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You'll Never Walk Alone
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For other uses, see You'll Never Walk Alone (disambiguation).
"You'll Never Walk Alone"
Song
Published
1945
Genre
Show tune
Composer(s)
Richard Rodgers
Lyricist(s)
Oscar Hammerstein II
"You'll Never Walk Alone" is a show tune from the 1945 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Carousel. In the second act of the musical, Nettie Fowler, the cousin of the female protagonist Julie Jordan, sings "You'll Never Walk Alone" to comfort and encourage Julie when her husband, Billy Bigelow, the male lead, commits suicide after a failed robbery attempt. It is reprised in the final scene to encourage a graduation class of which Louise (Billy and Julie's daughter) is a member. The now invisible Billy, who has been granted the chance to return to Earth for one day in order to redeem himself, watches the ceremony and is able to silently motivate the unhappy Louise to join in the song.
The song is also sung at association football clubs around the world, where it is performed by a massed chorus of supporters on matchday; this tradition began at Liverpool F.C. in the early 1960s.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Subsequent history
3 Sporting anthem
4 Recorded versions
5 References
6 External links
Background[edit]
Christine Johnson, who created the role of Nettie Fowler, introduced the song in the original Broadway production.[1] Later in the show Jan Clayton, as Julie Jordan, reprised it, with the chorus joining in.
In the film, it is first sung by Claramae Turner as Nettie. The weeping Julie Jordan (Shirley Jones) tries to sing it but cannot; it is later reprised by Julie and those attending the graduation.
Subsequent history[edit]
Besides the recordings of the song on the Carousel cast albums and the film soundtrack, the song has been recorded by many artists, with notable hit versions made by Roy Hamilton,[2] Frank Sinatra, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Judy Garland, Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Andy Williams, Johnny Maestro and The Brooklyn Bridge, Olivia Newton-John and Doris Day. Progressive rock group Pink Floyd took a recording by the Liverpool Kop choir, and "interpolated" it into their own song, "Fearless", on their 1971 album Meddle.
From 1964 through 2010, Jerry Lewis concluded the annual Jerry Lewis Labor Day MDA Telethon by singing the song.[3] After the end of a concert by the rock band Queen, the audience spontaneously sang this song, according to lead guitarist Brian May,[4] and this helped to inspire the creation of their songs "We Are the Champions" and "We Will Rock You". Italian-American tenor Sergio Franchi sang a notable version accompanied by the Welsh Men's Choir on the June 9, 1968 telecast of The Ed Sullivan Show.[5] He also covered this song in his 1964 RCA Victor album The Exciting Voice of Sergio Franchi.[6] American singer and songwriter Barbra Streisand sang this song in a surprise appearance at the close of the 2001 Emmy Awards, in honor of the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks.[7]
In 1990 at the Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa concert at Wembley Stadium London, the audience spontaneously broke out into a mass rendition. Mandela turned to Adelaide Tambo who accompanied him onto the stage and asked what the song was. She replied, "A football song".
Renée Fleming sang the song at the Concert for America, which marked the first anniversary of 9/11,[8][better source needed] and for the Inauguration of Barack Obama on January 20, 2009.[9]
In 2010, this was sung during the festivities of the Last Night of the Proms, with the choir at the Royal Albert Hall joined by crowds of the public from Hillsborough Castle, Northern Ireland; Caird Hall, Dundee; Hyde Park, London; Salford, Greater Manchester; and Wales, to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the death of Oscar Hammerstein II.[citation needed]
In the second season of American Horror Story, this song was recited as a poem.
It has been the song of the Madison Scouts Drum and Bugle Corps song since 1954, where they first performed it as a part of their first field show in 1954. Challenged by the Rosemont Cavaliers singing "Over the Rainbow" in 1957, the corps responded with "You'll Never Walk Alone", and it has been the official corps song ever since.
Punk band Dropkick Murphys covered the song for their 2017 album 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory. "As you may know, opiate overdoses are an epidemic in America now particularly in this area (Boston). I've been to thirty wakes in two years, three this week, one being my cousin, Al lost a brother in law. It's hit home close to us. I was leaving one of the wakes and this song came on and as I was listening to the lyrics it summed up exactly how I was feeling. Sad but knowing there is hope. You never have to be alone" vocalist/bassist Ken Casey said in a December 2016 interview discussing the reason behind their version.
Sporting anthem[edit]
"You'll Never Walk Alone"
Single by Gerry and the Pacemakers
from the album How Do You Like It
Released
October 1963
Recorded
July 2, 1963
Studio
EMI Studios, London[10]
Genre
Merseybeat, baroque pop
Length
2:40
Label
Columbia (EMI) (UK), Laurie Records (US)
Producer(s)
George Martin
Gerry and the Pacemakers singles chronology
"I Like It"
(1963) "You'll Never Walk Alone"
(1963) "I'm the One"
(1964)
"I Like It"
(1963) "You'll Never Walk Alone"
(1963) "I'm the One"
(1964)
The 'Shankly Gates' entrance to Liverpool's home stadium Anfield
In the UK, the song's most successful cover was released in 1963 by the Liverpudlian Merseybeat group Gerry and the Pacemakers, peaking at number one on the UK singles chart for four consecutive weeks. Sung by Liverpool fans in 1963, the song quickly became the anthem of Liverpool F.C. and is invariably sung by its supporters moments before the start of each home game with the Gerry and the Pacemakers version played over the PA system.[11][12][13]
According to former player Tommy Smith, lead vocalist Gerry Marsden presented Liverpool manager Bill Shankly with a recording of his forthcoming cover single during a pre-season coach trip in the summer of 1963. "Shanks was in awe of what he heard. ... Football writers from the local newspapers were travelling with our party and, thirsty for a story of any kind between games, filed copy back to their editors to the effect that we had adopted Gerry Marsden's forthcoming single as the club song."[14] The squad was subsequently invited to perform the track with the band on The Ed Sullivan Show[13] and Shankly later picked the song as his eighth and final selection for the BBC's Desert Island Discs on the eve of the 1965 FA Cup Final.[15] As Liverpool fans sang "You’ll Never Walk Alone" at Wembley during the 1965 FA Cup Final win over Leeds, commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme referred to the song as “Liverpool’s signature tune”.[16]
Marsden told BBC Radio how, in the 1960s, the disc jockey at Anfield would play the top-ten commercial records in descending order, with the number one single played last, shortly before kickoff. Liverpool fans on the Kop would sing along, but unlike with other hit singles, once "You'll Never Walk Alone" dropped out of the top-ten, instead of disregarding the song, supporters continued to sing it.[17][18]
The song was adopted by Scottish team Celtic after a 1966 Cup Winners Cup semi-final against Liverpool at Anfield.[13][16] It is now sung by Celtic fans prior to every home European tie.[13][16][19] The song has also been adopted by Dutch teams Feyenoord, FC Twente and SC Cambuur,[20] Germany's Borussia Dortmund, FSV Mainz 05, 1. FC Kaiserslautern, SV Darmstadt 98, Eintracht Braunschweig, Borussia Mönchengladbach, VfL Osnabrück, Alemannia Aachen, FC St Pauli, TSV 1860 Munich,[21] Belgium's Club Brugge, Japan's F.C. Tokyo,[22] Spain's CD Lugo.[23] and the Marist St. Pats MSP 80/80 Blues. In Ice Hockey, the song has been adopted by German Deutsche Eishockey Liga side Krefeld Pinguine and Croatian Medveščak Zagreb.
