text:
Rehab (Amy Winehouse song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Rehab"
Single by Amy Winehouse
from the album Back to Black
B-side
"Do Me Good"
"Close to the Front"
Released
23 October 2006 (2006-10-23)
Format
CD
digital download
Recorded
2006
Genre
Soul
rhythm and blues
Length
3:36
Label
Island
Songwriter(s)
Amy Winehouse
Producer(s)
Mark Ronson
Amy Winehouse singles chronology
"Pumps" / "Help Yourself"
(2004) "Rehab"
(2006) "You Know I'm No Good"
(2007)
"Pumps" / "Help Yourself"
(2004) "Rehab"
(2006) "You Know I'm No Good"
(2007)
Amy Winehouse U.S. singles chronology
"You Know I'm No Good"
(2007) You Know I'm No Good2007 "Rehab"
(2007) Rehab2007 "Tears Dry on Their Own"
(2007) Tears Dry on Their Own2007
Music video
"Rehab" on YouTube
Alternative cover
Remix cover featuring Jay Z
Audio sample
file
help
"Rehab" is a song written and performed by English singer and songwriter Amy Winehouse, from her second and final studio album Back to Black (2006). Produced by Mark Ronson, the lyrics are autobiographical and address Winehouse's refusal one time to enter a rehabilitation clinic. "Rehab" was released as the lead single from Back to Black on 23 October 2006, and it peaked at number 7 in the United Kingdom on its Singles Chart and number 9 in the United States on the Billboard Hot 100,[1][2] becoming Winehouse's only top 10 hit in the US.
"Rehab" has become a critical and commercial success internationally, and has been referred to as Winehouse's "signature song".[3][4] It won three Grammy Awards at the 50th ceremony, including Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.[5] It also won an Ivor Novello Award for Best Contemporary Song.[6] Winehouse's public battle with drug and alcohol addiction, and subsequent death, have contributed to the song's continuing popularity and appearance in the media.
The song has been covered by a list of artists, such as Hot Chip, Lea Salonga, Seether, and the Jamaican Mento band The Jolly Boys.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Critical reception
3 Chart performance
4 Music video
5 Live performances
6 Covers
7 Track listings and formats
8 Charts and certifications
8.1 Weekly charts
8.2 Year-end charts
8.3 Certifications
8.4 Chart procession and succession
9 References
10 External links
Background[edit]
"Rehab" was produced by Mark Ronson and released as the album's lead single in October 2006 in the UK and January 2007 elsewhere. The song addresses Winehouse's refusal to attend an alcohol rehabilitation centre after her management team encouraged her to go. "I asked my dad if he thought I needed to go. He said no, but I should give it a try. So I did, for just 15 minutes. I went in said 'hello' and explained that I drink because I am in love and have screwed up the relationship. Then I walked out."[7] Winehouse later changed her management company.[8]
Ronson expanded on the songwriting process when interviewed by DJ Zane Lowe for the BBC Radio's Radio 1's Stories, in an episode broadcast on BBC Radio 1 on Monday 18 July 2011:
I was walking down the street with Amy. We were in New York and we'd been working together for about a week and we were walking to some store. She wanted to buy a present for her boyfriend and she was telling me about a specific time in her life that was.... I feel bad, like, talking about a friend like this, but I think I've told this story enough times.... but she hit, like, a certain low and her dad came over to try and talk some sense into her. And she was like, "He tried to make me go to rehab and I was like, 'Pfft, no no no.'" And the first thing I was like, "ding ding ding ding ding." Like, I mean I'm supposed to be like, "How was that for you?" and all I'm like is, "We've got to go back to the studio."
Mitch Winehouse, Amy's father, confirms Ronson's story about the origins of the song in his biography, Amy, My Daughter (2012). He writes that Ronson and Winehouse inspired each other musically, adding that Amy had written that line in one of her notebooks years before and told him that she was planning to write a song about that day. After Ronson heard the line during his and Amy's conversation in New York, he suggested they turn it into a song. The book says that was the moment when the song "came to life".[9]
"Rehab" is a soul and R&B song.[10][11] In the lyrics Winehouse mentions "Ray" and "Mr. Hathaway", in reference to Ray Charles and Donny Hathaway.
Critical reception[edit]
Winehouse's vocals on "Rehab" were compared to those of Ella Fitzgerald.
"Rehab" received universal acclaim from music critics. Rolling Stone characterised it as a "Motown-style winner with a banging beat and a lovesick bad girl testifying like Etta James."[12] People magazine called the track "instantly memorable."[13] Billboard remarked that Winehouse's vocals on the song were "Shirley Bassey-meets-Ella Fitzgerald" and called the track "a better buzz than a double-gin martini."[10]
"Rehab" ranked number 7 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007 and number 194 on the same magazine's updated list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[14][15] This song also placed at number 92 on MTV Asia's list of Top 100 Hits of 2007.[16] Time magazine named "Rehab" at number one on their 10 Best Songs of 2007. Writer Josh Tyrangiel praised Winehouse for her confidence, opining, "What she is is mouthy, funny, sultry, and quite possibly crazy" and, "It's impossible not to be seduced by her originality. Combine it with production by Mark Ronson that references four decades worth of soul music without once ripping it off, and you've got the best song of 2007."[17] Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Soon she'd be making headlines for all the wrong reasons. But back in 2007, we were all saying yes, yes, yes to the British belter's one-of-a-kind voice."[18] In 2011, NME placed it at number 8 on its list "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years."[19]
The song won the Ivor Novello Award for Best Contemporary Song for songwriting on 24 May 2007.[20] In July 2007, the track won the Popjustice £20 Music Prize, which recognises the best British pop singles over the past year. In doing so, Winehouse became the third act to win the award, after Girls Aloud and Rachel Stevens.[21] The single was voted as the best song of 2007 at The Village Voice's annual Pazz & Jop.[22] On 10 February 2008, "Rehab" won three Grammy Awards: Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.[23]
Chart performance[edit]
On 22 October 2006, based solely on download sales, "Rehab" entered the UK Singles Chart at number nineteen and when the physical single was released the following week, it climbed to number seven, Winehouse's highest chart position at the time by more than 50 places. By 25 October the album was approaching five-time platinum in the UK, making it the best-selling record of 2007.[24]
The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 91 on the 31 March 2007 chart without an official single release. Winehouse's current single at the time, "You Know I'm No Good", entered one spot above, at number 90, the same week.[25] After lingering in the bottom portions of the Hot 100 for several months, the song suddenly jumped 38 spots to number ten on the 23 June chart,[26] due to digital sales following Winehouse's live performance of the song on the MTV Movie Awards on 3 June 2007; sales of the official remix featuring rapper Jay Z also had a small effect, helping it to peak in the 70s on the iTunes Top 100 in the US. After a change of rules in the UK allowing all digital downloads to be counted for the singles chart, "Rehab" re-entered the chart at number 20 for the week ending 13 January 2007, whilst "You Know I'm No Good" occupied the number 40 spot as a new entry on downloads alone.
The Ronson-produced song also topped at the top ten in more than 10 countries including Canada, Spain, Denmark, and Israel, peaking in Norway and Hungary. It reached the top 20 in France, the Netherlands, Austria, Switzerland and Finland, attaining a peak position of number 23 on the European Hot 100 Singles.
As of March 2008, the single had sold 357,943 copies commercially and on downloads in the UK. Between October 2006 and June 2007, the single spent 34 consecutive weeks in the official UK top 75 and has re-entered it again several times since, most recently at number 29 on 31 July 2011 in the wake of the singer's death, giving it a current total of 59 weeks in the top 75, making it the joint 10th longest runner of all time, and 76 in the top 100.
It also became her first top ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number nine. The Recording Industry Association of America certified "Rehab" platinum on 11 February 2010 for sales of over 1 million copies.[27] The song, despite an October 2006 release date, was an enduring hit throughout 2007; with UK sales of 131,415 in 2007 alone, it finished the year as the UK's fifth-sixth biggest-selling single. It is Winehouse's longest-running UK chart hit, but her Ronson collaboration "Valerie" has proven to be her biggest seller to date. As of 2014, the song has sold 395,000 copies in UK and more than 1 million in the US.
Music video[edit]
The music video was directed by Phil Griffin and released in September 2006. It features Winehouse's band playing their instruments while she sings to the camera. The band members are dressed in gowns throughout the video, with one member dressed similarly to Donny Hathaway. It begins with Winehouse rising from bed and then moving to the bathroom. For the second verse, Winehouse is on a chair in a psychiatrist's office, presumably explaining herself to an unseen therapist. In contrast to the lyrics, the video ends with Winehouse in rehab, sitting on a bed in a white-tiled clinical ward room with her band around her. The video was shot by director of photography Adam Frisch. On 31 May 2007, "Rehab" debuted on MTV's Total Request Live and later peaked at number one on 7 June.[28] The music video was also nominated for Video of the Year at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards, but lost out to Rihanna's "Umbrella."
Live performances[edit]
On 12 March 2007, Winehouse performed the song live for her US television debut on the Late Show with David Letterman.[29] And for a while, she replaced "Ray" with "Blake", referring to her ex-husband, Blake Fielder-Civil, in live performances. She also replaced several times the lyrics, "I'm gonna lose my baby", with, "I'll never lose my baby".
Covers[edit]
Several musicians have released covers and alternate versions of the song.
During live performances, New York band Taking Back Sunday often includes the chorus of a popular song in "A Decade Under the Influence" and the breakdown of "Cute Without the 'E' (Cut from the Team)", and, beginning in 2007, "Rehab" has been used.[30]
During his world tour in Zürich, Switzerland, in August 2007, pop singer Justin Timberlake sang the song's chorus in the third-person feminine after performing "Cry Me a River", widely reported to allude to Britney Spears.[31]
Besides, on 18 July 2007, American singer Fergie performed the song during a concert at Anaheim's House of Blues.[32]
