text:
Social class in the United Kingdom
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The social structure of the United Kingdom has historically been highly influenced by the concept of social class, with the concept still affecting British society today.[1][2]
British society, like its European neighbours and most societies in world history, was traditionally (before the Industrial Revolution) divided hierarchically within a system that involved the hereditary transmission of occupation, social status and political influence.[3] Since the advent of industrialisation, this system has been in a constant state of revision, and new factors other than birth (for example, education) are now a greater part of creating identity in Britain.
Although definitions of social class in the United Kingdom vary and are highly controversial, most are influenced by factors of wealth, occupation and education. Until recently the Parliament of the United Kingdom was organised on a class basis, with the House of Lords representing the hereditary upper-class and the House of Commons representing everybody else. The British monarch is usually viewed as being at the top of the social class structure.[citation needed]
British society has experienced significant change since the Second World War, including an expansion of higher education and home ownership, a shift towards a service-dominated economy, mass immigration, a changing role for women and a more individualistic culture, and these changes have had a considerable impact on the social landscape.[4] However, claims that the UK has become a classless society have frequently been met with scepticism.[5][6][7] Research has shown that social status in the United Kingdom is influenced by, although separate from, social class.[8]
World War I cartoon by Bruce Bairnsfather "The Growth of Democracy: Colonel Sir Valtravers Plantagenet gladly accepts a light, during a slight lull in a barrage, from a private in the Benin Rifles"
The biggest current study of social class in the United Kingdom is the Great British Class Survey.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology
2 History
3 Formal classifications
3.1 Early modern
3.2 20th century
3.3 21st century
3.4 Great British Class Survey
3.4.1 Results
3.4.1.1 Elite
3.4.1.2 Established middle class
3.4.1.3 Technical middle class
3.4.1.4 New affluent workers
3.4.1.5 Traditional working class
3.4.1.6 Emergent service sector
3.4.1.7 Precariat
4 Informal classifications and stereotypes
4.1 Underclass
4.2 Working class
4.2.1 Unskilled and semi-skilled working class
4.2.2 Skilled working class
4.3 Middle class
4.3.1 Lower middle class
4.3.2 Middle middle class
4.3.3 Upper middle class
4.4 Upper class
5 Accent and language and social class
5.1 Received Pronunciation
5.2 U and non-U
5.3 Subtleties
5.4 English regional dialect
6 Heraldry and social class
7 Criticisms
8 See also
8.1 UK social stereotypes
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 Further reading
12 External links
Terminology[edit]
Prior to the eighteenth century, one did not speak of class or classes. Older terms like estates, rank, and orders were predominant. This change in terminology corresponded to a general decrease in significance ascribed to hereditary characteristics, and increase in the significance of wealth and income as indicators of position in the social hierarchy.[10][11]
The "class system" in the United Kingdom is widely studied in academia but no definition of the word class is universally agreed to. Some scholars may adopt the Marxist view of class where persons are classified by their relationship to means of production, as owners or as workers, which is the most important factor in that person's social rank. Alternatively, Max Weber developed a three-component theory of stratification under which "a person’s power can be shown in the social order through their status, in the economic order through their class, and in the political order through their party.[12] Besides these academic models, there are myriad popular explanations of class in Britain. In the work Class, Jilly Cooper quotes a shopkeeper on the subject of bacon: "When a woman asks for back I call her 'madam'; when she asks for streaky I call her 'dear'."[13]
History[edit]
The United Kingdom never experienced the sudden dispossession of the estates of the nobility, which occurred in much of Europe after the French Revolution or in the early 20th century, and the British nobility, in so far as it existed as a distinct social class, integrated itself with those with new wealth derived from commercial and industrial sources more comfortably than in most of Europe. Opportunities resulting from consistent economic growth and the expanding British Empire also enabled some from much poorer backgrounds (generally men who had managed to acquire some education) to rise through the class system.
The historian David Cannadine sees the period around 1880 as a peak after which the position of the old powerful families declined rapidly, from a number of causes, reaching a nadir in the years after World War II, symbolised by the widespread destruction of country houses. However their wealth, if not their political power, has rebounded strongly since the 1980s, benefiting from greatly increased values of the land and fine art which many owned in quantity.
Meanwhile, the complex British middle-classes had also been enjoying a long period of growth and increasing prosperity, and achieving political power at the national level to a degree unusual in Europe. They avoided the strict stratification of many Continental middle-classes, and formed a large and amorphous group closely connected at their edges with both the gentry and aristocracy and the labouring classes. In particular the great financial centre of the City of London was open to outsiders to an unusual degree, and continually expanding and creating new employment.
The British working class, on the other hand, was not notable in Europe for prosperity,[14] and Early Modern British travellers often remarked on the high standard of living of the farm-workers and artisans of the Netherlands, though the peasantry in other countries such as France were remarked on as poorer than their English equivalents. Living standards certainly improved greatly over the period, more so in England than other parts of the United Kingdom, but the Industrial Revolution was marked by extremely harsh working conditions and poor housing until about the middle of the 19th century.
Formal classifications[edit]
Early modern[edit]
At the time of the formation of Great Britain in 1707, England and Scotland had similar class-based social structures. Some basic categories covering most of the British population around 1500 to 1700 are as follows.[15][16]
Class
Characteristics
Cottagers and labourers; servants Cottagers were a step below husbandmen, in that they had to work for others for wages. Lowest order of the working castes; perhaps vagabonds, drifters, criminals or other outcasts would be lower. Slavery in England died out by 1200 CE. Most young women of middle and lower ranks became servants to neighboring families for a few years before marriage. Servants in husbandry were unmarried men hired on annual contracts as farm workers.[17]
Husbandman (or other tradesmen) A tradesman or farmer who either rented a home or owned very little land was a husbandman. In feudal times, this person likely would have been a serf, and paid a large portion of his work or produce to the land-holding lord.
Yeoman The yeoman class generally included small farmers who held a reasonable amount of land and were able to protect themselves from neighbouring lords et cetera. They played a military role as longbowmen before 1500. The village shopkeeper was placed between yeoman and gentry in the modern social hierarchy.[18]
Clergy. Clergy were mostly located in rural areas, where they were under the direction of the gentry.[19] A bishop had the status of nobility, and sat in the House of Lords, but his son did not inherit the title.[20]
Gentry/gentleman The gentry by definition held enough assets to live on land rents without working, and so could be well educated. If they worked it was in law, as priests, in politics, or in other educated pursuits without manual labour. The term Esquire was used for landowners who were not knighted. They typically possess estates worked by tenants and laborers. It was prestigious to purchase a military or naval commission for a likely son.[21]
Professionals and businessman. Urban professionals included lawyers, with the highest status going to the London barristers and the Inns of Court. Physicians were rising in status as professionalization and education built upon rapidly increasing knowledge bases. Merchants and businessmen could range in status from middle to high, depending on their wealth and importance. If they wanted high social prestige, they would buy a landed estate or negotiate for a knighthood or a baronetcy.[22][23][24]
Knight The role of knighthood was very important in the medieval period, with the role of organizing local military forces on behalf of a senior noble. However, by 1600 the title was an honorific one, often granted to outstanding combat soldiers in the king's army.[25]
Baronet (hereditary, non peer) A baronet held a hereditary style of knighthood, giving the highest rank below a peerage.
Aristocracy: Peer (Noble) The ranks ranged from baron to duke. The rules of succession were elaborate--usually the eldest son inherited the title and the wealth. When the male line expired, so too did the title (but the family kept the land). The peers were generally large land holders, often with a house in London. They sat in the House of Lords and often played a role in court, which was a very expensive undertaking subsidized by payoffs and corruption.[26] Ireland and Scotland had entirely separate aristocracies; their nobles sat in their own parliaments but not in the English House of Lords.[27][28]
Royal A member of the royal family, a prince, a close relative of the queen or king.
20th century[edit]
Main article: NRS social grade
The social grade classification created by the National Readership Survey over 50 years ago achieved widespread usage during the 20th century in marketing and government reports and statistics.
Grade
Occupation
A Higher managerial, administrative
B Intermediate managerial, administrative or professional
C1 Supervisory or clerical and junior managerial, administrative or professional
C2 Skilled manual workers
D Semi and unskilled manual workers
E Casual or lowest grade workers, pensioners and others who depend on the state for their income
21st century[edit]
Main article: National Statistics Socio-economic Classification
The UK Office for National Statistics (ONS) produced a new socio-economic classification in 2001.[29] The reason was to provide a more comprehensive and detailed classification to take newer employment patterns into account.
Group
Description
NRS equivalent
1 Higher professional and managerial workers A
2 Lower managerial and professional workers B
3 Intermediate occupations C1 and C2
4 Small Employers and non professional self-employed C1 and C2
5 Lower Supervisory and technical C1 and C2
6 Semi-Routine Occupations D
7 Routine Occupations D
8 Long-term unemployed E
Great British Class Survey[edit]
Main article: Great British Class Survey
On 2 April 2013 analysis of the results of a survey,[30] which was conducted by the BBC in 2011 and developed in collaboration with academic experts, was published online in the journal Sociology.[31][32][33][34][35] The results released were based on a survey of 160,000 residents of the United Kingdom most of whom lived in England and described themselves as "white." Class was defined and measured according to the amount and kind of economic, cultural, and social resources, "capitals", reported. Economic capital was defined as income and assets; cultural capital as amount and type of cultural interests and activities, and social capital as the quantity and social status of their friends, family and personal and business contacts.[34] This theoretical framework was inspired by that of Pierre Bourdieu, who published his theory of social distinction in 1979.
Results[edit]
