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Essenes
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The Essenes (in Modern Hebrew: אִסִּיִים, Isiyim; Greek: Ἐσσηνοί, Ἐσσαῖοι, or Ὀσσαῖοι, Essenoi, Essaioi, Ossaioi) were a sect of Second Temple Judaism that flourished from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE which some scholars claim seceded from the Zadokite priests.[1] Being much fewer in number than the Pharisees and the Sadducees (the other two major sects at the time), the Essenes lived in various cities but congregated in communal life dedicated to asceticism (some groups practised celibacy), voluntary poverty, and daily immersion. Many separate but related religious groups of that era shared similar mystic, eschatological, messianic, and ascetic beliefs. These groups are collectively referred to by various scholars as the "Essenes." Josephus records that Essenes existed in large numbers, and thousands lived throughout Roman Judaea.
The Essenes have gained fame in modern times as a result of the discovery of an extensive group of religious documents known as the Dead Sea Scrolls, which are commonly believed to be the Essenes' library—although not conclusive. These documents preserve multiple copies of parts of the Hebrew Bible untouched from possibly as early as 300 BCE until their discovery in 1946. Some scholars dispute the notion that the Essenes wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls.[2] Rachel Elior questions even the existence of the Essenes.[3][4][5]
The first reference is by the Roman writer Pliny the Elder (died c. 79 CE) in his Natural History.[6] Pliny relates in a few lines that the Essenes do not marry, possess no money, and had existed for thousands of generations. Unlike Philo, who did not mention any particular geographical location of the Essenes other than the whole land of Israel, Pliny places them in Ein Gedi, next to the Dead Sea.
A little later, Josephus gave a detailed account of the Essenes in The Jewish War (c. 75 CE), with a shorter description in Antiquities of the Jews (c. 94 CE) and The Life of Flavius Josephus (c. 97 CE). Claiming first hand knowledge, he lists the Essenoi as one of the three sects of Jewish philosophy[7] alongside the Pharisees and the Sadducees. He relates the same information concerning piety, celibacy, the absence of personal property and of money, the belief in communality, and commitment to a strict observance of Sabbath. He further adds that the Essenes ritually immersed in water every morning, ate together after prayer, devoted themselves to charity and benevolence, forbade the expression of anger, studied the books of the elders, preserved secrets, and were very mindful of the names of the angels kept in their sacred writings.
Pliny, also a geographer, located them in the desert near the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea, where the Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Name
2 Location
3 Rules, customs, theology, and beliefs
4 Scholarly discussion
5 Connections with Kabbalah
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Name[edit]
Josephus uses the name Essenes in his two main accounts[9][10] but some manuscripts read here Essaion; "holding the Essenes in honour";[11] "a certain Essene named Manaemus";[12] "to hold all Essenes in honor";[13] "the Essenes").[14][15][16]
In several places, however, Josephus has Essaios, which is usually assumed to mean Essene ("Judas of the Essaios race";[17] "Simon of the Essaios race";[18] "John the Essaios";[19] "those who are called by us Essaioi";[20] "Simon a man of the Essaios race").[21] Josephus identified the Essenes as one of the three major Jewish sects of that period.[22]
Philo's usage is Essaioi, although he admits this Greek form of the original name that according to his etymology signifies "holiness" to be inexact.[23] Pliny's Latin text has Esseni.[6][24]
Gabriele Boccaccini implies that a convincing etymology for the name Essene has not been found, but that the term applies to a larger group within Palestine that also included the Qumran community.[25]
It was proposed before the Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered that the name came into several Greek spellings from a Hebrew self-designation later found in some Dead Sea Scrolls, 'osey hatorah, "observers of torah".[26] Although dozens of etymology suggestions have been published, this is the only etymology published before 1947 that was confirmed by Qumran text self-designation references, and it is gaining acceptance among scholars.[27] It is recognized as the etymology of the form Ossaioi (and note that Philo also offered an O spelling) and Essaioi and Esseni spelling variations have been discussed by VanderKam, Goranson, and others. In medieval Hebrew (e.g. Sefer Yosippon) Hassidim ("the pious ones") replaces "Essenes". While this Hebrew name is not the etymology of Essaioi/Esseni, the Aramaic equivalent Hesi'im known from Eastern Aramaic texts has been suggested.[28] Others suggest that Essene is a transliteration of the Hebrew word chitzonim (chitzon=outside), which the Mishna (e.g. Megila 4:8) uses to describe various sectarian groups. Another theory is that the name was borrowed from a cult of devotees to Artemis in Asia Minor, whose demeanor and dress somewhat resembled those of the group in Judaea.[29]
Flavius Josephus in Chapter 8 of "The Jewish War" states:
2.(119)For there are three philosophical sects among the Jews. The followers of the first of which are the Pharisees; of the second, the Sadducees; and the third sect, which pretends to a severer discipline, are called Essenes. These last are Jews by birth, and seem to have a greater affection for each other than other sects have."[30]
Location[edit]
Remains of part of the main building at Qumran.
According to Josephus, the Essenes had settled "not in one city" but "in large numbers in every town".[31] Philo speaks of "more than four thousand" Essaioi living in "Palestine and Syria",[32] more precisely, "in many cities of Judaea and in many villages and grouped in great societies of many members".[33]
Pliny locates them "on the west side of the Dead Sea, away from the coast... [above] the town of Engeda".[24]
Some modern scholars and archaeologists have argued that Essenes inhabited the settlement at Qumran, a plateau in the Judean Desert along the Dead Sea, citing Pliny the Elder in support, and giving credence that the Dead Sea Scrolls are the product of the Essenes. This theory, though not yet conclusively proven, has come to dominate the scholarly discussion and public perception of the Essenes.[34] Part of the Dead Sea Scrolls that have been discovered is a small fragment known as the "Son of God text" or 4Q246.
Rules, customs, theology, and beliefs[edit]
The accounts by Josephus and Philo show that the Essenes led a strictly communal life – often compared to later Christian monasticism.[35] Many of the Essene groups appear to have been celibate, but Josephus speaks also of another "order of Essenes" that observed the practice of being engaged for three years and then becoming married.[36] According to Josephus, they had customs and observances such as collective ownership,[37][38] electing a leader to attend to the interests of the group, and obedience to the orders from their leader.[39] Also, they were forbidden from swearing oaths[40] and from sacrificing animals.[41] They controlled their tempers and served as channels of peace,[40] carrying weapons only for protection against robbers.[42] The Essenes chose not to possess slaves but served each other[43] and, as a result of communal ownership, did not engage in trading.[44] Josephus and Philo provide lengthy accounts of their communal meetings, meals and religious celebrations.