While appearing at V Festival in Chelmsford, England on 18 August 2007, Kanye West played a tribute cover of "Rehab" for an absent Amy Winehouse, who had planned to perform at the festival but canceled due to exhaustion.[33]
L.A.-based Terra Naomi performed the song acoustically on YouTube in March 2008.[34]
Two remixes featuring American rappers Jay Z and Pharoahe Monch were released in 2008.[35]
Paolo Nutini covered the song in a compilation CD.[36]
UK comedian Matt Roper in the guise of alter-ego Wilfredo covered "Rehab" at music festivals in 2008; his performance at Camden Town's Lockstock Festival in October that year can be viewed on YouTube.[37]
French jazz pianist Jacky Terrasson covered "Rehab" on his 2012 album Gouache.[38]
Frankmusik has also covered the song.[39]
Track listings and formats[edit]
UK CD single (CD 1)[40]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Rehab" (Album Version) 3:36
2. "Do Me Good" 4:20
UK CD Maxi-Single (CD 2)[41]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Rehab" (Album Version) 3:36
2. "Close to the Front" 4:35
3. "Rehab" (Desert Eagle Discs Vocal Mix) 5:00
UK digital download
No.
Title
Length
1. "Rehab (Hot Chip Vocal Remix)" (Hot Chip Remix) 6:58
2. "Rehab (Pharoahe Monch Remix)" (Amy Winehouse vs Pharoahe Monch) 3:36
3. "Rehab (Vodafone Live)" (Live at TBA) 3:40
USA digital download
No.
Title
Length
1. "Rehab (Remix)" (featuring Jay Z) 3:52
2. "Rehab (Pharoahe Monch Remix)" (Amy Winehouse vs Pharoahe Monch) 3:36
Digital download – Remixes & B-Sides EP (2015)[42]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Rehab" (Demo Version) 3:38
2. "Rehab" (Vodafone Live at TBA) 3:41
3. "Rehab" (Hot Chip Remix) 6:58
4. "Rehab" (Pharoahe Monch Remix) 3:36
5. "Rehab" (featuring Jay Z) 3:52
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2006–2011)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[43] 27
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[44] 19
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[45] 10
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[46] 24
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[47] 10
Czech Airplay Chart (Rádio Top 100 Oficiální)[48] 49
Denmark (Tracklisten)[49] 5
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles)[50] 23
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[51] 15
France (SNEP)[52] 11
Germany (Official German Charts)[53] 23
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[54] 1
Israel (Media Forest)[55] 2
Italy (FIMI)[56] 11
Ireland (IRMA)[57] 21
Japan (Japan Hot 100)[58] 84
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[59] 17
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[60] 13
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[61] 12
Norway (VG-lista)[62] 1
Slovak Airplay Chart (Rádio Top 100 Oficiálna)[63] 77
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[64] 3
Spain (Airplay Chart)[65] 2
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[66] 51
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[67] 11
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[1] 7
US Billboard Hot 100[2] 9
US Billboard Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks[2] 14
US Billboard Hot Dance Singles Sales[2] 2
US Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks[2] 32
US Billboard Hot RingMasters[2] 22
US Billboard Pop 100[2] 10
US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream[2] 13
Chart (2016)
Peak
position
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[68] 64
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2006)
Position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[69] 85
Chart (2007)
Position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[70] 68
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[71] 41
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[72] 70
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[73] 38
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[74] 56
US Billboard Hot 100[75] 74
Chart (2008)
Position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[76] 69
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[77] 69
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[78] 53
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[79] 16
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[80] 45
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[81] 200
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Belgium (BEA)[82]
Gold 15,000*
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[83]
Platinum 15,000^
Italy (FIMI)[84]
Platinum 20,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)[85]
Gold 0*
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[79]
2× Platinum 40,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[86]
Platinum 30,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[87]
Gold 395,000[88]
United States (RIAA)[89]
2x Platinum 2,000,000[90]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Chart procession and succession[edit]
Preceded by
"Hurt" by Christina Aguilera Belgian VRT Top 30 Flanders number-one single
17 February 2007 – 3 March 2007 (3 weeks) Succeeded by
"Kvraagetaan" by Fixkes
Preceded by
"Big Girls Don't Cry" by Fergie
"Beautiful Girls" by Sean Kingston
"Into the Night" by Santana featuring Chad Kroeger Hungarian Airplay Chart number-one single
3 December 2007 – 9 December 2007 (1 week)
17 December 2007 – 23 December 2007 (1 week)
4 February 2008 – 10 February 2008 (1 week) Succeeded by
"Beautiful Girls" by Sean Kingston
"The Way I Are" by Timbaland featuring Keri Hilson
"The Way I Are" by Timbaland featuring Keri Hilson
Preceded by
"Take It Easy" by William Hut Norwegian number-one single
6 February 2007 – 6 March 2007 (5 weeks) Succeeded by
"All Good Things (Come to an End)" by Nelly Furtado
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Amy Winehouse – Awards". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Amy Winehouse Dead At 27". Mix 104.1. CBS Local Media. 25 July 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Flawed genius Amy Winehouse joins the notorious '27 club'". Yahoo!7 Music. Yahoo!7. 24 July 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "GRAMMY Rewind: 50th Annual GRAMMY Awards". Grammy.com. The Recording Academy. 10 February 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Music Amy Winehouse 1983 – 2011". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Swift, Jacqui (27 October 2006). "Wine, Woman and Song". The Sun. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Dingwall, John (27 October 2006). "Wine and Poses". The Daily record. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Winehouse, Mitch (2012). Amy, My Daughter. HarperCollins. p. 69.
^ Jump up to: a b "Amy Winehouse – Rehab". Billboard. 119 (19): 38. 12 May 2007. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Tingen, Paul (August 2007). "Secrets Of The Mix Engineers: Tom Elmhirst". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 2 May 2014. The track has a retro, '60s soul, R&B feel, which is what the Dap Kings specialise in. It is definitely a nod to '60s soul wall-of-sound style production.
Jump up ^ Hoard, Christian (6 February 2007). "Amy Winehouse – Back to Black". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. . Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ Arnold, Chuck (26 November 2007). "Picks and Pans Review: Amy Winehouse". People. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Hoard, Christian (11 December 2007). "The 100 Best Songs of 2007". Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. . Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ "500 Greatest Songs of All Time: Amy Winehouse, 'Rehab'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits List". Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. . MTV Asia.
Jump up ^ Tyrangiel, Josh (9 December 2007). "Top 10 Everything of 2007 – Top 10 Songs". Time. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Geier, Thom; Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; Markovitz, Adam; Nashawaty, Chris; Pastorek, Whitney; Rice, Lynette; Rottenberg, Josh; Schwartz, Missy; Slezak, Michael; Snierson, Dan; Stack, Tim; Stroup, Kate; Tucker, Ken; Vary, Adam B.; Vozick-Levinson, Simon; Ward, Kate (11 December 2009), "The 100 Greatest Movies, TV Shows, Albums, Books, Characters, Scenes, Episodes, Songs, Dresses, Music Videos, and Trends That Entertained Us Over the Past 10 Years". Entertainment Weekly. (1079/1080): 74-84
Jump up ^ "150 Best Tracks Of The Past 15 Years: Amy Winehouse – Rehab". NME. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Winehouse wins best contemporary song". Archived from the original on 4 November 2007. . ninemsn. 27 May 2007.
Jump up ^ "The 2012 Popjustice Twenty Quid Music Prize". Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. . Popjustice. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Christgau, Robert. "Pazz & Jop 2007: Critics Poll". Pazz & Jop. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Pop, Dance, Traditional Pop and Rock". Archived from the original on 17 June 2007. . Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "Amy Winehouse – I Told You I Was Trouble – Documentary & Live Concert DVD". Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. . I Like Music. 25 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Hasty, Katie (22 March 2007). "Fergie Scores Second 'Glamorous' Week At No. 1". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Jonathan (14 June 2007). "Rihanna's 'Umbrella' Reigns Again Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "Gold & Platinum Searchable Database – "Rehab"". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 2 May 2014. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Chart News: TRL Recap (June 2007)". ATRL. June 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Amy Winehouse – "Rehab" Live on David Letterman". YouTube.
Jump up ^ Streeter, Leslie Gray (11 August 2007). "Projekt [sic] Revolution Crowd Rocks with Humor, Energy". The Palm Beach Post. p. 2C.