Analysis of the survey revealed seven classes: a wealthy "elite;" a prosperous salaried "middle class" consisting of professionals and managers; a class of technical experts; a class of ‘new affluent’ workers, and at the lower levels of the class structure, in addition to an ageing traditional working class, a ‘precariat’ characterised by very low levels of capital, and a group of emergent service workers. The fracturing of the middle sectors of the social structure into distinguishable factions separated by generational, economic, cultural, and social characteristics was considered notable by the authors of the research.[36][37]
Elite[edit]
Members of the elite class are the top 6% of British society with very high economic capital (particularly savings), high social capital, and very 'highbrow' cultural capital. Occupations such as chief executive officers, IT and telecommunications directors, marketing and sales directors; functional managers and directors, solicitors, barristers and judges, financial managers, higher education teachers,[38] dentists, doctors and advertising and public relations directors were strongly represented.[39] However, those in the established and 'acceptable' professions, such as academia, law and medicine are more traditional upper middle class identifiers, with IT and sales being the preserve of the economic if not social middle class.
Established middle class[edit]
Members of the established middle class, about 25% of British society, reported high economic capital, high status of mean social contacts, and both high highbrow and high emerging cultural capital. Well-represented occupations included electrical engineers, occupational therapists, midwives, environmental professionals, quality assurance and regulatory professionals, town planning officials, and special needs teaching professionals.[40]
Technical middle class[edit]
The technical middle class, about 6% of British society, shows high economic capital, very high status of social contacts, but relatively few contacts reported, and moderate cultural capital. Occupations represented include medical radiographers, aircraft pilots, pharmacists, natural and social science professionals and physical scientists, and business, research, and administrative positions.[41]
New affluent workers[edit]
New affluent workers, about 15% of British society, show moderately good economic capital, relatively poor status of social contacts, though highly varied, and moderate highbrow but good emerging cultural capital. Occupations include electricians and electrical fitters; postal workers; retail cashiers and checkout operatives; plumbers and heating and ventilation engineers; sales and retail assistants; housing officers; kitchen and catering assistants; quality assurance technicians.[41]
Traditional working class[edit]
The traditional working class, about 14% of British society, shows relatively poor economic capital, but some housing assets, few social contacts, and low highbrow and emerging cultural capital. Typical occupations include electrical and electronics technicians; care workers; cleaners; van drivers; electricians; residential, day, and domiciliary care [41]
Emergent service sector[edit]
The emergent service sector, about 19% of British society, shows relatively poor economic capital, but reasonable household income, moderate social contacts, high emerging (but low highbrow) cultural capital. Typical occupations include bar staff, chefs, nursing auxiliaries and assistants, assemblers and routine operatives, care workers, elementary storage occupations, customer service occupations, and musicians.[41]
Precariat[edit]
The precariat, about 15% of British society, shows poor economic capital, and the lowest scores on every other criterion. Typical occupations include cleaners, van drivers, care workers, carpenters and joiners, caretakers, leisure and travel service occupations, shopkeepers and proprietors, and retail cashiers.[42]
Informal classifications and stereotypes[edit]
Underclass[edit]
Many unemployed people rely on the social welfare and are housed in public housing such as council estates
See also: Underclass
The term "underclass" is used to refer to those people who are "chronically unemployed", and in many instances have been for generations.[43]
Typical characteristics are:
Long-term unemployment, sometimes for generations.
Living in council housing.
Children and teenagers of the underclass are generally associated with "chav" culture, and the underclass have also been blamed for the 2011 England riots.[44][45]
Working class[edit]
Unskilled and semi-skilled working class[edit]
Traditionally, these people would work as manual labourers. They would typically have left school as soon as legally permissible and not have been able to take part in higher education.[46] Many would go on to work semi-skilled and unskilled jobs on the assembly lines and machine shops of Britain's major car factories, steel mills, coal mines, foundries and textile mills in the highly industrialised cities in the West Midlands, North of England, South Wales and the Scottish Lowlands.
However, since the mid-1970s and early-1980s, de-industrialisation has shattered many of these communities, resulting in a complete deterioration in quality of life and a reversal in rising living standards for the industrial working class. Many either dropped in status to the working poor or fell into permanent reliance on welfare dependence. Some dropped out altogether and joined the black market economy, while a limited few did manage to climb up to the lower middle-class.
Some examples of Mosaic geodemographic groups for these people would be classified as Coronation Street or Rustbelt Resilience. Fictional stereotypes include Andy Capp and Albert Steptoe, who is not only unaspirational himself but crushes the aspirations of his son Harold. They are the mainstay of the trade unions and Labour Party vote, but there are also working-class Conservatives, particularly in the South East of England in the Medway towns of Kent and the East London border areas of suburban Essex, as exemplified by the fictional character Alf Garnett.
It has been argued[47] that with the decline in manufacturing and increase in the service sector, lower-paid office workers are effectively working-class. Call centres in particular, have sprung up in former centres of industry.[48][49]
Terraced housing in Loughborough, built for the working classes.
During the post-war era, White working-class Britons witnessed a big rise in their standard of living. As noted by Denys Blakeway:
"The white working class have prospered hugely since the war. They have experienced unparalleled growth in disposable income and today they are now richer than their parents and grandparents could ever have imagined. There are shared values in white working-class culture but I think it is incredibly difficult to put your finger on exactly what it is that defines "white working class" because a lot of them are shared by the middle class, such as football and the pub."[50]
Skilled working class[edit]
This class of people would be in skilled industrial jobs or tradesmen, traditionally in the construction and manufacturing industry, but in recent decades showing entrepreneurial development as the stereotypical white van man, or self-employed contractors.[51] These people would speak in local accents and have craft apprenticeships rather than university education. Typical Mosaic types for this group include White Van Culture or Affluent Blue Collar.
Trade union membership and Labour Party support is high, but some elements, particularly the demographic known as Essex Man located in the South East of England and the West Midlands are slightly more likely to vote Conservative than the unskilled working-class.
Middle class[edit]
A suburban street in Mill Hill, London, typical of middle-class housing
Lower middle class[edit]
The British lower middle-class primarily consists of office workers and their families living in less affluent suburbs. They are typically employed in relatively unskilled service industry jobs such as: retail sales, travel agents, factory and other industrial building owners and low level civil service jobs in local and regional government. Prior to the expansion in higher education from the 1960s onwards, members of this class generally did not have a university education.
Members of the lower middle class typically speak in local accents, although relatively mild. Typical Mosaic Geodemographic types for this group include Sprawling Subtopia. Votes in this area are split and minority parties will have a stronger proportion. The comedy character Hyacinth Bucket is a satirical stereotype for this social group.
Middle middle class[edit]
The middle class in Britain often consists of people with tertiary education and may have been educated in either state or private schools.[51]
Typical jobs include: accountants, architects, solicitors, surveyors, social workers, teachers, managers, specialist IT workers, engineers, doctors, university-educated nurses and civil servants. Displays of conspicuous consumption are considered vulgar by them; instead they prefer to channel excess income into investments, especially property.
Members of the middle-class are often politically and socially engaged and might be regular churchgoers, sit on local committees and governing boards or stand for political office. Education is greatly valued by the middle classes: they will make every effort to ensure their children get a university education; they may pay for private education, or go to great lengths to get their children into good state or selective grammar schools, such as moving house into the catchment area.[52]
They also value culture and make up a significant proportion of the book-buying and theatre-going public. They typically read broadsheet newspapers rather than tabloids. Typical Mosaic geodemographic types would include Provincial Privilege. The middle classes particularly of England are often popularly referred to as "Middle England".[53]
The comedy character Margo Leadbetter is a satirical stereotype for this group, as is Jilly Cooper's Howard Weybridge.[46]
Upper middle class[edit]
Harrow School. The Public School is traditionally one of the key institutions of the upper-middle-class in Britain.[54]
The upper middle-class in Britain broadly consists of people who were born into families which have traditionally possessed high incomes, although this group is defined more by family background than by job or income. This stratum, in England, traditionally uses the Received Pronunciation dialect natively.
The upper middle-class are traditionally educated at independent schools, preferably one of the "major" or "minor" "public schools"[55][56] which themselves often have pedigrees going back for hundreds of years and charge fees of as much as £33,000 per year per pupil (as of 2014).[54][57]
Many upper-middle-class families may have previous ancestry that often directly relates to the upper classes. Although not necessarily of the landowning classes – as a result, perhaps, of lack of a male heir – many families' titles/styles have not been inherited and therefore many families' past status became dissolved.
Although such categorisations are not precise, popular contemporary examples of upper-middle-class people may include Boris Johnson,[58] Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge,[59][60][61][62] David Cameron,[61][63] Helena Bonham Carter (actress),[64] and Matthew Pinsent (athlete).[65]
Upper class[edit]
Main article: Upper class
Woburn Abbey, family seat of the Duke of Bedford
The British "upper class" is statistically very small and consists of the peerage, gentry and hereditary landowners, among others. Those in possession of a hereditary peerage (but not a life peerage; for example, a dukedom, a marquessate, an earldom, a viscounty, or a barony/Scottish lord of parliament) are typically members of the upper class.
Traditionally, upper-class children were brought up at home by a nanny for the first few years of their lives, and then homeschooled by private tutors. From the late-nineteenth century, it became increasingly popular for upper-class families to mimic the middle-classes in sending their children to public schools, which had been predominantly founded to serve the educational needs of the middle-class.[citation needed] Nowadays, when children are old enough, they may attend a prep school or pre-preparatory school. Moving into secondary education, it is still commonplace for upper-class children to attend a public school, although it is not unheard of for certain families to send their children to state schools.[66] Continuing education goals can vary from family to family; it may, in part, be based on the educational history of the family. In the past, both the British Army and Royal Navy have been the institutions of choice. Equally, the clergy, as well as academia, particularly within the arts and humanities divisions of Britain's oldest and most prestigious universities (Oxbridge), have been traditional career paths amongst the upper class - indeed until 1840 the majority Oxbridge graduates were destined for ordination.[67]