After a total of three years' probation,[45] newly joining members would take an oath that included the commitment to practice piety towards God (το θειον) and righteousness towards humanity, to maintain a pure lifestyle, to abstain from criminal and immoral activities, to transmit their rules uncorrupted and to preserve the books of the Essenes and the names of the Angels.[46] Their theology included belief in the immortality of the soul and that they would receive their souls back after death.[15][47] Part of their activities included purification by water rituals, which was supported by rainwater catchment and storage.
Ritual purification was a common practice among the peoples of Judea during this period and was thus not specific to the Essenes. Ritual baths are found near many Synagogues of the period.[48] Purity and cleanliness was considered so important to the Essenes that they would refrain from defecation on the Sabbath.[49]
According to Joseph Lightfoot the Church Father Epiphanius (writing in the 4th century CE) seems to make a distinction between two main groups within the Essenes:[28] "Of those that came before his [Elxai, an Ossaean prophet] time and during it, the Ossaeans and the Nazarean."[50] Epiphanius describes each group as following:
The Nazarean – they were Jews by nationality – originally from Gileaditis, Bashanitis and the Transjordan... They acknowledged Moses and believed that he had received laws – not this law, however, but some other. And so, they were Jews who kept all the Jewish observances, but they would not offer sacrifice or eat meat. They considered it unlawful to eat meat or make sacrifices with it. They claim that these Books are fictions, and that none of these customs were instituted by the fathers. This was the difference between the Nazarean and the others...[51]
After this Nazarean sect in turn comes another closely connected with them, called the Ossaeans. These are Jews like the former... originally came from Nabataea, Ituraea, Moabitis, and Arielis, the lands beyond the basin of what sacred scripture called the Salt Sea... Though it is different from the other six of these seven sects, it causes schism only by forbidding the books of Moses like the Nazarean.[50]
If it is correct to identify the community at Qumran with the Essenes (and claim that the community at Qumran are the authors of the Dead Sea Scrolls), then according to the Dead Sea Scrolls the Essenes' community school was called "Yahad" (meaning "community") in order to differentiate themselves from the rest of the Jews who are repeatedly labeled "The Breakers of the Covenant".
Scholarly discussion[edit]
Josephus and Philo discuss the Essenes in detail. Most scholars believe that the community at Qumran that allegedly produced the Dead Sea Scrolls was an offshoot of the Essenes; however, this theory has been disputed by some, for example, Norman Golb argues that the primary research on the Qumran documents and ruins (by Father Roland de Vaux, from the École Biblique et Archéologique de Jérusalem) lacked scientific method, and drew wrong conclusions that comfortably entered the academic canon. For Golb, the amount of documents is too extensive and includes many different writing styles and calligraphies; the ruins seem to have been a fortress, used as a military base for a very long period of time – including the 1st century – so they could not have been inhabited by the Essenes; and the large graveyard excavated in 1870, just 50 metres east of the Qumran ruins was made of over 1200 tombs that included many women and children – Pliny clearly wrote that the Essenes who lived near the Dead Sea "had not one woman, had renounced all pleasure ... and no one was born in their race". Golb's book presents observations about de Vaux's premature conclusions and their uncontroverted acceptance by the general academic community. He states that the documents probably stemmed from various libraries in Jerusalem, kept safe in the desert from the Roman invasions.[52] Other scholars refute these arguments—particularly since Josephus describes some Essenes as allowing marriage.[53]
Another issue is the relationship between the Essaioi and Philo's Therapeutae and Therapeutrides. He regarded the Therapeutae as a contemplative branch of the Essaioi who, he said, pursued an active life.[54]
One theory on the formation of the Essenes suggests that the movement was founded by a Jewish high priest, dubbed by the Essenes the Teacher of Righteousness, whose office had been usurped by Jonathan (of priestly but not of Zadokite lineage), labeled the "man of lies" or "false priest".[4][5] Others follow this line and a few argue that the Teacher of Righteousness was not only the leader of the Essenes at Qumran, but was also identical to the original Jesus [Essa] about 150 years before the time of the Gospels.[34] Fred Gladstone Bratton notes that
The Teacher of Righteousness of the Scrolls would seem to be a prototype of Jesus, for both spoke of the New Covenant; they preached a similar gospel; each was regarded as a Savior or Redeemer; and each was condemned and put to death by reactionary factions... We do not know whether Jesus was an Essene, but some scholars feel that he was at least influenced by them.[55]
Lawrence Schiffman has argued that the Qumran community may be called Sadducean, and not Essene, since their legal positions retain a link with Sadducean tradition.[56]
The Saint Thomas Christians ("Nasrani") of southwestern India may have connections with the Essenes, according to the Manimekalai, one of the great Tamil epic poems, which refers to a people called "Issani".[57]
Connections with Kabbalah[edit]
According to a Jewish legend, one of the Essenes, named Menachem, had passed at least some of his mystical knowledge to the Talmudic mystic Nehunya ben HaKanah,[58] to whom the Kabbalistic tradition attributes Sefer HaBahir and, by some opinions, Sefer HaKanah, Sefer HaPeliah, and Sefer HaTemunah. Some Essene rituals, such as daily immersion in the mikveh, coincide with contemporary Hasidic practices; some historians have also suggested that the name "Essene" is a Hellenized form of the word "Hasidim" or "Hasid" ("pious ones").[citation needed] However, the legendary connections between Essene and Kabbalistic tradition are not verified by modern historians.
See also[edit]
Boethusians
Ctistae
Dead Sea Scrolls
Hellenistic Judaism
Jewish vegetarianism
Qumran
Qumran-Essene hypothesis
Rosicrucianism
Therapeutae
Vegetarianism and religion
References[edit]
Jump up ^ F.F. Bruce, Second Thoughts on the Dead Sea Scrolls. Paternoster Press, 1956.
Jump up ^ Hillel Newman, Ph.D Bar Ilan University: Proximity to Power and Jewish Sectarian Groups of the Ancient Period Brill ISBN 90-04-14699-7.
Jump up ^ Ilani, Ofri (13 March 2009). "Scholar: The Essenes, Dead Sea Scroll 'authors,' never existed". Haaretz. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b McGirk, Tim (16 March 2009). "Scholar Claims Dead Sea Scrolls 'Authors' Never Existed". Time. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rachel Elior Responds to Her Critics". Jim West. 15 March 2009. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2009. [unreliable source?]
