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Flight of the Conchords (TV series)
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Flight of the Conchords
Opening Title Screen
Genre
Musical
Comedy
Created by
James Bobin
Jemaine Clement
Bret McKenzie
Starring
Jemaine Clement
Bret McKenzie
Rhys Darby
Kristen Schaal
Arj Barker
Country of origin
United States
New Zealand
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
22 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
James Bobin
Stu Smiley
Troy Miller
Producer(s)
Anna Dokoza
Location(s)
New York City
Camera setup
Single camera
Running time
26 minutes
Release
Original network
HBO
Picture format
480i (2007)
1080i (2009)
Original release
June 17, 2007 (2007-06-17) – March 22, 2009 (2009-03-22)
External links
Website
Flight of the Conchords is an American television comedy series that was first shown on HBO on June 17, 2007. The show follows the adventures of Flight of the Conchords, a two-man band from New Zealand, as its members seek fame and success in New York City. The show stars the real-life duo of Jemaine Clement and Bret McKenzie, who play fictionalized versions of themselves. A second season was announced on August 17, 2007, and shown from January 18, 2009. On December 11, 2009, the duo confirmed that the series would not return for a third season.[1]
Throughout its run, Flight of the Conchords received positive critical reception, with its second season scoring 80/100 on Metacritic. The show has received 10 Emmy Award nominations, including "Outstanding Comedy Series" and "Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series" for Jemaine Clement, both in 2009.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Episodes
2.1 Season 1 (2007)
2.2 Season 2 (2009)
3 History
4 Cast
4.1 Main characters
4.2 Recurring characters
4.3 One-time characters played by notable performers
5 Reception
5.1 Critical reception
5.2 Awards
6 Filming locations
7 Feature film
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
The series centers on the day-to-day lives and loves of two shepherds-turned-musicians, Jemaine Clemaine and Bret McClegnie (Jemaine Clement and Bret McKenzie, playing fictionalized versions of themselves), who have uprooted themselves from their native New Zealand to try to make it big as a folk duo in New York City. The two have frequent appointments with their officious and ineffectual band manager, Murray Hewitt (Rhys Darby), a Deputy Cultural Attaché at the New Zealand Consulate. Jemaine and Bret constantly fend off the amorous attentions of Mel (Kristen Schaal), a married woman who is their sole fan and stalker. Their friend Dave Mohumbhai (Arj Barker) works at a pawn shop and gives them advice on dealing with American women and culture. Other recurring characters include their landlord, Eugene (Eugene Mirman), Bret's short-term girlfriend Coco (Sutton Foster), Jemaine and Bret's ex-girlfriend Sally (Rachel Blanchard), Mel's husband Doug (David Costabile), and Murray's put-upon assistant Greg (Frank Wood). Most episodes center on the five main cast members.
Jemaine or Bret break into song in each episode. The songs are built into the narrative structure of the show in several different ways. Some songs form part of the plot of the show. In these instances, Bret or Jemaine sing to another character. Other songs serve as the internal monologue of one of the two. Typically, at least once per show, a song is shot in the form of a music video. Some songs use a combination of the styles. For example, in the first episode, "Sally", the song "Most Beautiful Girl in the Room" is a mix of Jemaine's thoughts and his spoken invitations to Sally to get a kebab and to go back to his place. The music video for "Business Time" (from "Sally Returns") depicts a daydream that Jemaine is having. As the series evolved, other main characters also had their own musical interludes, depicted in a similar manner to Jemaine and Bret's own songs.
The enthusiastic manner in which the characters express themselves through song contrasts with the otherwise low-key tone of the show. Thus, when the characters cannot speak about their feelings, the songs serve as inner monologues.[2]
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2007)[edit]
No. in
series No. in
season Title Directed by Written by Original air date
1
1 "Sally" James Bobin James Bobin & Jemaine Clement & Bret McKenzie June 17, 2007 (2007-06-17)
Bret and Jemaine go to a party at Dave's place where Jemaine sees, and falls for, a beautiful girl named Sally, Bret's ex. Jemaine's growing relationship leaves Bret feeling neglected and Murray helps the band film a music video. Cameo: Judah Friedlander.
Songs featured: "The Most Beautiful Girl (In the Room)," "Not Crying," "The Humans Are Dead/Robots"
2
2 "Bret Gives Up the Dream" James Bobin James Bobin & Jemaine Clement & Bret McKenzie June 24, 2007 (2007-06-24)
The band's poor financial state leads Bret to get a job as a human billboard to help make ends meet. However, it interferes with the band's gig at a travel expo, so Murray and Jemaine replace Bret with a cassette tape in hopes of outdoing the flashier Australian display. Bret is attracted to a girl, Coco, at his new job.
Songs featured: "Inner City Pressure," "Boom," "Rock the Party"
3
3 "Mugged" James Bobin James Bobin & Jemaine Clement & Bret McKenzie July 1, 2007 (2007-07-01)
Bret loses Jemaine's trust after Bret abandons him when they get mugged. To regain it, Bret tries to retrieve Jemaine's stolen "camera phone" (a phone with a camera taped to it) from their muggers, who are experiencing their own trust issues.
Songs featured: "Hiphopopotamus vs. Rhymenoceros," "Think About It"
4
4 "Yoko" Troy Miller James Bobin & Jemaine Clement & Bret McKenzie July 8, 2007 (2007-07-08)
Bret begins dating Coco, but Jemaine won't stop tagging along on the dates. When Bret asks him to stop, Jemaine concludes that Coco is trying to break up the band.
Songs featured: "If You're Into It/Coco's Song," "Pencils in the Wind/Sellotape"
5
5 "Sally Returns" James Bobin James Bobin & Jemaine Clement & Bret McKenzie July 15, 2007 (2007-07-15)
After Jemaine reconnects with Sally, Bret decides that he wants to pursue her as well. However, when they both show up at her birthday party to woo her with their homemade presents, they are in for a shock.
Songs featured: "Business Time," "Song for Sally"
6
6 "Bowie" Troy Miller James Bobin & Jemaine Clement & Bret McKenzie July 22, 2007 (2007-07-22)
After a photo session, Bret develops body image issues and gets some advice in a series of dreams featuring his idol, David Bowie (played by Jemaine). Jemaine plots to cheer him up and Murray tries to get one of the band's tunes used for a musical greeting card.
Songs featured: "Bret, You've Got It Going On," "Bowie/Bowie's in Space"
7
7 "Drive By" Taika Waititi Taika Waititi July 29, 2007 (2007-07-29)
Bret and Jemaine are shocked by the prejudiced actions of Sanjay (Aziz Ansari), a fruit vendor who refuses to sell to them because of their nationality. Dave recommends a strong response and teaches them how to "flip the bird". Murray is smitten with the new tech support lady at the consulate.
Songs featured: "Albi the Racist Dragon," "Mutha'uckas," "Leggy Blonde"
8
8 "Girlfriends" James Bobin Eric Kaplan August 5, 2007 (2007-08-05)
Bret and Jemaine pick up two women who work in a croissant shop (Eliza Coupe, June Diane Raphael) and have very different dating experiences. Murray negotiates a record deal for the band.