A special recording of the song was made in solidarity with Bradford City following the Valley Parade fire in 1985, when 56 spectators died and many more were seriously injured. The song was performed by The Crowd, which was a supergroup featuring Gerry Marsden, Paul McCartney and others, and spent two weeks at number-one in the UK.
Some years later, after witnessing a rendition of "You'll Never Walk Alone" at Anfield in 2007, the President of the Spanish Olympic Committee, Alejandro Blanco, said he felt inspired to seek lyrics to his country's wordless national anthem, the Marcha Real, ahead of Madrid's bid to host the 2016 Olympic Games.[24][25]
During the 2014 Hong Kong protests, legislator Tam Yiu Chung quoted the song during a Legislative Council of Hong Kong meeting, to salute the Hong Kong Police,[26] who had received widespread criticism for using excessive force against pro-democracy protesters. More than 2,000 Liverpool Football Club fans in Hong Kong condemned his inappropriate use of the song, comparing his support of the police action to the police actions in the 1989 Hillsborough disaster, where South Yorkshire Police were found to have distorted facts relating to the unlawful killing by negligence of 96 Liverpool supporters.[27][28][29]
On March 13, 2016, after Borussia Dortmund's 2-0 win against 1. FSV Mainz 05 in the German Bundesliga, supporters of both teams performed the song to commemorate a Dortmund fan who died from a cardiac arrest in the stands during the game.[30]
Recorded versions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Adicts[31]
Alfie Boe ("Onward") (2007)
Alicia Keys (Hurricane Katrina disaster relief, 2005)
André Rieu (2009 Maastricht concert)
Andy Williams (with orchestra conducted by Archie Bleyer)
Aretha Franklin (1972, on the live album Amazing Grace)
Barry Manilow & Cilla Black (1993)[32]
Bela B. & the Tikiwolves feat. Gary'o'Wolf[21] (official FC St. Pauli Stadionhymn, 1992)
Bernadette Peters
Billy Eckstine (1960): Live album No Cover, No Minimum, recorded in Las Vegas. Production was by Teddy Reig. The album was originally released by Roulette Records, but is also available on the Blue Note label.
Bryn Terfel (1996) – Something Wonderful: Bryn Terfel Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein
Charice (2008)
Celtic Woman (Believe 2011)
Chris de Burgh (2008)
Christy Gibson (Thai Language Version) (2001) – Soo Yod Kao
Christine Johnson on the Carousel Original Cast Album (1945)
Claramae Turner on the Carousel film soundtrack (1956)
The Crowd (1985)
The Crusaders (1966)
David Campbell (2010)
David Phelps on the album Classic (2012)
Die Toten Hosen (2000, Bayern ep)
Dionne Warwick (1967, On Stage and in the Movies album track)
Doris Akers (1963)
Doris Day (on the You'll Never Walk Alone album) (1962)
Dropkick Murphys (appears on their album 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory) (2017)
Dudu Fisher (2006)
Elha Mae Nympha (2015, performed on the Live Semi-finals on the second season of The Voice Kids, and was moved to the grand finals)
Elvis Presley (1968 single release)
Engelbert Humperdinck (1972 album "Live at the Riviera", in Las Vegas)
Frank Sinatra (1945) (1963)
Frankie Vaughan (1979)
Gene Vincent (1958) (Gene Vincent Rocks and the Blue Caps Roll album track)
Gerry & The Pacemakers (1963)
Glen Campbell (1970)
Hayley Westenra (2001)
Il Divo (A Musical Affair, 2013)
Jackie Wilson (1965)
Jerry Reed (1971) (Ko-Ko Joe album track)
Jo Stafford and Gordon MacRae (1963)
John Barrowman (2010) (John Barrowman album track)
John Farnham (1998) - The Spirit of Christmas (compilation album)
Johnny Cash (2003)
Johnny Preston (1960)[33]
Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge (1969)
Joseph Calleja (Last Night of the Proms, 2012)[34]
Josh Groban (2015)[35]
Joyce DiDonato (2012)[36]
Juan Diego Flórez (Live 8 – Berlin) (2005)
Judy Garland (1960)[37]
Katherine Jenkins (2005)
Kevin Rowland (1999)
Kiri Te Kanawa with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir (1990) – Songs of Inspiration
The Knickerbockers (1966)
Lee Greenwood
Lee Towers (1976)[38]
The Lettermen (1964)[39]
Liverpool F.C. (1977) (FA Cup single: A-side - "We Can Do It" / "Liverpool Lou" B-side - "We Shall Not Be Moved" / "You'll Never Walk Alone")
Los Fastidios
Louis Armstrong (1954) in a medley with Tenderly
Mahalia Jackson
Malena Ernman (2013)
Malcolm Vaughan (1959)
Mark Vincent (2010)
Mario Lanza (1952 and 1956)
Maureen Forrester on the Carousel MCA Classics album (1987)
Melanie Chisholm (2012)
Michael Crawford (1987)
Mormon Tabernacle Choir (1971)
Nina Simone (1960, At Newport)
Olivia Newton-John (1989) – Warm and Tender
Patricia Neway in the soundtrack of the 1967 television adaptation of Carousel (1967)
Patti Labelle & The Blue Belles (1964)
Patti LaBelle (1980's)
Pink Floyd (1971) – "Fearless"
Pips, Chips & Videoclips (Dernjava album, 1995)
The Priests (2009)
Perry Como (1951) (with Mitchell Ayres Orchestra)
Ray Charles (Ingredients in a Recipe for Soul album track, July 1963)
Regine Velasquez (1992)
Renée Fleming (2003)
The Righteous Brothers (1965)
Robin S (appears on the 1998 movie soundtrack, Welcome to Woop Woop)
Robson & Jerome (1996)
Roy Hamilton (1954)[2]
Samuel Ramey (1989)
Sergio Franchi recorded on 1964 RCA album, The Exciting Voice of Sergio Franchi
The Shadows (Reflection album track, 1990)
Shirley Bassey (1962, single B-side to "Ave Maria")[40]
Shirley Jones recorded it on the original movie soundtrack of Carousel and again on her 1989 album Silent Strength
Sissel Kyrkjebø (2004)
Smoking Popes
The Soldiers (2011)
Steven Houghton (1997) – Steven Houghton
Susan Boyle (Standing Ovation: The Greatest Songs from the Stage, 2012)
The Three Tenors (The Three Tenors: Paris 1998, 1998)
Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra (2009) – Paradise Blue
Tom Jones (1969)
Trisha Yearwood (2016) - The Passion
Vocal Majority (1997) – How Sweet the Sound
Wayne Hussey and Julianne Regan (as Hussey-Regan) (2011) (in support of Liverpool F.C.'s disability charity, Respect 4 All)[41]
Keith Jack (2008)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "You'll Never Walk Alone (original version 1945)". Youtube. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 3 - The Tribal Drum: The rise of rhythm and blues. [Part 1]" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.
Jump up ^ "Milestones: Retiring: Jerry Lewis", Time magazine, May 30, 2011, p. 17
Jump up ^ Interview with Tom Browne for BBC Radio One, broadcast Christmas Eve and Boxing Day 1977
Jump up ^ "SOFA Entertainment - Ed Sullivan Show". www.edsullivan.com.