Jump up ^ "Justin Timberlake Singing Rehab (for Britney?)". YouTube. 5 June 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Fergie "Rehab/Scat" Anaheim, Ca". YouTube. 18 July 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Kanye West plays tribute to Amy Winehouse at V Festival". NME. 18 August 2007. Archived from the original on 18 November 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "rehab – amy winehouse Terra Naomi Cover". YouTube. 5 August 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Amy Winehouse Gets Rap Makeover From Jay-Z". World Entertainment News Network. Starpulse.com. 24 April 2007. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Various – Radio 1's Live Lounge: Volume 2 (CD, Album)". Discogs. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Wilfredo sings Rehab at Lockstock Festival". YouTube. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Collar, Matt. "Jacky Terrasson – Gouache". AllMusic. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "FRANKMUSIC: Rehab (Amy Winehouse Cover)". Hard Candy. 17 February 2009. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Amy Winehouse – Rehab (CD)". Discogs. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Amy Winehouse – Rehab (CD)". Discogs. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rehab (Remixes & B Sides) – EP". iTunes Store (GB). Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Amy Winehouse – Rehab". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Amy Winehouse – Rehab" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Amy Winehouse – Rehab" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Amy Winehouse – Rehab" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "Amy Winehouse Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)" Billboard. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "RADIO TOP100 Oficiální – WINEHOUSE AMY – Rehab" (in Czech). International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "Amy Winehouse – Rehab Hitlisten.nu" (in Danish). Tracklisten. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Amy Winehouse – Chart history" European Hot 100 for Amy Winehouse. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Amy Winehouse: Rehab" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Amy Winehouse – Rehab" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Winehouse,Amy Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "International: Songs – Radio". Media Forest. 30 July 2011. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Amy Winehouse – Rehab". Top Digital Download. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 44, 2006". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Amy Winehouse Chart History (Japan Hot 100)" Billboard. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 12, 2007" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 25 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Amy Winehouse – Rehab" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Amy Winehouse – Rehab". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Amy Winehouse – Rehab". VG-lista. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "RADIO TOP100 Oficiálna – WINEHOUSE AMY – REHAB" (in Slovak). International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Amy Winehouse – Rehab" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "Promusicae (Week: January 1, 2008)" (PDF). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved 13 July 2008. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Amy Winehouse – Rehab". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Amy Winehouse – Rehab". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "ChartsPlusYE2026" (PDF). UKchartsplus.co.uk. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jahreshitparade 2007" (in German). Austriancharts.at. Hung Medien. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten 2007" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 2007" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Hung Medien. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2007" (in German). Hitparade.ch. Hung Medien. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "ChartsPlusYE2007" (PDF). UKchartsplus.co.uk. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 Songs: Year End 2007". Billboard. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jahreshitparade 2008" (in German). Austriancharts.at. Hung Medien. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten 2008" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rapports annuels 2008" (in French). Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b (in Spanish) "Top 50 Canciones Anual 2008" (PDF). [dead link]. Productores de Música de España.
Jump up ^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2008" (in German). Hitparade.ch. Hung Medien. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "ChartsPlusYE2008" (PDF). UKchartsplus.co.uk. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – 2008". Ultratop. Hung Medien.
Jump up ^ "Guld og platin i april" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Amy Winehouse – Rehab" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Amy Winehouse – Rehab". Recorded Music NZ.
Jump up ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Amy Winehouse; 'Rehab')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Amy Winehouse – Rehab". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Rehab in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ Myers, Justin (6 September 2014). "Official Charts Pop Gem #72: Amy Winehouse – Back to Black". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Amy Winehouse – Rehab". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (23 July 2013). "Amy Winehouse Still on Sales Charts, One Year After Her Death". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
External links[edit]
Music video for "Rehab" on YouTube
Amy Winehouse – "Rehab" Live on David Letterman
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Amy Winehouse
Awards and nominations
Discography
Songs
Frank
"Stronger Than Me"
"Take the Box"
"In My Bed"
"You Sent Me Flying"
"Fuck Me Pumps"
"Help Yourself"
Back to Black
"Rehab"
"You Know I'm No Good"
"Back to Black"
"Tears Dry on Their Own"
"Love Is a Losing Game"
Lioness: Hidden Treasures
"Body and Soul"
"Our Day Will Come"
Featured singles
"Valerie"
"B Boy Baby"
"Cherry Wine"
Live albums
Amy Winehouse at the BBC
Video releases
I Told You I Was Trouble: Live in London
Related articles
Lioness Records
Dionne Bromfield
Mark Ronson
Tyler James
Island Records
Secret Diary of a Call Girl
27 Club
Amy Winehouse Foundation
Amy
soundtrack
Statue
[show]
v
t
e
Grammy Award for Record of the Year (2000s)
"Smooth"* by Santana (Rodney Holmes, Tony Lindsay, Karl Perazzo, Raul Rekow, Benny Rietveld, Carlos Santana, Chester Thompson) featuring Rob Thomas
engineered/mixed by David Thoener, produced by Matt Serletic (2000) "Beautiful Day"* by U2 (Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, Larry Mullen Jr.)
engineered/mixed by Richard Rainey & Steve Lillywhite; produced by Brian Eno & Daniel Lanois (2001)
"Walk On" by U2 (Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, Larry Mullen Jr.)
engineered/mixed by Richard Rainey & Steve Lillywhite; produced by Brian Eno & Daniel Lanois (2002) "Don't Know Why"* by Norah Jones
engineered/mixed by Jay Newland; produced by Arif Mardin, Jay Newland & Norah Jones (2003)
"Clocks" by Coldplay (Guy Berryman, Jon Buckland, Will Champion, Phil Harvey, Chris Martin)
engineered/mixed by Coldplay, Ken Nelson & Mark Phythian; produced by Coldplay & Ken Nelson (2004) "Here We Go Again" by Ray Charles and Norah Jones
engineered/mixed by Al Schmitt, Mark Fleming, & Terry Howard; produced by John R. Burk (2005)
"Boulevard of Broken Dreams" by Green Day (Billie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt, Frank Edwin Wright III)
engineered/mixed by Chris Lord-Alge & Doug McKean, produced by Green Day & Rob Cavallo (2006) "Not Ready to Make Nice"* by Dixie Chicks (Martie Maguire, Natalie Maines, Emily Robison)
engineered/mixed by Chris Testa, Jim Scott & Richard Dodd; produced by Rick Rubin (2007)
"Rehab"* by Amy Winehouse
engineered/mixed by Tom Elmhirst, Vaughan Merrick, Dom Morley, Mark Ronson & Gabriel Roth; produced by Mark Ronson (2008) "Please Read the Letter" by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant
engineered/mixed by Mike Piersante; produced by T Bone Burnett (2009)
Complete list
(1960s)
(1970s)
(1980s)
(1990s)
(2000s)
(2010s)
[show]
v
t
e
Grammy Award for Song of the Year (2000s)
2000
Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas - "Smooth"
2001
Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson - "Beautiful Day"
2002
Alicia Keys - "Fallin'"
2003
Jesse Harris - "Don't Know Why"
2004
Richard Marx & Luther Vandross - "Dance with My Father"
2005
John Mayer - "Daughters"
2006
Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson - "Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own"
2007
Emily Burns Erwin, Martha Maguire, Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson - "Not Ready to Make Nice"
2008
Amy Winehouse - "Rehab"
2009
Guy Berryman, Jonathan Buckland, William Champion & Christopher Martin - "Viva la Vida"
Complete list
(1960s)
(1970s)
(1980s)
(1990s)
(2000s)
(2010s)
[show]
v
t
e
Popjustice £20 Music Prize Winners
"No Good Advice" (Girls Aloud, 2003)
"Some Girls" (Rachel Stevens, 2004)
"Wake Me Up" (Girls Aloud, 2005)
"Biology" (Girls Aloud, 2006)
"Rehab" (Amy Winehouse, 2007)
"Call the Shots" (Girls Aloud, 2008)
"The Promise" (Girls Aloud, 2009)
"Kickstarts" (Example, 2010)
"Higher" (The Saturdays, 2011)
"Jealousy" (Will Young, 2012)
"The Mother We Share" (Chvrches, 2013)
"Move" (Little Mix, 2014)
"Black Magic" (Little Mix, 2015)
"Pillowtalk" (Zayn, 2016)
"Touch" (Little Mix, 2017)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rehab_(Amy_Winehouse_song)&oldid=802659236"
Categories:
2006 songs
2006 singles
2007 singles
Amy Winehouse songs
Grammy Award for Record of the Year
Grammy Award for Song of the Year
Island Records singles
Number-one singles in Norway
Song recordings produced by Mark Ronson
Songs about drugs
Songs about alcohol
Songs written by Amy Winehouse
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from May 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)
CS1 Slovak-language sources (sk)
CS1 German-language sources (de)
CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
Articles with Spanish-language external links
Articles with dead external links from June 2017
CS1 Danish-language sources (da)
CS1 Italian-language sources (it)
Use dmy dates from November 2012
Use British English from July 2011
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Australia
Singlechart usages for Austria
Singlechart usages for Flanders
Singlechart usages for Wallonia
Singlechart usages for Canada
Singlechart called without song
Singlechart usages for Denmark
Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100
Singlechart usages for Finland
Singlechart usages for France
Singlechart usages for Germany
Singlechart usages for Hungary
Singlechart called without artist
Singlechart usages for Italy
Singlechart usages for Ireland
Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100
Singlechart usages for Dutch40
Singlechart usages for Dutch100
Singlechart usages for New Zealand
Singlechart usages for Norway
Singlechart usages for Spain
Singlechart usages for Sweden
Singlechart usages for Switzerland
Singlechart usages for UK
Singlechart making named ref
Singlechart usages for Poland
Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium
Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark
Certification Table Entry usages for Italy
Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand
Pages using Certification Table Entry-Sales with missing information
Certification Table Entry usages for Spain
Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland
Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom
Certification Table Entry usages for United States
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Boarisch
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Slovenčina
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 September 2017, at 16:38.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan class style