Songs featured: "Foux Du Fa Fa," "K.I.S.S.I.N.G./A Kiss Is Not A Contract"
9
9 "What Goes on Tour" Paul Simms Paul Simms August 12, 2007 (2007-08-12)
Murray organizes a warm-up tour in preparation for a big gig in Central Park. However, the boys' carelessness and an encounter with a women's water-polo team threatens to ruin the tour and strain their relationship with the well-intentioned Murray.
Songs featured: "Mermaid," "Rock the Party"
10
10 "New Fans" Taika Waititi Duncan Sarkies August 19, 2007 (2007-08-19)
A performance at a local "World Music Jam" results in the Conchords gaining two new fans, Summer and Rain, but Mel is suspicious of the newcomers and their motives. Murray encourages the band to adopt a more "rock star" attitude to enhance their image.
Songs featured: "Ladies of the World/Something Special for the Ladies," "The Prince of Parties," "Rock the Party"
11
11 "The Actor" Michael Patrick Jann Damon Beesley & Iain Morris August 26, 2007 (2007-08-26)
Bret and Jemaine ask Ben (Will Forte), a "semi-professional" actor / dry cleaner, to cheer Murray up after a gig does not go well, but the actor gets caught up in the role and offers the band a record deal. Murray pays for the "signing" party, while the actor stars in the movie Dry Cleaner with John Turturro.
Songs featured: "Cheer Up, Murray," "Frodo (Don't Wear the Ring)"
12
12 "The Third Conchord" James Bobin James Bobin & Jemaine Clement & Bret McKenzie September 2, 2007 (2007-09-02)
Murray hires a bongo player for the band without consulting Bret and Jemaine. They are not happy about it and decide to fire him, but it's Bret who ends up out of the band. He responds by forming his own competing band. Eventually, the two new members of their bands, Todd and Demetri (Todd Barry and Demetri Martin), decide to form their own duo with Murray agreeing to manage them.
Songs featured: "Bret's Angry Dance," "Doggy Bounce"
Season 2 (2009)[edit]
No. in
series No. in
season Title Directed by Written by Original air date
13
1 "A Good Opportunity" James Bobin James Bobin & Jemaine Clement & Bret McKenzie January 18, 2009 (2009-01-18)
Bret and Jemaine fire Murray for neglecting them in favour of the Crazy Dogggz and almost immediately they receive an offer to write a jingle for a commercial. Meanwhile Murray's fortunes reverse after he discovers that the Crazy Dogggz big hit is a rip-off of a 1990s Polish song.
Songs featured: "Rejected," "Femident Toothpaste," "Angels"
14
2 "The New Cup" James Bobin Duncan Sarkies January 25, 2009 (2009-01-25)
Bret and Jemaine's fortunes unravel after Bret buys a new tea cup. With emergency band funds unavailable, Jemaine takes desperate measures in hopes of supplementing their income.
Songs featured: "Sugalumps," "You Don't Have to Be a Prostitute"
15
3 "The Tough Brets" James Bobin James Bobin & Jemaine Clement & Bret McKenzie February 1, 2009 (2009-02-01)
After disparaging rappers in a song, Bret starts a gang when he fears for his safety; Murray endures a series of degrading encounters with members of the Australian consulate.
Songs featured: "Hurt Feelings," "Hurt Feelings (Reprise)," "Stay Cool"
16
4 "Murray Takes It to the Next Level" Troy Miller James Bobin & Jemaine Clement & Bret McKenzie February 8, 2009 (2009-02-08)
Murray tries to elevate Bret and Jemaine on his friendship graph, bringing his inquisitive best friend Jim (Jim Gaffigan) in on the plan; Mel demands an apology from Bret for inappropriate dream behavior.
Songs featured: "Dreams," "Friends"
17
5 "Unnatural Love" Michel Gondry Iain Morris & Damon Beesley February 15, 2009 (2009-02-15)
After a one-night stand, Jemaine is horrified to discover he has accidentally slept with an Australian. Bret and Murray are also dismayed, but Jemaine can't resist continuing to date her.
Songs featured: "Too Many Dicks on the Dance Floor," "Carol Brown"
18
6 "Love Is a Weapon of Choice" James Bobin Paul Simms February 22, 2009 (2009-02-22)
Bret and Jemaine both fall for Brahbrah (Kristen Wiig), a lazy-eyed woman whose missing dog has epilepsy, leading to a duel, a canine benefit and a couple of new tunes.
Songs featured: "We're Both in Love with a Sexy Lady," "Love Is a Weapon of Choice," "Epileptic Dogs"
19
7 "Prime Minister" James Bobin James Bobin & Jemaine Clement & Bret McKenzie March 1, 2009 (2009-03-01)
Foiled by the White House, Murray arranges a presidential meeting for the visiting Prime Minister of New Zealand; a tribute gig ends with Jemaine getting a date with Karen (Mary Lynn Rajskub), an Art Garfunkel fanatic. Guest starring Art Garfunkel as himself and Patton Oswalt as an Elton John impersonator.
Songs featured: "Demon Woman," "Oh, Dance, Baby"
20
8 "New Zealand Town" Taika Waititi Taika Waititi March 8, 2009 (2009-03-08)
Trying to look cool for a gig at the Grand Opening of New York's one-block New Zealand enclave, the Conchords end up getting hooked on hair gel. Guest starring Lucy Lawless as Paula.
Song featured: "Fashion Is Danger"
21
9 "Wingmen" James Bobin James Bobin & Jemaine Clement & Bret McKenzie March 15, 2009 (2009-03-15)
Bret enlists Jemaine and Dave to help him try to land a girlfriend; Murray regrets making Greg his scapegoat.
Songs featured: "Rambling Through the Avenues of Time," "I Told You I Was Freaky"
22
10 "Evicted" Taika Waititi James Bobin & Jemaine Clement & Bret McKenzie March 22, 2009 (2009-03-22)
Unable to pay off their back rent, Bret and Jemaine move in with Mel and Doug; Murray looks to cash in on a stage play about the Conchords' travels.
Songs featured: "Everyday Sounds Musical Montage," "Petrov, Yelyena, & Me," "Flight of the Conchords: The Broadway Musical"
History[edit]
The show was created by Clement, McKenzie and James Bobin, and was based on the successful improvised 2005 BBC Radio 2 radio series of the same name.[3] Bobin serves as the show's main writer and director. The first episode of the series aired on HBO on June 17, 2007. The series received 100,000 views for the first-season premiere scored on Myspace.[4]
On August 17, 2007, HBO announced a second season for Flight of the Conchords, originally set to premiere in 2008,[5] but which was postponed to January 2009. Prior to the announcement, Jemaine Clement stated in an interview with The New Zealand Herald, "[HBO] is interested in doing another series but we have to think about it. It's not a definite offer but they have talked about us starting writing but we've got other things we want to do as well".[6] McKenzie stated that the second season took longer to produce because the band had used most of their material in the first season. In an interview with The Star Ledger, he said "We'd need some time to develop new material. It's like the second album syndrome. It might take a lot longer".[7] Shortly after the renewal announcement, Clement stated in an interview that the second season would likely consist of fewer than twelve episodes "so they could concentrate on "quality not quantity'".
