text:
Cat's in the Cradle
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For the CSI episode, see Cats in the Cradle (CSI).
Not to be confused with Cat's cradle (disambiguation).
"Cat's in the Cradle"
Side-A label of the U. S. vinyl single
Single by Harry Chapin
from the album Verities & Balderdash
B-side
"Vacancy"
Released
October 1, 1974
Format
7" vinyl, CD
Recorded
1973
Genre
Folk rock, soft rock[1]
Length
3:44
Label
Elektra
Songwriter(s)
Harry Chapin
Sandra Chapin
Producer(s)
Paul Leka
Harry Chapin singles chronology
"WOLD"
(1973) "Cat's in the Cradle"
(1974) "What Made America Famous?"
(1974)
"WOLD"
(1973) "Cat's in the Cradle"
(1974) "What Made America Famous?"
(1974)
"Cat's in the Cradle" is a 1974 folk rock song by Harry Chapin from the album Verities & Balderdash. The single topped the Billboard Hot 100 in December 1974. As Chapin's only No. 1 hit song, it became the best known of his work and a staple for folk rock music. Chapin's recording of the song was nominated for the 1975 Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2011.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Chart performance
2.1 Weekly charts
2.2 Year-end charts
3 Ugly Kid Joe version
4 Chart performance
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
5 Other uses
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
The song's lyrics began as a poem written by Harry's wife, Sandra "Sandy" Gaston; the poem itself was inspired by the awkward relationship between her first husband, James Cashmore, and his father, John, a politician who served as Brooklyn borough president. She was also inspired by a country music song she had heard on the radio.[4] Chapin also said the song was about his own relationship with his son, Josh, admitting, "Frankly, this song scares me to death."[5]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1974–75)
Peak
position
Australia[6] 6
Canada Top Singles[7] 3
Canada Adult Contemporary[8] 7
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 1
U.S. Billboard Easy Listening[9] 6
U.S. Cash Box Top 100[10] 1
U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 6
U.K. Singles Chart 53
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Rank
Canada [11] 99
Chart (1975)
Rank
Australia[6] 51
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[12] 38
Ugly Kid Joe version[edit]
"Cats in the Cradle"
Single by Ugly Kid Joe
from the album America's Least Wanted
Released
March 25, 1993
Recorded
1992
Genre
Hard rock, soft rock
Length
4:01
Label
Mercury
Songwriter(s)
Harry Chapin
Sandra Chapin
Producer(s)
Mark Dodson
Ugly Kid Joe singles chronology
"So Damn Cool"
(1992) "Cats in the Cradle"
(1993) "Busy Bee"
(1993)
"So Damn Cool"
(1992) "Cats in the Cradle"
(1993) "Busy Bee"
(1993)
In 1992, the hard rock band Ugly Kid Joe included a cover of the song, renamed "Cats in the Cradle", on their debut album America's Least Wanted. The cover was issued as a single in 1993 and peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100, the group's highest ever position on that chart.[13] The song also peaked at number three on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. The single sold 500,000 copies domestically, earning a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America.[14][15]
In Chapin's version, the chorus changes from "when you coming home, dad?" to "when you coming home, son?", as the child grows up, and the situation changes from a busy father neglecting his son to a busy son neglecting his father. In Ugly Kid Joe's version, all the choruses use the same words with a subtle change from "When you coming home? Son, I don't know when", to "When you coming home, son? I don't know when."
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1993)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 6
UK 7
Germany[16] 10
Austria 7
Switzerland 5
Dutch Top 40 12
Belgium 20
France 28
Sweden 4
Norway 2
Australia 1
New Zealand 4
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1993)
Position
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[17] 79
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[18] 24
Other uses[edit]
Johnny Cash made his own version in his album Boom Chika Boom (1989).[19]
In 1993 a version of the song was used in an anti-paramilitary advert commissioned by the Northern Ireland Office titled “I Wanna Be Like You”.[20][21]
A version of this song was recorded as "Just Like Me" by DMC featuring Sarah McLachlan. This version used the same melody and almost the same chorus lyrics, but with entirely revised lyrics in the verses so as to make the song about DMC's adoption and feelings towards his birth mother. The recording appeared on DMC's 2006 album Checks Thugs and Rock n Roll as well as McLachlan's 2008 compilation Rarities, B-Sides and Other Stuff Volume 2.
Donkey sings this to Shrek in Shrek the Third after Shrek learns he's going to be a father.
The song is also used in the enhanced version of the 2013 video game Grand Theft Auto V in the songlist for the game's Los Santos Rock Radio station.[22]
The titles of the Boy Meets World episodes "I'm Gonna be Like You, Dad" and "We'll Have a Good Time Then" quote from the song.
Quitline uses the song to enforce the notion of premature death of parents because of their smoking habits.[23]
A version by singer Joseph Angel is used for a 2017 TV commercial for TD Ameritrade.[24]
In the episode "St. Patrick's Day" (S6E19) of The Office (US), Dwight Schrute uses the song to lay a guilt trip on Jim Halpert for returning to work while his wife and newborn are at home.
The song is central to the theme of The Goldbergs episode, “In Conclusion – Thanksgiving".
In S5E9 (2013) of “The Middle“ Mike tells his son Axl about “this song from the 70s“ and its content when Axl is home from college over Christmas break and prefers a party over quality time with his family on Christmas Eve.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "VH1's 40 Most Softsational Soft-Rock Songs". Stereogum.com. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Grammy Awards: Best Pop Solo Performance". Retrieved 11 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "GRAMMY Hall Of Fame List". Retrieved 11 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Mike Grayeb. "Behind the Song: Cats in the Cradle". Harrychapin.com. Retrieved 2011-10-21.