value: i

value: span

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values:
mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder
width: 220px; position: relative;

values:
hlist hlist-separated
font-size: smaller

values:
/wiki/Studio_album
mw-redirect
Studio album

values:
/wiki/Signature_song
mw-redirect
Signature song

values: Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_addiction
mw-redirect
Alcohol addiction

values: Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time

values:
/wiki/MTV_Networks_Asia_Pacific
mw-redirect
MTV Networks Asia Pacific

values:
/wiki/2008_Grammy_Awards
mw-redirect
2008 Grammy Awards

values:
/wiki/MTV_Movie_Awards
mw-redirect
MTV Movie Awards

values: Recording Industry Association of America

values: MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year

values: Edit section: Track listings and formats

values:
tlheader mbox-text
3
text-align:left;background-color:#fff

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique

values: Association of Hungarian Record Companies

values:
/wiki/Japan_Hot_100
mw-redirect
Japan Hot 100

values:
/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_Top_100_Ofici%C3%A1lna
mw-redirect
Rádio Top 100 Oficiálna

values:
/wiki/Hot_RingMasters
mw-redirect
Hot RingMasters

values: Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: scope data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
col
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Federation of the Italian Music Industry

values: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values: Edit section: Chart procession and succession

values:
/wiki/CBS_Local_Media
mw-redirect
CBS Local Media

values: National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences

values:
/wiki/Hearst_Corporation
mw-redirect
Hearst Corporation

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.atrl.net/?t=45797

values:
nofollow
external text
https://itun.es/gb/Zo8U8

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.top40.nl/top40/2007/week-12

values:
/wiki/Canciones_Top_50
mw-redirect
Canciones Top 50

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2007

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2008

values:
nofollow
https://www.bpi.co.uk/bpi-awards/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
Amy_Winehouse
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values: List of awards and nominations received by Amy Winehouse

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values:
/wiki/Cherry_Wine_(Nas_song)
mw-redirect
Cherry Wine (Nas song)

values: I Told You I Was Trouble: Live in London

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Grammy Award for Record of the Year 2000s

values: Template talk:Grammy Award for Record of the Year 2000s

values: Boulevard of Broken Dreams (Green Day song)

values: Template:Grammy Award for Record of the Year

values: Template:Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1960s

values: Template:Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1970s

values: Template:Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1980s

values: Template:Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1990s

values: Template:Grammy Award for Record of the Year 2010s

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Grammy Award for Song of the Year 2000s

values: Template talk:Grammy Award for Song of the Year 2000s

values: Template:Grammy Award for Song of the Year

values: Template:Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1960s

values: Template:Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1970s

values: Template:Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1980s

values: Template:Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1990s

values: Template:Grammy Award for Song of the Year 2010s

values: background:#cedff2;;background: transparent; border-top: 1px solid #cedff2;

values: Category:Grammy Award for Record of the Year

values: Category:Grammy Award for Song of the Year

values: Category:Song recordings produced by Mark Ronson

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)

values: Category:CS1 Slovak-language sources (sk)

values: Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)

values: Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:Articles with Spanish-language external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2017

values: Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)

values: Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)

values: Category:Use dmy dates from November 2012

values: Category:Use British English from July 2011

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Australia

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Flanders

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Wallonia

values: Category:Singlechart called without song

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100

values: Category:Singlechart called without artist

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Dutch100

values: Category:Singlechart usages for New Zealand

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Switzerland

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Italy

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand

values: Category:Pages using Certification Table Entry-Sales with missing information