McKenzie and Clement returned to their home town of Wellington to write for the second season,[8] although the writing process was delayed by the 2007–2008 Writers Strike. Filming for the 10 episode second series began in September 2008.
The second season of the show premiered on January 18, 2009 on HBO. It gathered 250,000 streams in its first 10 days on FunnyOrDie.com. Unlike the first season, the second season was filmed and broadcast in High Definition. The program is currently seen as an interstitial program on HBO, and some episodes are available on HBO Go.
In Australia, the second season of the show first aired on June 8, 2009 on SBS. SBS also made the episodes available for streaming (from within Australia only).[9] The DVD of the second season was released in Australia on July 29, 2009.[10]
On December 11, 2009, McKenzie and Clement announced that the show would not return for a third season. Clement had previously stated that writing the show took up a great deal of time.[1] During a 2016 interview, McKenzie said they had decided to end the show because it had "basically stopped being fun. It really wasn’t a decision about money. It was definitely a decision about enjoying our lives.”[11]
Cast[edit]
Main characters[edit]
Jemaine (Jemaine Clement) is one member of Flight of the Conchords, who sings and plays bass, and is also Bret's roommate. He rarely smiles or laughs, and typically overthinks even the most mundane situations.
Bret (Bret McKenzie) is the other member of Flight of the Conchords, who sings and plays guitar, and is also Jemaine's roommate. He often wears dated-looking animal T-shirts.
Murray Hewitt (Rhys Darby) is the manager of Flight of the Conchords. His day job is Deputy Cultural Attaché at the New Zealand consulate in New York City. He has few friends and is estranged from his never-seen wife, Shelley. While he is passionate about the band and aspires to be a successful manager, he lacks basic competence in the field. He consistently fails in his efforts to promote the Conchords, and is not helped by his naivety and general ignorance of the music industry. For example, he opines that "you don't hear of professional musicians with long hair," and is unaware of the proper name of the bass guitar (he calls it the "dad guitar").
Mel (Kristen Schaal) is the Conchords' lone fan and stalks them obsessively in pursuit of a romantic liaison, despite the fact that she is married to Doug. She is a Junior Professor of Psychology at a nearby university (her husband, Doug, was Senior Professor of Psychology while she was a student there). Mel has been through legal trouble for stalking.
Devjeet "Dave" Mohumbhai[12] (Arj Barker) is a friend of Bret and Jemaine. He works at his father's pawn shop "Mohumbhai & Son" and dispenses off-kilter advice about women and life in America. He still lives with his parents, though he tries to cover it up by pretending they are his crazy roommates who just think they are his parents. Bret and Jemaine overestimate Dave's expertise with women, and often go to him for relationship advice.
Recurring characters[edit]
Greg (Frank Wood) is Murray's subordinate at the consulate. Murray often uses Greg as a scapegoat, in the face of which Greg remains stoically unflappable. The question of why the obviously-American Greg works for the New Zealand government is left unaddressed.
Eugene (Eugene Mirman) is Bret and Jemaine's landlord, who often inserts himself into conversations of which he is not a part. He is often seen involved performing maintenance in the building and in Bret and Jemaine's apartment. He has admitted to breaking into the apartment at night and kissing Jemaine while he sleeps. Eugene appears in several musical sequences, displaying proficiency in such instruments as saxophone and steel drum.
Doug (David Costabile) is Mel's husband and is often seen by her side. At one time, he was Senior Professor of Psychology at a nearby university, where Mel was a student, but lost his job for starting a relationship with her, and is now unemployed. Doug and his family had a restraining order against Mel at one point before he married her, and he also had a problem with addiction at some point in the past.
Coco (Sutton Foster) is Bret's girlfriend for part of the first season. Bret and Coco meet while working as part-time sign holders. When she learns that Bret still has feelings for Sally, Coco ends her relationship with him. Coco is the subject of the songs "Boom" and "If You're into It."
Sally (Rachel Blanchard) dated Bret before the events of the series, and later dates Jemaine. She eventually accepts a marriage proposal from a rich Australian. Sally is the subject of the songs "The Most Beautiful Girl (In the Room)," "Not Crying" and "Business Time."
John (Lenny Venito) is a mugger and all-around ne'er-do-well. He mugs Bret and Jemaine, but then befriends Jemaine while they share a jail cell. Later on, he and Jemaine stage a mugging of Bret, in an attempt to make Bret look cool in front of a girl. It does not go as planned. John once killed a monkey, of which he is deeply ashamed.
Bryan (Brian Sergent)[13] is the laid back, uncouth Prime Minister of New Zealand. Showing little interest in the affairs of his country, Bryan prefers to occupy his time with pointless capers in the United States. He introduces himself by saying "Hi, I'm Bryan, the Prime Minister of New Zealand". He is fond of beer and sleeping, and is easily influenced by recently-watched films, such as Cars and The Matrix.
The unnamed Australian Ambassador to the United States (Alan Dale) antagonizes the main characters on more than one occasion.