Jump up ^ "Chapin's opening commentary at Soundstage and live performance of the song: "Cat's In The Cradle"". Youtube.com. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
^ Jump up to: a b Steffen Hung. "Forum - 1970 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Item: 7096 - Library and Archives Canada". Bac-lac.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada". Bac-lac.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Adult Contemporary Music Chart". Billboard. 1974-11-23. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ Canada, Library and Archives (September 13, 2017). "Image : RPM Weekly".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1975/Top 100 Songs of 1975". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Artist Search for "ugly kid joe"". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Best-Selling Records of 1993". Billboard. BPI Communications. 106 (3): 73. January 15, 1994. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "American certifications – Ugly Kid Joe – Cats in the Cradle". Recording Industry Association of America.
Jump up ^ "Cats In The Cradle von Ugly Kid Joe". Chartsurfer.de. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1993". RPM. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1993". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ HardyzGuy25 (2008-07-22), Cat's In The Cradle-Johnny Cash, retrieved 2016-08-11
Jump up ^ Rutherford, Adrian (30 January 2016). "Eerily prophetic Troubles ad that shocked us in 1993 gets 500,000 views in one day". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
Jump up ^ O'Doherty, Malachi (30 January 2016). "Landmark in NIO propaganda that showed us how bad Troubles were". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Martin, Matt (2014-11-18). "Here's all 162 new songs in the refreshed GTA 5 soundtrack". VG247.com. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Youtube: Quitline". 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "TD Ameritrade TV Commercial, 'Cat's in the Cradle' Song by Joseph Angel". 11 June 2017.
External links[edit]
Lyrics at The Harry Chapin Archive
Guitar Tabs and Chords at Fretbase
show
v
t
e
Harry Chapin
Ron Palmer
Tim Scott
John Wallace
Stephen Chapin
Tom Chapin
Mike Masters
Doug Walker
Howie Fields
Ron Evanuik
Kim Scholes
Yvonne Cable
Studio albums
Heads & Tales
Sniper and Other Love Songs
Short Stories
Verities & Balderdash
Portrait Gallery
On the Road to Kingdom Come
Dance Band on the Titanic
Living Room Suite
Sequel
Live albums
Greatest Stories Live
Legends of the Lost and Found
Posthumously Produced
Harry Chapin Tribute
The Last Protest Singer
The Bottom Line Encore Collection
Compilations
Remember When the Music
The Gold Medal Collection
Story of a Life
DVDs
Rockpalast Live
Remember When: The Anthology
Singles
"Taxi"
"Sunday Morning Sunshine"
"WOLD"
"Cat's in the Cradle"
"I Wanna Learn a Love Song"
"Dreams Go By"
"Flowers Are Red"
"Sequel"
Other songs
"30,000 Pounds of Bananas"
"A Better Place to Be"
"Corey's Coming"
"Halfway to Heaven"
"The Mayor of Candor Lied"
"Mr. Tanner"
"Six String Orchestra"
"Sniper"
Related articles
Discography
The Night That Made America Famous
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Ricky Skaggs
Studio albums
That's It
Sweet Temptation
Waitin' for the Sun to Shine
Family & Friends
Highways & Heartaches
Don't Cheat in Our Hometown
Country Boy
Love's Gonna Get Ya!
Comin' Home to Stay
Kentucky Thunder
My Father's Son
Solid Ground
Life Is a Journey
Big Mon: The Songs of Bill Monroe
Ricky Skaggs and Friends Sing the Songs of Bill Monroe
Solo (Songs My Dad Loved)
Mosaic
Country Hits Bluegrass Style
Collaborative albums
Second Generation Bluegrass
One Way Track
Skaggs & Rice
Bluegrass Rules!
Ancient Tones
Soldier of the Cross
History of the Future
The Three Pickers
Brand New Strings
Instrumentals
Ricky Skaggs & Bruce Hornsby
Salt of the Earth
Honoring the Fathers of Bluegrass: Tribute to 1946 and 1947
Music to My Ears
Hearts Like Ours
Live albums
Live in London
Live at the Charleston Music Hall
Cluck Ol' Hen
Compilation albums
Favorite Country Songs
Super Hits
Notable singles
"You May See Me Walkin'"
"Crying My Heart Out Over You"
"I Don't Care"
"Heartbroke"
"I Wouldn't Change You If I Could"
"Highway 40 Blues"
"You've Got a Lover"
"Don't Cheat in Our Hometown"
"Honey (Open That Door)"
"Uncle Pen"
"Something in My Heart"
"Country Boy"
"You Make Me Feel Like a Man"
"Cajun Moon"
"I've Got a New Heartache"
"Love's Gonna Get You Someday"
"Love Can't Ever Get Better Than This" (with Sharon White)
"Thanks Again"
"Lovin' Only Me"
"Let It Be You"
"Heartbreak Hurricane"
"Hummingbird"
"He Was On to Somethin' (So He Made You)"
"Life's Too Long (To Live Like This)"
"Same Ol' Love"
"Cat's in the Cradle"
Related articles
Discography
Mark O'Connor
"Make You Mine"
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Staple food
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Spelt, a species of wheat and a historically important staple food
Various types of potatoes
A staple food, or simply a staple, is a food that is eaten routinely and in such quantities that it constitutes a dominant portion of a standard diet for a given people, supplying a large fraction of energy needs and generally forming a significant proportion of the intake of other nutrients as well. The staple food of a specific society may be eaten as often as every day or every meal, and most people live on a diet based on just a small number of staples.[1]
Staple foods vary from place to place, but typically they are inexpensive or readily-available foods that supply one or more of the three organic macronutrients needed for survival and health: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Typical examples of staples include tubers and roots; and grains, legumes, and other seeds. Early agricultural civilizations valued the foods that they established as staples because, in addition to providing necessary nutrition, they generally are suitable for storage over long periods of time without decay. Such nonperishable foods are the only possible staples during seasons of shortage, such as dry seasons or cold temperate winters, against which times harvests have been stored. During seasons of plenty, wider choices of foods may be available.
