text:
Hawthorne Plaza Shopping Center
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Hawthorne Plaza Shopping Center
The mall's former The Broadway department store as seen from Hawthorne Boulevard
Location
Hawthorne, California
Coordinates
33°55′17″N 118°21′05″W / 33.92128°N 118.35144°W / 33.92128; -118.35144Coordinates: 33°55′17″N 118°21′05″W / 33.92128°N 118.35144°W / 33.92128; -118.35144
Address
12000 Hawthorne Blvd.
(formerly 12124 Hawthorne Plaza)
Opening date
February 1977
Closing date
1999
Developer
Ernest W. Hahn Inc., Carter Hawley Hale Properties Inc., Urban Projects Inc.
Architect
Charles Kober Associates
No. of stores and services
134 (1977)
No. of anchor tenants
3
Total retail floor area
801,000 sq ft (74,400 m2)
The Broadway 159,100 sq ft (14,780 m2)
Montgomery Ward 158,500 sq ft (14,730 m2)
J. C. Penney 168,000 sq ft (15,600 m2)
No. of floors
2
[1][2]
Hawthorne Plaza is a partially dead mall along Hawthorne Boulevard between 120th Street and El Segundo Blvd in Hawthorne, California. The 40-acre (16 ha) property opened in 1977 and included an indoor mall and free standing stores at the property's south end. The mall largely catered to the middle class residents living in and around Hawthorne and featured cheaper stores than other nearby malls such as South Bay Galleria and Manhattan Village.[3]
Despite initial popularity, the mall went into decline in the 1990s due in part to the economic decline of the area after the cutbacks in aerospace jobs and to competition from other shopping centers. The mall's number of occupied stores declined from 130 in the late 1980s to 87 in 1994 and around 70 in 1998. By that year only one anchor store was remaining out of the original four. After the Macy's Clearance Center (which replaced The Broadway upon the latter's purchase by Federated Department Stores) closed down in December 1997, there were plans to put in an AMC Theatre on the site and to convert the mall into an open-air shopping center. Their plans never came into fruition, however, and the mall portion closed down in 1999.[3]
The property's southern part was redone in 1998 and is still open. It includes a supermarket, a pharmacy, and some small restaurants. The mall building and most of its multistory parking lots are now abandoned except for a police training center that was built in the portion formerly occupied by Montgomery Ward. On the northern side is an annex administrative office for the Hawthorne school district. The abandoned mall has also been used to film a number of movies, TV shows, and music videos such as Minority Report (2002), The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006), The Green Hornet (2006), Teen Wolf (2011), Beyoncé's "Superpower" (2013), Gone Girl (2014), Lindsey Sterling's "Heist" (2014), David Guetta's "Bang My Head" (2014), Rush Hour (2016), Colony (2016), Westworld (2016), and Taylor Swift's "...Ready for It?" (2017).[4]
On November 21, 2014, ABC News announced that Hawthorne Plaza would be revitalized as an outlet mall.[5]
In February 2016, the Hawthorne Plaza Mall would be revitalized as a large "power center", which could include an outdoor mini-mall, an office complex and walkable outdoor retail strips with upper-level homes.[6]
A month later, on March 10, 2016, the Hawthorne Specific Plan, which includes the revitalization of the ailing mall, was approved by the city council. The plan also calls for 500 high-end housing units, innovative office units, commercial outlets open to Hawthorne Blvd, and outdoor dining sites.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Project
2 Former tenants
3 References
4 External links
Project[edit]
On November 29, 2016, the Hawthorne City Hall commission has announced plans to demolish the Hawthorne Plaza and rebuild something similar as the Farmers Market in Los Angeles.
Former tenants[edit]
Anchor tenants
JC Penney
Montgomery Ward
The Broadway
Vestiges of the mall's past--the scar of a former Thom McAn shop.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gnerre, Sam (October 20, 2010). "Hawthorne Plaza". The Daily Breeze. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Construction Under Way at Hawthorne Plaza Site". Los Angeles Times. 1975-07-27. pp. F13. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Jeff Arellano (October 2, 2005). "Hawthorne Mall: Hawthorne California". DeadMalls.com. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
Jump up ^ Williams, J (30 June 2014). "Watch: Exploring the Spooky Abandoned Hawthorne Mall". Curbed. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Hernandez, Miriam (19 November 2014). "Hawthorne staging comeback with outlet mall". KABC-TV. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Mazza, Sandy (18 February 2016). "Ambitious new plans emerge for abandoned Hawthorne Plaza mall". Daily Breeze. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hawthorne Happenings March 10, 2016". City of Hawthorne. 10 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
External links[edit]
Hawthorne Mall image gallery
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Imperial Valley Mall
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Hawthorne, California
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Sense of agency
