don't You Worry 'bout Me)"
"On the Good Ship Lollipop"
"I've Got You Under My Skin"
"The Proud One"
"Tell It to the Rain"
"Beggin'"
"Can't Take My Eyes Off You"
"C'mon Marianne"
"Lonesome Road"
"Watch the Flowers Grow"
"Will You Love Me Tomorrow"
"My Eyes Adored You"
"Our Day Will Come"
"Who Loves You"
"December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)"
"Silver Star"
"Grease"
Related topics
Discography
Members
Albums
Songs
The Four Lovers
The Wonder Who?
Bob Crewe
"Ces soirées-là"
Jersey Boys: Original Broadway Cast Recording
Jersey Boys (musical)
Jersey Boys (film)
Book:The Four Seasons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Loves_You_(song)&oldid=788663778"
Categories:
1975 singles
The Four Seasons (band) songs
Songs written by Bob Gaudio
Song recordings produced by Bob Gaudio
1975 songs
Curb Records singles
Warner Bros. Records singles
Hidden categories:
Pages using web citations with no URL
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Articles with hAudio microformats
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Ænglisc
Edit links
This page was last edited on 2 July 2017, at 19:12.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: href title

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(group)
mw-redirect
The Four Seasons (group)

value: i

values:
/wiki/Gramophone_record
mw-redirect
Gramophone record

values:
/wiki/Judy_Parker
mw-redirect
Judy Parker

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values:
/wiki/December_1963_(Oh,_What_a_Night)
mw-redirect
December 1963 (Oh, What a Night)

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: 45rpm of "Who Loves You" by "Four Seasons" - WhoLovesYou.jpg

values:
/wiki/Motown_Records
mw-redirect
Motown Records

values:
left
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
text-align:center;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
The_Four_Seasons
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values:
/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_Greetings
mw-redirect
The Four Seasons Greetings

values: Big Girls Don't Cry (The Four Seasons song)

values: Category:The Four Seasons (band) members

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Song recordings produced by Bob Gaudio