One-time characters played by notable performers[edit]
Fruit Vendor (Aziz Ansari), a man who sells fruit outside of Bret and Jemaine's apartment, but refuses to sell fruit to them because he is "racist". He starts a "race war" with Bret and Jemaine after Bret confronts him. The three come to friendly terms after it is revealed that his animosity was due to confusing the boys for Australians. Episode: "Drive By"
Isabella (Judah Friedlander), a man who tries to pawn a cake to Dave. Episode: "Sally"
David Armstrong (John Hodgman), manager of a greeting card company with which the Conchords sign a recording contract. Episode: "Bowie"
Fruit Stand Patron (Kevin Allison), a man who is served before Jemaine and Bret, although he was behind them in line, due to the fruit vendor's bigotry. Episode: "Drive By"
Club Owner (Kate Pierson), who turns the band away from a scheduled gig due to their reputation for causing damage. Episode: "What Goes on Tour"
Club MC (Daryl Hall), the MC of the Tuesday World Music Jam at which the Conchords play. He introduces them as "Flute of the Commodores" and ushers them quickly off stage several bars into "Rock the Party". Episode: "New Fans"
Martin Clark (Greg Proops), head of an agency that hires Bret and Jemaine to write a jingle for a new, "women-only" toothpaste. Episode: "A Good Opportunity"
Obnoxious Australian (Adam Garcia), a deputy to the Australian ambassador to the United States who makes fun of Murray and Jemaine. Episode: "The Tough Brets"
Keitha (Sarah Wynter), an Australian woman with whom Jemaine falls in love and plans to elope, but tricks him and robs their apartment while he's waiting for her. Episode: "Unnatural Love"
Bouncer (Randy Jones), who leads an all-male conga line in a nightclub. Episode: "Unnatural Love"
Elton John impersonator (Patton Oswalt), whom Bret and Jemaine meet while impersonating Simon & Garfunkel. Episode: "Prime Minister"
Art Garfunkel (himself), who saves Jemaine from a woman (Mary Lynn Rajskub) who makes him dress up like Art Garfunkel and have sex with her, an act known as "Garfunkeling." Episode: "Prime Minister"
Paula (Lucy Lawless), a New Zealand tourism official and old friend of Bryan, the Prime Minister. Episode: "New Zealand Town"
Ben (Will Forte), a dry cleaner and semi-professional actor hired by Bret and Jemaine to impersonate a record executive. Episode: "The Actor"
Barbara a.k.a. Brahbrah (Kristen Wiig), a woman who is looking for her missing epileptic dog, and with whom both Bret and Jemaine fall in love. She is the subject of the song "We're Both in Love with a Sexy Lady." Episode: "Love Is a Weapon of Choice"
Felicia (June Diane Raphael), a woman working at a French bakery. Episode: "Girlfriends"
Reception[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
The show has received a generally positive reaction from critics. Season 1 has a 68/100 rating based on 15 reviews on metacritic.com,[14] while season 2 has an 80/100 rating, based on 10 reviews.[15] The best reviews were from the Detroit Free Press, whose critic described it as "TV's most original and irresistible new comic concoction"[16] and the San Francisco Chronicle, whose reviewer stated that it "may well be the funniest thing you've seen in ages."[17]
Awards[edit]
In the 2007 Satellite Awards the show was nominated for "Best Television Series, Comedy or Musical".
The pair was awarded with the status of "2007 Wellingtonians of the Year" in their home town after their international success blossomed that year.
The show received four Emmy Award nominations in 2008. "Sally Returns" was nominated for "Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series", "Yoko" was nominated for "Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series" and two songs, "Most Beautiful Girl (In the Room)" and "Inner City Pressure", were nominated for "Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics".
Also in 2008, the Writers Guild of America nominated the show for three awards: "Comedy Series", "Episodic Comedy" (for "Sally Returns") and for "New Series". The Television Critics Association nominated them for "Outstanding Achievement in Comedy" and "Outstanding New Program of the Year".
In 2009, the show was nominated for six Emmy Awards. It was nominated in the categories of Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series (for the episode "The Tough Brets"), Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series (Jemaine Clement), Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics (for the song "Carol Brown"), Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (Half Hour) and Animation, and Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series (for the episode "Prime Minister").
Filming locations[edit]
Filming for the series took place at a variety of locations and landmarks around New York City. Flight of the Conchords has, however, been consistent with its geography with respect to their neighbourhood. Some of the primary locations are listed below. Information on locations specific to particular episodes may be found on the page for that episode. Transition shots and out-of-studio location shoots have been in Brooklyn, Queens, and Manhattan. Most street scenes were filmed in Lower Manhattan or the Williamsburg area of Brooklyn.
Name
Location
Bret and Jemaine's apartment 28 Henry Street, Chinatown
New Zealand consulate 232 East Broadway
Dave's pawn shop Around the corner from the 'Consulate'. 10 Montgomery Street
Steiner Studios[18] 15 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn. Indoor stages for season one filming.
Broadway Stages Indoor stages for season two filming.
For a more detailed map of filming locations for both seasons see External links
Feature film[edit]
On November 28, 2011, Bret McKenzie has stated that efforts are being made to bring the comedy folk duo to the big screen. He said: "We're going to try and do a movie. We just need a story".[19] However, HBO has stated that it does not have plans for such a film.[20]
See also[edit]
Garfunkel and Oates (TV series)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Bret and Jemaine farewell 'Flight of the Conchords' TV show". New Zealand Herald. 2009-12-11. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Behind the scenes preview video from HBO on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Flight of the Conchords: best new sitcom in years?". The Guardian. London. 2007-07-13.
Jump up ^ "'Conchords' online buzz takes off". Archived from the original on January 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ "HBO Orders 2008 Editions Of CONCHORDS & ENTOURAGE!!". Ain't It Cool News. 2007-08-17. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
Jump up ^ Baillie, Russell (2007-08-16). "Doubles Champ". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan (2007-08-16). "Funny 'Conchords' is ready for takeoff". The Star Ledger. Archived from the original on 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
Jump up ^ Cardy, Tom (2007-08-20). "Conchords get second TV series". The Dominion Post. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
Jump up ^ "Flight of the Conchords". SBS. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
Jump up ^ "Flight Of The Conchords Season 2 (DVD)". dStore.com.au. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
Jump up ^ New York Times article: "Flight of the Conchords: Aimless, and That’s O.K."
Jump up ^ Arj Barker (2009). Flight Of The Conchords: Dave's Pawn Shop Commercial #1 (HBO). HBO.
Jump up ^ Sergent, Brian (2008-02-10). "Brian Sergent's Television Page". Archived from the original on 2009-03-09. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
Jump up ^ "Flight Of The Conchords (HBO) - Reviews from Metacritic". Metacritic. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
Jump up ^ "Flight of the Conchords (HBO) - Reviews from Metacritic". Metacritic. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
Jump up ^ Duffy, Mike (2007-06-15). "A GIGGLY FLIGHT OF FANCY: 'Conchords' mixes mirth and music". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-07-14.
Jump up ^ Goodman, Tim (2007-06-15). "Musical misfits hoping for their big break". San Francisco Chronicle.
Jump up ^ Filming locations for "Flight of the Conchords" (2007) IMDB.com
Jump up ^ "Flight Of The Conchords announce plans for a movie - NME". 27 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Flight of the Conchords movie rumours dismissed". 30 November 2011 – via www.newshub.co.nz.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Flight of the Conchords (TV Series)
Official HBO U.S. Website
Flight of the Conchords on IMDb
Flight of the Conchords at TV.com
Map of Filming Locations
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Flight of the Conchords
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Albums
Folk the World Tour
The Distant Future
Flight of the Conchords
I Told You I Was Freaky
TV series
Episodes
Season 1
"Sally"
"Bret Gives Up the Dream"
"Mugged"
"Yoko"
"Sally Returns"
"Bowie"
"Drive By"
"Girlfriends"
"What Goes on Tour"
"New Fans"
"The Actor"
"The Third Conchord"
Season 2
"A Good Opportunity"
"The New Cup"
"The Tough Brets"
"Murray Takes It to the Next Level"
"Unnatural Love"
"Love Is a Weapon of Choice"
"Prime Minister"
"New Zealand Town"
"Wingmen"
"Evicted"
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Aluminum industry in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
US production of aluminum, 1940-2014. Data from USGS
The aluminum industry in the United States in 2014 produced 1.72 million metric tons of primary aluminum, worth 3.97 billion dollars, at nine aluminum smelters. In addition, the US produced 1.70 million tons of secondary aluminum from old (post-consumer) scrap, and 1.93 million tons of aluminum from new (manufacturing) scrap. The US was the world's 6th largest producer of primary aluminum in 2014.The industry employed 29,000 people. [1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Primary production
2 Secondary production
3 Raw materials
4 International trade
5 History of US aluminum production
6 References
7 See also
Primary production[edit]
In 2014, primary aluminum, which is produced from bauxite, was produced by three companies at nine smelters. Primary aluminum is preferred for high-quality uses such as aircraft. The leader in US production was Alcoa. Also operating multiple primary plants was Century Aluminum.