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The sense of agency (SA), or sense of control, is the subjective awareness of initiating, executing, and controlling one's own volitional actions in the world.[1] It is the pre-reflective awareness or implicit sense that it is I who is executing bodily movement(s) or thinking thoughts. In normal, non-pathological experience, the SA is tightly integrated with one's "sense of ownership" (SO), which is the pre-reflective awareness or implicit sense that one is the owner of an action, movement or thought. If someone else were to move your arm (while you remained passive) you would certainly have sensed that it were your arm that moved and thus a sense of ownership (SO) for that movement. However, you would not have felt that you were the author of the movement; you would not have a sense of agency (SA).[2]
Normally SA and SO are tightly integrated, such that while typing one has an enduring, embodied, and tacit sense that "my own fingers are doing the moving" (SO) and that "the typing movements are controlled (or volitionally directed) by me" (SA). In patients suffering from certain forms of pathological experience (i.e., schizophrenia) the integration of SA and SO may become disrupted in some manner. In this case, movements may be executed or thoughts made manifest, for which the schizophrenic patient has a sense of ownership, but not a sense of agency.[not verified in body]
Regarding SA for both motor movements and thoughts, further distinctions may be found in both first-order (immediate, pre-reflective) experience[3] and higher-order (reflective or introspective) consciousness.[4][page needed] For example, while typing I have a sense of control and thus SA for the ongoing action of typing; this is an example of SA in first-order experience which is immediate and prior to any explicit intellectual reflection upon the typing actions themselves. In this case, I am not focusing on the typing movements per se but rather, I am involved with the task at hand. If I'm subsequently asked if I just performed the action of typing, I can correctly attribute agency to myself. This is an example of a higher-order, reflective, conscious "attribution" of agency, which is a derivative notion stemming from the immediate, pre-reflective "sense" of agency.
Contents
1 Definition
2 Neuroscience
3 Agency and psychopathology
4 Other aspects of agency
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
Definition[edit]
The concept of agency implies an active organism, one who desires, makes plans, and carries out actions.[5] The sense of agency plays a pivotal role in cognitive development, including the first stage of self-awareness (or pre-theoretical experience of one's own mentality), which scaffolds theory of mind capacities.[6][page needed] Indeed, the ability to recognize oneself as the agent of a behavior is the way the self builds as an entity independent from the external world.[1] The sense of agency and its scientific study has important implications in social cognition, moral reasoning, and psychopathology. The conceptual distinction between SA and SO was defined by philosopher and phenomenologist Shaun Gallagher.[2] Using a different terminology, essentially the same distinction has been made by John Campbell,[7] and Lynn Stephens and George Graham.[4][page needed]
Neuroscience[edit]
A number of experiments in normal individuals has been undertaken in order to determine the functional anatomy of the sense of agency. These experiments have consistently documented the role of the posterior parietal cortex as a critical link within the simulation network for self-recognition. Primary sources have reported that activation of the right inferior parietal lobe/temporoparietal junction correlates with the subjective sense of ownership in action execution,[8][non-primary source needed][9][non-primary source needed]and that posterior parietal lesions, especially on the right side, impair the ability of recognizing one's own body parts and self-attributing one's own movements.[10][non-primary source needed]
Accumulating evidence from functional neuroimaging studies, as well as lesion studies in neurological patients indicates that the right inferior parietal cortex, at the junction with the posterior temporal cortex (TPJ, temporoparietal junction), plays a critical role in the distinction between self-produced actions and actions perceived in others.[11] Lesions of this region can produce a variety of disorders associated with body knowledge and self-awareness such as anosognosia, asomatognosia, or somatoparaphrenia.[12] A primary source has reported that electrical stimulation of the TPJ can elicit out-of-body experiences (i.e., the experience of dissociation of self from the body).[13][non-primary source needed]
The investigation of the neural correlates of reciprocal imitation is extremely important because it provides an ecological paradigm (a situation close to everyday life) to address the issue of the sense of agency.[14] There is evidence that reciprocal imitation plays a constitutive role in the early development of an implicit sense of self as a social agent.[6][page needed]