Jump up ^ "Discogs - Database and Marketplace for Music on Vinyl, CD, Cassette a…". July 13, 2014. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Streisand's stage fright spiked with thought of terror, By Edna Gundersen, USA Today, December 12, 2001
Jump up ^ Video on YouTube
Jump up ^ Gallo, Phil (January 18, 2009). "We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration". Variety. RBI. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Gerry's Datebook". www.britbands.bravepages.com.
Jump up ^ Nik Brumsack. The story of 'You'll Never Walk Alone', independent.co.uk, April 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Liverpool vs. Leeds United on YouTube, F.A. Cup Final, BBC, 1965. "The song was covered by Liverpool group Gerry & The Pacemakers in 1963. At this time, supporters standing on the Spion Kop terrace at Anfield began singing popular chart songs of the day. The mood was captured on camera by a BBC Panorama camera crew in 1964. One year later, when Liverpool faced Leeds in the cup final, the travelling Kop sang the same song and match commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme commended the 'Liverpool signature tune'." Paul Coslett, You'll Never Walk Alone BBC Online. June 9, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hart, Simon (25 October 2013). "Anfield’s 50 years of never walking alone". The Independent. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Smith, Tommy. Anfield Iron, Bantam Press, p. 68-69
Jump up ^ Bill Shankly, Desert island Discs BBC, Mon April 26, 1965.
^ Jump up to: a b c Why Liverpool fans sing 'You'll Never Walk Alone'. Four Four Two. Retrieved 10 October 2016
Jump up ^ Cavanagh, John. "The History of You'll Never Walk Alone", BBC Songlines, 2006.
Jump up ^ Morgan, John. "The Other Mersey Sound", BBC Panorama, 1964.
Jump up ^ Aldred, Jessica. Liverpool or Celtic: who Walked Alone first? The Guardian. March 12, 2003.
Jump up ^ Whyatt, Chris. McClaren's new charges BBC. August 13, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Bela B. & The Tikiwolves feat. Gary 'O' Wolf: You'll Never Walk Alone (FC St. Pauli hymn) at Discogs (list of releases)
Jump up ^ Nagatomo tells Japan "You'll never walk alone", The mainichi Daily News. March 2011.
Jump up ^ anfieldcarro (June 30, 2011). ""You´ll never walk alone" polo Anfield Carro PUNTO PELOTA" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Liverpool fans inspire Spain to write words to anthem, Reuters. June 5, 2005
Jump up ^ Spain to add lyrics to wordless national anthem, MSNBC. June 26, 2007.
Jump up ^ Legistrative Council Record.
Jump up ^ 香港特別行政區立法會 (October 16, 2014). "立法會會議 (2014/10/16) - IV. 立法會休會待續議案 - 根據《議事規則》第16(2)條動議的立法會休會待續議案 (第五部分)" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "利迷聯署強烈譴責：譚耀宗勿侮辱YNWA - Yahoo奇摩新聞".
Jump up ^ Hong Kong Legislative Council Record 08:07:18 - 08:07:35
Jump up ^ Whaling, James (13 March 2016). "Borussia Dortmund fan dies from heart attack during Bundesliga match against Mainz". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
Jump up ^ John The Punk. "Welcome to The Adicts Official Website!". Adicts.us. Archived from the original on May 4, 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Cilla Black Discography: You'll Never Walk Alone (duet with Barry Manilow) – Single". Retrieved May 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ Johnny Preston, Running Bear Retrieved September 10, 2015
Jump up ^ "Richard Rogers: You'll Never Walk Alone - Last Night of the BBC Proms 2012". BBC YouTube channel. September 8, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Stages — Josh Groban". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Joyce contributes to highly anticipated new recording: Rogers & Hammerstein at the Movies". .joycedidonato.com. August 22, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Recorded for Capitol Records Archived April 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Judy Garland with Orchestra conducted, by Norrie Paramor, August 3, 1960.
Jump up ^ It's Raining In My Heart[permanent dead link] (LP/MC) (Goud & Platina) 1976
Jump up ^ "You'll Never Walk Alone". Thelettermen.com. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Columbia Catalog Number DB4816"
Jump up ^ "You'll Never Walk Alone". Youtube.com (Liverpool FC's Channel). Retrieved December 27, 2011.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"The Things That I Used to Do" by Guitar Slim and His Band Billboard R&B Best Sellers in Stores number-one single (Roy Hamilton version)
March 27, 1954 – May 15, 1954 Succeeded by
"Work With Me Annie" by The Midnighters
Preceded by
"Do You Love Me" by Brian Poole and The Tremeloes UK number-one single
(Gerry & The Pacemakers version)
October 31, 1963 (four weeks) Succeeded by
"She Loves You" by The Beatles
Preceded by
"19" by Paul Hardcastle UK number-one single (The Crowd version)
June 9, 1985 (two weeks) Succeeded by
"Frankie" by Sister Sledge
Preceded by
"Say You'll Be There" by Spice Girls UK number-one single (Robson & Jerome version)
("What Becomes of the Brokenhearted" / "Saturday Night at the Movies" / "You'll Never Walk Alone")
November 3, 1996 (two weeks) Succeeded by
"Breathe" by The Prodigy
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Stassi Schroeder
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Stassi Schroeder
Born
Nastassia Bianca Schroeder
(1988-06-24) June 24, 1988 (age 29)
New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
Residence
Los Angeles, California
Education
Loyola Marymount University (B.A.)
Occupation
Television personality, model
Known for
Vanderpump Rules, Style by Stassi
Website
Official site
Stassi Schroeder (born Nastassia Bianca Schroeder; June 24, 1988[1]) is an American television personality, podcast host, fashion blogger, and model. She is best known for her role on the reality television series Vanderpump Rules.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Filmography
4 References
5 External links
Early life[edit]
Nastassia Schroeder was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, to an architect father, Mark, and a jewelry designer (Georgi Jules Jewelry) mother, Dayna. She has two younger brothers, Hunter and Nikolai, and a younger sister, Georgianna. When she was 11, Schroeder began taking theater classes at her local high school, Mount Carmel Academy. When she turned 18, she moved to Hollywood and attended Loyola Marymount University, where she earned a Bachelor's degree in English writing.[2]
Career[edit]
In 2005, Schroeder appeared as a contestant on the reality game show The Amazing Race, alongside her father Mark, her step-mother Char, and her brother Hunter. After the filming of the show, the Schroeders' house was flooded and destroyed by Hurricane Katrina. They stayed with another family from the show while they rebuilt their house.[3]
While going to school in 2008, she was on the television series Queen Bees. After graduating, Schroeder worked as a model for several years, appearing in magazines like Italian Vanity Fair, 944, and Us Weekly.[4] In 2010, she started working at Lisa Vanderpump's restaurants SUR and Villa Blanca, which then in turn earned her a spot on the reality television series Vanderpump Rules in 2013, following the lives of the SUR and Villa Blanca servers. It is a spin-off from The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills, also starring Vanderpump.