Main staple foods are derived either from vegetables and animal products, including cereals (such as rice, wheat, maize, millet, or sorghum), starchy tubers or root vegetables (such as potatoes, cassava, yams, or taro), meat, fish, eggs, milk, and cheese.[1] Other staple foods include pulses (dried legumes),[2] sago (derived from the pith of the sago palm tree),[3] and fruits (such as breadfruit and plantains).[4] Staple foods may also contain (depending on the region): olive oil, coconut oil and sugar (e.g., from plantains).[5][6][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Demographics
2 Production
3 Refining
4 Part of balanced nutrition
4.1 Nutritional content
5 Gallery of food staples
6 See also
7 References
Demographics[edit]
Average kcal/person/day, 1979-1981
Average kcal/person/day, 2001-2003
no data
<1600
1600-1800
1800-2000
2000-2200
2200-2400
2400-2600
2600-2800
2800-3000
3000-3200
3200-3400
3400-3600
>3600
Food energy consumption per person, per day, worldwide. Except for war-torn countries, the world is eating more staples per capita per day, despite rising world population.
Of the more than 50,000 edible plant species in the world, only a few hundred contribute significantly to human food supplies. Although there are over 10,000 species in the cereal family, just a few have been widely cultivated over the past 2,000 years.
The staple food in different parts of the world is a function of weather patterns, local terrain, farming constraints, acquired tastes and ecosystems. For example, the main energy source staples in the average African diet are cereals (46 percent), roots and tubers (20 percent) and animal products (seven percent). In Western Europe the main staples in the average diet are animal products (33 percent), cereals (26 percent), and roots and tubers (four percent).
Most of the global human population lives on a diet based on one or more of the following staples: rice, wheat, maize (corn), millet, sorghum, roots and tubers (potatoes, cassava, yams and taro), and animal products such as meat, milk, eggs, cheese and fish. Regional staples include rye, soybeans, barley, oats, and teff.
Just 15 crop plants provide 90 percent of the world's food energy intake (exclusive of meat), with rice, maize, and wheat comprising two-thirds of human food consumption. The three are the staples of about 80 percent of the world population,[8] and rice feeds almost half of humanity.
Roots and tubers, meanwhile, are important staples for over one billion people in the developing world, accounting for roughly 40 percent of the food eaten by half the population of sub-Saharan Africa. Roots and tubers are high in carbohydrates, calcium, and vitamin C, but low in protein. Cassava root is a major staple food in the developing world, providing a basic diet for around 500 million people.
With economic development and free trade, many countries have shifted away from low-nutrient-density staple foods to higher-nutrient-density staples, as well as towards greater meat consumption. Despite this trend, there is growing recognition of the importance of traditional staple crops in nutrition.[citation needed] Efforts are underway to identify better strains with superior nutrition, disease resistance, and higher yields.[citation needed]
Some foods like quinoa — a pseudocereal grain that originally came from the Andes — were also staple foods centuries ago.[9] Oca, ulluku and amaranth seed are other foods claimed to be historical Andean staples.[10] Pemmican was a staple of the Plains Indians of North America.[11] In 2010, the global consumption of "speciality grains" such as quinoa was very small compared to other staples such as rice, wheat, and maize.[citation needed] These grains, once popular but then forgotten, are being reevaluated and reintroduced.[citation needed]
Production[edit]
Most staple food is produced using modern and conventional farming practices. However, the production of staple food using organic farming methods is growing.
Ten staples that feed the world (by annual production)[12]
World production
2012[13]
Average world yield
2010
World's most productive countries[14]
2012[15]
World's largest producing countries (2013)[16]
Rank Crop (metric tons) (tons per hectare) (tons per hectare) Country (metric tons) Country
1 Maize (corn) 873 million 5.1 25.9 United States 354 million United States
2 Rice 738 million 4.3 9.5 Egypt 204 million China
3 Wheat 671 million 3.1 8.9 New Zealand 122 million China
4 Potatoes 365 million 17.2 45.4 Netherlands 96 million China
5 Cassava 269 million 12.5 34.8 India 47 million Nigeria
6 Soybeans 241 million 2.4 4.4 Egypt 91 million United States
7 Sweet potatoes 108 million 13.5 33.3 Senegal 71 million China
8 Yams 59.5 million 10.5 28.3 Colombia 36 million Nigeria
9 Sorghum 57.0 million 1.5 86.7 United States 10 million United States
10 Plantain 37.2 million 6.3 31.1 El Salvador 9 million Uganda
Refining[edit]
Rice is most commonly cooked and eaten as entire grains, but most other cereals are milled into flour or meal, which is used to make bread, noodles/ pasta, porridges and "mushes" like mealie pap. Mashed root vegetables can be used to make porridge-like dishes, including poi and fufu. Pulses (such as chickpeas, from which gram flour is made) and starchy root vegetables such as canna rhizomes can also be made into flour.
Part of balanced nutrition[edit]
Maize, the most produced food staple in the world
Although nutritious, vegetable staples generally do not provide a full range of nutrients, so other foods need to be added to the diet, to ward off malnutrition. The deficiency disease pellagra is associated with a diet consisting primarily of maize; the disease beriberi with a diet of white (refined) rice.[17]
Research published in the journal Nature has indicated that the nutritional value of some staple foods are negatively impacted by higher levels of carbon dioxide.[18]
Nutritional content[edit]
The following table shows the nutrient content of major staple vegetable foods in raw form, with the caveat that raw grains are not edible and cannot be digested. Raw grains must be sprouted, or prepared and cooked for human consumption. In sprouted and cooked form, the relative nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of each of these grains is remarkably different from that of raw form of these grains (reported in this table). Potatoes must also be cooked and should not be sprouted.