A primary source has reported a functional neuroimaging experiment, where participants were scanned while they imitated an experimenter performing constructions with small objects and while the experimenter, while performing such a manipulation, imitated the participants. Across both conditions, the participants' sense of ownership (the sense that it is I who am experiencing the movement or thought) as well as the visual and somatosensory inputs were similar or coincided. What differed between imitating and being imitated was the agent who initiated the action. The primary source reports that several key regions were involved in the two conditions of reciprocal imitation compared to a control condition (in which subjects acted differently from the experimenter), namely in the superior temporal sulcus, the temporoparietal cortex (TPJ), and the medial prefrontal cortex.[15][non-primary source needed]
Another approach to understanding the neuroscientific underpinnings of the sense of agency is to examine clinical conditions in which purposeful limb movement occurs without an associated sense of agency.[citation needed] The most clear clinical demonstration of this situation is alien hand syndrome. In this condition, associated with specific forms of brain damage, the affected individual loses the sense of agency without losing a sense of ownership of the affected body part.
Agency and psychopathology[edit]
Marc Jeannerod proposed that the process of self-recognition operates covertly and effortlessly. It depends upon a set of mechanisms involving the processing of specific neural signals, from sensory as well as from central origin. Researchers have used experimental situations, in both healthy participants and schizophrenic patients, where these signals can be dissociated from each other and where self-recognition becomes ambiguous.[16][full citation needed] These situations reveal that there are two levels of self-recognition, an automatic level for action identification, and a conscious level for the sense of agency, which both rely on the same principle of congruence of the action-related signals.
Investigation of the sense of agency is important to explain positive symptoms of schizophrenia, like thought insertion and delusions of control.[citation needed] The core of the problem met by these patients is a disturbance of their sense of agency: the first rank symptoms, which represent one of the major features of the disease, are nothing but a loss of the ability to attribute their own thoughts, internal speech, covert or overt actions to themselves.[citation needed] Nonattributed or misattributed thoughts and actions then become a material for delusional interpretation and delirium.[17][non-primary source needed] One primary source reports that the feeling of alien control (i.e., delusions of control) during a movement task in schizophrenic patients is associated with an increased metabolic activity in the right inferior parietal cortex.[18][non-primary source needed]
Other aspects of agency[edit]
While the conception of human agency is often confined to its exercise by individuals, Albert Bandura has argued that individuals often do not have direct control over social conditions or institutional practices that affect their lives; in these circumstances, well-being and security are sought through exercise of proxy agency.[19][page needed] For instance, individuals in such circumstances may attempt to persuade others who have expertise, influence, or power to act on their behalf to achieve the outcomes they desire.
Sense of agency has been argued as a prerequisite for human moral responsibility insofar as self agency underlies the expectation that individuals can be held responsible for their actions.[20][non-primary source needed]
See also[edit]
Common coding theory
Empathic concern
Locus of control – whether people believe that their choices, environmental factors, fate, and/or random chance is controlling their lives
Mirror neurons
Morality
Motor cognition
Neuroscience of free will
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Jeannerod, M. (2003). The mechanism of self-recognition in human. Behavioral Brain Research, 142, 1-15.
^ Jump up to: a b Gallagher, S. (2000). Philosophical conceptions of the self: implications for cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 14–21.
Jump up ^ Tsakiris M, Schütz-Bosbach S, Gallagher S (2007) On agency and body-ownership: phenomenological and neurocognitive reflections. Conscious Cogn 16:645–660
^ Jump up to: a b Stephens, G. L., & Graham, G. (2000). When self-consciousness breaks: Alien voices and inserted thoughts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.[page needed]
Jump up ^ Lewis, M. (1990). Intention, consciousness, desires and development. Psychological Inquiry, 1, 278–283.
^ Jump up to: a b Rochat, P. (1999). Early Social Cognition: Understanding Others in the First Months of Life. Mahawah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.[page needed]
Jump up ^ Campbell, John (1999): "Schizophrenia, the Space of Reasons, and Thinking as a Motor Process." Monist 82 (4), 609–625.
Jump up ^ Farrer, C., Franck, N., Georgieff, N., Frith, C. D., Decety, J., & Jeannerod, M. (2003). Modulating the experience of agency: a positron emission tomography study. NeuroImage 18, 324–333.[non-primary source needed]
Jump up ^ Ruby, P., & Decety, J. (2001). Effect of subjective perspective taking during simulation of action: A PET investigation of agency. Nature Neuroscience 4, 546–550.[non-primary source needed]