Accent and language and social class[edit]
Received Pronunciation[edit]
Received Pronunciation, also known as RP or BBC English, was a term introduced as way of defining standard English, but the accent has acquired a certain prestige from being associated with the middle (and above) classes in the South East; the wealthiest part of England. Use of RP by people from the "regions" outside the South East can be indicative of a certain educational background, such as public school or elocution lessons.
"The Queen's English" was once a synonym for RP. However, the Queen and some other older members of the aristocracy are now perceived as speaking in a way that is both more old-fashioned and higher class than "general" RP. Phoneticians call this accent "Conservative Received Pronunciation". The Queen's pronunciation has, however, also changed over the years, moving perceptibly towards the vowels of Estuary English.[68]
BBC English was also a synonym for RP; people seeking a career in acting or broadcasting once learnt RP as a matter of course if they did not speak it already. However, the BBC and other broadcasters are now much more willing to use – indeed desire to use – regional accents.[68]
U and non-U[edit]
U
Non-U
Vegetables Greens
Scent Perfume
Graveyard Cemetery
Spectacles Glasses
False teeth Dentures
Napkin Serviette
Sofa Settee or couch
Lavatory or loo Toilet
Lunch Dinner (for midday meal)
Dinner Tea (for evening meal)
Pudding Sweet
Language and writing style have consistently been one of the most reliable indicators of class, although pronunciation did not become such an indicator until the late-nineteenth century. The variations between the language employed by the upper classes and non-upper classes has, perhaps, been best documented by linguistic Professor Alan Ross's 1954 article on U and non-U English usage, with "U" representing upper and upper middle class vocabulary of the time, and "Non-U" representing lower middle class vocabulary. The discussion was furthered in Noblesse Oblige and featured contributions from, among others, Nancy Mitford. The debate was revisited in the mid-1970s, in a publication by Debrett's called U and Non-U Revisited. Ross also contributed to this volume, and it is remarkable to notice how little the language (amongst other factors) changed in the passing of a quarter of a century.
Subtleties[edit]
There are many inconsistencies and subtleties that many believe are far more important to the British system than a person's assets. For example, many believe that referring to one's self as "classy" or even using the word "class" in such a context is indicative of a lower class. Other examples include the way a person holds their knife and fork to eat, the way a person pronounces the letter "h", the way a person pronounces "scone", how well a person respects others, and even the care taken by a person to uphold the rules of grammar in conversation and when punctuating a sentence.
English regional dialect[edit]
Main article: Regional accents of English
In England, the upper class or prestige dialect is almost always a form of RP; however, some areas have their "own" prestige dialect, distinct from both RP and the working-class dialect of the region.
England has a wide variety of regional dialects for a small country, most of which have working-class or lower middle-class connotations:
Yorkshire dialect the accent of the Yorkshire region with some slight variation between the north and south of the county.
Manchester dialect the accent and dialect of Manchester and the surrounding area.
Scouse – The accent and dialect of Liverpool, especially strong in Merseyside's working-class population.
Brummie – The accent and dialect of Birmingham.
The Black Country dialect of the West Midlands, which is similar to but distinctive from Brummie.
Geordie – An accent and dialect of North-East England, particularly the Tyneside area.
Mackem – An accent and dialect of Sunderland and surrounding areas.
West Country dialects - a variety of similar, yet noticeably different accents and dialects in the South West of England, such as the Bristolian dialect
Cockney is traditionally the working-class accent of East London. It also has distinct variations in grammar and vocabulary.
The London accent is a more broadly defined working and lower middle-class accent than Cockney.
Estuary English – A working-class and lower middle-class accent from South-East England, basically a milder (closer to R.P.) form of the London accent, showing a tendency to supplant received pronunciation.
Mockney is a term used in popular media for a deliberate affectation of the working-class London (Cockney) accent by middle-class people to gain "street credibility". However, phoneticians regard the infusion of Estuary features into received pronunciation among younger speakers to be a natural process.
Multicultural London English (abbreviated MLE), colloquially called Jafaican, is a dialect (and/or sociolect) of English that emerged in the late-twentieth century, and is used mainly by young, inner-city, working-class people in inner London. It is said to contain many elements from the languages of the Caribbean (Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago), South Asia (Indian subcontinent), and West Africa,[69][70] as well as remnants of traditional Cockney.[70] Although the street name, "Jafaican", may seem imply that it is "fake" Jamaican, research indicates it is "likely that young people have been growing up in London exposed to a mixture of second-language English and local London English and that this new variety has emerged from that mix",[71] the etymology being the "af" an "can" from "African".
Heraldry and social class[edit]
Main article: Heraldry
Canting arms of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.
An English citizen with arms registered in the College of Arms, or a Scottish citizen in the Lyon Court, can be referred to as armigerous. Any British citizen can apply for arms from their respective authority but only those of sufficient social standing would be granted arms.[citation needed] Arms in and of themselves are imperfectly aligned with social status, in that many of high status will have no right to arms whilst, on the other hand, those entitled to arms by descent can include branches of families from anywhere on the social scale.
Nevertheless, a right to bear arms under the Law of Arms is, by definition, linked either to the personal acquisition of social status, inspiring application for a personal grant of arms, or to descent from a person who did so in the past. Rightly or wrongly, therefore, the use of a coat of arms is linked to social prestige.
In the early twentieth century, it was argued by heraldic writers such as Arthur Charles Fox-Davies that only those with a right to a coat of arms could correctly be described (if men) as gentlemen and of noble status; however, even at the time this argument was controversial, and it was rejected by other writers such as Oswald Barron and Horace Round. In the Order of Malta, where proof of technical nobility is a requirement of certain grades of membership, British members must still base their proof upon an ancestral right to a coat of arms.
Criticisms[edit]
In 1941, George Orwell wrote that Britain was “the most class-ridden society under the sun.” [72]
In an interview in 1975 Helmut Schmidt, the then Chancellor of West Germany stated that:
If one asks oneself what are the true reasons for the differentiated development of societies and economies between the British and most ones on the Continent, I think it has something to do with the fact that British society, much more than the Scandinavian, German, Austrian, and Dutch societies, is characterised by a class-struggle type of society. This is true for both sides of the upper class as well as for the working classes. I think that the way in which organised Labour on the one hand and industrial management on the other had dealt with their problems is outmoded.
Later in the same interview, Schmidt noted that[73]
You have to treat workers as equal members of society. You have to give them the self–esteem which they can only have if they acquire responsibility. Then you will be able to ask the trade unions to behave and to abstain from those idiotic policies. Then they will accept some guidance from outsiders—from the government or the party or whatever it is. But as long as you maintain the damned class-ridden society of yours you will never get out of your mess.
See also[edit]
Income in the United Kingdom
Poverty in the United Kingdom
Mosaic (geodemography) – system designed to classify Britain by postcode, into 11 main groups and 61 types.
British nobility
British Royal Family
Peerage
Hereditary peer
UK social stereotypes[edit]
Toff
Rah
Sloane Ranger
Worcester woman
Essex Man
Plebs
White van man
Chav, charver (South/North-East England and Yorkshire), scally (North West England), Ned (Scotland) or Spide (Northern Ireland)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Harriet Harman: Social class is still most important divide in Britain. www.telegraph.co.uk, 9 September 2008
Jump up ^ Biressi, Anita; Heather Nunn (2013). Class and Contemporary British Culture. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230240568.
Jump up ^ https://www.boundless.com/sociology/understanding-global-stratification-and-inequality/stratification-systems/caste/
Jump up ^ "Changing Social Class Identities in Post-War Britain: Perspectives from Mass-Observation by Mike Savage". Sociological Research Online. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Independent on Classless Britain
Jump up ^ Fabian Society on Cash and the Classless society
Jump up ^ Guardian Classless society is a myth
Jump up ^ Chan, Tak Wing; Goldthorpe, John (2004). "Is There a Status Order in Contemporary British Society?" (PDF). European Sociological Review. Oxford Journals. 20 (5): 383–401. doi:10.1093/esr/jch033. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Great British Class Survey
Jump up ^ Kuper, Adam, ed. (2004). "Class, Social". The social science encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-415-32096-2.
Jump up ^ Penney, Robert (2003). "Class, social". In Christensen, Karen & Levinson, David. Encyclopedia of community: from the village to the virtual world, Volume 1. SAGE. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-7619-2598-9. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Hurst, Charles E. (2007). Social Inequality Forms, Causes, and Consequences Sixth Edition. Allyn and Bacon Boston, MA. ISBN 0-205-48436-0. p 202
Jump up ^ Cloake, Felicity (8 March 2012). "How to cook the perfect bacon sandwich". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ Engels, Frederick. The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844. Translated by Florence Kelley Wischnewetzky (January 1943 George Allen & Unwin reprint of the March 1892 edition by David Price ed.). Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ John Rule, Albion's people: English society 1714-1815 (Routledge, 2014).
Jump up ^ David Cannadine, Class in Britain (Penguin UK, 2000).
Jump up ^ Ann Kussmaul, Servants in husbandry in early modern England (1981).
Jump up ^ Joyce Youngs, Sixteenth-Century England (1984), pp 47-65
Jump up ^ Wallace Notestein, English people on the eve of colonization, 1603-1630 (1954) pp 61-69.
Jump up ^ Patrick Collinson, "Episcopacy and reform in England in the later sixteenth century." Studies in Church History 3 (1966): 91-125.
Jump up ^ Notestein, English people on the eve of colonization, 1603-1630 (1954) pp 45-60.
Jump up ^ Roy Porter, The Penguin Social History of Britain: English Society in the Eighteenth Century (Penguin UK, 1990) pp 77-83
Jump up ^ Notestein, English people on the eve of colonization, 1603-1630 (1954) pp 86-115.
Jump up ^ Rosemary O'Day, The professions in Early Modern England, 1450-1800 (Routledge, 2014).
Jump up ^ Arthur F Kinney et al. eds. (2000). Tudor England: An Encyclopedia. pp. 410–11. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Notestein, English people on the eve of colonization, 1603-1630 (1954) pp 36-44.
Jump up ^ Keith M. Brown, Noble Society in Scotland: wealth, family, and culture from the Reformation to the Revolution (Edinburgh UP, 2000).
