text:
Harry Bosch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the Dutch painter, see Hieronymus Bosch.
Hieronymus "Harry" Bosch
Titus Welliver as Harry Bosch
First appearance
The Black Echo (1992)
Created by
Michael Connelly
Portrayed by
Titus Welliver
Information
Full name
Hieronymus Bosch
Gender
Male
Occupation
Detective LAPD, private investigator
Title
Detective III
Spouse(s)
Eleanor (divorced)
Children
Maddie (daughter)
Relatives
Mickey Haller (half-brother)
Nationality
American
Detective Hieronymus "Harry" Bosch (pronounced "He-ron-ee-mus" "Bosh") is a fictional character created by American author Michael Connelly. Bosch debuted as the lead character in the 1992 novel The Black Echo, the first in a best-selling police procedural series now numbering twenty-one novels.
The novels are more or less coincident in time frame with the year in which they were published. Harry, as he is commonly known by his associates, is a veteran police homicide detective with the Los Angeles Police Department. Bosch was named after the 15th century Dutch artist, Hieronymus Bosch.
Since 2015, Titus Welliver has portrayed Bosch in a television series adapted from the novels, called Bosch.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography of the character
1.1 Background
1.2 LAPD career
1.3 Post LAPD career
1.4 Personal characteristics
1.5 Personal firearms
2 Novel series
2.1 Additional appearances
2.1.1 The Mickey Haller series
2.2 Short stories
2.3 Short story collections
3 Television series
4 Notes
5 External links
Biography of the character[edit]
Background[edit]
Bosch's mother was a prostitute in Hollywood and was murdered in 1961 (10/28/61) when Bosch was 11 years old. His father, whom he met later in life, was Mickey Haller, Sr., a prominent defense attorney known for representing mobster Mickey Cohen among other clients. Bosch spent his youth in various orphanages, youth halls, and the occasional foster family. When he learned of his mother's murder, Bosch, then living at a youth hall, dived to the bottom of the pool, screamed until he ran out of air and then swam back to the surface. This event is referenced in several Bosch novels. He joined the United States Army when he was seventeen years old, after getting his foster father to sign the enlistment papers that gave his consent for his minor foster son.
In Vietnam, Bosch was a "tunnel rat" (nicknamed Hari Kari Bosch), with the 1st Infantry Division—a specialized soldier whose job it was to go into the maze of tunnels used as barracks, hospitals, and on some occasions, morgues, by the Vietcong and North Vietnamese Army.[1] While in the enemy tunnels, the Tunnel Rats would kill enemy soldiers they encountered, gather documents for analysis by military intelligence, and then plant C-4 high explosive charges that they would set to detonate after they exited the tunnels. Once, while on R&R leave in Hawaii, Bosch went AWOL but returned to his unit and served two tours of duty in Vietnam.
Bosch has a daughter named Maddie with his ex-wife Eleanor. Maddie spent most of her time with her mother in Hong Kong, where she was a professional gambler and star attraction at a Macau casino. Bosch saw his daughter in person only twice a year. Eleanor had a personal security guard, Sun Yee, who was also her boyfriend. She was killed during an attempt to rescue Maddie from Chinese thugs (detailed in 9 Dragons from 2009). Subsequently, Madddie lives with her father in Los Angeles.
LAPD career[edit]
After his return from Vietnam and an honorable discharge from the Army, Bosch joined the LAPD and rose to the rank of Detective III, a position which entails both investigative and supervisory duties and is the LAPD equivalent of Detective Sergeant.
While in the LAPD, Bosch worked in the prestigious Robbery Homicide Division (RHD) for five years, but was drummed out by an Internal Affairs Division (IAD) investigation involving Bosch's shooting of a suspect (The Dollmaker) who was later linked to nine murders. Following the IAD investigation, which was conducted by Detectives Pierce Lewis and Don Clarke, Bosch was sent to Hollywood Division and assigned to the homicide desk. Lewis and Clarke also investigated Bosch in The Black Echo. At one point, Bosch left the LAPD and worked as a private investigator for three years. He left retirement and returned to the LAPD at the conclusion of The Narrows. After his return, Bosch was assigned to RHD's Open-Unsolved Unit, a cold case squad. Bosch transferred out of Open-Unsolved and into Homicide Special during the time between Echo Park and The Overlook.
During his time in the LAPD as covered in the novels, Bosch was in Hollywood homicide and worked with Frankie Sheehan (Bosch's partner in RHD, who was later murdered in Angels Flight), Jerry Edgar (his longest serving partner) and Kizmin 'Kiz' Rider, the other members of Bosch's team in Hollywood homicide. The 2004 Limited Edition DVD that was available with The Narrows included an excerpt of a speech real-life LAPD Chief William Bratton made at the Police Academy, in which he publicly asked Harry Bosch to return from retirement (Connelly was on the stand behind listening to the speech; see Blue Neon Night: Michael Connelly's Los Angeles). In The Overlook, Connelly gave Bratton an approving endorsement (albeit without using his name) for "raising the morale of the rank and file" and for giving "Bosch his job back" (pp. 145–146 of the Vision paperback edition).