Jump up ^ Daprati, E., et al. (2000). Recognition of self produced movement in a case of severe neglect. Neurocase, 6, 477–486[non-primary source needed]
Jump up ^ Jackson, P.L., & Decety, J. (2004). Motor cognition: A new paradigm to study self other interactions. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14, 259–263.
Jump up ^ Berlucchi, G., & Aglioti, S. (1997). The body in the brain: neural bases of corporeal awareness. Trends in Neurosciences, 20, 560–564.
Jump up ^ Blanke, O., & Arzy, S. (2005). The out-of-body experience: Disturbed self-processing at the temporo-parietal junction. Neuroscientist, 11, 16–24.[non-primary source needed]
Jump up ^ Decety, J., & Sommerville, J.A. (2003). Shared representations between self and others: A social cognitive neuroscience view. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 527–533.
Jump up ^ Decety, J., Chaminade, T., Grèzes, J. and Meltzoff, A.N. (2002). A PET exploration of the neural mechanisms involved in reciprocal imitation. Neuroimage 15, 265–272.[non-primary source needed]
Jump up ^ Jeannerod, M. (2008). The sense of agency and its disturbances in schizophrenia: a reappraisal. Experimental Brain Research[full citation needed]
Jump up ^ Farrer, C., Franck, N., Frith, C.D., Decety, J., Damato, T., & Jeannerod, M. (2004). Neural correlates of action attribution in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 131, 31–44.[non-primary source needed]
Jump up ^ Spence, S.A., et al. (1997). A PET study of voluntary movement in schizophrenic patients experiencing passivity phenomena. Brain, 120, 1997–2011.[non-primary source needed]
Jump up ^ Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.[page needed]
Jump up ^ E.g., see Kahn, P.H. (1992). Obligatory and discretionary moral judgments. Child Development, 63, 416–430.[non-primary source needed]
Further reading[edit]
Gallagher, S. (2005). How the Body Shapes the Mind. Oxford University Press.
Haggard, P., Eitam, B. (Eds.) (2015). The Sense of Agency. New York: Oxford University Press.
Jeannerod, M. (1997). The cognitive neuroscience of action. Wiley–Blackwell.
Morsella, E., Bargh, J.A., & Gollwitzer, P.M. (Eds.) (2009). Oxford Handbook of Human Action. New York: Oxford University Press.
Roessler, J., & Eilan, N. (Eds.) (2003). Agency and self-awareness. New York: Oxford University Press.
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The New York Times Best Seller list
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The New York Times Best Seller list is widely considered the preeminent list of best-selling books in the United States.[1][2] Published weekly in The New York Times Book Review,[1] the best-seller list has been published in the Times since October 12, 1931.[1] In recent years it has evolved into multiple lists in different categories, broken down by fiction and non-fiction, hardcover, paperback, and electronic, and different genres.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Composition
3 Criticisms
4 Controversies
5 Studies
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
External image
New York Times Best-seller List
Oct. 12, 1931 The first best-seller list was published with little fanfare for books sold in New York City only.
Although the first best seller list in America was published in 1895, in The Bookman, a best seller list was not published in The New York Times until 36 years later with little fanfare on October 12, 1931.[3][4] It consisted of five fiction and four non-fiction books for New York City only.[4] The following month the list was expanded to eight cities, with a separate list published for each city.[4] By the early 1940s, fourteen city-lists were included. A national list was created on April 9, 1942, in The New York Times Book Review (Sundays) as a supplement to the regular city lists (Monday edition).[4] The national list was ranked according to how many times the book appeared in the city lists.[4] A few years later, the city lists were eliminated entirely leaving only the national ranking list, which was compiled according to "reports from leading booksellers in 22 cities".[4] This methodology of ranking by bookseller sales figures remains to this day although the exact data compilation process is a trade secret and has evolved over time.[5]
By the 1950s, The Times's list had become the leading best seller list for book professionals to monitor, along with Publishers Weekly.[4] In the 1960s and 70s, mall-based chain bookstores B. Dalton, Crown Books, and Waldenbooks came to the forefront with a business model of selling newly published best-sellers with mass-market appeal. They used the best-selling status of titles to market the books and not just as a measure of sales; thus placing increased emphasis on the New York Times list for book readers and book sellers.[4]
Composition[edit]
The list is compiled by the editors of the "News Surveys" department, not by The New York Times Book Review department, where it is published.[6] It is based on weekly sales reports obtained from selected samples of independent and chain bookstores and wholesalers throughout the United States.[6] The sales figures are widely believed to represent books that have actually been sold at retail, rather than wholesale,[7] as the Times surveys booksellers in an attempt to better reflect what is purchased by individual buyers. Some books are flagged with a dagger indicating that a significant number of bulk orders had been received by retail bookstores.[8]