Jump up ^ Debora Shuger , "Irishmen, Aristocrats, and Other White Barbarians," Renaissance Quarterly 50#2 (1997): 494-525. doi.org/10.2307/3039188
Jump up ^ Office for National Statistics
Jump up ^ "Britain's Real Class System: Great British Class Survey". BBC Lab UK. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Savage, Mike; Fiona Devine; Niall Cunningham; Mark Taylor; Yaojun Li; Johs. Hjellbrekke; Brigitte Le Roux; Sam Friedman; Andrew Miles (April 2, 2013). "A New Model of Social Class: Findings from the BBC’s Great British Class Survey Experiment". Sociology. doi:10.1177/0038038513481128. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Great British class calculator: People in the UK now fit into seven social classes, a major survey conducted by the BBC suggests.". BBC. April 3, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Mike Savage; Fiona Devine (April 3, 2013). "The Great British class calculator: Sociologists are interested in the idea that class is about your cultural tastes and activities as well as the type and number of people you know.". BBC. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Mike Savage; Fiona Devine (April 3, 2013). "The Great British class calculator: Mike Savage from the London School of Economics and Fiona Devine from the University of Manchester describe their findings from The Great British Class Survey. Their results identify a new model of class with seven classes ranging from the Elite at the top to a 'Precariat' at the bottom.". BBC. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sarah Lyall (April 3, 2013). "Multiplying the Old Divisions of Class in Britain". The New York Times. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Page 2 "A New Model of Social Class: Findings from the BBC’s Great British Class Survey Experiment"
Jump up ^ Pages 11 to 15 "A New Model of Social Class: Findings from the BBC’s Great British Class Survey Experiment"
Jump up ^ "Professor salaries break the scale". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Pages 12 and 13 "A New Model of Social Class: Findings from the BBC’s Great British Class Survey Experiment"
Jump up ^ Pages 12 to 14 "A New Model of Social Class: Findings from the BBC’s Great British Class Survey Experiment"
^ Jump up to: a b c d Pages 12 and 14 "A New Model of Social Class: Findings from the BBC’s Great British Class Survey Experiment"
Jump up ^ Pages 12, 14, and 15 "A New Model of Social Class: Findings from the BBC’s Great British Class Survey Experiment"
Jump up ^ "Social Class (social differentiation)". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ Charlie Taylor (7 March 2012). "How we can turn the underclass around". London: telegraph.co.uk.
Jump up ^ Mark Easton (11 August 2011). "England riots: The return of the underclass". bbc.co.uk.
^ Jump up to: a b Jilly Cooper Class: a view from middle England. Eyre Methuen. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
Jump up ^ The Shape of the Working Class
Jump up ^ Robert Cumber (5 January 2017). "New Call Centre Creates 200 Jobs in Sheffield". The Star.
Jump up ^ "Sheffield Call Centre Set to Create 150 Jobs". The Star. 24 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Bell, Dan (14 March 2008). "Who are the white working class?". BBC News.
^ Jump up to: a b Kate Fox, Watching the English: The Hidden Rules of English Behaviour. Nicholas Brealey Pub. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
Jump up ^ Rise in families caught cheating for school places
Jump up ^ Reeves, Richard (25 October 2007). "Middle England. They're nicer than you think". New Statesman. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Palliser, David Michael; Clark, Peter; Daunton, Martin J. (2000). The Cambridge Urban History of Britain: 1840–1950. Cambridge. p. 679.
Jump up ^ "Thank God I don’t have that ghastly sense of entitlement that Eton instils". The Spectator. 17 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Byrnes, Sholto (20 April 2010). "Who's posher: Clegg or Cameron?". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Farndale, Nigel (28 January 2013). "Is there a private school prejudice?". The Daily Telegraph.
Jump up ^ Popham, Peter. "The best of enemies: David Cameron vs Boris Johnson". Independent 11 August 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2015. Toby Young, co-producer of the drama documentary When Boris Met Dave, describes Johnson as lower-upper-middle class – fellow Old Etonian George Orwell's celebrated self-definition...
Jump up ^ Warde, Alan. "Cultural Consumption, Classification and Power". Routledge, 18 Oct. 2013 (Page 9). Retrieved 1 May 2014. ...Kate Middleton is privately educated (courtesy of paternal family trust funds established decades ago)...and ...is from a wealthy upper-middle-class family...
Jump up ^ Smith, Sean. "Kate - A Biography of Kate Middleton". Simon and Schuster, 24 May 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2016. ...family trusts were set up over 100 years ago..."(Middleton's ) family were upper-middle-class observed a family friend"...
^ Jump up to: a b "Class exclusive: Seven in 10 of us belong to Middle Britain". The Independent. UK. 20 March 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2016. The next poshest, Kate Middleton, is regarded as upper middle class...
Jump up ^ Price, Joann. F. (21 Mar 2011). Prince William: A Biography. ABC-CLIO. p. 130. ISBN 9780313392863. Retrieved 2 May 2016. .... She (Kate Middleton) is a woman from an upper-middle-class family...
Jump up ^ Harrington, Illtyd (17 July 2008). "New Mayor Boris Johnson opens next chapter". Camden New Journal.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Richard (22 November 1999). "Boxing Helena". Los Angeles magazine.
Jump up ^ Macintyre, Ben (27 March 2007). "Upper middle-class". The Times.
Jump up ^ Douglas Sutherland, The English Gentleman
Jump up ^ Frances Knight (1998). The Nineteenth-Century Church and English Society. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-521-65711-2.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/the_queens_diamond_jubilee/9280753/The-Queens-English-changes-through-the-years.html
Jump up ^ Paul Kerswill (3 July 2010). "The English slanguage". The Sun. London. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
^ Jump up to: a b Harry Mount (1 July 2010). "Word on the street in London". Evening Standard. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
Jump up ^ Clark, Laura (2006-04-12). "'Jafaican' is wiping out inner-city English accents". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
Jump up ^ The Future of Socialism by Anthony Crosland
Jump up ^ Dönhoff, Marion. Foe into friend: The Makers of the New Germany from Konrad Adenauer to Helmut Schmidt.
Bibliography[edit]
Jilly Cooper Class, A view from Middle England, Eyre Methuen, 1979, ISBN 0-552-11525-8
Kate Fox Watching the English, Nicholas Brealey Pub., 2004, ISBN 1-85788-508-2
Further reading[edit]
Benson, John. The Working Class in Britain 1850-1939 (IB Tauris, 2003).
Giddens, Anthony. "Elites in the British class structure." Sociological Review 20.3 (1972): 345-372.
Goldthorpe, John H., and David Lockwood. "Affluence and the British class structure." Sociological Review 11.2 (1963): 133-163.
Miles, Andrew, and Mike Savage. (2013) The remaking of the British working class, 1840-1940 (Routledge, 2013).
Robson, David (7 April 2016). "How important is social class in Britain today?". BBC News. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
Savage, Mike. Social class in the 21st century (Penguin UK, 2015).
Savage, Mike, et al. "A new model of social class? Findings from the BBC’s Great British Class Survey experiment." Sociology 47.2 (2013): 219-250.
Thompson, E.P. The Making of the English Working Class (1968)
External links[edit]
David Cannadine, The Rise and Fall of Class in Britain
JP Somerville, University of Wisconsin page on early modern social class in Britain
Mosaic Geodemographics Summary
Article from The Times on Taste and class
Article from The Times - are we all Middle class now
Article from the Times - Can you buy your way into the Upper Class
Article from the Times
article from Daily Telegraph on social mobility
[show]
v
t
e
United Kingdom articles
History
Chronology
Formation
Georgian era
Victorian era
Edwardian era
First World War
Interwar
Second World War
UK since 1945 (social history)
By topic
Economic
Empire
Maritime
Military
Geography
Administrative
Countries of the United Kingdom
Crown dependencies
Overseas territories
City status
Towns
Former colonies
Physical
British Isles
terminology
Great Britain
Coastline
Geology
Northern Ireland
Lakes and lochs
Mountains
Rivers
Volcanoes
Resources
Energy/Renewable energy
Biodiesel
Coal
Geothermal
Hydraulic frac.
Hydroelectricity
Marine
North Sea oil
Solar
Wind
Food
Agriculture
Fishing
English
Scottish
Hunting
Materials
Flora
Forestry
Mining
Politics
Constitution
Courts
Elections
Foreign relations
History
Human rights
Intersex
LGBT
Transgender
Judiciary
Law
Law enforcement
Legislation
Monarchy
monarchs
Nationality
Parliament
House of Commons
House of Lords
Political parties
Government
Cabinet
list
Civil service
Departments
Prime Minister
list
Military
Royal Navy
Army
Royal Air Force
Weapons of mass destruction
Economy
Banks
Bank of England
Budget
Economic geography
Manufacturing
Pound (currency)
Stock Exchanges (London Exchange)
Taxation
Telecommunications
Tourism
Transport
British Rail
Society
Affordability of housing
Crime
Demography
Drug policy
Education
Ethnic groups
Health care
Immigration
Innovation
Languages
Poverty
Food banks
Prostitution
Public holidays
Social care
Social structure
Culture
Art
Cinema
Cuisine
Identity
Literature
Media
television
Music
Religion
Sport
Symbols
Theatre
[show]
Countries of the United Kingdom
England
History
social
timeline
Geography
Politics
Law
Economy
tourism
Education
Health care
Culture
Religion
Symbols
Northern Ireland
History
Geography
Politics
Assembly
Executive
First Minister and deputy
Law
Economy
tourism
Education
Health care
Culture
Religion
Symbols
Scotland
History
timeline
Geography
Politics
Parliament
Government
First Minister
Law
Economy
tourism
Education
Health care
Culture
Religion
Symbols
Wales
History
Geography
Welsh Government
Politics
Assembly
First Minister
Law
Economy
tourism
Education
Health care
Culture
Religion
Symbols
Outline
Index
Book
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Social class
Status
Theories
Gilbert model
Marxian
Mudsill theory
New class
Spoon class theory
Weberian (three-component)
Related
topics
Caste
Chattering classes
Class conflict
Class discrimination
Classicide
Classless society
Euthenics
Nouveau riche / Parvenu
Poverty
Ranked society
Snobbery
Social exclusion
Social mobility
Social position
Social stigma
Subaltern
[show]
By demographic
By status
Administrative detainee
Alien
illegal immigrant
refugee
Citizen
dual or multiple
native-born
naturalized
second-class
Convicted
Migrant worker
Political prisoner
Stateless
By "collar"
Blue
Gold
Green
Grey
Pink
White
By type
Creative
Bohemians
Robber baron
Russian oligarch
Business magnate
Overclass
Superclass
Middle
Lower middle class
Upper middle class
Bourgeoisie
Petite bourgeoisie
Working
Working poor
Proletariat
Lumpenproletariat
Warrior
Harii
Kshatriya
Yadav
Nair
Hashashin
Knight
Vanniyar
Samurai
Cuāuh
Ocēlōtl
Spartiate
Under
Outcast
Outlaw
Peasant / Serf
Slave
Untouchable
Upper
Bourgeoisie
Elite
Gentry
Global elite
Nobility
Old money
Ruling
Aristocracy
Hanseaten
Patrician
Royal family
Intellectual
Knowledge worker
[show]
By country or region
United States
Affluence
American Dream
Conflict
Social class in American history
Classes
Lower
Middle (Mexican-American, Black)
Upper
Under
Income
Household
Inequality
Personal
Poverty
Standard of living
Educational attainment
Homelessness
Home ownership
Wealth
Other countries
or regions
Africa
Cambodia
China
Colombia
Ecuador
France
Haiti
India
Iran
Italy
New Zealand
Romania
Sri Lanka
Tibet
United Kingdom
Historic
Ancient Greece
Ancient Rome
Aztec
Ottoman Empire
Soviet Union
Pre-industrial East Asia
Pre-industrial Europe
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=802827311"
Categories:
British society
Feudalism in the British Isles
Social class in the United Kingdom
Social status
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016
Use dmy dates from September 2010
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Македонски
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 September 2017, at 18:42.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