Schroeder introduced a capsule collection with accessories e-retailer ShopPrimadonna.com which officially launched in December 2014.[5]
Filmography[edit]
As herself
Year
Title
Notes
2005 The Amazing Race Season 8 contestant
2008 Queen Bees TV series (8 episodes)
2013–present Vanderpump Rules TV series (120 episodes)
2013 The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Episode: "Finale"
2016 Hashtaggers Episode: "#Zoe101 with Stassi Schroeder"
2017 Hollywood Medium Episode: "Stassi Schroeder & Kristen Doute/Johnny Weir/Nancy Grace"
Summer House Episode: "Summer House"
As actress
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2016 Sharknado 4: The 4th Awakens Koening Television film
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schroeder, Stassi. "One more day till I turn 25, ahhh!!!!!!". Twitter. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Stassi: "I Lost My Best Friend"". Bravo TV. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Morales, Tatiana (5 October 2005). "A Family Beyond The 'Race'". CBS. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "About Stassi Schroeder". Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Stassi Schroeder: Vanderpump Rules & Stassi Jewelry". MyFoxLA.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
External links[edit]
Stassi Schroeder on IMDb
Official site
hide
v
t
e
The Amazing Race contestants
Winners
Alex Boylan (Season 2)
Chip Arndt (Season 4)
Reichen Lehmkuhl (Season 4)
Tyler MacNiven (Season 9)
B. J. Averell (Season 9)
Tyler Denk (Season 10)
Tammy Jih (Season 14)
Victor Jih (Season 14)
Josh Kilmer-Purcell (Season 21
Brent Ridge (Season 21)
Bates Battaglia (Season 22)
Anthony Battaglia (Season 22)
Amy Diaz (Season 23)
Cody Nickson (Season 30)
Jessica Graf (Season 30)
Other
contestants
Single
seasons
Blake Mycoskie (Season 2)
Paige Mycoskie (Season 2)
Alison Irwin (Season 5)
Nicole O'Brian (Season 5)
Christie Lee Woods (Season 5)
Gus McLeod (Season 6)
Victoria Fuller (Season 6)
Rebecca Cardon (Season 6)
Brian Thomas Smith (Season 6)
Ron Young (Season 7)
Kelly McCorkle (Season 7)
Brittney Rogers (Season 8)
Stassi Schroeder (Season 8)
Sarah Reinertsen (Season 10)
Ken Greene (Season 13)
Canaan Smith (Season 15)
Maria Ho (Season 15)
Tiffany Michelle (Season 15)
Ericka Dunlap (Season 15)
Jordan Lloyd (Season 16)
Jeff Schroeder (Season 16)
Steve Smith (Season 16)
Caitlin Upton (Season 16)
Kevin Wu (Season 17)
Stephanie Smith (Season 17)
Brook Roberts (Season 17)
Ethan Zohn (Season 19)
Jenna Morasca (Season 19)
Zac Sunderland (Season 19)
Andy Finch (Season 19)
Marcus Pollard (Season 19)
Elliot Weber (Season 20)
Andrew Weber (Season 20)
Amy Purdy (Season 21)
James LoMenzo (Season 21)
Chester Pitts (Season 23)
Ephraim Salaam (Season 23)
Tim Sweeney (Season 23)
Whitney Duncan (Season 25)
Brooke Adams (Season 25)
Robert Strauss (Season 25)
Bethany Hamilton (Season 25)
Jonathan Knight (Season 26)
Alyson Dudek (Season 26)
Steven Langton (Season 26)
Jenny Wu (Season 26)
Joslyn Davis (Season 28)
Blair Fowler (Season 28)
Zach King (Season 28)
Brodie Smith (Season 28)
Burnie Burns (Season 28)
Ashley Jenkins (Season 28)
Tyler Oakley (Season 28)
Matt Ladley (Season 29)
Cedric Ceballos (Season 30)
Shawn Marion (Season 30)
Joey Chestnut (Season 30)
Tim Janus (Season 30)
Chris Marchant (Season 30)
Alexander Rossi (Season 30)
Conor Daly (Season 30)
Kristi Leskinen (Season 30)
Jen Hudak (Season 30)
Multiple
seasons
Charla Baklayan Faddoul (Season 5 & All Stars)
Rob Mariano (Season 7 & All Stars)
Amber Mariano (Season 7 & All Stars)
Dustin-Leigh Konzelman (Season 10 & All Stars)
Kandice Pelletier (Season 10 & All Stars)
Mel White (Season 14 & Unfinished Business)
Mike White (Season 14 & Unfinished Business)
Jaime Faith Edmondson (Season 14 & Unfinished Business)
Herbert "Flight Time" Lang (Season 15, Unfinished Business & All Stars 2)
Nathaniel "Big Easy" Lofton (Season 15, Unfinished Business & All Stars 2)
Cord McCoy (Season 16, Unfinished Business & All Stars 2)
Mallory Ervin (Season 17, Unfinished Business & All Stars 2)
Brendon Villegas (Season 20 & All Stars 2)
Rachel Reilly (Season 20 & All Stars 2)
Natalie and Nadiya Anderson (Season 21 & All Stars 2)
Joey Graceffa (Season 22 & All Stars 2)
Meghan Camarena (Season 22 & All Stars 2)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stassi_Schroeder&oldid=844856976"
Categories:
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The Amazing Race contestants
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text:
Diogenes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Diogenes (disambiguation).
Diogenes
Diogenes Sheltering in his Barrel
by John William Waterhouse
Born
c. 412 BC
Sinope
Died
323 BC (aged about 89)
Corinth
Era
Ancient philosophy
Region
Western Philosophy
School
Greek philosophy, Cynicism
Main interests
Asceticism, Cynicism
Notable ideas
Cynic philosophy
Influences[show]
Antisthenes, Socrates
Influenced[show]
Crates of Thebes, other Cynics, the Stoics, Wolfi Landstreicher, Han Ryner, Michel Onfray, Søren Kierkegaard
Diogenes (/daɪˈɒdʒəˌniːz/; Greek: Διογένης, Diogenēs [di.oɡénɛ͜ɛs]) was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. Also known as Diogenes the Cynic (Ancient Greek: Διογένης ὁ Κυνικός, Diogenēs ho Kunikos), he was born in Sinope (modern-day Sinop, Turkey), an Ionian colony on the Black Sea,[1] in 412 or 404 B.C. and died at Corinth in 323 B.C.[2]
Diogenes was a controversial figure. His father minted coins for a living, and when Diogenes took to debasement of currency, he was banished from Sinope.[1] After being exiled, he moved to Athens and criticized many cultural conventions of the city. Diogenes modelled himself on the example of Heracles. He believed that virtue was better revealed in action than in theory. He used his simple life-style and behaviour to criticize the social values and institutions of what he saw as a corrupt or at least confused society. In a highly nontraditional fashion, he had a reputation of sleeping and eating wherever he chose and took to toughening himself against nature. He declared himself a cosmopolitan and a citizen of the world rather than claiming allegiance to just one place. There are many tales about him dogging Antisthenes' footsteps and becoming his "faithful hound".[3] Diogenes made a virtue of poverty. He begged for a living and often slept in a large ceramic jar in the marketplace.[4] He became notorious for his philosophical stunts such as carrying a lamp during the day, claiming to be looking for an honest man. He criticized and embarrassed Plato, disputed his interpretation of Socrates and sabotaged his lectures, sometimes distracting attendees by bringing food and eating during the discussions. Diogenes was also noted for having publicly mocked Alexander the Great.[5][6][7]
After being captured by pirates and sold into slavery, Diogenes eventually settled in Corinth. There he passed his philosophy of Cynicism to Crates, who taught it to Zeno of Citium, who fashioned it into the school of Stoicism, one of the most enduring schools of Greek philosophy. None of Diogenes' many writings have survived, but details of his life come in the form of anecdotes (chreia), especially from Diogenes Laërtius, in his book Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers. All that is available are a number of anecdotes concerning his life and sayings attributed to him in a number of scattered classical sources.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Life
1.1 In Athens
1.2 In Corinth
1.3 Diogenes and Alexander
1.4 Death
2 Philosophy
2.1 Cynicism
2.2 Obscenity
2.3 Diogenes as dogged or dog-like
2.4 Contemporary theory
3 Diogenes syndrome
4 Depictions
4.1 Art
4.2 Comics
4.3 Literature
5 Notes
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Life[edit]
Part of a series on
Individualism
Topics and concepts[show]
Autonomy
Civil liberties
Do it yourself
Eremitism
Free love
Freethought
Human rights
Individual
Individual rights
Individual reclamation
Individuation
Laissez-faire
Libertinism
Liberty
Methodological individualism
Negative liberty
Personal property
Positive liberty
Private property
Self-actualization
Self-ownership
Self reliance
Subjectivity
Thinkers[show]
Antiphon
Aristippus
Aristotle
Émile Armand
Albert Camus
Diogenes of Sinope