The New York Times reported in 2013 that "we [generally do not] track the sales of classic literature," and thus, for example, new translations of Dante's Inferno would not be found on the bestseller list.[9]
The exact method for compiling the data obtained from the booksellers is classified as a trade secret.[5] Book Review staff editor Gregory Cowles explained the method "is a secret both to protect our product and to make sure people can't try to rig the system. Even in the Book Review itself, we don't know (the news surveys department's) precise methods."[6] In 1992, the survey encompassed over 3,000 bookstores as well as "representative wholesalers with more than 28,000 other retail outlets, including variety stores and supermarkets."[5] By 2004, the number was 4,000 bookstores as well as an unstated number of wholesalers.[4] Data is adjusted to give more weight to independent book stores, which are underrepresented in the sample.[4]
The lists are divided among fiction and non-fiction, print and e-book, paperback and hardcover; each list contains 15 to 20 titles. The lists have been subdivided several times. "Advice, How-To, and Miscellaneous" debuted as a list of five on January 1, 1984. It was created because advice best-sellers were sometimes crowding the general non-fiction list.[10] Its inaugural number one bestseller, The Body Principal by Victoria Principal, had been number 10 and number 12 on the non-fiction lists for the two preceding weeks.[11][12] In July 2000, the "Children's Best Sellers" was created after the Harry Potter series had stayed in the top spots on the fiction list for an extended period of time.[13] The children's list was printed monthly until Feb. 13, 2011, when it was changed to once an issue (weekly). In September 2007, the paperback fiction list was divided into "trade" and "mass-market" sections, in order to give more visibility to the trade paperbacks that were more often reviewed by the newspaper itself.[14] In November 2010, The New York Times announced it would be tracking e-book best-seller lists in fiction and nonfiction starting in early 2011.[15] "RoyaltyShare, a San Diego-based company that tracks data and aggregates sales information for publishers, will ... provide [e-book] data".[15] The two new e-book lists were first published with the February 13, 2011, issue, the first tracks combined print and e-book sales, the second tracks e-book sales only (both lists are further sub-divided into Fiction and Non-fiction). In addition a third new list was published on the web only, which tracks combined print sales (hardcover and paperback) in fiction and nonfiction. In December 16, 2012, the children's chapter books list was divided into two new lists: middle-grade (ages 8–12) and young adult (age 12–18), both which include sales across all platforms (hard, paper and e-book).
Criticisms[edit]
The list has been criticized by authors, publishers, book industry executives, and others for not providing an accurate accounting of true best-seller status.[4] These criticisms have been ongoing ever since the list originated.[4] A book industry report in the 1940s found that best-seller lists were a poor indicator of sales, since they were based on misleading data and were only measuring fast sales (see "fast sale" criticism below).[4] A 2004 report quoted a senior book marketing executive who said the rankings were "smoke and mirrors"; while a report in Book History found that many professionals in the book industry "scoffed at the notion that the lists are accurate".[4]
Specific criticisms include:
Fast sales.[4][16] A book that never makes the list can actually outsell books on the best-seller list. This is because the best-seller list reflects sales in a given week, not total sales. Thus, one book may sell heavily in a given week, making the list, while another may sell at a slower pace, never making the list, but selling more copies over time.
Double counting. By including wholesalers in the polls along with retail bookstores, books may be double-counted.[4] Wholesalers report how much they sell to retailers, and retailers report how much they sell to customers, thus there can be overlap with the same reported book being sold twice within a given time frame. In addition, retailers may return books to wholesalers months later if they never sell, thus resulting in a "sale" being reported that never came to fruition. For example, mass-market paperbacks can see as high as 40% return rates from the retailer back to the wholesaler.[4]