value: sup

value: p

values: /wiki/Hereditary mw-redirect Hereditary

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Home_ownership
mw-redirect
Home ownership

values:
/wiki/Mass_immigration
mw-redirect
Mass immigration

values:
/wiki/Marxist_view_of_class
mw-redirect
Marxist view of class

values: Three-component theory of stratification

values: Destruction of country houses in 20th-century Britain

values:
/wiki/Slavery_in_England
mw-redirect
Slavery in England

values: National Statistics Socio-economic Classification

values: Edit section: Great British Class Survey

values:
/wiki/La_Distinction
mw-redirect
La Distinction

values:
/wiki/Electrical_engineer
mw-redirect
Electrical engineer

values:
/wiki/Pilot_(aircraft)
mw-redirect
Pilot (aircraft)

values:
/wiki/Administrator_(business)
mw-redirect
Administrator (business)

values:
/wiki/Care_worker
mw-redirect
Care worker

values: Edit section: Informal classifications and stereotypes

values: Edit section: Unskilled and semi-skilled working class

values:
/wiki/Manual_labourers
mw-redirect
Manual labourers

values:
/wiki/Car_factories
mw-redirect
Car factories

values:
/wiki/Steel_mills
mw-redirect
Steel mills

values:
/wiki/Textile_mills
mw-redirect
Textile mills

values:
/wiki/North_of_England
mw-redirect
North of England

values:
/wiki/Living_standards
mw-redirect
Living standards

values:
/wiki/Industrial_working_class
mw-redirect
Industrial working class

values:
/wiki/Welfare_dependence
mw-redirect
Welfare dependence

values:
/wiki/Black_market_economy
mw-redirect
Black market economy

values:
/wiki/Lower_middle-class
mw-redirect
Lower middle-class

values:
/wiki/Albert_Steptoe
mw-redirect
Albert Steptoe

values:
/wiki/Trade_unions
mw-redirect
Trade unions

values:
/wiki/Labour_Party_(United_Kingdom)
mw-redirect
Labour Party (United Kingdom)

values:
/wiki/South_East_of_England
mw-redirect
South East of England

values:
/wiki/Office_workers
mw-redirect
Office workers

values:
/wiki/University_education
mw-redirect
University education

values:
/wiki/West_Midlands_region
mw-redirect
West Midlands region

values:
/wiki/Office_worker
mw-redirect
Office worker

values:
/wiki/Travel_agent
mw-redirect
Travel agent

values:
/wiki/Regional_government
mw-redirect
Regional government

values:
/wiki/Hyacinth_Bucket
mw-redirect
Hyacinth Bucket

values:
/wiki/Social_worker
mw-redirect
Social worker

values:
/wiki/Civil_servant
mw-redirect
Civil servant

values:
/wiki/Private_education
mw-redirect
Private education

values:
/wiki/Broadsheet_newspaper
mw-redirect
Broadsheet newspaper

values:
/wiki/Lord_of_parliament
mw-redirect
Lord of parliament

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)

values: Edit section: Accent and language and social class

values: float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 1em

values:
/wiki/Alan_S_C_Ross
mw-redirect
Alan S C Ross

values:
/wiki/West_Country_dialects
mw-redirect
West Country dialects

values:
/wiki/Bristolian_dialect
mw-redirect
Bristolian dialect

values:
/wiki/London_accent
mw-redirect
London accent

values:
/wiki/Street_credibility
mw-redirect
Street credibility

values:
/wiki/Trinidad_%26_Tobago
mw-redirect
Trinidad & Tobago

values:
/wiki/Law_of_Arms
mw-redirect
Law of Arms

values:
/wiki/Horace_Round
mw-redirect
Horace Round

values:
/wiki/Order_of_Malta
mw-redirect
Order of Malta

values: Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)

values:
/wiki/British_Royal_Family
mw-redirect
British Royal Family

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fesr%2Fjch033

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter

values:
/wiki/Frederick_Engels
mw-redirect
Frederick Engels

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22007058

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/0/22001963

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/0/21970879

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14488486

values:
/wiki/Eyre_Methuen
mw-redirect
Eyre Methuen

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.isj.org.uk/?id=293

values:
/wiki/Evening_Standard
mw-redirect
Evening Standard

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: History of the formation of the United Kingdom

values: History of the United Kingdom during World War I

values: Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)

values: Social history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)

values: Administrative geography of the United Kingdom

values: List of countries that gained independence from the United Kingdom

values: List of lakes and lochs in the United Kingdom

values: List of mountains and hills of the United Kingdom

values: List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom

values: Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/British_food
mw-redirect
British food

values:
/wiki/Fishing_in_Scotland
mw-redirect
Fishing in Scotland

values: Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom

values: List of the vascular plants of Britain and Ireland

values: History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom

values: Transgender rights in the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_United_Kingdom
mw-redirect
Judiciary of the United Kingdom

values: List of political parties in the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Civil_Service
mw-redirect
Her Majesty's Civil Service

values: Departments of the United Kingdom Government

values: List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom

values: United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction

values:
/wiki/United_Kingdom_budget
mw-redirect
United Kingdom budget

values: Economic geography of the United Kingdom

values: List of stock exchanges in the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies and United Kingdom Overseas Territories

values: Telecommunications in the United Kingdom

values: Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom

values: Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922

values: List of British innovations and discoveries

values: Symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man

values: First Minister and deputy First Minister

values: Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: Index of United Kingdom-related articles

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
Social_classStatus
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
hlist hlist-separated

values:
By_demographic
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
demographic

values:
/wiki/Native-born_citizen
mw-redirect
Native-born citizen

values: Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense

values:
/wiki/Global_elite
mw-redirect
Global elite

values:
By_country_or_region
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
country

values: Professional and working class conflict in the United States

values: Educational attainment in the United States

values:
/wiki/Social_class_in_Ecuador
mw-redirect
Social class in Ecuador

values: Category:Social classes in ancient Greece

values: Category:Social class in the United Kingdom

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2010

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Општествена структура на Британија – Macedonian