Primary Aluminum Smelters in the US
Name
Location
Owner
Status and Date
Warrick Plant Evansville, Indiana Alcoa Closed
Intalco Plant Ferndale, Washington Alcoa
St. Laurence Plant Massena, New York Alcoa Closed
Massena Plant Massena, New York Alcoa
Mt Holly Plant Mount Holly, South Carolina Century Aluminum Operating, December 2014[2]
Rockdale Plant Rockdale, Texas Alcoa Closed
Wenatchee Plant Wenatchee, Washington Alcoa Closed
Hawesville Plant Hawesville, Kentucky Century Aluminum
Ravenswood Plant Ravenswood, West Virginia Century Aluminum Closed, July 2015[3]
Sebree Plant Sebree, Kentucky Century Aluminum Operating, May 2015[4]
Columbia Falls Plant Columbia Falls, Montana Glencore Closed in March 2015[5]
Noranda Plant New Madrid, Missouri Noranda Idled, March 2016[6]
Ormet Plant Hannibal, Ohio Ormet Closed, August 2014[7]
Secondary production[edit]
Secondary production is the recycling of metallic aluminum derived from scrap. Secondary production can be from either new scrap (from aluminum manufacturing), or from old scrap (post-consumer scrap such as recycled aluminum cans).
Raw materials[edit]
Proportion of US aluminum production from various raw materials. Data from USGS.
Main article: Bauxite mining in the United States
The principal raw materials for aluminum production are bauxite (for primary production) and scrap (for secondary production).
Primary aluminum production consumes a great deal of electricity, which makes up about a third of the cost. Making a ton of primary aluminum consumes at least 12,500 kW-hr, and most plants consume 14,500 to 15,000 kW-hr per ton of primary aluminum.[8]
Secondary production of a given unit of aluminum requires about 10% of the electricity of primary production.
The United States mined production of bauxite for primary aluminum production is insignificant. In 2013, the US mined only 1.3 percent of the bauxite it used, US mined production being less than 0.1 percent of world production.
International trade[edit]
The US imported nearly all the bauxite (the only commercial aluminum ore) used in producing primary aluminum. For years, the US has produced less than 1% of the bauxite used to make aluminum.
The US also imported 33 percent of the aluminum metal that was used in 2014. Of the imported aluminum, 63% came from Canada.[9]
2015 Imports for consumption by country[10]
No.
Country
Quantity
Value
metric tons
%
k$
%
1 Canada 2,820,000 55.5 6,130,000 50.2
2 China 395,000 7.8 1,120,000 9.2
3 Russia 297,000 5.8 683,000 5.6
4 United Arab Emirates 294,000 5.8 665,000 5.5
5 Mexico 162,000 3.2 383,000 3.1
6 Bahrain 109,000 2.1 269,000 2.2
7 Argentina 85,900 1.7 187,000 1.5
8 Germany 78,200 1.5 324,000 2.7
9 Venezuela 68,900 1.4 128,000 1.0
10 South Africa 57,300 1.1 179,000 1.5
11 South Korea 38,400 0.8 109,000 0.9
12 Japan 27,800 0.5 122,000 1.0
13 Brazil 27,000 0.5 56,900 0.5
14 France 21,500 0.4 155,000 1.3
15 Australia 19,800 0.4 47,700 0.4
16 Italy 19,300 0.4 70,400 0.6
17 United Kingdom 17,100 0.3 59,300 0.5
18 Norway 14,000 0.3 32,100 0.3
19 Spain 9,360 0.2 21,400 0.2
20 Belgium 8,810 0.2 43,800 0.4
21 Panama 5,010 0.1 7,070 0.1
22 Netherlands 4,980 0.1 21,900 0.2
Other 496,000 9.8 1,390,000 11.4
Total 5,080,000 100.0 12,200,000 100.0
2015 Exports by country[10]
No.
Country
Quantity
Value
metric tons
%
k$
%
1 China 882,000 29.3 1,570,000 18.6
2 Mexico 821,000 27.3 2,530,000 29.9
3 Canada 657,000 21.8 2,050,000 24.3
4 Korea, Republic of 205,000 6.8 532,000 6.3
5 Taiwan 46,700 1.6 106,000 1.3
6 Japan 38,200 1.3 275,000 3.3
7 Hong Kong 32,100 1.1 52,400 0.6
8 France 22,200 0.7 161,000 1.9
9 Germany 20,700 0.7 134,000 1.6
10 United Kingdom 19,200 0.6 164,000 1.9
11 Brazil 9,030 0.3 55,400 0.7
12 Thailand 8,090 0.3 32,900 0.4
13 Saudi Arabia 6,070 0.2 27,800 0.3
14 Singapore 5,010 0.2 41,200 0.5
15 Italy 3,080 0.1 39,800 0.5
16 Netherlands 2,290 0.1 12,200 0.1
17 Venezuela 1,240 0.0 11,200 0.1
18 Philippines 613 0.0 5,660 0.1
19 Russia 359 0.0 1,480 0.0
20 South Africa 202 0.0 2,010 0.0
21 Kazakhstan 65 0.0 463 0.0
22 Ukraine 4 0.0 36 0.0
Other 231,000 7.7 641,000 7.6
Total 3,010,000 100.0 8,450,000 100.0
History of US aluminum production[edit]
The US used to be a much more important factor in the world primary aluminum market. As recently as 1981, the US produced 30% of the world's primary aluminum, and for many years up through 2000, the US was the world's largest producer of primary aluminum. In 2014, by contrast, the US ranked sixth in primary aluminum production, and provided only 3.5% of world production.
US production of primary aluminum peaked in 1980 at 4.64 million metric tons. Since then, US primary aluminum production has fallen by more than half, but secondary production has increased, making up much of the difference. In the 1950s and 1960s, primary production made up about 80% of the aluminum output. In 2014, primary production made up 32%, while secondary from new scrap made up 36% and secondary from old scrap made up 32% of US aluminum production.[11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ E. Lee Bray, Aluminum, US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summary 2015, Jan.2015.