Manipulation by authors and publishers.[4] Author Jacqueline Susann (Valley of the Dolls) attempted to "butter-up" Times-reporting booksellers and personally bought large quantities of her own book.[4] Author Wayne Dyer (Your Erroneous Zones) purchased thousands of copies of his own book.[4] Al Neuharth (Confessions of an S. O. B.), former head of Gannett Company, had his Gannett Foundation buy two thousand copies of his own autobiography.[4] In 1995, authors Michael Treacy and Fred Wiersema spent $200,000 to buy ten thousand copies of The Discipline of Market Leaders from dozens of bookstores.[4] Although they denied any wrongdoing, the book spent 15 weeks on the list. As a result of this scandal the Times began placing a dagger symbol next to any title for which bookstores reported bulk orders.[4] However daggers do not always appear; for example Tony Hsieh's Delivering Happiness was known to have been manipulated with bulk orders but didn't have a dagger.[17] Companies that contract with authors to manipulate the bestseller list through "bestseller campaigns" include ResultSource.[18]
Manipulation by retailers and wholesalers.[4] It happens with regularity that wholesalers and retailers deliberately or inadvertently manipulate the sales data they report to the Times.[4] Since being on the Times best-seller list increases the sales of a book, bookstores and wholesalers may report a book is a best-seller before it actually is one, in order that it might later become a "legitimate" best-seller through increased sales due to its inclusion on the best-seller list,[4] leading to the best-seller list becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy for the booksellers.
Leading data collection. The Times provides booksellers with a form containing a list of books it believes might be bestsellers, to check off, with an alternative "Other" column to fill in manually.[4] It's been criticized as a leading technique to create a best-seller list based on books the Times thinks might be included.[4] One bookseller compared it to a voting card in which two options for President are provided: "Bill Clinton and Other".[4]
Self-fulfilling. Once a book makes it onto the list it is heavily marketed as a "best-seller", purchased by readers who seek out best-sellers, given preferential treatment by retailers, online and offline, who create special best-seller categories including special in-store placement and price discounts, and is carried by retailers that generally don't carry other books (e.g., supermarkets).[4] Thus, the list can become self-fulfilling in determining which books have high sales and remain on the list.[4]
Conflicts of interest. Due to high financial impact of making the list, since the 1970s publishers have created escalator clauses for major authors stipulating that if a book makes the list the author will receive extra money, based on where it ranks and for how long.[4] Authors may also be able to charge higher speaking fees for the status of being a best-seller.[4] As Book History said, "With so much at stake then, it is no wonder that enormous marketing effort goes into getting a book access to this major marketing tool."[4]
Controversies[edit]
In 1983, author William Peter Blatty sued The New York Times for $6 million, claiming that his latest book, Legion (filmed as The Exorcist III), had not been included in the list due to either negligence or intentional falsehood, saying it should have been included due to high sales.[4] The Times countered that the list was not mathematically objective but rather was editorial content and thus protected under the Constitution as free speech. Blatty appealed it to the Supreme Court, which declined to hear the case. Thus, the lower court ruling stood that the list is editorial content, not objective factual content, so the Times had the right to exclude books from the list.[4]
In 1995, Michael Treacy and Fred Wiersema, the authors of a book called The Discipline of Market Leaders, colluded to manipulate their book onto the best seller charts. The authors allegedly purchased over 10,000 copies of their own book in small and strategically placed orders at bookstores whose sales are reported to BookScan. Because of the benefits of making The New York Times Best Seller list (speaking engagements, more book deals, and consulting) the authors felt that buying their own work was an investment that would pay for itself. The book climbed to No. 4 on the list where it sat for 15 weeks; it also peaked at No. 1 on the BusinessWeek best seller list. Since such lists hold the power of cumulative advantage, chart success often begets more chart success. Although such efforts are not illegal, publishers consider them unethical.[19]
In 1999, Amazon.com announced a 50 percent decrease in price for books on the Best Seller List to beat its competition, Barnes & Noble.[20] After a legal dispute between Amazon and The New York Times, Amazon was permitted to keep using the list on condition that it displayed it in alphabetical rather than numerical order.[21] By 2010, this was no longer the case; Amazon now displays the best-seller list in order of best-selling titles first.[22]