^ Jump up to: a b Pliny the Elder. Historia Naturalis. V, 17 or 29; in other editions V, (15).73. Ab occidente litora Esseni fugiunt usque qua nocent, gens sola et in toto orbe praeter ceteras mira, sine ulla femina, omni venere abdicata, sine pecunia, socia palmarum. in diem ex aequo convenarum turba renascitur, large frequentantibus quos vita fessos ad mores eorum fortuna fluctibus agit. ita per saeculorum milia — incredibile dictu — gens aeterna est, in qua nemo nascitur. tam fecunda illis aliorum vitae paenitentia est! infra hos Engada oppidum fuit, secundum ab Hierosolymis fertilitate palmetorumque nemoribus, nunc alterum bustum. inde Masada castellum in rupe, et ipsum haut procul Asphaltite. et hactenus Iudaea est. cf. English translation.
Jump up ^ Josephus (c. 75). The Wars of the Jews. 2.119.
Jump up ^ Barthélemy, D.; Milik, J.T.; de Vaux, Roland; Crowfoot, G.M.; Plenderleith, Harold; Harding, G.L. (1997) [1955]. "Introductory: The Discovery". Qumran Cave 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-19-826301-5. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Josephus. The Wars of the Jews. 2.119, 158, 160.
Jump up ^ Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 13.171-2.</refAntiquities of the Jews. 13.311.
Jump up ^ Josephus (c. 94). Antiquities of the Jews. 15.372.
Jump up ^ Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 15.373.
Jump up ^ Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 15.378.
Jump up ^ Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 18.11.
^ Jump up to: a b Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 18.18.
Jump up ^ Josephus. The Life of Flavius Josephus. 10.
Jump up ^ Josephus. The Wars of the Jews. I.78.
Jump up ^ Josephus. The Wars of the Jews. 2.113.
Jump up ^ Josephus. The Wars of the Jews. 2.567; 3.11.
Jump up ^ Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 15.371.
Jump up ^ Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 17.346.
Jump up ^ And when I was about sixteen years old, I had a mind to make trial of the several sects that were among us. These sects are three: - The first is that of the Pharisees, the second that Sadducees, and the third that of the Essenes, as we have frequently told you - The Life of Josephus Flavius, 2.
Jump up ^ Philo. Quod Omnis Probus Liber. XII.75-87.
^ Jump up to: a b Pliny the Elder. Natural History. 5.73.
Jump up ^ Boccaccini, Gabriele (1998). Beyond the Essene hypothesis: the parting of the ways between Qumran and Enochic Judaism. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 47. ISBN 0-8028-4360-3. OCLC 37837643.
Jump up ^ Goranson, Stephen (1999). "Others and Intra-Jewish Polemic as Reflected in Qumran Texts". In Peter W. Flint and James C. VanderKam. The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years: A Comprehensive Assessment. 2. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 534–551. ISBN 90-04-11061-5. OCLC 230716707. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ For example, James C. VanderKam, "Identity and History of the Community". In The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years: A Comprehensive Assessment, ed. Peter W. Flint and James C. VanderKam, 2:487–533. Leiden: Brill, 1999. The earliest known proposer of this etymology was P. Melanchthon, in Johann Carion, Chronica, 1532, folio 68 verso. Among the other proposers before 1947, e.g., 1839 Isaak Jost, "Die Essaer," Israelitische Annalen 19, 145–7.
^ Jump up to: a b Lightfoot, Joseph Barber. "On Some Points Connected with the Essenes". St. Paul's epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon: a revised text with introductions, notes, and dissertations. London: Macmillan Publishers. OCLC 6150927. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Essenes, Lawrence H. Schiffman, Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls, Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia, 1994.
Jump up ^ Whiston and Maier, 1999, "The Jewish War" - Chapter 8, p.736
Jump up ^ Josephus (c. 75). The Wars of the Jews. 2.124.
Jump up ^ Philo (c. 20–54). Quod Omnis Probus Liber. XII.75.
Jump up ^ Philo. Hypothetica. 11.1. in Eusebius. Praeparatio Evangelica. VIII.
^ Jump up to: a b Ellegård, Alvar; Jesus – One Hundred Years Before Christ: A Study in Creative Mythology, (London 1999).
Jump up ^ The suggestion apparently goes back to Flinders Petrie's Personal religion in Egypt before Christianity (1909), 62ff; see William Herbert Mackean, Christian Monasticism in Egypt to the Close of the Fourth Century (1920), p. 18.
Jump up ^ Josephus (c. 75). The Wars of the Jews. book II, chap.8, para.13.
Jump up ^ Josephus (c. 75). The Wars of the Jews. 2.122.
Jump up ^ Josephus (c. 94). Antiquities of the Jews. 18.20.
Jump up ^ Josephus (c. 75). The Wars of the Jews. 2.123, 134.
^ Jump up to: a b Josephus (c. 75). The Wars of the Jews. 2.135.
Jump up ^ Philo, §75: ου ζωα καταθυοντες [= not sacrificing animals]
Jump up ^ Josephus (c. 75). The Wars of the Jews. 2.125.
Jump up ^ Josephus (c. 94). Antiquities of the Jews. 18.21.
Jump up ^ Josephus (c. 75). The Wars of the Jews. 2.127.
Jump up ^ Josephus (c. 75). The Wars of the Jews. 2.137–138. Josephus' mention of the three-year duration of the Essene probation may be compared with the phased character of the entrance procedure in the Qumran Rule of the Community [1QS; at least two years plus an indeterminate initial catechetical phase, 1QS VI]. The provisional surrender of property required at the beginning of the last year of the novitiate derives from actual social experience of the difficulties of sharing property in a fully communitarian setting, cf. Brian J. Capper, 'The Interpretation of Acts 5.4', Journal for the Study of the New Testament 19 (1983) pp. 117-131; idem, '"In der Hand des Ananias." Erwägungen zu 1QS VI,20 und der urchristlichen Gütergemeinschaft', Revue de Qumran 12(1986) 223-236; Eyal Regev, "Comparing Sectarian Practice and Organization: The Qumran Sect in Light of the Regulations of the Shakers, Hutterites, Mennonites and Amish", Numen 51 (2004), pp. 146-181.
Jump up ^ Josephus (c. 75). The Wars of the Jews. 2.139–142.