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Spain

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for United States

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Rehab_(Amy_Winehouse_song)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: إعادة تأهيل (أغنية) – Arabic

values:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehab
Rehab – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

values: Rehab (canción de Amy Winehouse) – Spanish

values: بازپروری (ترانه ایمی واینهاوس) – Persian

values: Rehab (chanson d'Amy Winehouse) – French

values:
https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehab
Rehab – Armenian
hy
hy
interlanguage-link-target

values: Rehab (שיר של איימי ויינהאוס) – Hebrew

values: Rehab (canção de Amy Winehouse) – Portuguese

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehab
Rehab – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values: Rehab (Amy Winehousen kappale) – Finnish

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Rehab_Amy_Winehouse_song rootpage-Rehab_Amy_Winehouse_song skin-vector action-view


text:
Amendment of the Constitution of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Part of a series on
Constitution of India
Preamble
Parts[show]
Fundamental Rights
PART
I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII
VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV
XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI
XXII
Schedules[show]
First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth
Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth
Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth
Appendices[show]
I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V
Amendments[show]
List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101
Related topics[show]
Union List
State List
Concurrent List
Basic structure doctrine
Uniform civil code
v
t
e
Amending the Constitution of India is the process of making changes to the nation's fundamental law or supreme law. The procedure of amendment in the constitution is laid down in Part XX (Article 368) of the Constitution of India. This procedure ensures the sanctity of the Constitution of India and keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament of India.
However, there is another limitation imposed on the amending power of the constitution of India, which developed during conflicts between the Supreme Court and Parliament, where Parliament wants to exercise discretionary use of power to amend the constitution while the Supreme Court wants to restrict that power. This has led to the laying down of various doctrines or rules in regard to checking the validity/legality of an amendment, the most famous among them is the Basic structure doctrine as laid down by the Supreme Court in the case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala.
Contents
[hide]
1 Constituent Assembly debates
2 Procedure
2.1 Types of amendments
2.2 Amendments under article 368
2.3 Rules of Procedure in Parliament
2.3.1 Private Members' Bills
2.4 Role of state legislatures
2.5 Role of Union territories
3 Limitations
4 Parts frequently amended
4.1 Fundamental Rights
4.2 Territorial changes
4.3 Transitional provisions
4.4 Democratic reform
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Constituent Assembly debates[edit]
The framers of the Constitution were neither in favour of the traditional theory of federalism, which entrusts the task of constitutional amendment to a body other than the Legislature, nor did they favour a rigid special procedure for such amendments. They also never wanted to have a British-style system where Parliament is supreme. The framers, instead, adopted a combination of the "theory of fundamental law", which underlies the written Constitution of the United States with the "theory of parliamentary sovereignty" as existing in the United Kingdom. The Constitution of India vests constituent power upon the Parliament subject to the special procedure laid down therein.[1]
During the discussion in the Constituent Assembly on this aspect, some members were in favour of adopting an easier mode of amending procedure for the initial five to ten years. Explaining why it was necessary to introduce an element of flexibility in the Constitution, Jawaharlal Nehru observed in the Constituent Assembly on 8 November 1948, "While we want this Constitution to be as solid and as permanent a structure as we can make it, nevertheless there is no permanence in Constitutions. There should be a certain flexibility. If you make anything rigid and permanent, you stop a nation’s growth, the growth of a living, vital, organic people. Therefore, it has to be flexible ... while we, who are assembled in this House, undoubtedly represent the people of India, nevertheless I think it can be said, and truthfully, that when a new House, by whatever name it goes, is elected in terms of this Constitution, and every adult in India has the right to vote - man and woman - the House that emerges then will certainly be fully representative of every section of the Indian people. It is right that House elected so - under this Constitution of course it will have the right to do anything - should have an easy opportunity to make such changes as it wants to. But in any event, we should not make a Constitution, such as some other great countries have, which are so rigid that they do not and cannot be adapted easily to changing conditions. Today especially, when the world is in turmoil and we are passing through a very swift period of transition, what we may do today may not be wholly applicable tomorrow. Therefore, while we make a Constitution which is sound and as basic as we can, it should also be flexible ..."[1][2]
Dr. P.S. Deshmukh believed that the amendment of the Constitution should be made easier as he felt there were contradictory provisions in some places which would be more and more apparent when the provisions were interpreted, and that the whole administration would suffer, if the amendment to the Constitution was not made easy. Brajeshwar Prasad also favoured a flexible Constitution so as to make it survive the test of time. He was of the opinion that rigidity tends to check progressive legislation or gradual innovation. On the other hand, H.V. Kamath favoured ensuring procedural safeguards to avoid the possibility of hasty amendment to the Constitution.[1]
"It is said that the provisions contained in the Draft make amendment difficult. It is proposed that the Constitution should be amendable by a simple majority at least for some years. The argument is subtle and ingenious. It is said that this Constituent Assembly is not elected on adult suffrage while the future Parliament will be elected on adult suffrage and yet the former has been given the right to pass the Constitution by a simple majority while the latter has been denied the same right. It is paraded as one of the absurdities of the Draft Constitution. I must repudiate the charge because it is without foundation. To know how simple are the provisions of the Draft Constitution in respect of amending the Constitution one has only to study the provisions for amendment contained in the American and Australian Constitutions. Compared to them those contained in the Draft Constitution will be found to be the simplest. The Draft Constitution has eliminated the elaborate and difficult procedures such as a decision by a convention or a referendum ... It is only for amendments of specific matters—and they are only few—that the ratification of the State Legislatures is required. All other Articles of the Constitution are left to be amended by Parliament. The only limitation is that it shall be done by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of each House present and voting and a majority of the total membership of each House. It is difficult to conceive a simpler method of amending the Constitution.
What is said to be the absurdity of the amending provisions is founded upon a misconception of the position of the Constituent Assembly and of the future Parliament elected under the Constitution. The Constituent Assembly in making a Constitution has no partisan motive. Beyond securing a good and workable Constitution it has no axe to grind. In considering the Articles of the Constitution it has no eye on getting through a particular measure. The future Parliament if it met as Constituent Assembly, its members will be acting as partisans seeking to carry amendments to the Constitution to facilitate the passing of party measures which they have failed to get through Parliament by reason of some Article of the Constitution which has acted as an obstacle in their way. Parliament will have an axe to grind while the Constituent Assembly has none. That is the difference between the Constituent Assembly and the future Parliament. That explains why the Constituent Assembly though elected on limited franchise can be trusted to pass the Constitution by simple majority and why the Parliament though elected on adult suffrage cannot be trusted with the same power to amend it."
—  B.R. Ambedkar, speaking in the Constituent Assembly on 4 November 1948[1]
Procedure[edit]
The Constitution of India provides for a distinctive amending process when compared to the Constitutions of other nations. It can be described as partly flexible and partly rigid. The Constitution provides for a variety in the amending process. This feature has been commended by Australian academic Sir Kenneth Wheare who felt that uniformity in the amending process imposed “quite unnecessary restrictions” upon the amendment of parts of a Constitution.[1] An amendment of the Constitution can be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill in either House of Parliament. The Bill must then be passed in each House by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting.[3] There is no provision for a joint sitting in case of disagreement between the two Houses. The Bill, passed by the required majority, is then presented to the President who shall give his assent to the Bill. If the amendment seeks to make any change in any of the provisions mentioned in the proviso to article 368, it must be ratified by the Legislatures of not less than one-half of the States. Although, there is no prescribed time limit for ratification, it must be completed before the amending Bill is presented to the President for his assent.[1]
Every constitutional amendment is formulated as a statute. The first amendment is called the "Constitution (First Amendment) Act", the second, the "Constitution (Second Amendment) Act", and so forth. Each usually has the long title "An Act further to amend the Constitution of India".
Types of amendments[edit]
The original constitution provided for three categories of amendments. The first category of amendments are those contemplated in articles 4 (2), 169 (3) -1962, 239A (2) -1962, 239AA (7b) -1991, 243M (4b) -1992, 243ZC (3) -1992, 244A (4) -1969, 356 (1)c, para 7(2) of Schedule V and para 21(2) of Schedule VI.[4] These amendments can be effected by Parliament by a simple majority such as that required for the passing of any ordinary law. The amendments under this category are specifically excluded from the purview of article 368 which is the specific provision in the Constitution dealing with the power and the procedure for the amendment of the Constitution. Article 4 provides that laws made by Parliament under article 2 (relating to admission or establishment of new States) and article 3 (relating to formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States) effecting amendments in the First Schedule or the Fourth Schedule and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters, shall not be deemed to be amendments of the Constitution for the purposes of article 368. For example, the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, which brought about reorganisation of the States in India, was passed by Parliament as an ordinary piece of legislation. In Mangal Singh v. Union of India (A.I.R. 1967 S.C. 944), the Supreme Court held that power to reduce the total number of members of Legislative Assembly below the minimum prescribed under article 170 (1) is implicit in the authority to make laws under article 4. Article 169 empowers Parliament to provide by law for the abolition or creation of the Legislative Councils in States and specifies that though such law shall contain such provisions for the amendment of the Constitution as may be necessary, it shall not be deemed to be an amendment of the Constitution for the purposes of article 368. The Legislative Councils Act, 1957, which provided for the creation of a Legislative Council in Andhra Pradesh and for increasing the strength of the Legislative Councils in certain other States, is an example of a law passed by Parliament in exercise of its powers under article 169. The Fifth Schedule contains provisions as to the administration and control of the Schedule Areas and Scheduled Tribes. Para 7 of the Schedule vests Parliament with plenary powers to enact laws amending the Schedule and lays down that no such law shall be deemed to be an amendment of the Constitution for the purposes of article 368. Under Para 21 of the Sixth Schedule, Parliament has full power to enact laws amending the Sixth Schedule which contains provisions for the administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. No such law, will be deemed to be an amendment of the Constitution for the purposes of article 368.