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Epicurus
William Godwin
Emma Goldman
Friedrich Hayek
Karl Hess
Miguel Giménez Igualada
Thomas Jefferson
Laozi
Albert Libertad
John Locke
Hipparchia of Maroneia
H. L. Mencken
John Stuart Mill
Ludwig von Mises
Michel de Montaigne
Friedrich Nietzsche
Renzo Novatore
Robert Nozick
Michel Onfray
Georges Palante
Horst Matthai Quelle
Ayn Rand
Murray Rothbard
Han Ryner
Marquis de Sade
Arthur Schopenhauer
Adam Smith
Herbert Spencer
Lysander Spooner
Max Stirner
Henry David Thoreau
Benjamin Tucker
James L. Walker
Josiah Warren
Oscar Wilde
Zeno
Yang Zhu
Philosophies[show]
Anarchism
Anarcho-capitalism
Classical liberalism
Egoist anarchism
Ethical egoism
Existentialism
Hedonism
Humanism
Individualist anarchism
Individualist feminism
Equity feminism
Liberal feminism
Left-libertarianism
Left-wing market anarchism
Liberalism
Libertarianism
Libertarian socialism
Minarchism
Mutualism
Objectivism
Right libertarianism
Social anarchism
Voluntaryism
Principal concerns[show]
Anti-individualism
Authoritarianism
Collectivism
Conformity
Dogmatism
Group rights
Herd mentality
Indoctrination
Mass society
Mobbing
Social engineering
Statism
Tyranny
Tyranny of the majority
Theocracy
Totalitarianism
v
t
e
Nothing is known about Diogenes' early life except that his father Hicesias was a banker.[9] It seems likely that Diogenes was also enrolled into the banking business aiding his father. At some point (the exact date is unknown), Hicesias and Diogenes became embroiled in a scandal involving the adulteration or debasement of the currency,[10] and Diogenes was exiled from the city, lost his citizenship, and all his material possessions.[11][12] This aspect of the story seems to be corroborated by archaeology: large numbers of defaced coins (smashed with a large chisel stamp) have been discovered at Sinope dating from the middle of the 4th century BC, and other coins of the time bear the name of Hicesias as the official who minted them.[13] During this time there was a lot of counterfeit money circulating in Sinope.[11] The coins were deliberately defaced in order to render them worthless as legal tender.[11] Sinope was being disputed between pro-Persian and pro-Greek factions in the 4th century, and there may have been political rather than financial motives behind the act.
In Athens[edit]
Diogenes Sitting in his Tub by Jean-Léon Gérôme (1860)
According to one story,[12] Diogenes went to the Oracle at Delphi to ask for its advice and was told that he should "deface the currency". Following the debacle in Sinope, Diogenes decided that the oracle meant that he should deface the political currency rather than actual coins. He traveled to Athens and made it his life's goal to challenge established customs and values. He argued that instead of being troubled about the true nature of evil, people merely rely on customary interpretations. This distinction between nature ("physis") and custom ("nomos") is a favorite theme of ancient Greek philosophy, and one that Plato takes up in The Republic, in the legend of the Ring of Gyges.[14]
Diogenes arrived in Athens with a slave named Manes who abandoned him shortly thereafter. With characteristic humor, Diogenes dismissed his ill fortune by saying, "If Manes can live without Diogenes, why not Diogenes without Manes?"[15] Diogenes would mock such a relation of extreme dependency. He found the figure of a master who could do nothing for himself contemptibly helpless. He was attracted by the ascetic teaching of Antisthenes, a student of Socrates. When Diogenes asked Antisthenes to mentor him, Antisthenes ignored him and reportedly "eventually beat him off with his staff".[1] Diogenes responds, "Strike, for you will find no wood hard enough to keep me away from you, so long as I think you've something to say."[1] Diogenes became Antisthenes' pupil, despite the brutality with which he was initially received.[16] Whether the two ever really met is still uncertain,[17][18][19] but he surpassed his master in both reputation and the austerity of his life. He considered his avoidance of earthly pleasures a contrast to and commentary on contemporary Athenian behaviors. This attitude was grounded in a disdain for what he regarded as the folly, pretense, vanity, self-deception, and artificiality of human conduct.
Diogenes Searching for an Honest Man, attributed to J. H. W. Tischbein (c. 1780)
The stories told of Diogenes illustrate the logical consistency of his character. He inured himself to the weather by living in a clay wine jar[4][20] belonging to the temple of Cybele.[21] He destroyed the single wooden bowl he possessed on seeing a peasant boy drink from the hollow of his hands. He then exclaimed: "Fool that I am, to have been carrying superfluous baggage all this time!"[22][23] It was contrary to Athenian customs to eat within the marketplace, and still he would eat there, for, as he explained when rebuked, it was during the time he was in the marketplace that he felt hungry. He used to stroll about in full daylight with a lamp; when asked what he was doing, he would answer, "I am just looking for an honest man."[24] Diogenes looked for a human being but reputedly found nothing but rascals and scoundrels.[25]
According to Diogenes Laërtius, when Plato gave the tongue-in-cheek[26] definition of man as "featherless bipeds," Diogenes plucked a chicken and brought it into Plato's Academy, saying, "Behold! I've brought you a man," and so the Academy added "with broad flat nails" to the definition.[27]
In Corinth[edit]
According to a story which seems to have originated with Menippus of Gadara,[28] Diogenes was captured by pirates while on voyage to Aegina and sold as a slave in Crete to a Corinthian named Xeniades. Being asked his trade, he replied that he knew no trade but that of governing men, and that he wished to be sold to a man who needed a master. In fact, this was a pun. In ancient Greek this would sound both as "Governing men" and "Teaching values to people".[29] Xeniades liked his spirit and hired Diogenes to tutor his children. As tutor to Xeniades's two sons,[30] it is said that he lived in Corinth for the rest of his life, which he devoted to preaching the doctrines of virtuous self-control. There are many stories about what actually happened to him after his time with Xeniades's two sons. There are stories stating he was set free after he became "a cherished member of the household", while one says he was set free almost immediately, and still another states that "he grew old and died at Xeniades's house in Corinth."[31] He is even said to have lectured to large audiences at the Isthmian Games.[32]
Although most of the stories about him living in a jar[4] are located in Athens, there are some accounts of him living in a jar near the Craneum gymnasium in Corinth:
A report that Philip II of Macedon was marching on the town had thrown all Corinth into a bustle; one was furbishing his arms, another wheeling stones, a third patching the wall, a fourth strengthening a battlement, every one making himself useful somehow or other. Diogenes having nothing to do – of course no one thought of giving him a job – was moved by the sight to gather up his philosopher's cloak and begin rolling his tub energetically up and down the Craneum; an acquaintance asked for the reason, and got the explanation: "I do not want to be thought the only idler in such a busy multitude; I am rolling my tub to be like the rest."[33]
Diogenes and Alexander[edit]
Alexander the Great Visits Diogenes at Corinth by W. Matthews (1914)
Main article: Diogenes and Alexander
It was in Corinth that a meeting between Alexander the Great and Diogenes is supposed to have taken place.[34] These stories may be apocryphal. The accounts of Plutarch and Diogenes Laërtius recount that they exchanged only a few words: while Diogenes was relaxing in the morning sunlight, Alexander, thrilled to meet the famous philosopher, asked if there was any favour he might do for him. Diogenes replied, "Yes, stand out of my sunlight." Alexander then declared, "If I were not Alexander, then I should wish to be Diogenes." "If I were not Diogenes, I would still wish to be Diogenes.", Diogenes replied.[5][6][7] In another account of the conversation, Alexander found the philosopher looking attentively at a pile of human bones. Diogenes explained, "I am searching for the bones of your father but cannot distinguish them from those of a slave."[35]