values: Category:Pages using web citations with no URL

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Who_Loves_You_(song)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Who_Loves_You_song rootpage-Who_Loves_You_song vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Hires Root Beer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hires
Type
Root Beer
Manufacturer
Dr Pepper Snapple Group
Country of origin
United States
Introduced
1876
Color
Caramel
Related products
A&W Root Beer, Dad's Root Beer, Mug Root Beer, Barq's
Website
Dr Pepper Snapple Group
Hires Root Beer is a soft drink which is marketed by Dr Pepper Snapple Group. Introduced in 1876, it is considered the second longest continuously made soft drink in the United States. Only Vernors Ginger Ale , dating to 1866, is older.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Today
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
19th Century American Trade Card for Hires Root Beer, 1894.
Hires Root Beer was created by Philadelphia pharmacist Charles Elmer Hires. The official story is that Hires first tasted root beer, a traditional American beverage dating back to the colonial era, while on his honeymoon in 1875.[1] However, historical accounts vary and the actual time and place of the discovery may never be known.[2] By 1876, Hires had developed his own recipe and was marketing 25-cent packets of powder which each yielded five gallons of root beer. At Philadelphia's Centennial Exposition in 1876, he cultivated new customers by giving away free glasses of root beer. Hires marketed it as a solid concentrate of sixteen wild roots and berries. It claimed to purify the blood and make rosy cheeks.[3] In 1884, he began producing a liquid extract and a syrup for use in soda fountains, and was soon shipping root beer in kegs and producing a special fountain dispenser called the "Hires Automatic Munimaker." In 1890, the Charles E. Hires Company incorporated and began supplying Hires root beer in small bottles[4][5] claiming over a million bottles sold by 1891.[6]
But Hires's choice of name for his product caused a problem: the word "beer" drew the wrath of the temperance movement[citation needed]. He had his root beer tested by a laboratory, and trumpeted their conclusion that a glass of his root beer contained less alcohol than a loaf of bread.[citation needed] Hires Root Beer was promoted as "The Temperance Drink" and "the Greatest Health-Giving Beverage in the World." Hires advertised aggressively, believing "doing business without advertising is like winking at a girl in the dark. You know what you are doing, but nobody ELSE does."[1]
Hires Root Beer mug, 1930s or earlier
One of the major ingredients of root beer was sassafras oil, a plant root extract used in beverages for its flavor and presumed medicinal properties. The medicinal properties of root beer are emphasized in the advertising slogan, "Join Health and Cheer; Drink Hires Rootbeer." Ironically, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned sassafras oil in 1960 because it contains the carcinogen and liver-damaging chemical safrol. However, a process was later discovered by which the harmful chemical could be removed from sassafras oil while preserving the flavor.[7]
Hires Root Beer kits, available in the United States and Canada from the early 1900s through the 1980s allowed consumers to mix an extract with water, sugar and yeast to brew their own root beer. However, most consumption was of pre-bottled root beer.
A mid-1960s' advertising campaign featured jingles by jazz singer Blossom Dearie, wherein she sang in a Betty-Boop voice: "Hires Root Beer! Hires Rootin' Tootin' Root Beer! Hires Rootin'-Tootin' Rabble-Rousin', lion-roarin', Roman-candle-lightin' Root Beer!"
Today[edit]
Consolidated Foods bought the company from the Hires family in 1960, only to sell Hires two years later to Crush International. Procter & Gamble bought Crush in 1980, and sold it to Cadbury Schweppes in 1989. Cadbury divested its soft drinks arm in 2008, and the beverage company renamed itself Dr Pepper Snapple Group that year.
In Canada, the Hires brand is no longer sold by Dr Pepper Snapple Group; retailers and vending machines have replaced it with Pepsi-owned Mug Root Beer since the 1990s and DPSG markets Stewarts Root Beer in Canada. Hires availability in the U.S. is limited as other Dr. Pepper owned brands like A&W Root Beer are competing for the same bottlers on behalf of the same company.[8]
An unrelated drive-in restaurant chain in Utah, Hires Big H, offers "The Big H Root Beer Extract", a modern version of the "Hires Root Beer kit" unsweetened concentrate;[9] would-be home brewers too impatient to carbonate the old-fashioned way using sugar and yeast could use dry ice as a more rapid source of carbon dioxide.
See also[edit]
Drink portal
Philadelphia portal
Chester teapot, a large teapot made from a former giant Hires Root Beer barrel sign
Notes[edit]
Hires, C.E. 1913. Seeing opportunities. American Druggist and Pharmaceutical Record. American Druggist Publ. Co., New York. ISSN 0099-7366.
Quarantiello, L. 1997. The Root Beer Book: A Celebration of America's Best-Loved Soft Drink. Tiare Publ., Lake Geneva, WI. ISBN 978-0-936653-78-5.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Our Brands". Dr Pepper Snapple Group. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
Jump up ^ Bennett, Eileen (June 28, 1998). "Local Historians Argue Over the Root of Hires". The Press of Atlantic City. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
Jump up ^ Pendergrast, Mark (2000). For God, Country and Coca-Cola. Basic Books. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-46505-468-8. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
Jump up ^ Funderburg, Anne Cooper (2001). Sundae best: a history of soda fountains. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green University Popular Press. pp. 92–94. ISBN 978-0-87972-854-0. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
Jump up ^ Hoolihan, Christopher (2001). Social Medicine in the United States, 1717-1917. Boydell & Brewer. p. 454. ISBN 978-1-58046-098-9. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
Jump up ^ "Hires Root Beer". Lowcountry Digital Library. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Nickell, Joe (January–February 2011). "'Pop' Culture: Patent Medicines Become Soft Drinks". Skeptical Inquirer. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. 35 (1): 14–17. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
Jump up ^ "Killing A Product – The Demise of Hires Root Beer". Stuff Nobody Cares About. 22 August 2011. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
Jump up ^ "Homemade Root Beer Recipe". Hires Big H. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
External links[edit]
Official site
The History of Root Beer
Root Beer Reviews and info
[show]
v
t
e
Dr Pepper Snapple brands
Soda
50/50
7 Up
A&W Cream Soda
A&W Root Beer
Barrelhead Root Beer
Cactus Cooler
Canada Dry
Canfield's Diet Chocolate Fudge
Crush
Dr Pepper
Floats
Gini
Hawaiian Punch
Hires Root Beer
IBC Root Beer
Orangina
RC Cola
Diet Rite
Nehi
Ricqlès
Schweppes
Squirt
Stewart's Fountain Classics
Sun Drop
Sunkist
Sussex Golden
Venom Energy
Vernors
Wink
Juices, teas,
and others
Clamato
Country Time
Dejà Blue
Hawaiian Punch
Mott's
Nantucket Nectars
Peñafiel
Raging Cow
ReaLemon
ReaLime
Snapple
Welch's
Yoo-hoo
Beverage mixers
Rose's
Miscellaneous
College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy
[show]
v
t
e
Root beer
1919
A-Treat
A&W
Abita
B&K
Barq's
Barrelhead
Berghoff
Berks County
Big Ben's
Blue Sky
Boylan
Bundaberg
Capt'n Eli's
Chicago
Dad's
Dog n Suds
Dominion
Dr. Brown's
Fanta
Faygo
Filbert's
Fitz's
Frostie
Frostop
Goose Island
Grandpa Graf's
Hank's
Henry Weinhard's
Hires
Hosmer Mountain
IBC
Jones
Mason's
Mug
Nanton
Nehi
Point
The Pop Shoppe
Ramblin'
Saranac
Sarsi
Sea Dog
Shasta
Sioux City
Sprecher
Stewart's
Ted's
Thomas Kemper
Tommyknockers
Towne Club
Twin Lights
Virgil's
White Rock
Zevia
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hires_Root_Beer&oldid=802550698"
Categories:
American soft drinks
Root beer
Dr Pepper Snapple Group brands
Cuisine of Philadelphia
1876 introductions
Patent medicines
Hidden categories:
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Articles with hRecipes
Articles with hProducts
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
日本語
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 September 2017, at 21:58.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

values:
/wiki/File:HiresRootBeerLogo.jpg
image
Hires Root Beer Logo

values:
/wiki/Root_Beer
mw-redirect
Root Beer

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania
mw-redirect
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Crush_(beverage)
mw-redirect
Crush (beverage)

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.rootbeerbarrel.com/
external text

values:
col
navbox-title
2
background:#840A2D; color:white;

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/1919_Root_Beer
mw-redirect
1919 Root Beer

values:
/wiki/Old_Dominion_Brewing_Company
mw-redirect
Old Dominion Brewing Company

values:
/wiki/Ted%27s_Root_Beer
mw-redirect
Ted's Root Beer

values:
/wiki/Tommyknockers_(root_beer)
mw-redirect
Tommyknockers (root beer)

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Hires_Root_Beer
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hire%27s
Hire's – Japanese
ja
ja
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hires_Root_Beer rootpage-Hires_Root_Beer skin-vector action-view