In The Closers, Bosch was once again partnered with Rider, while Edgar remained in Hollywood homicide. Bosch remained partnered with Rider until her transfer to the Chief's office after being shot during Echo Park. During The Overlook, Bosch partnered with Detective Ignacio 'Iggy' Ferras, a younger detective with whom Bosch had not yet developed a solid rapport. In The Drop and The Black Box he is partnered with Detective David Chu. Not a stranger to being second-guessed, Bosch was investigated by the LAPD's IAD multiple times, and was always cleared. In The Burning Room he is partnered with a young detective named Lucia Soto. Bosch is suspended by their unit's commander for a minor violation of departmental procedure after Soto and he cleared a tough homicide case. Bosch is forced take retirement even though the disciplinary case against him is eventually dropped.
Post LAPD career[edit]
In The Crossing Bosch works as an Criminal Defense Investigator for his half-brother Mickey Haller. Bosch’s work helps Mickey clear an innocent man who was wrongfully prosecuted for a crime that he did not commit. Though glad to help clear the man'a name, Bosch did not enjoy working for the defense during the trial. He decides to try something else.
He continues to work as a private investigator in The Wrong Side of Goodbye. He investigates the matter of locating the heir to the estate of a dying billionaire. He also accepts a position as a Reserve Officer working for the city of San Fernando, California Police Department. The chief of the San Fernando P.D. hires Bosch to work as a Detective to utilize Bosch's years of experience with the LAPD. He is partnered with Detective Bella Lourdes. They solve a case involving a series of violent rapes. In Two Kinds of Truth Bosch continues to work as a Detective for the SFPD. He helps clear a double homicide case involving the trafficking of illegal prescription pain killing pharmaceuticals. He also clears his name of wrong doing involving an old LAPD homicide case of his.
Personal characteristics[edit]
Bosch lived in a house on stilts at 7203 Woodrow Wilson Drive[2] in the Hollywood Hills. The money that financed Bosch's home came from a production studio for a TV mini-series in which actor Dan Lacey portrays Bosch in a case the detective had worked that involved a serial killer; Bosch worked as a technical advisor on the mini-series. His house was later damaged during the Northridge earthquake shortly before the book The Last Coyote. After his house was condemned and demolished, he had a new one built on the same road, still facing out over the valley.
Bosch has an active love life, with usually one love interest per book. He has a daughter, who, as of 9 Dragons, is living with him. She had lived with her mother, Harry's ex-wife Eleanor Wish (a former FBI agent, ex-con and professional poker player, whom Bosch met in The Black Echo and married while on a case in Las Vegas. Wish left Bosch in Angels Flight, and was killed in Hong Kong. Recent stories find Bosch linked in a close relationship with FBI agent Rachel Walling. The liaison formulated in The Narrows and heightened romantically during Echo Park, but Walling broke off the relationship at its conclusion. Walling returned in The Overlook on a strictly professional basis, and she has since resumed a relationship with reporter Jack McEvoy. Walling notes in The Scarecrow that her relationship with Bosch broke up in part because Bosch was still in love with Eleanor Wish.
Bosch is left-handed. He stands a few inches short of six feet and is described as wiry. His muscles are like nylon cords, strength concealed by economy of scale. He has a moustache and has brown hair that is by now graying (The Black Echo). Bosch's eyes are the other key aspect of his appearance; they are brown and nearly black, and were mentioned often for this reason in A Darkness More Than Night. Connelly gives a good clue as to how he visualizes Bosch when, in The Overlook, Rachel Walling tells Bosch that "You look like House" (actor Hugh Laurie).
Bosch is always finding himself in conflict with authority, whether with his lieutenant, or a deputy chief of police (specifically Irvin Irving, Bosch's recurring nemesis until forced to retire at the end of The Closers, and now a city councilman), or the FBI. His confrontational side is usually attributed to his strong sense of right and wrong, coupled with little regard for his career. At the end of The Overlook, Connelly states this trait can be described in a single word: "relentless". He also uses this word in Lost Light, describing jazz, and implying reference to his own work and personality.