Nutrient content of major staple foods per 100 g portion[19]
Nutrient component:
Maize / Corn[A]
Rice (white)[B]
Rice (brown)[I]
Wheat[C]
Potato[D]
Cassava[E]
Soybean (Green)[F]
Sweet potato[G]
Yam[Y]
Sorghum[H]
Plantain[Z]
RDA
Water (g) 10 12 10 13 79 60 68 77 70 9 65 3000
Energy (kJ) 1528 1528 1549 1369 322 670 615 360 494 1419 511 8368–10,460
Protein (g) 9.4 7.1 7.9 12.6 2.0 1.4 13.0 1.6 1.5 11.3 1.3 50
Fat (g) 4.74 0.66 2.92 1.54 0.09 0.28 6.8 0.05 0.17 3.3 0.37
Carbohydrates (g) 74 80 77 71 17 38 11 20 28 75 32 130
Fiber (g) 7.3 1.3 3.5 12.2 2.2 1.8 4.2 3 4.1 6.3 2.3 30
Sugar (g) 0.64 0.12 0.85 0.41 0.78 1.7 0 4.18 0.5 0 15
Calcium (mg) 7 28 23 29 12 16 197 30 17 28 3 1000
Iron (mg) 2.71 0.8 1.47 3.19 0.78 0.27 3.55 0.61 0.54 4.4 0.6 8
Magnesium (mg) 127 25 143 126 23 21 65 25 21 0 37 400
Phosphorus (mg) 210 115 333 288 57 27 194 47 55 287 34 700
Potassium (mg) 287 115 223 363 421 271 620 337 816 350 499 4700
Sodium (mg) 35 5 7 2 6 14 15 55 9 6 4 1500
Zinc (mg) 2.21 1.09 2.02 2.65 0.29 0.34 0.99 0.3 0.24 0 0.14 11
Copper (mg) 0.31 0.22 0.43 0.11 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.18 - 0.08 0.9
Manganese (mg) 0.49 1.09 3.74 3.99 0.15 0.38 0.55 0.26 0.40 - - 2.3
Selenium (μg) 15.5 15.1 70.7 0.3 0.7 1.5 0.6 0.7 0 1.5 55
Vitamin C (mg) 0 0 0 0 19.7 20.6 29 2.4 17.1 0 18.4 90
Thiamin (B1)(mg) 0.39 0.07 0.40 0.30 0.08 0.09 0.44 0.08 0.11 0.24 0.05 1.2
Riboflavin (B2)(mg) 0.20 0.05 0.09 0.12 0.03 0.05 0.18 0.06 0.03 0.14 0.05 1.3
Niacin (B3) (mg) 3.63 1.6 5.09 5.46 1.05 0.85 1.65 0.56 0.55 2.93 0.69 16
Pantothenic acid (B5) (mg) 0.42 1.01 1.49 0.95 0.30 0.11 0.15 0.80 0.31 - 0.26 5
Vitamin B6 (mg) 0.62 0.16 0.51 0.3 0.30 0.09 0.07 0.21 0.29 - 0.30 1.3
Folate Total (B9) (μg) 19 8 20 38 16 27 165 11 23 0 22 400
Vitamin A (IU) 214 0 0 9 2 13 180 14187 138 0 1127 5000
Vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol (mg) 0.49 0.11 0.59 1.01 0.01 0.19 0 0.26 0.39 0 0.14 15
Vitamin K1 (μg) 0.3 0.1 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 0 1.8 2.6 0 0.7 120
Beta-carotene (μg) 97 0 5 1 8 0 8509 83 0 457 10,500
Lutein+zeaxanthin (μg) 1355 0 220 8 0 0 0 0 0 30
Saturated fatty acids (g) 0.67 0.18 0.58 0.26 0.03 0.07 0.79 0.02 0.04 0.46 0.14
Monounsaturated fatty acids (g) 1.25 0.21 1.05 0.2 0.00 0.08 1.28 0.00 0.01 0.99 0.03
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g) 2.16 0.18 1.04 0.63 0.04 0.05 3.20 0.01 0.08 1.37 0.07
A yellow corn B raw unenriched long-grain white rice
C hard red winter wheat D raw potato with flesh and skin
E raw cassava F raw green soybeans
G raw sweet potato H raw sorghum
Y raw yam Z raw plantains
I raw long-grain brown rice
Note: The highlighted value is the highest nutrient density amongst these staples. Other foods of the world, consumed in smaller quantities, may have nutrient densities higher than these values.
Gallery of food staples[edit]
Boiled white rice
Bread made from wheat flour
Kidney beans
Amaranth (left) and wheat seeds
Cassava
Sweet potato
Edamame (green soybeans)
Sorghum seeds and popped sorghum
Chinese yam
Plantains
Ulluco
Oca
Taro
Millet
Quinoa
Maize
Potatoes
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Staple food.
Food portal
Famine food
Cash crop
List of foods
Maize
Rice
Vavilov Center
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization: Agriculture and Consumer Protection. "Dimensions of Need - Staples: What do people eat?". Retrieved 15 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Around the world in dishes made with pulses". Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations. 18 November 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ The Sago Palm: The Food and Environmental Challenges of the 21st Century. Kyoto University Press. 2015. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-920901-13-4.
Jump up ^ Toensmeier, Eric (25 April 2013). "Staple Fruits of the World". Perrenial Solutions. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "African Food Staples". Retrieved 29 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Olive Oil & Health - All Olive Oil". Retrieved 29 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "How Sugar Went From a Condiment to a Diet Staple".
Jump up ^ "Dimensions of Need: An atlas of food and agriculture". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1995.
Jump up ^ E.A. Oelke; et al. "Quinoa". University of Minnesota.
Jump up ^ Arbizu and Tapia (1994). "Plant Production and Protection Series No. 26. FAO, Rome, Italy". FAO / Purdue University.
Jump up ^ John E. Foster. "Pemmican". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Allianz. "Food security: Ten Crops that Feed the World". Allianz.
Jump up ^ "Food and Agricultural commodities production / Commodities by regions". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2012.
Jump up ^ The numbers in this column are country average; regional farm productivity within the country varies, with some farms even higher.
Jump up ^ "FAOSTAT: Production-Crops, 2010 data". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2011.