In 2013, Forbes published a story titled "Here's How You Buy Your Way Onto The New York Times Bestsellers List." [23] The article discusses how ResultSource, a San Diego-based marketing consultancy, specializes in ensuring books make a bestseller list, even guaranteeing a No. 1 spot for those willing to pay enough. The New York Times was informed of this practice and responded: “The New York Times comprehensively tracks and tabulates the weekly unit sales of all titles reported by book retailers as their general interest bestsellers. We will not comment beyond our methodology on the other questions." The New York Times did not alert its readers to this, unlike The Wall Street Journal, which admitted that books had landed on its bestseller list due to ResultSource's campaign.[24] Soren Kaplan, the source who admitted he had paid ResultSource to land his book, Leapfrogging, on The Wall Street Journal's bestseller list, revealed the methodology on his blog; he posted: "If I could obtain bulk orders before Leapfrogging was released, ResultSource would purchase the books on my behalf using their tried-and-true formula. Three thousand books sold would get me on The Wall Street Journal bestseller list. Eleven thousand would secure a spot on the biggest prize of them all, The New York Times list." [25]
In 2014, the Los Angeles Times published a story titled "Can bestseller lists be bought?"[26][27] It describes how author and pastor Mark Driscoll contracted the company ResultSource to place his book Real Marriage (2012) on The New York Times Best Seller list for a $200,000 fee. The contract was for ResultSource "to conduct a bestseller campaign for your book, 'Real Marriage' on the week of January 2, 2012. The bestseller campaign is intended to place 'Real Marriage' on the New York Times bestseller list for the Advice How-to list." To achieve this, the contract stated that "RSI will be purchasing at least 11,000 total orders in one week." This took place, and the book successfully reached No.1 on the hardcover advice bestseller list on January 22, 2014.[26]
In July 2015, Ted Cruz's book A Time For Truth was excluded from the list because the "overwhelming preponderance of evidence was that sales [of Cruz's book] were limited to strategic bulk purchases" to artificially increase sales and entry onto the list. In response, Cruz called the Times "a liar" and demanded an apology.[28] The Times said it stood by its statement and evidence of manipulation.
In August 2017, a young adult fiction book Handbook for Mortals by previously unpublished author Lani Sarem was removed from the list, where it was in initially in the #1 spot. According to a statement issued by the Times, "after investigating the inconsistencies in the most recent reporting cycle, we decided that the sales for Handbook for Mortals did not meet our criteria for inclusion. We've issued an updated 'Young Adult Hardcover' list for September 3, 2017 which does not include that title."[29] It was uncovered, by author Phil Stamper, that there had been unusual bulk ordering patterns which inflated the number of sales.[30] The book is published by GeekNation, an entertainment website based in Los Angeles.[29] The book was originally written as a script, and was rewritten as a novel in an attempt to launch a movie franchise.[31][32]
In August 2017, conservative publisher Regnery Publishing said it would no longer allow its writers to claim "New York Times best-selling authors" due to its belief the Times favors liberal books on the list. The Times responded the political views of authors have no bearing on the list and noted conservative authors routinely rank highly on the list. The Associated Press noted the Times is a frequent target of conservatives and Republicans.[33] The Washington Post called Regenery's ban a "stunt" designed to increase sales, "What better way to sell a book to a conservative audience than to promote the idea that the New York Times doesn't like it?" The Post compared best seller lists from Publishers Weekly looking for bias and could find none.[34]
Studies[edit]
A Stanford Business School analysis suggests that the "majority of book buyers seem to use the Times' list as a signal of what's worth reading".[35] The study concluded that lesser-known writers get the biggest benefit from being on the list, while perennial best-selling authors, such as John Grisham or Danielle Steel, see no benefit of additional sales.[35]
See also[edit]
Books portal
Bestseller
Lists of The New York Times Fiction Best Sellers
Lists of The New York Times Non-Fiction Best Sellers
Lists of The New York Times Manga Best Sellers
Oprah's Book Club
Publishers Weekly lists of bestselling novels in the United States
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c John Bear, The #1 New York Times Best Seller: intriguing facts about the 484 books that have been #1 New York Times bestsellers since the first list, 50 years ago, Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 1992.
Jump up ^ Rep. Billy Tauzin (R-LA), Chairman, Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection, said "the New York Times best-seller list is widely considered to be one of the most authoritative lists of which books are selling the most in American bookstores" during his Opening Statement for Hearing on H.R. 1858 on June 15, 1999.
Jump up ^ The New York Times, October 12, 1931. 19
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Laura J. Miller (2000). "The Best-Seller List as Marketing Tool and Historical Fiction". In Ezra Greenspan (editor). Book History. Volume Three. Penn State Press. pp. 286–304. ISBN 0271020504. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c Diamond, Edwin (1995). Behind the Times: Inside the New New York Times. p. 364.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pierleoni, Allen (Jan 22, 2012). "Best-sellers lists: How they work and who they (mostly) work for". The Sacramento Bee.