The second category includes amendments that can be effected by Parliament by a prescribed ‘special majority’; and the third category of amendments includes those that require, in addition to such "special majority", ratification by at least one half of the State Legislatures. The last two categories are governed by article 368.[1]
Ambedkar speaking in the Constituent Assembly on 17 September 1949, pointed out that there were "innumerable articles in the Constitution" which left matters subject to laws made by Parliament.[5] Under article 11, Parliament may make any provision relating to citizenship notwithstanding anything in article 5 to 10. Thus, by passing ordinary laws, Parliament may, in effect, provide, modify or annul the operation of certain provisions of the Constitution without actually amending them within the meaning of article 368. Since such laws do not in fact make any change whatsoever in the letter of the Constitution, they cannot be regarded as amendments of the Constitution nor categorised as such. Other examples include Part XXI of the Constitution—"Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions" whereby "Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution" power is given to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters included in the State List (article 369); article 370 (1) (d) which empowers the President to modify, by order, provisions of the Constitution in their application to the State of Jammu and Kashmir; provisos to articles 83 (2) and 172 (1) empower Parliament to extend the lives of the House of the People and the Legislative Assembly of every State beyond a period of five years during the operation of a Proclamation of Emergency; and articles 83(1) and 172 (2) provide that the Council of States/Legislative Council of a State shall not be subject to dissolution but as nearly as possible one-third of the members thereof shall retire as soon as may be on the expiration of every second year in accordance with the provisions made in that behalf by Parliament by law.[1]
Amendments under article 368[edit]
part-xx Article 368 (1) of the Constitution of India grants constituent power to make formal amendments and empowers Parliament to amend the Constitution by way of addition, variation or repeal of any provision according to the procedure laid down therein, which is different from the procedure for ordinary legislation.[6] Article 368 has been amended by the 24th and 42nd Amendments in 1971 and 1976 respectively. The following is the full text of Article 368 of the Constitution, which governs constitutional amendments. New clauses 368 (1) and 368 (3) were added by the 24th Amendment in 1971, which also added a new clause (4) in article 13 which reads, "Nothing in this article shall apply to any amendment of this Constitution made under article 368."[1] The provisions in italics were inserted by the 42nd Amendment, but were later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Minerva Mills v. Union of India in 1980.[4] After the 24th amendment, Article 4(2), etc. of the constitution are superseded/made void by article 368 (1) which is the only procedure for amending the constitution however marginal may be the nature of the amendment.[7] Supreme court ruled that the constituent power under article 368 must be exercised by the Parliament in the prescribed manner and cannot be exercised under the legislative powers of the Parliament.[8][9]
368. Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and Procedure therefor:
(1) Notwithstanding anything[10] in this Constitution, Parliament may in exercise of its constituent power amend by way of addition, variation or repeal any provision of this Constitution in accordance with the procedure laid down in this article.
(2) An amendment of this Constitution may be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill for the purpose in either House of Parliament, and when the Bill is passed in each House by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting, it shall be presented to the President who shall give his assent to the Bill and thereupon the Constitution shall stand amended in accordance with the terms of the Bill:
Provided that if such amendment seeks to make any change in –
(a) article 54, article 55, article 73, article 162 or article 241, or
(b) Chapter IV of Part V, Chapter V of Part VI, or Chapter I of Part XI, or
(c) any of the Lists in the Seventh Schedule, or
(d) the representation of States in Parliament, or
(e) the provisions of this article,
the amendment shall also require to be ratified by the Legislatures of not less than one-half of the States by resolutions to that effect passed by those Legislatures before the Bill making provision for such amendment is presented to the President for assent.
(3) Nothing in article 13 shall apply to any amendment made under this article.
(4) No amendment of this Constitution (including the provisions of Part III) made or purporting to have been made under this article whether before or after the commencement of section 55 of the Constitution (Fortysecond Amendment) Act, 1976 shall be called in question in any court on any ground.
(5) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that there shall be no limitation whatever on the constituent power of Parliament to amend by way of addition, variation or repeal the provisions of this Constitution under this article.
As per the procedure laid out by article 368 for amendment of the Constitution, an amendment can be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill in either House of Parliament. The Bill must then be passed in each House by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting. There is no provision for a joint sitting in case of disagreement between the two Houses. Total membership in this context has been defined to mean the total number of members comprising the House irrespective of any vacancies or absentees on any account vide Explanation to Rule 159 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha.[1]
The Bill, passed by the required majority, is then presented to the President who shall give his assent to the Bill. If the amendment seeks to make any change in any of the provisions mentioned in the proviso to article 368, it must be ratified by the Legislatures of not less than one-half of the States. These provisions relate to certain matters concerning the federal structure or of common interest to both the Union and the States viz., the election of the President (articles 54 and 55); the extent of the executive power of the Union and the States (articles 73 and 162); the High Courts for Union territories (article 241); The Union Judiciary and the High Courts in the States (Chapter IV of Part V and Chapter V of Part VI); the distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States (Chapter I of Part XI and Seventh Schedule); the representation of States in Parliament; and the provision for amendment of the Constitution laid down in article 368. Ratification is done by a resolution passed by the State Legislatures. There is no specific time limit for the ratification of an amending Bill by the State Legislatures. However, the resolutions ratifying the proposed amendment must be passed before the amending Bill is presented to the President for his assent.[1]
Rules of Procedure in Parliament[edit]
Further information: Lawmaking procedure in India
Article 368 does not specify the legislative procedure to be followed at various stages of enacting an amendment. There are gaps in the procedure as to how and after what notice a Bill is to be introduced, how it is to be passed by each House and how the President's assent is to be obtained. This point was decided by the Supreme Court in Shankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of India (AIR 1951 SC 458). Delivering the judgment, Patanjali Sastri J. observed, "Having provided for the constitution of a Parliament and prescribed a certain procedure for the conduct of its ordinary legislative business to be supplemented by rules made by each House (article 118), the makers of the Constitution must be taken to have intended Parliament to follow that procedure, so far as it may be applicable consistently with the express provisions of article 368, when they entrusted to it power of amending the Constitution." Hence, barring the requirements of special majority, ratification by the State Legislatures in certain cases, and the mandatory assent by the President, a Bill for amending the Constitution is dealt with the Parliament following the same legislative process as applicable to an ordinary piece of legislation. The Rules of the House in the Rajya Sabha do not contain special provisions with regard to Bills for the amendment of the Constitution and the Rules relating to ordinary Bills apply, subject to the requirements of article 368.[1]
The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business make certain specific provisions regarding amendment bills in the Lok Sabha. They relate to the voting procedure in the House at various stages of such Bills, in the light of the requirements of article 368; and the procedure before introduction in the case of such Bills, if sponsored by Private Members. Although the "special majority", required by article 368 is prima facie applicable only to the voting at the final stage, the Lok Sabha Rules prescribe adherence to this constitutional requirement at all the effective stages of the Bill, i.e., for adoption of the motion that the Bill be taken into consideration; that the Bill as reported by the Select/Joint Committee be taken into consideration, in case a Bill has been referred to a Committee; for adoption of each clause or schedule or clause or schedule as amended, of a Bill; or that the Bill or the Bill as amended, as the case may be, be passed.[11]
This provision was arrived at after consultation with the Attorney-General and detailed discussions in the Rules Committee. It has been described as "evidently ex abundanti cautela", a Latin phrase, which in law, describes someone taking precautions against a very remote contingency.[1][12] By strictly adhering to article 368, the provision is intended to ensure the validity of the procedure adopted, but also guard against the possibility of violation of the spirit and scheme of that article 29 by the consideration of a Bill seeking to amend the Constitution including its consideration clause by clause being concluded in the House with only the bare quorum present. Voting at all the above stages is by division. However, the Speaker may, with the concurrence of the House, put any group of clauses or schedules together to the vote of the House, provided that the Speaker will permit any of the clauses or schedules be put separately, if any member requests that. The Short Title, Enacting Formula and the Long Title are adopted by a simple majority. The adoption of amendments to clauses or schedules of the Bill, requires a majority of members present and voting in the same manner as in the case of any other Bill.[11]
Private Members' Bills[edit]
A Bill for amendment of the Constitution by a Private Member is governed by the rules applicable to Private Members' Bills in general. The period of one month's notice applies to such a Bill also. In addition, in Lok Sabha, such a Bill has to be examined and recommended by the Committee on Private Members’ Bills before it is included in the List of Business. The Committee has laid down the following principles as guiding criteria in making their recommendations in regard to these Bills:
"(i) The Constitution should be considered as a sacred document — a document which should not be lightly interfered with and it should be amended only when it is found absolutely necessary to do so. Such amendments may generally be brought forward when it is found that the interpretation of the various articles and provisions of the Constitution has not been in accordance with the intention behind such provisions and cases of lacunae or glaring inconsistencies have come to light. Such amendments should, however, normally be brought by the Government after considering the matter in all its aspects and consulting experts, and taking such other advice as they may deem fit.
(ii) Some time should elapse before a proper assessment of the working of the Constitution and its general effect is made so that any amendments that may be necessary are suggested as a result of sufficient experience.
(iii) Generally speaking, notice of Bills from Private Members should be examined in the background of the proposal or measures which the Government may be considering at the time so that consolidated proposals are brought forward before the House by the Government after collecting sufficient material and taking expert advice.