Jump up ^ David Wren, "Century Aluminum completes acquisition of Mt. Holly facility," Post and Courier, 1 Dec. 2015
Jump up ^ Greg Matics, "Century Aluminum announces permanent closure of Ravenswood smelting plant," Jackson Newspapers, 30 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Associated Press, "Union workers locked out at aluminum smelter," Archived July 11, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. WBKO, 12 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Columbia Falls Aluminum Co permanently closed," Daily Interlake, 3 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Noranda Aluminum, [1]
Jump up ^ [John Milam, "Shutdown of Ohio aluminum giant Ormet appears final," People's World, 5 August 2014
Jump up ^ Stuart Burns, "Power costs in the production of primary aluminum," Metal mIner, 26 Feb. 2009.
Jump up ^ E. Lee Bray, Aluminum, US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summary 2015, Jan.2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "2015 Minerals Yearbook - ALUMINUM [ADVANCE RELEASE]" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. Aluminum Statistics and Information
Jump up ^ E. Lee Bray, Aluminum, US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summary 2015, Jan.2015.
See also[edit]
The Aluminum Association
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The Last Post (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Last Post
Genre
Drama
Created by
Peter Moffat
Starring
Jessie Buckley
Stephen Campbell Moore
Amanda Drew
Ben Miles
Jeremy Neumark Jones
Jessica Raine
Composer(s)
Soloman Grey
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
1
No. of episodes
6
Production
Running time
59 min (6 episodes)
Production company(s)
Bonafide Films and The Forge Entertainment
Distributor
BBC Worldwide
Release
Original network
BBC One
Picture format
16:9 1080p
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
1 October 2017 (2017-10-01) – present
External links
Website
The Last Post is a British television drama series first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on 1 October 2017. It is set in the backdrop of the Aden Emergency and a unit of the Royal Military Police depicting the conflict and the relationships of the men and their families together and with the local population.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
1.1 Conception
1.2 Location
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Series 1 (2017)
3 Episode list
4 References
5 External links
Production[edit]
Conception[edit]
Executive producer of Bonafide Films' Margery Bone proposed a story about British army life on an army base. She approached Peter Moffat who had a military family background. Moffat suggested setting the series in the 1960s at the end of the British Empire with military personnel posted with their wives to a strategically important place. This gave a way to explore twentieth century British attitudes through a tightly knit group of people.[1]
Location[edit]
The producers needed a location similar to Aden with coast, mountains and desert and a colonial architectural influence, settling on Cape Town. A disused British naval base overlooking Simon’s Town bay provided a scale which is often difficult to achieve for television.[2]
Cast and characters[edit]
Jessie Buckley as Honor Martin
Stephen Campbell Moore as Lieutenant Ed Laithwaite
Amanda Drew as Mary Markham
Ben Miles as Major Harry Markham
Jeremy Neumark Jones as Captain Joe Martin
Jessica Raine as Alison Laithwaite
Ouidad Elma as Yusra Saeed
Chris Reilly as Sergeant Alex Baxter
Tom Glynn-Carney as Lance Corporal Tony Armstrong
Louis Greatorex as Lance Corporal Paul Stoneham
Richard Dillane as Harvey Tillbrook
Kevin Sutton as Corporal Israel Orchover
Essie Davis as Martha Franklin
Toby Woolf as George Markham
Aymen Hamdouchi as Kadir Hakim (Starfish)
Series 1 (2017)[edit]
Episode list[edit]
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [3]
1
"The New Man" Jonny Campbell Peter Moffat 1 October 2017 (2017-10-01) 6.64
Captain Joe Martin arrives with his wife, Honor, in Aden to replace the outgoing Captain Nick Page. He soon has to adjust to life on the front line and some resentment among the men that he was appointed instead of the already present Lt Ed Laithwaite. Honor is taken under the wing of Laithwaite's wife, Alison, who had been having an affair with Captain Page. Terrorists try to shoot an officer and Captain Page and his driver are ambushed.
2
"Starfish" Jonny Campbell Peter Moffat 8 October 2017 (2017-10-08) 5.69
Following the ambush the Royal Military Police assist special forces on a dangerous mission to capture an insurgent leader, Starfish. An American reporter, Martha Franklin, travels with the police unit to their rendezvous with the special forces. The special forces walk into a trap and Major Harry Markham in command of the police unit has the dilemma of assisting the special forces or returning to camp where his wife is having a difficult childbirth. He passes the decision to Captain Martin. Starfish uses the presence of the American reporter for a horrific atrocity.
3
"Above Thy Deep and Dreamless Sleep" Jonny Campbell Peter Moffat 15 October 2017 (2017-10-15) 5.47
Starfish is reported captured by the paratroopers. Major Markham wants Martin to recover the photographic film of the atrocity taken by Martha Franklin. Mary Markham returns home with her new baby. Alison is pregnant with Captain Page's child and her outlandish behaviour shocks everybody but her husband. Honor congratulates Ed on Alison's pregnancy. Yusra who is the Markham's home help disappears with their son, George, leaving his football shirt to be found by Franklin.
4
"The CO's Boy" Miranda Bowen Peter Moffat and Mick Collins 22 October 2017 (2017-10-22) 5.38
The RMP and other units mount a desperate search in the town for Yusra and George. The Royal Scots unit find George's teddy bear at Yusra's home. Yusra's mother and brother are arrested and her father killed escaping. Major Markham is encouraged to interview Starfish. Alison toys with the idea of self induced abortion. Honor discovers the film her husband had recovered and supposedly destroyed. Laithwaite receives information as to George's location and has to act before assistance arrives not without cost. Alison discovers she is carrying twins.
5
"Precious Cargo" Miranda Bowen Peter Moffat 29 October 2017 (2017-10-29) 5.67
Laithwaite lies critically wounded in hospital. An 8mm film is received of George under threat of beheading. Mary Markham believes there is a message in the film from Yusra. A deadline of 18.00hrs is put on George's life unless an exchange is made for Kadir Hakim. Yusra sends a coded message of George's location. Major Markham's pleas to his superiors fall on deaf ears as Hakim is moved to the coast by Captain Martin and Corporal Armstrong; the two soldiers that know of George's whereabouts.
6
"The Bigger Picture" Miranda Bowen Peter Moffat 5 November 2017 (2017-11-05) 5.84
Captain Martin is arrested for allowing the escape of a prisoner of war. Corporal Armstrong leaves camp to avoid arrest and help Yusra; only to discover her gone and her family burned alive in their home. Honor returns the film with the photographs of Starfish's atrocity to Martha Franklin. Laithwaite defends Martin at his trial. Martha Franklin meets with Starfish. Major Markham discovers written evidence of a planned secret meeting between a British Government minister and Starfish. Armstrong finds Yusra in the desert.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "q&a". bbc media centre. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "q&a". bbc media centre. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Viewing Summary (see relevant week)". BARB. The viewer figures take into account live viewing in SD and HD, +1 figures, recording viewers and ITV Hub viewers within 28 days after the broadcast.
External links[edit]
The Last Post at BBC Programmes
The Last Post on IMDb
The Last Post at epguides.com
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Stream
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Stream (disambiguation).
"Rivulet" redirects here. For the moth, see Rivulet (moth).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Rocky stream in Italy
A stream is a body of water[1] with surface water flowing within the bed and banks of a channel. The stream encompasses surface and groundwater fluxes that respond to geological, geomorphological, hydrological and biotic controls[2].