Jump up ^ Josephus (c. 75). The Wars of the Jews. 2.153–158.
Jump up ^ Kittle, Gerhardt. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Volume 7. pp. 814, note 99.
Jump up ^ Dundes, A. (2002). The Shabbat Elevator and other Sabbath Subterfuges: An Unorthodox Essay on Circumventing Custom and Jewish Character. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 109. ISBN 9781461645603. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 378). Panarion. 1:19.
Jump up ^ Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 378). Panarion. 1:18.
Jump up ^ Golb, Norman (1996). Who wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls?: the search for the secret of Qumran. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80692-4. OCLC 35047608. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Josephus, Flavius. Jewish War, Book II. Chapter 8, Paragraph 13.
Jump up ^ Philo. De Vita Contemplativa. I.1.
Jump up ^ Bratton, Fred Gladstone. 1967. A History of the Bible. Boston: Beacon Press, 79-80.
Jump up ^ James VanderKam and Peter Flint, The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls, p.251.
Jump up ^ Manimekalai, by Merchant Prince Shattan, Gatha 27
Jump up ^ Kaplan, Aryeh (1997) [1990]. Sefer Yetzirah: The book of Creation (2nd ed.). York Beach, Maine: Red Wheel Weiser Conari. xvii. ISBN 0-87728-855-0. OCLC 36017140.
Further reading[edit]
This "further reading" section may contain inappropriate and/or excessive suggestions. Please ensure that only a reasonable number of balanced, topical, reliable, and notable further reading suggestions are given. Consider utilising appropriate texts as inline sources or creating a separate bibliography article. (April 2017)
Alexander, David; Alexander, Pat (1983). The Lion handbook to the Bible. Tring: Lion Hudson. ISBN 0-86760-271-6.
Baldwin, James (1995) [1963]. The fire next time. New York City: Modern Library. ISBN 0-679-60151-1.
Bauer, Walter; Kraft, Robert A. (1996) [1971]. Orthodoxy and heresy in earliest Christianity. Mifflintown, Pennsylvania: Sigler Press. ISBN 0-9623642-7-4.
Bennett, Chris; Osburn, Lynn; Osburn, Judy (1995). Green gold the tree of life: marijuana in magic & religion. Frazier Park, California: Access Unlimited. ISBN 0-9629872-2-0.
Bergmeier, Roland (1993). Die Essener-Berichte des Flavius Josephus: Quellenstudien zu den Essenertexten im Werk des judischen Historiographen. Kampen, Germany: Kok Pharos Publishing House. ISBN 90-390-0014-X.
Bultmann, Rudolf (1987). "Significance of the Historical Jesus for the Theology of Paul". Faith and understanding. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress. ISBN 0-8006-3202-8.
Burns, Joshua Ezra (2006). "Essene Sectarianism and Social Differentiation in Judaea After 70 C.E". Harvard Theological Review. 99 (3): 247–74. doi:10.1017/S0017816006001246.
Durant, Will (1993). Caesar and Christ. MJF Books. ISBN 5-552-12435-9.
Eisenman, Robert H. (1997). James, the brother of Jesus: the key to unlocking the secrets of early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York City: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-86932-5.
Ewing, Upton Clary (1994) [1963]. The prophet of the Dead Sea Scrolls: the Essenes and the Early Christians, one and the same holy people: their seven devout practices. Tree of Life Publications. ISBN 0-930852-26-5. OCLC 30358890.
Ewing, Upton Clary (1961). The Essene Christ. New York City: Philosophical Library. OCLC 384703.
Legge, Francis (1964). Forerunners and rivals of Christianity, from 330 B.C. to 330 A.D. New Hyde Park, New York: University Books. LCCN 64024125. OCLC 381558.
Golb, Norman (1995). Who wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls?: the search for the secret of Qumran. New York City: Scribner. ISBN 0-02-544395-X. OCLC 31009916.
Lewis, Harvey Spencer (1997) [1929]. Mystical Life of Jesus. San Jose, California: Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis. ISBN 0-912057-46-7. OCLC 43629126.
Koester, Helmut (1971). "The Theological Aspects of Primitive Christian Heresy". In James McConkey Robinson. The Future of our religious past: essays in honour of Rudolf Bultmann. New York City: Harper & Row. OCLC 246558.
Larson, Martin Alfred (1977). The story of Christian origins: or, The sources and establishment of Western religion. Washington: J.J. Binns. ISBN 0-88331-090-2. OCLC 2810217.
Larson, Martin Alfred (1967). The Essene heritage: or, The teacher of the scrolls and the gospel Christ. New York City: Philosophical Library. OCLC 712416.
Lillie, Arthur (1887). Buddhism in Christendom, or, Jesus, the Essene. 1 Paternoster Square, London: Kegan Paul & Co.
Sanders, E. P. (1992). Judaism: practice and belief, 63 BCE–66 CE. London: SCM Press. ISBN 1-56338-015-3. OCLC 243725142. [page needed]
Savoy, Gene (1980) [1978]. The Essaei Document: Secrets of an Eternal Race: Codicil to The Decoded New Testament. Reno, Nevada: International Community of Christ. ISBN 0-936202-03-3. OCLC 13952564.
Schiffman, Lawrence H. (1991). From text to tradition: a history of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism. New York City: Ktav Pub. House. pp. 113–116. ISBN 0-88125-372-3. OCLC 23733614.
Schonfield, Hugh J. (1984). The Essene Odyssey: The Mystery of the True Teacher and the Essene Impact on the Shaping of Human Destiny. Tisbury: Element Books. ISBN 0-906540-49-6. OCLC 12223220.
Schonfield, Hugh J. (1991) [1968]. Those Incredible Christians. Tisbury: Element Books. ISBN 0-906540-71-2. OCLC 13536522.
Shaw, George Bernard (2004) [1912]. Androcles and The Lion. Fairfield, Iowa: 1st World Library - Literary Society. ISBN 1-59540-237-3. OCLC 63203922.
Smith, Enid S. (October 1959). "The Essenes Who Changed Churchianity". Rays from the Rose Cross.
Vaclavik, Charles P. (1986). The vegetarianism of Jesus Christ. Three Rivers, California: Kaweah Publishing Company. ISBN 0-945146-00-0. OCLC 26054343.
Vermes, Geza; Goodman, Martin. The Essenes According to the Classical Sources. JSOT on behalf of the Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studie: Sheffield, 1989.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Essenes
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Essenes.