(iv) Whenever a Private Member’s Bill raises issues of far-reaching importance and public interest, the Bill might be allowed to be introduced so that public opinion is ascertained and gauged to enable the House to consider the matter further. In determining whether a matter is of sufficient public importance, it should be examined whether the particular provisions in the Constitution are adequate to satisfy the current ideas and public demand at the time. In other words, the Constitution should be adapted to the current needs and demands of the progressive society and any rigidity which may impede progress should be avoided."[1]
Role of state legislatures[edit]
The role of the states in constitutional amendment is limited. State legislatures cannot initiate any Bill or proposal for amendment of the Constitution. They are associated in the process of the amendment only through the ratification procedure laid down in article 368, in case the amendment seeks to make any change in any of the provisions mentioned in the proviso to article 368. The only other provision for constitutional changes by state legislatures is to initiate the process for creating or abolishing Legislative Councils in their respective legislatures, and to give their views on a proposed Parliamentary bill seeking to affect the area, boundaries or name of any State or States which has been referred to them under the proviso to Article 3. However, this referral does not restrict Parliament's power to make any further amendments of the Bill.[1]
Article 169 (1) reads, "Notwithstanding anything in article 168, Parliament may by law provide for the abolition of the Legislative Council of a State having such a Council or for the creation of such a Council in a State having no such Council, if the Legislative Assembly of the State passes a resolution to that effect by a majority of the total membership of the Assembly and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of the Assembly present and voting." The proviso of article 3 provides that no bill for the purpose shall be introduced in either House of Parliament except on the recommendation of the President and unless, where the proposal contained in the Bill affects the area, boundaries or name of any of the States, the bill has been referred by the President to the Legislature of the State for expressing its views thereon within such period as may be specified in the reference or within such further period as the President may allow and the period so specified or allowed has expired.[1]
Role of Union territories[edit]
Union territories have no say in constitutional amendments, including the ratification process which is only open to States. Delhi and Puducherry are two union territories that are entitled, by special constitutional amendments, to have an elected Legislative Assembly and a Cabinet of ministers, thereby enjoying partial statehood powers. Both of these territories can participate in the ratification process.[13][1]
Limitations[edit]
Main article: Basic structure doctrine
The Constitution can be amended any number of times by the Parliament; but only in the manner provided. There is no such limit provided in the constitution of India which allows it to enact only certain number of amendments in a year. In other words, Parliament is free to enact any number of constitutional amendment in any given year. Although Parliament must preserve the basic framework of the Constitution, there is no other limitation placed upon the amending power, meaning that there is no provision of the Constitution that cannot be amended. In Abdul Rahiman Jamaluddin v. Vithal Arjun (AIR 1958 Bombay, 94, (1957)), the Bombay High Court held that any attempt to amend the Constitution by a Legislature other than Parliament, and in a manner different from that provided for, will be void and inoperative.[1]
The Supreme Court first struck down a constitutional amendment in 1967, ruling in the case of I.C. Golak Nath and Ors. vs. State of Punjab and Anr. An amendment was struck down on the basis that it violated Article 13: "The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by [the charter of Fundamental Rights]". The term "law" in this article was interpreted as including a constitutional amendment. Parliament responded by enacting the twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India which declared that "nothing in Article 13 shall apply to any amendment of this Constitution".
The current limitation on amendments comes from Kesavananda Bharati v. The State of Kerala, where the Supreme Court ruled that amendments of the constitution must respect the "basic structure" of the constitution, and certain fundamental features of the constitution cannot be altered by amendment. Parliament attempted to remove this limitation by enacting the Forty-second Amendment, which declared, among other provisions, that "there shall be no limitation whatever on the constituent power of Parliament to amend ...this Constitution". However, this change was itself later declared invalid by the Supreme Court in Minerva Mills v. Union of India.
The issue of whether an entire constitutional amendment is void for want of ratification or only an amended provision required to be ratified under proviso to clause (2) of article 368 was debated before the Supreme Court in Kihota Hollohon v. Zachilhu (AIR 1993 SC 412), in which the constitutional validity of the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution inserted by the 52nd Amendment in 1985 was challenged. The decisions of the Speakers/Chairmen on disqualification, which had been challenged in different High Courts through different petitions, were heard by a five-member Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court. The case, now popularly known as Anti-Defection case, was decided in 1992. The Constitution Bench in its majority judgement upheld the validity of the Tenth Schedule, but declared Paragraph 7 of the Schedule invalid because it was not ratified by the required number of the Legislatures of the States as it brought about in terms and effect, a change in articles 136, 226 and 227 of the Constitution. While doing so, the majority treated Paragraph 7 as a severable part from the rest of the Schedule. However, in the dissenting opinion, the minority of the Judges held that the entire Amendment is invalid for want of ratification.[1]
Parts frequently amended[edit]
See also: List of amendments of the Constitution of India
Number of constitutional amendments in India per decade.[14]
Despite the super majority requirement in the Constitution, it is one of the most frequently amended governing documents in the world, and the most amended national constitution in the world;[15] amendments have averaged about two a year. This is partly because the Constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that amendments are often required to deal with matters that could be addressed by ordinary statutes in other democracies. As a result, it is the longest constitution of any sovereign nation in the world. It currently consists of over 117,000 words (450 articles plus 115 amendments). Another reason is that the Parliament of India is elected by means of single seat districts, under the plurality voting system, used in the United Kingdom and the United States. This means that, it is possible for a party to win two thirds of the seats in Parliament without securing two thirds of the vote. For example, in the first two Lok Sabha elections held under the Constitution, the Indian National Congress party won less than one half of the national vote but roughly two thirds of seats in the chamber.
Fundamental Rights[edit]
The most important and frequent reason for amendments to the Constitution is the curtailment of the Fundamental Rights charter. This is achieved by inserting laws contrary to the fundamental rights provisions into Schedule 9 of the Constitution. Schedule 9 protects such laws from judicial review. The typical areas of restriction include laws relating to property rights, and affirmative action in favour of minority groups such as the "scheduled castes", "scheduled tribes", and other "backward classes" and also lower classes people.
In a landmark ruling in January 2007, a nine judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court of India confirmed that all laws (including those in Schedule 9) would be open to judicial review if they violate the "basic structure of the constitution".[16] Chief Justice Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal noted, "If laws put in the Ninth Schedule abridge or abrogate fundamental rights resulting in violation of the basic structure of the constitution, such laws need to be invalidated".[17]
Territorial changes[edit]
Constitutional amendments have been made to facilitate changes in the territorial extent of the Republic of India due to the incorporation of the former French colony of Pondicherry, the former Portuguese colony of Goa, and a minor exchange of territory with Pakistan. Amendments are also necessary with regard to littoral rights over the exclusive economic zone of 200 mi and the formation of new states and union territories by the reorganization of existing states. Constitutional amendment under article 368 allows peaceful division of the country provided fundamental rights (Article 13) are ensured in all the resultant countries. The constitution (ninth amendment) act, 1960 is an example which has ceded territory to old Pakistan.[18]
Transitional provisions[edit]
The constitution includes transitional provisions intended to remain in force only for a limited period. These need to be renewed periodically. For example, for continuing reservation in parliamentary seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes an constitutional amendment is enacted once in every ten years.
Democratic reform[edit]
Amendments have been made with the intent of reform the system of government and incorporating new "checks and balances" in the Constitution. These have included the following:
Creation of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
Creation of the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
Creation of mechanisms for Panchayati Raj (local self governance).
Disqualification of members from changing party allegiance.
Restrictions on the size of the cabinet.
Restrictions on imposition of an internal emergency.
See also[edit]
List of amendments of the Constitution of India
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Constitution Amendment: Nature and Scope of the Amending Process" (PDF). Lok Sabha Secretariat. Retrieved 1 December 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ "Constituent Assembly of India Debates (Proceedings) - Vol. VII". 8 November 1948. pp. 322–323. Retrieved 1 December 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p5.htm This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Jump up to: a b "Full text of the Constitution of India" (PDF). Retrieved 11 August 2014. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ "Constituent Assembly Debates - Volume IX". India Kanoon. 17 September 1949. p. 1660. Retrieved 1 December 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ "constituent power verses legislative power". Retrieved 23 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Invalid Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014". Retrieved 3 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Para 506e of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (AIR 1973 SC 1461)". 1973. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
Jump up ^ "Pages 311 & 312 of A. K. Roy, Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December, 1981". Retrieved 23 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Interpretation of "notwithstanding anything"". Retrieved 5 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rules 155 and 157". Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha (Eleventh ed.). New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat. 2004. p. 67. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ Gray, John (2006), "Lawyer's Latin (a vade-mecum)", Hale, London, ISBN 9780709082774.
Jump up ^ "Third non-BJP state Delhi ratifies 'big reform' GST bill | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". dna. 2016-08-24. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
Jump up ^ Sharma, Dinesh; Singh, Jaya; Maganathan, R.; et al. (2002). Indian Constitution at Work. Political Science, Class XI. NCERT.
Jump up ^ Krishnamurthi, Vivek (2009). "Colonial Cousins: Explaining India and Canada's Unwritten Constitutional Principles" (PDF). Yale Journal of International Law. 34 (1): 219. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04.
Jump up ^ "Basic structure now ironcast". Times of India. Jan 12, 2007. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "India court opens laws to review". 4 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "The constitution (ninth amendment) act, 1960". Retrieved 23 March 2014.
External links[edit]
Full text of the Constitution of India (as of November 2015)
Pykih Data Visualization of Constitutional Amendments
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&oldid=843472500"
Categories:
Constitution of India
Amendments of the Constitution of India
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
हिन्दी
ಕನ್ನಡ
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 May 2018, at 11:01.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href title