Depending on its location or certain characteristics, a stream may be referred to by a variety of local or regional names.
Streams are important as conduits in the water cycle, instruments in groundwater recharge, and corridors for fish and wildlife migration. The biological habitat in the immediate vicinity of a stream is called a riparian zone. Given the status of the ongoing Holocene extinction, streams play an important corridor role in connecting fragmented habitats and thus in conserving biodiversity. The study of streams and waterways in general is known as surface hydrology and is a core element of environmental geography.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
2 Other names
2.1 United Kingdom
2.2 North America
3 Other terminology
4 Sources
5 Characteristics
6 Intermittent and ephemeral streams
6.1 Ephemeral stream
6.2 Intermittent stream
7 Drainage basins
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Types[edit]
A rocky creek in Spearfish Canyon, South Dakota, US
Creek in Heathcote National Park, Australia
Wyming Brook in Sheffield, UK
Brook near the Bay of Fundy, Canada
A low level stream in Macon County, Illinois, US
A small stream in Lake Parramatta, Sydney.
Brook
A stream smaller than a creek, especially one that is fed by a spring or seep. It is usually small and easily forded. A brook is characterised by its shallowness and its bed being composed primarily of rocks.
Creek
In North America, Australia and New Zealand, a small to medium-sized natural stream. Sometimes navigable by motor craft and may be intermittent.
In parts of Maryland, New England,[4] the UK and India, a tidal inlet, typically in a salt marsh or mangrove swamp, or between enclosed and drained former salt marshes or swamps (e.g. Port Creek separating Portsea Island from the mainland). In these cases, the stream is the tidal stream, the course of the seawater through the creek channel at low and high tide.
River
A large natural stream, which may be a waterway.
Runnel
the linear channel between the parallel ridges or bars on a shoreline beach or river floodplain, or between a bar and the shore. Also called a swale.
Tributary
A contributory stream, or a stream which does not reach a static body of water such as a lake or ocean, but joins another river (a parent river). Sometimes also called a branch or fork.
Other names[edit]
There are a number of regional names for a stream.
United Kingdom[edit]
Allt is used in Highland Scotland.[citation needed]
Beck is used in Lincolnshire to Cumbria in areas which were once occupied by the Danes and Norwegians.[5]
Bourne or winterbourne is used in the chalk downland of southern England.[6]
Brook.[7]
Burn is used in Scotland and North East England.[8]
Gill or ghyll is seen in the north of England and Kent and Surrey influenced by Old Norse. The variant "ghyll" is used in the Lake District and appears to have been an invention of William Wordsworth.[9]
Nant is used in Wales.[10]
Rivulet is a term encountered in Victorian era publications.[11]
Stream
Syke is used in lowland Scotland and Cumbria for a seasonal stream.[12]
North America[edit]
Branch is used to name streams in Maryland and Virginia.[13]
Creek is common throughout the central and western United States, as well as Australia.
Falls is also used to name streams in Maryland, for streams/rivers which have waterfalls on them, even if such falls have a small vertical drop. Little Gunpowder Falls and The Jones Falls are actually rivers named in this manner, unique to Maryland.[citation needed]
Kill in New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey comes from a Dutch language word meaning "riverbed" or "water channel", and can also be used for the UK meaning of 'creek'.
Run in Ohio, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, or West Virginia can be the name of a stream.[citation needed]
Run in Florida is the name given to streams coming out of small natural springs.[citation needed]River is used for larger springs like the Silver River and Rainbow River.
Stream and brook are used in Midwestern states, Mid-Atlantic states, and New England.[citation needed]
Other terminology[edit]
Bar
A shoal that develops in a stream as sediment is deposited as the current slows or is impeded by wave action at the confluence.
Bifurcation
A fork into two or more streams.
Channel
A depression created by constant erosion that carries the stream's flow.
Confluence
The point at which the two streams merge. If the two tributaries are of approximately equal size, the confluence may be called a fork.
Floodplain
Lands adjacent to the stream that are subject to flooding when a stream overflows its banks.
Gauging station
A point of demarcation along the route of a stream or river, used for reference marking or water monitoring.
Headwaters
The part of a stream or river proximate to its source. The word is most commonly used in the plural where there is no single point source.
Knickpoint
The point on a stream's profile where a sudden change in stream gradient occurs.
Mouth
The point at which the stream discharges, possibly via an estuary or delta, into a static body of water such as a lake or ocean.
Pool
A segment where the water is deeper and slower moving.
Riffle
A segment where the flow is shallower and more turbulent.
River
A large natural stream, which may be a waterway.
Run
A somewhat smoothly flowing segment of the stream.
Source
The spring from which the stream originates, or other point of origin of a stream.
Spring
The point at which a stream emerges from an underground course through unconsolidated sediments or through caves. A stream can, especially with caves, flow aboveground for part of its course, and underground for part of its course.
Stream bed
The bottom of a stream.
Stream corridor
Stream, its floodplains, and the transitional upland fringe[14]
Thalweg
The river's longitudinal section, or the line joining the deepest point in the channel at each stage from source to mouth.
Waterfall or cascade
The fall of water where the stream goes over a sudden drop called a nickpoint; some nickpoints are formed by erosion when water flows over an especially resistant stratum, followed by one less so. The stream expends kinetic energy in "trying" to eliminate the nickpoint.
Wetted perimeter
The line on which the stream's surface meets the channel walls.
Sources[edit]
Small tributary stream, Diamond Ridge, Alaska, US
Creek in Perisher Ski Resort, Australia
Streams typically derive most of their water from precipitation in the form of rain and snow. Most of this water re-enters the atmosphere by evaporation from soil and water bodies, or by the evapotranspiration of plants. Some of the water proceeds to sink into the earth by infiltration and becomes groundwater, much of which eventually enters streams. Some precipitated water is temporarily locked up in snow fields and glaciers, to be released later by evaporation or melting. The rest of the water flows off the land as runoff, the proportion of which varies according to many factors, such as wind, humidity, vegetation, rock types, and relief. This runoff starts as a thin film called sheet wash, combined with a network of tiny rills, together constituting sheet runoff; when this water is concentrated in a channel, a stream has its birth. Some creeks may start from ponds or lakes.
Stream in Southbury, Connecticut, US
Characteristics[edit]
Ranking
To qualify as a stream, a body of water must be either recurring or perennial. Recurring (intermittent) streams have water in the channel for at least part of the year. A stream of the first order is a stream which does not have any other recurring or perennial stream feeding into it. When two first-order streams come together, they form a second-order stream. When two second-order streams come together, they form a third-order stream. Streams of lower order joining a higher order stream do not change the order of the higher stream. Thus, if a first-order stream joins a second-order stream, it remains a second-order stream. It is not until a second-order stream combines with another second-order stream that it becomes a third-order stream.