Bosch has a half-brother, Mickey Haller, a Los Angeles attorney who makes his first appearance in the novel The Lincoln Lawyer, although he briefly appears in a flashback in The Black Ice as a boy. Haller is the legitimate son of the attorney who fathered Bosch. In the second Mickey Haller novel, The Brass Verdict, it is revealed that Harry Bosch has known for years of the relationship, but Haller was unaware of it until the end of the book.[3]
Bosch's namesake, the Dutch painter, was famous for his religious portrayal of earthly sins (mostly debauchery) and their violent consequences. In several of the books there are parallels suggested between the hell in the paintings and the events of the fictional Bosch's life. "Hieronymus" is the Latin form of the male name Jerome, but Connelly has written he used the nickname "Harry" for the character rather than "Jerry" as a tribute to "Dirty" Harry Callahan -- the police officer played in a series of films by Clint Eastwood.[4]
Besides the Connelly series, Harry Bosch has made cameos in several other authors' books. Bosch has appeared in books by Paula Woods, Joe Gores, and Robert Crais.[5] Likewise, during an October 16, 2008 book-signing in San Mateo, California, to promote The Brass Verdict, Michael Connelly informed the audience that Bosch also appeared in a cameo without identification in Connelly's novel Chasing the Dime.
With two exceptions the Bosch novels are narrated in third-person, initially focused entirely on Bosch's point of view. Later novels include occasional scenes from the perspective of other characters, but the overall emphasis is on Bosch. Lost Light (2003), the first novel in the series in which Bosch works as a private investigator, is narrated in the first-person by Bosch, a nod to private detective novels which are traditionally narrated by the investigator. The Narrows (2004), set during Bosch's temporary LAPD retirement is also narrated by Bosch, but The Closers (2005) returns to third-person narration.
Personal firearms[edit]
Bosch carried a revolver in The Black Echo (he had to remove spent cartridges to reload during the S&L shootout) and in following books a "Smith & Wesson". In The Black Ice also he had a right handed Smith & Wesson .44-caliber revolver at home, which was given to him by the father of a murdered girl. He checked this revolver in as his service weapon so that he could smuggle his regular gun into Mexico. Bosch also used a Smith & Wesson Model 5906 9mm which was a popular weapon in the LAPD. He kept a Heckler & Koch P7 9mm semiautomatic pistol in the closet at his house. After the North Hollywood shootout, the LAPD authorised heavier calibre pistols and many officers favoured them. When Bosch retired from the police department, he carried a Glock 27 .40 Caliber semiautomatic subcompact pistol. Upon his return to active duty with the LAPD, he carried a Kimber Ultra Carry II .45 ACP Caliber semiautomatic pistol. In "The Burning Room", Bosch is carrying a Glock 30, .45 ACP caliber, semiautomatic pistol, using the Kimber as a backup gun.
Novel series[edit]
Novel
Partner and associates
Romantic Interest
Occupational Status
Rank
#01 The Black Echo (1992) Det. Jerry 'Jed' Edgar; FBI Special Agent Eleanor Wish Eleanor Wish LAPD Hollywood Division Detective III
#02 The Black Ice (1993) Det. Jerry 'Jed' Edgar; Officer Carlos Aguila of the Mexican State Judicial Police Dr. Theresa Corazon, Sylvia Moore LAPD Hollywood Division Detective III
#03 The Concrete Blonde (1994) Det. Jerry 'Jed' Edgar; RHD Det. Frankie Sheehan Sylvia Moore LAPD Hollywood Division Detective III
#04 The Last Coyote (1995) Carmen Hinojos, LAPD psychologist Jasmine "Jazz" Corian ----- On Involuntary Stress Leave from LAPD Hollywood Division
#05 Trunk Music (1997) Det. Jerry 'Jed' Edgar; Det. Kizmin 'Kiz' Rider; FBI Special Agent Roy Lindell Eleanor Wish LAPD Hollywood Division Detective III
#06 Angels Flight (1999) Det. Jerry 'Jed' Edgar; Det. Kizmin 'Kiz' Rider; IAD Det. John Chastain; FBI Special Agent Roy Lindell Eleanor Wish LAPD Hollywood Division Detective III
#07 A Darkness More Than Night (2001) Fmr. FBI Special Agent Terry McCaleb ----- LAPD Hollywood Division Detective III
#08 City of Bones (2002) Det. Jerry 'Jed' Edgar Julia Brasher † LAPD Hollywood Division Detective III
#09 Lost Light (2003) FBI Special Agent Roy Lindell; Retired LAPD Detective Lawton 'Law' Cross Eleanor Wish LAPD retired Private Investigator
#10 The Narrows (2004) FBI Special Agent Rachel Walling; a sequel from her case with now deceased FBI Special Agent Terry McCaleb in The Poet (1996)[6] Rachel Walling LAPD retired Private Investigator
#11 The Closers (2005) Det. Kizmin 'Kiz' Rider Vicki Landreth LAPD RHD Open-Unsolved Unit Detective III
#12 Echo Park (2006) Det. Kizmin 'Kiz' Rider; FBI Special Agent Rachel Walling Rachel Walling LAPD RHD Open-Unsolved Unit Detective III
#13 The Overlook (2007) Det. Ignacio 'Iggy' Ferras; FBI Special Agent Rachel Walling Rachel Walling LAPD RHD Homicide Special Section Detective III
#14 9 Dragons (2009) Det. Ignacio 'Iggy' Ferras; Det. David Chu; Lawyer Michael 'Mickey' Haller ----- LAPD RHD Homicide Special Section Detective III
#15 The Drop (2011) Det. David Chu Dr. Hannah Stone LAPD RHD Open-Unsolved Unit Detective III
#16 The Black Box (2012) Det. David Chu Dr. Hannah Stone LAPD RHD Open-Unsolved Unit Detective III (working on Deferred Retirement Option Plan)