Jump up ^ "Food and Agricultural commodities production / Countries by commodity (2013 data)". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
Jump up ^ United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization: Agriculture and Consumer Protection. "Rice and Human Nutrition" (PDF). Retrieved 15 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Wernick, Adam (29 October 2017). "Global warming threatens nutrition levels in staple crops". Public Radio International (PRI). Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nutrient data laboratory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
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Geography of Europe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the political geography of Europe, see Politics of Europe, List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe, International organisations in Europe, and Regions of Europe.
Geography of Europe

Several of the oldest cities of Northwestern Europe are highlighted in this astronaut's photograph from 00:25 GMT on 10 August 2011
Area
10,180,000 km2 (3,930,000 sq mi)[n] (6th)
Population
742,452,000[n] (2013; 3rd)
Population density
72.9/km2 (188/sq mi) (2nd)
Demonym
European
Countries
50 sovereign states
5 with limited recognition
Dependencies
4 dependencies
Europe is traditionally defined as one of seven continents. Physiographically, it is the northwestern peninsula of the larger landmass known as Eurasia (or the larger Afro-Eurasia); Asia occupies the eastern bulk of this continuous landmass and all share a common continental shelf. Europe's eastern frontier is delineated by the Ural Mountains in Russia. The southeast boundary with Asia is not universally defined, but the modern definition is generally the Ural River or, less commonly, the Emba River. The boundary continues to the Caspian Sea, the crest of the Caucasus Mountains (or, less commonly, the Kura River in the Caucasus), and on to the Black Sea. The Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles conclude the Asian boundary. The Mediterranean Sea to the south separates Europe from Africa. The western boundary is the Atlantic Ocean. Iceland, though on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and nearer to Greenland (North America) than mainland Europe, is generally included in Europe for cultural reasons and because it is over twice as close to mainland Europe than to mainland North America. There is ongoing debate on where the geographical centre of Europe falls.
Play media
This video was taken by the crew of Expedition 30 on board the ISS on a pass over Europe. The two videos were shot simultaneously using different cameras: one pointing toward the northeast, and one pointing toward the east.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
1.1 Peninsula of peninsulas
2 Geology
3 Population
4 Rivers
5 Lakes and inland seas
6 Major islands
7 Plains and lowlands
8 Mountain ranges
9 Temperature and precipitation
10 Landlocked countries
11 Countries consisting solely of islands or parts of islands
12 Countries bordering or spanning another continent
13 Countries that share a name with their capital
14 Countries whose capital is not the most populous
15 List of countries by the number of other countries they border
16 See also
17 Notes
18 External links
Overview[edit]
Satellite image of Europe by night
Some geographical texts refer to a Eurasian continent given that Europe is not surrounded by sea and its southeastern border has always been variously defined for centuries.
In terms of shape, Europe is a collection of connected peninsulas and nearby islands. The two largest peninsulas are mainland Europe and Scandinavia to the north, divided from each other by the Baltic Sea. Three smaller peninsulas—Iberia, Italy and the Balkans—emerge from the southern margin of the mainland. The Balkan peninsula is separated from Asia by the Black and Aegean Seas. Italy is separated from the Balkans by the Adriatic Sea, and from Iberia by the Mediterranean Sea, which also separates Europe from Africa. Eastward, mainland Europe widens much like the mouth of a funnel, until the boundary with Asia is reached at the Ural Mountains and Ural River, the Caspian Sea and Caucasus Mountains.
Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas. The southern regions are mountainous, while moving north the terrain descends from the high Alps, Pyrenees and Carpathians, through hilly uplands, into broad, low northern plains, which are vast in the east. An arc of uplands also exists along the northwestern seaboard, beginning in southwestern Ireland, continuing across through western and northern Great Britain, and up along the mountainous, fjord-cut spine of Norway.
This description is simplified. Sub-regions such as Iberia and Italy contain their own complex features, as does mainland Europe itself, where the relief contains many plateaus, river valleys and basins that complicate the general trend. Iceland and the British Isles are special cases. The former is of North Atlantic volcanic formation, while the latter consist of upland areas once joined to the mainland until cut off by rising sea levels.
Peninsula of peninsulas[edit]
Europe is sometimes called a "peninsula of peninsulas", to draw attention to the fact that Europe is a relatively small, elongated appendage to Asia, and that a large part of Europe is made up of peninsulas.[1]
Partial list of European peninsulas
Absheron peninsula
Balkan peninsula
Cotentin Peninsula
Crimea
Fennoscandian Peninsula
Kola Peninsula
Scandinavian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula
Italian Peninsula
Jutland
Kanin Peninsula
Geology[edit]
Main article: Geology of Europe
The coast of Europe is heavily indented with bays and gulfs, as here in Greece.
Europe's most significant geological feature is the dichotomy between the highlands and mountains of Southern Europe and a vast, partially underwater, northern plain ranging from Great Britain in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east.[citation needed] These two halves are separated by the mountain chains of the Pyrenees and the Alps/Carpathians. The northern plains are delimited in the west by the Scandinavian mountains and the mountainous parts of the British Isles. The major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the northern plains are the Celtic Sea, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea complex, and the Barents Sea.
The northern plain contains the old geological continent of Baltica, and so may be regarded as the "main continent", while peripheral highlands and mountainous regions in south and west constitute fragments from various other geological continents.
The geology of Europe is hugely varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent, from the Scottish Highlands to the rolling plains of Hungary.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2011)
Population[edit]
Figures for the population of Europe vary according to which definition of European boundaries is used. The population within the standard physical geographical boundaries was 731 million in 2005 according to the United Nations. In 2010 the population is 857 million, using a definition which includes the whole of the transcontinental countries of Russia and Turkey. Population growth is comparatively slow, and median age comparatively high in relation to the world's other continents.
Rivers[edit]
The Volga, the longest river in Europe, near Kazan, Russia.