Gradient
The gradient of a stream is a critical factor in determining its character and is entirely determined by its base level of erosion. The base level of erosion is the point at which the stream either enters the ocean, a lake or pond, or enters a stretch in which it has a much lower gradient, and may be specifically applied to any particular stretch of a stream.
In geological terms, the stream will erode down through its bed to achieve the base level of erosion throughout its course. If this base level is low, then the stream will rapidly cut through underlying strata and have a steep gradient, and if the base level is relatively high, then the stream will form a flood plain and meander.
Meander
Meanders are looping changes of direction of a stream caused by the erosion and deposition of bank materials. These are typically serpentine in form. Typically, over time the meanders gradually migrate downstream.
If some resistant material slows or stops the downstream movement of a meander, a stream may erode through the neck between two legs of a meander to become temporarily straighter, leaving behind an arc-shaped body of water termed an oxbow lake or bayou. A flood may also cause a meander to be cut through in this way.
Profile
Typically, streams are said to have a particular profile, beginning with steep gradients, no flood plain, and little shifting of channels, eventually evolving into streams with low gradients, wide flood plains, and extensive meanders. The initial stage is sometimes termed a "young" or "immature" stream, and the later state a "mature" or "old" stream. However, a stream may meander for some distance before falling into a "young" stream condition.
Stream load
Streams can carry sediment, or alluvium. The amount of load it can carry (capacity) as well as the largest object it can carry (competence) are both dependent on the velocity of the stream.
Intermittent and ephemeral streams[edit]
Australian creek, low in the dry season, carrying little water. The energetic flow of the stream had, in flood, moved finer sediment further downstream. There is a pool to lower right and a riffle to upper left of the photograph.
A perennial stream is one which flows continuously all year.[15]:57 Some perennial streams may only have continuous flow in segments of its stream bed year round during years of normal rainfall.[16][17]
Blue-line streams are perennial streams and are marked on topographic maps with a solid blue line.
Ephemeral stream[edit]
Generally, streams that flow only during and immediately after precipitation are termed ephemeral. There is no clear demarcation between surface runoff and an ephemeral stream,[15]:58 and some ephemeral streams can be classed as intermittent—flow all but disappearing in the normal course of seasons but ample flow (backups) restoring stream presence—such circumstances are documented when stream beds have opened up a path into mines or other underground chambers.[18]
Intermittent stream[edit]
or seasonal stream
In the United States, an intermittent or seasonal stream is one that only flows for part of the year and is marked on topographic maps with a line of blue dashes and dots.[15]:57–58 A wash or desert wash is normally a dry streambed in the deserts of the American Southwest which flows only after significant rainfall. Washes can fill up quickly during rains, and there may be a sudden torrent of water after a thunderstorm begins upstream, such as during monsoonal conditions. These flash floods often catch travelers by surprise. An intermittent stream can also be called an arroyo in Latin America, a winterbourne in Britain, or a wadi in the Arabic-speaking world.
In Italy, an intermittent stream is termed a torrent (Italian torrente). In full flood the stream may or may not be "torrential" in the dramatic sense of the word, but there will be one or more seasons in which the flow is reduced to a trickle or less. Typically torrents have Apennine rather than Alpine sources, and in the summer they are fed by little precipitation and no melting snow. In this case the maximum discharge will be during the spring and autumn. However, there are also glacial torrents with a different seasonal regime.
In Australia, an intermittent stream is usually called a creek and marked on topographic maps with a solid blue line.
Drainage basins[edit]
The extent of land basin drained by a stream is termed its drainage basin (also known in North America as the watershed and, in British English, as a catchment).[19] A basin may also be composed of smaller basins. For instance, the Continental Divide in North America divides the mainly easterly-draining Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Ocean basins from the largely westerly-flowing Pacific Ocean basin. The Atlantic Ocean basin, however, may be further subdivided into the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico drainages. (This delineation is termed the Eastern Continental Divide.) Similarly, the Gulf of Mexico basin may be divided into the Mississippi River basin and several smaller basins, such as the Tombigbee River basin. Continuing in this vein, a component of the Mississippi River basin is the Ohio River basin, which in turn includes the Kentucky River basin, and so forth.
See also[edit]
Chalk stream
Head cut
Playfair's Law
River ecosystem
Rock-cut basin
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Langbein, W.B.; Iseri, Kathleen T. (1995). "Hydrologic Definitions: Stream". Manual of Hydrology: Part 1. General Surface-Water Techniques (Water Supply Paper 1541-A). Reston, VA: USGS. Archived from the original on 2012-05-09.
Jump up ^ Alexander, L. C., Autrey, B., DeMeester, J., Fritz, K. M., Golden, H. E., Goodrich, D. C., ... & McManus, M. G. (2015). Connectivity of streams and wetlands to downstream waters: review and synthesis of the scientific evidence (Vol. 475). EPA/600/R-14.
Jump up ^ "What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do?" Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Atlanta, GA. 2009-05-13.
Jump up ^ Spruce Creek Association. Kittery, ME. "About the Spruce Creek Watershed." Archived 2008-07-03 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 2010-10-02.
Jump up ^ "OED Online - Beck". Oxford University Press. June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "OED Online - Bourne". Oxford University Press. June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "OED Online - Brook". Oxford University Press. June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "OED Online - Burn". Oxford University Press. June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "OED Online - Gill". Oxford University Press. June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "OED Online - Nant". Oxford University Press. June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "OED Online - Rivulet". Oxford University Press. June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "OED Online - Sike". Oxford University Press. June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "OED Online -Branch". Oxford University Press. June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Stream Corridor Structure" Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine. Adapted from Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices
^ Jump up to: a b c Meinzer, Oscar E. (1923). Outline of ground-water hydrology, with definitions. Washington, DC: USGS. Archived from the original on 2017-07-09. Water Supply Paper 494.
Jump up ^ Meinzer, Oscar E. (1923). Outline of ground-water hydrology, with definitions. Washington, DC: US Geological Survey (USGS). p. 57. Archived from the original on 2017-07-09. Water Supply Paper 494.
Jump up ^ "OSM - COALEX State Inquiry Report 97". Archived from the original on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
Jump up ^ Black Creek (Susquehanna River)#Hydrology_and_climate, `Black Creek is an ephemeral stream. It used to drain an area between Turtle Creek and the Susquehanna River, but now loses its flow to underground mines via broken bedrock. Its channel is also disrupted by strip mines and rock piles.', 14 Nov 2016.
Jump up ^ Langbein, W.B.; Iseri, Kathleen T. (1995). "Hydrologic Definitions: Watershed". Manual of Hydrology: Part 1. General Surface-Water Techniques (Water Supply Paper 1541-A). Reston, VA: USGS. Archived from the original on 2012-05-09.
External links[edit]
Look up stream in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Streams.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Streams
Glossary of stream-related terms, StreamNet
[hide]
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Rivers, streams and springs
Rivers
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Channel
Channel pattern
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Drainage basin
Subterranean river
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Streams
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Stream
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Bach – Alemannisch
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