#17 The Burning Room (2014) Det. Lucia Soto LAPD RHD Open-Unsolved Unit Detective III (working on Deferred Retirement Option Plan)
#18 The Crossing (2015) Lawyer Michael 'Mickey' Haller; Det. Lucia Soto LAPD retired Criminal Defense Investigator
#19 The Wrong Side of Goodbye (2016) Det. Bella Lourdes LAPD retired/Reserve Officer San Fernando PD Private Investigator
#20 Two Kinds of Truth (2017) Medical Board Investigator Jerry 'Jed' Edgar; Det. Bella Lourdes LAPD retired/Reserve Officer San Fernando PD
#21 Dark Sacred Night (2018)[7]
Additional appearances[edit]
Cons, Scams & Grifts, by Joe Gores (2001)
Chasing the Dime (2002), unnamed cameo
The Last Detective, by Robert Crais (2003), unnamed cameo
Strange Bedfellows, by Paula Woods (2006)
The Mickey Haller series[edit]
The Lincoln Lawyer (2005)
The Brass Verdict (2008)
The Reversal (2010)
The Fifth Witness (2011)
The Gods of Guilt (2013)
Short stories[edit]
"Christmas Even" (in Murder...And All That Jazz, 2004)
"Cielo Azul" (in Dangerous Women, 2005)
"Angle of Investigation" (in Plots with Guns, 2005)
"Suicide Run" (in Hollywood and Crime, 2007)
"One Dollar Jackpot" (in Dead Man's Hand, 2007)
"Father's Day" (in the Blue Religion, 2008)
"Blue on Black" (in Hook, Line & Sinister, 2010)
"Blood Washes Off" (in the Rich and the Dead, 2011)
"Switchblade" (epublished in January 2014)
"Red Eye" (in FaceOff, 2014)
"The Crooked Man" (in "In the Company of Sherlock Holmes", 2015)
Short story collections[edit]
Angle of Investigation (2011), includes "Christmas Even", "Father's Day", and the eponymous "Angle of Investigation"[8]
Suicide Run (2011), includes "Suicide Run", "Cielo Azul", and "One Dollar Jackpot"[9]
Television series[edit]
Main article: Bosch (TV series)
In February 2015, Amazon Prime showed the series Bosch, based on the novels. The ten-episode series starred Titus Welliver as Harry Bosch, with Annie Wersching and Jamie Hector co-starring as Officer Julia Brasher and Det. Jerry Edgar respectively. Henrik Bastin of Fabrik Entertainment produced and Jim McKay directed. The series followed Bosch "as he pursues the killer of a 12-year-old boy while standing trial in federal court on accusations that he murdered a suspected serial killer in cold blood."[10]
According to Connelly, a number of changes were made "to the world of Harry Bosch ... in making the shift from page to screen". Bosch is born nearly 20 years later, so that events can happen in the current time, like they once did in the books. In the series, Harry "is 47 years old and a veteran of the first Gulf War in 1991, where he was part of a Special Forces team that cleared tunnels. He has now been a police officer for twenty years with a one-year exception when he re-upped with the Army after 9/11, as many LAPD officers did. He came back to the force after serving in Afghanistan and again encountering tunnel warfare."[11]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Michael Connelly, The Black Echo, Little, Brown and Company, 1992, page 88.
Jump up ^ Michael Connelly - the Reversal ISBN 978-1-4555-5447-8 (pbk.)
Jump up ^ Excerpts from The Brass Verdict
Jump up ^ Otto Penzler (editor) The lineup: the world's greatest crime writers tell the inside story of their greatest detectives. Little, Brown (2009)
Jump up ^ The Wall Street Journal Online - Leisure & Arts
Jump up ^ From the author's website
Jump up ^ From the author's website
Jump up ^ "Angle of Investigation"
Jump up ^ "Suicide Run"
Jump up ^ "Prime Instant Video Greenlights First-Ever Drama Pilots"
Jump up ^ Michael Connelly - Bosch TV
External links[edit]
Michael Connelly's Official Web Site
hide
v
t
e
Novels by Michael Connelly
Harry Bosch series
The Black Echo (1992)
The Black Ice (1993)
The Concrete Blonde (1994)
The Last Coyote (1995)
Trunk Music (1997)
Angels Flight (1999)
A Darkness More Than Night (2001)
City of Bones (2002)
Lost Light (2003)
The Narrows (2004)
The Closers (2005)
Echo Park (2006)
The Overlook (2007)
9 Dragons (2009)
The Drop (2011)
The Black Box (2012)
The Burning Room (2014)
The Crossing (2015)
The Wrong Side of Goodbye (2016)
Mickey Haller series
The Lincoln Lawyer (2005)
The Brass Verdict (2008)
The Reversal (2010)
The Fifth Witness (2011)
The Gods of Guilt (2013)
Jack McEvoy series
The Poet (1996)
The Scarecrow (2009)
Other novels
Blood Work (1998)
Void Moon (2000)
Chasing the Dime (2002)
Adaptations
Blood Work (2002)
The Lincoln Lawyer (2011)
Bosch (2015)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Bosch&oldid=850293424"
Categories:
Harry Bosch series
Fictional Vietnam War veterans
Fictional Los Angeles Police Department detectives
Fictional characters from Los Angeles
Fictional detectives
Fictional orphans
Michael Connelly characters
Characters in American novels of the 20th century
Characters in American novels of the 21st century
Fictional characters introduced in 1992
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Brezhoneg
Čeština
Español
Français
Italiano
עברית
日本語
Norsk
Suomi
Svenska
3 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 July 2018, at 00:04 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: i