Catholic Encyclopedia: Essenes
Jewish Encyclopedia: Essenes
Essenes and Others: argues that the Hebrew original form of the name later spelled "Essenes" is in some Qumran scrolls as a self-designation.
"Jannaeus, His Brother Absalom, and Judah the Essene" Stephen Goranson, identities of Wicked Priest and Teacher of Righteousness, relevant to history of the Essenes
Thematically compiled comparison of the parallels in the ancient sources
The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls/ Essenes
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Essenes&oldid=805696297"
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text:
Whole Again
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Whole Again"
Single by Atomic Kitten
from the album Right Now
B-side
"Locomotion"
"Holiday"
Released
29 January 2001
Format
CD single, cassette
Recorded
Motor Museum Studios, Liverpool, England
Genre
Pop, disco
Length
3:03
Label
Virgin
Songwriter(s)
Andy McCluskey, Stuart Kershaw, Jem Godfrey, Bill Padley
Producer(s)
Engine
Atomic Kitten singles chronology
"Follow Me"
(2000) "Whole Again"
(2001) "Eternal Flame"
(2001)
"Follow Me"
(2000) "Whole Again"
(2001) "Eternal Flame"
(2001)
Audio sample
file
help
"Whole Again" is the fifth single released from British pop girl group Atomic Kitten's debut album, Right Now (2000). It is the group's biggest selling single to date and was the final single to feature founding member Kerry Katona, who left the group midway through promoting the single. "Whole Again" was the first single released from the album in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. It was a massive success, reaching number one in several countries, and selling over a million copies in the UK alone.[1]
"Whole Again" was co-written by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) members and Atomic Kitten founders Andy McCluskey and Stuart Kershaw, who achieved their only UK number one single with the track. The song's writers were nominated for the Ivor Novello Award for excellence in songwriting,[2] and Billboard ranked the track #96 on their list of the "100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time".[3] Multiple artists, including OMD, have covered the song.
Following the departure of Katona, she was replaced a few days later by Jenny Frost, just after the single reached number one in the UK. As a result, the music video was reshot and Frost's vocals appeared on the reissue of Right Now.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Music video
3 Track listing
3.1 Official versions
4 Credits and personnel
5 Chart performance
6 Charts and certifications
6.1 Charts
6.2 End-of-decade positions
6.3 Year-end charts
6.4 Certifications
7 Cover versions
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Following the failures of previous single "Follow Me" and the initial release of their debut album, Right Now,[4] Atomic Kitten persuaded Virgin Records to release the single as a last-ditch attempt to keep their record deal. They were given a shoe-string budget for the single's release with a basic video and previous photo shoots used for cover artwork. During promotion for the single, band member Kerry Katona announced her pregnancy and subsequent decision to leave the group. With the single's release imminent, the group opted to recruit Jenny Frost as a replacement and continued their promotional campaign. Surprisingly the single was a massive success, beating U2 to the number one spot on the UK Singles Chart and remaining there for four consecutive weeks.
In a rare Asian pressing of their Right Now album, the song "Whole Again" features all lines spoken by Katona with only the chorus sung by the girls which was taken from the Japanese version of Right Now. The original version of Right Now features Katona's vocals; however, the reissue of the album features new vocals by Jenny Frost. This version has since replaced Katona's version for radio airplay, and it was subsequently issued as a bonus track on international versions of the group's second album, Feels So Good.
The first line of the song is identical to that of "Walk on By" by Bacharach and David.
Music video[edit]
The music video for "Whole Again" was filmed on a very small budget due to the commercial failure of previous single "Follow Me". It features the women singing in front of a plain white background – similar to the video for the Sugababes' debut single "Overload". The original version of the video includes Kerry Katona, who had left the group just before the song's release. Much of the video was subsequently reshot to feature new member Jenny Frost.[5]
As a result of the single's huge success in many international markets, a second music video was filmed for the U.S. release with a much larger budget. This version features the three women walking through the streets in Downtown Los Angeles and walking out into the countryside, gradually picking up more people along the way. The video ends with the camera zooming out on the field for Atomic Kitten's old logo is invisible in a shape of a kitten. The U.S. single release never materialised in the wake of the September 11 attacks, but the video can often be seen on British music television channels.[citation needed]
Track listing[edit]
UK CD1
"Whole Again" – 3:03
"Holiday" – 3:13
"Whole Again" (Whirlwind Mix) – 3:05
UK CD2
"Whole Again" – 3:03
"Whole Again" (Original Version) – 3:19
"Locomotion" – 3:32
UK Cassette
"Whole Again" – 3:03
"Locomotion" – 3:32
Official versions[edit]
Whole Again (Original Japanese Album Version) - 3:18
Whole Again (2000 UK Album Version) - 3:06
Whole Again (2001 UK Album Version) - 3:06
Whole Again ("Feels So Good" Version, 2002) - 3:06
Whole Again (Whirlwind Mix) - 3:06
Whole Again (M*A*S*H Radio Mix) - 3:51
Whole Again (M*A*S*H Master Mix) - 7:16
Credits and personnel[edit]
Lyrics and Music Bill Padley, Stuart Kershaw, Andy McCluskey and Jem Godfrey
Producer Engine/Padley & Godfrey
Vocals Natasha Hamilton, Liz McClarnon and Kerry Katona
Vocals (Reissue) Natasha Hamilton, Liz McClarnon and Jenny Frost
Vocals (Japanese edition) Kerry Katona, Natasha Hamilton and Liz McClarnon
Album Right Now
Chart performance[edit]
The single debuted at number one in the United Kingdom with first week sales of 69,286 copies,[6] and since gone on to sell 1,000,000 copies in the UK alone.[7] It stayed atop the UK Singles Chart for four weeks, becoming the longest-charting number one since Westlife at Christmas 1999, and the only single which increased on weekly sales during each week at number 1. It is the fourth best-selling single by a girl group of all time, after "Wannabe" and "2 Become 1" by the Spice Girls, and "Never Ever" by All Saints, as well as being the best-selling girl group single of the decade. It also became the thirteenth overall best-selling single of the decade.[8] As of November 2016, it remains the biggest selling song of the 21st century in the UK by a girl band.[9]
In Australia, it peaked at number two in the charts, being certified double platinum for sales of over 140,000 copies. The single was also released in Germany and New Zealand, where it secured a number one position for six consecutive weeks on both countries. In Germany, the single was certified platinum,[10] one of three singles by a girl group to ever be certified Platinum; the others being "Daylight in Your Eyes" by No Angels and Shame by Monrose. The single was certified double platinum in New Zealand, one of the best selling singles by a girl group of all time there. The song achieved the most success in the UK, Germany, New Zealand, Austria, the Netherlands, Ireland, Turkey, Singapore and South Africa and has sold 2 million copies worldwide.[11]
Charts and certifications[edit]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2001)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[12] 2