The Danube, Europe's second-longest river, in Budapest, Hungary.
Main article: List of rivers of Europe
The longest rivers in Europe with their approximate lengths:[2][3]
Volga - 3,690 km (2,290 mi)
Danube - 2,860 km (1,780 mi)
Ural - 2,428 km (1,509 mi)
Dnieper - 2,290 km (1,420 mi)
Don - 1,950 km (1,210 mi)
Pechora - 1,809 km (1,124 mi)
Kama - 1,805 km (1,122 mi)
Oka - 1,500 km (930 mi)
Belaya - 1,430 km (890 mi)
Tisza - 1,358 km (844 mi)
Dniester - 1,352 km (840 mi)
Rhine - 1,236 km (768 mi)
Elbe - 1,091 km (678 mi)
Vistula - 1,047 km (651 mi)
Tagus - 1,038 km (645 mi)
Daugava - 1,020 km (630 mi)
Loire - 1,012 km (629 mi)
Ebro - 960 km (600 mi)
Neman - 937 km (582 mi)
Sava - 933 km (580 mi)
Douro - 897 km (557 mi)
Oder - 854 km (531 mi)
Guadiana - 829 km (515 mi)
Rhône - 815 km (506 mi)
Seine - 776 km (482 mi)
Mureș - 761 km (473 mi)
Prut - 742 km (461 mi)
Po - 682 km (424 mi)
Guadalquivir - 657 km (408 mi)
Olt - 615 km (382 mi)
Glomma - 604 km (375 mi)
Garonne - 602 km (374 mi)
Siret - 559 km (347 mi)
Neris - 510 km (320 mi)
Maritsa - 480 km (300 mi)
Gauja - 452 km (281 mi)
Vltava - 430 km (270 mi)
Ialomița - 417 km (259 mi)
Vah - 406 km (252 mi)
Vardar - 388 km (241 mi)
Shannon - 386 km (240 mi)
Someș - 376 km (234 mi)
Morava - 353 km (219 mi)
Drin Albania 335 km
Torne - 324 km (201 mi)
Lakes and inland seas[edit]
Main article: List of lakes § Europe
Major islands[edit]
Iceland, Faroe Islands, Great Britain, Ireland, Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Cyprus, Ionian Islands, Crete, Aegean Islands, Åland Islands, Gotland, Saaremaa, Svalbard, Hinnøya, Senja, Zealand, Fyn and North Jutlandic Island.
See also List of European islands by area and List of European islands by population
Plains and lowlands[edit]
East European Plain, the largest landscape feature of Europe
Northern European Lowlands
Pannonian Plain
Meseta Central is a high plain (plateau) in central Spain (occupies roughly 40% of the country)
Po Valley, also known as Padan Plain, between Alps and Apennines
Mountain ranges[edit]
Elbrus, the highest mountain in Europe, seen from Georgia.
Mount Olympus, legendary abode of the Greek gods.
Maja Jezercë in Albania at 2,694m high is the highest peak of the Dinaric Alps.
Main article: List of mountain ranges § Europe
Some of Europe's major mountain ranges are:
Ural Mountains, which form the boundary between Europe and Asia
Caucasus Mountains, which also separate Europe and Asia, and are the namesake of the Caucasian race
Carpathian Mountains, a major mountain range in Central and Southern Europe
Alps, in Central Western Europe
Apennines, which run through Italy
Pyrenees, the natural border between France and Spain
Cantabrian Mountains, which run across northern Spain
Scandinavian Mountains, a mountain range which runs through the Scandinavian Peninsula, includes the Kjølen mountains
Dinaric Alps, a mountain range in the Balkans
Balkan Mountains, a mountain range in central Balkans
Scottish Highlands (including the Cairngorms) in the United Kingdom.
Land area in different classes of European mountainous terrain (classification from UNEP-WCMC):
Altitude
Area (km2)
% Area
≥4500m 1 0.00%
3500-4500m 225 0.00%
2500-3500m 497,886 4.89%
1500-2500m & slope ≥2° 145,838 1.43%
1000-1500m & slope ≥5°
or local elevation range >300m 345,255 3.39%
300-1000m
and local elevation range >300m 1,222,104 12.00%
Mountainous TOTAL 2,211,308 21.72%
Europe TOTAL 10,180,000 100.00%
Temperature and precipitation[edit]
The high mountainous areas of Europe are colder and have higher precipitation than lower areas, as is true of mountainous areas in general. Europe has less precipitation in the east than in central and western Europe. The temperature difference between summer and winter gradually increases from coastal northwest Europe to southeast inland Europe, ranging from Ireland, with a temperature difference of only 10 °C from the warmest to the coldest month, to the area north of the Caspian Sea, with a temperature difference of 40 °C. January average range from 13 °C in southern Spain and southern Greek islands to -20 °C in the northeastern part of European Russia. Desert climates are found in the European portion of Kazakhstan and South Eastern Spain.
Western Europe and parts of Central Europe generally fall into the temperate maritime climate (Cfb), the southern part is mostly a Mediterranean climate (mostly Csa, smaller area with Csb), the north-central part and east into central Russia is mostly a humid continental climate (Dfb) and the northern part of the continent is a subarctic climate (Dfc). In the extreme northern part (northernmost Russia; Svalbard), bordering the Arctic Ocean, is tundra climate (Et). Mountain ranges, such as the Alps and the Carpathian mountains, have a highland climate with large variations according to altitude and latitude.
Landlocked countries[edit]
If Nagorno-Karabakh Republic is considered a country (it is a non-UN member state recognised only by non-UN member states), it is landlocked by Armenia.
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Czech Republic
Hungary
Kazakhstan
Kosovo
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Republic of Macedonia
Moldova
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Switzerland
Vatican
Notes:
Liechtenstein is doubly landlocked.
Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, and Macedonia constitute a contiguous landlocked agglomeration of eight countries in Central Europe and the Balkans, stretching from Geneva all the way to Greece.