values:
infobox
width:22em;border-spacing: 2px 5px;

values:
/wiki/Fictional_character
mw-redirect
Fictional character

values: Edit section: Biography of the character

values:
/wiki/Tunnel_rat_(military)
mw-redirect
Tunnel rat (military)

values:
/wiki/North_Vietnamese_Army
mw-redirect
North Vietnamese Army

values:
/wiki/Detective_Sergeant
mw-redirect
Detective Sergeant

values:
/wiki/Cold_case_(criminology)
mw-redirect
Cold case (criminology)

values:
/wiki/Hachette_Book_Group_USA
mw-redirect
Hachette Book Group USA

values:
/wiki/Northridge_earthquake
mw-redirect
Northridge earthquake

values:
/wiki/9_Dragons_(novel)
mw-redirect
9 Dragons (novel)

values:
/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada
mw-redirect
Las Vegas, Nevada

values:
/wiki/Kimber_Ultra_Carry_II
mw-redirect
Kimber Ultra Carry II

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Terry_McCaleb
mw-redirect
Terry McCaleb

values:
/wiki/The_Closers
mw-redirect
The Closers

values:
/wiki/The_Drop_(novel)
mw-redirect
The Drop (novel)

values: The Crossing (Connelly novel) (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
http://www.michaelconnelly.com/
external text

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Fictional Los Angeles Police Department detectives

values: Category:Fictional characters from Los Angeles

values: Category:Characters in American novels of the 20th century

values: Category:Characters in American novels of the 21st century

values: Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1992

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Harry_Bosch
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: הארי בוש – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ハリー・ボッシュ・シリーズ – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Harry_Bosch rootpage-Harry_Bosch skin-vector action-view