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[13] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[14] 4
Denmark (Tracklisten)[15] 10
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles) 1
France (SNEP)[16] 21
Germany (Official German Charts)[17] 1
Ireland (IRMA) 1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[18] 1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[19] 1
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[20] 20
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[21] 4
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[22] 2
UK Singles (The Official Charts Company) 1
End-of-decade positions[edit]
Chart (2000–2009)
Position
German Singles Chart[23] 97
United Kingdom[24] 13
The Netherlands[25] 41
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2001)
Position
Australian Singles Chart[26] 10
Austrian Singles Chart[27] 7
Belgian Singles Chart (Flanders)[28] 29
European Hot 100 Singles[29] 7
German Singles Chart[30] 5
Irish Singles Chart[31] 8
New Zealand Singles Chart[32] 3
Swiss Singles Chart[33] 16
UK Singles Chart[34] 4
Certifications[edit]
Country
Certification
Sales
Australia 2× Platinum[35] 140,000
Austria Gold[36] 20,000
Germany Platinum[10] 500,000
New Zealand 2× Platinum[37] 30,000
Netherlands Platinum[38] 40,000
Sweden Gold[39] 20,000
Switzerland Gold[40] 20,000
United Kingdom Platinum[41] 1,010,000[9]
Cover versions[edit]
Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD), the band in which Andy McCluskey and Stuart Kershaw played before founding Atomic Kitten and co-writing several of their songs (including "Whole Again"), covered the track for the 2008 compilation release Liverpool – The Number Ones Album.
Swedish girl group Play released their version of the song as a single from the 2003 album Replay.[42]
American-British teen pop girl group No Secrets recorded a cover of "Whole Again",[43] which they released as a single from the 2003 album Friends Forever.
In 2002, Arab Strap vocalist Aidan Moffat and Mogwai guitarist Stuart Braithwaite released a cover of the song under the name The Sick Anchors.[44]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lane, Daniel (27 June 2013). "Daft Punk's Get Lucky becomes one of the UK's biggest selling singles of all-time!". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gray and Healy battle for Ivors". BBC News. 23 April 2002. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time: Critics' Picks". Billboard. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Atomic Kitten's perfect year". BBC News. BBC. 30 December 2002. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "SHOWBIZ | McFadden and Katona tie knot". BBC News. 2002-01-05. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
Jump up ^ "Atomic Kitten | Artist". Official Charts. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
Jump up ^ "Blimey! Daft Punk's 'Get Lucky' Passes The One Million Sales Mark In Just 69 Days - Celebrity Gossip, News & Photos, Movie Reviews, Competitions". Entertainmentwise. 2013-06-28. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
Jump up ^ As announced on BBC Radio 1's Official Chart of the Decade on Thursday 31 December 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Myers, Justin (November 5, 2016). "Girlbands vs Boybands – their biggest songs of the century revealed". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank ('Whole Again')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 4 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Atomic Kitten – Whole Again". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Atomic Kitten – Whole Again" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Atomic Kitten – Whole Again" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Atomic Kitten – Whole Again". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Atomic Kitten – Whole Again" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Atomic Kitten Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Atomic Kitten search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Atomic Kitten – Whole Again". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Atomic Kitten – Whole Again" Canciones Top 50.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Atomic Kitten – Whole Again". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Atomic Kitten – Whole Again". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Die ultimative Chart Show | Hits des neuen Jahrtausends | Download". RTL.de. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
Jump up ^ Radio 1 Chart of the Decade, as presented by Nihal on Tuesday 29 December 2009
Jump up ^ "Best selling singles of the decade in the Netherlands". Retrieved 27 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 100 Singles 2001". allcharts. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Austria best selling singles 2001". Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Best selling singles in Belgium Flanders (2001)". Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Europe's Top Singles Of 2001". Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Jump up ^ List of best-selling singles by year (Germany) Best selling singles of each year (2000–2010)
Jump up ^ "Best selling singles in Ireland (2001)". Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "2001 best selling singles". Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Best selling singles in Switzerland (2001)". Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Top twenty best selling singles in the UK of 2001" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Aria.com.au Certifications 2001 "ARIA accreditations > 2001 singles" Check |url= value (help). ARIA. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "IFPI Austria > Gold & Platin". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Archived from the original on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Rianz.org.nz "Chart#1275 Whole Again – RIANZ certification" Check |url= value (help). Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "NVPI Goud & Platina". NVPI. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Jump up ^ IFPI, Gold & Platinum certifications "IFPI Sweden – Guld & Platina – År 2001" Check |url= value (help) (PDF) (in Swedish). International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Jump up ^ SwissCharts.com "Swiss Certifications – Awards 2001" Check |url= value (help) (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Search by parameters". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Play - Whole Again (HQ Extended Music Video!)". YouTube. 2009-09-27. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
Jump up ^ "No Secrets - Whole Again". YouTube. 2008-06-15. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
Jump up ^ "Love sick Moffat is at it again". The Scotsman. 2002-02-14. Retrieved 2014-10-26.
External links[edit]
Atomic Kitten (official website)
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Rollin'" by Limp Bizkit UK number one single
11 February 2001 – 3 March 2001 Succeeded by
"It Wasn't Me" by Shaggy
[hide]
v
t
e
Atomic Kitten
Natasha Hamilton
Kerry Katona
Liz McClarnon
Heidi Range
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Studio albums
Right Now
Feels So Good
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Compilation albums
Atomic Kitten
Greatest Hits
The Collection
Access All Areas: Remixed and B-Sides
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Singles
"Right Now"
"See Ya"
"I Want Your Love"
"Follow Me"
"Daydream Believer"
"Whole Again"
"Eternal Flame"
"You Are"
"It's OK"
"The Tide Is High (Get the Feeling)"
"The Last Goodbye"
"Be with You"
"Love Doesn't Have to Hurt"
"If You Come to Me"
"Ladies Night"
"Someone like Me"
"Right Now 2004"
"Cradle"
Promotional singles
"All Together Now"
"Anyone Who Had a Heart"
DVDs
So Far So Good
Right Here, Right Now
Be with Us (A Year With...)