Death[edit]
There are conflicting accounts of Diogenes' death. He is alleged variously to have held his breath; to have become ill from eating raw octopus;[36] or to have suffered an infected dog bite.[37] When asked how he wished to be buried, he left instructions to be thrown outside the city wall so wild animals could feast on his body. When asked if he minded this, he said, "Not at all, as long as you provide me with a stick to chase the creatures away!" When asked how he could use the stick since he would lack awareness, he replied "If I lack awareness, then why should I care what happens to me when I am dead?"[38] At the end, Diogenes made fun of people's excessive concern with the "proper" treatment of the dead. The Corinthians erected to his memory a pillar on which rested a dog of Parian marble.[39]
Philosophy[edit]
Cynicism[edit]
Along with Antisthenes and Crates of Thebes, Diogenes is considered one of the founders of Cynicism. The ideas of Diogenes, like those of most other Cynics, must be arrived at indirectly. No writings of Diogenes survive even though he is reported to have authored over ten books, a volume of letters and seven tragedies.[40] Cynic ideas are inseparable from Cynic practice; therefore what we know about Diogenes is contained in anecdotes concerning his life and sayings attributed to him in a number of scattered classical sources.
Diogenes by Jules Bastien-Lepage (1873)
Diogenes maintained that all the artificial growths of society were incompatible with happiness and that morality implies a return to the simplicity of nature. So great was his austerity and simplicity that the Stoics would later claim him to be a wise man or "sophos". In his words, "Humans have complicated every simple gift of the gods."[41] Although Socrates had previously identified himself as belonging to the world, rather than a city,[42] Diogenes is credited with the first known use of the word "cosmopolitan". When he was asked where he came from, he replied, "I am a citizen of the world (cosmopolites)".[43] This was a radical claim in a world where a man's identity was intimately tied to his citizenship of a particular city-state. An exile and an outcast, a man with no social identity, Diogenes made a mark on his contemporaries.
Diogenes had nothing but disdain for Plato and his abstract philosophy.[44] Diogenes viewed Antisthenes as the true heir to Socrates, and shared his love of virtue and indifference to wealth,[45] together with a disdain for general opinion.[46] Diogenes shared Socrates's belief that he could function as doctor to men's souls and improve them morally, while at the same time holding contempt for their obtuseness. Plato once described Diogenes as "a Socrates gone mad."[47]
Obscenity[edit]
Diogenes taught by living example. He tried to demonstrate that wisdom and happiness belong to the man who is independent of society and that civilization is regressive. He scorned not only family and political social organization, but also property rights and reputation. He even rejected normal ideas about human decency. Diogenes is said to have eaten in the marketplace,[48] urinated on some people who insulted him,[49] defecated in the theatre,[50] and masturbated in public. When asked about his eating in public he said, "If taking breakfast is nothing out of place, then it is nothing out of place in the marketplace. But taking breakfast is nothing out of place, therefore it is nothing out of place to take breakfast in the marketplace." [51] On the indecency of his masturbating in public he would say, "If only it were as easy to banish hunger by rubbing my belly."[52][53]
From Life of Diogenes: "Someone took him [Diogenes] into a magnificent house and warned him not to spit, whereupon, having cleared his throat, he spat into the man's face, being unable, he said, to find a meaner receptacle."
Diogenes as dogged or dog-like[edit]
Many anecdotes of Diogenes refer to his dog-like behavior, and his praise of a dog's virtues. It is not known whether Diogenes was insulted with the epithet "doggish" and made a virtue of it, or whether he first took up the dog theme himself. When asked why he was called a dog he replied, "I fawn on those who give me anything, I yelp at those who refuse, and I set my teeth in rascals."[20] Diogenes believed human beings live artificially and hypocritically and would do well to study the dog. Besides performing natural body functions in public with ease, a dog will eat anything, and make no fuss about where to sleep. Dogs live in the present without anxiety, and have no use for the pretensions of abstract philosophy. In addition to these virtues, dogs are thought to know instinctively who is friend and who is foe.[54] Unlike human beings who either dupe others or are duped, dogs will give an honest bark at the truth. Diogenes stated that "other dogs bite their enemies, I bite my friends to save them."[55]
Statue of Diogenes at Sinop, Turkey
The term "cynic" itself derives from the Greek word κυνικός, kynikos, "dog-like" and that from κύων, kyôn, "dog" (genitive: kynos).[56] One explanation offered in ancient times for why the Cynics were called dogs was because Antisthenes taught in the Cynosarges gymnasium at Athens.[57] The word Cynosarges means the place of the white dog. Later Cynics also sought to turn the word to their advantage, as a later commentator explained:
There are four reasons why the Cynics are so named. First because of the indifference of their way of life, for they make a cult of indifference and, like dogs, eat and make love in public, go barefoot, and sleep in tubs and at crossroads. The second reason is that the dog is a shameless animal, and they make a cult of shamelessness, not as being beneath modesty, but as superior to it. The third reason is that the dog is a good guard, and they guard the tenets of their philosophy. The fourth reason is that the dog is a discriminating animal which can distinguish between its friends and enemies. So do they recognize as friends those who are suited to philosophy, and receive them kindly, while those unfitted they drive away, like dogs, by barking at them.[58]
As noted (see Death), Diogenes' association with dogs was memorialized by the Corinthians, who erected to his memory a pillar on which rested a dog of Parian marble.[39]
Contemporary theory[edit]
Diogenes is discussed in a 1983 book by German philosopher Peter Sloterdijk (English language publication in 1987). In his Critique of Cynical Reason, Diogenes is used as an example of Sloterdijk's idea of the "kynical" – in which personal degradation is used for purposes of community comment or censure. Calling the practice of this tactic "kynismos", Sloterdijk explains that the kynical actor actually embodies the message he is trying to convey. The goal here is typically a false regression that mocks authority – especially authority that the kynical actor considers corrupt, suspect or unworthy.[59]
There is another discussion of Diogenes and the Cynics in Michel Foucault's book Fearless Speech. Here Foucault discusses Diogenes' antics in relation to the speaking of truth (parrhesia) in the ancient world. Foucault expands this reading in his last course at the Collège de France, The Courage of Truth. In this course Foucault tries to establish an alternative conception of militancy and revolution through a reading of Diogenes and Cynicism.[60]
Diogenes syndrome[edit]
Main article: Diogenes syndrome
Diogenes' name has been applied to a behavioural disorder characterised by involuntary self-neglect and hoarding.[61] The disorder afflicts the elderly and has no relation to Diogenes' deliberate rejection of material comfort.[62]
Depictions[edit]
Art[edit]
Alexander and Diogenes by Caspar de Crayer (c. 1650)
Statue of Diogenes with Alexander the Great in Corinth
Both in ancient and in modern times, Diogenes' personality has appealed strongly to sculptors and to painters. Ancient busts exist in the museums of the Vatican, the Louvre, and the Capitol. The interview between Diogenes and Alexander is represented in an ancient marble bas-relief found in the Villa Albani.