values: 英國社會結構 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom rootpage-Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Hung parliament
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the Commonwealth realms and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In a parliamentary system of government, a hung parliament is an expression used to describe a state of a parliament when no single political party (or bloc of allied parties) has an absolute majority of seats in the parliament (legislature) and therefore has no legitimate mandate to form a government. It is also less commonly known as a balanced parliament[1][2] or a legislature under no overall control.[3][4][5] If the legislature is bicameral, and the government is responsible only to the lower house, then "hung parliament" is used only with respect to that chamber. It is the objective of parliamentary systems for the parliament to be able to form a stable government, preferably one that lasts until the next election. This requires the government to be able to muster up sufficient votes in parliament to pass important legislation, especially the government's budget. It also needs sufficient votes to defeat votes of no-confidence in the government. If the state of the parliament is such that a majority government cannot be formed, the government may be referred to as a "minority government". The term hung parliament is used mainly in systems with two parties or two party blocs. Most general elections in such a system will result in one or other party having an absolute majority and thus quickly forming a new government; a "hung parliament" is an exception to this pattern, and may by some be considered anomalous or undesirable, and by others ideal as it blocks the dangers of absolute power. One or both main parties may seek to form a coalition government with smaller third parties, or a minority government relying on confidence and supply support from third parties or independents. If these efforts fail, a dissolution of parliament and a fresh election may be the last resort.
In a multi-party system with legislatures elected by proportional representation, it is rare for a party to win an outright majority of seats, so a "hung parliament" is the norm and the term is rarely used. However, the term may be used to describe an election in which no established alliance among the parties wins an outright majority, such as the 2005 German election.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Ireland
1.2 United Kingdom
1.3 Canada
1.4 Australia
1.5 New Zealand
2 Consequences
2.1 Australia
2.2 India
2.3 New Zealand
2.4 United Kingdom
3 Working majority
3.1 United Kingdom
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
6.1 United Kingdom
History[edit]
Ireland[edit]
Because Ireland uses PR-STV, it is rare for any one party to have a majority on its own. The last such occasion was 1977. However, one or other coalitions are known to be possible before and during the election. Therefore, a "hung Dáil" (Dáil Éireann being the lower and most dominant chamber of the Oireachtas/Parliament) in Ireland refers more to the inability of a coalition of parties who traditionally enter government together or would be expected to govern together, from doing so.
The President has no direct role in the formation of governments in the case of a hung parliament. However he retains the power to convene a meeting of either or both the Dáil and Senate which could become important if there was a government trying to use parliamentary recess to prevent confidence votes and hold onto power. The President may also refuse to dissolve Dáil Eireann and call an election if the Taoiseach loses a vote of confidence, instead giving the other parties a chance to see if they can put together a government without proceeding to another election.
In 2016, Fine Gael and Labour, who had been in government the previous five years, were unable, due to Labours collapse, to enter government again. Fianna Fáil had enough seats to put together a rainbow government with the other centre-left, hard left parties and independents but negotiations broke down. Fianna Fáil had also promised not to enter coalition with Sinn Féin due to the current leaderships Provisional IRA connections.
The press began to speculate about a Germany style "Grand Coalition" similar to the Christian Democrats and Social Democrats there. Many members of FF considered FG too right wing to enter coalition with and threatened to leave the party this came to pass. As talks continued on without a new government (the old government, constitutionally, which had just been voted out, remaining in power including ministers who had lost their seats) FF agreed to allow a government to form by abstention. The parliamentary arithmetic fell in such a way that if FF TD's abstained on confidence and supply matters, a FG minority govt could, with the support of a group of independents, form a new government. This was agreed in exchange for a number of policy concessions. Once the deal with FF was signed, Taoiseach Enda Kenny conducted talks with the independents and entered government for a second term.
United Kingdom[edit]
In the United Kingdom, before World War I, a largely stable two-party system existed for generations; traditionally, only the Tories and Whigs, or from the mid-19th century the Conservative and Liberal parties, managed to deliver Members of Parliament in significant numbers. Hung parliaments were thus rare, especially during the 19th century. The possibility of change arose when, in the aftermath of the Act of Union, 1800, a number of Irish MPs took seats in the House, though initially these followed the traditional alignments. However, two Reform Acts (in 1867 and in 1884) significantly extended the franchise and redrew the constituencies, and coincided with a change in Irish politics. After the 1885 general election, neither party had an overall majority. The Irish Parliamentary Party held the balance of power and made Irish Home Rule a condition of their support. However, the Liberal Party split on the issue of Irish Home Rule, leading to another general election in 1886, in which the Conservatives won the most seats and governed with the support of the fragment of Liberalism opposed to Home Rule, the Liberal Unionist Party.
Both the election of January 1910, and that of December 1910 produced a hung parliament with an almost identical number of seats won by the governing Liberal Party and the Conservative Party. This was due both to the constitutional crisis and to the rise of the Labour Party. The elections of 1929 resulted in the last hung parliament for many years; in the meantime, Labour had replaced the Liberals as one of the two dominating parties.
Since the elections of 1929, there have been three general elections that resulted in hung parliaments in the UK. The first was the election in February 1974, and the ensuing parliament lasted only until October. The second was the May 2010 election, the result of which was a hung parliament with the Conservative party as the largest single party. The results for the 3 main parties were: Conservatives 306, Labour 258, Liberal Democrats 57.[6] The third one resulted from the snap election held in June 2017 that had been called for by Theresa May in order to strengthen her majority heading into Brexit negotiations later in 2017. However, this election backfired on May and her Conservative Party, resulting in a hung parliament after the snap election.[7]
The formation of the coalition resulting from the 2010 election led to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, which instituted fixed five-year Parliaments and transferred the power to call early elections from the Prime Minister to Parliament itself. This was the idea of the Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, then the leader of the Liberal Democrats, who said that this would stop the Prime Minister and leader of the Conservative Party, David Cameron, from calling a snap election to end the hung parliament, as many other Conservatives had requested.
Hung parliaments can also arise when slim government majorities are eroded by by-election defeats and defection of Members of Parliament to opposition parties, as well as resignations of MPs from the House of Commons. This happened in December 1996 to the Conservative government of John Major (1990–97) and in mid-1978 to the Labour government of James Callaghan (1976–79); this latter period covers the era known as the Winter of Discontent. The minority government of Jim Callaghan came when Labour ended their 15-month Lib-Lab pact with the Liberals having lost their majority in early 1977.
According to researchers Andrew Blick and Stuart Wilks-Heeg, the phrase "hung parliament" did not enter into common usage in the UK until the mid-1970s. It was first used in the press by journalist Simon Hoggart in The Guardian in 1974.[8]
Academic treatments of hung parliaments include David Butler's Governing Without a Majority: Dilemmas for Hung Parliaments in Britain (Sheridan House, 1986) and Vernon Bogdanor's 'Multi-Party Politics and the Constitution' (Cambridge University Press, 1983).
Canada[edit]
Further information: Federal minority governments in Canada
Three recent Canadian Parliaments (the 38th, the 39th, and the 40th Parliaments) were hung parliaments, although that term is not used in Canada. Rather, the term "minority government" is used to describe the situation in which the party with the greatest number of seats in the House of Commons (but less than a majority) forms the Government. The aftermath of all three of these elections was that the largest party ruled as a "minority government". Although minority governments have tended to be short-lived, the two successive minorities under Prime Minister Stephen Harper managed to hold on to power from February 2006 until a no confidence vote in March 2011 resulted in the dissolution of Parliament and elections held on 2 May 2011. The subsequent election saw a majority parliament elected with Harper's Conservative Party obtaining a 24-seat majority. The make-up of the 40th Canadian Parliament hung parliament resulted in the 2008–09 Canadian parliamentary dispute. The Conservative Party had a plurality of seats, however, the Liberal Party and New Democratic Party together held enough seats to have a larger plurality and reached an accord to form a minority coalition government. The Bloc Québécois agreed to provide support on confidence votes. On 4 December 2008, Governor General Michaëlle Jean granted Prime Minister Stephen Harper a prorogation on the condition that parliament reconvene early in the new year; the date was set as 26 January 2009. The first session of the 40th parliament thus ended, delaying a vote of no-confidence.[9]
Australia[edit]
Australian parliaments are modelled on the Westminster system, with a hung parliament typically defined as a lack of a lower house parliamentary majority from either the Australian Labor Party or Liberal/National Coalition.
Hung parliaments are rare at the federal level in Australia, as a virtual two-party system, in which the Australian Labor Party competes against an alliance of the conservative parties, has existed with only brief interruptions since the early 20th century. Prior to 1910, no party had a majority in the House of Representatives. As a result, there were frequent changes of government, several of which took place during parliamentary terms. Since 1910, when the two-party system was cemented, there have been two hung parliaments, the first in 1940, and the second in 2010. At the 1940 federal election, incumbent Prime Minister Robert Menzies secured the support of the two crossbenchers and continued to govern, but in 1941 the independents switched their support to Labor, bringing John Curtin to power.