The Greatest Hits Live at Wembley Arena
The Big Reunion Live 2013
Related articles
Discography
The Big Reunion (series 1)
Book:Atomic Kitten
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whole_Again&oldid=800977866"
Categories:
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text:
SpeedFan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
SpeedFan
SpeedFan 4.44 in Windows 7
Original author(s)
Alfredo Milani Comparetti[1]
Developer(s)
Alfredo Milani Comparetti
Initial release
27 March 2001; 16 years ago (2001-03-27)[2]
Stable release
4.52 (29 June 2016; 17 months ago (2016-06-29)) [±]
Preview release
4.51 beta 2 (7 August 2014; 3 years ago (2014-08-07)) [±]
Written in
Delphi, C++, C[citation needed]
Operating system
Windows 95 and later[1]
Type
System monitor
License
Freeware[1]
Website
almico.com/speedfan.php
SpeedFan is a system monitor for Microsoft Windows that can read temperatures, voltages and fan speeds of computer components. It can change computer fan speeds depending on the temperature of various components.[1][3] The program can display system variables as charts and as an indicator in the system tray.[1][3][4] Fully configurable user events can be defined to execute specific actions based on system status.
Contents
[hide]
1 Hard disk support
2 Hard disk in-depth online analysis
3 Reception
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Hard disk support[edit]
SpeedFan also monitors S.M.A.R.T. readings for EIDE, SATA and SCSI hard disks. Starting with version 4.35, SpeedFan fully supports Areca RAID controllers. Version 4.38 added full support for AMCC/3ware SATA and RAID controllers.[1]
Hard disk in-depth online analysis[edit]
SpeedFan offers a feature named "in-depth online analysis" that compares the hard disk's S.M.A.R.T. data to a database with statistical models of hard disks allowing early detection of potentially degraded hard disks.[5] Messages inform the user of specific situations and problems, which Almico says is “as if a human expert had looked at the data”.[1]
Reception[edit]
An extended review of version 4.46 in 2012 on the Silent PC Review website summarized, "The biggest drawback [to Speedfan] is it often takes a lot of work to properly configure", but continued, "Its highly customizable and incredibly powerful nature is unmatched by the competition and as a bonus, it's also free, lightweight and regularly updated with more features and better motherboard support."[6] The Softonic review of version 4.49 graded SpeedFan 8/10, listing it as useful, with "helpful charts to monitor performance and health", but noting that it requests administrator rights at launch, and "Can be intimidating for less tech savvy".[7]
Current alternatives to SpeedFan include Open Hardware Monitor, Motherboard Monitor and RealTemp.

See also[edit]
Motherboard Monitor
System monitor
Comparison of S.M.A.R.T. tools
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "SpeedFan - Access temperature sensor in your computer". Almico.com. 12 October 2006. Retrieved 15 January 2007.
Jump up ^ "SpeedFan - History". Almico.com. Archived from the original on 5 April 2001. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, Jim (21 August 2013). "How to check your CPU temperature: use the free SpeedFan utility". PC Advisor. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Gralla, Preston (30 August 2011). "PC World Downloads - Speedfan 4.33". PC World. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Savchenko (rarst), Andrey (7 August 2008). Brinkmann, Martin, ed. "Analyzing drive health with SpeedFan (4.34)". Ghacks blog. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Lee, Lawrence (2 July 2012). "SpeedFan: A Guide to Universal Motherboard Fan Control". silentpcreview.com. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Leong, Lewis. "SpeedFan (4.49)". Softonic. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
External links[edit]
Official website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpeedFan&oldid=809815117"
Categories:
Computer hardware tuning
Windows-only freeware
Hard disk software
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List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Robert Parish was the first to play 21 seasons in the NBA, currently tied for the most in league history.
Only seven players in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA) have played at least 20 seasons in their careers. In 1985–86, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar broke the previous NBA record of 16 seasons held by Dolph Schayes, John Havlicek, Paul Silas, and Elvin Hayes;[1][2][3] he finished his career in 1988–89 with a then-record 20 seasons played.[4][5] Robert Parish broke the mark in 1996–97, when he retired after 21 seasons,[6][7] and Kevin Willis tied him in his final season in 2006–07.[a][9] They were joined by Kevin Garnett in 2015–16 when he began his 21st season.[10] His Minnesota Timberwolves played their season opener against the Los Angeles Lakers and Kobe Bryant, who became the fifth player to reach the 20-season plateau that night.[11] The game was the first time in league history that two opposing players each had at least 20 years of experience.[12] Having played his entire career with the Lakers, Bryant was also the first NBA player to spend 20 seasons with one team.[13] In 2017–18, Dirk Nowitzki and Vince Carter each began their 20th NBA seasons. Nowitzki, who has spent his entire career with the Dallas Mavericks, is the only player other than Bryant to have played 20 seasons with one team.[14]
In the NBA, big men typically have longer playing careers than smaller men.[15][16] Older centers and power forwards may have the luxury of pacing themselves while running the court, or they might station themselves in the post.[17][18] Big men Parish, Willis, and Garnett all had relatively minor roles while playing in their respective 21st seasons.[19] On the other hand, guards are tasked with handling the ball full-court; in addition, guards are more dependent on traits like speed and quickness that deteriorate with age.[17][18] Bryant was the first guard to play in 20 seasons,[13] passing the previous mark of 19 seasons for guards held by John Stockton and Jason Kidd.[20][21]
Contents
1 Seasons played leaders
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
Seasons played leaders[edit]
Following is a list of players who have played the most seasons in the NBA.
^ Active NBA player
* Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
† Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration [22]
§ 1st time nominee for Hall of Fame in 2018 [23]
Kevin Garnett began his career with Minnesota, returning later and tying the record of 21 seasons played in 2016.
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar retired in 1989 with a then-record of 20 seasons played.
Kobe Bryant was the first guard to play 20 seasons.
Karl Malone played all but one of his 19 seasons with Utah.
Jason Kidd had two stints with Dallas in his career, retiring tied with a then-record 19 seasons as a guard.