Among artists who have painted the famous encounter of Diogenes with Alexander, there are works by de Crayer, de Vos, Assereto, Langetti, Sevin, Sebastiano Ricci, Gandolfi, Johann Christian Thomas Wink (de), Abildgaard, Monsiau, Martin, and Daumier. The famous story of Diogenes searching for an "honest man" has been depicted by Jordaens, van Everdingen, van der Werff, Pannini, Steen and Corinth. Others who have painted him with his famous lantern include de Ribera, Castiglione, Petrini, Gérôme, Bastien-Lepage, and Waterhouse. The scene in which Diogenes discards his cup has been painted by Poussin, Rosa, and Martin; and the story of Diogenes begging from a statue has been depicted by Restout. In Raphael's fresco The School of Athens, a lone reclining figure in the foreground represents Diogenes.[63]
Diogenes has also been the subject of sculptures, with famous bas-relief images by Puget and Pajou.
Comics[edit]
In The Adventures of Nero album Het Zeespook (1948) Nero meets a character who claims to be Diogenes. Two scenes in the comic depict famous anecdotes of Diogenes' life, namely the moment when he was looking for a human and the moment when he asked Alexander to get out of his sun. He is also portrayed living in a barrel.[64]
In the Suske en Wiske album De Mottenvanger Suske and Wiske travel back to ancient Greece, where they meet Diogenes.[65]
Literature[edit]
A 17th century depiction of Diogenes
Diogenes is referred to in Anton Chekhov's story "Ward No. 6"; William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell; François Rabelais' Gargantua and Pantagruel; Goethe's poem Genialisch Treiben; as well as in the first sentence of Søren Kierkegaard's novelistic treatise Repetition. The story of Diogenes and the lamp is referenced by the character Foma Fomitch in Fyodor Dostoevsky's "The Friend of the Family" as well as "The Idiot". In Cervantes' short story "The Man of Glass" ("El licenciado Vidriera"), part of the Novelas Ejemplares collection, the (anti-)hero unaccountably begins to channel Diogenes in a string of tart chreiai once he becomes convinced that he is made of glass. Diogenes gives his own life and opinions in Christoph Martin Wieland's novel Socrates Mainomenos (1770; English translation Socrates Out of His Senses, 1771). Diogenes is the primary model for the philosopher Didactylos in Terry Pratchett's Small Gods. He is mimicked by a beggar-spy in Jacqueline Carey's Kushiel's Scion and paid tribute to with a costume in a party by the main character in its sequel, Kushiel's Justice. The character Lucy Snowe in Charlotte Brontë's novel Villette is given the nickname Diogenes. Diogenes also features in Part Four of Elizabeth Smart's By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept. He is a figure in Seamus Heaney's The Haw Lantern. In Christopher Moore's Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ's Childhood Pal, one of Jesus' apostles is a devotee of Diogenes, complete with his own pack of dogs which he refers to as his own disciples. His story opens the first chapter of Dolly Freed's 1978 book Possum Living.[66] The dog that Paul Dombey befriends in Charles Dickens' Dombey and Son is called Diogenes. Alexander's meeting with Diogenes is portrayed in Valerio Manfredi's (Alexander Trilogy) "The Ends of the Earth".[67] William S. Burroughs has been described as "Diogenes with a knife and gun" [68]
The many allusions to dogs in Shakespeare's Timon of Athens are references to the school of Cynicism that could be interpreted as suggesting a parallel between the misanthropic hermit, Timon, and Diogenes; but Shakespeare would have had access to Michel de Montaigne's essay, "Of Democritus and Heraclitus", which emphasised their differences: Timon actively wishes men ill and shuns them as dangerous, whereas Diogenes esteems them so little that contact with them could not disturb him[69] "Timonism" is in fact often contrasted with "Cynicism": "Cynics saw what people could be and were angered by what they had become; Timonists felt humans were hopelessly stupid & uncaring by nature and so saw no hope for change."[70]
The philosopher's name was adopted by the fictional Diogenes Club, an organization that Sherlock Holmes' brother Mycroft Holmes belongs to in the story "The Greek Interpreter" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. It is called such as its members are educated, yet untalkative and have a dislike of socialising, much like the philosopher himself[citation needed]. The group is the focus of a number of Holmes pastiches by Kim Newman. In the Rodgers and Hart musical The Boys From Syracuse (1938), the song Oh Diogenes!—which extols the philosopher's virtues—contains the lyrics "there was an old zany/ who lived in a tub;/ he had so many flea-bites / he didn't know where to rub."
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Diogenes of Sinope "The Zen of Disengagement: Diogene of Sinope". Voice in the Wilderness. Archived from the original on 2015-10-17.
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:79, Plutarch, Moralia, 717c. says he died on the same day as Alexander the Great, which puts his death at 323 BC. Diogenes Laërtius's statement that Diogenes died "nearly 90" would put his year of birth at 412 BC. But Censorinus (De die natali, 15.2) says he died aged 81, which puts his year of birth at 404 B.C. The Suda puts his birth at the time of the Thirty Tyrants, which also gives 404 B.C.
Jump up ^ Diogenes Laërtius, vi. 6, 18, 21; Dio Chrysostom, Orations, viii. 1–4; Aelian, x. 16; Stobaeus, Florilegium, 13.19
^ Jump up to: a b c The original Greek word describing Diogenes' "jar" is pithos, a large jar for storing wine, grain or olive oil. Modern variations include barrel, tub, vat, wine-vat, and kennel. Desmond, William (2008). Cynics. University of California Press. p. 21.
^ Jump up to: a b Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:32; Plutarch, Alexander, 14, On Exile, 15.
^ Jump up to: a b Plutarch, Alexander 14
^ Jump up to: a b John M. Dillon (2004). Morality and Custom in Ancient Greece. Indiana University Press. pp. 187–88. ISBN 978-0-253-34526-4.
Jump up ^ Diogenes of Sinope "The Basics of Philosophy". Retrieved November 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ (Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:20). A trapezites was a banker/money-changer who could exchange currency, arrange loans, and was sometimes entrusted with the minting of currency.
Jump up ^ Navia, Diogenes the Cynic, p. 226: "The word paracharaxis can be understood in various ways such as the defacement of currency or the counterfeiting of coins or the adulteration of money."
^ Jump up to: a b c Examined Lives from Socrates to Nietzsche by James Miller p. 76
^ Jump up to: a b Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:20–21
Jump up ^ C. T. Seltman, Diogenes of Sinope, Son of the Banker Hikesias, in Transactions of the International Numismatic Congress 1936 (London 1938).
Jump up ^ Plato, Republic, 2.359–2.360.
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:55; Seneca, De Tranquillitate Animi, 8.7.; Aelian, Varia Historia, 13.28.
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:21; Aelian, Varia Historia, 10.16.; Jerome, Adversus Jovinianum, 2.14.