All other landlocked countries (Luxembourg, Andorra, Vatican, San Marino, Belarus, Moldova, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan) are "standalone" landlocked countries, not bordering any other such European one (the emphasis is necessary, since Kazakhstan borders Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan, thus forming a vast landlocked expanse in Central Asia)
Countries consisting solely of islands or parts of islands[edit]
Cyprus
Iceland
Ireland
Malta
United Kingdom
Countries bordering or spanning another continent[edit]
Eurasia Armenia, Azerbaijan, Republic of Cyprus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkey, Greece (some Aegean islands and Kastelorizo island in southeastern Mediterranean)
Europe-Africa Malta, Spain (Ceuta, Melilla and Canary Islands), Italy (Lampedusa and Lampione), Portugal (Madeira),[4] France (Réunion and Mayotte)
Europe-South America France (French Guiana)
Europe-North America France (Guadeloupe, Martinique, and St. Pierre et Miquelon), Denmark (Greenland), Netherlands (Bonaire, Saba, and St. Eustatius), Portugal (Corvo Island, Flores Island)
Countries that share a name with their capital[edit]
Luxembourg
Monaco
San Marino
Vatican City
Andorra
Countries whose capital is not the most populous[edit]
Country
Capital
Largest city or municipality
Liechtenstein Vaduz Schaan
Malta Valletta Birkirkara
San Marino San Marino Serravalle
Switzerland Bern Zurich
Turkey Ankara Istanbul
Note: Italy's capital, Rome, is the country's largest city if only the municipality (comune) is considered. Greater Milan is the largest Metropolitan Area in Italy.
Brussels is considered to be the largest city of Belgium, according to the population of the Brussels-Capital Region. The population of the City of Brussels is ~175,000. Antwerp is the biggest city of the country.
List of countries by the number of other countries they border[edit]
Map of European countries by number of neighbouring countries.
14 Russia (Including Kaliningrad)
11 France (Including overseas departments and territories)
9 Germany
8 Austria, Serbia, Turkey
7 Hungary, Poland, Ukraine
6 Italy
5 Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kazakhstan, Romania, Macedonia, Slovakia, Spain (Including Ceuta and Melilla), Switzerland
4 Albania, Armenia, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Georgia, Greece, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Slovenia
3 Bosnia and Herzegovina, Finland, Netherlands (Including Sint Maarten), Norway, Luxembourg
2 Andorra, Estonia, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Sweden
1 Denmark, Ireland, Monaco, Portugal, San Marino, United Kingdom, Vatican City
0 Iceland, Cyprus, Malta
See also[edit]
European grid
European Union
Northern Europe
Western Europe
Central Europe
Eastern Europe
Southern Europe
Extreme points of Europe
Intermediate Region
Extreme points of the European Union
Countries bordering the European Union
Extreme points of Eurasia
Extreme points of Afro-Eurasia
Explorers of Russia
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Europe:Physical Geography National Geographic - Education
Jump up ^ "European Rivers". worldatlas.com.
Jump up ^ "River Systems of the World". Archived from the original on 2009-09-19.
Jump up ^ Peoples of Africa. Marshall Cavendish. 2000. ISBN 9780761471585.
External links[edit]
Media related to Geography of Europe at Wikimedia Commons
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Camembert
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the French village, see Camembert, Orne.
Not to be confused with Brie.
Camembert
Country of origin
France
Region, town
Normandy, Camembert
Town
Camembert
Source of milk
Cows
Pasteurized
Not traditionally
Texture
Soft-ripened
Aging time
At least 3 weeks
Certification
Camembert de Normandie
AOC 1983, PDO 1992
Related media on Wikimedia Commons
Camembert (/ˈkæməmˌbɛər/; French: [ka.mɑ̃.bɛʁ]) is a soft, creamy, surface-ripened cow's milk cheese. It was first made in the late 18th century at Camembert, Normandy, in northern France.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
2 History
3 Chemical composition
4 Comparison to brie
5 Packaging
6 Camembert from other countries
7 References
8 External links
Production[edit]
The first camembert was made from unpasteurized milk, and the AOC variety "Camembert de Normandie" (approximately 10 % of the production) is required by law to be made only with unpasteurized milk. Many modern cheesemakers, however, use pasteurized milk for reasons of safety, compliance with regulations, or convenience.[1]
True Camembert cheese of Normandy made with unpasteurized milk
The cheese is made by inoculating warmed cow milk with mesophilic bacteria, then adding rennet and allowing the mixture to coagulate. The curd is then cut into roughly 1 cm (1/2 inch) cubes, salted, and transferred to low cylindrical camembert molds.[1] The molds are turned every six to twelve hours to allow the whey to drain evenly from the cut curds; after 48 hours, each mold contains a flat, cylindrical, solid cheese mass weighing generally 250 grams (about 9 oz). At this point the fresh cheese is hard, crumbly, and bland.
The surface of each cheese is then sprayed with an aqueous suspension of the mold Penicillium camemberti, and the cheeses are left to ripen for a legally required minimum of three weeks. This affinage produces the distinctive bloomy, edible rind and creamy interior texture characteristic of the cheese.[1] Once the cheeses are sufficiently ripe, they are wrapped in paper and may be placed in wooden boxes for transport.
Camembert of Normandy
History[edit]
Camembert was reputedly first made in 1791 by Marie Harel, a farmer from Normandy, following advice from a priest who came from Brie.[2]
However, the origin of the cheese known today as camembert is more likely to rest with the beginnings of the industrialization of the cheesemaking process at the end of the 19th century.[3] In 1890, an engineer, M. Ridel, devised the wooden box that was used to carry the cheese and helped to send it for longer distances, in particular to America, where it became very popular. These boxes are still used today.
Before fungi were understood, the color of camembert rind was a matter of chance, most commonly blue-grey, with brown spots. From the early 20th century onwards, the rind has been more commonly pure white, but it was not until the mid-1970s that pure white became standard.