Declining support for the major parties in recent times is leading to more non-majoritarian outcomes at elections.[10] At the 2010 federal election, which resulted in an exact 72-72 seat tie between Labor and The Liberal-National Coalition, incumbent Prime Minister Julia Gillard secured the support of four out of six Independent and Green Party crossbenchers and continued to govern.
Having hung Parliaments in both Australia and the United Kingdom at the same time, and also briefly including Canada as well, is unprecedented in the history of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Hung parliaments are rather more common at a state level. The Tasmanian House of Assembly and the unicameral Parliament of the Australian Capital Territory are both elected by Hare-Clark proportional representation, thus, elections commonly return hung parliaments. In other states and territories, candidates contest single-member seats. With far fewer seats than federal parliament, hung parliaments are more likely to be elected. Recent examples include New South Wales in 1991, Queensland in 1998 and 2015, Victoria in 1999, South Australia in 1997 and 2002, Western Australia in 2008, the Australian Capital Territory in 2008, and Tasmania in 2010.
New Zealand[edit]
Hung parliaments had a relatively uncommon place in New Zealand politics prior to the introduction of proportional representation in 1993. Only on five occasions since the beginnings of modern party politics in 1890 has a hung parliament occurred, in 1911, 1922, 1928, 1931 & 1993 respectively. The rarity between 1936 and 1996 was due to the regression into a two party system, alternating between the long dominating New Zealand Labour Party and New Zealand National Party.[11] Since the first MMP election in 1996 no single party has gained an outright majority in parliament. Subsequent governments have all been formed as either coalitions or under confidence and supply agreements.[citation needed]
Consequences[edit]
In countries used to decisive election outcomes, a hung parliament is often viewed as an unfavourable outcome, leading to relatively weak and unstable government. A period of uncertainty after the election is common, as major party leaders negotiate with independents and minor parties to establish a working majority.
An aspiring head of government may seek to build a coalition government; in Westminster systems, this typically involves agreement on a joint legislative programme and a number of ministerial posts going to the minor coalition partners, in return for a stable majority. Alternatively, a minority government may be formed, establishing confidence and supply agreements in return for policy concessions agreed in advance, or relying on case by case support.
Australia[edit]
In the Western Australian state election of 2008 the Australian Labor Party won more seats than the Liberal Party at 28 to 24. The National Party along with three independents had the seats needed to give either party a majority. To help the Liberal Party form government, the Nationals supported the party on the condition that the Royalties for Regions policy was implemented.
In the 1999 Victorian state election, the Labor Party won 42 seats, while the incumbent Liberal National Coalition retained 43, with 3 seats falling to independents. The Labor Party formed a minority government with the 3 independents.
The 2010 Tasmanian state election resulted in a hung parliament. After a period of negotiation, the incumbent Labor government led by David Bartlett was recommissioned, but containing the Leader of the Tasmanian Greens, Nick McKim, as a minister, and the Greens' Cassy O'Connor as Cabinet Secretary.
In the 2010 federal election, neither Labor nor the Liberal coalition secured the majority of seats required to form a Government in their own right. In order to counter the potential instability of minority government involved groups may negotiate written agreements defining their terms of support. Such measures were undertaken by the Gillard Government in 2010.[12]
India[edit]
In India if an election results in a 'hung assembly' in one of the state Legislative Assemblies and no party is capable of gaining confidence then fresh elections are announced to be held as soon as possible. Until this occurs President's Rule (or in the State of Jammu and Kashmir 'Governor's Rule') is applied. In India there have been many situations of hung assemblies in the state legislatures.
New Zealand[edit]
The first such occasion was in 1911 when the Liberal Party won fewer seats than the opposition Reform Party despite tallying the most votes. A vote of no confidence was placed by Reform and the Liberals survived by just one vote. This prompted Prime Minister Sir Joseph Ward to resign, his replacement Thomas Mackenzie was later defeated in July 1912 in a vote with several MPs and Labour crossing the floor to vote with the opposition, the last time in New Zealand history a government has changed on a confidence vote. This broke 23 years of Liberal governance and William Massey formed a new Reform Party government. Massey governed through to his death in 1925, though in 1922 the Reform Party suffered major losses and Massey was forced negotiate with several Independent MPs to retain power.
In 1928, Reform were ousted from governance and Joseph Ward once again won back power. However, the Reform and United (Liberal) parties were tied on seats with Labour holding the balance of power. Labour chose to back Ward rather than let Reform leader Gordon Coates remain in office. In the next election in 1931, there was again a three-way deadlock. On this occasion the Reform and United parties became a coalition government out of mutual fear of Labour's ever-increasing appeal as the Great Depression worsened.
1993 was the last time a hung parliament occurred in New Zealand. Governor-General Dame Catherine Tizard asked Sir David Beattie to form a committee, along with three retired appeal court judges, to decide whom to appoint as Prime Minister. [13] However National won an extra seat after special votes were counted, giving National 50 seats and Labour 45 seats (4 were won by third party candidates). Labour's Sir Peter Tapsell agreed to become Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives. As a result, National did not lose a vote in the house and maintained a dubious majority for three years.
United Kingdom[edit]
In the February 1974 General Election, no party gained an overall parliamentary majority. Labour won the most seats (301, which was 17 seats short of an overall majority) with the Conservatives on 297 seats, although the Conservatives had a larger share of the popular vote. As the incumbent Prime Minister, Edward Heath remained in office, attempting to build a coalition with the Liberals. When these negotiations were unsuccessful Heath resigned and Labour led by Harold Wilson took over in a minority government.
In the 2010 UK General Election, another hung parliament occurred with the Conservatives as the largest party, and discussions followed to help create a stable government. This resulted in agreement on a coalition government, which was also a majority government, between the Conservative Party, which won the most votes and seats in the election, and the Liberal Democrats.
In the 2017 UK General Election, a hung parliament occurred for the second time in seven years with the Conservatives again being the largest party. Conservative led by Theresa May in a minority government, with the support of the Democratic Unionist Party.
Working majority[edit]
There have been occasions when, although a parliament or assembly is technically hung, the party in power has a working majority. For example, in the United Kingdom, the tradition is that the Speaker and Deputy Speakers do not vote and Sinn Féin MPs never take their seats, so these members can be discounted from the opposition numbers.
United Kingdom[edit]
In 2005, this was the case in the 60-seat National Assembly for Wales, where Labour lost their majority when Peter Law was expelled for standing against the official candidate in the 2005 Westminster election in the Blaenau Gwent constituency. When the Assembly was first elected on 1 May 2003, Labour won 30 seats, Plaid Cymru won 12, the Conservatives won 11, Liberal Democrats won 6, and the John Marek Independent Party won a seat.
When Dafydd Elis-Thomas (Plaid Cymru) was reelected as the presiding officer, this reduced the number of opposition AMs who could vote to 29, as the presiding officer votes only in the event of a tie and, even then, not on party political lines but according to Speaker Denison's rule. Thus, Labour had a working majority of one seat until Law ran in Blaenau Gwent.[14]
See also[edit]
Divided government
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Balanced parliament: No need to rush". The Guardian. London. 2010-05-05.
Jump up ^ "SNP puts case for hung parliament". BBC News. 2010-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Q+A - What happens if no party gets a majority in UK election?". Reuters. May 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ Paun, Akash (2009-12-04). "Hung up on 'no overall control'". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to the era of no overall control". Newstatesman.com. Retrieved 2013-12-27.
Jump up ^ "General election 2010 results of a hung parliament", PoliticsRAW. May 08, 2010
Jump up ^ "Election results 2017: UK wakes up to hung Parliament". BBC News. 2017-06-09. Retrieved 2017-06-09.
Jump up ^ Blick, Andrew; Stuart Wilks-Heeg (April 2010). "Governing without majorities: Coming to terms with balanced Parliaments in UK politics" (PDF). Liverpool: Democratic Audit. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "GG agrees to suspend Parliament: Harper". CBC. 2008-12-04. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
Jump up ^ Ward, Alan J. (2014). Parliamentary Government in Australia. Anthem Press. p. 172. ISBN 178308121X. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Bassett, Michael (1982). Three Party Politics in New Zealand 1911–1931. Auckland: Historical Publications. pp. 64–5. ISBN 0-86870-006-1.
Jump up ^ Fenna, Alan; Jane Robbins; John Summers (2013). Government Politics in Australia. Pearson Higher Education AU. p. 49. ISBN 1486001386. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
Jump up ^ McLean, Gavin (2006). The Governors: New Zealand's Governors and Governors-General. Otago University Press. ISBN 1-877372-25-0.
Jump up ^ Labour lose assembly majority as Law quits, ePolitix.com. April 17, 2005
External links[edit]
Look up hung parliament in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
United Kingdom[edit]
Charter 2010 – planning for a hung parliament
Hang Em – a pressure group
Hung parliament news, New Statesman
Hung parliaments: What you need to know, Institute for Government (2010)
Q&A: What is a hung parliament?, BBC News (8 March 2010)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&oldid=807296910"
Categories:
Government
Minority governments
Hidden categories:
Use British English from July 2016
Use dmy dates from July 2016
Articles with limited geographic scope from July 2016
United Kingdom-centric
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Cebuano
Cymraeg
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
한국어
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
مصرى
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 October 2017, at 03:03.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Commonwealth_realms
mw-redirect
Commonwealth realms