Jump up ^ Long 1996, p. 45
Jump up ^ Dudley 1937, p. 2
Jump up ^ Prince 2005, p. 77
^ Jump up to: a b Examined Lives from Socrates to Nietzsche by James Miller p. 78
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:23 ; Jerome, Adversus Jovinianum, 2.14.
Jump up ^ Examined lives from Socrates to Nietzsche by James Miller
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:37; Seneca, Epistles, 90.14.; Jerome, Adversus Jovinianum, 2.14.
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:41. Modern sources often say that Diogenes was looking for an "honest man", but in ancient sources he is simply looking for a "human" (anthrôpos). The unreasoning behavior of the people around him means that they do not qualify as human.
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:32
Jump up ^ Desmond, William (1995). Being and the Between: Political Theory in the American Academy. SUNY Press. p. 106.
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:40
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:29
Jump up ^ Συνάντηση Διογένη Κυνικού μετά Μακεδόνος Βασιλέως Αλεξάνδρου
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:30–31
Jump up ^ "Diogenes of Sinope". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2006-04-26. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
Jump up ^ Dio Chrysostom, Or. 8.10
Jump up ^ Lucian, Historia, 3.
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:38; Cicero, Tusculanae Quaestiones, 5.32.; Plutarch, Alexander, 14, On Exile, 15; Dio Chrysostom, Or. 4.14
Jump up ^ There is a similar anecdote in one of the dialogues of Lucian (Menippus, 15) but that story concerns Menippus in the underworld.
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:76; Athenaeus, 8.341.
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:77
Jump up ^ Cicero, Tusculanae Quaestiones, 1.43.
^ Jump up to: a b Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:78; Greek Anthology, 1.285.; Pausanias, 2.2.4.
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:80
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:44
Jump up ^ Cicero, Tusculanae Quaestiones, 5.37.; Plutarch, On Exile, 5.; Epictetus, Discourses, i.9.1.
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:63. Compare: Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:72, Dio Chrysostom, Or. 4.13, Epictetus, Discourses, iii.24.66.
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:24
Jump up ^ Plato, Apology, 41e.
Jump up ^ Xenophon, Apology, 1.
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:54 ; Aelian, Varia Historia, 14.33.
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:58, 69. Eating in public places was considered bad manners.
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:46
Jump up ^ Dio Chrysostom, Or. 8.36; Julian, Orations, 6.202c.
Jump up ^ Examined Lives from Socrates to Nietzsche by James Miller p. 80
Jump up ^ Examined Lives from Socrates to Nietzsche by James Miller p. 80
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:34–35; Epictetus, Discourses, iii.2.11. Pointing with one's middle finger was considered insulting; with the finger pointing up instead of to another person, the finger gesture is considered obscene in modern times.
Jump up ^ Cf. Plato, Republic Book II
Jump up ^ Diogenes of Sinope, quoted by Stobaeus, Florilegium, iii. 13. 44.
Jump up ^ Kynikos, "A Greek-English Lexicon", Liddell and Scott, at Perseus
Jump up ^ Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:13. Cf. The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, 2nd edition, p. 165.
Jump up ^ Scholium on Aristotle's Rhetoric, quoted in Dudley 1937, p. 5
Jump up ^ Sloterdijk, Peter (1983). Critique of Cynical Reason. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 1–600. ISBN 0816615861. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ See the 7 March lecture Michel Foucault, The Courage of the Truth Lectures at the Collège de France (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011)
Jump up ^ Hanon C, Pinquier C, Gaddour N, Saïd S, Mathis D, Pellerin J (2004). "[Diogenes syndrome: a transnosographic approach]". Encephale (in French). 30 (4): 315–22. PMID 15538307. doi:10.1016/S0013-7006(04)95443-7
Jump up ^ Navia, Diogenes the Cynic, p. 31
Jump up ^ Michelangelo and the Pope's Ceiling, by Ross King
Jump up ^ http://www.stripspeciaalzaak.be/Toppers/Nero/Nero-Kolderfiguren.html
Jump up ^ http://www.stripspeciaalzaak.be/Toppers/WillyVandersteen/74_SW142.html
Jump up ^ Possum Living by Dolly Freed Archived January 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Alexander: The Ends of the Earth by Valerio Manfredi. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
Jump up ^ Richard Seaver, "Rebel, Rebel," Los Angeles Times, 10 Aug 1997 online
Jump up ^ Hugh Grady, "A Companion to Shakespeare's Works", Dutton. R & Howard J., Blakewell Publishing, 2003, ISBN 0-631-22632-X, pp. 443–44.
Jump up ^ Paul Ollswang, "Cynicism: A Series of Cartoons on a Philosophical Theme", January 1988, page B at official site; repr. in The Best Comics of the Decade 1980-1990 Vol. 1, Seattle, 1990, ISBN 1-56097-035-9, p. 23.
References[edit]
Desmond, William D. 2008. Cynics. Acumen / University of California Press.
Dudley, Donald R. (1937). "A History of Cynicism from Diogenes to the 6th Century A.D.". Cambridge
Laërtius, Diogenes; Plutarch (1979). Herakleitos & Diogenes. translated by Guy Davenport. Bolinas, California: Grey Fox Press. ISBN 0-912516-36-4.
(Contains 124 sayings of Diogenes)
Laërtius, Diogenes (1972) [1925]. "Διογένης (Diogenes)". Βίοι καὶ γνῶμαι τῶν ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ εὐδοκιμησάντων [Lives of eminent philosophers]. Volume 2. translated by Robert Drew Hicks (Loeb Classical Library ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-99204-0. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
Long, A. A. (1996). "The Socratic Tradition: Diogenes, Crates, and Hellenistic Ethics". In Bracht Branham, R.; Goulet-Cazé, Marie-Odile. The Cynics: The Cynic Movement in Antiquity and Its Legacy. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21645-8
Navia, Luis E. (2005). Diogenes The Cynic: The War Against The World. Amherst, N.Y: Humanity Books. ISBN 1-59102-320-3
Prince, Susan (2005). "Socrates, Antisthenes, and the Cynics". In Ahbel-Rappe, Sara; Kamtekar, Rachana. A Companion to Socrates. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-0863-0
Sloterdijk, Peter (1987). Critique of Cynical Reason. Translation by Michael Eldred; foreword by Andreas Huyssen. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-1586-1
Further reading[edit]
Cutler, Ian (2005). Cynicism from Diogenes to Dilbert. Jefferson, Va.: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-7864-2093-6.
Mazella, David (2007). The making of modern cynicism. Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-2615-5.
Navia, Luis E. (1996). Classical cynicism : a critical study. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30015-1.
Navia, Luis E. (1998). Diogenes of Sinope : the man in the tub. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30672-9.
Hard, Robin (2012). Diogenes the Cynic: Sayings and Anecdotes, With Other Popular Moralists, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958924-1
Sayre, Farrand (1938). Diogenes of Sinope: A Study of Greek Cynicism. Baltimore: J.H. Furst. ISBN 978-1258017972.
Shea, Louisa (2010). The cynic enlightenment : Diogenes in the salon. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9385-8.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Diogenes of Sinope
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Diogenes
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diogenes of Sinope.
"Diogenes of Sinope". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Lives & Writings on the Cynics, directory of literary references to Ancient Cynics
A day with Diogenes
Diogenes The Dog from Millions of Mouths
Diogenes of Sinope
James Grout: Diogenes the Cynic, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
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SUDOC: 068525354
BNF: cb134989147 (data)
ULAN: 500354445
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