The cheese was famously issued to French troops during World War I, becoming firmly fixed in French popular culture as a result. It has many other roles in French culture, literature, and history. It is now internationally known, and many local varieties are made around the world.
The variety named Camembert de Normandie was granted a protected designation of origin in 1992 after the original AOC in 1983. The AOC Camembert can only be made from raw, unpasteurized milk from vaches normandes cows. Problems with hygiene regulations have caused restrictions on importation and sale in some countries, notably the US.
Chemical composition[edit]
Camembert cheese gets its characteristic odor from many compounds. These include diacetyl (buttery flavoring for popcorn), 3-methylbutanal, methional (degradation product of methionine), 1-octen-3-ol and 1-octen-3-one (degradation products of fats), phenethyl acetate, 2-undecanone, δ-decalactone, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid (odor of gym socks).[4]
Significant contributors to odor of camembert cheese
Isovaleric acid
Diacetyl
Oct-1-en-3-one
Methional
Overripe camembert contains an unpleasant, excessive amount of ammonia, which is produced by the same microorganisms required for ripening.[5]
Comparison to brie[edit]
Brie cheese is a similar soft cheese, also made from cow's milk. However, there are differences such as its origin, typical market shape, size, and flavor. Brie originates from the Île de France while camembert comes from Normandy. Traditionally, brie was produced in large wheels, either 22.9 cm (9 in) or 36.8 cm (14.5 in) in diameter,[6] and thus ripened more slowly than the smaller camembert cheeses. When sold, brie segments typically have been cut from the larger wheels (although some brie is sold as small, flat cylinders), and therefore its sides are not covered by the rind. By contrast, camembert is ripened as a small round cheese 10.2 cm (4 in) in diameter by 3.2 cm (1.26 in) thick and fully covered by rind. This ratio change between rind and paste makes camembert slightly stronger when compared to a brie ripened for the same amount of time. Once the rind is cut on camembert it typically has a more pungent aroma than brie. In terms of taste, camembert has a stronger, slightly sour, and sometimes chalky taste. The texture of camembert is softer than brie, and if warmed camembert will become creamier, whereas brie warms without losing as much structure.
Packaging[edit]
Camembert cheese box
Typically camembert tends to be sold whole in thin, round, wooden containers made from poplar. Modern variations in packaging include cartons and tin cans, with a ring-pull tab for opening (Camembert in metallic boxes does not exist on the French market). The cardboard boxes are reserved for the low-cost camemberts. The product is the same as in the wooden container, wrapped dry in a paper/foil wrapper, and not immersed in brine or oil.
Camembert from other countries[edit]
A similar cheese is produced in Hungary under the same name,[7] the Czech Republic under the name Hermelín and in Slovakia as encián or plesnivec. A Camembert-type cheese is also manufactured in Cornwall, UK, and marketed as "Cornish Camembert".[8] A Camembert cheese is produced also in Marin County, California, by Marin French Cheese Company under their Rouge et Noir label.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Smith, Tim (2005). Making artisan cheese : 50 fine cheeses that you can make in your own kitchen. Beverly, Massachusetts: Quarry Books. ISBN 1-59253-197-0.
Jump up ^ The Invention of Marie Harel, Camembert de Normandie web site
Jump up ^ Pierre Boisard, Camembert: A National Myth, 2003 ( ISBN 0-520-22550-3 ) claims that camembert was one of the first globalized, homogenized, and standardized foods.
Jump up ^ Kubíckováa, J.; W. Groscha (1998). "Evaluation of Flavour Compounds of Camembert Cheese". International Dairy Journal. 314: 11–16. doi:10.1016/S0958-6946(98)00015-6.
Jump up ^ McGee, Harold (2004). On food and cooking: the science and lore of the kitchen. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-80001-2.
Jump up ^ Dixon, Peter. "Dairy Foods Consulting & Westminster Artisan Cheesemaking". Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Camembert in Hungary". Chew.hu. Archived from the original on 2014-06-19.
Jump up ^ "Cornish Camembert". Cornish Country Larder Ltd.
External links[edit]
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text:
North–South Corridor (West Bengal)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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North-South Corridor[1] is a direct communication project with North Bengal along with Haldia Port of West Bengal's sea port. Under this project, State Road 4 and State Road 7. To increase the communication of Haldia port with neighboring countries like Nepal-Bhutan-Bangladesh, the country's northeast will have to widen the SH4 and SH7. That's why ADB will provide ₹4500 crore (70 percent of total project cost) to the state.[2][3] State administration sources said, for this purpose, it will take 271 hectares of land initially.West Bengal Highway Development Corporation or West Bengal Road Development Corporation has been entrusted to the land.null ADB experts are making plans for the development of the road, the DPR, or the roadmap of the road construction.Experts from Kharagpur IIT will see the projects report.[4][5]
Important[edit]
Now, to go to Haldia from Siliguri, have to travel to Calcutta with Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, North 24 Parganas, on the NH34. Haldia's distance will be reduced by about 60 kilometers when the road is made of four-lane road from Morgram thought Mechogram. The freight carriage can easily be transported quickly by avoiding the traffic congestion in Kolkata.This road can be increased by carriage of vehicles.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.projectstoday.com/Projects/North-South-Corridor-Murshidabad-East-Midnapore-Project-103191%7CNorth-South Corridor (Murshidabad-East Midnapore) Project
Jump up ^ "West Bengal North South Road Corridor Project-Asia Development Bank". ADB. 21 August 2017. Retrieved November 2011. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
Jump up ^ "উত্তর-দক্ষিণ করিডরে ঋণ দিতে রাজি এডিবি". আনন্দবাজার প্রত্রিকা. 21 August 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "North-South corridor construction to begin from Dec". millenniumpost. 21 August 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "West Bengal North South Road Corridor Project" (PDF). 21 August 2017.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North–South_Corridor_(West_Bengal)&oldid=865796993"
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