Rank
Player
Position
Team(s)
Seasons
1 Robert Parish* C
Golden State Warriors (1976–1980)
Boston Celtics (1980–1994)
Charlotte Hornets (1994–1996)
Chicago Bulls (1996–1997)
21
Kevin Willis [a] PF / C
Atlanta Hawks (1984–1995, 2004–2005)
Miami Heat (1994–1996)
Golden State Warriors (1996)
Houston Rockets (1996–1998, 2001–2002)
Toronto Raptors (1998–2001)
Denver Nuggets (2001)
San Antonio Spurs (2002–2004)
Dallas Mavericks (2007)
Kevin Garnett† PF / C
Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007, 2015–2016)
Boston Celtics (2007–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2015)
4 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar* C
Milwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)
Los Angeles Lakers (1975–1989)
20
Kobe Bryant† SG Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)
Vince Carter^ SG/SF
Toronto Raptors (1998–2004)
New Jersey Nets (2004–2009)
Orlando Magic (2009–2010)
Phoenix Suns (2010–2011)
Dallas Mavericks (2011–2014)
Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)
Sacramento Kings (2017–2018)
Atlanta Hawks (2018–present)
Dirk Nowitzki^ PF Dallas Mavericks (1998–present)
8 Moses Malone* C
Buffalo Braves (1976)
Houston Rockets (1976–1982)
Philadelphia 76ers (1982–1986, 1993–1994)
Washington Bullets (1986–1988)
Atlanta Hawks (1988–1991)
Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1993)
San Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)
19
James Edwards C
Los Angeles Lakers (1977, 1992–1994)
Indiana Pacers (1977–1981)
Cleveland Cavaliers (1981–1983)
Phoenix Suns (1983–1988)
Detroit Pistons (1988–1991)
Los Angeles Clippers (1991–1992)
Portland Trail Blazers (1994–1995)
Chicago Bulls (1995–1996)
John Stockton* PG Utah Jazz (1984–2003)
Karl Malone* PF
Utah Jazz (1985–2003)
Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)
Charles Oakley PF / C
Chicago Bulls (1985–1988, 2001–2002)
New York Knicks (1988–1998)
Toronto Raptors (1998–2001)
Washington Wizards (2002–2003)
Houston Rockets (2004)
Shaquille O'Neal* C
Orlando Magic (1992–1996)
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2004)
Miami Heat (2004–2008)
Phoenix Suns (2008–2009)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2009–2010)
Boston Celtics (2010–2011)
Juwan Howard PF / C
Washington Bullets / Wizards (1994–2001)
Dallas Mavericks (2001–2002, 2007–2008)
Denver Nuggets (2002–2003, 2008)
Orlando Magic (2003–2004)
Houston Rockets (2004–2007)
Charlotte Bobcats (2008–2009)
Portland Trail Blazers (2009–2010)
Miami Heat (2010–2013)
Jason Kidd* PG
Dallas Mavericks (1994–1996, 2008–2012)
Phoenix Suns (1996–2001)
New Jersey Nets (2001–2008)
New York Knicks (2012–2013)
Tim Duncan† PF / C San Antonio Spurs (1997–2016)
Paul Pierce† SG/SF
Boston Celtics (1998–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)
Washington Wizards (2014–2015)
Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)
Jason Terry^ G
Atlanta Hawks (1999–2004)
Dallas Mavericks (2004–2012)
Boston Celtics (2012–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)
Houston Rockets (2014–2016)
Milwaukee Bucks (2016–present)
See also[edit]
National Basketball Association portal
List of National Basketball Association career games played leaders
List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders
List of NBA players who have spent their entire career with one franchise
List of oldest and youngest National Basketball Association players
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Willis' career spanned 23 years, but he missed two seasons. He was out injured all of 1988–89, and initially retired and did not play in 2005–06 before returning for five games in 2007.[8]
References[edit]
General
"For single seasons, played in the NBA/BAA, in the regular season, from 1946-47 to 2016-17, sorted by most seasons matching criteria". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
Specific
Jump up ^ Bonk, Thomas (September 28, 1985). "Lakers Move Closer to Signing Kareem for a Year or 2 More". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Roy S. (May 22, 1983). "THE LONG-RUN SUCCESS OF KAREEM ABDUL-JABBAR". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Goldaper, Sam (February 12, 1984). "HAYES ENJOYING FAREWELL SEASON". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Murray, Jim (November 17, 1992). "A Chapter Closed, He Is Opening". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pandian, Ananth (March 6, 2015). "For ticket sales the Lakers will honor Kobe's 20th season". CBSSports.com. Archived from the original on December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Armour, Terry (August 26, 1997). "After 21 Seasons, Parish Walks Away". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bjarkman, Peter C. (2002). Boston Celtics Encyclopedia. Sports Publishing. p. 54. ISBN 9781582615646. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kevin Willis Stats". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Carlton, James (July 7, 2015). "Garnett will become just the third NBA player to play 21 seasons". FoxSports.com. Archived from the original on December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "NBA short takes". The Starr-Tribune. October 31, 2015. Archived from the original on December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Beacham, Greg (October 29, 2015). "Kobe clears another milestone, begins 20th Lakers season". Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Holmes, Baxter (October 29, 2015). "Kobe Bryant sets NBA record for seasons played with one franchise". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on December 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Top stats to know: Kobe Bryant's statistical legacy". ESPN.com. November 29, 2015. Archived from the original on November 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Recap: Mavs fall to Hawks 117-111". The Dallas Morning News. Associated Press. October 18, 2017. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chalabi, Mona (November 30, 2015). "The Kobe Bryant outlier: how his career compares to the NBA average". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Groothuis, Peter A.; Hill, J. Richard (April 2004). "Exit Discrimination in the NBA: A Duration Analysis of Career Length" (PDF). Economic Inquiry. 42 (2). pp. 341–49. ISSN 0095-2583. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Evans, Rich (March 25, 2001). "Center court: Stock portfolio". Deseret News. Archived from the original on December 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedman, Dave (December 25, 2014). "Kobe Bryant is not as Good as Michael Jordan—So What?". 20 Second Timeout. Archived from the original on December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Friedman, Dave (November 9, 2015). "The Twilight of Kobe Bryant". Twenty Second Blog. Archived from the original on December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ McWilliams, Julian (October 9, 2015). "Jalen Rose: Kobe Bryant 'Doesn't Want to Take A Back Seat'". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Newman, Pete (October 18, 2015). "The inconsistent season of Kobe Bryant". Sheridan Hoops. Archived from the original on December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years.
Jump up ^ "Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Announces Eligible Candidates for the Class of 2018". Retrieved 29 December 2017.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_seasons_played_leaders&oldid=854345283"
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