attrs: href title

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias

attrs: class href

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize

values:
/wiki/Absolute_majority
mw-redirect
Absolute majority

values:
/wiki/Independent_(politician)
mw-redirect
Independent (politician)

values:
/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)
mw-redirect
Whig (British political party)

values:
/wiki/Act_of_Union,_1800
mw-redirect
Act of Union, 1800

values:
/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation
mw-redirect
Catholic Emancipation

values:
/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule
mw-redirect
Irish Home Rule

values: United Kingdom general election, January 1910

values: United Kingdom general election, December 1910

values: United Kingdom general election, February 1974

values: United Kingdom general election, October 1974

values:
/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister
mw-redirect
Deputy Prime Minister

values:
/wiki/Member_of_Parliament
mw-redirect
Member of Parliament

values:
/wiki/Lib-Lab_pact
mw-redirect
Lib-Lab pact

values:
/wiki/David_Butler_(academic)
mw-redirect
David Butler (academic)

values:
/wiki/No_confidence_vote
mw-redirect
No confidence vote

values:
/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Canada
mw-redirect
New Democratic Party of Canada

values: Australian Capital Territory general election, 2008

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Royalties_for_Regions_policy
mw-redirect
Royalties for Regions policy

values:
/wiki/President%27s_Rule
mw-redirect
President's Rule

values: Blaenau Gwent (UK Parliament constituency)

values: National Assembly for Wales election, 2003

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.charter2010.co.uk

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hang-em.com

values: Category:Use British English from July 2016

values: Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from July 2016

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Hung_parliament
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: برلمان معلق – Arabic

values: پارلمان معلق – Persian

values: त्रिशंकु सभा – Hindi

values: ハング・パーラメント – Japanese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hung_parliament rootpage-Hung_parliament vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view