Jump up ^ "Blatty Sue Times on Best-Seller List", from The New York Times, August 29, 1983.
Jump up ^ "About the Best Sellers". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Cowles, Gregory (June 2, 2013). "Inside the List". The New York Times Book Review. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "TBR: Inside the list". The New York Times. February 24, 2008. p. BR26.
Jump up ^ "The New York Times Book Review Best Sellers". The New York Times. January 1, 1984. p. BR28.
Jump up ^ "Best Sellers". The New York Times. December 25, 1983. p. BR13.
Jump up ^ "Bestseller Math". riverdeep.net. November 12, 2001.
Jump up ^ "Up Front". The New York Times Book Review. September 23, 2007. p. 4. it gives more emphasis on the literary novels and short-story collections reviewed so often in our pages
^ Jump up to: a b Bosman, Julie (November 10, 2010). "Times Will Rank E-Book Best Sellers". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ J. E. Fishman, 12 Common Misperceptions About Book Publishing, The Nervous Breakdown, December 1, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Jeff Bercovici (February 22, 2013). "Here's How You Buy Your Way Onto The New York Times Bestsellers List". Forbes. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jeffrey A. Trachtenberg (February 22, 2013). "The Mystery of the Book Sales Spike". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Did Dirty Tricks Create a Best-Seller?". Stern, Willy. August 1995. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
Jump up ^ Who owns the New York Times bestseller list? , by Scott Rosenberg, Salon.com, June 23, 1999
Jump up ^ Amazon.com and The New York Times Settle Legal Dispute Over Use of Times Best Sellers List, Business Wire, August 9, 1999.
Jump up ^ New York Times Bestseller list at Amazon.com.
Jump up ^ Jeff Bercovici (February 22, 2013). "Here's How You Buy Your Way Onto The New York Times Bestsellers List". Forbes. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jeffrey A. Trachtenberg (February 22, 2013). "The Mystery of the Book Sales Spike". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Soren Kaplan (February 2013). "Debunking the Bestseller". Blog. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Carolyn Kellogg (March 6, 2014). "Can bestseller lists be bought?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Julia Fleischaker (March 7, 2014). "Got $200,000? Congratulations, you're a bestselling author.". Melville House Publishing. Retrieved March 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Dylan Byers (July 10, 2015). "Cruz campaign: New York Times is lying about bulk book sales". Politico. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Italie, Hillel (August 26, 2017). "Book Pulled From Best-Seller List". Time. Associated Press. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jessica Roy (August 24, 2017). "Did a YA book buy its way to the top of the New York Times bestseller list?". LA Times. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ha, Thu-Huong (August 30, 2017). "A first-time author unwittingly exposed the house of cards beneath 'bestseller' books". Quartz. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chris Gardner (July 28, 2017). "GeekNation Launches Book Publishing Arm, Partners with Lani Sarem on YA Series 'Handbook for Mortals'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Latest: New York Times Denies List Favors Liberal Books". Associated Press. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Callum Borchers (September 6, 2017). "Why a conservative book publisher’s protest of the New York Times bestsellers list is just a stunt". Washington Post. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Readers Tap Best-Seller List for New Authors". Stanford Business Magazine. February 2005. Archived from the original on 20 September 2006. Retrieved 23 December 2006. See also Alan T. Sorensen, Bestseller Lists and Product Variety: The Case of Book Sales, May 2004.
External links[edit]
The New York Times Best Seller List (current)
The New York Times Best Seller List (historical)
Previous fiction #1 best sellers
Previous non-fiction #1 best sellers
Controversy regarding new children's list
The New York Times Best Seller From Local Library
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values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

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values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

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values: قائمة نيويورك تايمز لأكثر الكتب مبيعا – Arabic

values: The New York Times Best Seller list – German

values: The New York Times Best Seller list – Spanish

values: فهرست کتاب‌های پرفروش نیویورک تایمز – Persian

values: New York Times Best Seller list – French

values: 뉴욕 타임스 베스트셀러 목록 – Korean

values: Daftar Buku Terlaris New York Times – Indonesian

values: The New York Times Best Seller list – Portuguese

values: Список бестселлеров по версии The New York Times – Russian

values: The New York Times Best Seller list – Albanian

values: The New York Times Best Seller list – Simple English

values: อันดับหนังสือขายดีเดอะนิวยอร์กไทมส์ – Thai

values: 紐約時報暢銷書榜 – Chinese

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