value: td

value: tr

value: th

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: b

attrs: class style

values:
plainlist
padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0;

attrs: class id href

values:
/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_in_India
mw-redirect
Fundamental Rights in India

values: Part Five of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Part Six of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Part Seven of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Part Eight of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Part IX of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Part IXA of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Part IXB of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Part Eleven of the Constitution of India

values: Part Twelve of the Constitution of India

values: Part Thirteen of the Constitution of India

values: Part Fourteen of the Constitution of India

values: Part Fifteen of the Constitution of India

values: Part XVIA of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Part Seventeen of the Constitution of India

values: Part Eighteen of the Constitution of India

values: Part Nineteen of the Constitution of India

values: Part Twenty of the Constitution of India

values: Part Twenty-one of the Constitution of India

values: Part Twenty-two of the Constitution of India

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: First Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Second Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Third Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India

values: Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India

values: Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India

values: Ninth Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Tenth Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eleventh Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Twelfth Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Appendix One of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Appendix Two of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Appendix Three of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Appendix Four of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Appendix Five of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: List of amendments of the Constitution of India

values: First Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Second Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Third Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Twentieth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Twenty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Thirtieth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Thirty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Thirty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Thirty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Thirty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Thirty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Fortieth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Forty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Forty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Forty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Forty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Forty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Forty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Forty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fiftieth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fifty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fifty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fifty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fifty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fifty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fifty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fifty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fifty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fifty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Sixtieth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Sixty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Sixty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Sixty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Sixty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Sixty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Sixty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Sixty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Sixty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventieth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Seventy-second Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventy-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventy-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventy-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventy-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventy-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Eightieth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Ninetieth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Ninety-first Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Ninety-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Ninety-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Ninety-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Ninety-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Ninety-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Ninety-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Ninety-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: One Hundredth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: Edit section: Constituent Assembly debates

values:
/wiki/B.R._Ambedkar
mw-redirect
B.R. Ambedkar

values:
/wiki/Chambers_of_parliament
mw-redirect
Chambers of parliament

values:
/wiki/Joint_sitting
mw-redirect
Joint sitting

values:
/wiki/Plurality_voting_system
mw-redirect
Plurality voting system

values: Edit section: Amendments under article 368

values: Edit section: Rules of Procedure in Parliament

values: Edit section: Role of state legislatures

values: I.C. Golak Nath and Ors. vs. State of Punjab and Anr.

values: Kesavananda Bharati v. The State of Kerala

values:
/wiki/Basic_structure
mw-redirect
Basic structure

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Super_majority
mw-redirect
Super majority

values:
/wiki/Landmark_ruling
mw-redirect
Landmark ruling

values:
/wiki/Panchayati_Raj
mw-redirect
Panchayati Raj

values:
nofollow
http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/487574/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/257876/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://indiankanoon.org/doc/875590/
external text

values: National Council of Educational Research and Training

values:
/wiki/Yale_Journal_of_International_Law
mw-redirect
Yale Journal of International Law

values:
nofollow
http://constitution-of-india.pykih.com/
external text

values: Category:Amendments of the Constitution of India

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values: भारत के संविधान का संशोधन – Hindi

values: ಭಾರತೀಯ ಸಂವಿಧಾನದ ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿ – Kannada

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India rootpage-Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India skin-vector action-view